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In the Village: Here are some of my 'cool' ideas
MrsH Altamont, UTSept. 20, 2011 11:14 a.m.
Brother Card, whenever I see an article by you, it's like Christmas! I love your viewpoints and your writing style. Thanks for another great article.
@ Independent: Wow, I bet your ward's meetings are definitely NOT dull! You made me laugh, thank you.
mominthetrenches South Jordan, UtahAug. 20, 2011 2:16 a.m.
When are the brethren going to give us the Priesthood so they can check in with the women on these things? Comments here are equally as humorous as your article! Thanks for the fun read...
ghanks Tacoma, WashingtonAug. 19, 2011 9:31 p.m.
So enjoyed your thought processes, Brother Card, and your sense of humor! :)
About your hymn observation: I actually enjoy it when the women's voices are required to drop out momentarily. It gives me another perspective as I soundlessly listen to the men sing, and try to think about the words from their perspective. It adds a certain character to the hymn that I would otherwise miss (living in my female mind as I do), and the words seem to enlarge or deepen at times.
A sister in our ward who loves the hymns and loves to sing, has not been able to sing them for about 2 years. In fact, due to a medical treatment, she can barely talk above a whisper and that is a vast improvement from her voice a year ago. She expressed to me an interesting realization about listening to and pondering the hymn texts, instead of singing them. She said their gospel messages have become more meaningful than ever before.
That said, I'm not proposing that we all become "hymn listeners" rather than singers, but on occasion there's value in listening with pure intent.
iscorefilm Salt Lake City, UTAug. 19, 2011 4:56 p.m.
To elaborate on my previous comment regarding testimony meetings. I really am not finding fault with others. I don't have problems with people when they do it... I simply think that the meeting warrants a different approach than what we currently have taken it for.
I have heard people get up and 'come clean' with things that should have been strictly for their bishop. I have heard people get up and talk about something sad that happened to them and how their life is depressing, etc. From how I understand it, testimony meeting is supposed to be where people bear their testimony of the truthfulness of the gospel. Although personal experiences may certainly contribute to this. I simply believe that many people don't get up and speak with this in mind.
With that said, I believe that as long as Bishops follow the guidelines recently given in the new handbook, then things should be fine. If things continue the way they do, it's not like I have a real problem or anything. I find no fault in the church whatsoever- I only wonder if we couldn't approach this meeting form in a better way, that's all.
iscorefilm Salt Lake City, UTAug. 19, 2011 4:51 p.m.
""For I did liken all scriptures unto us, that it might be for our profit and learning" (1 Nephi 19:23). When people from our ward are invited to speak in sacrament meeting, I look forward to hearing what the Lord has taught them, through the experiences of their lives."
I agree with this post, however there are many people who don't speak well or form words well and this poses problems for some of them. I think that some people need a more helpful nudge in their talks, and some you could simply give a subject to talk about and they'd come prepared with a great lesson.
Side note:
I and a few people I know grow very tired of testimony meetings. Ideally, I have no issue with them and love the practice. But, with how many get up and cry the whole time about a personal experience completely unrelated to bearing a testimony, I find them unproductive.
I mean no offense to anyone with this. I find no fault in people having emotional experiences and wanting to share them or get stuff off of their chest. I simply feel there is a place for everything.
iscorefilm Salt Lake City, UTAug. 19, 2011 4:36 p.m.
Rather than dull the music down (No offense) to everyone doing the same thing, I'd actually suggest the opposite.
Imagine a hymnbook with an organ/piano specific part, with people singing to a more musical organ accompaniment. Accompaniment can be written to still be accompaniment, still help those who have a hard time finding the melody on their own, and not have to be the same exact thing as the choral part.
I know far more people my age who can sing 4-part and even more advanced than I do from my parents age. Perhaps it's time we make the hymn book less 1800's. I write myself and I appreciate the musical discipline our hymns are in. I'm not suggesting an abandonment of this... but simply that congregations can handle less stagnant, more dynamic music that still keeps to the same style, but with more variety than chord chord chord chord chord music, with little of anything else going on. I'm also not suggesting a lot going on, but I think I could easily arrange a hymn for congregation and organ to do separate things that would be appropriate for non-choir-exclusive use. Just a thought.
iscorefilm Salt Lake City, UTAug. 19, 2011 4:30 p.m.
"when, just because we sing the bass or tenor line, men are forbidden by the music to speak a quarter of the hymn's message, I think much of the purpose of a congregational hymn is defeated."
I don't think the purpose or meaning in the hymn is diminished whatsoever. I think this only enhances the music. Musical effect is not missing either. Just because the Tabernacle choir sounds better than the average congregation does not mean that the average congregation should not be aspiring to such a musical goal. I have been in congregations where there was an amazing 4-part SATB sound and the women sounded just perfect when they sang their women-only part.
I simply think it enhances the music, and in some cases, the text practically demands such a separation, when the words imply a female voice is speaking, etc.
I have a different suggestion, but in a second post.
Independent Henderson, NVAug. 19, 2011 10:30 a.m.
Perhaps they should get more specific about what not to share in testimony meeting, for example:
1. It is not appropriate to tell the congregation they are not properly living the Word of Wisdom.
2. It is not appropriate to tell us all the details of your suicide attempts. Please just go to the Bishop and ask for a referral to social services.
3. If your patriarchal blessing says you were chosen for some kind of important mission, please keep that to yourself.
4. You don't need to publicly thank anybody in testimony meeting. You can actually just walk right up to them in the hall and say thank you face to face.
5. Please do not endorse or criticize policians or political candidates in testimony meeting.
6. Please stop quoting Star Wars.
7. If you haven't told your family how much you love and appreciate them recently, testimony meeting is not the time or place to do it.
8. I'm very sorry you and your husband are having a hard time conceiving. Could you spare us the details, please?
9. Could you not put down your spouse? It's making us feel uncomfortable.
J-TX Allen, TXAug. 19, 2011 8:58 a.m.
I have been in many meetings where the three speakers all spoke on the same general topic, and yet each taught me something different, from their unique perspective. This, I believe should be the goal.
J-TX Allen, TXAug. 19, 2011 8:57 a.m.
Mr. Card;
While my family and I are all fans (one kid considered going to SVU just because you were teaching there...), I have to disagree on 2 counts, and agree on 1.
BTW, you hace to cut down those 21 by 4 for Mother's Day, Father's Day, 4th of July and Pioneer Day in most wards.
RE: Hymns with disappearing men's parts: I know you have written many books and columns. We have read (and love) many. But have you ever written a hymn? I suggest the book, Our Latter-day Hymns, by Davidson, which investigates the authors, settings, composers and their stories, which give insight into the hymns. It bothers me enough that the 1985 hymn book "dumbed down" the original arrangements of many hymns. To further homogenize would, I think, detract further from the intent.
RE: SacMtg topics: While I do not believe that each speaker should be spoon-fed the same conference talk to speak on, having a unified topic reinforces those aspects of the Gospel that the Bishopric feel their congregation needs. And if done right, the Ward Music Chair will coordinate the hymns and special music so that all leave edified on the subject.
jdcray Richmond, VAAug. 19, 2011 7:09 a.m.
Order in all things... the standing up and talking on any subject is kinda Quaker-like, isn't it?
Rock Calgary, AlbertaAug. 19, 2011 2:14 a.m.
Good one, Independent....
My first Sunday in the Mission Field was a Testimoney meeting where one sister spoke about her moving out of the ward and how much she hoped they would miss her, call her, still include her, yadda yadda. The rest were no better.
Our fairly interested investigators were so completely turned off by the meeting of non Christian theme that they asked us not to return to teach them anything further.
Chased away by a non-testimony testimony.
Independent Henderson, NVAug. 18, 2011 5:34 p.m.
Right now my only suggestion is that after a member of the bishopric goes over what is and what is not appropriate to share in testimony meeting for the thousandth time, and everyone proceeds to ignore the guidelines yet again, someone should come out with a giant hook and drag the longwinded non-listeners away.
Jaqui B Snohomish, WAAug. 18, 2011 2:36 p.m.
I love the "topic" Sacrament meetings we have. Generally 2 youth speakers and 2 adult speakers given the same general topic. Last Sunday's was "testimony" -- we heard 4 great and very different talks each one supplimenting and complementing the others. Sometimes speakers do select the same scriptures but they generally have different things to say around them. I really enjoy the opportunity this gives me to look at these topics from different angles and often it opens new meaning to me and sends me home with a solid message I can review in my mind throughout the week.
Scattered topics tend to leave me scattered and not remembering any specific point.... but then, that's MY point of view...
davewhittle Springville, UTAug. 18, 2011 1:15 p.m.
I read your comments with a big smile on my face, Brother Card. Your ideas are excellent - in fact, I used to have the same "inspired ideas," and waited for my chance to do things differently. So after being called as Bp. many years ago, I learned that the Brethren actually WANT things to be the way they are and go to great lengths to teach Priesthood Leaders to do things that way. They call it "correlation."
So since then, I've adjusted to the (I'll just call it) "intellectual boredom" by focusing more on the frequency of my "spiritual receiver" as I try to hear the spirit of the person "broadcasting." For me, that's like constantly fiddling with the dial trying to tune in to the big game through poor AM reception so the static doesn't overwhelm the play-by-play. Every so often (maybe a couple or few times a meeting), the static of repetition or soulless commentary fades and you get to hear the crystal clear excitement of a game-winning last second touchdown. And you go home feeling that the whole game and all the dial-fiddling was really worth it...
Abeille West Haven, UtahAug. 18, 2011 11:58 a.m.
How about asking members to talk without assigning a specific subject? That way, the member can speak on subjects pondered while reading scriptures, preparing a lesson for Family Home Evening, inspiration received during prayer, etc (linking the discussion to the scriptures, of course). Perhaps the Bishopric can assign topics only for those who would feel more comfortable with an assigned subject.
oldcougar Orem, UTAug. 18, 2011 11:28 a.m.
I completely agree with all your points, Bro. Card. I have commented to bishopric members about both the common theme and the assigning of conference talks. I'm still convinced the one topic is jsut for convenience of busy bishopric members. As for the conference talk assignments...some feel it's just another opportunity to reinforce a message that members would not otherwise study. My worry is that members will lose, or never gain, the worthwhile skill of wrestling with and organizing gospel ideas, with the help of the spirit, then delivering with personal conviction.
Maryquilter Farmington, UTAug. 18, 2011 10:22 a.m.
Way to go, Orson; as usual, you hit the nail on the head. FINALLY a bright, intellectual member of the LDS Church who agrees with me that God meant us to use our brains and think about what we are told and not to just follow blindly. Thanks for reminding people that good ideas like consolidating Sunday meetings may come from good observation and we can all share those ideas, we don't have to wait around for the prophet to gain revelation on the subject, we each are entitled to personal revelation and inspiration. That comment is meant with no disrespect whatsoever toward our awesome Prophet, President Monson.
I completely agree with assigning several topics at Sacrament meetings and not getting up and reading an Ensign article, regardless of how good the article might be. I LOVE it when members speak from the heart and make eye contact and allow for the Spirit to inspire them as they go, in addition to the outline they have prepared. I have a hard time focusing when speakers put on the "general conference" voice , using no intonations or inflections; sounding like a robot.
Mark Evans Palmdale, CAAug. 18, 2011 9:56 a.m.
Hey, I thought those were my ideas.
Uncle Gadianton Salt Lake City, UtahAug. 18, 2011 7:58 a.m.
In our Sacrament Meeting this past Sunday, the speaker (from the High Council) qouted about 1/2 of a recent conference talk, right down to the "Amen." Since he was the last speaker, everyone assumed that when he read "In the name of Jesus Christ, Amen," that was the end of his talk. Everyone grabbed their hymnbooks, the chorister stood up, and the organist slid onto the organ. After a brief pause, the speaker said "I have a few thoughts I'd like to add . . .. " and went on with his talk for another 6 or 7 minutes.
I suppose he should have selected a few paragraphs from the conference talk, and left out the Amen, until he was finished.
jdcray Richmond, VAAug. 18, 2011 7:48 a.m.
Interesting viewpoint, Brother Card. I don't disagree that variety is good, and there are a plethora of subjects that could be addressed in just 21 Sundays. BUT... Personally, I really like the common theme approach to sacrament meeting talks.
Maybe I'm just simple-minded? Or perhaps avoiding a spattering of topics keeps my self-diagnosed adult ADHD in check. More likely, though, I just need to hear same subject more than once or from more than one person's perspective to gain a deeper understanding of the principle. For example, this past Sunday we had a youth, a Relief Society sister, and a High Priest all speak on the subject of Personal Revelation. It was AWESOME to hear their individual perspectives on that subject and to be able to easily weave them together into one powerful message.
christoph Brigham City, UTAug. 17, 2011 8:58 p.m.
Very insightful!!!!! The Lord has given his opinion on vain repetitions in prayer, and that should apply to lessons and talks as well. I think we all can agree that we are doing better. Nobody stands for a talk and reads the thirteen articles of faith----we know those already, nor do we ever hear the same talk given in conference------------- Alma 26:22 says anyone (who has faith and repents) can reveal things that have never been revealed; D&C 1:20 says the goal is for everyone to speak in the name of the Lord (not just a few). You would think the above scriptures would lead to anarchy (not to mention an open mic on the first Sunday in which people can and usually do say whatever they so desire.) We are told to keep our testimonies on the basics and even with the basics ------we miraculously hear a variety of wonderful things.


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Meyer lemons--another "not until I came to LA" delight. These mild and sweet lemons have begun their annual appearance at the farmers' market, and if you Californians take an afternoon ramble around the block, I bet you'll find a Meyer lemon tree or two in your neighborhood.
Their smooth, dark yellow-ornage skin gives them away, as does their (usually) squat, circular shape. Their peels tend to be softer and less thick than your regular lemons. They were first discovered in China, and scientists believe they are a hybrid of a regular lemon and a mandarin or orange. Due to their sweetness, I like my Meyers in desserts, but they can work in savory recipes as well, but not as well in things that should be acidic, like vinaigrettes.
Some recipes I want to try include preserved Meyer lemons, Meyer lemon black pepper icebox cookies, Meyer lemon martini, and the very intriguing Meyer lemon pizza. For even more on these special citrus fruits, check out Cooking with Amy's All About Meyer Lemons.
On to my New Year's Day creation. Take a recipe for lemon bars, a mini-muffin pan, and viola. They're so small, no one will know you've already broken your resolutions by baking them.
Meyer Lemon Bites
3/4 c. flour
3 tbsp. powdered sugar
3/4 of a stick of unsalted butter, cut into small pieces
2 tbsp. flour
1 c. sugar
1/2 tsp. baking powder
2 eggs
2 tbsp. fresh Meyer lemon juice
2 tsp. finely grated Meyer lemon zest
powdered sugar for sifting
Preheat oven to 350 degrees. Generously butter a 24-count mini-muffin pan.
For the crust
Whisk the flour and sugar in a medium bowl to combine. Using a pastry mixer or your fingers, cut in the butter until the mixture resembles oatmeal. Using your fingertips, press about 1/2 tbsp. of dough in each mini-muffin cup, filling about 1/3 of each cup. Bake for about 10 minutes, until tops are pale gold.
For the filling
While the crust is baking, blend the eggs, lemon juice and lemon zest in a medium bowl. Blend in the flour, sugar and baking powder until thoroughly combined (iIf you're not lazy like me, you can mix the dry ingredients together in a seperate bowl before adding to the lemon mix. I didn't want to dirty another bowl).
Add a few spoonfuls of lemon mixture to each mini-muffin cup. You can fill them quite full--they don't rise much. Bake for 20 minutes. Cool about 10 minutes in pan, then remove to rack. When completely cool, sift powdered sugar over the top.

subset: commoncrawl


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- Research
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Wide cross-reactivity between Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus SG6 salivary proteins supports exploitation of gSG6 as a marker of human exposure to major malaria vectors in tropical Africa
- Cinzia Rizzo†1,
- Raffaele Ronca†2,
- Gabriella Fiorentino2,
- Valentina D Mangano1,
- Sodiomon B Sirima3,
- Issa Nèbiè3,
- Vincenzo Petrarca4, 5,
- David Modiano1, 5 and
- Bruno Arcà2Email author
© Rizzo et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2011
- Received: 4 May 2011
- Accepted: 27 July 2011
- Published: 27 July 2011
The Anopheles gambiae gSG6 is an anopheline-specific salivary protein which helps female mosquitoes to efficiently feed on blood. Besides its role in haematophagy, gSG6 is immunogenic and elicits in exposed individuals an IgG response, which may be used as indicator of exposure to the main African malaria vector A. gambiae. However, malaria transmission in tropical Africa is sustained by three main vectors (A. gambiae, Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles funestus) and a general marker, reflecting exposure to at least these three species, would be especially valuable. The SG6 protein is highly conserved within the A. gambiae species complex whereas the A. funestus homologue, fSG6, is more divergent (80% identity with gSG6). The aim of this study was to evaluate cross-reactivity of human sera to gSG6 and fSG6.
The A. funestus SG6 protein was expressed/purified and the humoral response to gSG6, fSG6 and a combination of the two antigens was compared in a population from a malaria hyperendemic area of Burkina Faso where both vectors were present, although with a large A. gambiae prevalence (>75%). Sera collected at the beginning and at the end of the high transmission/rainy season, as well as during the following low transmission/dry season, were analysed.
According to previous observations, both anti-SG6 IgG level and prevalence decreased during the low transmission/dry season and showed a typical age-dependent pattern. No significant difference in the response to the two antigens was found, although their combined use yielded in most cases higher IgG level.
Comparative analysis of gSG6 and fSG6 immunogenicity to humans suggests the occurrence of a wide cross-reactivity, even though the two proteins carry species-specific epitopes. This study supports the use of gSG6 as reliable indicator of exposure to the three main African malaria vectors, a marker which may be useful to monitor malaria transmission and evaluate vector control measures, especially in conditions of low malaria transmission and/or reduced vector density. The Anopheles stephensi SG6 protein also shares 80% identity with gSG6, suggesting the attractive possibility that the A. gambiae protein may also be useful to assess human exposure to several Asian malaria vectors.
- Malaria
- Malaria Transmission
- Malaria Vector
- Entomological Inoculation Rate
- Salivary Protein
After more than a century from the discovery of the role of Anopheles mosquitoes in the transmission of Plasmodium parasites, malaria is still one of the leading causes of human morbidity and mortality. Currently, the malaria toll is especially high among young children in sub-Saharan Africa, where transmission of the most deadly malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, is mainly accomplished by two members of the Anopheles gambiae species complex (i.e. A. gambiae and Anopheles arabiensis, subgenus Cellia, Pyretophorus Series) and by Anopheles funestus (subgenus Cellia, Myzomyia Series) [1]. Proper evaluation of malaria transmission intensity, of seasonal and temporal variation of vector density and of the efficacy of anti-parasite and anti-vector control measures play crucial roles in the framework of anti-malaria strategies.
Assessment of malaria transmission intensity is currently based on both parasitological and entomological measures and a key parameter is the entomological inoculation rate (EIR), which accounts for human exposure to parasite-carrying mosquitoes. However, entomological measurements are not only expensive and labor-intensive but, sometime, also difficult or impossible to apply: for example in conditions of low transmission intensity and/or low mosquito density, or for logistic restrictions. Therefore, additional and/or alternative methods to evaluate Anopheles density and human exposure to malaria vectors would be extremely valuable allowing for epidemiological studies also in settings where classical entomological methods are of problematic use. During blood feeding, mosquitoes inject into their hosts a complex mixture of salivary components whose main role is to facilitate haematophagy by counteracting the haemostatic, inflammatory and immune responses of vertebrates [2, 3]. These salivary components also elicit into hosts an immune response with production of anti-saliva antibodies. For example, at least 10-15 protein bands recognized by human IgG can be detected by western blot using A. gambiae salivary gland protein extracts and sera from exposed individuals from a malaria hyperendemic area (B.A., unpublished observations). Several reports support the concept that measurement of this antibody response to saliva may represent an indicator of human exposure to Anopheles bites and malaria risk, as well as a tool to evaluate efficacy of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) [4–8]. Moreover, the identification of Anopheles-specific proteins, i.e. not found in other mosquitoes or blood feeding arthropods, offers the opportunity to use as markers genus-specific recombinant salivary antigens instead of saliva [2, 9]. This enables for a significant improvement of the methodology increasing both the accuracy and the specificity by overcoming the need of obtaining large amount of saliva and potential problems of reproducibility and cross-reactivity.
Conveniently, vector's salivary antigens could be used in parallel to Plasmodium antigens to assess, by serological determination of antibody levels, both exposure of humans to Anopheles mosquitoes and malaria transmission intensity [10–14]. This immune response to salivary antigens would represent a direct measure of intensity of mosquito biting activity on humans, both at the population and at individual level, and could provide a few additional advantages. First, it may allow to assess Anopheles exposure in children, which is presently unworkable for ethical reasons (the method currently in use is based on human landing catches on adult volunteers). Second, it would be very helpful to evaluate the impact of anti-vector control measures on exposure of humans to Anopheles bites. Third, it would be a tool especially needed for epidemiological assessments in areas of low malaria transmission, which are currently increasing as a consequence of the decline of the malaria burden in several areas of sub-Saharan Africa [15]. Finally, it might be the appropriate tool to verify if, and eventually to what extent, the mosquito biting activity is heterogeneously distributed within a population. Indeed, according to the so-called heterogeneous biting model, mosquito biting may be unequally distributed, with few people receiving most of the mosquito bites (i.e. 20-30% of the population getting 70-80% of the bites). Heterogeneous biting has broad implications for malaria epidemiology and control and, as recently suggested, may provide a plausible explanation for inconsistencies related to malaria transmission dynamics and modelling [16].
Toward the development of serological markers of exposure to malaria vectors, attention was focused on gSG6 (g ambiae S alivary G land protein 6), a small protein initially identified in A. gambiae, where it is specifically expressed in the salivary glands of adult female mosquitoes [17]. Its specific function awaits full clarification; however, gSG6 must play some relevant role in haematophagy since its depletion by RNAi increases probing time and affects blood feeding ability [18]. Afterwards, members of the SG6 protein family have been identified in the salivary transcriptomes of additional anopheline mosquitoes, but in no other living organisms, pointing to its genus-specificity and blood feeding role. Among the few anophelines analysed so far the SG6 protein is present in species belonging to the subgenus Cellia (A. gambiae species complex, A. funestus, Anopheles stephensi) and in Anopheles freeborni (a member of the subgenus Anopheles), but it is notably absent in Anopheles darlingi, a member of the subgenus Nyssorhynchus and vector of malaria in Central and South America [18]. This observation suggests that SG6 family members may be widely distributed among the main African and Asian malaria vectors, but most likely absent in South American ones.
Given the anopheline-specificity and previous indications of the immunogenicity to humans of gSG6-based peptides [19], the A. gambiae gSG6 protein was expressed in recombinant form and the anti-gSG6 IgG response was analysed in a population from a malaria hyperendemic area of Burkina Faso. This study provided experimental evidence that gSG6 may be a good candidate as serological marker of human exposure to A. gambiae [20], although full validation in different epidemiological settings (i.e. low transmission conditions, macro-geographic scale) is needed. Moreover, since malaria is transmitted by multiple and often sympatric vectors, an ideal salivary marker should allow to estimate exposure to all the major vector species in the study area. The A. gambiae gSG6 protein is highly conserved among members of the A. gambiae species complex (99% identity with the A. arabiensis homologue, aSG6), whereas it is more distantly related (80%, 70/87 residues) to the A. funestus protein (fSG6). It is likely that a certain degree of cross-reactivity to the two protein exists, but the extent of the overlap of the human IgG response to gSG6 and fSG6 proteins is unknown. Some indications in this direction have been obtained using the 23 aa long gSG6-P1 peptide, which encompasses the gSG6 N-terminal region [21]. However, this peptide is less sensitive in comparison to the whole protein (approx 5-fold) and, therefore, it would be important to experimentally validate the efficacy of using the antibody response to the gSG6 protein as marker of exposure to the three main malaria vectors in tropical Africa. The aim of this study was to evaluate cross-reactivity of human sera from exposed individuals to the gSG6 and fSG6 proteins. To this purpose the A. funestus fSG6 was expressed in recombinant form and the IgG response to fSG6, gSG6 and to an equimolar mixture of the two proteins was compared by ELISA using sera of individuals from a malaria hyperendemic area of Burkina Faso.
Study area and entomological observations
Surveys were carried out in the village of Barkoumbilen (~35 km NE of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso), a rural settlement inhabited by the two ethnic groups Mossi and Rimaibé. The area was characterized by intense P. falciparum transmission, mostly linked to the rainy season (from June to October), with entomological inoculation rates >100/person/year. Malaria prevalence was very high, P. falciparum representing about 95% of malaria infections, and infection rates ranged, during the high transmission season, from 60% to 90% according to age group. Lower prevalences, ranging between 40% and 80%, were observed during the dry low transmission season. The study protocol was approved by the Technical Committee of the Centre National de Lutte contre le Paludisme of the Ministry of Health of Burkina Faso. Oral informed consent for multiple immuno-parasitological, clinical and entomological surveys was obtained from the Mossi-Rimaibè community living in the village of Barkoumbilen. A total of 335 sera collected from individuals of the Mossi ethnic group in 1994 at the beginning (August '94) and at the end (October '94) of the high transmission/rainy season, as well as in the following low transmission/dry season (March '95) were analysed in this study. Sera from 48 Roman citizens (1-56 years old) who were referred to a city hospital for routine blood testing were used as a control. Additional information on samples size and average age for each survey can be found in the legends to Figures. Entomological measures were based on indoor pyrethrum spray catches carried out monthly between August and November '94 and in March '95 (12 catches/month). A total of 1,653 female Anopheles mosquitoes were identified: among these 1,479 were members of the A. gambiae species complex (A. gambiae or A. arabiensis) and 174 were A. funestus. Additional details on the study site and on entomological and parasitological aspects have been previously reported and can be found elsewhere [22–24].
Protein expression and purification
The A. funestus SG6 protein (fSG6) was expressed as N-terminal His-tagged recombinant protein in the E. coli vector pET28b(+) (Novagen). Briefly, the region encoding the mature fSG6 protein was PCR amplified using as template genomic DNA extracted from a single mosquito collected in 2008 in the Bobo-Dioulasso area, Burkina Faso. Amplification was performed using the Pfx DNA polymerase (Invitrogen) and the oligonucleotide primers G6fu-Nde (5'- GTCTCATATG GAAAAGGTTTGGGTCGATCG-3'OH) and G6fu-Eco (5'- GTCTGAATTC TCACTGTTCCAGGAAGGGTTTG -3'OH). Directional cloning in the Nde I/Eco RI-digested pET28b vector yielded the pET-fSG6 expression vector, that was sequenced and then introduced into competent BL21(DE3)RIL E. coli cells (Stratagene). Expression and purification was essentially performed as previously reported for the A. gambiae gSG6 protein [20] with few modifications. After overnight growth (37°C, LB medium) 5 ml of the saturated culture were transferred into 400 ml of LB medium and grown up to 0.8 OD600 before starting induction by IPTG (0.1 mM). After 4 hours cells were harvested and the pellet resuspended in 20 ml of 50 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 50 mg/ml lysozyme and sonicated. Inclusion bodies (IB) were collected by centrifugation (15,000 g, 20 min, 4°C), resuspended in extraction buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 2 M Urea, 5 mM EDTA, 1% Triton-X100), washed twice (50 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 2 M Urea) and centrifuged as above. Proteins from IB were solubilized by gentle shaking over-night (5 ml of 20 mM Na2HPO4, 6 M Guanidine-HCl, 0.5 M NaCl, 5 mM Imidazole, pH 8.0), centrifuged (20000 g, 30 min, 4°C) and subjected to affinity chromatography under denaturing conditions (HisTrap, GE Healthcare) according to manufacturer's instructions. Fractions containing the His-tagged fSG6 were identified by SDS-PAGE and pooled. Refolding of this fSG6-enriched fraction was carried out by rapid dilution in 20 volumes of refolding buffer (100 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 500 mM L-Arg, 300 mM NaCl, 5 mM L-Glutathione reduced, 0.5 mM L-Glutathione oxidized) and left for 24 h at 4°C with low stirring. After centrifugation (20,000 g, 30 min, 4°C) the refolded proteins were concentrated by centrifugation in Amicon® Ultra (5 kDa MWCO, Millipore), dialyzed against 20 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0 and further purified by anion exchange chromatography (HiTrapQ, GE Healthcare). Elution was carried out with a linear gradient 0 - 0.5 M NaCl in 18 column volumes. Fractions containing the fSG6 recombinant protein were identified by SDS-PAGE, pooled, concentrated and dyalized against 20 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 150 mM NaCl. Concentration of the purified protein was estimated by the Bradford Protein Assay (Bio-Rad Laboratories). The yield of purified protein was of approximately 6 mg/l, however this is most likely susceptible to improvements since optimization of the procedure for the A. gambiae homologue allowed for higher recovery (~9-12 mg/l) as previously reported [20].
Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay SG6
ELISA was performed according to standard procedures. Maxisorp 96-well plates (Nunc M9410) were coated overnight at 4°C with 50 μl of the A. gambiae gSG6 (10 μg/ml), or the A. funestus fSG6 (10 μg/ml), or with an equimolar mixture of the two protein (10 μg/ml total) in coating buffer (15 mM Na2CO3, 35 mM NaHCO3, 3 mM NaN3, pH 9.6). After washing (four times) wells were blocked (3 hrs, RT) in 150 μl of 1% w/v skimmed dry milk in PBST (PBS Sigma P4417+0.05% Tween 20), washed again and incubated overnight at 4°C with 50 μl of serum (1:100) in blocking buffer. Sera were analysed in duplicate with each antigen and once without antigen (coating buffer only). Each plate included a two-fold dilution series (1:40 to 1:2560 final dilutions) of a standard African hyperimmune sera pool. After washing plates were incubated (3 hrs, RT) with 100 μl of polyclonal rabbit anti-human IgG/HRP antibody (Dako P0214, 1:5000 in blocking buffer). After washing as above the colorimetric development was carried out (15 min, RT in the dark) with 100 μl of o-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride (OPD, Sigma P8287). The reaction was terminated adding 25 μl of 2 M H2SO4 and the OD492 was determined using a microplate reader (BioTek Synergy HT). IgG levels were expressed as final OD calculated for each serum as the mean OD value with antigen minus the OD value without antigen. OD values were normalized using the titration curve as previously described [25]. The normalized ODs were calculated using the Excel software (Microsoft) with a three variable sigmoid model and the Solver add-in application.
Data analysis
Sera whose duplicates showed a coefficient of variation (CV) >20% were not included into the analysis. The mean optical density (OD) of unexposed controls plus 3 standard deviations (SD) was used as cut-off value for seropositivity. Cut-off values were 0.140 for gSG6, 0.160 for fSG6 and 0.132 for the two antigens combined. Individuals showing OD values above the cut-off level for seropositivity were classified as responders. Multiple comparisons were performed by the Kruskal-Wallis test or, for matched groups, by the Friedman's test. Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare IgG levels among responders of two independent groups. The Wilcoxon matched-pairs test was used for comparison of two paired groups. Frequencies were compared by the chi-square test. All statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism 5.0® statistical software (GraphPad Software Inc., La Jolla, CA).
Results and discussion
Expression and purification of the A. funestus SG6 protein
Study area and entomological data
Seasonal and age-dependent pattern of the IgG response to gSG6 and fSG6
In summary, both the seasonal and the age-related pattern of the anti-SG6 humoral response were very similar with the gSG6 and the fSG6 recombinant proteins, or with their combination, and recapitulated what previously observed in the same epidemiological setting with the A. gambiae gSG6 antigen alone [20].
Comparison of the IgG response to gSG6 and fSG6
Overall, the analysis of the humoral response of exposed individuals from a malaria hyperendemic area from Burkina Faso to the recombinant SG6 protein from A. gambiae and A. funestus indicates that there is wide cross-reactivity to these two antigens. Both IgG level and seroprevalence obtained with either the gSG6 or the fSG6 antigens were very similar, even in an epidemiological setting where A. gambiae and A. arabiensis, both members of the A. gambiae complex, are largely prevalent (>77%). Since the SG6 proteins from these two last species are 99% identical, these observations support the use of the A. gambiae gSG6 as a reliable marker to evaluate human exposure to the three main Afrotropical malaria vectors: A. gambiae, A. arabiensis and A. funestus. In addition, this study provides evidence that gSG6 and fSG6 proteins also carry species-specific epitopes, suggesting that their combined use may allow for an increase in sensitivity, which may be especially relevant in conditions of low malaria transmission and/or low density of Anopheles vectors (dry season, post anti-vector control interventions).
The gSG6 salivary protein: a marker of exposure to both Afrotropical and Asian malaria vectors?
Comparison of SG6 proteins in selected malaria vectors
A. arabiensis
A. funestus
A. stephensi
A. freeborni
A. gambiae
99% (86/87)
80% (70/87)
80% (70/87)
61% (53/87)
A. arabiensis
82% (71/87)
82% (71/87)
62% (54/87)
A. funestus
84% (73/87)
61% (53/87)
A. stephensi
62% (54/87)
The wide cross-reactivity between the A. gambiae and A. funestus SG6 proteins, along with the observations reported above, supports the idea that the anti-gSG6 IgG response may represent a reliable indicator of exposure to malaria vectors of the subgenus Cellia, at least to members of the Pyretophorus, Myzomyia and Neocellia Series, which share 80% to 84% identity. Therefore, it is likely that the gSG6 protein will also work as marker of exposure to A. stephensi and other Asian malaria vectors. Furthermore, the highly conserved folding and the relatively high identity (61-65%) indicates that anti-gSG6 antibodies are also expected to cross-react with SG6 family members from species of the Anopheles subgenus, although extension of cross-reaction and its potential usefulness would need proper validation.
This study provided solid experimental evidence that the human antibody response to the A. gambiae salivary protein gSG6 represents a reliable indicator of human exposure to the three main malaria vectors in tropical Africa: A. gambiae, A. arabiensis and A. funestus. Such a tool may be very useful for malaria epidemiological studies and for monitoring vector control interventions. The additive effect obtained when the two recombinant proteins are combined also allows for an increase in sensitivity of the assay. Moreover, data reported here also suggest that most likely the gSG6 protein may work as a marker of exposure to A. stephensi and other Asian malaria vectors or, as alternative, that inclusion of SG6 protein from a third species may provide a sensitive marker of human exposure to bites of both African and Asian malaria vectors.
The work was initially supported by the BioMalPar European Network of Excellence (503578) and continued in the framework of the EU-funded EVIMalaR NoE (242095). CR was partly supported by a short term fellowship of Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti (Sapienza University, Rome). RR was supported by Fondazione "Compagnia di San Paolo" (Torino) through the Italian Malaria Network and partly by the EU-funded INFRAVEC project (228421).
Authors' Affiliations
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Essay writing demands inspiration
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Most academic papers have an argumentative streak to them, but argumentative essays as a category focus primarily on strongly arguing a particular case.Your facts need to be sturdy if you intend to convince the reader of your point of view. There are a number of elements that make argumentative essays more convincing. This type of essay can cover many topics, a number of which are quite controversial. You may find yourself arguing an unpopular view or something that most have taken for granted. As the writer, you will want your case to be airtight, so utilize the following tips for writing an argumentative essay.
In order to argue successfully, you will need to be prepared. The first part of your essay will be expected to contain the facts pertinent to your argument. Any lawyer that walks into a courtroom unprepared will almost certainly be crushed by the opposition. In the same way, whatever you intend putting forth as fact, you need to back up. When you source the facts necessary for building your case, make sure you focus on relevance. It is easy to get distracted with unrelated facts that miss the mark of your argument. Ensure that every fact you put down on paper will fight for your cause.
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Theresa May has promised a health minister will look into the case of a baby given weeks to live.
Carter Cookson, from South Shields, has suffered three cardiac arrests since being born on Boxing Day and needs a heart transplant within five weeks.
Carter's parents Sarah and Chris set up a charity in 2013 after their other son, Charlie, died aged two.
Labour MP Emma Lewell-Buck asked the PM to help raise "awareness to find a heart for little baby Carter".
Responding to the comment during Prime Minister's Questions Mrs May said Carter's story was a "tragic case" and she highlighted the new "opt-out" organ donation system due in 2020.
Speaking to the BBC earlier this week, Chris Cookson spoke of his wife's "courage" to carry another baby after saying "goodbye" to Charlie, who died of an undiagnosed condition unrelated to Carter's.
His condition caused muscle and bone problems and compromised his immune system.
"It's taken five years to even think about trying for another child," Mr Carter said.
He described Carter's illness as being "thrown right back in the deep end again".
"We've just got to pray… we can get a heart and we can maybe take our son home and have a life that we didn't have with Charlie," he said.
The Charlie Cookson Foundation supports families of children with life-limiting illnesses.
Ms May commended the family for their charity work and said the "sympathies of the whole house are with the family at this very, very difficult time".


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You have seen that hardware alone doesn't do much of anything. PC hardware must work under the control of the operating system in order to accomplish work. The work that the hardware or operating system can do on its own is very limited, however. Their jobs are focused mostly on running the computer itself, not helping the user perform tasks.
Application software shifts this focus from the computer to humans. Application software is designed to help users be productive, which is why one class of it is called productivity software. There are as many different types of application software as there are different tasks to accomplish on a PC.
This lesson introduces you to some of the most commonly used types of application software -the programs that millions of people use each day to accomplish routine tasks. Although you might think of a computer as being a highly specialized machine, in fact it is most often used for basic, everyday tasks at home, school and work. By applying computers and application programs to these mundane tasks, people can be more productive, creative and efficient.
Acquiring Software
As there are hundreds of different types of software applications, there are a number of different ways for users to obtain the software they need. Sometimes, individuals create the special software they need, but commercial products are what the vast majority of people use. These products are designed to perform the work that most people need to do.
Commercial Software
The term commercial software refers to any software program that must be paid for in some way. Commercial software programs come in several different forms:
- Stand-Alone Program. A stand-alone program is an application that performs only one type of task, such as a word processing program, a graphics program, or an e-mail program. Of course, such a program might have many tools and features, but it basically focuses on one type of task or a range of related tasks.
- Software Sites. Software programs that are very commonly used -such as word processing software, spread sheets, web authoring tools, and email programs -are often packaged together and sold as software suites. A software suite is a set of carefully integrated tools that are designed to work together seamlessly. This includes the popular Microsoft Office family of products -word, excel, outlook, powerpoint, access -as well as more special purpose suites, like the corel family of graphics software.
- Shareware Programs. One very popular type of commercial software is called shareware. Shareware gets its name from the fact that its developers encourage users to share it with one another, and to try out the software before purchasing it. Typically, the user is allowed a certain number of days to work with the software before registering and/or paying for it (Many shareware authors ask for payment, but many others only require the user to register the program.)
Freeware and Public Domain Software
A close cousin to shareware is freeware. Freeware is any software that is made available to the public for free, the developer does not expect any payment from users. This may sound like public domain software, but it is not.
In the case of shareware and freeware, the original author maintain an ownership interest in the product, even thought the software may be given away at no charge. If you use shareware or freeware programs, you must abide by the terms of a license that prohibits you from making changes to the software or selling it to someone else.
In the case of public domain software, no compensation is usual expected and the source code is free for anyone to use for any purpose whatever. You may be familiar with the concept of public domain form literature. If a publisher determines that a market exists for a new book of classic fairy tales, there is no need to hunt down the heirs of Mother Goose to negotiate a royalty, or to get permission to change the stories. It is the same with public domain software.
Open-Source Software
sometime software is designed for users who need to customize the programs they use. This programs they use. This special need is often met by open-source software. Open-source software is software of any type whose source code is available to users. Source code is available in editable formats, as are the many development libraries that are used to create applications. Users or other software developers can modify this code and customize it, within certain guidelines set forth by the application's creators. Open-source software is often sold commercially, although it is sometimes available for free. A company may release an open-source version of a product it's developing to build interest in the product before it is sold. The developer also may benefit from the comments and experience of many users who don't work for the company but freely give their thoughts in an informal exchange for the software being available.
Many kinds of open-source programs are available, from standard productivity programs to high-level network administration tools.


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- The Edison Awards are the most internationally prestigious Awards in innovation.
- The award recognizes Hiperbaric world leadership in manufacturing high pressure processing machines for food industry.
- Companies like Apple, Boeing, Tesla, Space-X or Amazon have received this award in previous editions
Burgos, April 24, 2015.- The Steering Committee of the Edison Awards, held in New York, has awarded the Edison Award in the Applied Technologies category to Hiperbaric, S.A., Burgos, Spain Continue reading


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LEOMINSTER - Students got an up-close look at democracy in action Wednesday as Republican state Sen. Dean Tran and City Councilor Sue Chalifoux Zephir, his Democratic challenger, faced off in a Leominster High forum that focused on education.
The student-organized forum, the first meeting between the two candidates for the Worcester-Middlesex Senate seat, showed sharp differences on how public education initiatives should be funded and the merits of the proposed state Fair Share Amendment.
Tran beat Chalifoux Zephir by over 600 votes in a special election last December to fill the seat left vacant when Jennifer Flanagan left to serve on the Massachusetts Cannabis Control Commission. The two will share the ballot again in the Nov.
Wednesday's forum featured eight questions ranging from reforming the state's school budgeting formula to free in-state tuition to public colleges.
The Fair Share Amendment, which Democrats estimate would generate $1 billion in additional revenues for public education by putting a 4 percent surtax on income over $1 million, was consistently referenced by Chalifoux Zephir as one way to bring more money into local schools.
Tran argued against this as an option.
"I've heard the term Fair Share Amendment twice now and I want everyone in the audience to know the court deemed it to be unconstitutional," he said, referring to a June ruling by the state's Supreme Judicial Court that the proposed amendment was "not in compliance" with the state Constitution.
Tran would go on to tout his efforts during the most recent legislative session to modernize the state's foundation budget formula, which determines how much districts receive in state funding and has not been updated in 25 years. He also stressed he supports making sure the state funds any educational mandate it puts on districts, listing civics education, accommodations to transgender students, and the ability for schools to explore experimental learning environments as examples.
After the forum, Chalifoux Zephir criticized Tran for saying he supports funding such programs without elaborating how they would be funded.
"You can say that you want to support education, you can say that you support certain things, but where is the revenue source? And I don't hear that at all," she said. "I am going to work very aggressively to find the revenue source to make the significant improvements we need to make."
In response, Tran said after the forum, "We realized $1.1 billion over benchmark and there is a surplus. Right now, the Legislature, including the governor, is making a decision on how to spend that surplus and that surplus could be used toward education.
Overall, tensions did not appear to run high with either candidate as the forum took place, with exchanges between Tran and Chalifoux Zephir staying brief.
The forum did provide some common ground. Both candidates agreed the state's foundation budget formula needs to be reformed. Both spoke in favor of free in-state public college, though Tran specified for only students unable to afford it on their own.
They disagreed on the notion of civics education being a high school graduation requirement, which Chalifoux Zephir was in favor of and Tran opposed.
It was only after the forum, when the two candidates participated in a roundtable discussion with Leominster High's Students for Transparency and Understanding of Municipal Politics (STUMP), that Tran and Chalifoux Zephir began fielding non-education related questions.
Referring to the roughly $29 million in funding he said he lobbied for the senate district this year, Tran told the students, "Things I've done in the last seven months, other legislators would take decades to do."
This was challenged by Chalifoux Zephir, who said much of this funding was bond money that hasn't received final approval.
"It's a wish list. Until the Legislature approves it, it stays a wish list," she said before going on to criticize the $40,000 Tran lobbied for Leominster's annual Johnny Appleseed Festival.
"That was $40,000 for a festival that has always been self-supporting," she said, adding that she would have used the money for local schools. "I would have rather invested that in technology."
Though each candidate was provided the forum's questions in advance, both said they were, and appeared to be, providing answers that weren't being read off prepared statements. Student panelists did ask each candidate unscripted follow-up questions
Preya Patel, an LHS junior and one of the STUMP members who organized the debate, said the format was intended to make sure students were hearing the best possible responses from candidates.
"I would rather they give me a well thought-out response in the span of 90 seconds as opposed to something rash and cliché," she said.
Intended as both a way to expose students to the democratic process and introduce the candidates to LHS students, about 180 of whom are old enough to vote, the debate did give some audience members an indication of which candidate they might support in November.
Though he said he initially expected Tran to outperform in the forum, LHS senior and registered voter Andrew Kos said he had yet to make up his mind.
"I don't think anyone really won. Where is the change? It felt like they were talking to a wall," he said. "I would go for the senator, but I have to look at my other choices."
At 17 years old, LHS senior Maria Belleza is not yet old enough to vote, but did say she felt Tran had done better than Chalifoux Zephir.
"He had energy," she said. "He seemed to know what he was talking about and seemed super comfortable up there."
Follow Peter Jasinski on Twitter @PeterJasinski53.


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The blond twin was so excited when she brought home the French horn. She couldn't wait to try out the new instrument. Both girls went into the basement. A few minutes later I heard the French horn. A few minutes after that the brunette twin came up holding the French horn and announced that she was going to play it. The blond twin tried, but her braces made it hard to blow into the instrument. The brunette twin tried and fell in love. I mean she was head over heels for the French horn.
I emailed their band teacher to ask her if the brunette twin could change instruments. She wasn't thrilled as the brunette twin was a flute MVP this year. On the other hand, she really needed a French horn player. Rumor had it that the current French horn player was not a good player and was thinking about dropping out.
The following days were filled with back and forth about the blond twin's instrument. At one point she was moving to flute, which made me happy because we already own a flute. Their music teacher didn't want her to move to flute as there were already ten flute players in the band. We went through multiple options before the blond twin and her teacher settled on trombone.
In a few days we went from a flute and a clarinet to a French horn and a trombone. My head was spinning. The school gave us a French horn to use while the brunette twin played it. We need to trade in the clarinet for a trombone so the blond twin can learn it. I'm hesitating, though, until the last school day. The way our musical merry-go-round has been spinning, we might end up with different instruments before school ends.


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Thursday, 30 December 2010
last days of 2010
Only one day left of 2010, I sort of can't get my head around that, the year has gone so fast. I'm not the sort of person to make a big deal about a new year but I think I'm looking forward to this one, I turn 30 (eep!) and have a trip to Europe planned, I'm getting my first car (double eep!) and mostly I just want to have fun and laugh a lot.
Having this week off has been so great, today I saw Somewhere which I loved. I've also been on a road trip to Launceston (the three shops I wanted to visit were all closed!) and Evandale (where I regret not buying a lovely marimekko tea towel that was on sale), made iced vo vo's (who knew there was a recipe for them) and nearly finished knitting a scarf, plus we've even had some sunshine.
The past few years that I've blogged I've posted my top ten albums (or songs of the year) and in keeping with that tradition here they are:
1. Go - Jonsi
This has been the year of Jonsi, seeing him play only made me more taken with this album, can't really explain it but it's perfectly upbeat and quiet and beautiful all at the same time.
2. Broken Bells - Broken Bells
James Mercer has such a great voice and it goes perfectly with Danger Mouse. The last track Mall and Misery is the best.
3. Plastic Beach - Gorillaz
ooh Damon Albarn!! plus some snoop dogg, the boys from the clash and bobby womak. The lyric 'it's a casio on a plastic beach' nice!
4. High Violet - The National
This is a great album, they are playing in my home state tonight and I am missing them sadly, I think they would be so great live.
5. The XX - The XX
I know technically this came out last year but I only listened to it this year, it's a sweet album it got a big run in winter while I was knitting.
6. Wolfgang Amadeus Phoenix - Phoenix
Again I know this was last year but it's had a fair run this year too, an album that you want to dance to. Always a very good thing!
7. I Speak Because I Can - Laura Marling
If my 16 year old self had heard me listening to this there would have been gaging noises, so I think it's a sign I'm getting older, but they are good songs and goodbye england (covered in snow) is beautiful.
8. Total Life Forever - Foals
Another album that makes me want to dance, best listened to with a few drinks I think!
9. Go Quiet - Jonsi
refer no 1. This is the acoustic slow version of the album, it's pretty amazing!
10. Def Surrounds Us - DJ Shadow
ok not technically an album, just two songs they are so unlike his old style but fun nontheless, also Z trip's set that you can stream here I listened to this a lot.
Love to hear what your top albums of the year were!
5 comments:
- Robin said...
I will have to check out the albums on your list! You have great taste.
I definitely love the Broken Bells album and Phoenix of course.
Happy New Year!
- 31 December 2010 at 01:09
- Sarah B said...
I am not a huge fan of new years celebrations but I will be hoping for a better year next year. Yours looks like being fantastic, but they always say that big things happen when you are 30.
What a bummer about launie, I wonder which shops you wanted to visit? Maybe cocoon? I hope to do a day trip next week :)
Iced vovos! What do they tast like?
Happy new year Catherine x
- 31 December 2010 at 07:13
- Amanda said...
Sounds like you've had a wonderful week off and got up to lots of fun things - I loved Evandale when we went there. 2011 definitely looks to be an exciting year ahead for you. Wishing you a safe and happy New Years Catherine x
- 31 December 2010 at 18:29
- Michelle said...
Great list Catherine. My faves this year are Broken Bells too, along with Cloud Control and Jenny & Johnny.
Those iced vovos are so darn cute!
Happy New Year to you!
- 31 December 2010 at 19:52
- shine little light* said...
Broken Bells, Foals, Phoenix National also mega love. *s*
- 10 January 2011 at 14:35


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J . Brian Straka DMD
Dr. Straka's dedication to his patients comfort and care has made his practice a Center of Excellence in periodontal care in the Lehigh Valley and surrounding communities. Dr. Straka and his staff take pride in paying attention to details to ensure your experience in their office is friendly, efficient, timely, and comforting. Dr. Straka's continuing education, years of experience and commitment to excellence make patients feel confident they are receiving best in class periodontal care.
Dr. Straka attended Pennsylvania State University where he received his Bachelor of Science in Biology in 1990. He then completed his general dentistry training at the Temple University School of Dentistry in 1994. Dr. Straka continued his training by completing an additional three year Periodontal Residency program at the Temple University School of Dentistry in 1997.
Dr. Straka holds numerous honors in the field of dentistry and periodontics and is a current member of the American Dental Association, Pennsylvania Dental Association, American Academy of Periodontology, Northeast Region Academy of Periodontologists, and the Lehigh Valley Dental Society. His leadership and dedication to the profession are evident when looking at his history in organized dentistry.
- Elected Delegate to the Pennsylvania Dental Association 2007-2011
- Board Member of the Pennsylvania Dental Association Insurance Services Inc. term 2010-2012
- Board member to Second District of the Pennsylvania Dental Association 2009-2012 serving Lehigh, Northampton, Montgomery, Bucks, Chester and Delaware counties.
- President Lehigh Valley Dental Society. 2008 and is a current board member
A gradate of Saucon Valley High School, Dr. Straka continues to contribute to the local community. He holds active hospital positions in the Dental Residency Programs of Lehigh Valley Hospital, Muhlenberg and St Luke's Dental residency. THe provides periodontal work to those who could not afford treatment through these programs as well as lectures and teaches recent dental graduates to these hospital programs.
Setting a new standard for your periodontal care....Dr. J. Brian Straka
Lorraine M Lockawich, RDH, PHDHP, MBA
Lorraine has been with the office since 2004. Her time is split between treating patients at this office and teaching new hygienists at Northampton Area Community College. She is active in organized dentistry through the local Dental Hygiene Society. Her dedication to the profession elected her to the highest honor of President of the PA Dental Hygiene Association in 2012. In her free time she enjoys playing music with her husband in a band called Alter Ego.
Lorraine's dental career started while she was in high school as a dental assistant. That led to attending the University of Pennsylvania achieving a Certificate in Dental Hygiene. Her education continued to a B.S. in Health Arts and a MBA in Health Care Administration. When not working for Dr. Straka, she teaches at Northampton Community College in the Dental Hygiene program. Working with Dr. Straka since 2004 has been a wonderful experience with a great staff and splendid patients. Outside of the office, she is on the executive board for the Pennsylvania Dental Hygienists' Association. Music at church and in a band, reading, along with playing with 2 young cairn terriers is her relaxation. She has been married to John since 1983.
Lorraine has been with the office since 2004. Her time is split between treating patients at this office and teaching new hygienists at Northampton Area Community College. She is active in organized dentistry through the local Dental Hygiene Society. Her dedication to the profession elected her to the highest honor of President of the PA Dental Hygiene Association in 2012. In her free time she enjoys playing music with her husband in a band called Alter Ego.
Amy has been at the front desk since September 2012. Her extensive dental background helps her to understand treatment options and communicate back to the referring dental offices. She is a certified expanded functions dental assistant. She has worked in the front desk area for over 5 years prior to entering this office. Her knowledge of dental insurance benefits will help patients understand their benefits prior to any treatment. Her daughter recently graduated as a dental assistant after finishing High School. Seems Dentistry runs in the family. On her free time she enjoy racing with her husband Pete and broadcast regularly on a racing program www.racersroundtable.com
Donna has been with the office since graduating Hygiene school in August 2012. Her career in Dentistry did not just begin with hygiene school. She was trained in the United States Air Force in their dental corps. The Air Force trained her as an expanded function assistant / hygienist for the troops. After her tour of duty was completed she entered the workforce as a dental assistant. Her drive, motivation, and military training was the encouragement she needed to return to school to get her Dental Hygiene license.
Stefanie graduated from the Dental Assisting program at Northampton Community College in 1989. Working in the field, she is skilled with working with patients and keeping them comfortable. Along with working as a dental assistant, she was an emergency medical technician for the Suburban Rescue Squad. Starting with Dr. Straka in 2006, she is skilled in her field of assisting, providing a friendly atmosphere to the patients and staff. Stefanie has 2 boys who are active in sports. She goes to most of their games supporting them in whatever sport they are doing. Reading is one way she relaxes.
Our Office | Our Team | Gum Disease | Implants | Gum Recession | Crown Lengthening | Patient Instructions | Contact Us
Copyright 2010 by J. Brian Straka, DMD, LLC


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Rosenberg City Council adopted the City's FY 2013 Budget at their September 4, City Council Meeting, including the tax year 2012 property tax rate of $0.51 per $100 valuation.
The FY 2013 Budget, which makes appropriations for the City of Rosenberg from October 1, 2012 through September 30, 2013, serves as a policy document for the City establishing community priorities, goals, and programs for the upcoming fiscal year. The FY 2013 Budget contains appropriations necessary to achieve specific service levels, functions and activities essential to the accomplishment of the City's stated mission: To provide citizens with an enhanced quality of life through public service that ensures the continuance of our small town values while maintaining standards of accountability and open-mindedness that are ethically and consistently applied.
The proposed FY 2013 budget maintains compliance with the City's reserve requirements while providing for the needs of Rosenberg's citizens and employees. It levies a property tax of $0.51 per $100 valuation. The FY 2013 Budget continues the City's one percent (1%) Homestead Exemption previously adopted by City Council.
Because City Council maintained a flat tax rate in response to the overall economy from 2009 to 2011, Rosenberg currently faces a challenge to provide a sufficient number of police officers to catch up with increasing calls for service. Rosenberg Police Department calls for service per officer have increased nearly 32% from 2009 (1,406 calls per officer) to 2011 (1,851 calls per officer). This increase occurred over the same time period that the City's tax rate remained steady at $0.50. The tax increase included in the FY 2013 Budget will allow the City to hire three additional officers to assist in handling the increase in service calls and maintaining the current quality of services provided to Rosenberg residents and businesses.
According to Fort Bend Central Appraisal District data, the average taxable value of a residence homestead in the City of Rosenberg is currently $97,906. The $0.01 increase will cost home owners, based on an assessed home value of $100,000, an additional $10 per year, and will generate approximately $155,000 in general fund revenue for the City of Rosenberg. The rate of $0.51 for tax year 2012 represents a 2.19% increase from tax year 2011, but an 8% decrease from tax year 2006.
The FY 2013 Budget provides for the provision of basic public services and debt service obligations for capital improvements. Its primary revenue sources are local sales tax, City property taxes, and user fees (e.g. garbage, water and wastewater). Overall, the FY 2013 operating budget is balanced and provides for approximately $50.45 million in overall expenditures, including $22.4 million in general fund expenditures, $10.9 million in water/wastewater fund expenditures, $7.6 million in special revenue fund expenditures, and $6.6 million in debt service fund expenditures.
The FY 2013 budget also includes:
• Reallocation of ½ cent ($0.005) from the City's Debt Service tax rate to the Operations & Maintenance (O&M) tax rate;
• Increase ad valorem tax rate from $0.50 to $0.51/$100 valuation;
• Two additional patrol officers and a detective for the Rosenberg Police Department;
• Nine additional firefighters to operate the new Fire Station Number 3;
• Funding to cover Police Station and Parks and Recreation facility repairs; and
• Supplemental requests including street overlay, police equipment, fire and animal control vehicles, a community notification system, fleet maintenance equipment, and water/wastewater equipment.
Additionally, the FY 2013 Budget maintains the City's commitment to continue its aggressive capital improvements program with "roll-over" funding included for: a new animal shelter; Bamore Road phase three; downtown building renovation; Dry Creek drainage; Fire Station Number Three; north side sanitary sewer improvements phase VII; Rosenberg Development Corporation park improvements; Seabourne Creek Drainage phase three; street overlay/reconstruction program; Terry High School reuse project; Water Plant Number Five expansion; and a portable generator for Water/Wastewater.
The FY 2013 Water/Wastewater Fund is self-supporting, and the City has been able to reduce the debt service portion of the property tax rate due to retirement of higher interest debt service obligations. Although the Water/Wastewater Fund has improved significantly, it continues to be underfunded to meet future surface water conversion requirements. The City will need to continue to adjust rates to cover costs associated with the surface water conversion project and continued capital improvements required to meet the 2016 groundwater reduction deadline.
The biggest challenge the City continues to face is meeting the increasing service needs of an expanding Rosenberg community. While the City's revenues are beginning to increase, the challenge remains for City Council and staff to maximize the use of available financial resources. Although the budget primarily addresses the upcoming fiscal year, the City's financial condition for future years must be considered, including important issues that will impact future budgets such as: improvements to the City's aging infrastructure, expansion of infrastructure to address growth, maintenance of strong funding reserves, increasing the City's debt capacity for future financing, providing for a long-term, sustainable employee base; addressing municipal facility upgrades, and investing in technology to improve service and enhance personnel.
One thing that helps meet these challenges is continued economic development and diversification of our local economy which helps relieve some of the tax burden on residents by adding value to the City's tax rolls, and by generating sales tax. The City's financial outlook is improving – as of June 30, 2012, the City's sales tax revenues are up nine percent (9%) from receipts through the same period in FY 2012, and the tax base reflects new development.
For more information on the City's budget, please visit www.ci.rosenberg.tx.us. A copy of the proposed budget is available for review on the City's website (click here) by selecting "Departments," "Finance," and "Fiscal Year 2012-2013 Budget Schedule," or in the City Secretary's office by calling (832) 595-3340.


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Good service: Still a long way to go
Trends change as fast as the figure of a dragon in the clouds, and businesses - be they trendsetters or followers - have realised how much there is to gain in renovating their practices so that they can catch up with changes in demand.
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Christianity Thomas on 21 Oct 2009 12:08 am
The Sermon on the Mount – What does it mean?
Christians have many problems with the Sermon on the Mount, because most have no idea what to do with it. Should they obey all of it? Obey part of it? Ignore it? If God were to exist, it would be a great example of God sowing confusion, because the interpretation of what to do with the sermon is all over the map. For example:
Are we actually called to live "The Sermon on the mount??" – 10 Views
Ten different views! All different.
Learn more: Sermon on the Mount and Matthew 5-7


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A Passion For Music
That's my grandfather playing the violin in this picture taken almost 60 years ago in Midland, Michigan. I borrowed the photo this past November from the restaurant that had it so I could make a copy to give to my 94-year-old grandmother for Christmas.
Grandpa's Polish bands entertained at weddings, clubs and parties, playing a variety of waltzes, polkas and other dance favorites of the time. His personal library of music, carried in a large leather bag emblazoned with his initials, was passed on to me when he died some ten years ago. Included were orchestral arrangements of musical pieces from the 30s, 40s and 50s. Many songs were notated by hand. Most of the sheet music was rubber stamped with the name of grandpa's band and his home address.
I can still picture him singing a favorite Polish waltz at my sister's wedding, his voice still stirringly resonant at 84. Amateur musicians we were on my father's side of the family. My grandmother played drums for a time. My father blew saxophone in a polka band that always included at least one of my uncles.
The first time my wife Wendy and I went out socially over a quarter century ago, she was among a group of co-workers that I drove to hear my own brother's rock band play some 100 miles away from Ann Arbor. My youngest brother occasionally sat in there, playing his own saxophone. Although not part of a formal band, my sister played cello. When my brother's band would play weddings, I occasionally would sit in for waltzes or polkas with my accordion.
As the next generation of musicians matures, I believe the spirit of grandpa is with them. I am sure his spirit was there when my son Greg serenaded my folks at their 50th wedding anniversary, accompanying himself on the guitar while he sang, "Forever and Ever, Amen." Maybe grandpa was there too when my nephew played Wipe Out on the drums at his own wedding just over a year ago.
We all have past-times, hobbies and interests as we meander through life. When your avocation becomes so much a part of you, then you become identified with it. It can even become your legacy. So it was with grandpa and his music.


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Plover - Executive Deluxe Villa #25
Villa for rent in Cams Wharf
$262.00 - $598.00*per dayprice range estimate*Book a room from $262
nightly from
nightly from
nightly from
Situated opposite the tennis courts and pool and a short stroll to the edge of the Lake, this recently renovated Executive Villa features fully upholstered lounges, leather and glass dining suite and has a garage plus parking nearby for a boat or jet ski.
Situated in front of Loft Villa # 23, the units are handy for large family groups and are the ideal venue to unwind and get away from the hustle and bustle of City life.
At a glance
Accommodates up to 6 guests
* Bedroom 1 - Queen bed with doonas
* Bedroom 2 - 2 Single beds with doonas
* Loft Bedroom - 2 Single beds with doonas or an additional lounge room area
* Ducted air-conditioning
* Fully upholstered lounges
* Lounge/dining room with polished timber floors
* Flat screen LCD television and Foxtel
* DVD & CD players
* 2nd TV in upstairs Loft
* Fully equipped laundry and kitchen with dishwasher & SS fittings
* Coffee machine.
* Leather & glass 7 pce dining suite
* 2 bathrooms
* Verandah and private courtyard
* A minutes walk to swimming pool, tennis courts and kiddies playground.
Fully air conditioned,Plover Executive Villa pampers you with easy living furniture & furnishings.
The kitchen is fully equipped, including a dishwasher, microwave oven, electric frypan, range hood and stainless steel pots, pans and cutlery.
The Master bedroom has a Queen size bed, the 2nd bedroom, 2 Single beds and the upstairs loft provides another 2 Single beds, accommodating up to 6 guests with ease.
There are 2 bathrooms for your added convenience.
The Villa also has its own laundry facilities with automatic washing machine, clothes dryer, ironing board and iron.
What to Bring?
All linen is supplied, including bath towels & bath mats, tea & hand towels and the beds are made up ready for your arrival. ..... Don't forget to bring your pool & beach towels (or you can hire them from us if you prefer. At least 24 hrs notice is req.) PLEASE BRING YOUR OWN TISSUES OR TOWELS FOR MAKE UP REMOVAL . Bath towels, hand towels, etc. that are soiled by make up will be charged at replacement cost as will all linen that is soiled, damaged or marked beyond salvage.
Please note that our properties are self catering. ..... We provide starter packs of tea, coffee, sugar, salt & pepper, toiletries, toilet paper, soap, tissues, washing & laundry detergents, hair shampoo and conditioner to allow you time to purchase your own supplies, or we suggest that you bring them with you. You will need your own food, tea & coffee, washing up liquids, salt, pepper, toilet paper, toiletries, hair dryer and specific kitchen utensils you may use such as coffee percolators, woks, etc.
The modern kitchen is fully equipped, including a dishwasher, microwave oven, electric frypan and stainless steel pots, pans and cutlery, allowing you to dine either outdoor or in.
The Cottages has a master bedroom with a queen size bed and a second & 3rd bedroom, each with 2 single size beds, two bathrooms, one on each level and own laundry facilities with automatic washing machine, clothes dryer, ironing board and iron as well as a screened outdoor drying area.
Points of Interest:
All the Resort's amenities, the pools, tennis courts, boat ramp, jetty, etc. are included with your accommodation. Bring your speed boat, jet ski or trailer-sailer, Take a dip in one of the four swimming pools spread throughout the resort including an indoor heated pool with spa and a surge pool, or you may like to sunbath on the Resort's own sandy lakes edge or have a surf at the unspoilt, patrolled beach at Historic Catherine Hill Bay, just 5 minutes drive from the Resort.
- * 4 Synthetic Grass Tennis Courts (2 x floodlit)
- * BBQ areas
- * Native arboretum
- * Bush walking
- * 4 Swimming pools - 1 indoor heated with spa
- * Massage (Book with the onsite office)
- * Lakeside beach
- * Children's playground
- * Beach volleyball
- * Boat ramp and private jetty
- * Daily Pelican, Kookaburra & Parrot feeding
- * A-La-Carte Restaurant
- * Tapas Bar
- * 8 minutes drive from a Coles Supermarket & Swansea Shopping precinct
25 Wild Duck Drive, Cams Wharf NSW 2281, Australia
A fully refundable deposit of guarantee is requested on entering the accommodation to ensure its careful use. For this accommodation, the deposit value is: 250.00 AUD($) from the total cost of reservation.
Booking Cancellation Policy - Non peak periods.
Cancellations up to 3 weeks before arrival date - Cancellation fee of the full deposit unless property is re-booked. If the property is re-booked a $75 cancellation fee then applies)
Cancellations made 3 or more weeks before arrival date - Cancellation fee of $75.00 applies
Peak periods. Public holidays including Long Weekends, NSW School Holidays, Easter, Christmas, the State SLS Championships and Special Events.
Up to 12 weeks before arrival date - $75 cancellation fee applies to cover bank & merchant fees
Under 8 weeks from arrival date - full deposit unless property is rebooked. If the property is re-booked a $75 cancellation fee then applies)
Under 2 weeks - Tariff must be paid in full unless re-booked (then a $75 cancellation fee applies)
Part cancellations will not be accepted.
All reservations are made in good faith by us but may be subject to changes in circumstances that are beyond our control. Every reasonable effort will be made to offer alternative accommodation should this occur.
Please note that we cannot accept Bank Transfer payments for new reservations or final payments made within 6 days of arrival.
For your personal safety & security, all payments are processed through a secure socket layer (SSL) Payment Gateway.
Booking Modification Policy
Please contact us if you require any changes to your booking. We will endeavour to assist where we are able, subject to our cancellation policy.
Booking Children Policy
Babies & toddlers up to 2 years are N/C. Cot (supply own bedding) & high chair hire are extra.


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We, the undersigned citizens of Armenia not affiliated with any government bodies or with the marginal opposition groups, state the following:
The events of March 1, 2008 in Yerevan, Armenia are an attempt of a rebellion, which had nothing to do with peaceful opposition actions. Witnesses confirm that the police and the authorities in general refrained from resorting to force as long as possible. The state authorities patiently waited for 9 days for the unauthorized demonstration to end, but the marginalized part of the opposition led by Levon Ter-Petrosyan continued illegal activities with calls to overthrow government with revolutionary means. This was a Gandhi on surface, Bolshevist in essence "singing and dancing revolution" to quote Ter-Petrosyan himself. The actions of Levon Ter-PetrosyanвАЩs supporters ended in deaths (both among the protesters and police forces), burning and looting вАФ something unseen even during the protests of 1988, when hundreds of thousands of Armenians were taking part in the demonstrations for the freedom of Nagorno Karabakh.
We strongly believe that now Levon Ter-Petrosyan is a direct threat to the statehood of Armenia.
The feeling of revenge, personal business interests and affiliations are the motives behind Levon Ter-PetrosyanвАЩs scandalous comeback. While we criticize our government for many weaknesses and faults we strongly believe that Levon Ter-Petrosyan is the last person in the world to be interested in strengthening democracy in Armenia. The reasons for us to think so are:
1. Ter-Petrosyan was the first leader of the Republic of Armenia to practice large scale electoral fraud (elections of 1996, Vazgen Manukian being the real winner).
2. Ter-Petrosyan was the first one to use army against the protesters (after falsifying the results of presidential elections in 1996).
3. Ter-Petrosyan was the first to suppress free speech, by closing newspapers (some of us remember quite well policemen throwing computers out of the office windows of the вАЬYerkirвАЭ daily).
4. Ter-Petrosyan was the first leader in the Republic of Armenia to shut down a political party and throw its members into jail (the infamous вАЬDroвАЭ case).
5. Ter-Petrosyan was the very person under whose wing the oligarchic families were born. Actually all the current Armenian oligarchs became rich during Ter-PetrosyanвАЩs rule. Moreover, while his supporters criticize oligarchs, the major donor for the Ter-PetrosyanвАЩs campaign is another oligarch.
6. Ter-Petrosyan was the person who brought to power current Armenian authorities вАФ who are now being called criminals and bandits by the supporters of the ex-president.
7. Yet the most important... Ter-Petrosyan is the very person who killed ArmeniansвАЩ belief in justice, law and freedom of speech.
With everything said above, we urge our compatriots to stay sober and do not fall for the disinformation and PR-campaign started by Levon Ter-PetrosyanвАЩs supporters.
We call on the government of Armenia to conduct thorough investigation and bring to fair trial all instigators of disturbances and civil unrest. With enough evidence of complicity immunity should be lifted from Ter Petrosyan himself. In true democracy no one can be above the law.
–Я–Њ–і–њ–Є—Б—Л–≤–∞—В—М—Б—П –Ј–і–µ—Б—М