text:
ACPI Error (psparse-0537): Method parse/execution failed [\_SB_._OSC] (Node ffff8801e8c62b30), AE_AML_BUFFER_LIMIT
then you've fallen foul of one of the less appealing aspects of ACPI. _OSC methods are defined as methods to allow the operating system and the firmware to handshake over their support of optional features. Different _OSC methods apply to different types of hardware. CPU _OSC methods allow the operating system to inform the firmware that it supports ACPI 3.0 throttling states, while PCIe _OSC methods allow the operating system to indicate that it can manage native PCIe hotplug. The firmware can choose whether or not to give up control of these features, and the OS then has to cope.
The problem arises when we get to the _OSC method on the system bus. This wasn't specified until ACPI 4.0, leaving an attractive mechanism for vendors to add OS/firmware integration. To that end, we now have at least three different _SB_._OSC methods in the wild:
- The ACPI specified _OSC. This exists purely for the OS to tell the firmware what it supports, without the firmware having the opportunity to disagree. As such it passes 8 bytes of data to the method.
- The Microsoft WHEA _OSC. This exists to allow the firmware and Windows to handshake over whether or not the firmware supports Microsoft's hardware error reporting.
- HP's PCC _OSC method, designed to allow handshaking between the OS and the firmware in order to determine whether they support OS interaction with the firmware-level CPU scaling
This wouldn't be enough to be a problem in itself. The ACPI spec requires _OSC methods to have GUIDs in order to protect users from exactly this kind of situation - Windows can attempt to enable WHEA on a machine with a spec-compliant _OSC, and the _OSC method will return an immediate failure because the GUID doesn't match. Except that the WHEA and PCC versions of _SB_._OSC pass 12 bytes of data in the third argument, against the ACPI spec version's 8. And many _OSC implementations attempt to access the region between bytes 9 and 12 before checking the GUID, resulting in the AE_AML_BUFFER_LIMIT error.
This is made even more annoying due to the fact that argument 2 contains the number of parameters being passed in argument 3, making it straightforward to avoid this kind of failure. Firmware authors, tbh.


text: Despite outward appearances that would suggest he was a slacker with no motivation or ambition, Billy Wegstaff (Adam Grimes) is a true master of the snowboard. When Billy is accepted into the exclusive Pine Mountain Snowboard Academy, it appears as if the fun-loving snow shark may have finally landed his big break. Things soon take a turn for the worse when -- following a long night of hard partying -- Billy wakes up in the trash and discovers that he has been kicked out of the academy. When Billy decides to take matters into his own hands, there's no telling what he might do to get his career back on track. Featuring appearances by Playboy Playmates Suzanne Stokes and Buffy Tyler as well as a special appearance by Traci Lords. Jason Buchanan, Rovi

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Also see:-
As a part of Local Government, Tweed Shire Council invites you to spend 'a day in our shoes' on Wednesday 2 August 2017.
Experience a role in the following areas of Council:
Community and Natural Resources
Corporate Services
Office of General Manager
Planning and Regulation
For more on Council's Organisation Structure - http://www.tweed.nsw.gov.au/OrganisationStructure
The day will begin with a special welcome and induction morning tea and then participants and their Council buddies will embark on their 'day in our shoes' program. Participants will be required from 9am until 4pm (or can finish earlier if needed). Lunch can be bought or BYO.


text:
Saturday, May 05, 2012
Rendering HTML
7 comments:
- flibX0r said...
Why not just use Awesomium? It's an implementation of the chromium renderer that works well with real-time apps, and the licence is free for indi devs.
They even have a Unity tutorial: http://labs.awesomium.com/unity3d-integration-tutorial-part-1/
- Saturday, May 05, 2012
- Simon Wittber said...
1. Doesn't do iOS.
2. Doesn't do Web Player.
3. I don't want to embed a browser, I just want to render HTML.
- Saturday, May 05, 2012
- Favo Yang 杨仲伟 said...
Looks interesting. Do you use any library or started from stretch? Plan to support CSS?
- Monday, May 07, 2012
- Simon Wittber said...
Started from scratch. Not supporting CSS, however there is a CSS style mechanism which is exposed to the developer in the Unity inspector.
- Tuesday, May 08, 2012
- Favo Yang 杨仲伟 said...
Very cool, would be good if this component can work with NGUI, which can bring powerful and easily layout
and styling option.
- Tuesday, May 08, 2012
- BenG said...
Looks very interesting, and would be very useful for a game I'm working on, and for any game needing tutorial/manual/level description text...ought to sell like hot cakes on the Asset Store!
- Saturday, May 12, 2012
I'd also be interested in grabbing it once it's in the asset store.
If you're looking for any beta testers, our group would be happy to sign an NDA (and of course buy it once it's ready). We have 3-4 guys and a project that needs a simple HTML render, so we could bang on it plenty.
- Saturday, June 02, 2012
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text:
How About Upgrading Your Ford?
Here in our online store you will find everything you need for updating a multimedia system of your Ford.
After installing an OEM car radio you will be able to play audio content in MP3 format and control the radio using OEM buttons. Functionality of the radio can be expanded with a special module, which makes it possible to playback tracks from connected USB drives. For quick and safe installation use a set of tools for Ford stereo removal.
In just a few minutes you can upgrade your car and make your journeys a lot more fun!
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text:
Mai-Habar Technical School graduates 179 students
Asmara, 13 June 2018- In its 19th commencement, the Mai-Habar Technical School graduated 179 students including 46 females with certificate.
The students attended two years theoretical and practical education in the fields of Construction, Design, Electricity, Plumber, General Steel and Wood Work, Electronics and Survey.
Indicating that the students have also provided mechanical drawing and computer training, the Director of the school, Mr. Wehab Mohammed-Ali called on the graduates to take the training they were provided as a stepping stone for upgrading their skills through practical application on the ground.
The D. G. of Technical and Vocational Education at the Ministry of Education, Mr. Tesfai Seium said that the investment made on education is the priority of the Government in the nation building process and called on the graduates to live up to expectations and contribute their part in the national development endeavors.
The Mai-Habar Technical School has so far graduated 4166 students in various fields of study.


text:
Cher Lloyd has admitted it is love with boyfriend Craig Monk, but the Swagger Jagger singer is not ready to let him cut her hair.
The former X Factor finalist revealed in June that she was in a relationship and it later emerged her mystery man was Craig, a 21-year-old trainee hairdresser.
Cher is just 18, but she is convinced it is the real thing.
'It is serious. I'm in love. I've never spoken about Craig before but I think he's the bee's knees. I'm not embarrassed, we've been together ages,' she told the Sun.
'He doesn't work in the music industry, he is your day-to-day person. He used to work on a building site.'
The pair met in the London salon where Craig works, but Cher has made it clear there is one restriction on their relationship.
'Craig's a lovely guy – but he doesn't do my hair,' the singer added.
It seems all is well in Cher's world, as debut single Swagger Jagger is expected to top the charts tonight.
'I'll probably celebrate by having a night in with a Chinese and a glass of bubbly – because I'm 18 now so I can drink,' she said.
'And I might buy myself a pair of Christian Louboutin shoes.'


text:
Dr. Christina L. Kaufman is the Executive Director of the Christine M. Kleinert Institute for Hand and Microsurgery (CMKI). She is an Assistant Professor in the Division of Hand Surgery at the University of Louisville. She received her PhD from the University of Pittsburgh, under the mentorship of Rene Duquesnoy and Adriana Zeevi. Dr. Kaufman worked on transplantation tolerance protocols in experimental and clinical models at the Institute for Cellular Therapeutics where she was the Associate Director of Clinical Trials and the Director of the Flow Cytometry and Imaging Laboratory. Kaufman has been an IRB member for nine years. She has worked with the Louisville CTA Program as a collaborator since 1999, and with day-to-day oversight of the program since 2007.
Dr. Kaufman has recently implemented a research study using very high resolution Ultrasound Biomicroscopy to image graft vasculopathy in hand transplant patients as well as conventional hand patients. Dr. Kaufman is a committee member of the International Society for Hand and Composite Tissue Transplantation, is the 2013 Chair of the American Society of Transplantation VCA Advisory Council, and is on multiple committees of the American Society of Reconstructive Transplantation.


text:
The Kendra Scott Rae necklace has a huge iridescent stone pendant at its centre. With a woven chain and 14-karat gold-plated brass frame this is one of those pieces that will make a statement in any jewellery box. Fastened by a lobster claw, chose from stones in colours ranging from deep aqua to turquoise. It's getting boho up in here.
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text:
The Internet of Things (IoT) is upon us—billions of devices equipped with sensors generating data that
can be indexed, synthesized, and utilized to reconfigure software systems and make recommendations
in real time. AgilePoint NX is uniquely architected to enable you to build IoT apps fast that are flexible
enough to handle the constantly changing requirements of the IoT in industrial settings.
Here are just a few of many possible examples.
- Predictive Maintenance
AgilePoint NX allows you to create apps that interact with sensors in everything from delivery vehicles to
CNC machines to conveyor belts so as to monitor and measure wear and machine tolerances. These
apps then, based on known good values, proactively notify personnel that machine parts need to be
repaired or replaced, eliminating the downtime and expense of having machine failure.
- Smart Metering
AgilePoint NX allows you to create apps that represent data from smart meters—meters that also record
time and volume of consumption and not just usage—on dashboards, allowing stakeholders to adjust
resources and even pricing to maximize profits. Likewise, these dashboards could be exposed to
consumers, enabling them to curb consumption during peak (expensive) periods.
- Asset tracking
AgilePoint NX allows you to create apps that monitor asset positioning (everything from vehicles to
people) and track them on interactive maps. Likewise these apps predict the availability of assets at
various locations and prevent theft of assets. Emergency Services send the nearest available first
responder automatically.
- Traffic Monitoring and Control
AgilePoint NX allows you to create apps that monitor traffic flow throughout a region based on sensors
embedded in roads and signs. These apps proactively predict bottlenecks and systematically route traffic
around problem areas, updating GPS Navigation information for consumers
- Fire Alarm Management
Companies that manage commercial and residential fire-alarm systems are plagued by false
notifications, for example, well fired toast sets off a fire alarm. With AgilePoint NX, companies build a
much more effective alarm system, one which provides real-time visuals for operators when an alarm
goes off and provides temperature readings within the facility, which reinforce the validity of a fire


text:
Electronic business is often defined as a business which relies on an automatic system of information. This means that one conducts his or her business with the use of a technology such as the internet. Business executives make use of the internet in order to communicate with their customers as well as their business partners. This is very useful because it saves travel time and it makes negotiations possible overseas.
The internet proved to help in solving the costs of long distance communication. The internet made communication easier, faster and is mainly through this that business minded people saw the value of business through the internet. The convenient uses of the internet are also one of the prime assets which business people found on this automatic system of information.
There are two categories from where electronic business falls; Business to Consumer and Business to Business. Supply chain differs considerably from a Business to Consumer (B2C) site as compared to a Business to Business (B2B) site.
The difficulty levels between the transactions of a B2B site as compared to a B2C site are very different. A B2B site conducts transactions between a business and another business. B2C sites conduct transactions between a company or a business and a consumer. B2C is a term used for a company which transacts business through the internet by selling goods or services to a customer online. B2C is more often described as online selling, trading, and the like. EBay is one example of a business which is conducted through the internet. The customers would only have to go online to select and buy their purchases. Another example of a B2C site is Amazon.com. Amazon.com does all their retailing online and thus is the perfect example for a B2C site.
In a B2C e-commerce the focus...


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Marketing Services Provided by Professional Web Services
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Take a look at using Web 2.0 technologies and the power of the Internet to promote your business online. By using all of the Web tools available, your business will get more Internet exposure through the search engines, key business directories, and other online market channels.
Let Professional Web Services demonstrate what professional Internet marketing can do for your business today.


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text:
Heavy police presence as right-wing rally begins in Portland
Patriot Prayer's leader Joey Gibson is staging a rally in the liberal city, with anti-fascist demonstrators holding their own protest.
A right-wing group and counter-protesters are staging opposing rallies in Portland, Oregon, as police try to prevent the gatherings from turning violent.
A rally organised by Patriot Prayer leader Joey Gibson is the third to take place in the city in Oregon state this summer.
Two previous events ended in fighting and riots, and one counter-protester was sent to hospital with a skull fracture.
This time, Mr Gibson changed the venue from a federal plaza outside the US district court to a waterfront park, so that some of his Oregon supporters can carry concealed weapons as they demonstrate.
Chartered buses have brought participants from Vancouver, Washington – where Mr Gibson lives – to Portland with armed security on board.
Protesters saw a significant police presence, including bomb-sniffing dogs and weapons-screening checkpoints.
Mr Gibson's insistence on bringing his right-wing supporters repeatedly to this Democrat-supporting city has crystallised a debate about the limits of free speech in an era of stark political division.
Patriot Prayer has held rallies in many other cities around the western US, including Berkeley, California, which have drawn violent reactions.
The Portland events have taken on a larger significance after a Patriot Prayer sympathiser was charged with fatally stabbing two men who came to the defence of two young black women – one in a hijab – whom the attacker was accused of harassing on a light-rail train in May 2017.
A coalition of community organisations and a group representing more than 50 tribes warned of the potential for even greater violence than previous rallies if participants carry guns.
It called on officials to denounce what it called "the racist and sexist violence of Patriot Prayer and Proud Boys" and protect the city.
Portland police said weapons may be seized if there is a violation of law, and added that it is illegal in Portland to carry a loaded firearm in public unless a person has a valid Oregon concealed handgun licence.
Many protesters are expected to come from out of state.
Mr Gibson, who is running a long-shot campaign to unseat Democratic US senator Maria Cantwell in Washington state, said earlier this week that he will not stop bringing his followers to Portland until they can express their right-wing views without interference.
He said: "I refuse to do what Portland wants me to do because what Portland wants me to do is to shut up and never show up again.
"So yeah, I refuse to do that, but I will not stop going in, and I will not stop pushing, and I will not stop marching until the people of Portland realise that and realise that their methods do not work," he said.
Self-described anti-fascists – or "antifa" – have been organising anonymously online to confront Patriot Prayer and an affiliated group, the Proud Boys, in the streets.
A broader counter-protest organised by a coalition of unions, immigrant rights groups and artists will gather at City Hall before the Patriot Prayer rally.
Organisers said that while Patriot Prayer denies being a white supremacist group, it affiliates itself with known white supremacists, white nationalists and neo-Nazi gangs.
Press Association
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text:
provided a link to www.JeffersonLeadership.com is included.
Category Archives: Protecting ourselves
THIS is the experiment that IS America!
we are going fairly through the experiment whether freedom of discussion, unaided by coercion, is not sufficient for the propagation & protection of truth, and for the maintenance of an administration pure and upright in it's actions and views.
To Volney, April 20, 1802
Patrick Lee's Explanation
It is the rare leader who freely limits the scope of his leadership.
Volney (1757-1820) was a French historian and political philosopher. He and Jefferson were friends and of one mind on many social, political and religious issues. Jefferson even translated most of one of Volney's books, Ruins of Empires, into English.
In this long letter, Jefferson wrote of his own philosophy, the accomplishments of his new administration and the fury of his political foes. He summed up much of the letter in this excerpt about the American experiment: Can open, free, unforced, rational discussion be all that is required to promote and protect the truth and to maintain a government devoted to that truth?
"…thank you for your enlightening and educational presentation …"
Office of the Lieutenant Governor, State of Missouri
For the enlightenment and education of your audience, you know what to do.
Invite Thomas Jefferson to speak. Call 573-657-2739
BEFORE you get sick …
Th: Jefferson presents his compliments & his thanks to Doctr Ricketson for his treatise on the means of preserving health & the pamphlets he has been so kind as to send him. he shall read the former especially with particular pleasure, having much more confidence in the means of preserving than of restoring health.
To Shadrach Ricketson, June 21, 1809
Patrick Lee's Explanation
Health conscious leaders value prevention ahead of treatment.
Ricketson (1768-1837) was a prominent New York Quaker and physician. In 1806, he published a book, "Means of Preserving Health and Preventing Diseases … This was not so much a book on how to treat and eliminate or reduce disease-related problems as much as it was a book on how to live a long and health[y] life."
Below the book title on the cover were these words, "Founded principally on an attention to air and climate, drink, food, sleep, exercise, clothing, passions of the mind, and retentions and excretions … Designed not merely for physicians but for the information of others …" (Quoted sections are credited to this site.)
Empirical or evidence-based medicine had a strong appeal to Jefferson. It is what he practiced for himself, his family and his servants. While he engaged a trusted doctor when his larger mountain-top family was threatened, he had great faith in the human body's recuperative powers if just left alone. Most doctors lacked any real understanding of the human body and were inclined toward experimentation. Jefferson thought doing nothing was better than doing something uninformed.
He was also a great supporter of what we would call "wellness," with a focus on cleanliness, diet, exercise and rest. Ricketson's work was right up his alley!
"…our delegates really enjoyed hearing from Mr. Jefferson.
It is amazing how the thoughts, words and events of over 200 years ago transcend time
and are as relevant today as they were then."
Conference Coordinator, Iowa League of Cities
Thomas Jefferson's 19th century wisdom is relevant for your 21st century audience.
Invite him to speak. Call 573-657-2739
What does a local library mean for US? Part 3 of 4
these should be such [books in your library] as would give them a general view of other history & particular view of that of their own country, a tolerable knolege of geography, the elements of Natural philosophy, of agriculture & mechanics. should your example lead to this, it will do great good.
To John Wyche, May 19, 1809
Patrick Lee's Explanation
Educated leaders encourage foundational reading for all.
What types of books should be in a county library for circulating among its citizens?
- History in general, to know what preceded us on a global scale
- History in particular, that of the United States
- Basic geography, how the elements of our earth are represented
- Science ("Natural philosophy")
- Agriculture, how we feed and clothe ourselves
- "Mechanics," how things work
A basic knowledge in these six areas would be sufficient for citizens to know, respect and safeguard their rights as free Americans.
"It is my pleasure to write about my professional experience with Patrick Lee …
Our members were thrilled."
Executive Director, Florida Surveying and Mapping Society
Your members will be thrilled with Mr. Jefferson, too.
Invite him to speak. Call 573-657-2739
What does a local library mean for US? Part 2 of 4
I have often thought that nothing would do more extensive good at small expence than the establishment of a small circulating library in every county to consist of a few well chosen books, to be lent to the people of the county under such regulations as would secure their safe return in due time.
To John Wyche, May 19, 1809
Patrick Lee's Explanation
Frugal leaders seek the most bang for the buck.
In the first excerpt from this letter, Jefferson explained the vital importance of an educated citizenry as essential to protecting their own rights. He supported any institution which furthered that end.
In this excerpt, he focused on the one institution which could best help accomplish that goal at the least expense, a library in every county. It could be small. It's books should be well-chosen. It should lend those books to citizens and provide for their safe return.
"Our local government leaders were thrilled with your remarks,
as evidenced by the extended standing ovation you received at their conclusion."
Executive Director, League of Wisconsin Cities
Mr. Jefferson will delight your audience!
Invite him to speak. Call 573-657-2739
What does a local library mean for US? Part 1 of 4
[Your letter] informs me of the establishment of the Westward mill library society, of it's general views & progress. I always hear with pleasure of institutions for the promotion of knolege among my countrymen. the people of every country are the only safe guardians of their own rights, and are the only instruments which can be used for their destruction. and certainly they would never consent to be so used were they not decieved. to avoid this they should be instructed to a certain degree …
To John Wyche, May 19, 1809
Patrick Lee's Explanation
Wise leaders always promote the broad education of their constitutents.
A portion of this letter was excerpted in a 2013 post. Since we are reviewing all of the significant correspondence of Jefferson's first year of retirement, we will look at the entire letter, broken into four posts.
Wyche wrote at length to Jefferson about the formation of a library in Brunswick County, VA, on the VA/NC border, about 70 miles south of Richmond. Local citizens had adopted a constitution and pledged $10 each to acquire books. He was seeking the retired President's "patronage." He did not specify what that might be though financial support might have been a likely goal.
Jefferson opened with why he liked libraries. He supported any institution which promoted knowledge among his countrymen – schools, colleges, academic societies, even churches (to some degree). People were "the only safe guardians of their own rights," and the only ones who could take them away. Protecting those rights and defeating those who would deny them required an educated citizenry. Libraries furthered that end.
"Your presentation, particularly your response to questions, was most impressive."
For the American College of Real Estate Lawyers, New Orleans
Mr. Jefferson will impress your audience!
Invite him to speak. Call 573-657-2739
This is the BEST foundation!
… are you laying off our counties into hundreds or captaincies? there can be no other basis of republican energy. police, justice, elections, musters, schools, and many other essential things can have no other effectual bottom [foundation]. there is not a single political measure for our state which I have so much at heart. the captain or headborough would be there what the Serjeants are in an army; the finger of execution.
To John Wayles Eppes, January 1, 1802
Patrick Lee's Explanation
Wise leaders value local leadership most of all.
To his 28-year-old son-in-law and member of the Virginia legislature, Jefferson wrote about the extreme press of business, unity in the Congress, France's offensive in the Caribbean, and the arrival of "the massive cheese" and what it represented. He concluded with this question: How goes the effort to establish multiple local governments within Virginia's counties?
This would be the heart and soul of republicanism, small jurisdictions with an active citizenry, where justice, education, military readiness "and many other essential things" could best be realized.
"Thank you for your excellent presentation during MLPA's annual convention."
Executive Manager, Missouri Limestone Producer's Association
An excellent presentation awaits your audience!
Invite Thomas Jefferson to speak. Call 573-657-2739
Guns for all, but why? For what purpose?
… we contemplate with pleasure the prospect before us—Peace abroad tranquility at home a Republican Government faithfully executed & firmly supported by the confidence of the people Armed for defence but never for Offence— …
To Thomas Jefferson from the CT Officers & Soldiers of the 12th Regiment, September 23, 1801
I accept with many thanks the kind expressions of the twelfth regiment … towards myself personally, and with still greater satisfaction their declarations of attachment to our constitution. the principles you profess of peace abroad, tranquility at home, a faithful administration of the government, on it's genuine principles of republicanism, and arms for it's support in the hands of every citizen …
To the CT Officers and Soldiers of the 12th Regiment, October 28, 1802
Patrick Lee's Explanation
Wise leaders understand the need for and purpose of an armed citizenry.
An army regiment appreciated the President's principles and support of an armed citizenry, essential for defending those principles. Weapons were for defense, not offense.
Although people are rightfully concerned about mass violence by firearms, Jefferson explained why an armed citizenry was invaluable. The army was small, and the nation's first line of defense was the militia, armed citizens who could be mustered in a crisis.
The army today is no longer small, and one could argue the need for armed citizens no longer exists. Jefferson might argue the need does exist, against an internal threat as well as an external one. That threat to individual liberty could come from another person … or from the government itself. An armed citizen could protect himself against either intrusion. Unarmed, he was powerless against both.
Jefferson would concur with his soldiers that the purpose of an armed citizenry was defensive, not offensive.
"It was a pleasure working with Mr. Lee,
who was thoughtful of the society's needs as we formulated the program together."
Boone County Historical Society
Mr. Jefferson would enjoy formulating program for your audience.
Invite him to speak. Call 573-657-2739
Governments grab power. Elections slap government's hands.
I perfectly agree with you that while it is necessary to clothe public magistrates with powers sufficiently nervous [strong] for order & defence that every surrender of power beyond that is improper. I believe too that a great deal more than usually is, might be left to private morality in the regulation of our own nature … it is a general truth that legislatures are too fond of interposing their power & of governing too much. the right of election by the people shews itself daily more and more valuable. it is a peaceable means of producing reformation … [otherwise, the people] will have no resource but in the sword … I wish them [elections] more frequent than they are, especially in some of the public functionaries.
To Isaac Weaver, Jr., March 21, 1801
Patrick Lee's Explanation
Minimalist government leaders appreciate frequent elections.
The President agreed with the Republican Speaker of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, who wrote him that elected officials should have enough authority "to enforce order at home, and to protect the citizen from invasion from abroad," but no more.
Jefferson made these minimalist observations:
1. Citizens should not yield any more authority than for these two causes.
2. People should more often be "left to private morality" for self-governance.
3. Legislatures usually sought more power and control, not less.
4. "Election by the people" brought reform peacefully and avoided armed rebellion.
5. To keep a tighter rein on politicians, elections should be held even more often.
"Patrick was a pleasure to work with. He is professional, timely and accurate …"
Manager, Conference and Travel, Kansas City Life Insurance Company
Mr. Jefferson, too, is professional, time and accurate.
Invite him to speak. Call 573-657-2739
Is a bully ever satisfied?
What are the delays in the performance of our stipulations of which the Bey of Tunis, & Eaton complain? I thought we had not only complied with the treaty, but were doing considerably more … I know that nothing will stop the eternal increase of demand from these pirates but the presence of an armed force, and it will be more economical & more honorable to use the same means at once for suppressing their insolencies.
To James Madison, August 28, 1801
Patrick Lee's Explanation
Smart leaders call bullies' bluffs.
Madison was Secretary State, Eaton was American Consul in North Africa, and the Bey of Tunis was one of the provisional rulers of the Barbary States on the North African coast. The predatory actions of the Barbary States, capturing foreign ships on the Mediterranean Sea for ransom, had gone on for decades. Jefferson had been vexed by their behavior since his time as Ambassador to France 15 years earlier.
Jefferson thought the U.S. had gone above and beyond their obligations to Tunis, and he was clearly exasperated. The pirates were bullies and would never be satisfied. The only answer to their increasing demands was a strong naval presence in the Mediterranean. It would cost less and be more honorable than continuing to pay bribes to "protect" American shipping.


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Categories: 1080p Video, Multiple Cumshot, First Appearance, Facial, Trimmed Bush, J.O.E., Natural Tits, No Tattoos, Blonde
Added: 09-25-2018
Mia Malkova. Five syllables. Mee ahhh. I don't know about you, but I sat it -- over and over -- while I'm watching her scenes. Creepy, I know...but that's what a super hot slut does to me. Just look at Mia, on her knees milking cock. Eagerly working a load from Stunt Cock. Don't you know one's not enough? Give this girl more, until her beautiful face looks like a Jackson Pollock painting!


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Ran in 1994 and Diana Ross reached his 30 year career, and performed to commemorate a world tour "Forever Diana 30th Anniversary Tour". She visited places like United Kingdom and Russia, including Holland was. The only one of the many concerts that was televised, and thanks to that today could collect best this show: "Diana Ross Live in Ahoy, Rotterdam." Coming Soon available in: dianarossofficialfanclub.wordpress.com /diana-ross-store
1-Intro-Dirty Diana
2-I'm Coming Out
3-Chain Reaction
4-The Supremes Medley:
Where did Our Love/Baby Love/You Can't Hurry Love/You Keep Me Hagin'on/Love Child/
5-It's My Turn
6-The Boss
7-I'm Still Wating
8-Touch by Touch
9-Missing You
10-Mirror, Mirror
11-Upside Down
12-Waiting in the Wings
13-When You Tell Me That You Love Me
14-Why do Fools Fall in Love
15-Lady Sings the Blues Medley:
Ain't Nobody's Bussines if I do/God Bless the Child/My Man/
16-Ain't No Mountain High Enough
17-Endless Love
18-One Shining Moment
19-The Best Years of My Life Part 1
20-The Best Years of My Life Part


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- Gosh it sucks that the crisis happened, but it's not as bad as people say. Remember how people used to pick on Internet stocks — well, look at Twitter!
- The solution to what ails capitalism is more capitalism.
- There will be a great public desire to tighten up the laws governing the economic sector, but let's not get ahead of ourselves!
- You know what's a great idea? Voluntary self-regulation.
- You can make all sorts of interesting collages just using a bunch of dollar bills and a Photoshop program.
- If we could just all learn to be better people, everything will turn out fine.
All Republicans either have or are pretending to have completely disabled their bullshit detectors, and so now all Republicans are easily-grifted morons
Wednesday, June 24, 2009
Fareed Zakaria's Manifesto
1 comment:
I am reminded of an old movie called A Guide for the Married Man in which Robert Morse instructs Walter Matthau in the fine art of philandering through a series a vignettes with various stars in cameos. In one scene, Joey Bishop is caught in bed with another woman by his wife and simply denies everything repeatedly as he and the woman dress and make the bed. In the end, his wife is standing stunned in the middle of the bedroom without a trace of the recent activity.ReplyDelete
I think that is Wall Street's strategy: deny, deny, deny, and hope that everyone forgets what happened.
Please pick a handle or moniker for your comment. It's much easier to address someone by a name or pseudonym than simply "hey you". I have the option of requiring a "hard" identity, but I don't want to turn that on... yet.
With few exceptions, I will not respond or reply to anonymous comments, and I may delete them. I keep a copy of all comments; if you want the text of your comment to repost with something vaguely resembling an identity, email me.
No spam, pr0n, commercial advertising, insanity, lies, repetition or off-topic comments. Creationists, Global Warming deniers, anti-vaxers, Randians, and Libertarians are automatically presumed to be idiots; Christians and Muslims might get the benefit of the doubt, if I'm in a good mood.
See the Debate Flowchart for some basic rules.
Sourced factual corrections are always published and acknowledged.
I will respond or not respond to comments as the mood takes me. See my latest comment policy for details. I am not a pseudonomous-American: my real name is Larry.
Comments may be moderated from time to time. When I do moderate comments, anonymous comments are far more likely to be rejected.
I've already answered some typical comments.
I have jqMath enabled for the blog. If you have a dollar sign (\$) in your comment, put a \\ in front of it: \\\$, unless you want to include a formula in your comment.


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Israeli biotechnology company Kadimastem has finalized an agreement with Hadassah Ein-Kerem Medical Center in Israel for conducting its first human stem cell therapy for the treatment of ALS. The therapy, called AstroRx, uses stem-cell-derived astrocytes, which are delivered intrathecally, to provide trophic support to degenerating motor neurons. Preclinical studies in ALS rat models have shown that the treatment prolongs survival in these models. Following consultation with the US FDA, the company will be conducting a Phase I/IIA safety and efficacy trial on 21 patients, to begin mid-2017.
Click here to read more.
disease-als topic-clinical topic-randdShare this:


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What is compost tea?
In a basic sense, compost tea is a liquid fertilizer and disease suppressant made by soaking small amounts of active compost in water. It contains beneficial microorganisms and vital nutrients for plant growth. By brewing compost into tea form, it makes everything more readily available to the plants. There are many different methods and recipes for creating the 'perfect' compost tea. From green plant parts to finished compost, available materials have historically dictated the ingredients that go into a compost tea recipe.
A simple DIY compost tea recipe
Making your own compost tea can become a huge value to your garden and save lots of money. I keep it very simple. Here is how I go about making compost tea:
- Start with a shovel full of finished compost. I like to add vermicompost (worm castings) to my compost tea as well
- Place composts in cheesecloth or a thin old cut up t-shirt or cloth. Tie it up tight to keep it closed with twine to create a jumbo sized compost tea bag.
- Fill a bucket with fresh water and drop the compost tea bag in it.
- Put the bucket in a safe location protected from the heat and cold
- Stir constantly (minimum of once a day). You don't want to create anaerobic conditions that allow harmful bacteria to begin to grow.
- After a minimum of 5 days, the tea is ready to use. Remove the compost tea bag. Wring it out. The compost from it can actually go right back in the compost pile.
- Use the tea within a few days. Be sure to stir daily if you don't use the compost tea immediately. You don't want it to start getting funky. If it does, don't use it on any sensitive or edible plants.
Optional ingredients
I have recently started trying a mix of half regular compost and half vermicompost (worm castings) and a little handful of shredded comfrey leaves. There are many other ingredients that can be used to spruce up your tea. If you use a sugar based ingredient like molasses, corn syrup, or cane sugar, be sure to set up a method of aerating the brewing process. The simplest way is with a simple aquarium pump and bubblers. There are benefits to both aerated and non-aerated teas. We are keeping it simple for now.
How to use it
Using it is simple. You can either spray it onto the foliage of plants or water the roots of the plants with the tea.When I use it, I tend to stick with diluting 1 part compost tea with 1 part water. I spray plant foliage and soak thoroughly into the roots of the plants. Through the growing season, I spray every other week as I am establishing a new garden. Older gardens that have healthier soils need it less often.
What does it do?
The benefits of using compost tea on your garden are numerous and interconnected. It is used most frequently as a replacement for fertilizer, but this is really just the tip of the iceberg. Compost tea rejuvenates and nurtures beneficial bacteria and microorganisms that help create healthy soil. It is essentially an inoculant helping to engage the natural processes in the soil.
Try it out yourself. We would love to hear how it works for you.


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Emma Ferguson followed with a pair for the defending provincial champion Reds (5-0-0). Michaela Ferguson rounded out the scoring with a single tally.
Katie Erickson and M.J. Ripley replied for the second-place Wildcats (2-2-0).
The Riverview JV girls also found the win column, cruising to a 13-0 win over Memorial JV. Riverview improved to 3-0-0 for first place in the JV girls division, while Memorial fell to 0-1-0.
Katelyn Libbus paced the offence with a hat trick. Julie Ann Francois and Edo Demir scored a pair, while Kelly MacInnis, Catherine Pickup, Berkley Applin, Mia Tonet and Eugenie Combaluzier fired singles to go along with a Memorial own goal. Anna Simpson and Catherine Pickup shared the shutout.
League play continues Wednesday. The Glace Bay Panthers boys will face Sydney Academy at Recreation Park in Glace Bay at 4 p.m. Memorial JV boys will host Riverview JV at Memorial at 4 p.m., and the Breton Education Centre Bears boys take on the Riverview Reds in a meeting of undefeated teams at 8 p.m. at Veterans Memorial Field in New Waterford.


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Cloud infrastructure and operations
Ancoris provides consulting, migration, management and support services to manage your cloud infrastructure transition. Our services will help you through the various phases of your project from design and build to management.
We have over 5 years experience of building applications on the Google Cloud Platform and our cloud platform experts are on hand to help you assess the right architecture for your current and future application portfolio.
We can help you build the business case for a cloud migration and demonstrate new capabilities with a proof-of-concept or pilot before production build.
The transition to the Google Cloud Platform will free you from managing infrastructure, provisioning servers and configuring networks. We can reduce your costs and provide the scalability and agility to cope with whatever the future holds.


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Posts Tagged 'nba all-star'
Former NBA player Isiah Thomas, 48, signed a five-year agreement with Florida International University on Tuesday — Thomas even agreed to donate his salary to the school, signaling how desperately he wants the job. Drafted by the Detroit Pistons in 1981 as a point guard, Thomas helped his team win two NBA championships. After his career ended as […]
Filed under: African-American History, Business as Unusual, Education, Sports | Closed
Tags: detroit pistons, florida international university, isiah thomas, naismith basketbal hall of fame, national basketball association, nba all-star, New York Knicks


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Day 4 (72 – 96 hours)
I left Bison Camp after a half hour. The next 45 mile section someone said was flat and easy. I was skeptical. My butt hurt, my knees hurt and I had to pound through snow. The trail was full of drifts. I thought there would be a packed trail since we are heading to a village but since gas prices are so steep unnecessary snow machine traffic has decreased. The trail just seemed to go on and on. Jeff and his riding buddy caught up to me and I rode with them for a little bit though I was out of sorts. The pain was really kicking in and I was getting tired. Fifteen miles from Nickolai it was cold, dark and a strong dose of vertigo with dejavu struck again. The feeling was strangely existential and just plain weird. Each hill I went up I thought I remembered being here before and knew what was around the corner. It fascinated me and actually kept me awake. Sleep deprivation affects folks in different ways and the combination of dark and cold created a drug like experience. The cold seemed to intensify while walking. My headlamp died and as I dug out the spare I noticed the northern lights flowing green through the sky. I kind of zoned out on the sky and if I had ever taken mind altering drugs this is what I imagine a 'good trip' would be like. I clicked on the spare light and followed the trail until I came out of yet another treeline back onto the river ice and the town lit up in front of me. Nickolai, the small village seemed huge and welcoming after such a long section. I followed the winding stake markers to the correct house. I felt very slow and my lungs burned from the cold. It was 1 am, 21 hours on the trail since leaving Rohn.
Inside the house, strewn about racers were sleeping everywhere. It felt much too warm and my lungs were full of nasty phlegm, I couldn't stop coughing. I was nervous coming down with a respiratory infection and started a five day course of zithromax. After eating moose stew provided by our gracious host I slept until 5am waking sporadically to the sweats and intense coughing fits. I left a tip in the tip jar and was out the door by 6am.
Of the lead pack of riders there were only two others left in the house, the rest were all on the trail racing to McGrath. I felt rushed but by this time my knees were so stiff I could barely move them. I knew I had a tough day ahead of me. It must have been close to -20 and I put overboots on. I rode for a while very slowly warming up my knees and legs then Pete B caught up with me. He was concerned that I was ok since I was fully layered. I must have looked cold but said I was fine and needed to take my time. He zoomed away and lost sight of him quickly. The first 25 miles I managed to ride the hard packed river trail on the Kuskokwim but the snow gradually became granular and soft. The temperature rose along with the sun and was warm enough to remove all my outer layers. I periodically pumped up my tires and deflated them trying for a good medium.
The last 25 miles to McGrath were long and I had to stop many times for my knees. This issue was taking such a precedent in my mind I hardly noticed the gradual increased tightness in my calf and achilles. About 12 miles from McGrath I took a wrong turn followed someone else's trail for about 3 miles before turning around. That cost me about 2 hours but I did finish the McGrath (350 mile race) leg by 7pm, 4days and 5 hours. The last 100 miles I could only manage 3-5 mph, brutally slow. Pete B came out and was wondering where I had been, he thought about sending someone out to check on me. I tried to conceal the wounded knee look and just shrugged my shoulders a little embarrassed.
The welcome by McGrath Peter was amazing with lots of unbelievable food! I think I had four helpings of lasagna and even took a shower. Most of the folks were done, this was their finish line. Some actually suffered frost bite and one fellow had a huge bandage around his foot. He wrote an email later saying that he lost part of his big toe.
The next question-- when to leave for Nome. I was quite concerned about my condition but tried to suck it up around a healthy dose of denial. Of all the races, climbs, kayaks, events, ventures and epics of my life this is the most I have ever felt injured.


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Music Lyrics
Bass and Guitar Tabs
and More...
Grim Grinning Ghosts
When the crypt doors creak
and the tombstones quake
Spooks come out for a singing wake
Happy haunts materialize
And begin to vocalize
Grim grinning ghosts come out to socialize
Now don't close your eyes
And don't try to hide
Or a silly spook may sit by your side
Shrouded in a daft disguise
They pretend to terrorize
Grim grinning ghosts come out to socialize
As the moon climbs high o'er dead oak tree
Spooks arrive for the midnight spree
Creepy creeps with eerie eyes
Start to shriek and harmonize
Grim grinning ghosts come out socialize
When you hear the knell of a requiem bell
Weird glows gleam where spirits dwell
Restles bones etherealize
Rise as spooks of every size
Grim grinning ghosts come out to socialize
Grim grinning ghosts come out
Grim grinning ghosts come out
To socialize
Click here to return to my BNL lyrics page
The lyrics are Copyright their respective owners.
Website © 2000-2014 mattsmusicpage.com. All rights reserved.
Legal & DMCA: Matt's Music Page has been providing lyrics and tabs in a legal way, paying royalties each year to a few organizations. Then, all lyrics and tabs were removed from the site. Now, there's a new owner to the site, which purchased it August 26, 2014, and he is in negotiation to obtain licensing from BMI at the moment. If you have a specific DMCA request -- please do not hesitate to contact me via the contact button on top. I will do my very best to keep this site fully legal.
Zippo Lighter Rolling Stones New
Rolling Stones Logo And Tongue Zippo Lighter
Rolling Stones Neon Signs Beer Wall Decor Gift Bar Pub Light Store Party Room
Mexican Folk Art - Rolling Stones - Rolling BONES
Lot of Rolling Stones 45 Records G-VG


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In Their Own Words
August 29, 1861
Civil War Soldier Received Nice Package, Fought Mosquitos
A Georgia soldier in Virginia wrote home to his parents, who had sent him a package - some of the items had arrived safely, but the more tasty ones had not. He also mentioned dealing with a common southern pest.
"…I received your presents from John B. My coat came to hand safe, my gloves from Aunt Carrie came safe, my handkerchief and quince likewise. But here comes the pain: my cakes were all spoilt and ruined, not a mouthful fit to eat. He was on the road ten or twelve days, so, of course it spoilt. It nearly broke my heart to think that you, Sis and Carrie fixed them up so nice and then had to be throwed away. … I will change my subject. The worst enemy I have here is the mosquito. I have got the headache this morning on account of fighting them all night. …"
Source: Mills Lane (ed.), "Dear Mother: don't grieve about me. If I get killed, I'll only be dead.": Letters from Georgia Soldiers in the Civil War (Savannah: Beehive Press, 1990), p. 60.


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Wow there are unlimited chances to learn when you're traveling and some interesting facts may be found right around the neighborhood where you are staying. That is, if you take the time to walk around.
I have been staying in the Kinlay House on the Bob and Joan Walk, near the St. Anne's Church, and next to the Maldron Hotel that was once a hospital, and Skiddy's Almshouse is on the other side of Kinlay House.
The walkway called Bob and Joan Walk in Shandon area of Cork, comes from the history of the Green Coat Hospital School that was built in 1716 for poor children to be educated. The statues called Bob and Joan were situated at the gate house of the school, but now they are housed inside the St. Anne's Church.
The first time I heard the Bells of Shandon, they were ringing out a classical tune and I thought they were so peaceful sounding and wished to hear more. I did. They haven't stopped. After awhile, I heard "Old McDonald Had a Farm" and then it was 'Frere Jacques, Frere Jacques, Dormez Vous."
Tourists are welcome to climb clear to the top of the tower and enjoy 360 degree views of the City of Cork. That's not all; they are allowed to play the bells. They ring out most of the day.
The bells have been honored with a poem by Francis Sylvester Mahony. By the way, the bells first rang out on Dec. 7, 1752.
The Hotel Maldron is a converted hospital and has a grave yard in the backyard with large tombstones. They are so old that most of the names are no longer visible, I observed. But people are free to walk into the graveyard/park and rest on benches.
Skiddy's Almshouse, came about when the wine merchant, Stephen Skiddy bequeathed in his 1584 will twenty-four pounds to the Mayor of Cork City to build a house for ten of the poorest people over age fifty.
According to what I have read in the website on the history of Cork City, the Almshouse was first erected in 1620.
In 1975 they were transformed into flats by the not-for-profit, Social Housing Development Company, and now have fourteen housing units.
I don't just walk around on the streets, but I enjoy out-of-the-way streets and alleyways where small doors open to low ceilinged flats. Windows are covered with lacy curtains and trinkets on the window-sills.
I did some walking around this morning after going to St. Anne's Church and then the Cork Butter Museum that is just a few steps away from the church and near another building called, The Firkin Crane. "What the heck is a firkin crane?" I asked the man who took my money at the museum.
"Firkins are barrels and the building had big cranes that lifted the firkins up to get them ready to transport once they were full of butter," the man with a large, red and shiny face, said with a big smile.
That building has a leaky roof and there's no money to fix it he added. Otherwise it would be part of the museum and the history of Ireland's successful butter business.
Ireland has just recently seen an improvement in the economy, some have said. Although, I have observed many closed-up businesses and empty buildings.
To change the subject, I went to Blarney again on Friday. When I was there the first time I found an old hotel that reminded me of an old Colorado Western hotel and thought it would be fun to take a break from the hostel and spend one night there.
I did what I always do; I walked around the town. The community had a soccer game going on in the park and many people were cheering their favorite team. It turns out that the Blarney Castle Hotel, where I stayed sponsored one of the teams, and they won.
I felt for just a moment that I was part of the community.
"Did you wear your sun screen?" Someone asked as I crossed the street, yesterday.
"Bad weather isn't it?" Another person said today because it was raining. Weather, even though there is nothing anyone can do about it, is number one topic in Ireland.
They are the most friendly, helpful, sensitive people I have ever met.


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Acremonium Spores, Phialides, Hyphae
Acremonium is a large, taxonomically difficult genus of unrelated wet-spored moulds. A core group of this genus is allied to the same order as the genus Stachybotrys. Several species of Acremonium occur commonly as endophytes of grasses where they produce toxic compounds believed to function as anti-feedants. However, comparably little is known about the mycotoxigenic capabilites of the majority of species of Acremonium. Many of its members are associated with soil, decaying organic construction materials as well as food products (3,5,10,13). In our experience, several species appear to be mycoparasitic (i.e. parasites of other fungi) and are often observed in association with fungus-feeding mites. We regularly report species of Acremonium from samples of outdoor air as well as water-damaged construction materials such as the cellulose layers of gypsum wallboard.


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Meet the Team
The "P" in Cprime stands for People. And we've got some really good ones.
Cprime means exceptional leadership.
Cprime is not your typical project management consulting company. We are a team of highly skilled, highly experienced, highly valued project managers. When you work with a Cprime project manager you not only get an expert in project management, you get the collective experience of all our Cprime team members.


text: Orchestrate provides developers with a single API to work with a wide variety of databases, whether that's MySQL, Hbase or Elasticsearch. Until now, Orchestrate mostly focused on startups, but it's starting a major push into the enterprise today with the launch of its Orchestrate Enterprise service. Read the full Tech Crunch article HERE


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Subject: SEAC New forms of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy 1 August 2007Date: August 5, 2007 at 10:41 am PST
Position Statement
New forms of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
1. SEAC considered the implications of scientific research on recentlyidentified novel forms of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE).
2. Very low numbers of cattle with abnormal prion proteins (PrPsc) withdifferent biochemical properties from those normally associated with BSEhave been detected in active surveillance programmes in a number ofcountries. SEAC considered (SEAC 97, May 2007) published and unpublishedresearch relating to these putatively new forms of BSE.
Characterisation of cases
3. Different forms of BSE were initially identified and distinguished fromclassical BSE on the basis of their PrPsc profiles in biochemical tests. AllBSE cases identified to date conform to one of three different PrPscprofiles on western blot tests. The European Union (EU) Community ReferenceLaboratory has suggested that cases be classified on the basis of theseprofiles as classical, L- or H-type BSE. The key distinguishing features inwestern blot tests are the lower concentration of the diglycosylated bandand the slightly lower molecular mass of unglycosylated band of PrPsc inL-type BSE, and the higher molecular mass of the unglycosylated band inH-type BSE, compared with classical BSE. A western blot method todiscriminate between the three types of BSE has been developed .
4. All the reported cases of L-4,5,6,7 and H-type7,9,8,9 BSE have beendetected during active surveillance of healthy slaughtered animals or fallenstock. In the majority of cases, retrospective investigations indicated thatthese animals either showed no clinical signs of BSE or showed non-specificsigns such as ataxia and recumbency. As these cases have been detectedfollowing active rather than passive surveillance, it has not been possibleto observe the clinical signs associated with L- or H-type BSE in sufficientdetail to assess whether there are differences in the clinical featuresbetween L-type, H-type and classical BSE. However, a significant distinctionbetween classical BSE and L- and H-type BSEs is the age distribution ofcases as L- and H-type BSE are found in older cattle with an age range of5.5 to 19 years. One putative L-type BSE case was aged two years6, howeverthe BSE typing of this case has not been verified. Around 85% of L- orH-type BSE cases have been found in animals more than 10 years old, which ismuch older than most cases of classical BSE.
5. Neuropathological investigations suggest that PrPsc may be more widelydistributed, with a different brain distribution pattern for L- and H-typeBSE, compared with classical BSE. However, these investigations are limitedby the very low number of animals for which a complete brain has beenavailable for analysis. There are no data on the peripheral distribution ofPrPsc or infectivity of L- and H-type BSE or on the pathogenesis of thesediseases. However, studies to assess the tissue distribution of infectivityand PrPsc in animals throughout the incubation period followingintracerebral challenge are underway.
6. As there is no regulatory requirement to specify the type of BSE whennotifying the EU or the World Organisation of Animal Health of BSE cases, itis not possible to accurately quantify the number of H- or L-type BSE casesthat have occurred world-wide. Information presented to SEAC indicated thatat least 37 cases of L- and H-type BSE have been identified world-wide todate. These cases are widely distributed geographically with L-type casesidentified in a number of European countries and Japan, and H-type casesidentified in a number of European countries and North America.
7. Due to the different approaches to surveillance between countries,proportions of animals tested and methods used, which do not necessarilyinclude systematic molecular typing, these surveillance systems are notequally capable of detecting L- and H-type BSE. Furthermore, surveillanceprocedures, including the most appropriate brain region to sample, have notbeen optimised for the detection of L- and H-type BSE. Therefore, it is notpossible to accurately assess and compare the prevalence of L- and H-typeBSE in different countries. Origins and Causes
8. It is not known whether L- or H-type BSE are newly emerging forms of BSEor whether they have existed for some time and have only come to lightfollowing extensive active surveillance programmes in the EU and elsewhere,together with the introduction and development of new biochemical tests.Studies using historic frozen brain samples from cattle collected frompassive surveillance during the early years of the UK BSE epidemic areunderway to investigate whether L- and H-type BSE existed in the UK in thepast. However, if the prevalence of these BSE types was low, these studiesmay not identify many, if any, cases.
9. Genetic analyses of a few L- and H-type BSE cases4,5,8,9 have notidentified associations between the occurrence of such cases and knowngenetic polymorphisms in the prion protein gene. There are no mutations inthe prion protein gene open reading frame in all, but one, sequenced case.However, the analyses conducted to date are limited by the small number ofcases and controls analysed. Thus, a genetic cause of the disease cannot beruled out.
10. No detailed epidemiological investigations have been conducted toinvestigate the possible causes for, or links between, L- and H-type BSEcases. No geographical clusters of L- and H-type BSE cases have been foundto date. Therefore, it is not possible to rule out feed related,environmental or spontaneous causes for these types of cases.
Transmission studies
11. Transmission studies5,10,11 have demonstrated that both L- and H-typeBSE are transmissible to other species by the intracerebral route. Nostudies have assessed the transmissibility by the oral route. Thus, theavailable information shows that it is possible for species other thancattle to develop these diseases upon infection. However, these data do notallow an assessment of the susceptibility to infection from the most likelynatural route of exposure.
12. L-type BSE has been transmitted to wild-type, bovinised, ovinised andhumanised mice as well as to cattle and a cynomolgus macaque byintracerebral inoculation. Incubation periods, clinical signs,neuropathology as well as the neurological distribution of PrPsc weredistinct from classical BSE13,12. With the exception of transmissions towild-type mice, primary transmissions resulted in clinical disease. Althoughprimary transmission to wild-type mice did not result in clinical disease,secondary transmissions from some of these animals resulted in clinicaldisease. Sub-passage of L-type BSE in wild-type12 and ovinised mice13suggests that L-type BSE may be converted to an infection of a similarphenotype to classical BSE. However, further experiments using serialsub-passages of infections in a range of species are required to more fullyinvestigate whether L-type BSE may convert to a disease with a classical BSEphenotype.
13. H-type BSE has been transmitted to wild type, bovinised and ovinisedmice by intracerebral inoculation with incubation periods, neuropathologyand neurological distribution of PrPsc distinct from classical and L-typeBSE.
14. Studies of intracerebral transmission of H-type BSE to cattle andcynomolgus macaques . To date, clinical disease has developed from oneintracerebral inoculation of H-type BSE to cattle. Oral transmissions of L-and H-type to cynomolgus macaques are underway.
Human and animals health implications15. There are too few data to enable an assessment of the naturaltransmissibility of L- and H-type BSE between cattle, or to sheep or goats.The present feed control measures which prevent feeding of mammalian meatand bone meal to ruminants would limit the spread of these forms of BSE tocattle, sheep and goats should they be transmissible to these species by theoral route.
16. Similarly, the lack of data on the oral transmissibility of L- or H-typeBSE to humanised mice or non-human primates does not allow an assessment ofthe human health implications of ingestion of meat from animals infectedwith L- or H-type BSE. The differing clinical features of L-type andclassical BSE in the cynomolgus macaque suggest that if L-type BSE were everto be transmitted to humans, its clinical presentation may differ from thatof vCJD. It is possible, therefore, that, if transmitted to humans, it couldbe identified by continuing surveillance of unusual neurological conditionsin place in the UK.
17. L- and H-type BSE have not yet been fully characterised, however datafrom biochemical, neuropathological and transmission studies suggest that L-and H-type and classical BSE may be distinct strains of prion disease. Incontrast to classical BSE, L- and H-type BSE infections are mostly detectedin animals of older age with most of the infected animals identified to dateover 10 years of age. Although L- and H-type BSE may be diseases thatpredominantly affect older cattle, it is possible that infections may occurat a young age and develop over a long period of time. The origins andpossible routes of transmission, if transmissible under natural conditions,of L- and H-type BSE are not known. Due to the older age of the casesidentified, wide geographical distribution and their apparent low number, itis possible they may have arisen spontaneously, however feed borne orenvironmental transmission cannot be ruled out.
18. As data on the oral transmissibility of L- and H-type BSE are lacking,it is not possible to fully assess the animal and human health implications.However, as the occurrence of L- and H-type BSE appears to be low, and dueto the feed control measures in place, the risk of spread to other cattle,sheep and goats is likely to be very low assuming that, as with classicalBSE, environmental transmission is negligible. For these reasons, andbecause of the BSE control measures in place to protect the food supply,assuming that the specific risk material controls are similarly effectivefor L- and H-type and classical BSE, the risk to human health is likely tobe very low to negligible. However, given the paucity of data on L- andH-type BSE, a close watching brief should be maintained on the findings ofresearch in this area.
SEAC July 2007
1SEAC 97 discussion papers available at
2Published and unpublished data from the Institute for Novel and EmergingInfectious Diseases, Germany presented by Dr M. Groschup, the InstitutoNazionale Neurologico, Italy presented by Dr F. Tagliavini, the Unite AgentsTransmissibles Non Conventionnels, France presented by Dr T. Baron, theIstituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Italy presented by Dr P.Acutis, the National Animal Disease Centre, USA presented by Dr J. Richt,the National Veterinary Services Laboratories, USA presented by Dr M. Hall,the Commissariat à L'Energie Atomique, France presented by Professor C.Lasmezas, the Veterinary Laboratories Agency, UK presented by Dr. L. Terryand the National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan provided by Dr Y.Yamakawa.
3Jacobs et al. Molecular discrimination of atypical bovine spongiformencephalopathy strains from a geographical region spanning a wide area ineurope. J Clin Microbiol. 2007;45(6):1821-9.
4Casalone et al. Identification of a second bovine amyloidotic spongiformencephalopathy: molecular similarities with sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakobdisease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101(9):3065-70.
5 Buschmann et al. Atypical BSE in Germany--proof of transmissibility andbiochemical characterization. Vet Microbiol. 2006;117(2-4):103-16.
6Yamakawa et al. Expert Committee for BSE Diagnosis, Ministry of Health,Labour and Welfare of Japan. Atypical proteinase K-resistant prion protein(PrPres) observed in an apparently healthy 23-month-old Holstein steer. JpnJ Infect Dis. 2003;56(5-6):221-2.
7Brown et al. On the question of sporadic or atypical bovine spongiformencephalopathy and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Emerg Infect Dis.200;12(12):1816-21.
8Biacabe et al. Distinct molecular phenotypes in bovine prion diseases. EMBORep. 2004;5(1):110-5.
9Richt et al. Identification and characterisation of two bovine spongiformencephalopathy cases diagnosed in the United States. J Vet Diagn Invest2007;19:142-54
10Capobianco et al. Conversion of the BASE Prion Strain into the BSE Strain:The Origin of BSE? PLoS Pathog. 2007;3(3):e31
11Baron et al. Transmission of new bovine prion to mice. Emerg Infect Dis.2006;12(7):1125-8.
12Beringue et al. Isolation from cattle of a prion strain distinct from thatcausing bovine spongiform encephalopathy. PLoS Pathog. 2006;2(10):e112.
13Beringue et al. A bovine prion acquires an epidemic bovine spongiformencephalopathy strain-like phenotype on interspecies transmission. JNeurosci. 2007;27(26):6965-71.
Page updated: 1 August, 2007
Friday, November 30, 2007Phenotypic Similarity of Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy in Cattle and L-type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy in a Mouse Model Volume 13, Number 12–December 2007ResearchPhenotypic Similarity of Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy in Cattle and L-type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy in a Mouse ModelThierry Baron,* Anna Bencsik,* Anne-Gaëlle Biacabe,* Eric Morignat,* andRichard A. Bessen†*Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments–Lyon, Lyon, France; and†Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
Transmissible mink encepholapathy (TME) is a foodborne transmissiblespongiform encephalopathy (TSE) of ranch-raised mink; infection with aruminant TSE has been proposed as the cause, but the precise origin of TMEis unknown. To compare the phenotypes of each TSE, bovine-passaged TMEisolate and 3 distinct natural bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) agents(typical BSE, H-type BSE, and L-type BSE) were inoculated into an ovinetransgenic mouse line (TgOvPrP4). Transgenic mice were susceptible toinfection with bovine-passaged TME, typical BSE, and L-type BSE but not toH-type BSE. Based on survival periods, brain lesions profiles,disease-associated prion protein brain distribution, and biochemicalproperties of protease-resistant prion protein, typical BSE had a distintphenotype in ovine transgenic mice compared to L-type BSE and bovine TME.The similar phenotypic properties of L-type BSE and bovine TME in TgOvPrP4mice suggest that L-type BSE is a much more likely candidate for the originof TME than is typical BSE.
These studies provide experimental evidence that the Stetsonville TME agentis distinct from typical BSE but has phenotypic similarities to L-type BSEin TgOvPrP4 mice. Our conclusion is that L-type BSE is a more likelycandidate for a bovine source of TME infection than typical BSE. In thescenario that a ruminant TSE is the source for TME infection in mink, thiswould be a second example of transmission of a TSE from ruminants tonon-ruminants under natural conditions or farming practices in addition totransmission of typical BSE to humans, domestic cats, and exotic zoo animals(37). The potential importance of this finding is relevant to L-type BSE,which based on experimental transmission into humanized PrP transgenic miceand macaques, suggests that L-type BSE is more pathogenic for humans thantypical BSE (24,38).
J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 282, Issue 49, 35878-35886, December 7, 2007
High Titers of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy InfectivityAssociated with Extremely Low Levels of PrPSc in Vivo*
Rona M. Barron12, Susan L. Campbell13, Declan King, Anne Bellon, Karen E.Chapman¶, R. Anthony Williamson, and Jean C. MansonFrom the Neuropathogenesis Unit, Roslin Institute, Ogston Building, WestMains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JF, Scotland, United Kingdom, the Department ofImmunology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, and the¶Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Queen's Medical Research Institute,University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ,Scotland, United Kingdom
Diagnosis of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) disease in humansand ruminants relies on the detection in post-mortem brain tissue of theprotease-resistant form of the host glycoprotein PrP. The presence of thisabnormal isoform (PrPSc) in tissues is taken as indicative of the presenceof TSE infectivity. Here we demonstrate conclusively that high titers of TSEinfectivity can be present in brain tissue of animals that show clinical andvacuolar signs of TSE disease but contain low or undetectable levels ofPrPSc. This work questions the correlation between PrPSc level and the titerof infectivity and shows that tissues containing little or no proteinaseK-resistant PrP can be infectious and harbor high titers of TSE infectivity.Reliance on protease-resistant PrPSc as a sole measure of infectivity maytherefore in some instances significantly underestimate biologicalproperties of diagnostic samples, thereby undermining efforts to contain anderadicate TSEs.
Received for publication, May 25, 2007 , and in revised form, September 24,2007.
* This work was supported by United Kingdom Department for Environment,Food, and Rural Affairs Grant SE1437. The costs of publication of thisarticle were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This articlemust therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C.Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
The on-line version of this article (available at http://www.jbc.org)contains/ supplemental Figs. S1–S3 and Table S1.
1 Both authors contributed equally to this work.
3 Current address: Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre,Imperial College, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UnitedKingdom.
2 To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel.: 44-131-667-5204; Fax:44-131-668-3872; E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com.
Phenotypic Similarity of Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy in Cattle and L-type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy in a Mouse Model Volume 13, Number 12–December 2007Research
Phenotypic Similarity of Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy in Cattle andL-type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy in a Mouse Model
Thierry Baron,* Anna Bencsik,* Anne-Gaëlle Biacabe,* Eric Morignat,* andRichard A. Bessen†*Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments–Lyon, Lyon, France; and†Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
Transmissible mink encepholapathy (TME) is a foodborne transmissiblespongiform encephalopathy (TSE) of ranch-raised mink; infection with aruminant TSE has been proposed as the cause, but the precise origin of TMEis unknown. To compare the phenotypes of each TSE, bovine-passaged TMEisolate and 3 distinct natural bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) agents(typical BSE, H-type BSE, and L-type BSE) were inoculated into an ovinetransgenic mouse line (TgOvPrP4). Transgenic mice were susceptible toinfection with bovine-passaged TME, typical BSE, and L-type BSE but not toH-type BSE. Based on survival periods, brain lesions profiles,disease-associated prion protein brain distribution, and biochemicalproperties of protease-resistant prion protein, typical BSE had a distintphenotype in ovine transgenic mice compared to L-type BSE and bovine TME.The similar phenotypic properties of L-type BSE and bovine TME in TgOvPrP4mice suggest that L-type BSE is a much more likely candidate for the originof TME than is typical BSE.
These studies provide experimental evidence that the Stetsonville TME agentis distinct from typical BSE but has phenotypic similarities to L-type BSEin TgOvPrP4 mice. Our conclusion is that L-type BSE is a more likelycandidate for a bovine source of TME infection than typical BSE. In thescenario that a ruminant TSE is the source for TME infection in mink, thiswould be a second example of transmission of a TSE from ruminants tonon-ruminants under natural conditions or farming practices in addition totransmission of typical BSE to humans, domestic cats, and exotic zoo animals(37). The potential importance of this finding is relevant to L-type BSE,which based on experimental transmission into humanized PrP transgenic miceand macaques, suggests that L-type BSE is more pathogenic for humans thantypical BSE (24,38).
To be published in the Proceedings of theFourth International Scientific Congress inFur Animal Production. Toronto, Canada,August 21-28, 1988
Evidence That Transmissible Mink EncephalopathyResults from Feeding Infected Cattle
R.F. Marsh* and G.R. Hartsough
•Department of Veterinary Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison,Wisconsin 53706; and ^Emba/Creat Lakes Ranch Service, Thiensville, Wisconsin53092
A New Incidence of TME. In April of 1985, a mink rancher in Stetsonville, Wisconsin reported that many of his mink were "acting funny", and some had died. At this time, we visited the farm and found that approximately 10% of all adult mink were showing typical signs of TME: insidious onset characterized by subtle behavioral changes, loss of normal habits of cleanliness, deposition of droppings throughout the pen rather than in asingle area, hyperexcitability, difficulty in chewing and swallowing, and tails arched overtheir _backs like squirrels. These signs were followed by progressive deterioration ofneurologic function beginning with locomoior incoordination, long periods of somnolencein which the affected mink would stand motionless with its head in the corner of the cage, complete debilitation, and death. Over the next 8-10 weeks, approximately 40% of all the adult mink on the farm died from TME. Since previous incidences of TME were associated with common or shared feeding practices, we obtained a careful history of feed ingredients used over the past 12-18 months. The rancher was a "dead stock" feeder using mostly (>95%) downer or dead dairy cattle and a few horses. Sheep had never been fed.
Experimental Transmission. The clinical diagnosis of TME was confirmed byhistopaihologic examination and by experimental transmission to mink after incubation periods of four months. To investigate the possible involvement of cattle in this diseasecycle, two six-week old castrated Holstein bull calves were inoculated intracerebrally with a brain suspension from affected mink. Each developed a fatal spongiformencephalopathy after incubation periods of 18 and 19 months.
These findings suggest that TME may result from feeding mink infected cattle and we have alerted bovine practitioners that there may exist an as yet unrecognized scrapie-like disease of cattle in the United States (Marsh and Hartsough, 1986). A new bovine spongiform encephalopathy has recently been reported in England (Wells et al.,1987), and investigators are presently studying its transmissibility and possiblerelationship to scrapie. Because this new bovine disease in England is characterized bybehavioral changes, hyperexcitability, and agressiveness, it is very likely it would beconfused with rabies in the United Stales and not be diagnosed. Presently, brains from cattle in the United States which are suspected of rabies infection are only tested withanti-rabies virus antibody and are not examined histopathologically for lesions ofspongiform encephalopathy.We are presently pursuing additional studies to further examine the possible involvement of cattle in the epidemiology of TME. One of these is the backpassage of our experimental bovine encephalopathy to mink. Because (here are as yet no agent-specific proteins or nucleic acids identified for these transmissible neuropathogens, one means of distinguishing them is by animal passage and selection of the biotype which grows best in a particular host. This procedure has been used to separate hamster-adapted and mink-udapted TME agents (Marsh and Hanson, 1979). The intracerebral backpassage of the experimental bovine agent resulted in incubations of only four months indicating no de-adaptation of the Stetsonville agent for mink after bovine passage. Mink fed infected bovine brain remain normal after six months. It will be essential to demonstrate oral transmission from bovine to mink it this proposed epidemiologicassociation is to be confirmed.
In Confidence - Perceptions of unconventional slow virus diseasesof animals in the USA - APRIL-MAY 1989 - G A H Wells
Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy TME
Subject: In Confidence - Perceptions of unconventional slow virus diseasesof animals in the USA - APRIL-MAY 1989 - G A H Wells
Gerald Wells: Report of the Visit to USA, April-May 1989
The general opinion of those present was that BSE, as anovert disease phenomenon, _could exist in the USA, but if it did,it was very rare. The need for improved and specific surveillancemethods to detect it as recognised...
It is clear that USDA have little information and _no_ regulatoryresponsibility for rendering plants in the US...
3. Prof. A. Robertson gave a brief account of BSE. The US approachwas to accord it a _very low profile indeed_. Dr. A Thiermann showedthe picture in the ''Independent'' with cattle being incinerated and thoughtthis was a fanatical incident to be _avoided_ in the US _at all costs_...(and they weren't kidding...tss)
snip...please read this old full text document !
Subject: TME hyper/drowsy, INTER-SPECIES TRANSMISSION CWD and strain properties
Date: October 22, 2007 at 12:48 pm PST
Completely Edited Version
TME hyper/drowsy, INTER-SPECIES TRANSMISSION CWD and strain properties
page 19 of 62. ...tss
Dr. Detwiler: How would you explain that biochemically?
Dr. Bartz: When PRPC is converted to PRPSC, it's misfolded. There have to be many different stable energy states for the misfolded protein. I would hypothesize that mink PRPSC, when it interacts with hamster PRPC, it can fold into several different stable PRPSC molecules. So initially you get the mink interacting with hamster, and then you get a strain produced. I think early on in those first few rounds of replication, whatever strain isproduced is probably going to be the predominant one because it has a jumpstart on the rest of them. On this really complicated western blot, we are mixing hyper and drowsy at known ratios, and basically we can mimic the see ffects. So it really is the ratio of hyper/drowsy produced by interspecies transmission that's causing this sort of effect.
To summarize inter-species transmission, we have PRPSC interacting with the new host PRPC molecule to change it into PRPSC. We think that, in certain instances, multiple strains can be produced. Intra-species transmission results in competition between these strains and eventual emergence of a predominant strain. We think the initial ratio of strains is important and affects this whole passage history. Probably the replication properties ofstrains is important. We think that drowsy is the predominant strain produced, but hyper replicates so much faster, it has an advantage.
One really important thing I want to point out here is that strain properties can change upon inter-species transmission. Chronic wasting disease doesn't cause disease when you passage it in a hamster, but if you passage CWD into ferrets, and then take that ferret passage tissue, it can cause disease in hamsters. So inter-species transmission can expand the hos trange. Also, with the hyper and drowsy, the more hamster passages you do, if you back-passage the inoculum into mink, hyper loses pathogenicity for mink quite quickly, where drowsy retains pathogenicity for mink.The important point I want to make is that, when you're assessing inter-species transmission and you do a transmission study and it's negative, you have to be careful in saying it's negative for the strains you looked at. With this example, it's clear you could take hyper TME, inoculate mink, and they don't come down with the disease, so you might assume hamster prions don't cause disease in mink. That strain doesn't. You have to b ecareful assessing negative transmission results based on what's known about the strain properties.
The last thing I want to talk about is persistence. This would be the case where PRPSC interacts with the host PRPC and you get really slow replication. The replication agent is so slow that the animal dies of old age before clinical signs can occur.
This study is from Rick Race at NIH, transmitting hamster PRPSC into mice.He collected animals post-infection out to 782 days. None of these animals had clinical signs of prion disease, which is consistent with everything we knew about this species barrier. But when he went back and looked for PRP residue in these animals, he couldn't detect hamster PRP residue, but in a few of these animals with very long times post-infection, he could detect mouse PRP residue.
When he did the second passage, into either hamsters or mice, clinical signs appeared in the second passage. The point is that first inter-species transmission may not cause clinical signs, but you still can get replication to agent that subsequently, when you passage it into the same host species, results in clinical signs of the disease.
In the cell-free conversion studies, hamster PRPSC could not convert mouse PRPSC. Every sort of assay has limitations. The cell-free conversion said it couldn't replicate. It could, but it was so slow and so long that the assay could not detect them.
I think persistence is very important. If you have inter-species transmission occurring and it doesn't cause clinical disease, and if you take the tissue and keep feeding it to that same host species, you're going to get amplification and potentially emergence of the disease.
Is PRPSC shed in the environment? I have no idea. Terry can talk about that.Does PRPSC survive in the environment? The studies on deer PRPSC have not been done, but if deer PRPSC behaves like any other PRPSC, yes it can survive in the environment. Can PRPSC reach a new host species? I don'tknow. If they share common pastures, it's a possibility. Can PRPSC get to the central nervous system? Clearly, cattle are susceptible to oral infection, so that's yes. Can deer PRPSC convert cattle PRPC to the host PRPSC? Self-reconversion experiments would say yes, but very inefficiently. But really, the gold standard is the transmission studies, and there are two of these ongoing right now. One is at the USDA at Ames, and this is intra-cerebral inoculation. They are susceptible to IC infections. This means that once the agent reaches the brain, it can cause disease, but obviously in the field, that's not the natural route. Beth Williams is doing some oral infection studies, but I'm not sure of the status of those.
Dr. Thornsberry: So what you're saying is that, inter-cerebrally, we can get CWD/PRPSC conversion, but that has not occurred, to anyone's knowledge, in the natural route.
Dr. Bartz: Right. IC inoculation is used because it has a short incubationperiod. It only tells us that replication can occur once the agent reaches the brain.
Dr. Thornsberry: Let's hypothesize that I had some cattle on the eastern slope and they were in the same pasture with elk with CWD. If a cow had been exposed to the PRP Scrapie and it did develop disease four years later, would that look like BSE? Would there be a way to determine if it came from CWD?
Dr. Bartz: The IC studies in cattle indicate it does not look like BSE. The clinical signs of the IC/CWD cattle are more like downer cattle, and not aggressive. As far as finding the source of a bovine TSE, the gold standard is the lesion profile study where you take cattle tissue and inoculate it into mice with appropriate controls, wait until the mice come down, and do the lesion profiling.
Dr. Thornsberry: There were two cases in Japan, but they indicated that tissue was not classical BSE as seen in Europe. Have you heard anything about that?
Dr. Bartz: This is based on differences on migration and the glycoform ratio of PrPSc.
Dr. Detwiler: Canada based that question because the herd that that animal came from was in Saskatchewan, in an area with CWD. That was one of the questions they faced right off the bat: is this BSE or is this some kind of transmission from CWD-infected elk in the area? Not only the histological lesions were classic BSE lesions, but clinically it's very difficult because if you miss the other behavioral changes, which this owner did. It was someone who had been a catfish farmer. He missed the early signs. The animal presented to slaughter as a down animal, non-responsive. Clinically it looked like just a down cow, but they did send that on to the United Kingdom and they did do some comparison glycoform patterns. Those haven't been validated, but at least on preliminary work, it looked like classical BSE.
The Japanese case was a 23-month-old which was born in October. Their scientists say the western blot pattern looked different. The most recent case, which was a 21-month-old, looked more like classic BSE. The Italian cases were older animals, 15 and 16 years of age. But is it methodology? Is it really standard? That has to be sorted out before too much can be said.
Dr. Bartz: Glycoform ratio is dependent on very technical matters, what antibodies you use, what detection system you use. Those have to be standardized before you can start comparing from one lab to another.
Dr. Detwiler: The Japanese used a western blot they'd developed in their lab. It can't be compared across laboratories.
Dr. Bartz: That's problematic.
Accomplished this day, Wednesday, December 11, 2003, Denver, Colorado
The roundtable presentations and discussions were recorded. A transcript will be made availableto the Academy of Veterinary Consultants, theAmerican Association of Bovine Practitioners, and the Colleges of Veterinary Medicine throughout theUnited States and Canada. A condensed version translated for the livestock industry will be made available to educate livestock producers about prion related diseases.
USA BASE CASE, (ATYPICAL BSE), AND OR TSE (whatever they are calling it today), please note that both the ALABAMA COW, AND THE TEXAS COW, both were ''H-TYPE'', personal communication Detwiler et al Wednesday, August 22, 2007 11:52 PM. ...TSS
Monitoring the occurrence of emerging forms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease inthe United States


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World container traffic picking up
The drop in container trade has bottomed and there is a slight recovery on global traffic expected for the second half of 2009, according to Drewry Shipping Consultants.
In its Annual Container Market Review & Forecast 2009/2010, editor Neil Dekker said: "After a very challenging year, the container market has bottomed out. We do expect global traffic to rise."
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