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I did have a bit of teen angst in my old diaries, but the depression made everything worse. Some people on facebook were sharing things about shows where people can go to share their old diary entries and make fun of their teenage selves, and so I went to look at mine, but I can't laugh at it.
I still feel the pain, so well. I remember the knives, the pills, the darkness… and the darkness's sweet embrace that was always just out of reach… My entries either read as a Captain's Log play by play on things we did, or it's a whirlwind of confusing emotions and me trying to process it all, ending with how exhausted, emotionally, I was, and how I was just tired of the pain.
"Oh that the darkness had taken me! I would welcome that darkness with open arms, if only to be rid of the pain… silent agonies… ripping at my heart, tearing my soul apart… and there's no one to tell…"
I wish I could laugh at my teenage self for well, being a teenager, but I remember it too well. And besides, I wouldn't laugh at a teenager who came to me upset over something I thought trivial. That's what being a teenager is about, experiencing new and very extreme emotions, and trying to figure them out. Sadly, some teens have to deal with things like anxiety and depression along with everything else. And I cannot laugh at that, and I feel bad because I should be able to laugh at myself. I can laugh at stupid things I've said, like "I'd rather die than commit suicide!" (I think I was 9?). But I can't laugh at the pain I was in, and everything else I wrote was pretty boring, like a news article.
"I wonder what plane I will fly in next. I sort of know, but I don't know what it looks like. As big as a 747? That's what I flew in on the way here. I don't feel like I'm in Korea… I don't know what I feel. Except that I feel no fear. None. I get a little nervous here and there… but not like I thought. I feel very comfy with not being able to speak the language (the security guards wear berrets!) 🙂 I wonder how it will go when I meet up with Wang Xin. Because it will be her country and language. Such an old and complicated language too! I hope I can learn it well and fast. My brother seems to have a knack to pick up languages. He speaks Japanese quite well, though for some reason doesn't like Chinese. Oh well."
When I write, it's to transfer information, or to try to organize my thoughts or just get my feelings out. Like when I have a conversation with someone, phrases mean things to me whereas they're just filler for other people. I don't say things I don't mean, and I don't ask questions unless I really want to know the answer. My journals are the same, cataloging my days, my emotions, and what happened when. I have stacks of notebooks full of stuff, and it's interesting to watch me go from being excited about having people to hang out with, to being flat out confused as to why they suddenly stopped caring about me, why they were lying to me, using me, and back stabbing me. It made me so cynical and now I don't trust anyone.
I will not become attached to anyone again. I will not be used unless I say so (there are some situations where I'm meh about it, and will allow it because it's no big deal). And since I can't tell who has selfish motives most of the time, I treat everyone the same. I expect nothing in return, so when I get nothing, I'm not disappointed. I expect people to ditch out on me, because it's happened so many times. For once, I'm not upset that my husband didn't get me anything for my birthday. I would prefer it if my birthday ceased to exist, I think. I have more important things to worry about than whether or not someone forgot the day I was born. Again.
I may be rather jaded and bitter and cynical right now, but I won't let that get in the way of wanting to help people. I just wish I had more to laugh at in my journals…


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In some cases, you may want to change the old domain name or path of your blog to a new one. In such cases, you may have trouble to access your wordpress blog after such change. This article gives solution for that.
At first, Let me show you two cases that I have met (The following operations happened after I had installed my wordpress blog on my machine).
- In the first case, I want to move the blog from the old folder to a new folder for some crazy reasons. I created a new folder that I like. Then, I moved everything under the old folder to the new one. Then I found that I could not access my blog using either the new path or the old one.
- In the second case, my network has temporary problem. So I tried to use a local URL like http://localhost/techiecat/blog to access my blog. But I failed.
- All of this failures are due to the WordPress Address and Blog Address you set in the Settings section. After you change your path or domain, the new URL does not match the old URLs in the Settings section any more!
- The first solution: you have to change the WordPress Address and Blog Address BEFORE you change the path or the domain name, exactly the same as the new path that you would use to access your blog.
- If you forget to change the WordPress Address and Blog Address, you will be unable to change it using the wordpress interface. However, you can fix it if you have access to the database. Go to the database of your blog and find the wp_options table. This table store all the options that you can set on the interface. The WordPress Address and Blog Address are stored as siteurl and home (the option_name field). All you have to do are to change the option_value field to the correct URL for the records with option_name='siteurl' or option_name='home'.
Tags: Wordpress
This entry was posted on Wednesday, June 18th, 2008 at 5:00 pm and is filed under Wordpress. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.

subset: commoncrawl


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- We will not cap any class, but everyone must do their part and RSVP for transparency purposes. This allows the staff to prepare so that we can provide you quality instruction and attention.
- There is no "open gym" time at either of our facilities.
- Leave your ego at the door. It will never benefit you in the gym. There's always someone better than you. We're okay knowing we're not the best.
- Always volunteer to go first, and never do the math.
- Treat the equipment with respect. Put things down gently- drop equipment out of necessity, not as a convenience. Our equipment was designed to take a beating, but the more often we have to replace equipment, the more we're going to charge for our services.
- Show up, have fun. The reason we're continue putting ourselves through all of this hard work is because it's worth it. We work hard, but we have a lot of fun doing it. Don't be so serious in class- we know are jokes are bad but you can entertain us a little, can't you?
- Take ownership. This is your gym, and you want to continue the evolution of the facility, don't you? If you see something, say something. Whether it's someone lifting with a rounded back, if we're running low on toilet paper, if we need more pens for the journals, or if you just set a PR, please let us know!


text: Jetsbb 614 #1 Posted April 18, 2018 This is the only question come draft night. If Darnold doesn't fall Jets are taking Mayfield if he does it looks like Jets would take Darnold. But what do you want? Mayfield was the more accurate and better player in college. Darnold was very turnover prone and sloppy yet evaluators seem to love him. 3 1 1 Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites


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Serve ina Coupe glass...
|fl oz
|Bacardi Ocho Anos (8 year old) Gran Reserva Rum
|fl oz
|Chartreuse Jaune (Yellow Chartreuse) Liqueur
|fl oz
|Natural yoghurt
|fl oz
|Vanilla sugar syrup
|fl oz
|Freshly squeezed lemon juice
How to make:
SHAKE all ingredients with ice and fine strain into chilled glass over large ice cube. Eric's original recipe calls for 20ml vanilla syrup made with 1kg caster sugar, 500g water and 2 vanilla pods. (Vacuum seal all ingredients in a bag, with pods cut open. Sous vide at 65ºC until sugar is dissolved.)
Freshly grated nutmeg
Eric van Beek says of his drink, "'Te tengo cariño' is a term of love and endearment. It alludes to the love we have for our fellow man, that you are your brother or sister's keeper.
Dutch BACARDÍ LEGACY 2018 winning cocktail by Eric van Beek, Bar TwentySeven, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Shaking not only mixes a drink, it also chills, dilutes and aerates it. Along with stirring shaking is the most common technique employed to mix cocktails.
Bacardi Superior is the original 'light white' rum, first made in 1862 by Don Facundo Bacardi Massó. It is a blend of heavy-bodied and drier light-bodied
For many years the preserve only of the Bacardi family, Bacardi 8-Year-Old was first released with a sherry oak finish, as a very limited edition, in 1995


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Spotify is one of the most popular streaming music providers around and they also happen to be one of the few that offer a student discount. If you're currently a student in an eligible country, you can pay just $4.99 per month for Premium access (50% discount from their normal Spotify Premium plan), which is pretty incredible for unlimited music streaming.
Here is the full list of supported countries:
America, Austria, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, England, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hong Kong China, Hungary, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Lithuania, Latvia, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Philippines, Portugal, Singapore, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey.
To sign up, you'll need to firstly apply for the discount through http://www.spotify.com/student. Now, Spotify uses SheerID to verify your student's eligibility status—but you can manually upload documents such as your student ID card if the automatic verification fails.
1) Go to http://www.spotify.com/student.
2) Just scroll down till you see "Student Discount" on your screen. Click 'Learn More' next to it.
3) Click on 'Get Premium' at the top of your screen.
4) You will head to the 'Sign Up/ Sign in' page. Click on 'Sign Up' just beside the 'Don't Have an Account' tab. Next, the Sign up Option will come up, and you will enter your details or use Facebook to sign in.
5) Then signing up with your university email address (it must be '.edu' Email address.) which allow you a student discount.
6) Next, you will need to fill your credit card details. Pay the required fee, which now is going to be $4.99 for you instead of standard $9.99 per month for the premium Spotify service. Click on the 'Start Premium' option, and you will be on Spotify for students' discount!
You're all set up with Spotify Premium at half price! Enjoy your music as you study!
Tip 1: If you want to cancel Spotify Premium and go back to using the free version of Spotify, our tutorial about "How to Cancel Your Spotify Subscription" has instructions for doing that.
If you want to enjoy Spotify music on MP3 player that can't work with Spotify, taking a specific Spotify Music Downloader must be a good way. And Sidify Music Converter for Spotify, the advanced tool will offer the professional features to help you download music/ playlist from Spotify to MP3/ AAC/ FLAC/ WAV for transferring to your MP3 player.
Key Features of Sidify Music Converter for Spotify:
Remove DRM and convert Spotify music/ Playlist to MP3, AAC, FLAC or WAV.;
Preserve the quality of the original sound; Keep ID3 Tags and all metadata;
Fast Conversion Speed; Simple and innovative user Interface;
Highly compatible with the latest Mac/ Windows OS and Spotify.
Tip 2: If you are currently a student looking to purchase a Sidify license to download Spotify music to MP3 or other plain format, you can contact Sidify Support Team via firstname.lastname@example.com to get a special student discount from Sidify.


text: ``I am an artist when I follow a line where it leads me,'' begins this exploration of the many kinds of response to the world that may lead to an aesthetic experience, if not to creating a work of art: noticing patterns, putting names to colors, touching a rough surface, observing natural phenomena, and more. While suggesting the delight in precisely observed detail, Brickman's carefully wrought accompanying images leave scope for the imagination in their ample white space and with colorful points of focus that fade into black and white in their peripheral surroundings. The reiterated title grates, a bit; otherwise, a gentle, attractive nudge to the creative instinct. (Nonfiction/Picture book. 5-8)


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30th June 2015
A Federal parliamentary committee wants a constitutional conventions – about recognising Indigenous Australians in the nation […]
22nd July 2014
Beautiful music that makes a language less endangered.
8th July 2014
The strength and resilience of Noongar families in the Eastern Wheatbelt is being celebrated and showcased […]
15th April 2014
Things are changing for some Australian languages.
19th March 2014
International safeguards did not prevent "wilful negligence", "overconfidence" and "mismanagement" at Fukushima – a nuclear power […]


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OH, I meant to ask - did you use a pattern for that one?
MINI-TUTE: A PLEATED POCKET by BertaBerta
(Featured on her yellow paisley purse)
"I made a template of the desired pocket shape, then I cut it in half and added a seam allowance. Cut two of those from the main fabric. Cut a rectangle the same height as the pocket from the pleat fabric. Sewed the three parts together to make a looong pocket shape. Folded at each seam and pressed it in hardcore, then matched the two folds up and flattened out the pleat panel and pressed again. Now there's a proper pocket shape with a hidden pleat in it.
Topstitched the fold on each side of the pleat to keep it neat, then played with the pucker a bit - this is the hard part to describe... If you hold both ends of one side of the pleat and curve them in towards the center a bit, they'll open the pleat up into an oval that kind of sticks out. Do that to both sides of the pleat until you like how it looks, the topstich the top and bottom of the pleat to hold the pleat in that position.
Cut another piece of the main fabric, lay it over the front of your nice pleated panel, and sew around your seam allowance on the whole curved side, leaving the top open. Turn the piece right side out and press again. Now it's a nice pocket panel with a puckered pleat on one side and a smooth back and finished edges except for the messy top. Use a rectangle of contrast fabric with all the unfinished edges turned under and pressed, then folded in half and pressed to bind the top of the pocket. Topstitch the whole shebang onto your bag and there ya go."


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- Buy the Ball Complete Book of Home Preserving. It is less than $14 and has everything you need to know about preserving food. I freeze and can produce and the book is indispensable. It may also be available with the Ball jars at your local Walmart. It is quite literally the bible for home preserving.
- This is only a quick guide for produce that I usually freeze. There are many more things that you can freeze. Please see number 1 for how to get instructions on any produce from A to Z.
- This is meant to be a quick guide that you can have handy in your kitchen. The Ball book mentioned in #1 will have all safety precautions for handling food properly. If you have any questions, please refer to the book.
- Use freezer bags, special freezer containers, or other items labeled for use in your freezer to pack your produce into.
- Label all your containers with what is in them and the date. You will thank me later for that tip.
- Most frozen produce is only good in recipes or when cooked. Do not expect to slice your tomatoes for a sandwich. However, those frozen tomatoes will be awesome in a winter stew.
Now harvest your garden, freeze the bounty, and enjoy it all winter long! Click on the picture above or here to open up the printable guide for easy printing.
Posted at Chic and Crafty on The Frugal Girls.
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I've been reading a little about the early Quakers recently and came across these two descriptions of the lengths they'd go to demonstrate their belief that, whether finely or raggedly dressed, people underneath were just the same – including a willingness to go naked in public – described as a "dramatic way of calling people to repentance…[and] 'a trenchant reminder to the ungodly'".
Two examples:
Elizabeth Fletcher who 'in obedience to ye Lord', went naked through the streets of Oxford 'as a sign against that hypocritical profession they then made there, being then Presbyterians and Independents, which profession she told them the Lord would strip them of, so that their nakedness should appear'.
And this, from Samuel Pepys about an incident in Westminster Hall in 1677,
when, a large crowd having assembled to hear the King speak, a Quaker 'came naked through the hall, only very civilly tied about the privies to avoid scandal, and with a chafing-dish of fire and brimstone upon his head did pass through the hall, crying "Repent! Repent!"'
So streaking wasn't as new as we imagined back in the 70s.
I couldn't help imagining the man with his chafing dish as a sort of seventeenth century as a sort of early Arthur Brown. Inaccurate of course – Brown always covered more than just his 'privies'.


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Yestersol's drive didn't go quite as planned. Opportunity drove through a small depression that increased her tilt to 7.44deg -- just above her tilt limit of 7deg -- so she stopped, which of course was the right thing to do. But she's actually fine, and ready to continue.[1]
The remainder of the drive is only about 8m, and that stops us in a perfectly safe position, about 2m from the rim. But there's a ritual now: any rim approach causes some people to panic, and after a lengthy discussion, we end up moving the final position back another 50cm. Which is how it always happens. It's just silly: we're not going to be wrong by 2m over a drive of 8m, and even if we were, we have reactive checks -- such as the tilt limit that correctly stopped us today -- that would catch our mistake before the vehicle was in danger. The 50cm pullback is just a compromise to end the discussion, nothing more.
What bugs me about this most, I think, is the fact that the extra 50cm of buffer is there not for any technical reason but to mollify the exaggerated concerns of people who aren't RPs. There, I said it. It feels good to have it said.
Tomorrow, no doubt, the ritual will be performed again.
[Next post: sol 1063 (Opportunity sol 1045), December 30.]
[1] One of the hazards of the job, I'm afraid. You always want to pick a tilt limit that's just a little higher than you think the rover will actually experience, so that an excessive tilt will mean she's strayed off course. But it doesn't always work like that: faulty data or other problems can lead you to choose a number that's lower than you should have. Fortunately, nearly all the time -- as in this case -- the problem with being overly conservative is just slight embarrassment. As long as I still have a rover to play with the next day, I can take it.
Opportunity Sol 1032 (Spirit Sol 1053)
Posted by Scott Maxwell at 18:47
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Balance Control Accounts:
Balance Control Accounts configurations are used to monitor the current and expected balances on an account as transactions are entered in a journal. This setup is a best practice from process point of view and it's not a mandatory setup to continue operations in Dynamics Ax.
Setup of Balance control accounts:
Path: Dynamics Ax > General Ledger > Setup > Journals > Balance control accounts
'Ctrl + N' to create new record in the above form
Set field 'Ledger account' = specify ledger account required to monitor
Click menu item 'Save'
Balance control accounts can be used for liquidity funds such as bank & cash accounts, which give idea of current & expected amounts of these specific accounts and take decisions. AP clerk to verify the current & expected balance to make sure the balance is sufficient to pay invoices.
View a Balance Control:
Path: Dynamics Ax > General Ledger > General Journal > Lines > Journal voucher > Inquiries > Balance control
Please notice the ledger accounts and expected balance with various stages details like, before journal, transactions, after journal, other journals and after other journals.
Note: The expected balance includes posted and unposted journals.
This is how we can leverage this function.


text:
Select Language
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Home Page
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Offering Automatic Metal Jacket Manufacturing Machine, Battery Body Making Machine, Dry Battery Metal Jackets, Body Making Machine, Tandem Slitter Machine, etc., appreciated for their high performance, easy operations, high efficiency, less maintenance cost and long service life.
About Us
Established way back in the year 1950, we, Toho Metal Industries Co. Ltd., are a renowned manufacturer, supplier and exporter of a wide range of Machinery like Battery Body Making Machine, Dry Battery Metal Jackets, Automatic Metal Jacket Manufacturing Machine, Body Making Machine, Tandem Slitter Machine, Automatic Press Machine etc. Our company is an ISO 9001 certified organization and has never looked back while climbing up the ladder of success. The offered range is highly appreciated for their high efficiency, stable performance, reliability, bulk output in less time, less maintenance cost and long service life. Attaining optimum quality for our products is considered as top priority of our organization. Therefore, we have adopted various quality measures that are implemented mainly during the production of our products. Over the years, our company has witnessed advancement of technology along with improvement of human, which we have welcomed with open arms. The manufacturing techniques and the technology involved are upgraded from time to time to cope with the prevailing standards in the industry.
Our company has developed a well equipped infrastructure that spreads over an extensive area. Here, we have segregated our business functions by allotting several departments, each with different responsibilities. Much importance has been given to the production unit as we have equipped it with latest machines apart from modern facilities.
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The legwarmers were done in a 2x2 ribbing, just under a foot long so the baby cold grow into them a little bit. There are a few mistakes in these, but overall, they came out well and they look stretchy and cozy.
I used some of the leftover yarn to make a baby hat, and before I finished I got it into my head to make it like a gnome hat. I'm not sure if I hit the mark, but it is a cute stockinette stitch hat. I do have to weave in the ends, which I'll probably do when I get back from my trip this week.
I have a little bit of yarn left over from this ball, and I'm not entirely sure what I want to do with it. I could make a pair of baby socks, or I could use it to make a cozy for something (iPod, eReader, phone, etc.). I'll have to think on this.


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Harold Holzer, Senior Vice President for External Affairs at The Metropolitan Museum of Art, serves also as co-chairman of the U. S. Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Commission, appointed by President Clinton. He is the author, co-author, or editor of 35 books on Lincoln and the Civil War era. Among them are The Lincoln Image, The Confederate Image, The Lincoln-Douglas Debates, Lincoln as I Knew Him, Dear Mr. Lincoln: Letters to the President, Mine Eyes Have Seen the Glory: The Civil War in Art, The Lincoln Family Album, Lincoln on Democracy (co-edited with Mario Cuomo), which has been published in four languages, and Lincoln at Cooper Union: The Speech that Made Abraham Lincoln President, which won a 2005 Lincoln Prize.
His latest books are: Lincoln President-Elect: Abraham Lincoln and the Great Secession Winter 1860-1861 (2008), which won the Barondess/Lincoln Award and the Award of Achievement of the Lincoln Group of New York; The Lincoln Anthology (2009), a Library of America collection featuring 150 years of great writers on the subject of Abraham Lincoln; and In Lincoln's Hand (2009), featuring Lincoln's original manuscripts with commentary by distinguished Americans; and Lincoln and New York (2009), the catalogue of a New-York Historical Society exhibition for which he served as chief historian.
Holzer has also written more than 425 articles over the past 35 years in both scholarly and popular publications, and contributed chapters and prefaces to 30 additional volumes. He has won many research and writing awards, most recently the National Endowment Medal from President Bush in 2008.
A former journalist, and political and government press secretary (for both Bella Abzug and Mario Cuomo), Holzer has served as an executive at the Metropolitan Museum of Art since 1992. He and his wife, Edith, who live in Rye, New York, have two grown daughters and a grandson.


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A practical guide to auditory perception is laid out through telling the specific story of binauralairwaves.com – a recording project that seeks to deliver the most perceptually realistic recordings in the world.
Listen to his full presentation:
Aaron Soloway is an engineer at a Cambridge-based start-up that invents technology to reverse engineer mammals' (humans, dolphins, bats, etc.) hearing systems for a wide variety of applications, including gunshot detection.


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"… the German-born, British based dance-maker has gone beyond the mere interpretation of individual stories. She has taken five familiar tales and woven them into a single, connected narrative which unfolds so cleverly and with such dry humour that it presents one of the most engaging contemporary dance events of the year…"
Debra Craine, The Times, 18 September 2004
>> Read more…
"… Von Stockert's vigorous, quirkily detailed choreography bounces off the back of Russell Raisey's drily witty voice-over narration. She also uses props … brilliantly. This is work of magical intelligence with a grisly kick. Go be entranced."
Donald Hutera, Time Out, 29 September 2004
"Stockert has a unique way of looking at the world – both scrupulously focused and wildly hallucinatory."
Judith Mackrell, The Guardian, 17 September 2004
>> Read more…
"…Maresa von Stockert, a London-based German choreographer, has spun five fairy tales into Grim[m] Desires, a witchy piece of theatre, powerfully attuned to the building's atmosphere, demanding great daring from six dancers, and with an amusing and often barbaric wit about the stories. …"
Ismene Brown, The Independent, September 2004
>> Read more…
"Von Stockert teases out the twisted psychological subtexts of each original Grimm's fairy-tale with an uncanny synthesis of wit, humor and irony. … The movement is gaspingly daring, violent at times, gestural, highly expressive and erotic. … Each story leaves us with unforgettably disturbing images, body parts, movement or props. … For me, and for many others, "Grim[m] Desires" was the dance performance of the year. …"
Josephine Leask, 2004
"Were fairy tales always this twisted and macabre? … The movement itself is haunting and lyrical with some robust duet work. … A feeling of abandonment and dereliction prevails and there is something of an Escher influence in the surreal landscape of people running at right angles to the floor and cups and saucers sitting sideways on the wall…"
Katie Phillips, The Stage, September 2004
>> Read more…
"…Von Stockert has cleverly morphed these stories together to make a strong narrative, a dance piece for a company of six, with the space itself as a seventh character, its walls serving as a springboard as often as its floor. … "
Robert Hewison, The Times, 19 September 2004
>> Read more…
"… Von Stockert is an original…"
Jann Parry, The Observer, 3 October 2004
>> Read more…
Louise Levene, The Sunday Telegraph, October 2004
>> Read more…


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Columbus Cottonmouths
Cottonmouths to cease operation if new owner can't be found, Wanda Amos says
Cottonmouths coach and general manager discusses search for new ownership
If new ownership can't be found in the coming months, the Columbus Cottonmouths are prepared to cease operations at the end of the current season, owner Wanda Amos said Thursday.
"We have been trying to sell the team, but haven't found a buyer," said Amos, who has owned the team for 17 years, including the last 13 as the primary owner.
General Manager Jerome Bechard informed season ticket holders, advertisers and those associated with the team Thursday afternoon that Amos and her husband, Shelby, would be relinquishing their ownership after the season.
"I have loved it and this started with wanting to do something for the community," Amos said. "But there comes a time when this is not smart business any more."
The Cottonmouths have lost money nearly every year they have owned the team, most years the losses neared or exceeded six figures, she said. She can retain the Southern Professional Hockey League franchise for a couple of years, but not field a team.
"We have done everything we know to do, but in the end this has never been about making money," she said.
While the future of hockey is uncertain, Bechard believes new ownership can be secured.
"I am confident that we mean enough to this community that I can find some people with the same passion for the community, for hockey and for the people that Wanda and Shelby have," Bechard said. "I think this could be a very positive thing. There is a lot of change going on. The Civic Center has a new director and there is a lot of opportunity to do things differently and do things better."
Amos has informed the other owners and SPHL officials of her decision. She has been working with the league to see if a new owner could be located. Now, that task falls on Bechard.
"I have told Jerome if he can find someone locally, that would be great," Amos said. "But we have done this for 17 years and have raised more than $1 million for local charities, not counting what we have done to keep team here. This has been a hard decision."
Bechard, the face of the local franchise since its inception, has watched as the Amoses have struggled to get to this point.
"They have struggled with it every day," he said. "Knowing the impact we have had on peoples lives like the season ticket holders who have been with us 21 years. People come and go. You got letters from people who are not in Columbus any more. They have touched people in certain ways. It's just crazy. They have been to funerals. They have seen the impact this organization has had on peoples lives. And that has been difficult to walk away from."
Another factor in the decision was the Jan. 19 team bus crash outside Peoria, Ill., in which several players suffered serious injuries.
"That has been the most stressful thing for me," Amos said. "I think a lot about what happened to my players. It has been tremendous stress. And it is far from over because we still have players hurt."
Throughout their ownership of the Cottonmouths, Bechard has worked for Wanda and Shelby Amos in a variety of roles, including player, coach and general manager.
"I can't begin to say how good of stewards they have been for the Columbus Cottonmouths organization," Bechard said this week. "They have been able to keep us in the community and be involved in all types of activities within the community. You know what? They have allowed us to be here for 17 years and I can't say how much they have poured into this organization emotionally. It has been awesome."
Amos' decision will not impact the remainder of this season, Bechard said.
The news comes as the team, which plays its home games in the Columbus Civic Center, is pushing for a SPHL playoff spot. The team is currently in ninth place with a 14-23 record and the top eight teams make the playoffs.
Part of the reason for notifying people now of the Amoses' decision to sell the team is a season tickets for next season will go on sale Monday. The team is requiring no deposit until June 1.
"We are taking renewals to not only secure your seats for the upcoming season, but to prove to the community and potential investors that we have a strong fan base to build on," Bechard stated in the email.
Wanda and Shelby Amos, the son of Aflac founder John Amos, and Shelby's uncle, Sal Diaz-Verson, purchased the team from Martha Morrow 17 years ago after her husband and Cottonmouths founder, Charlie Morrow died of cancer. In 2004, Diaz-Verson kept the East Coast Hockey League franchise and moved the team to Florida. Wanda Amos retained the Cottonmouths name and kept a team in Columbus, joining with franchises in Huntsville, Ala., Knoxville, Tenn., and Fayetteville, N.C., to start the Southern Professional Hockey League.
The decision is difficult for Bechard on a personal level because he has been with the organization since its inception, and in the process grew close to founding owners Charlie and Martha Morrow.
"I have been so fortunate to be involved with ownership groups like Martha and Charlie and Wanda and Shelby," Bechard said. "My players are not treated like numbers and I have never been treated like numbers. They have treated us like normal players. That is what made Columbus such a special place to play. Wanda and Shelby are just a phone call away if we ever need anything."
The decision has been difficult, Wanda Amos said.
"This has been a hard decision," she said. "I have prayed about it and I have cried about it."
Chuck Williams: 706-571-8510, @chuckwilliams


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Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) Program
The City of Warren, a designated entitlement community, receives CDBG funds to develop viable urban communities through continued investment in neighborhood revitalization, economic development activities, community facilities and public services, principally directed towards low- to moderate-income individuals. Eligible organizations can receive grant funds for activities to address housing, public improvements, public service, and economic development that assist low- to moderate-income residents. For more information on eligibility requirements, contact Susan D. Johnson, Program Specialist, at (330) 841-2563.


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Welcome to All Sensors "Put the Pressure on Us" blog. This blog brings out pressure sensor aspects in a variety of applications inspired by headlines, consumer and industry requirements, market research, government activities and you. In this blog we'll be discussing critical flight measurements using pressure.
Critical Flight Measurements Using Pressure
Amplifying the low level signal from a higher pressure range sensor for a low pressure application can frequently lead to unacceptable noise problems in the application. This can occur if the sensor supplier performs this task as part of an amplified and signal-conditioned product offering or if the customer performs the amplification and signal conditioning. The limitation is inherently in the sensor die. Specially designed lower pressure range sensors, such as All Sensors DLVR Series mini digital output pressure sensors offer a solution to the noise problem. The low mass, high-sensitivity die are less sensitive to errors due to vibration or changes in time, temperature and position.
All Sensors' CoBeam2 TM die technology achieves a high level of pressure sensitivity without using boss structures and larger die topologies commonly used in microelectromechanical system (MEMS) designs. This design approach significantly reduces gravity and vibration sensitivities. As shown in Figure 1, CoBeam2 technology combines bonded strain gage sensor insight with state of the art MEMS processing.
Figure 1 MEMS pressure sensor die using CoBeam2 technology
Figure 2 shows active dual-die compensation with electrical cross coupling of the sensors' outputs and pneumatic cross coupling of the pressure used in the DLVR Series and other All Sensor products. By performing both electrical and pneumatic cross coupling, the signal strength is not reduced and the common mode error compensation is optimized. Some products use just the electrical cross coupling. Pressure Point 4: Dual Die Compensation for MEMS Pressure Sensors provides more details. Combined with CoBeam2 Technology, the amplified, digital output sensor reduces many errors associated with pressure measurements.
(a) (b)
Figure 2 (a) Electrical cross coupling compensation of active die (Die 1) using a reference die (Die 2) and (b) pneumatic cross coupling compensation using fluidic channels in the pressure sensor package.
Drones, multicopters, quadcopters, small unmanned air vehicles (UAVs) and micro air vehicles (MAVs) are not only the rage in modern flying craft, they are among the applications that can benefit from the improved sensor performance of a small form factor MEMS sensor. Low pressure sensors such as the 1 inH2O DLVR-L01D up to the 10 inH2O DLVR-L10D can be used for measuring differential pressure on the wing in multiple locations to provide improved control and stability. Higher pressure ranges are also available.
Wind tunnel testing has traditionally used several pressure sensors on the wings of a test aircraft to provide a pressure-based estimation of the flow field above an airfoil. Recently, for increased control in drones, aerodynamics-based feedback using onboard active flow control schemes relies on a set of pressure measurements taken across the aircraft through pressure ports and through multi-hole probes. The aerodynamic feedback can be especially useful when switching control modes during various flight conditions.
Highly turbulent situations can also pose attitude control difficulties for fixed-wing MAVs. In Bioinspired Wing-Surface Pressure Sensing for Attitude Control of Micro Air Vehicles, researchers are investigating alternate technique using pressure sensors to solve this problem.
Other flight measurements can benefit from highly stable pressure sensors. For example, the DLV-015A DLV Series mini digital output absolute sensor can provide the barometer or altimeter readings in these same aircraft.
CoBeam2 is a trademark of All Sensors Corporation.
What do you think/Comments?
Do you have a pressure sensing question? Let me know and I'll address it in an upcoming blog.
-Han Mai, Senior Marketing Specialist, All Sensors Corporation (email@example.com)


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Oh, the sunflower seed butter and baking soda reaction! I remember the moment so vividly…
It was about a year ago. I was concocting a recipe for oatmeal cookies, made with sunflower seed butter. When the delicious cookies came out of the oven, they seemed to look a bit yellow. The longer they cooled for, the greener, and greener they got. When I bit into one, they tasted perfectly normal, but the inside was a deep green! How strange!
Recently, I was browsing recipes online, when I found a recipe for green oatmeal cookies! It was then I learned that when you combine baking soda and sunflower seed butter, it turns green. Amazing! And perfect for St. Patrick's Day!
These pancakes are deeeeelish, and can be made in a jiffy!
Just don't let the leprechauns eat them! You know how greedy they get with paleo pancakes.
Makes about 16 pancakes.
2 Tbs maple syrup or honey
3 large eggs
½ cup almond milk (or coconut milk for nut-free)
1 tsp baking soda
½ tsp cinnamon
scant ¼ tsp sea salt
1-2 Tbs coconut oil, for greasing
1. Place a large cast iron skillet on your stove, and turn the heat up to medium.
2. In a high speed blender, blend the sunbutter, maple syrup, eggs, and almond milk until smooth.
3. Blend in the baking soda, cinnamon, and salt.
4. Spread a bit of coconut oil all over the preheated griddle, and then spoon the batter onto it. I use about 2 Tbs of batter per pancake. Then, spread out the top of the pancake with the back of a spoon, to make it thinner.
5. Let each side of the pancake cook for about 2 minutes, or until the edges start to curl slightly under, before flipping.
6. Serve the pancakes! NOTE: The greenness may start to form a few minutes after the pancakes have been cooked, because it takes a little while for the baking soda to activate.


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By Andrea
Sayings like this can be seen pretty frequently in the bar scene amongst the (usually obnoxious) signs hung on the walls that basically persuade the customer to have another. You know what I mean- the little wooden ones with expressions that only a drunkard would find hilarious.
Okay, so they're a little humorous, but what caught my eye about the image above, which is actually a poster, is that: 1) It's telling me that God wants me to drink. And 2) It's a quote by one of our founding fathers, so it must be true, right? Sounds like a pretty good excuse to go get some beer and get smashed because let's face it…I love beer!
Anyway, as much as I enjoy going out with friends and getting a little crazy, I'm not entirely sold on the idea that God wants us to do that. In fact, I'm sure he doesn't want us to get to a state where we're not thinking clearly, making bad decisions, and doing harm to our bodies, no matter how happy it may make us at the time. The Bible makes that pretty clear in many verses, such as:
Isaiah 5:22 – Woe to "champion" drinkers and "experts" at mixing drinks.
Proverbs 23:29-30 – Drinking causes woe, sorrow, fighting, babbling, wounds without cause and red eyes.
It's fairly common among college students to become "experts" in the world of alcohol, and being named a "champion" at a drinking game or competition is seen as something to be proud of in our population. I don't feel that I need to explain the second verse because I think we've all either been that person or been around a babbling, drunk friend before. Alcohol is one of the reasons that I find it hard to be a college student and still try to live a Christian lifestyle. It seems like being a Christian and getting a "full college experience" conflict quite a bit when drinking comes into the equation.
I'm guessing this is a controversial topic, so I'm really interested in hearing others' opinions on Christian college students and alcohol. Please feel free to comment!


text: http://www.VPRealtyAdvisors.com - Pristine, move-in ready, estate-like setting. This colonial on park like grounds has been updated and maintained to perfection. Warmth and grace exude from every square foot. Handsome cherry/granite kitchen expands on all sides to DR, FR and LR. Sunroom adds to entertaining oasis and looks over gorgeous heated gunite pool/spa area. Three spacious BRS and offic on 2nd level and another BR and more on 3rd floor. Fin LL playroom and workshop. Irrig. CA. 2 gas fps. ,etched glass windows. So much more!


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Little Sewing Projects
Discovering a love for sewing through my dancing, I've made many costume pieces over the years and thought I'd include them for display on our website. I can make something similar for you if there's something you like - send me an email. Kay
Little Ariel - the doll was bought and only the complete costume was made by me, mostly by hand. I decorated the tribal bra with beads, crocheted the yellow belt, crocheted the black belt and added beads and a dangle, made the choli, 2 skirts, pantaloons, made the headdress and added beads, a dangle and flowers, added the bracelets, earrings, ring, made the necklace and added the zills.


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Green House Photography) and I attended the show Saturday and Sunday. After arriving at the nations capital in the mid afternoon, we checked into our hotel. We were booked for a Superman/Lois Lane photo shoot so I immediately changed and we headed to the lobby to meet our Superman (who bears a strong resemblance to Christopher Reeves). We walked to a small courtyard in the back of the hotel where we conducted our shoot and the images came out stunning. After the session was over, we made our way back to our room where I changed into Ariel (Kiss the Girl variant) and headed to the convention center. After picking up our passes, we made our way to the convention floor with a group of friends.
The crowds were massive on Saturday. There was a large number of impressive cosplayers portraying everything from Comics, Disney, Video Games and Anime. Many vendors were there and the celebrity signing areas were located in the back. Artist Alley (my favorite area of any con) featured many talented artists with beautiful artwork. During Saturday's show, we squeezed in an Ariel/Ursula photo shoot. We ended the day with a group dinner where George Perez joined us.
This was the first time I cosplayed Disney Princesses all weekend at a show and I absolutely loved it. The reaction from kids and adults was wonderful and princess costumes are much more comfortable than super hero gear. I think in the future I am going to be leaning towards more characters from the fairy tale world.
In regards to ticket line complaints, that is something that I did not experience but I am happy to report that the president of Awesomecon released a statement via their official website and Facebook Page addressing fan concerns. This move is to be applauded; whereas most cons just shrug off their fans, Awesomecon is reaching out and is striving to make next years show even better. The statement can be read HERE.
Next years show will be taking place May 29th-31st, 2015 and I look forward to returning. My thanks to everyone at the Awesomecon convention for a great show.
Please be sure to check out images from official shoots on Green House Photography's Awesomecon 2014 Folder. For my complete gallery, check out my folder on my Official Facebook Page.


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- Research
- Open Access
Biodiversity of the microbial mat of the Garga hot spring
© The Author(s). 2017
- Published: 28 December 2017
Microbial mats are a good model system for ecological and evolutionary analysis of microbial communities. There are more than 20 alkaline hot springs on the banks of the Barguzin river inflows. Water temperature reaches 75 °C and pH is usually 8.0–9.0. The formation of microbial mats is observed in all hot springs. Microbial communities of hot springs of the Baikal rift zone are poorly studied. Garga is the biggest hot spring in this area.
In this study, we investigated bacterial and archaeal diversity of the Garga hot spring (Baikal rift zone, Russia) using 16S rRNA metagenomic sequencing. We studied two types of microbial communities: (i) small white biofilms on rocks in the points with the highest temperature (75 °C) and (ii) continuous thick phototrophic microbial mats observed at temperatures below 70 °C. Archaea (mainly Crenarchaeota; 19.8% of the total sequences) were detected only in the small biofilms. The high abundance of Archaea in the sample from hot springs of the Baikal rift zone supplemented our knowledge of the distribution of Archaea. Most archaeal sequences had low similarity to known Archaea. In the microbial mats, primary products were formed by cyanobacteria of the genus Leptolyngbya. Heterotrophic microorganisms were mostly represented by Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria in all studied samples of the microbial mats. Planctomycetes, Chloroflexi, and Chlorobi were abundant in the middle layer of the microbial mats, while heterotrophic microorganisms represented mostly by Firmicutes (Clostridia, strict anaerobes) dominated in the bottom part. Besides prokaryotes, we detect some species of Algae with help of detection their chloroplasts 16 s rRNA.
High abundance of Archaea in samples from hot springs of the Baikal rift zone supplemented our knowledge of the distribution of Archaea. Most archaeal sequences had low similarity to known Archaea. Metagenomic analysis of microbial communities of the microbial mat of Garga hot spring showed that the three studied points sampled at 70 °C, 55 °C, and 45 °C had similar species composition. Cyanobacteria of the genus Leptolyngbya dominated in the upper layer of the microbial mat. Chloroflexi and Chlorobi were less abundant and were mostly observed in the middle part of the microbial mat. We detected domains of heterotrophic organisms in high abundance (Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Verrucomicrobia, Planctomicetes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Thermi), according to metabolic properties of known relatives, which can form complete cycles of carbon, sulphur, and nitrogen in the microbial mat. The studied microbial mats evolved in early stages of biosphere formation. They can live autonomously, providing full cycles of substances and preventing live activity products poisoning.
- Garga
- Metagenome
- Bacterial mats
- Microbial community
- Hot springs
Microorganisms are detected in various conditions in most places [1]. They are the most ancient inhabitants of the planet. Due to their high variability, they have adapted to almost all extreme environmental niches, including high-temperature conditions [2]. They exist mainly in extreme environments. Microbial mats, in most cases autotrophic, are usually benthic communities typically formed on solid substrates that use CO2 as the carbon source. They are considered analogues of fossil stromatolites found in geological strata formed 3.5 billion years ago [3].
Microbial mats are good model systems for ecological and evolutionary analysis of microbial communities. They are usually small and almost closed self-sustaining ecosystems that include cycles of basic chemical elements and food chains. Sharp and continually changing gradients of physicochemical and chemical conditions create a large number of ecological micro-niches with very heterogeneous environments. The typical layered structure of phototrophic microbial mats is formed under the influence of the gradient of sunlight energy and chemical conditions supported by the activity of microorganisms [4, 5]. The most important function of phototrophic microorganisms in microbial mats is to absorb sunlight energy and CO2 to create organic material, including extracellular polymers [6]. Polymers forming extracellular matrices are very important for maintenance of microbial communities. They stabilize the sediments and the physical mat structure [7]. Organic material formed by primary producers is the basis for community food chains. It is converted by heterotrophic microorganisms of the community in various processes to produce energy and biomaterials [8].
There are several alkaline hot springs on the banks of the Barguzin river inflows. Water temperature reaches 75 °C and pH 8.0-9.0. The formation of microbial mats is observed in all hot springs [9]. Microbial communities of hot springs of the Baikal rift zone are poorly studied, especially using modern methods of molecular biology. In most cases, methods of microbiology were used to describe them. Only the communities of microbial mats of the Alla hot springs were described using molecular biology methods [10].
In this work, we studied а microbial mat detected in the Garga hot spring of the Baikal rift zone of the bank of the Garga River. The Garga hot spring differs from other hot springs of the Baikal rift zone, which have lower pH values (8.1). The spring comes to the surface as a single outlet, not a group of small sources like most hot springs of the Barguzin river valley. The microbial mat is formed on the slopes of the travertine dome. The thickness of the structured microbial mat is up to 7 cm.
Samples were taken from the Garga hot spring (Barguzin valley, East Barguzin fault, Baikal rift zone, Russia) on June 5–8, 2010. Samples of microbial communities for metagenomic studies were collected in sterile 50-ml Falcons and fixed with 96% ethanol. The samples were stored at −72 °C in "Collection of biotechnological microorganisms as a source of novel promising objects for biotechnology and bioengineering of Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the RAS".
The spring is located on the slope on the western side of the Barguzin valley. It forms a carbonate "travertine" dome consisting of several terraces with the maximum thickness of 2.5 m; terraces are 30 to 80 cm high [11, 12]. A thick cyanobacterial mat covers the travertine surface of the spring bank.
The sulphate-sodium water of the Garga hot spring has mineralization of 1 g/l. SiO2 content is 30 mg/l; F, 11 mg/l; the highest temperature, 77 °C; and pH, 8.1. Microelement composition is dominated by Li, Rb, Sr, Ca, and Ba with lower amounts of Ge, Mo, and W [13]. Geology and hydrology of the spring were described in detail in [11, 14–16].
DNA extraction
DNA extraction was performed in September 2010. The sample was triturated in a sterile ceramic mortar if necessary. Approximately 300 μl of sample suspension was added to Eppendorf tubes (2 mL). The suspension was centrifuged at 8000×g for 10 min. The pellet was re-suspended by pipetting in 500 μl buffer containing 100mMol Tris-HCl, pH 8, 100mMol EDTA, pH -8.0; 30 μl of chloroform and 200 μl of lysozyme (50 mg/ml) were added, and cells were incubated at 37 °C for 1 h, with shaking at 5 min intervals, and with subsequent addition of 100 μl 10% SDS and 100 μl 10% sarkosyl (Sigma). We performed three cycles of freezing in liquid nitrogen for 2 min and thawing for 5 min at 65°С. Another freeze-thaw cycle was performed after addition of 100 μl 10% Polyvinylpyrrolidone (Sigma). Then 50 μl of 2.5М СаСl2 were added, and the suspension was incubated at 65°С for 10 min with occasional shaking. The supernatant was transferred to a sterile tube, and an equal volume of phenol/chloroform (1/1) was added to the tube. The tubes were vortexed for 2 min and centrifuged at 13,000×g for 10 min. The supernatant (400 μl) was transferred to a new tube containing 100 μl 10 M NH4Ac and 1 ml of 96% ethanol, incubated overnight at −20 °C and centrifuged at 16,000×g for 20 min. The precipitate was washed with 70% ethanol, dried at room temperature and dissolved in water (mQ).
Library construction
DNA extracted from the samples was used as a template for amplification of bacterial and archaeal 16S rRNA genes with universal primers: U341F (5'-CCTACGGGRSGCAGCAG-3′) and U806R (5′- GGACTACNVGGGTWTCTAAT-3′) [17, 18]. Reagents for PCR (DMSO, PCR buffer, polymerase, nucleotide triphosphates) were purchased from Agilent Technologies, USA. PCR mix (50 μl) contained 1× herculase buffer, 10 μM of each dNTPs, 10pmoles of forward and reverse primers, 100 ng of DNA, and 2.5u of Herculase. The following amplification profile was used: 3 min at 95 °C; 6 cycles of 15 s at 95 °C, 15 s at 50 °C, and 60 s at 72 °C; 35 cycles of 10 s at 95 °C, 10 s at 55 °C, and 60 s at 72 °C; and an additional elongation phase of 5 min at 72 °C. Amplified products were purified using commercial kits (Fermentas, Lithuania) and used for an additional PCR reaction with primers containing marker sequences designed for the 2x250bp read lengths sequencing protocol, according to the manufacturer's instructions (Illumina, USA). The following re-amplification profile was used: 3 min at 95 °C; 4 cycles of 15 s at 95 °C, 15 s at 56 °C, and 60 s at 72 °C; 15 cycles of 10 s at 95 °C, 10 s at 55 °C, and 30 s at 72 °C; and an additional elongation phase of 5 min at 72 °C. The obtained PCR fragments for the different samples were mixed and purified by electrophoresis in 1,5% agarose gel. Libraries were constructed in October 2012.
NGS sequencing
NGS sequencing of the variable V3-V4 regions of the 16S rRNA gene was performed on MiSeq (Illumina) using the MiSeq reagent kit v.2 (Illumina). Library preparation was done with Nextera DNA sample prep (Illumina). Sequencing was performed at the Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University. Sequencing was performed in April 2013.
Metagenomic data processing
16S rRNA reads (a total of 232,310 reads) were filtered, denoised and processed with a QIIME pipeline v1.9.1 [19]. All sequences were clustered, de novo chimera checked and quality filtered using USEARCH (Ultra-fast sequence analysis) tool v5.2.236 [20] against the Gold database (http://drive5.com/uchime/gold.fa). Sequences tagged as non-chimeric were combined and sorted by abundance. Then, operational taxonomic units (OTU) picking was performed; each non-chimeric read was assigned to a specific OTU identifier. A representative sequence for each OTU was queried against the GREENGENES database v13_8 [21] using UCLUST v1.2.22q program (http://www.drive5.com/uclust/downloads1_2_22q.html) from QIIME. The represented OTU was submitted in NCBI (KY767848-KY767913, KY552127-KY552260, KY552040-KY552126, KY551710-KY551870, KY551585-KY551709, KY551871-KY552039, KY497789-KY497909, KX979916-KX980027).
Phylogenetic tree construction
Reference sequences of microorganisms' 16S rRNA genes were obtained from the NCBI database (refseq_rna). Phylogenetic analysis was performed using MEGA (molecular evolutionary genetics analysis; http://www.megasoftware.net/index.html.), version 6.0 [22]. Distance matrices were calculated according to the Kimura two-parameter model [23]. Phylogenetic trees were inferred using the neighbour-joining method [24]. Bootstrap values were determined based on 1000 replications.
Results and discussion
The description of the Garga hot spring microbial mats and the selected samples
Sampling scheme is shown in Fig. 2d.
GA1 point was located in the area of the thermal water exit. The temperature at the time of sampling was 74 °C. A small white biofilms placed on the rocks (sample Ga1).
GA2 point (Fig. 2a) was located in the thermal stream with the temperature about 70 °C. At the edge of the stream, we observed a yellow gelatinous microbial mat. This mat extended from this point to the point of confluence into the river. The mat was thick (4 сm), very tight and layered. The top layer of the mat (sample Ga2_verh) was a thin (2 mm) film strongly linked to the underlying layer. The middle layer was less dense. The thickness of that layer was 2 cm. The bottom layer was white, gelatinous and linked to the substrate. The layer thickness was 1 cm.
Microbial mat in the GA3 sampling point ~55 °C (Fig. 2b, c) was dense, greenish, and 2-3 cm thick. The top layer (sample Ga3_verh) was a yellow-green film approximately 2 mm thick, hardly separable from the middle layer. The middle layer (sample Ga3_sred) was membranous, gelatinous and whitish-green. The upper two layers were similar in structure to the microbial mat of point GA2, but had a more intensive green colour. The bottom layer of the mat (sample Ga3_niz) was white, attached to the substrate, with a thickness of about 1 cm. The profile picture of the microbial mat at that point is shown in Fig. 2c.
The mat in the sampling point GA4 45 °C. The upper two layers (samples Ga4_verh and Ga4_sred) were similar to the microbial mat of point GA3. The bottom layer of the mat at that point was a relatively thick "film"—skin coloured, with a thickness of 0.3-0.5 cm. In addition to the structured microbial mats at this point, we also revealed friable bright green films (sample Ga4_zel).
Microbial communities of the sampling point with highest temperatures (GA1)
In the hottest point of the Garga hot spring (GA1) 74 °C, biofilms were observed on the border with the air. Figure 3 shows the relative abundance of various microorganisms in this point (Ga1). Phototrophic microorganisms accounted for only about ~6% of the total sample, while Firmicutes (Bacilli) (21.9%) and Proteobacteria (21.4%) were the most abundant, the former represented mostly by the mesophilic Bacillus pumilus [25]. Approximately 3% of sequences belonged to the genus Staphylococcus.
Crenarchaeota was the most abundant archaeal phylum in our sample. OTU-1 (7.9% of the total archaeal sample) was very similar (99%) to Thermoproteus uzonensis [26]. This anaerobic archaeon was isolated from the Uzon volcano caldera in the Kamchatka peninsula. Its optimum growth was observed at pH 5.5, while the Garga hot spring has pH 8.3. OTU-3 (4.4%) had 99% sequence similarity to the crenarchaeote Vulcanisaeta souniana isolated from several hot spring areas in eastern Japan, which is also anaerobic and acidophilic [27]. OTU-7 and OTU-84 (2.8% each) had no close sequence similarity to any known species. Metagenomic sequences with the highest degree of similarity (96%) for OTU-7 were found in hot springs in Japan [28] and Thailand (NCBI/nr), while for OTU-84, 97% similar sequences were obtained from hot springs in Iceland [29]. OTU-78 (0.7%) had only 92% sequence similarity to uncultured microorganisms. Another 9 archaean OTUs were less abundant and had less than 95% sequence similarity to known microorganisms, which means that hot springs of the Baikal region contain many new species of Archaea.
Microbial communities in the microbial mats of Garga hot spring
Representatives of the genera Synechococcus (OTU-1) were also abundant in Ga2-verh, and Nostoc (OTU-4), in Ga3-sred. OTU-1 (17.5%) had 99% sequence similarity to the organisms found in the Alla and Uro hot springs (NCBI/nr) near Baikal. OTU-4 (9.0%) was 96% similar to a cyanobacterium isolated from a microbial mat in a cement factory in India (NCBI/nr KF746950, KF746951). The genera Synechococcus and Nostoc are widespread in microbial mats of most hot springs. Synechococcus is a cosmopolitan genus of cyanobacteria found in marine, freshwater, thermal, terrestrial and subaerial habitats [38, 39]. This genus is the most polyphyletic group of cyanobacteria and in the future a possible splitting of the Synechococcus lineages into different genera [40].
Algal (Stramenopiles) 16S rRNA sequence were also detected in the microbial mat. Algae probably provided bright green colour to the mat at point GA4. Stramenopiles were found in various marine symbiotic communities, e.g., inside the sponge Tethya californiana [41]. The photosynthetic stramenopile Ochrophyta forms a highly diverse clade within Heterokonta, a clade that also included a number of heterotrophic lineages such as plant moulds and aquatic pseudofungi. The majority of published molecular phylogenetic analyses indicate that the photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic stramenopiles form a monophyletic taxon [42]. The earliest fossil remains (Palaeovaucheria; Xanthophyceae) suggest that the photosynthetic stramenopiles appeared 1000 million years ago (Ma) [43].
Chloroflexi and Chlorobi of the Garga hot spring microbial mats
Heterotrophic microorganisms of the Garga hot spring microbial mat
Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria prevailed among heterotrophic microorganisms in all samples of the Garga hot spring microbial mat. Actinobacteria were mainly represented by two orders, Acidimicrobiales and Actinomycetales. Diversity of Proteobacteria was higher and was mainly represented by the orders Rhizobiales, Rhodobacterales, Rhodospirillales, Sphingomonadales, Burkholderiales, Pseudomonadales, and Xanthomonadales.
Proteobacteria were found in almost all studied hot springs, including Andes, Colombia [54], South Africa [55], Kamchatka (Mutnovsky, caldera Uzon) [56], Malaysia [57], Tengchong (China) [32], Romania [31], Spain [58], and Yellowstone (USA) [59].
Actinobacteria were found in microbial communities in hot springs of Kamchatka (Russia), Tengchong (China), Nevada (USA) [60], Bor-Khlueng (Thailand) [61], Japan [62], and many others; however, they never prevailed.
Actinobacteria are the most numerous organisms of soil and aquatic ecosystems [63, 64]. They play an important role in geochemical cycles. They are gut symbionts [65] and animal pathogens [66]. Actinobacteria are interesting for biotechnology as destructors of plant residues [18] and producers of a large number of secondary metabolites [67]. Thermobifida fusca and Acidothermus cellulolyticus 11B [68] are the most famous among thermophilic Actinobacteria due to the presence of cellulolytic enzyme complex. Nevertheless, information on the biodiversity and role of Actinobacteria in geothermal habitats is scarce [69, 70].
The middle and bottom layers of the Garga hot spring microbial mat consist of significant amounts of other types of heterotrophs except for Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria. In the middle layer of the microbial mat in the Ga-3-sred and Ga-2-sred samples, Planctomycetes accounted for 7% to 9% of the total number of sequences. Verrucomicrobia formed up to 5% in GA3 (except Ga-3-verh) and GA4. Planctomycetes and Verrucomicrobia were reported for many geothermal springs [31, 57, 71].
Firmicutes (mainly Clostridia) accounted for 14.6% of the total number of sequences in the Ga-3-niz layer of the GA3 point (Fig. 3). Clostridia are strong anaerobes. The sequences of this class were not found in other samples. The thermophilic Clostridia are best known for their ability to degrade lignocellulose. They form cellulosomes, enzymes united in a macromolecule via interaction of special domains (Cohesines and Dockerines) and providing strong binding of subunits [72].
Thermi is another type of bacteria that was abundant in the microbial mat (samples Ga-3-niz and Ga-4-sred). Bacteria of this type are known as thermophiles and are distributed in hot springs everywhere [73].
Metabolism of Garga hot spring microbial mat
The bottom layer of the microbial mat is the destruction zone. The oxygen does not penetrate here and is not produced by photosynthesis as evidenced by the presence of obligately anaerobic Clostridia in the bottom layer (Ga-3-niz). Phototrophic microorganisms and aerobic bacteria badly adapted for anaerobic conditions die in this layer. The organic material is destroyed to low molecular weight organics.
Anaerobic fermentation is the main mechanism for conversion of organic substances in the bottom layer of the microbial mat. Low molecular weight products formed by fermentation are moved into the upper layers, where they are aerobically oxidized and provide extra food for microorganisms living there. The concentration of inorganic substances in the water of the spring is too low, primarily of reduced sulphur compounds, so the probability that lithotrophic transformation pathways dominate in the Garga hot spring microbial mat is relatively low [13]. However, it should be noted that sulphur may be accumulated in different forms depending on the redox state, so a sulphur cycle may exist in the microbial mat. The catalysis of the sulphur redox conversion may be carried out by Proteobacteria, Firmicutes [33], Chloroflexi, and Chlorobi [74, 75].
According to geochemical analysis, the water of the spring does not contain nitrogen compounds, so nitrogen fixation is the only possible source of nitrogen for the community. We found many species capable of nitrogen fixation (both oxygenic and anoxygenic phototrophes, some representatives of Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria). The presence of Planctomycetes indicates active redox transformations of nitrogen compounds in the mat. They can oxidize ammonium produced in the bottom layer of the microbial mat, while subsequent reactions result in formation of N2 and removal of nitrogen from the cycle [76].
High abundance of Archaea in samples from hot springs of the Baikal rift zone supplemented our knowledge of the distribution of Archaea. Most archaeal sequences had low similarity to known Archaea. We detected archaeal sequences that accounted for 19.8% of the total number of sequences in the Ga1 sample. It is first time when such amounts of Archaea were detected in samples from hot springs of the Baikal rift zone. We were the first to demonstrate abundance of Archaea in the hot springs of the Baikal rift zone. They could be delivered at the Ga1 point from the depth by the flow, while mesophilic bacteria could be from the surrounding microbial communities. The most abundant Archaea belonged to Thermoproteus uzonensis and Vulcanisaeta souniana. Those Archaea are anaerobic and acidophilic. Most detected archaeal OTUs did not have high similarity to known archaeal species.
Metagenomic analysis of microbial communities of the microbial mat of Garga hot spring showed that the three studied points sampled at 70 °C, 55 °C, and 45 °C had similar species composition. Cyanobacteria of the genus Leptolyngbya dominated in the upper layer of the microbial mat, accounting for over 60% of sequences, and considering that Cyanobacteria have large cells, their biomass share can exceed 90%. Chloroflexi and Chlorobi were less abundant and were mostly observed in the middle part of the microbial mat. Based on metabolic analysis, we suggest that there are complete cycles of carbon, sulphur, and nitrogen in the community. The carbon cycle starts with the formation of phototrophic biomass in the top layer with subsequent decomposition in the bottom layers to alcohols and organic acids, which are used by microorganisms in upper layers. Cycles of sulphur and nitrogen are complete due to the presence of redox gradient. The sulphur cycle can be considered a closed one; the outflow of sulphur compounds is carried out with the flow of water. Nitrogen compounds are removed from the cycle by diffusion and the anamnox reaction (NH4 ++NO2 − = N2 + 2H2O) performed by Planctomycetes. Microbial mats evolved in early stages of biosphere formation. They can be considered a model of the systems that existed before the origin of plants. Our study demonstrates that microbial mats that evolved in early stages of biosphere formation could live autonomously, providing full cycles of elements and preventing poisoning by their own by-products.
Current thermal microbial mats are isolated from each other by mesopilic environments, and so may provide important insights into microbial evolution. Eukaryotes do not have significant effects on such communities because they are not adapted to high temperatures.
In addition to the Garga hot spring, there are other hot springs in the Baikal region, the microbial communities of which were poorly studied by modern genetic methods. This is one of the first studies on the detailed composition of a microbial mat from the Baikal area.
We are grateful to Dr. Sergei Zhmodik., and Dr. Elena Lazareva, from IGM SB RAS for support the expedition to the Garga hot spring.
This work was supported by the Federal Agency of Scientific Organizations via ICG SB RAS project # 0324-2017-0003.
Publication costs were funded by the Federal Agency of Scientific Organizations via ICG SB RAS project # 0324-2017-0003.
Availability of data and materials
All datasets supporting the conclusions of this article uploaded on NCBI. The represented OTU was submitted in NCBI (KY767848-KY767913, KY552127-KY552260, KY552040-KY552126, KY551710-KY551870, KY551585-KY551709, KY551871-KY552039, KY497789-KY497909, KX979916-KX980027).
About this supplement
This article has been published as part of BMC Evolutionary Biology Volume 17 Supplement 2, 2017: Selected articles from Belyaev Conference 2017: evolutionary biology. The full contents of the supplement are available online at https://bmcevolbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/supplements/volume-17-supplement-2.
Authors' contributions
Conception and design of the study: ASR, SEP. Samples collection: AVB, ASR. Samples processing: ASR, TKM. Material Data analysis: TVI, ASR. Manuscript drafting: ASR. Manuscript revision for critical intellectual content: ASR, AVB. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
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Tag Archives: Jersey City State
Bob Delaney
Written by admin on September 22, 2011 — Leave a Comment
Bob Delaney (Pro basketball. Born, Paterson, NJ, Nov. 1, 1951.) Even as captain of his college basketball team, Robert Delaney had his sights set on an officiating career. Delaney graduated from Jersey City State (now New Jersey City U.) in 1973, having already begun officiating high school games on the New Jersey shore. He moved […]
Posted in Basketball, D | Also tagged Bob Delaney, Continental Basketball Association, Jersey City U, Madison Square Garden, N.B.A., Pro basketball, Project Alpha, undercover
Larry Babich
Written by admin on September 20, 2011 — Leave a Comment
Larry Babich (Sportswriter. Born, The Bronx, NY, Nov. 26, 1935.) A long-time sportswriter and columnist for the Jersey Journal, Lawrence Babich also had an extensive career as a baseball coach. During his nearly four decades at the Journal (1960-99), Babich covered Hudson County high schools and colleges and, occasionally, big league teams in all major […]
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"Sri Lanka | The Most Underrated Country in the World"
— Oct. 30, 2017
What if I told you Sri Lanka might be the most underrated country in the world? With beauty beyond comprehension and culture thicker than a bogan accent, it is by far my most memorable trip from this year.
The sensory overload was immediate and the connection was inevitable, so I made it my task to visually convey the warmth of the people and their culture.
So please enjoy this 3-minute clip I made that is sure to stimulate all your senses to show you the sights, sounds, and serenity of the unbelievable country of Sri Lanka.
A massive thanks to http://SriLankaInStyle.com, Sherwani, Jagath, and every other beautiful soul who made sure my stay was incredible.
"The Most Epic Travel Video of 2016!"
— Jan. 2, 2017
No matter who you are or where you're from, when it's all said and done, your life will be remembered by 3 things…
1. The year you were born
2. The year you will die
3. And the dash in between
In 2016, I traveled through 27 countries loving, living, and laughing with new friends around the world, on a mission to create the most adventurous-looking dash you've ever seen.
When I booked a one-way ticket to Europe in 2013, 10 days after graduating college, I knew no dollar amount would stop me from chasing my dream of traveling the world.
I went broke several times trying to find my happy ending, before realizing the true magic was in the story.
And then I finally discovered the secret to life: Do something that pays the bills, and something that makes you happy.
Then repeat this cycle until the latter does both. Every single moment of your life has determined where you stand today.
That's called destiny. But there comes a point in time where opportunities, risks, and sacrifices start playing their parts in steering the inevitable direction of your future.
You can always say, "oh it wasn't meant to be" for you to chase that dream, but oh — WHAT IF IT WAS? What IF you were you meant to apply for that position? What IF you were meant to take that trip? What IF you dared to live a life so terrifying, that all your dreams actually came true? WHAT IF?
In a world that praises the luck but not the hustle, and envies the dream but not the chase, be the outlier. Have patience in the process and belief in the pursuit, because the best part about "living the dream" is knowing how much you sacrificed to get there.
Please do me a favor and share this with one friend and then comment below with the dream you're FINALLY ready to chase this year.
Speak it into existence, and it WILL happen! And if that dream is travel for you too, then welcome to the club with the most addicting obsession 😉
Travel grows your perspective as you gain a new level of empathy. Travel gives you a front seat at the most raw form of education there will ever be.
Travel is one of the many ways we can bring this world closer together, as we embrace our similarities and appreciate our differences.
Don't let the media continue to scare you into thinking the world is a bad and dangerous place. 95% of people are inherently good, and your job is to meet them halfway… maybe literally 😉
"Revisiting My High School & Dark Past"
— Feb. 9, 2016
To be honest, I shot this 2 weeks ago, and every time I tried to put this together, I broke down in tears. This has by far been one of the hardest things I've ever had to publish.
So many people came into my life when I became established and somewhat successful. But not many people knew the repulsive train wreck I was for the majority of my life.
When I went to revisit my high school and speak to some of the classes I sat in as a student, I was forced to relive a dark part of my past that I sometimes forget existed.
There are so many golden lines in this video, so please, watch it in its entirety when you have a chance. Because there's a message in it for everyone, no matter who you are or what you're going through in life.
You'll laugh, cry, and hopefully understand a bit about why I'm so passionate about life.
"The 5 Most African-American Friendly Countries"
— Jan. 23, 2016
One of the most emailed questions I get to my inbox, is about countries that are African-American friendly. So what exactly does that mean? Watch the video and see!
And while it's important to realize every African-American will have their own unique experience, I just wanted to highlight the most pleasant experiences I've received through my 30 countries of travels.
"The 5 Most Confusingly Hilarious British Pronunciations"
— Jan. 15, 2016
While the British accent is heavenly enough for Jesus Himself, there are five words I just can't get over when it comes to the British pronunciation in some regions of the UK.
Through the laughs and embarrassments on my own discoveries while living in England, I hope you can enjoy, relate, or be entertained by this.
Disclaimer: If you're British and think my accent is horrendous, please join the club innit! Nope, still can't use that word right.
"Welcome to The Blog Abroad's YouTube Channel!"
— Jan. 7, 2016
This was my first YouTube video made as an introduction to me, my blog, and what kind of messages you can expect on this channel. Ultimately, my hope is that you guys can come away from my videos educated, inspired, or entertained.