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Wednesday, April 20, 2011
Bird Tote
11 comments:
What a beautiful bag, Jess! Love the magnetic enclosure to keep the bag tidy. :)ReplyDelete
So gorgeous! I love the pattern & the color scheme you used!ReplyDelete
Super cute. Bird is perfectly placed. Love it!ReplyDelete
I LOVE that pattern! Such a cute bag! Thanks for sharing!ReplyDelete
This is adorable! I love the print and the bright lining.ReplyDelete
I just found your blog and am your newest follower. Thanks for sharing this fun bag. It is STUNNING!!ReplyDelete
Simply love it! :-)ReplyDelete
Love the fabric! Looks like a perfect little tote to take to the bookstore :)ReplyDelete
I love this! It looks like it is professional! And birds are so in right now. And i love your blog! Cant wait to read along!ReplyDelete
I love this, and your blog too!Happy Friday,Happy Good Friday, Happy Earth Day, Happy Jelly Bean Day ( yes it's actually jelly bean day)Hugs from Katherine. P.S have you entered my giveaway?ReplyDelete
i love it. i am the same way i love the look of shoulder bags but when it comes down to it i just dont use them. if i leave the houes without the diaper bag i'm carrying everything in my pockets :(ReplyDelete


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H.E. R. Davidson Ogunlade
Ogunlade R. Davidson is a Professor of Mechanical Engineering and is currently the Dean of Post-Graduate Studies at University of Sierra Leone. Previously, he was Director of Research at the University, Head of Department of Mechanical and Maintenance Engineering, and Dean of the Faculty of Engineering. He is also the Chairman of the Board of the Sierra Leone Environmental Protection Agency (SLEPA). Internationally, he is the Vice-Chair of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), and Co-Chair of Steering Committee of the Global Network on Energy for Sustainable Development (GNESD). Between 2000 and 2003 he was Professor and Director of the Energy and Development Research Centre (EDRC) of University of Cape Town, South Africa. Before then, he was a Senior Fulbright Scholar at University of California, Berkeley and a MacArthur Scholar at Princeton University and Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory in USA. He has worked as visiting Professor at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden, ENDA-TM in Senegal, and National Technical University of Denmark. He has worked as a Consultant for UNESCO, UNIDO, ILO, UNECA, UNDP, UNEP, GEF, UNFCCC, NEPAD, ADB, and the World Bank.

subset: commoncrawl


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Wow, this month somehow has flown by....and as usual chaos reigns. Between being iced in and getting sick, there is still a LOT to do. I know somehow it will work out, but man it's going to be a stressful few days.
We have checked some stuff off our list though.
We visited Santa:
We wrote him a couple letters:
Munch wants a red bike and more Legos. He circled every kit that was $100 plus in his catalog. :o/
Nox spent the whole day saying he wanted presents to share....we got to Santa and all of a sudden he wanted a GUN! Also, a "great green present".
We went to The Gaylord and saw Ice:
We went to The Gaylord and saw Ice:
Which we all enjoyed until I dropped my camera and broke my kit lens. Thankfully, Santa got me a new lens and got it to me early, so I can take pictures of our Christmases with family.
We had our very first fire when we were iced in.
Seriously, the first in almost TEN years of living together.
Now, if I can get us all feeling better, finish shopping and clean before Tuesday...this month will have turned out pretty well.
REALLY looking forward to seeing my little sister this weekend. So happy she'll be home for the holidays!


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Status: Closed
Know more about this business than we do? Cool! Please submit any corrections or missing details you may have.Help us make it right
50 000+ song selectionkaraoke monday-saturday
Be the first AL.com user to add photos or videos of Starz Karaoke Lounge
This place is a redneck dive! I don't see how Black people would wanna go there. The owners could care less about Black people but they want your money. Wake up Black people. Stop spending your...
Excellent place for karaoke. DJ is excellent and treated us NJ Teachers like royalty. And yes, we were diverse, from different races, nationalities, and creeds:-). She was excellent!!!!!!
50000+ Song Selection
50 000+ Song Selection
Kitchen Always Open
Starz Karaoke Lounge can be found at Valley Ave 730. The following is offered: Night Clubs. The entry is present with us since Sep 8, 2010 and was last updated on Nov 14, 2013. In Birmingham there are 30 other Night Clubs. An overview can be found here.


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One year ago on September 18th I held my very first Happy Babies class! It is hard to believe that it has already been ONE YEAR since I began this new adventure and I just want to thank all of the families who have brought their children to classes; for helping me grow Happy Babies and for being a part of this program. I appreciate each of you and have loved the opportunity to meet you and watch your little ones grow.
Thank you to everyone who came out to our 1st Birthday Bash last Saturday! It was a beautiful fall day and we had a nice time! I enjoyed visiting with friends and making new ones! Here are a few pictures from the event! Some taken by me and several by E&H Photography!
Check out the rest of the photos from E&H Photography Here


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Category Archives: PemPress Awareness
The IPPF had the pleasure of interviewing Lindsey Horan, AADR's Assistant Director of Government Affairs about their 2018 Advocacy Day and important legislative issues.
Tagged:Advocacyawarenessdentalpemphigoidpemphigusrare diseaseresearch
It wasn't easy getting to this meeting. After a four-hour train ride, I decided to walk to my hotel, nearly two miles away. It was rush hour, days after a major snowstorm. Boston was cold, and the streets were crowded with traffic barely visible beyond mounds of blackened snow. The walk was neither refreshing nor picturesque; it ended with a gauntlet of addicts outside the methadone clinic near my hotel. No sooner did I arrive in my hotel room when the phone rang. He was early, and I was spent. Everyone has a story.
Tagged:awarenessboston universitydental schoolpatient educatorpemphigoidpemphigus
It started with a vision to make more people aware of pemphigus and pemphigoid (P/P). Those following the IPPF Awareness Campaign may know it was designed as a three-year initiative with January 2017 as a tentative end date. Well, January has come and gone, and the Awareness Campaign—or should I say, Program—is here to stay.
The end of the year is a great time to look back at our programs and assess the progress we've made toward reducing diagnostic delays of pemphigus and pemphigoid. Our patient educators continued to reach more and more dental students at schools across the country.
Working for the IPPF has been something I have been interested in doing for about five years, since my pemphigus vulgaris finally got under control. I knew from my first contact with the Foundation that this is an amazing group of people. I am proud of the way our community pulls together and rallies for each other; it's amazing how we sincerely care about one another.
Tagged:awarenesscommunityeducationippfoutreachpatient educatorpemphigus vulgaristreatment
Sharon Williamson's journey to a pemphigoid diagnosis started in July of 2014 when her mouth began to bleed whenever she brushed her teeth. Like many undiagnosed P/P patients, Sharon first shared her symptoms with her dentist. This dentist did not recognize Sharon's symptoms and told her to floss more frequently.
Tagged:delayed diagnosisdentistmucous membrane pemphigoidpatient storysjogren's
The Sy Syms Foundation has awarded a $75,000 grant to the International Pemphigus & Pemphigoid Foundation (IPPF) in support of the IPPF's Early Diagnosis Awareness Campaign. This will be the fourth consecutive year the Sy Syms Foundation has supported the Campaign.
The biggest problem with dental implants in pemphigus and pemphigoid (P/P) patients is that P/P are often treated with corticosteroids or other immune suppressants for prolonged periods of time.
Monday, February 29, 2016, was "Leap Day," the rarest day of the year. But for the rare disease community, it was much, much more: it was International Rare Disease Day.


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Sugar molds are quite the rage these days. They can be used for planting succulents, holding pencils and paintbrushes, candles....the possibilities are endless. I just ordered one from Three Potato Four and cannot wait till I get it next month! So go on.....get to her blog and sign up for it.
And speaking of giveaways, my very first one will be on the 1st of January, 2011! And I will be giving away one of my new pastel drawings....so stay tuned!


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4 out of 5 stars
Guest Book Review by Susan McMichael
Volcanic Lava Logs and an awesome holiday...
A mysterious figure is looking at a featureless wall.... then Agathea Fulstropp arrives with the bang of the car door. She doesn't want to go on holiday seeing things: "I want to go the beach with granddad." She knows quite well where she wants to go: to school, on another planet and her parents aren't going to stop her. However, lots of other people have plans for Thea and she is kidnapped....
Who has kidnapped her? Where is she? Returned to the school with little knowledge of what happened Thea is simply delighted to be back. All, however, is not well, with a new girl spoiling everything. Will Thea ever again be friends with Annalije? Will she be able to find out who kidnapped her, before she is kidnapped again?
Linda M. David's The Hidden Realms of Firestone is an engrossing Fantasy/Science-Fiction book for teenagers. It will also appeal to those teenage readers who enjoy the School Story genre. Beyond this David's novel can be read and greatly appreciated by adults who wish to recapture a little of their youth.
"Thea had a great adventure and even managed to help you out of your ...erm...situation but now ... well maybe it's time for her life to get back to normal."
"I was ...quite intrigued about your encounter with the legendary Winged-Zaphina. You must have been absolutely terrified!"
"Well no, not really", said Thea taking another mouthful of her Lava. Shake, "it turned out to be a very kind and friendly creature - not frightening at all."(Chapter 2)
In Planet Aruuliah, David presents a complete (other) world, filled with interesting characters, and with new animals (the Cheebles, the Gruzzlings), food and people. The book is interestingly described and well structured.
The issues that the novel deals with (friendship, loneliness, and difference and acceptance) introduce a strong and engaging character. Thea is real and not always likeable. She is sulky, rude and precious about her friendship and her clothes:
"Every item of her clothing was strewn across the bed...and an oblivious Annalije posing before the floor length mirror...
"What do you think you're doing?" spluttered an incensed Thea as she strode in; snatching the garment from her with such force she almost ripped it in two." (Chapter 3)
Thea has an opinion, and is able to do things and get things done. The above scene is well written and explores the dynamics of friendship. During the course of the novel various friendships are explored in detail. Thea's relationship with Jojan is a lovely look at friendship: the two share an interest in the Garden of Meditation. Jojan helps Thea at the beginning. David explores a changing relationship very well and the ending is pleasing.
The Hidden Realms of Firestone also explores the importance of family. Thea has an interesting relationship with her parents. Her mother is distant at the beginning and we are not surprised Thea wants to go to another planet! Having both parents employed as archaeologists is a nice touch. Thea's relationship with her grandfather is a particularly well drawn one: it shows how different generations can coexist and enjoy each other's company, and it emphasises the importance of grandparents to the family structure.
The novel's predominant structure is that of the milieu: we are interested in the world of Planet Aruuliah and its Academy; in the food, including Volcanic Lava Logs, Foaming Froth Cups, Thunderbolt Sizzlers and Chilly Shocks; in pills which turn into food; and in the technology that surrounds Thea and which she makes use of. There are also elements from the story which are beautifully structured; for example, when things happen in the villages, that the class are creating, it is reflected in the larger world of Planet Aruuliah and the Academy.
David owes some debt to J.K. Rowling: some elements in the novel reminded me of Harry Potter; for example, the Gardens of Meditation & Tranquillity, were similar to the forest outside Hogwarts. However, in this genre I don't see being reminded of other books as a problem; being reminded is more of an expectation that a world has been created, and the expectation is fulfilled.
The Hidden Realms of Firestone has an omniscient narrator. Our main focus is on Thea who is well drawn. We understand her, learn about her and sympathise with her desire to be at school, with her friend Annalije, and when things go wrong with Annalije and Ruganwyn, we are on Thea's side.
David, however, has skilfully drawn characters and their relationships keep us reading. What is so weird about Ruganwyn? Why does she treat Thea the way she does? The answer is interesting and reminds the reader that though the Fantasy/Science-Fiction novel depicts another world, it mirrors our own.
As a reader of the School Story genre, I liked this story. Thea was an engaging student and many of the lesson pieces and school sets appealed. The school friends are also well drawn as characters. The relationships between all of them (Jojan and Thea, Thea and Annalije, Ruganwyn and Annalije) are complex and treat loneliness, difference and friendship sympathetically.
The animals and magic dolls are an interesting aspect of the plot, and add to the believable world which David creates.
The novel is well structured. Although it is the second in a series, I didn't feel I needed to read the first. That said I am interested to go back and read the first one. David's hints at what happened in the first novel were intriguing and have left me curious: "Qualon... or Maladour ...whatever his name was! What if he's found a way to return from the grave and has come back to finish what he started?" David makes good use of various devices to move the plot along, including an object or objects with some great power, kidnappers, evil and technology:
"You see, portals have such an adverse effect on Earth's atmosphere that only a limited amount can be opened per year, each of which has to be sanctioned by the authorities."
The characters in the novel all come from different planets and so there is a great deal made of how 'people' look. Ursula K Le Guin one of the foremost writers of Fantasy/Science-Fiction has "often made use of alien cultures to examine structural characteristics of human culture and society and their impact on the individual" (Wikipedia, Marilyn Strathern, 'Gender as it Might be' RAIN, No. 28, 1978 pp. 4-7, accessed August 13 2013). David's Planet Aruuliah asks us to look at society and people:
"There were so many students in the Halls of Dining that she did not know where to look first. There was an absolute multitude of skin colours, from the palest to the darkest imaginable in a variety of patterns and markings. There were also a range of appendages and attachments, from tails and horns to tentacles and feelers, additional skin augmentations in the form of spikes and ridges, fur and feathers, not to mention talons, claws and webbed feet!"
Everyone makes fun of Thea because of what she can't do, for example change her skin colour like Ruganwyn, who comes from the Planet Chameleon, and also because Earth is technologically challenged, so Thea has issues with technology. However, with the help of various friends Thea is able to defeat the enemy and work out who the enemy is. There is also an interesting discussion of exactly who is alien on Planet Aruuliah. The Hidden Realms of Firestone does a great deal for tolerance and understanding about diversity.
Linda David's The Hidden Realms of Firestone is a strong novel about friendship, combining elements of the School Story, Fantasy and Science Fiction. The book is well written and provides both a story in itself, as well as tantalising hints of what happened in a first book in the series. It will appeal to a wide raging of readers, having a strong plot line, and an opinionated and thoughtful main character. I highly recommended this book and am happy to rate it as 4 out of five stars.


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Beyond Metal: Contemporary Australian Jewellery and Holloware
Event cancelled
Beyond Metal showcases the work of 27 of Australia's finest jewellery and holloware practitioners.
Australia's jewellery and holloware combines the raw aesthetic of the natural, the coarse, and the recycled, with the very clean modern lines of highly executed design.
Beyond Metal showcases the work of 27 of Australia's finest practitioners, taking us through a range of materials from precious metals to anodised aluminium, pearl buttons to embroidered stainless steel wire, twigs and beeswax to feathers and plastics.
It is a dynamic show that demonstrates not just the elegant designs, but also the fine craftsmanship of artists including Carlier Makigawa, Simon Cottrell, Marian Hosking, Rowena Gough, Susan Cohn, Robert Foster, and Stephen Gallagher.
Beyond Metal has toured internationally to Chennai, New Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore, Singapore and Kuala Lumpur to great acclaim.
Getting there
The gallery is located diagonally opposite Melbourne Central Railway Station and can be reached by trams traveling on Swanston and La Trobe Streets, including the City Circle Tram.
Limited street parking is available.


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NetSpot helps you visualize, manage, troubleshoot, audit, plan, and deploy your wireless networks.
The program lets you perform a network survey to visualize wireless coverage and signal strength in different areas of your home or office.
Simply load your office plan or area map before starting... [Read more...]
Search for software
Copyright 1997-2019 WebAttack, Inc. WEBATTACK and SNAPFILES are registered trademarks of WebAttack Inc. All rights reserved. All other trademarks are the sole property of their respective owners.


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Hotlist Of First Time Buyer Homes
Get your copy by completing the form on this page.If you are looking to break into the housing market, it is important that you are ready to act when the right house comes along. Affordable homes, in desirable neighborhoods, sell quickly due to high demand.
Our FREE automated House-Hunter Service for 1st Time Buyers, provides you with the competitive edge by giving you priority access to all of the hottest new listings in your desired price range, and area. This priority access allows you to beat-out other buyers, and can help you save thousands of dollars off the purchase price of your home.
To receive a FREE Hotlist that matches your criteria, simply fill out the form on this page. You'll then be given a chance to specify your criteria on the next page.
|Phone: 972-899-0634
Offices Throughout Dallas & Fort Worth
©2008 Coldwell Banker Real Estate LLC. Coldwell Banker® is a registered trademark licensed to Coldwell Banker Real Estate LLC.
|An Equal Opportunity Company. Equal Housing Opportunity . Each Office Is Independently Owned And Operated. Some Conditions Apply


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Stunning Russian babe Paulina is relaxing on the sofa while her hot maid Andis is dusting and folding up some washing. Paulina thinks that her raven haired maid should be put to better use and as Andis... Show more
Tags: Clothed Pissing - Clothing Mopping - Girl Girl pissing - Golden Shower - Licking Up Piss - Mopping - Pee Swapping - Piss Play - Piss Spitting - Piss drinking - Pissing In Shorts - Pissing girls - Pissing in glass - Pissing in mouth - Pissing on Pussy - Pissing on self - Pussy Wash - Sensual - Sucking On Clothing - Toys - Wet toy
Duration: 33 min 27 sec
more more more of this beautiful woman. amazing!


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- Home
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Haverhill Research Park
Haverhill Research Park
Haverhill Research Park is the new home for technology companies on the Suffolk, Essex and Cambridgeshire border. Cambridge facing and with a Cambridge post code, Haverhill Research Park is bringing the Cambridge science park environment to Haverhill.
Master planned to create a low density, high quality landscaped and sustainable environment where people and businesses can interact and thrive, Haverhill Research Park provides up to 450,000sq ft. of office/laboratory/ technology and supporting accommodation for a wide spectrum of companies from start-ups to global players.
With all infrastructure now in place, companies can benefit from a 'fast –track' approach to development; the first company to occupy a new building on the site will qualify for up to £275,000 in Business Rates relief over five years.
Detailed planning has been approved for a 30,000sq ft. Innovation Centre, The Epicentre which will be the first landmark building for the park. Arranged over four storeys it will comprise high specification offices and dry R&D accommodation in a range of sizes, from 170, sq ft. to 7,000 sq. ft., together with conference and meeting rooms, training facilities and a work- hub area for shared working. There will also be a coffee shop overlooking the pond which will create a focal point for the Epicentre as well as other businesses located on the park. Ultra-fast broadband will soon be connected to the site. Virtual tenancies are available now.
Taylor Wimpey is building 150 new homes adjacent the site, and a Marston's family pub/ restaurant has been built at the park entrance. There is also provision for an onsite nursery/ crèche. A Sainsbury's store and the residential areas of Hanchett End are within walking distance, and two academy secondary schools are located in Haverhill, with the town centre being only a five minute drive.
Haverhill offers a thriving business community with a core of high value companies engaged in research and development and a valuable skills base. The Haverhill Research Park Team is fully engaged and committed to working with the full range of local, regional and national economic development, business support, higher and further education and technology sector interest groups who will together help deliver the Haverhill Research Park vision; University Campus Suffolk has already indicated its intention to have a presence on the park, and discussions are progressing with a number of other research organisations.
Haverhill is Suffolk's fastest growing town and is only ten miles from the A11, 15 miles from Cambridge, and 28 miles from London Stansted Airport and 43 miles from the M11/M25 junction.
Enquiries are invited from organisations seeking prestigious high quality office, technology, R&D, or production accommodation in excess of 10,000 square feet (1,000 square metres). See our website www.haverhillresearchpark.com
Haverhill Research Park
The Epicentre
Three Counties Way
Suffolk CB9 7FB
|Nic Rumsey
|07584 232339
View larger map »


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I have been trying to figure out something to make my mom for mother's day and I wasn't having much luck. But then she called me to vent about what it was like to live with a house full of males. And that got me to thinking…
My mom does not have too many things to herself especially girly things. So I decided to make her some fancy washcloths that the boys would not want to use.
*Either a pre-made washcloth or terry cloth or any other fabric you would like to wash your face with, something nice and soft.
*One Fat Quarter (approx 18" x 22") or 1/8 of a yard of cotton fabric
*Elmer's glue
*Steam a seam or any fabric adhesive (optional) for appliqué
Step 1: Cut your fabric washcloth and binding
Cut your washcloth main body out of your terry cloth. I used a super soft French terry cloth. To whatever size you like I cut mine to 12.5" x 11.5"
*Iron your fat quarter so it isn't creased.
Cut three strips (if your wash cloth has larger dimensions you will need an extra strip) 3"x 22"
Cut the salvage edge off.
Now you have your washcloth fabric and your material for the binding/bias tape.
Step 2: Make your binding/bias tape
There are lots of great tutorials on how to make your own this is the one I used in addition to my quilting book. I did take pictures along the way while making mine so I will walk through it. But keep in mind I am not a professional at making binding ;)
Connect all of the strips together to form one long piece of binding.
A. Iron (or finger press) a 45 degree crease in one end of your fabric, this will be your seam guide.
B. Lay your strips right sides together perpendicular to each other matching up the corner edges.
C. Sew on the crease backstitching at both ends
D. Trim the seam down to 1/4", fold it open and press
E. Repeat steps A-D to attach the last strip
F. Fold the binding in half length wise, wrong sides together (making double bias binding).
I use heavy starch as I do this, that way the binding is nice and stiff and it doesn't wrinkle.
Attach the binding to the washcloth
You want to leave a long tail of unattached binding. I would start one inch away from the corner, unless you are experienced with binding (in which case I doubt you would be reading this ;o) I learned this after making mine. The extra wiggle room is really helpful.
Use the Elmer's glue (don't worry it washes out the first time you wash your washcloth) to keep thefabrics together. To do so simply place a thin line of glue along the washcloths raw edge (staying within your 1/2" seam allowance) stopping one inch from the corner. Place your fabric on top of the glue making sure to match the raw edges of the washcloth and checking that the binding is nice and straight.
Using your iron press your fabric where you applied the glue fusing the binding to the washcloth.
Now we need to mark our stopping point for mitering the corner.
Fold the fabric back over its self at at 45 degree angle and press the crease.
Unfold the fabric this crease will be the stopping point. For our first seam.
Sew the first seam using a 1/2 inch seam allowance. Begin sewing at the same spot where you fussed the fabrics together with the glue and stop at the crease. Make sure to backstitch at each end. Trim the thread ends off.
Now fold back the binding like we did to make the crease.
fold it over again, laying it on itself and matching the raw edge of the washcloth to the folded edge of the binding and press it. You will begin your next stitch at this corner.
The first corner is done now repeat the previous steps to continue sewing the binding to the wash cloth. Remember to only sew one inch after the last corner. We want long loose tails to join them together easily.
Step 3. Joining the binding ends
Lay the binding ends so they meet in the center of the unstitched space, leaving 1/4" gap between the two ends. You will have to fold the ends over so you can see the gap. Finger press this crease or use the iron if you like.
Cut off one end at the fold. Unfold the scrap you just cut off and use it to trim the other strip so it has a tail as long as the binding width starting at the fold.
fold one end over at a 45 degree angle and press the crease. Unfold the fabric, this will be your seam line.
With both binding ends opened up place them right sides together and stitch on the crease making sure to backstitch at each end.
Trim off the excess fabric down to a 1/4". Fold the binding back together and press. Reposition your fabric and use the Elmer's glue to hold the fabrics together and finish stitching the binding to the washcloth.
Step 4. Stitch the binding down on the back side of the washcloth
Fold the binding over from the front to the backside. I used the Elmer's glue method to tack my binding in place, leaving approximately 1" loose at each corner.
I used a pin to mark where I began stitching so I could tell where I need to end at.
Start sewing, I used the ladder stitch, that way it is hidden.
staying on my seam line and only going through the terry cloth.
You can't even see it on the front :)
Stitch all the way around making sure to pull the thread tight as you go.
Step 5. Add an appliqué if you like
I used Steam a Seam to adhere it to the washcloth, I also will stitch around it for extra durability.
Step 6. Make another to complete a set.
Other options
*use smaller binding cut 2" wide strips for binding (example in picture above) using a 1/4" seam allowance
*Use a pre made washcloth and just add appliqués
*Or make your dimension a bit bigger and make a hand towel


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text: Briquetting is a modest process of converting Agro waste into useful briquettes. Briquettes are formed by using raw material by a crushing machine. After crushing, the materials are than dried when the moisture content is too high for briquettes production. Now the briquettes are processed by using various types of briquetting machines such as the screw pressing machines, stamping pressing machines and hydraulic briquetting machines.


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How to create a report on a goal
Information on goals in the Yandex.Metrica interface is available in the Conversions report, as well as in all standard and custom reports based on sessions.
- Report on a single goal
To show goal statistics, click the Choose goal list in the report table header and select the goal you are interested in.
- Report on multiple goals
Add conversion metrics to the report: in the menu, choose a metric and select the goals to view data for.
The report will show information about each of the goals you are interested in:
- Segmenting by conversions:
Click the Segment button and select .
If you have questions about using goals, contact the support service.


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Microservices/Cloud-DevOps-Automation-CI/CD-High Performance Computing-Machine/Deep Learning & Fintech
Monday, September 30, 2013
Catching segmentation fault, it's analysis & bunch of other stuff
We all know what is segmentation fault (SIGSEGV) very well, one liner definition of it would be when process writes to a memory location which isn't mapped into its address space, segmentation fault occurs. This is actually a SIGSEGV signal sent to offending process by kernel. To analyze & debug the core dump file is needed, now if due to some reasons core file is not getting generated then you can use catchsegv script provided in Linux to analyze this violation situation. This nifty little script gives us exact details when SIGSEGV signal is received.
Important excerpt from catchsegv script which does all the magic :
LD_PRELOAD=${LD_PRELOAD:+${LD_PRELOAD}:}/\$LIB/libSegFault.so \
SEGFAULT_OUTPUT_NAME=$segv_output \
"$prog" ${1+"$@"} 2>&3 3>&-)
libSegFault.so itself generates segmentation fault if executed, but if it is preloaded using LD_PRELOAD then SIGSEGV signal can be caught on any executable following it. This library is provided by-default in any standard Linux distribution.
libSegFault.so is part of glibc package. When preloaded it basically takes the responsibility of signal handling before the main user program is invoked, if program doesn't handle the kernel signal, libSegFault.so catches it and prints debugging information on console.
Now lets execute this code and see it under catchsegv, gdb, valgrind, pmap & /proc/self/maps.
Both sleep timers will give us plenty of time to see memory mapping of file dst_file changing from RW-S to R--S.
catchsegv :
I ran segmentation fault generator under catchsegv utility and output is given below. Here you can see that memcpy() call after mprotect() call generated the SIGSEGV as map was read only. Now a quick scan through below excerpt will reveal that "/tmp/dst_file" is mapped by mmap() in read mode(r) & shared(s), not for writing at all. This is done by mprotect() call. Now for those who don't know what is shared(s) flag on mapped pages here is a one liner explanation - it indicates that the changes made to this page are committed to the mapped file and are visible to all other processes sharing this mapping. Registers starting with R indicates this as 64 bit operation. 64 bit general purpose register R15 is holding address of starting point of dst_file mapping and accumulator register is holding a address which is in address range of dst_file. These are the registers at the time of segmentation fault. RAX stores string load & store operations, RDI stores points to destination in string operations. Explaining of all registers is all together a different topic. Hopefully you got the idea of debugging using this nifty utility.
gdb :
To debug above code under gdb compile using command to include DWARF debugging symbols inside the code.
Note 1 : To switch to Intel Assembly syntax, use following in gdb.
Note 2 : A very good way to analyze assembly code in gdb is to do it along with C code. So that each statement is properly implicated to assembly. To do this use following command in gdb just after memcpy() call.
pmap :
I have sleep() calls in program to give us time to analyze the process mappings using pmap command. After executing the code, it will sleep for 60 seconds after mmap() call, in this time we will observe that before the mprotect() call the dst_file mapping was RW and it changes to R afterwards. Use following command to see the process mappings.
Note : "S" indicates that the map is shared, "P" will indicate it is private.
Extension to above section for more detailed reporting is to use /proc/<<pid>>/smaps. Here we can see Dirty section and other bunch of relevant stuff related to performance of memcpy().
RW mapping :
Valgrind :
Valgrind may not be completely useful here to debug illegal access to memory in our case, but it does report the call on which SEGFAULT occurred. Command line to use.
So that's it for now, I learned a ton of new stuff. It's really been a long post which I didn't intended too but no worries this is the good stuff. Keep debugging.
I have wrote a simple code to demonstrate this using mprotect() call. Luckily when idea about this post came into my mind I was writing a code to understand Memory Mapped I/O in Linux and its performance implication, so I decided to use it for generating segmentation fault. Following is the flow of code.
- A file will be present in current directory to which text content needs to be appended.
- Fix string to be appended to file contents.
- Optional query and print Kernel Page Size, as mapped pages will be aligned with this page boundary.
- Open file in RW permission and A mode.
- Initialize fstat() structure for original file size.
- Calculate offset for ftruncate() call by adding original size and length of string to be appended.
- Truncate the file to accommodate new contents.
- Again initialize fstat() structure with new file size.
- Memory map the file from beginning with new file size as RW.
- Put program in sleep to analyze the process memory mappings using pmap or /proc filesystem.
- If SEGFAULT is needed call mprotect() and make previously RW memory pages to Read Only.
- Again put program in sleep to analyze mappings with new permissions.
- Append string contents to memory file using memcpy() call at offset calculated based on initial length of file. This operation fails if mprotect() is executed i.e. memcpy() is going to write on read only memory page causing kernel to generate SIGSEGV, otherwise it will continue to next step.
- msync() call will flush all new changes back to disk with Synchronous I/O i.e. actual disk commit unlike Asynchronous I/O where you write to Kernel Buffer layer. Refer to my earlier post for more details.
- msync() call doesn't generate SIGSEGV even after mprotect() is executed as it only reads memory pages.
- Unmap the whole region.
- Close file descriptor.
- Optionally measure timing at each stage.
Full source code can be downloaded from here.
//If user needs to generate segmentation fault, then only execute this mprotect() section
if (atoi(argv[1]) == 1)
//Convert mapping protocol to read only
//mmap_start : Starting address of mapping
//myfilestat2.st_size : Length to which mapping protocol needs to be changed, so whole pages are changed
//PROT_READ : New protocol is read only
//FYI : Any write operation on these pages after this call will be aborted with SIGSEGV signal
mprotect (mmap_start, myfilestat2.st_size, PROT_READ);
if (errno)
printf ("Error from mprotect(): %s\n",strerror(errno));
return 1;
printf ("Mprotect() successful, mmap'ed converted to PROT_READ, SIGSEGV Imminent on memcpy()\n");
//Print Memory Map
system ("sleep 60");
Now lets execute this code and see it under catchsegv, gdb, valgrind, pmap & /proc/self/maps.
Both sleep timers will give us plenty of time to see memory mapping of file dst_file changing from RW-S to R--S.
catchsegv :
I ran segmentation fault generator under catchsegv utility and output is given below. Here you can see that memcpy() call after mprotect() call generated the SIGSEGV as map was read only. Now a quick scan through below excerpt will reveal that "/tmp/dst_file" is mapped by mmap() in read mode(r) & shared(s), not for writing at all. This is done by mprotect() call. Now for those who don't know what is shared(s) flag on mapped pages here is a one liner explanation - it indicates that the changes made to this page are committed to the mapped file and are visible to all other processes sharing this mapping. Registers starting with R indicates this as 64 bit operation. 64 bit general purpose register R15 is holding address of starting point of dst_file mapping and accumulator register is holding a address which is in address range of dst_file. These are the registers at the time of segmentation fault. RAX stores string load & store operations, RDI stores points to destination in string operations. Explaining of all registers is all together a different topic. Hopefully you got the idea of debugging using this nifty utility.
[root@testsrv ~]# catchsegv ./sigsegv_generator 1
Appending initial file contents from src_file to dst_file using system() call
[+]cat redirection time: 0.002880 sec
Opened /tmp/dst_file for reading/writing
file desc = 3
Actual string length str=13 content to append with new line = "No Segfault
Original File size before truncate = 221
Successfully truncated file to digest new contents, new file size = 234
Mmap() successful
[+]mmap time: 0.000005 sec
Mprotect() successful, mmap'ed converted to PROT_READ, SIGSEGV Imminent on memcpy()
*** Segmentation fault
Register dump:
RAX: 00002b12ead980dd RBX: 000000000040146a RCX: 000000000000004e
RDX: 000000000000000d RSI: 000000000040146a RDI: 00002b12ead980dd
RBP: 0000000000000003 R8 : 000000000040146a R9 : 53202c444145525f
R10: 00007fffe9b94a40 R11: 00002b12eae24530 R12: 00002b12eb12df08
R13: 00007fffe9b94df0 R14: 00007fffe9b94de0 R15: 00002b12ead98000
RSP: 00007fffe9b94cb8
RIP: 00002b12eae24541 EFLAGS: 00010202
Trap: 0000000e Error: 00000006 OldMask: 00000000 CR2: ead980dd
FPUCW: 0000037f FPUSW: 00000000 TAG: 00000000
ST(0) 0000 000000000000003b ST(1) 0000 0000000000000005
ST(2) 0000 0000000000000005 ST(3) 0000 0000000000001d79
mxcsr: 1fa0
XMM0: 000000000000000000000000ff000000 XMM1: 000000000000000000000000ff000000
XMM2: 000000000000000000000000ff000000 XMM3: 000000000000000000000000ff000000
XMM4: 000000000000000000000000ff000000 XMM5: 000000000000000000000000ff000000
XMM6: 000000000000000000000000ff000000 XMM7: 000000000000000000000000ff000000
XMM8: 000000000000000000000000ff000000 XMM9: 000000000000000000000000ff000000
XMM10: 000000000000000000000000ff000000 XMM11: 000000000000000000000000ff000000
XMM12: 000000000000000000000000ff000000 XMM13: 000000000000000000000000ff000000
XMM14: 000000000000000000000000ff000000 XMM15: 000000000000000000000000ff000000
Memory map:
00400000-00402000 r-xp 00000000 00:5a 25958017 /root/sigsegv_generator
00601000-00602000 rw-p 00001000 00:5a 25958017 /root/sigsegv_generator
00b56000-00b7b000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0 [heap]
2b12ea970000-2b12ea990000 r-xp 00000000 00:5a 25300304 /lib64/ld-2.12.so
2b12ea990000-2b12ea991000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0
2b12eab8f000-2b12eab90000 r--p 0001f000 00:5a 25300304 /lib64/ld-2.12.so
2b12eab90000-2b12eab91000 rw-p 00020000 00:5a 25300304 /lib64/ld-2.12.so
2b12eab91000-2b12eab92000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0
2b12eab92000-2b12eab96000 r-xp 00000000 00:5a 25300249 /lib64/libSegFault.so
2b12eab96000-2b12ead95000 ---p 00004000 00:5a 25300249 /lib64/libSegFault.so
2b12ead95000-2b12ead96000 r--p 00003000 00:5a 25300249 /lib64/libSegFault.so
2b12ead96000-2b12ead97000 rw-p 00004000 00:5a 25300249 /lib64/libSegFault.so
2b12ead97000-2b12ead98000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0
2b12ead98000-2b12ead99000 r--s 00000000 00:5a 25957962 /tmp/dst_file
2b12ead9c000-2b12eaf23000 r-xp 00000000 00:5a 25300327 /lib64/libc-2.12.so
2b12eaf23000-2b12eb123000 ---p 00187000 00:5a 25300327 /lib64/libc-2.12.so
2b12eb123000-2b12eb127000 r--p 00187000 00:5a 25300327 /lib64/libc-2.12.so
2b12eb127000-2b12eb128000 rw-p 0018b000 00:5a 25300327 /lib64/libc-2.12.so
2b12eb128000-2b12eb12f000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0
2b12eb134000-2b12eb14a000 r-xp 00000000 00:5a 25300207 /lib64/libgcc_s-4.4.5-20110214.so.1
2b12eb14a000-2b12eb349000 ---p 00016000 00:5a 25300207 /lib64/libgcc_s-4.4.5-20110214.so.1
2b12eb349000-2b12eb34a000 rw-p 00015000 00:5a 25300207 /lib64/libgcc_s-4.4.5-20110214.so.1
7fffe9b82000-7fffe9b97000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0 [stack]
7fffe9bfe000-7fffe9c00000 r-xp 00000000 00:00 0 [vdso]
ffffffffff600000-ffffffffff601000 r-xp 00000000 00:00 0 [vsyscall]
[root@testsrv ~]#
gdb :
To debug above code under gdb compile using command to include DWARF debugging symbols inside the code.
I have modified the source string to be appended to a single NULL character for ease of calculation of offset in memcpy() call, source file is also containing a single character, so offset happens to be 2. Now execute the code under gdb.
gcc -O2 <<source file>> -ggdb -o <<executable name>>
Now run the executable inside gdb with argument 1.
gdb sigsegv_generator
Now either you can use breakpoints to control the flow of execution or simply use CTRL + C to stop at initial stage and then do step execution using n. When SIGSEGV is caught after memcpy(), gdb will show following message.
(gdb) run 1
Above address 0x00002aaaaad55541 is the instruction on which SEGFAULT happened. Same address is also indicated by 64 bit Instruction Pointer RIP shown in below register information. Now lets see what happened before and after above memcpy() call.
(gdb) n
Program received signal SIGSEGV, Segmentation fault.
0x00002aaaaad55541 in memcpy () from /lib64/libc.so.6
Note that above assembly instruction are of AT&T syntax, I got little confused regarding Intel vs. AT&T related to MOV instruction and it appears that AT&T has MOV SRC DST format. As I am a noob in Assembly Programming I Stackoverflow'ed above query and got convincing response. Link is mentioned at end of section. Above arrow indicates the memcpy() operation.
(gdb) x 0x00002aaaaad55541
0x2aaaaad55541 <memcpy+17>: 0xff480f88
(gdb) x/10i 0x00002aaaaad55530
0x2aaaaad55530 <memcpy>: cmp $0x20,%rdx
0x2aaaaad55534 <memcpy+4>: mov %rdi,%rax
0x2aaaaad55537 <memcpy+7>: jae 0x2aaaaad555b0 <memcpy+128>
0x2aaaaad55539 <memcpy+9>: test $0x1,%dl
0x2aaaaad5553c <memcpy+12>: je 0x2aaaaad55549 <memcpy+25>
0x2aaaaad5553e <memcpy+14>: movzbl (%rsi),%ecx
=> 0x2aaaaad55541 <memcpy+17>: mov %cl,(%rdi)
0x2aaaaad55543 <memcpy+19>: inc %rsi
0x2aaaaad55546 <memcpy+22>: inc %rdi
0x2aaaaad55549 <memcpy+25>: test $0x2,%dl
Related excerpt from output :
(gdb) info proc mappings
Lets dump the registers. (x86_64 machine, so expect registers starting with R)
Mapped address spaces:
Start Addr End Addr Size Offset objfile
0x2aaaaaacf000 0x2aaaaaad0000 0x1000 0 /tmp/dst_file
Now we have all the inputs to make a conclusion what went wrong. As you can see from mapped address space output file dst_file starting address is 0x2aaaaaacf000, including the offset it will be 0x2aaaaaacf002. Now this offset address is present at RDI register which is used for Destination Index. RSI Source Index register is having address of fix string gets appends to the offset location. What "mov %cl,(%rdi)" sentence does is that it transfers contents at source address in CL register to content at offset address at RDI register. It is using register indirect addressing here to do so. CL register is low 8 bits of ECX register which in turn is low 32 bit of 64 bit RCX register. This ECX register is used to perform string operation. memcpy() call comes from string library family. Instruction "movzbl (%rsi),%ecx" just before memcpy() loads source address into ECX register, movzbl instruction performs operation on low 8 bits of address. So as RDI address is Read Only due to mprotect() call, write operation causes illegal memory access and causes kernel to send SIGSEGV to process.
(gdb) info registers
rax 0x2aaaaaacf002 46912496267266
rbx 0x40146a 4199530
rcx 0x69 105
rdx 0x1 1
rsi 0x40146a 4199530
rdi 0x2aaaaaacf002 46912496267266
rbp 0x7 0x7
rsp 0x7fffffffe468 0x7fffffffe468
r8 0x40146a 4199530
r9 0x53202c444145525f 5989836176067220063
r10 0x7fffffffe1f0 140737488347632
r11 0x2aaaaad55530 46912498914608
r12 0x2aaaab05eac8 46912502098632
r13 0x7fffffffe5a0 140737488348576
r14 0x7fffffffe590 140737488348560
r15 0x2aaaaaacf000 46912496267264
rip 0x2aaaaad55541 0x2aaaaad55541 <memcpy+17>
eflags 0x10202 [ IF RF ]
cs 0x33 51
ss 0x2b 43
ds 0x0 0
es 0x0 0
fs 0x0 0
gs 0x0 0
Note 1 : To switch to Intel Assembly syntax, use following in gdb.
Stackoverflow link - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/19158620/memcpy-segmentation-fault-debugging-exercise-on-prot-read-in-mmap?
set disassembly-flavor intel
Note 2 : A very good way to analyze assembly code in gdb is to do it along with C code. So that each statement is properly implicated to assembly. To do this use following command in gdb just after memcpy() call.
(gdb) disassemble /m
pmap :
I have sleep() calls in program to give us time to analyze the process mappings using pmap command. After executing the code, it will sleep for 60 seconds after mmap() call, in this time we will observe that before the mprotect() call the dst_file mapping was RW and it changes to R afterwards. Use following command to see the process mappings.
RW mapping :
pmap <<PID>> -x
Same mapping R only :
[root@testsrv ~]# pmap 1997 -x
1997: ./sigsegv_generator 1
Address Kbytes RSS Dirty Mode Mapping
00002b6c7ad08000 4 0 0 rw-s- dst_file
[root@testsrv ~]#
[root@testsrv ~]# pmap 1997 -x
1997: ./sigsegv_generator 1
Address Kbytes RSS Dirty Mode Mapping
00002b6c7ad08000 4 0 0 r--s- dst_file
[root@testsrv ~]#
Note : "S" indicates that the map is shared, "P" will indicate it is private.
Extension to above section for more detailed reporting is to use /proc/<<pid>>/smaps. Here we can see Dirty section and other bunch of relevant stuff related to performance of memcpy().
RW mapping :
For Read only map, above information is the same except permissions which becomes r--s.
2b8571cf0000-2b8571cf1000 rw-s 00000000 00:5a 25957962 /tmp/dst_file
Size: 4 kB
Rss: 0 kB
Pss: 0 kB
Shared_Clean: 0 kB
Shared_Dirty: 0 kB
Private_Clean: 0 kB
Private_Dirty: 0 kB
Referenced: 0 kB
Anonymous: 0 kB
AnonHugePages: 0 kB
Swap: 0 kB
KernelPageSize: 4 kB
MMUPageSize: 4 kB
Valgrind :
Valgrind may not be completely useful here to debug illegal access to memory in our case, but it does report the call on which SEGFAULT occurred. Command line to use.
Output at Segfault :
valgrind -v ./<<executable>> <<args>>
Output of Valgrind is pretty much self explanatory. There are no leaks detected.
--2064-- REDIR: 0x4eb5530 (memcpy) redirected to 0x4c28ec0 (memcpy)
==2064== Process terminating with default action of signal 11 (SIGSEGV): dumping core
==2064== Bad permissions for mapped region at address 0x4022005
==2064== at 0x4C2914F: memcpy (mc_replace_strmem.c:628)
==2064== by 0x400CC5: main (mprotect_sigsegv.c:173)
--2064-- REDIR: 0x4ea77f0 (free) redirected to 0x4c26890 (free)
So that's it for now, I learned a ton of new stuff. It's really been a long post which I didn't intended too but no worries this is the good stuff. Keep debugging.
By Subodh Pachghare at September 30, 2013
Labels: 64bit registers, AT&T Syntax, catchsegv, debugging, gdb, Intel Syntax, Kernel, Kernel Signals, libsegfault.so, MemoryMappedI/O, mprotect(), Page align boundary, performance, pmap, Reverse Engineering, SIGSEGV
Sunday, September 15, 2013
Compiling a strict x86 executable on x86_64 architecture kernel
A quick post, recently I felt a need to compile a strict 32-bit binary executable code to test abnormal behavior of CUDA C source code. I wanted the host code of CUDA to be compiled as x86 architecture on RHEL 6.0 x86_64 OS. CUDA compiler nvcc uses gcc to link and compile in the back-end with added inputs, you can easily verify this by looking at common.mk file in Nvidia Computing SDK.
First make sure to create object files for elf32-i386 architecture. x86_64 system uses 64-bit ELF (Executable and Linkable Format) as default. GCC on x86_64 refers to machine architecture as x86_64 by default if not specified, so there is a "-m64" implicit flag. You can verify this by using verbosity flag in gcc while compiling. COLLECT_GCC_OPTIONS doesn't indicate "-march=1686" as in case of "-m32" explicit flag. GCC provides options as "-m<<32 or 64>>" for specifying the architecture.
|"gcc -v test.c" results
|"gcc -m32 -v test.c" results
Remember if you are going to generate object files first and then going to link it, those object files must be in elf32-i386 architecture too. If you try to link elf64-x86-64 object files with elf32-i386 compilation following error will occur.
|Linking x86_64 object files to x86 linker
Object files can be verified for ELF architecture by using either objdump or file command.
|ELF 32-bit format of object file
|ELF64-x86-64 format of object file
You might have noticed additional ELF section .eh_frame in x86_64 ELF header of object file. GCC doesn't seem to include this section in object file creation for x86 machine architecture. However if you go ahead and create executable out of this, objdump reveals that both x86 & x86_64 executables have .eh-frame & .eh_frame_hdr in them. This is strange & I want to dig more when I will have time. Anyways .eh_frame contains information for frame unwinding during exception handling & .eh_frame_hdr contains a pointer to the .eh_frame section. The concept of Call Stack Unwinding is hard to describe in this short post, though I will try to explain in short in next section. For detailed Information refer to following Linux Foundation documentation & supporting links which I found useful.
Linux Foundation - Linux Standard Base Core Specification 4.1
SCO SYSTEM V Application Binary Interface
ELF Specification for x86
ELF64 Object File Format
Good Call Stack Reference for C
A call stack is mainly used for keeping track of the point to which control should return after execution of subroutine or in general a called function. In general, if you guys are families with push and pop operations, adding a subroutine's entry to the call stack i.e. push operation is called as Winding & removing entries from call stack is obviously called as Unwinding. Unwinding transfers control out of nested subroutine to previous subroutine which in turn restores proper context after popping many stack frames to assist error handling. In other words if exception handling is enabled, then when run-time exception is thrown the stack unwound until an exception handler is matched. So as we can see elf64-x86_64 by default adds exception handling headers to the object file, however the specification document doesn't clearly mention this & I assumed it to be so. Remember that exception handling for C & C++ is not the same. I would suggest you to read more about this on your own. One more important tool in Linux to dig around ELF is readelf.
On the side note, if you got following error while compiling x86 executable on x86_64 system, maybe you need to install glibc-devel-i386 package compatible with your existing glibc version.
Sunday, July 7, 2013
What are exactly O_DIRECT, O_SYNC Flags, Buffers & Cached in Linux-Storage I/O?
Feels good to post after a long time. I always hear HPC systems people flapping their mouths in context of I/O performance measures in distributed file systems like Lustre or CXFS about Direct I/O so I thought lets dig this. You might have seen usage of dd command on my blog with oflag parameter, but for guys who don't know I have briefly revised it here.O_DIRECT Flag :
dd if=/dev/zero of=/tmp/testfile bs=2M count=250 oflag=direct
oflag here indicates write operation through dd in accordance with provided symbols, i.e. direct. What exactly is direct we will see a little later in the post.
dd if=/tmp/testfile of=/dev/null bs=2M iflag=direct
Similar to write operation, read operation takes iflag as a parameter with same symbols, particular to our interest is direct.
If you fire these commands with or without oflag/iflag you will notice a significant I/O performance difference in statistics provided by dd. This is basically the effect of cache employed by modern day storage systems/Linux kernel.
Now these caches can be multilevel going right from operating systems buffer cache to storage controller cache to hard drive cache, so depending upon the underlying system architecture cache effects will appear. Filesystem software also plays a huge role in caching behavior. A traditional distributed filesystem might leverage multiple caches on multiple LUN's distributed across multiple storage controllers. An object-based filesystem such as Lustre will have multiple OSS (Object Storage Server's) which will leverage it's own independent OS buffer cache to enhance performance. I am going to do a separate detailed post shortly about Lustre Performance Impact due to OSS Cache. My point is benchmarks of cache effects of a specific HPC system as whole is not comparable to another system unless all the granular details are known and acting in the same direction. Cache effect cannot be completely removed in today's complex systems, we can try to tell underlying components to not use cache if they are configured to accept such requests. When you open a disk file with none of any flags mentioned below, a call to read() & write() for that file returns as soon as data is copied into kernel address space buffer, actual operation happens later on depending upon operating system. Buffer usually defaults to 2.5% of physical memory but this is subject to change depending upon different Linux kernel tree. We also see what is the difference between "buffers" section and "cached" section of free command in later section of this post.
Linux usually tends to cache maximum I/O requests in memory so that consequent read can be served right from main memory & also write operations are performed on main memory giving illusion to application process of higher read/write performance. Meanwhile the data from main memory is committed to disk a little later, you can call it a delayed-write. Process at the same is informed that I/O is completed and it can continue its execution. Linux in the back-end performs all the dirty work of pushing bits to hard drives. Memory pressure can also cause Linux to reduce this main memory buffer.
However some times you really need to make sure that whatever data you want to read is actually coming from disk, this might be a case where distributed/clustered file systems have to share the same data with cluster nodes instantaneously and as stale data will occur on disk if cache's are not committed in proper manner. Direct I/O is useful in case of performance testing of hard-drives. Direct I/O will allow process to specify to perform I/O without using OS cache layer. This makes I/O slower as actual spindle write/read will happen and Linux kernel optimizations may be overlooked.
Notice here that we are telling open(2) call to eliminate or minimize cache layer using symbol O_DIRECT. This doesn't mean that I/O will write to cache and then immediately cache contents will be written to disk. Direct I/O directly performs I/O onto the disk. O_SYNC flag is used to commit cache contents to disk on users request, which we will discuss in next section of post. An O_DIRECT read() or write() is synchronous, control do not return until the disk operation is complete.
Sometimes it is advised to use DIRECT I/O for data which will not be accessed in near future to save double copy of data from application buffer to kernel buffer then to disk. This saves the kernel buffer to be used for caching more frequently accessed data. Hence if you are in control of the complete system and software layer is in-house developed then it is good to use DIRECT I/O.
O_SYNC Flag :
This particular flag when used returns control when I/O is actually performed on the disk through buffer cache, so changes are made persistent in the disk to prevent loses from unexpected crash. This flag is generally used when checkpointing of data needs to be done when a particular process has processed that much amount of data. Please notice here that there is a very subtle difference between O_DIRECT & O_SYNC, O_SYNC data flows through buffer to disk while in case of O_DIRECT kernel cache layer is eliminated or minimized. O_SYNC flag commits whole data including metadata to disk while O_DSYNC only commits data part. bdflush()/pdflush() kernel daemons are responsible for data commits. Basically O_SYNC flag commits the data and removes the dirty flag from "cached" data so in case of memory pressure kernel can easily drop SYNC'ed data freeing the ram for other "cached" data.
fsync() call or sync command is used in Linux to perform write to disk or any remaining data commits, this will not return until the operation is done. Usually to always make sure that data is committed to disk is to do a DIRECT I/O followed by fsync() ensuring that DMA is used to transfer data to disk and fsync() takes care of all metadata commits to disk. We will verify this in little experiment below. There exists a catch that all modern day hard-drives implement a small on-device cache, O_SYNC'ed data will not always write to disk platters, on-device cache can commit the write later on although the failure of this cache is very rare.
A very good article to read more about O_SYNC & Hard Drive Cache behavior
HDD, FS, O_SYNC : Throughput vs. Integrity
LWN Article
Ensuring data reaches disk
Now lets play with these concepts in Linux, I have fired a virtual machine of CentOS Minimal just to test this in Virtualbox. I am testing this with 1024MB of memory. How much memory you have in the system determines how much percentage of memory is going to be used for dirty pages/buffers/caches. I have kept all the "vm" layer kernel parameters default for the first test to show you when you do a write operation with data which is almost equal to size of main memory then kernel daemon pdflush is forced to writeback the data to disk hence reducing the sync time along with slightly less performance as application process is writing to kernel cache and pdflush daemon is committing it to disk. I am not going to explain much on the dirty related parameters here as this will loose focus on topic of this post and you can easily Google them.
|Default dirty parameters in CentOS 6.4
|Behavior of I/O ops large enough considering dirty ratios
Second snapshot reveals that for Write operation of 524MB the sync operation didn't took much time as dirty pages are already committed by pdflush to immediately flush cache if memory pressure increases or to allocate cache to new demanding process. Take into consideration that even if dirty pages of write operation are committed back to disk pdflush didn't emptied the cache, benefit of this is the consequent read operation on that respective file will be faster. In the same manner, the drop_caches operation also takes very less time as data is already committed by pdflush. Before we go further lets have a quick brief on drop_caches types.
echo 1 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches
This frees Pagecache from memory.
This frees Dentries (Directory Lists) and Inodes.
echo 2 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches
This frees Pagecache, Dentries & Inodes.
echo 3 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches
These operations are non-destructive i.e. if a object is dirty, drop_caches will not touch it and also it attempts to write it back. If sync operation is performed then drop_caches parameter can free the inactive memory immediately. I suggest to monitor all this stuff at /proc/meminfo. Dirty & Writeback fields in meminfo shows current dirty pages and writeback operations queued up. Write-back operations are very transient and you will see them only when sync operation has queued data to commit from dirty pages but hasn't written them to disk yet.
Remember these operations to drop-caches are like command to kernel at present time. As soon as you drop the caches, kernel carries on to cache new requests irrespective of the value of drop_caches. Drop_caches file contains the value which is entered last time and it is no longer in use. So caching behavior is permanent in kernel unless you use O_Direct flag.
Difference between buffers & cached in free command :
From 2.6.X kernel series, buffers are used to cache file system metadata, i.e. buffers remember dentries, file permissions and keeps track what memory region is being written or read to for a particular block device. Cache only contains contents of the file whether it is to be written or read. Another way to tell this is Cache only keeps page caches from which eventually file is read. Just to clarify the "-/+ buffers/cache" line in free output shows how much used & free memory is projected to application, this doesn't include buffers/cached memory as it will be freed when required by flushing daemons.
I have pulled a little experiment to demonstrate how buffers cache the metadata by stressing directory structure using find command. I draw-ed conclusions based on output of /proc/meminfo. Small shell script to create a massive directory structure is given below. This is executed 4 times to create humongous number of directories with small file touched inside each innermost directory.
for i in {1..800}
mkdir $i
cd $i
for j in {1..50}
mkdir $j
cd $j
for k in {1..10}
mkdir $k
cd $k
touch test.file
cd ..
cd ..
cd ..
|Buffers impact on performance & preservation of buffers.
Note - Dirty ratio parameters doesn't affect buffers as it is purely metadata hence kernel flushing daemons will not touch it unless there is memory pressure. I have just highlighted the new dirty ratio parameters for my next experiment.
As you can see from the above snapshot buffers greatly improve performance. For 108989 nested directories, 478MB of cache metadata is present in buffers. This concludes in very less traversal time in next fire of find command. Buffers are kept as long as possible unless explicitly flushed by drop_caches or under memory pressure. Notice the 1.5 Sec over 1 minute 41 seconds. Also notice that this metadata didn't go to cached as it is only showing around 7 MB (which is usually kernel thread caches).
Now lets move to next section. Changes in dirty parameters made by me are given below, these are specifically needed for me to demonstrate the dirty cache behavior as total memory in my virtual machine is only 1024 MB. To keep more dirty data in cache I had to increase these parameters. Remember values chosen here are supposed to be finalized very carefully for production servers depending upon the type of workload and amount of memory present. These values are for experiment only and shouldn't be played with, specifically the centisecs related parameters which is recommended not to be touched.
Parameters tampered & explained :
- vm.dirty_background_ratio - New value - 95% : This is the no. of pages at which pdflush starts to flush dirty pages to disk.
- vm.dirty_ratio - New value - 95% : This is the no. of pages at which process itself writes dirty data back to disk. This indicates till the time 95% of file system cache is not filled it will not write.
- vm.dirty_writeback_centisecs - New value - 7000 : Time interval between pdflush daemon wake-ups, in 100'ths of seconds. Setting this to zero disables periodic writeback completely. With new parameter, exactly after 70 seconds dirty data will be flushed automatically by pdflush.
- vm.highmem_is_dirtyable - New value - 1 : Above values are calculated based on lowmem value which will come to small value considering 1024MB ram, so I have enabled highmem as dirtyable so that more memory can be kept dirty.
- Memory Zones on my 32 bit x86 virtual machine -
- Normal ~ 890872KB
- HighMem ~ 141256KB
|Memory Zones on x86 system with 1024MB RAM
Note - Above mentioned values can be obtained by multiplying spanned no. of pages with kernel PAGESIZE.
|non-destructiveness of drop_caches
|On-Demand Sync afterwards
Hope you have enjoyed the article. Let me know if you guys have any thoughts on this.
By Subodh Pachghare at July 07, 2013
2 comments:
Labels: buffers, cache, dentries, dirty, drop_caches, File System Performance, free command, High Performance Computing, Lustre cache, memory zones, O_DIRECT, O_SYNC, performance
Thursday, February 7, 2013
Rest In Peace - Aaron Swartz
We will always remember you - Aaron Swartz
Early architect of Creative Commons License (Giving power to open knowledge and bloggers) & numerous other ventures which actually contributed to Open Knowledge community and "Internet Freedom".
Links -
Remembering Aaron Swartz - creativecommons.org
Remember Aaron Swartz - rememberaaronsw.com
Early architect of Creative Commons License (Giving power to open knowledge and bloggers) & numerous other ventures which actually contributed to Open Knowledge community and "Internet Freedom".
Links -
Remembering Aaron Swartz - creativecommons.org
Remember Aaron Swartz - rememberaaronsw.com
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The Metasploit framework is well known in the realm of exploit development. It is a standalone tool for security researchers, penetration te...
Feels good to post after a long time. I always hear HPC systems people flapping their mouths in context of I/O performance measures in dis...
While running Systemd inside Container, for Tomcat (or any other application which runs in Daemon mode), "/usr/sbin/init" needs ...


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Victory! Social Security Eases Requirements to Change Gender Marker
June 17, 2013 - Last Friday, the Social Security Administration released a new policy that eases the requirements to change one's gender in Social Security records. TLDEF hails the change as a major victory and thanks the Social Security Administration for creating a more inclusive policy.
The new policy allows a transgender person to update the sex field in his or her Social Security records by providing an updated passport, a birth certificate, a court order, or a letter from a physician that indicates that the individual has received appropriate clinical treatment for gender transition. Surgery is no longer a requirement to update the field.
In changing its policy to a more inclusive one, the Social Security Administration is following the lead of the U.S. State Department and the Veterans Health Administration, which made similar policy changes in the last three years.
The Social Security Administration also released updated guidelines for interviewing transgender people, mandating confidentiality, appropriate pronoun usage, and respect.
"The importance of having government documents that match who you are could not be greater," said TLDEF's executive director Michael Silverman. "This necessary shift in policy eases a burden for transgender people in the United States. The old policy was outdated and onerous, and we are thrilled that the Social Security Administration has recognized the need for change."
TLDEF applauds the Human Rights Campaign, the National Center for Lesbian Rights, the National Center for Transgender Equality, and the National Gay and Lesbian Taskforce for their work with SSA on this issue.


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The tourism industry in Bhutan is a major service industry that contributes significantly to national revenue and generates valuable foreign exchange while also enhancing the image of the country internationally. It is also viewed as a critical growth sector that could boost employment among youth and alleviate poverty conditions in rural Bhutan. Tourism in Bhutan has enjoyed sustained growth levels since the sector was privatized in 1991. In 2008, 27,655 tourists visited the country generating an income of about US$ 40 million, compared to tourist arrivals of 7,559 and revenue generation of about US$ 10.5 million in the year 2000.
Tourism development in the country is guided by the "high value–low impact" policy, essentially to strike a balance between securing economic gains and the need to protect and preserve Bhutan's rich cultural, religious and natural heritage. Currently, efforts are being made to strengthen the high quality destination experience for tourists through the development of infrastructure, human resource capacity building, improving hospitality services, and introduction of new tourism products.
Other priorities in the sector include the promotion of sustainable tourism development and to find ways of enhancing community participation in the tourism industry. Projects and activities will focus on achieving the national and sector goals by creating employment opportunities, generating revenue, supplementing rural income to improve living standards and quality of life of rural communities in Bhutan.
Bhutan is one of the safest countries in the world. Crime rates are minimal and foreign visitors are treated politely and with respect. The country's history, culture, and isolation offer a great deal to the more adventurous tourists who have been visiting Bhutan since 1974.


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Think you don't have space for a school kitchen? Think again.
Think you don't have space for a school kitchen? Think again.
Back in 2014, the coalition government announced plans to provide every child in a state-funded infant school – and disadvantaged students in further education – with a free school meal.
The initiative, costing approximately £600 million, resulted in a trend for regional Central Production Units providing mass catering across a number of schools. With food produced in this way, school kitchens fell out of use, and many were turned over to additional space for classrooms.
While the Central Production Unit offering has been, and continues to be, a hugely successful solution for many schools – it's not without its drawbacks. Now, a number of reasons are surfacing for schools to want to bring their catering back in house. For some it's a need for tailored food offerings such as Halal or Kosher, while others need to cater for additional special events outside lunchtime hours. Or it's simply because the local production unit is struggling to meet increasing demand, causing delays to and dissatisfaction with the service.
Many schools are finding themselves in need of a kitchen once more - but with rooms already re-allocated to educational needs, finding suitable space has become problematic.
But there is a solution.
From unused corridor to fully functional kitchen
AGGORA Projects are experts in producing innovative solutions to overcome difficulties around creating space for kitchens. Our team have been successful in helping customers in the education sector to identify potential opportunities to create space within an existing building – even when they thought it wasn't possible!
Unused storeroom or corridor near to your dining hall? Imagine if these tired, unloved spaces could be transformed into a brand new, highly usable kitchen! That's just what our team did for Broughton Infant School in Buckinghamshire.
By repositioning door openings, we were able to position kitchen equipment along the long wall of the corridor, creating a streamlined workspace and leaving the store cupboard area at the end of the corridor available for refrigeration storage units.
Even the smallest or most oddly-shaped spaces can be transformed into functional kitchens using clever layout and equipment choices – so why not speak to the experts at AGGORA Projects to see what we can do for you.
Modular buildings: creating new space quickly and cost-effectively
Where a kitchen can't be accommodated within existing buildings, there is an alternative solution.
Bespoke modular buildings can be installed within 4 weeks and are a cheaper alternative to building extensions. AGGORA Projects can install modular buildings in a range of sizes, along with full installation of electricity, drainage and ventilation.
A flexible solution, modular buildings can be installed anywhere on your site as a stand alone building – or joined onto an existing building to extend your current space.
Need a kitchen but short on space? Contact the experts at AGGORA Projects and discover what we can do for you. Call 0845 1177 555 or email firstname.lastname@example.com.
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Taxes are something that most people loathe, but are an unavoidable fact of life. The famous words of Benjamin Franklin live on in infamy still to this day. However, there are some taxes that have been implemented throughout history that may surprise even you. Many of these strange taxes have been done away with over time, but some still exist.
Pee Tax
This might seem a bit too personal, but the pee tax was implemented during the 1st Century. Ammonia found in urine was a very lucrative substance during this time. This resulted in people collecting and selling urine, which led to the widespread pee tax. Public urinals were not safe places when the pee tax was in place.
Window Tax
It might seem like everything is taxable in today's society, but really, windows? This strange tax first came into existence in 1969 when England taxed homeowners based on the number of windows that were in place. The result was exactly what you would expect. Many homes in England had very few windows or none at all. So like most things, it resulted in a health crisis and the window tax was abandoned.
Wallpaper Tax
Some of these strange taxes are crazier than others and this one is at the top of many lists. In 1712, England decided that all printed wallpaper would be taxable. This didn't stop builders from avoiding paying the tax. They simply began buying only plain wallpaper and simply created their own patterns and designs over the wallpaper. People in this time period knew how to think outside the box.
Wig Perfume Tax
In 1795, wigs were very popular for both men and women. However, to minimize the odor of sweat, many men and women used aromatic powders to cover their wigs. This led to a wig perfume tax that created an abundance of smelly wigs. Pretty soon wigs were not the phenomenon that they once were anymore.
Prepared Food Tax
Some taxes are strange, because they are designed to make you pay double. Take the prepared food tax, for instance. New York is a popular city that has this tax and it allows foods to be taxed twice. For example, the simple act of purchasing a sliced bagel will result in a food tax and a prepared food tax just because it was sliced. Taxes can be pretty tricky.
Last month, more than 2 million people visited Brandon's blog. He shares exactly how he took his blog from zero to 1 million monthly visitors here. His path to success was not easy. Brandon had to comeback from being disabled, by a rare health disorder, for most of his thirties. God delivered him from hardship and has blessed his family in so many wonderful ways. You can send Brandon a message here.


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Product 1/4
Beach Buddy Tote Bag
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This beach bag is actually 5 bags-in-1, and converts into a full size beach towel and blanket.
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Available colors: Sea Blue, Hot Pink and Sunshine Yellow. Please make sure to specify your choice of?color when ordering.
Affordable , Comfortable , Convenient , Durable , Expandable , Machine Washable? ,Reliable
Sand-Resistant , Stylish , Water-Resistant
This product was added to our catalog on Wednesday 01 November, 2006.


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A blog about Case Beckham, who was diagnosed with Neuroblastoma on Oct. 19, 2011.
Tuesday, May 8, 2012
Capes For Case
3 comments:
Adorable!!! I am so glad you are there and I am so sorry that yesterday was so ruff! I hope all went well today. We are constantly thinking and praying for you guys!ReplyDelete
Emily, I just ordered two capes. I've been watching your blog for updates about Case. Your family is in our prayers. I am coming to NYC next week. If there is anything you need from home, or need at all, please let me know. I'd love to help. Case is simply adorable and seeing his smile in your photos strengthens my faith that a loving Heavenly Father is aware of each of us. Thank you for sharing your story and allowing "us" to be a small part of it. Hugs to you and to Case.ReplyDelete
Karen Scholl
Ermily - does your friend make a "Super Mom" cape? If so, baby, it should have YOUR name on it. You are amazing! Love you!ReplyDelete


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In this awesome TEDTalk, magician and stuntman David Blaine…
…describes what it took to hold his breath underwater for 17 minutes
A world record (until recently) — and what his often death-defying work means to him.
I don't know about you, but this David Blaine speech blows my mind.
It even makes me teary eyed because this dude literally sacrifices his life to be the best he can be.
You have to respect a man with this kind of dedication to his own success.
It's amazing what a human can accomplish with the right focus, dedication and hard work.
…On our "Prosperity Team" we are focused and dedicated to help you succeed!
Step 1: Click on the Register Now Button Below.
Step 2: Write your best email in the form.
Step 3: Click on Submit.
After you watch the 29 minute film, you'll be ready to join so plan on that.
Looking forward to hearing from you and having you a part of our 'leave the ratrace in real life' team!
Here Are Just A Few Of Our Benefits…
And Most Importantly A Partnership Top Internet Marketers, Offline Marketers, 6 & 7 Figure Income Earners!
If enjoyed today's post please 'like & share' this page if you want more content like this. Subscribe to my blog.
One of my goals with this work is to take my family to the beaches of the world.
If you're interested in achieving similar goals, just follow the instructions below.
Now, click the red button below, watch the video training and decide to get in
today if you want to go to the beaches of the world!
In the first 2 minutes you will get PROOF of how the 'ez money method'
is one of the best ways to create an extra income from home.
Did you know that many people already are earning a huge amount of money
on a daily basis from their homes? (I'll show you testimonials in minute 4…
you'll love it)
By minute 7 you will know about the secret "tool" to earn 500% commissions
through protecting people from losing their weddingphotos and such.
(Hint: this will make a lot of people stop worrying!)
Xarah Dax
Skype: sarnetwork
Facebook: xarah.dax
P.S. Have a look at what ordinary people experience with this way of doing online business:
P.P.S. Begin your 1000 dollar paydays by clicking this link right here: The Easy Way Is Here!
If you enjoyed this article about "Holding Your Breath For 17 Minutes", please comment below and/or tweet. Thank you!
Everyone is focused on Facebook right now but Google Plus is something we should all pay attention to!
Google owns Google Plus therefore the search results show your posts on your google plus profile.
What ever you post on Facebook stays there.
If you promote anything…
… business
… product
… service
… You ought to take a closer look at Google Plus.
Well, take a look at this video and Mike explains 1 critical reason…
I plan to explore Google Plus further, research it and write about it. Subscribe to my feed.
Leave a comment below. Add me to your circle.
If you enjoyed this training take a look at our team below!
If you enjoyed this article about google plus marketing, please comment below and/or tweet. Thank you!
In this video Jim Rohn talks about what NOT to do…
…as well as what TO do…
Spend some time today and watch it!
Click Here To Join The Team!
P.S. Begin your 1000 dollar paydays by clicking this link right here: The Easy Way Is Here!
If you enjoyed this article about success leaves clues your email list please comment below. Thank you!
"Global Network" by renjith krishnan
I have some fun facts about Honey Bees & Honey that I didn't know about…
…In fact you can gain a lot of insight on how you should be like the Honey Bee in your home based business to earn a lot more money!
All I know is honey bees are vital to the survival of human kind – yet we generously polute our nature.
But today, I don't want to talk about that. I want to take a look what we can learn from honey bees for our home business.
Watch this and let me know what you think below!
Lock arms and "Fight the forces of evil" with our team!
If you enjoyed this article about honey bees, please comment below and/or tweet. Thank you!
We have all seen and heard and experienced that people quit Network Marketing or Home Based Businesses before they ever reach success.
So today my business partner Mike wanted to talk to you about the reasons he feels people quit and the solutions you can make RIGHT NOW to help with this problem!
Why would we talk about this? Well I'm sure you have had people quit in your downline right?
I think if you have a really strong 'WHY' any of the above mentioned reasons don't have a strong hold and you persevere. You find ways to make it work.
… without a strong 'WHY' though a little bit of a side wind or a shiny object can take you off your path… and you quit.
Let's find out what Mike has to say and how to prevent this as best as you can!
If you enjoyed this article about why people quit, please comment below and/or tweet. Thank you!
Mike's wife had an interesting experience at Church Last Sunday.
…It really amazes me how people think sometimes.
Listen to what this gentlemen did to stir up some people:
Would you like personal coaching?
If enjoyed today's post please 'like & share' this page if you want more content like this.
If you enjoyed this article, please comment below and/or share. Thank you! And subscribe to my blog.
One of my goals with this work is to take my family to the beaches of the world.
If you're interested in achieving similar goals, just follow the instructions below.
In the first 2 minutes you will get PROOF of how the 'ez money method'
is one of the best ways to create an extra in
come from home.
If you enjoyed this article about not blaming, please comment below and/or tweet. Thank you!
A lot of people dream of having their own business. Great!
…If you can get a business loan… Great!
But it'll take a long time to pay that loan back and to be in profit.
That's why, have a business with a system. A system will duplicate. It will free your time. And increase your profits.
"Wages make you a living (which is fine), Profits make you a fortune (which is super fine).
And you can live both fine and super fine." -Jim Rohn
Listen to what happened over my friend and mentor Mike's Drill Weekend below!
Here are the words straight from Jim Rohn! Profits are Better than wages!
If you enjoyed this article about business versus job, please comment below and/or tweet. Thank you!
Ever wondered what that term "Sales Conversion Numbers" means? I have. Being part of this cool and bad ass group I learn new stuff every day.
I'm not good at math, but it's something like: number of traffic devided by number of leads, devided by number of sales.
In other words, if you bring 100 people to see your message (your capture page) and 10 give you their name and become leads and 1 of those buys… and if you want 2 sales a day, you need 200 people to see your capture page. Makes sense?
Of course when you start out, you don't know your numbers. And those numbers will not stay the same. The more you learn, the more consistant you are, the better your numbers get.
…Finding out exactly what your sales conversion numbers are has been the topic of a lot of training lately and I'm glad, my friend Mike made a little video because we wanted to address that for a minute…
Find out exactly when you should be worried in today's video:
So there you have it! Instead of trying to get someone else numbers and comparing it to yours (which a lot of the times leads in disappointment) go out and create your own numbers, then try and beat them the next time you run traffic!
…Compare your numbers with your past numbers! Never compare with another leaders numbers because YOUR results will vary from theirs!
If enjoyed today's post please 'like & share' this page if you want more content like this.
If you enjoyed this article about Sales Conversion Numbers please comment below. Thank you!
Sometimes I'm puzzled how fast and soon and easily people give up on their dreams.
My friend Mike received a skype message last night asking to cancel their EZMM membership…
…First of all EZMM is free so it was kind of a weird request right out of the gate. But it gets even better!
Listen to the full story here:
Everybody has bad days once in a while, I just know going back to where I was before Empower Network and Easy Money Method it would be more than two steps back.
If you enjoyed this article about "Never Giving Up On Your Dreams" please comment below. Thank you!


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NCC Chops & Props Custom Show
A new year brings with it new opportunities, and 2017 is certainly off to a good start.
I was contacted recently by a representative for the National Chopper Club (NCC) in Bedfordshire asking if I would be interested in attending their Chops & Props Custom Show this year. It goes without saying I am delighted to have been asked.
The event will be taking place at The Shuttleworth Collection, Old Warden Aerodrome in Bedfordshire, which is home to a host of vintage aircraft, motorcycles, cars, agricultural vehicles and more classic memorabilia.
Details are thin on the ground at this moment however the plan is to have a small and simple stand at the show with space for those interested to have a few shots of their bike and also to showcase some of the work from earlier in the year. If the next few months go well there may even be someone on hand to model on bikes where requested!
Once more details come through I'll share them here however in the meantime I had best get a stand designed and built ready for September!


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Keeping You Fit For Business
important source We improve brand strategy exclusively for the natural health and wellness industry who are ready to take their marketing strategy and design to the next level.
where to buy over the counter Keppra We'll bring our passion for healthy food, fitness and natural wellness and blend it into beautiful marketing mediums that include smart and cost effective strategy. It will include online marketing and printed materials like logo design, brochures, product packaging, postcards, and business cards and more.


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I haven't known your blog for long but your words are exactly that - they hit me, they express something I could never put into words myself; they make me think, smile and cry and give me hope and confidence xReplyDelete
Thank you so much lovely! Honestly this means the world to me; opening up more in posts like this is always scary, I never know what people will think or how they'll feel about them, but it honestly warms my heart that you've connected and have gotten hope & confidence from it.
Much love to you Lisa!
I love this! The 1st and 4th always really hit home with me! xxxReplyDelete
I'm so glad you liked it Hol! The 4th is one I'm still struggling with, so many things I wish I had the courage to say! xxxDelete
I have only just found your blog and Im so glad I did. I adore all of these quotes, especially the first and last. Even at my more, ahem, mature age (43) Im learning all the time and always looking to grow on a personal level, from any experience. Having suffered from self doubt throughout my life, one of my favourite quotes is
"She was powerful, not because she wasnt scared, but because she went on so strongly, despite her fear" (Atticus)
I will look forward to reading more from you x
Thank you so much Kerry! I'm blessed you've come across my blog as I now have yours. Age is nothing but a number love, just like wine we will all get better with age, hehe! I adore that quote, all of Atticus's writings are faultless. I think a lot of people are so afraid to grow, it's refreshing to hear you are looking forward to doing so, as am I!
I'm excited for you to read more that I've got planned!


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Transformers DOTM Cyberverse Powerglide review
By Loran
Come on, who doesn't love the Minibots?
When the Universe Powerglide figure came out in 2008, I found myself rather liking the design, but I could never accept him as Powerglide. He was just too big! Yeah, I know, having your figures at a near "proper" scale to their vehicles is nice, but honestly, I really don't see the need for it with the G1 characters since scale was almost totally nonexistent there. Just about everyone was the same height, more or less, so I kinda like to keep everyone in a certain range. With someone who's supposed to be spunky and kind of annoying, giving him a figure bigger than Optimus didn't feel right.
Powerglide's vehicle mode is probably one of the best A-10s we've ever had in Transformers. It's sort of an overused vehicle mode, sure, but it's one I personally never get tired of. It isn't without flaws, however, because while it may look nice, it has some of the worst landing gear I've ever had on a Transformer. It simply doesn't work, no matter how creatively I try to position it. He sits just fine without it, though.
His transformation is as simple as you'd expect from a figure this small. There aren't any surprises and he can easily be picked up and transformed without his instructions.
Not only is his size a better fit than the Universe figure's, his overall robot mode looks a lot better, too. Outside of his head and wing placement, Universe Powerglide didn't look that much like his G1 incarnation. I think that's why I held off on him for so long, only for this Dark of the Moon figure to get announced about a month later. D'oh. Probably my favorite parts of this mode are his arms. Like the G1 figure, they become his pontoons in vehicle mode. Yeah, it might seem lazy but it's a nice tribute to the original design and functions really well.
There are some flaws in this mode, though. His shoulders don't stay pegged into his torso very well. Either the pegs are too small or the holes are too big. He also has some of the strangest feet I've seen on a Transformer in recent years. Seriously, most of the on-screen movie guys have feet less weird than him. Like the other Cyberverse Commander figures, he comes in pretty small for a Scout, but I feel like that's kind of negligible when stacked against the rest of how good the figure is.
Powerglide has pretty good poseability for a figure his size, with balljoints galore. It really feels like balljoints have been going out of style ever since Hasbro's gotten better with hinge and ratchet joints.
His hands curiously use c-clips, so he can latch onto the bigger figures and ride them! WOO! A strange choice indeed, but it looks like Hasbro is working towards giving more of the big guys 5mm pegs and the little ones 3mm. His weapons include a pack of missiles and… two more missiles! Both of which can be combines to form a gun made out of missiles! Yeah, no Decepticon's gonna mess with him now.
Despite being a Dark of the Moon figure, Powerglide belongs on your classics shelf. While the Ultra-class one was a nice figure, I had a hard time accepting it as Powerglide. He is a bit small, yes, but he'll look very nice among your other Minibots. Plus, he's more size-conscious. 😉 Come in and get yours today!


text: Welcome to Cheftalk Steve , it is such a pleasure. I have some questions that I would like your thoughts on; Is there such thing as "fall off the bone tender" ribs ? When cleaning my grill for the next bbq I usually fire it up and give it a good brushing, is there anything else I should do to keep it clean ? I am used to making fresh conch salad in various ways but have never grilled it, can you suggest an idea as to what would be the best technique for grilling it ? What is the best way to deal with a flare-up ? I really enjoy cooking oysters on the bbq , is there a recipe or flavor you like more than others ? Can you please tell me what was the most satisfying , exotic bbq you have every experienced ? Thank you for taking the time to answer any one of these questions. Please know that your show just inspires ! Merci, Petals.