text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|PCT number
|Publication date
|May 18, 2010
|Filing date
|Jun 3, 2005
|Priority date
|Jul 23, 2004
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Edgar Schmidhammer
|Original Assignee
|Epcos Ag
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (35), Non-Patent Citations (21), Referenced by (6), Classifications (13), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This patent application describes a resonator operating with bulk acoustic waves (or FBAR, Thin Film Bulk Acoustic Wave Resonator), which is also called a BAW resonator (Bulk Acoustic Wave Resonator).
A BAW resonator features a piezoelectric layer, which is arranged between two metal layers (electrodes). Instead of only one piezoelectric layer, a layer sequence can also be used. The layers are deposited on a substrate one after the other and structured to form resonators, which are connected to each other electrically and which together can implement, e.g., a filter circuit. The resonator surface defined by the electrodes or their overlapping area is also called an active region. The thickness of the piezoelectric layer of a BAW resonator, whose resonance frequency be in the frequency range between 0.1-10 GHz, equals at most approximately 0.1-10 μm.
When an electric field is applied to the electrodes of the BAW resonator perpendicular to the layer arrangement, mechanical stress (expansion or compression of the material) is released in the piezoelectric layer of the BAW resonator through the deflection of atoms in the field direction. The deflection of the atoms is mainly in the perpendicular direction (for a c-axis perpendicular to the piezoelectric layer).
A BAW resonator can be provided with an acoustic reflector, which is arranged between a carrier substrate and the BAW resonator. The acoustic reflector is composed of alternating layers of a high and low acoustic impedance, whose layer thicknesses equal approximately one-quarter wavelength of the acoustic fundamental mode (relative to the propagation velocity of the acoustic wave in the appropriate material). The acoustic reflector therefore provides one or more boundary surfaces, which reflect the acoustic wave back into the resonator at the resonance frequency and prevent the emission of the wave in the direction of the carrier substrate.
The thickness of the piezoelectric layer defines the limit frequency of the BAW resonator. The limit frequency is the resonance frequency of the fundamental mode, which is the first harmonic of the vertical longitudinal bulk acoustic wave. The propagation time of the fundamental mode (first harmonic of the vertical longitudinal wave) in the piezoelectric layer of thickness d equals 2 d/vL (vL=propagation velocity of the longitudinal acoustic wave). The frequency of the fundamental mode is then fL1≈vL/2 d.
FBAR resonators can be used for producing passband high-frequency filters and can be used, e.g., in mobile communications terminals. These resonators are also used in frequency-defining elements in oscillators and for sensors.
FBAR filters are being used increasingly in applications in which the use of surface acoustic wave filers (SAW filters) is not possible due to the technical limitations of fabrication. While for SAW filters, the filter structure must be generated by a two-dimensional lithographic structure, for FBAR filters, just the layer thickness of the layers that are used determine the frequency. These can be controlled with considerably more precision and ease than a 2-D structure. While for SAW filters, a technologically feasible upper limit is currently at ca. 5 GHz, for FBAR technology, currently an upper limit at ca. 10 GHz is seen. There exist, however, filter applications between 10 and 12 GHz, for example, for satellite receivers. This frequency range is currently covered by filters based on DRO technology, which uses dielectric resonators. A disadvantage of this technique is that it generates high costs.
FBAR filters and resonators for the range above 10 GHz have already become known, but these are not suitable for mass production due to the expensive technology and are still found in the laboratory sector.
Described herein is a resonator which operates with bulk acoustic waves, which is economical to produce, and which can also be used for high frequencies over 10 GHz.
The basic idea is to suppress the fundamental mode of an FBAR resonator and, e.g., to excite a higher mode and to use this for the resonator.
Higher oscillation modes in FBAR resonators are definitely known, but until now were viewed only as interference. Therefore, in general, there has been the goal of suppressing interfering higher modes as much as possible in order to keep all of the acoustic energy of the resonator in the fundamental mode. In contrast, this patent application describes a resonator that suppresses the fundamental mode of the bulk acoustic wave that can be generated in the resonator. Thus, a resonator is obtained that has a resonance frequency at a multiple of the resonance frequency of the fundamental mode, for a given thickness of the piezoelectric layer, which is decisive for determining the resonance frequency in the fundamental mode. Here, the frequency positions of the higher modes are not produced as whole-number multiples of the fundamental mode, but instead also lie at non-whole number factors, for example, 1.6, 2.4, 3.15, etc. The higher frequencies are obtained without having to take into account the technological problems, which otherwise accompany further reduction of the frequency-determining layer thickness of the piezoelectric layer. Resonators of the type described herein also can be produced more reliably in terms of technology in contrast to known very-high frequency resonators.
Such a resonator has a layer structure comprising an acoustic reflector, a first electrode, a piezoelectric layer, and a second electrode over a substrate. The fundamental mode can be suppressed in such a resonator, for example, by varying the acoustic reflector. This comprises a sequence of reflector layers with different acoustic impedance values, which make available the necessary boundary surfaces for reflecting the acoustic wave. As a function of the layer thickness of the reflector layers, for structural overlapping of the reflected acoustic waves, a stop band is produced in which the reflector exhibits maximum reflection.
This stop band is adjusted so that the reflectivity of the acoustic reflector at the frequency of the fundamental mode is a minimum, but at the frequency of a higher harmonic mode it is a maximum. If one designates the fundamental mode as a first harmonic oscillation, then, higher modes can be excited, for example, the third, fifth, and seventh harmonic oscillation (all oscillation modes with mode number N>2). Because the excitation of a higher mode in a resonator with a mode number N≧5 has only a very weak effect, no other measures are necessary to suppress even higher modes. Therefore, when the fundamental mode is suppressed, the third harmonic mode is predominantly excited.
To effectively suppress the fundamental mode for a resonator, the reflector is modeled so that the stop band of the reflector is above the frequency of the fundamental mode. This is achieved by reducing the layer thicknesses of the individual reflector layers. Here, care is to be taken that the layer thickness of the reflector layers cannot be reduced to the extent that the stop band of the acoustic reflector is to be shifted in the direction of the resonance frequency of the higher mode. This is associated with the fact that the entire system of the resonator structure is disturbed by changes to the layer thicknesses, making other modifications necessary. These modifications can include, for example, also varying the thickness of the electrode layers. As a rule of thumb, it is still valid that an acoustic reflector has a maximum reflection at a given wavelength λ, if the thickness of each reflector layer equals approximately λ/4. With a reflector realized in this way, it is possible to obtain a maximum reflection in a window above the resonance frequency of the fundamental mode. The window is wide enough that a higher mode is reliably achieved and also excited by the reflector layers modified according to the invention.
In one embodiment, the acoustic reflector of the resonator is modified so that two resonances of approximately the same strength are excited or that the resonator can oscillate simultaneously in two modes. This can be achieved in that, for example, the thickness of an electrode layer of a conventional resonator oscillating essentially in the fundamental mode is increased by a factor n>2. This measure is sufficient to favor a second mode, so that it is excited equally in addition to the fundamental mode.
If the frequency of the higher mode is not a whole-number multiple of the frequency of the fundamental mode, then such a resonator oscillating at two resonance frequencies can be used for different applications. Through the non-whole number difference it is possible to clearly distinguish the two resonance frequencies of the resonator from possible upper harmonic waves and other technical artifacts of the fundamental mode. A resonator with two resonance frequencies can be used, for example, in a sensor arrangement in which an external parameter acts on the resonator, so that one of the two resonances is preferred or suppressed. Through the simple comparison of the resonance strength of the two resonances, a measurement value of the sensor is then determined, which can be assigned to the external parameter.
In another embodiment, the stimulation of oscillations of the resonator is simplified. An external connection of the resonator with series inductors achieves an increase in the distance between the pole and zero of the resonator. The effect acts on all of the excitable oscillation modes equally. The fundamental mode is suppressed so that the resonator connected to a series inductor shows improved oscillation in the higher mode. This can be recognized in a simple way on the phase profile, which, for a resonator connected to a series inductor, shows a considerable improvement, which corresponds approximately to a maximum phase shift of 180� at the resonance point. This is advantageous for resonators because the quality factor of the higher mode is perforce lower and the resonator therefore oscillates in the higher mode. With the series connection of an inductor, this is improved.
A similar effect can be achieved if a PZT material (lead-zirconate-titanate) is used as the material for the piezoelectric layer. This material-specific effect can also be amplified by a series connection of the resonator with a passive network and especially with a series inductor. Each of the two measures improves the oscillation of the higher mode and thus increases its quality factor.
A resonator can also be implemented as a stacked resonator or CRF arrangement (coupled-resonator-filter) or SCF (stacked crystal filter). Here, using a conventional resonator, another resonator is built with the intermediate placement of a coupled layer system. Therefore, above the second electrode of the first resonator, a coupled layer system and also a third electrode, a second piezoelectric layer, and a fourth electrode are provided.
The coupled layer system is used for setting an acoustic coupling between the first and the second resonators arranged one above the other in stacks. The coupled layer system can comprise a sequence of different layers, for example, a sequence made from layers of alternating higher and lower acoustic impedance. It is also possible, however, to construct a coupled layer system as a single layer of low impedance, for example, in the form of a relatively thin BCB layer (benzocyclobutene). One-layer "coupled layer systems" can also be implemented with other low-impedance materials, which can likewise be selected from organic materials.
Below, figures are used only for illustration and are therefore drawn only schematically and not true to scale. Neither absolute nor relative dimensions can be inferred from the Figures. Identical or equivalent parts are designated with the same reference symbols.
With reference to a schematic cross section through the layer structure,
The variation of the reflector is useful for the functioning of the resonator.
An optimal reflector should have a zero at which the fundamental mode is damped to a maximum degree, for the frequency of the fundamental mode at approximately 2 GHz, so that the reflector is transparent at this point for the wave. The reflector shown in
In general, it is to be determined that the exact position of the reflection centers, that is, the locations at which a reflector optimally reflects, is also still a function of the thickness of the electrodes E. This leads to the fact that starting from a known reflector reflecting at a given fundamental mode, a reflector optimally reflecting at a higher mode can usually not be obtained exclusively through a reduction of the reflector layers in the ratio of the respective frequencies to each other. Instead, other factors are to be considered that cannot be easily represented. However, in principle it is possible at any time to arrange the stop band of the reflector above the fundamental mode. For the most part, a reflection response is obtained that fulfills the desired purpose, namely the suppression of the fundamental mode and the maximum reflection of the higher mode.
FIGS. 10A/10B show the transmission response A and the phase response P of another resonator, in which the piezoelectric layer is produced from PZT. This material has significantly greater pole/zero spacing than the aluminum nitride used in the previous embodiments, so that here the higher modes also have a higher pole/zero spacing. This example also shows that, with the aid of PZT, a well pronounced phase change of the higher mode can be achieved, which can be seen especially in the phase response according to
While previously individual resonators were considered, here a complete filter is implemented by the two resonators arranged one above the other with the coupled layer system KS arranged therebetween. Port 1 is formed by the two connections 1 and 2. In contrast, port 2 is formed by the two connections 3 and 4, which each contact the electrodes. This filter has a passband, which corresponds to the resonance frequency of the higher mode. For the actual fundamental mode of the filter, which is suppressed by the corresponding modification of the acoustic reflector, high damping is achieved. Another variation of this resonator filter provides that the coupled layer system KS is replaced by an individual coupling layer, for example, by a BCB layer of 175 nm. For otherwise constant layer thicknesses and layer materials, with this configuration a filter response is also achieved that has a passband in the region of the higher mode.
Only a few embodiments are described herein. The scope of this disclosure covers varying and optimizing layer thicknesses, in order to achieve an optimum suppression of the fundamental mode. Corresponding layer thickness modifications may also be used when materials of the reflector, electrode, and piezoelectric layer are changed. Because each change disrupts the entire system for a system that has been optimized once, after modifying a single layer, usually other modifications are necessary to a smaller extent for
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|Oct 13, 1998
|Tfr Technologies, Inc.
|Stacked crystal filter device and method of making
|Jan 29, 1997
|Jan 26, 1999
|Iowa State University Research Foundation
|Multiple layer acoustical structures for thin-film resonator based circuits and systems
|Jun 2, 1999
|Jul 17, 2001
|Agilent Technologies, Inc.
|Duplexer incorporating thin-film bulk acoustic resonators (FBARs)
|Dec 27, 1999
|Aug 20, 2002
|Kyocera Corporation
|Piezoelectric resonator
|Nov 16, 2001
|Apr 13, 2004
|Tfr Technologies, Inc.
|Coupled resonator bulk acoustic wave filter
|Jun 6, 2003
|Aug 9, 2005
|Epcos Ag
|Component working with acoustic waves and having a matching network
|Jan 30, 2004
|Jan 31, 2006
|Nokia Corporation
|Encapsulated electronics device with improved heat dissipation
|Apr 16, 2004
|Sep 5, 2006
|Epcos Ag
|Duplexer with extended functionality
|Jul 28, 2004
|Mar 6, 2007
|Epcos Ag
|Electrical component having overlapping electrodes, and method for the manufacture of same
|Sep 13, 2004
|Aug 21, 2007
|Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.
|Piezoelectric resonator, filter, and duplexer
|Oct 19, 2004
|Feb 19, 2008
|Avago Technologies Wireless Ip (Singapore) Pte Ltd.
|Cavity-less film bulk acoustic resonator (FBAR) devices
|Feb 2, 2004
|Mar 25, 2008
|Epcos Ag
|Front-end circuit for wireless transmission systems
|Feb 6, 2004
|Feb 10, 2009
|Epcos Ag
|Component with a piezoelectric functional layer
|Jun 6, 2003
|Dec 11, 2003
|Thomas Metzger
|Component working with acoustic waves and having a matching network
|Apr 16, 2004
|Dec 23, 2004
|Edgar Schmidhammer
|Duplexer with extended functionality
|Jul 28, 2004
|Apr 21, 2005
|Pasi Tikka
|Electrical component having overlapping electrodes, and method for the manufacture of same
|Jan 30, 2004
|Aug 4, 2005
|Nokia Corporation
|Method for improving heat dissipation in encapsulated electronic components
|Dec 16, 2003
|May 4, 2006
|Epcos A G
|Front-end circuit comprising thin-film resonators
|Sep 18, 2003
|Jul 27, 2006
|Pasi Tikka
|Bulk acoustic wave resonator and circuit comprising same
|Feb 2, 2004
|Aug 31, 2006
|Christian Block
|Front-end circuit for wireless transmission systems
|Feb 6, 2004
|May 10, 2007
|Thomas Metzger
|Component with a piezoelectric functional layer
|May 10, 2005
|Dec 27, 2007
|Werner Ruile
|May 24, 2005
|Dec 27, 2007
|Epcos Ag
|Jul 5, 2007
|Mar 20, 2008
|Edgar Schmidhammer
|Transceiver circuit
|Oct 5, 2007
|Apr 10, 2008
|Edgar Schmidhammer
|Bulk acoustic wave resonator
|Jul 30, 2007
|Apr 24, 2008
|Epcos Ag
|Bulk acoustic wave resonator and filter
|Oct 7, 2005
|Jun 12, 2008
|Edgar Schmidhammer
|Frequency Shunt
|Jun 8, 2005
|Oct 9, 2008
|Habbo Heinze
|Filter Assembly Comprising Two Bulk Wave Resonators
|Jun 3, 2005
|Oct 23, 2008
|Edgar Schmidhammer
|Resonator Operating with Bulk Acoustic Waves
|Jun 3, 2005
|Nov 6, 2008
|Habbo Heinze
|Filter That Comprises Bulk Acoustic Wave Resonators And That Can Be Operated Symmetrically On Both Ends
|Dec 18, 2006
|Jan 1, 2009
|Markus Mayer
|Resonator Functioning with Acoustic Volume Waves
|Jun 8, 2005
|Jan 8, 2009
|Edgar Schmidhammer
|Electrical circuit and component with said circuit
|Dec 4, 2006
|Mar 26, 2009
|Habbo Heinze
|Bulk Acoustic Wave Resonator
|Sep 30, 2008
|Apr 9, 2009
|Christian Block
|Mobile Radio Module for Multiband-Multimode Operation
|Aug 2, 2002
|Feb 27, 2003
|Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V.
|Filter system comprising a bulk acoustic wave resonator
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|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Sep 9, 2011
|Aug 19, 2014
|Georgia Tech Research Corporation
|Multi-mode bulk-acoustic-wave resonators
|Oct 17, 2011
|Dec 1, 2015
|Epcos Ag
|Band rejection filter comprising a serial connection of at least two pi-elements
|Mar 9, 2014
|May 10, 2016
|United Microelectronics Corp.
|Resonator filter having a recess in insulating material of a multi-layered coupling structure
|Sep 9, 2011
|Mar 15, 2012
|Georgia Tech Research Corpoation
|Multi-mode bulk-acoustic-wave resonators
|Oct 17, 2011
|Oct 17, 2013
|Epcos Ag
|Band rejection filter comprising a serial connection of at least two pi-elements
|Mar 9, 2014
|Sep 10, 2015
|United Microelectronics Corp.
|Resonator filter
|U.S. Classification
|333/187, 333/191
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Mar 2, 2007
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Super Stitches Knitting: Knitting Essentials Plus a Dictionary of more than 300 Stitch Patterns
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Talk:Drowning – Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
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Comments For Character of the Month Biographies
Reviewer: Firstborn Signed [Report This]
Date: March 27, 2014 - 11:09 am
Title: Fingolfin
I think Fingolfin was the greatest warrior ever. What about yours??
Author's Response:
I never really thought about it in those terms. All of the Noldorin warrior kings seem incredibly brave to me. Fingolfin's and Feanor's last attacks seem brave but not stargically wise in both cases and both die. Fingon seems to have been a steady commander who looked over the frontiers for his father for years. If you look at my bio of Fingon, I give some details which might lead me to surmise that he seems to have been actively involved in defense of their territory on behalf of Fingolfin for virtually all of Fingolfin's reign.


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Health officials warn about potential exposure to measles
Health officials are warning about potential exposure to the measles, after a health scare at Hampton Beach in New Hampshire.
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Health officials are warning about potential exposure to the measles, after a health scare at Hampton Beach in New Hampshire.
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The Tiger Trolley in South Hadley is being eliminated, while the PVTA is reducing service on other routes.
A state police helicopter had been called in to assist in the search, in the area of the Ashley Reservoir.
While it may be in the 90s outside, inside the ice cream freezer at Rondeau's Dairy Bar, it is about 15 degrees below zero.
In addition to fireworks, 2nd annual Bike Ride and BBQ, Mudfest at The Wick 338 motocross track, and First Responders Appreciation Parade.
The Westfield Police has gotten some help for accident control.


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RaidersBurlington, NJ
19 Central Ave Burlington NJ, 8016
Raiders Information
The New Jersey-based Raiders Drum and Bugle Corps was founded in 1990. First competing regionally in 1991, the group made its inaugural trip to the DCI World Championships a year later. A finalist in its division every year since 2001, Raiders won the DCI Division III World Championship in 2005. The drum corps operates as part of the A+ Education and Performing Arts organization.
Upcoming EventsView Full Schedule
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by Drum Corps InternationalDrum majors put competition aside at annual leadership summit
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by Drum Corps InternationalJanuary camp roundup
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by Drum Corps InternationalThe sound of our future/The future of our sound


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The Disney Land Railpath attraction during construction
The Disney Land Railpath's realistic griffin-powered handcar will take you on a grand inoperable-circle tour around the park. Among stops in six wildernesses, the handcar will take you around the tall Undersea Canyon and Primieval Equipment attractions, in which you can view dead animals and Jurassic-Park-like animatronic creatures from hundreds of centuries in the past.
Beware Pirate Mode
© copyright 2011–2018
A Pants Aflame production


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Retailing has always been about survival of the fittest and most innovative. Many retailers have learned this the hard way. Others have reinvented themselves. Embracing change, innovation and new technologies is challenging, but this has always been the key to survival and prosperity.
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On 11 June 2015, Dentons sponsored the BRC's third annual International Retailing conference. The conference was designed to provide discussions around both the opportunities and complexities of Internationalisation and key insights into potential growth markets, local economies and strategies for operating UK retailers' business internationally.
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Re: Tranmitting Loop for 6m & 10m
Expand Messages
- At 7:40 am ((PDT)) Mon Jul 30, 2007, in Digest 881, Richards wrote:
>[snip] For my experiment, I tuned weak and moderate signalsYou do not say what the winding pitch is: my bet is that
>in the 31 m short wave band (around 9.4 MHz).
>What seemed to work as well as anything, was a mere 16 seat of wire
>looped twice around a 2 foot by 2 foot square PVC pipe frame I built for
>another purpose. Using coax cable feed line, it did not seem to matter
>whether I connected just one end of the wire loop, or both ends - one
>end to the coax cable center conductor, and the other to the shield.
>I don't know why it did not matter how I connected it, but it
>seemed to work the same either way.
your loop is close wound, in which case the loop's self-
resonance will be at around 2Mhz. (It depends somewhat
on wire diameter, which you also didn't care to tell us.)
You would benefit from RJELOOP3.EXE by Reg Edwards.
This is designed for square receiving loops and will tell you
the inductance, approximate self-resonance frequency,
capacitor for resonance (if used) and other interesting
By using RJELOOP3 you will discover that you need to
increase the winding pitch to 2 wire diameters or more
in order to raise the self-resonance above your frequency
of interest.
If you are planning to tune the loop I would suggest a bigger
spacing, since self-capacitance is worse for Q than a good-
quality external C and will also limit the tuning range attainable.
>[snip]Not practical: the loop is already capacitive above its
>I wonder whether tuning capacitor would help adjust the wire to various
>frequencies above
parallel resonance.
>or below its resonant frequency?Yes, but first you need to raise its self-resonance above
your frequency of interest.
>I wonder whether I could locate the tuning capacitor inYes, if you don't mind adding the resistance and capacitance
>the shack, rather than out at the loop in the backyard?
of your feeder to the loop resonant circuit (which you should).
>I am, based on the discussion here, presuming that myHow does
>16 foot long wire in a
>figure-8 double looprelate to
>(i.e. going twice around my 2 feet per side pvc frame)?
Or are you trying to tell us at this late stage in the discussion
that you wound it with figure-8 zip cord?
>is approximately 1/10 wavelength for the 31 m (9.5 MHz)300m/9.5Mhz = 104ft approx.; 16ft = 0.154 wavelength;
>broadcast band.
a >50% error over 1/10 wavelength but, since you have
coiled it, you have brought the low-current ends back to
overlap the maximum-current centre, so the spacial
distribution of current will be more uniform than a single
turn of this wire length would have been and I'm guessing
that means it will give you good "small loop" performance.
>I also presume that I would have to select a differentAny loop of wire below its self-resonant frequency behaves
>length of wire, perhaps, or a different band in the spectrum. Or is
>this mistaken, would any short loop work? Would any short length work,
>but with a tuner?
just as you should expect a loop of wire to behave: it has an
area which determines how it interacts with the spatial RF field
and an inductance and capacitance which determines how
you can couple it to the rest of your circuit.
When the length is greater the spatial arrangement and
possible self-resonant modes take over, and you will need
either experiment or an antenna-modelling package to
discover what its impedance and radiation pattern are,
which is one reason for sticking with published designs
so you can benefit from someone else's experience.
Regards, LenW
- At 1:21 pm ((PDT)) Tue Jul 31, 2007, in Digest 882, W2XJ wrote:
>I agree that the loop is too large. The circumference needs to be lessOnly if it is to be a "small" receiving loop: it is marginal as
>than 1/4 wave.
a "small" transmitting loop; and there is no restriction on
(approx) multiple half-wavelengths being used in a large loop.
For example, see "The Loop Skywire" and the following
"7-MHz Loop" in ARRL Antenna Book chapter 5, both of
which have multiple modes above their fundamental (and
the Skywire as a top-hat loaded vertical too).
>With 47 cm diameter, you are right at 1/4 wave lengthBoth MLOOP31 and RJELOOP1 say it should tune 50MHz
>before you consider velocity and loading.
and work with good efficiency with a 25mm conductor...
>If you go to a diameter... with about 8pF or 9pF respectively, though we know
>slightly less than 40 CM, it should tune on 6 M and be about 60 %
>efficient on 10 M if you use around 1 inch (25mm) tubing. Also, your
>capacitor is to large. You need about 26 pf for 10 m and half that on 6.
this value must be marginal for Dexter's variable capacitor.
(RJELOOP1 says only 4.4pF with a 1mm conductor.)
For 10MHz, RJELOOP1 predicts 29.3pF.
> With a capacitor 10 times too large, tuning at the bottom of the rangeThere are many specific details Dexter hasn't given us,
>could be difficult. What kind of match are you using - gamma match or
>loop coupling? How much power do you plan to use?
(though I see there are some later in this Digest)
probably because he doesn't understand them himself yet
or have enough information to reach a decision.
I suggest it is time for Dexter to do his own legwork and at least
play with RJELOOP1 (or MLOOP31) until he gets a feel for the
numbers and preferably also read chapter 5 of ARRL Antenna Book
to get a handle on the theory and some specific designs.
And would contributors please _not_ quote most of the history
of this thread into their messages - especially top-posted into
reverse or higgledy-piggledy order. I can't easily follow much
of the quote in your message and I see I wrote most of it!
Quotes should give _context_ - and they need to be come before
the reply to do that - not _history_ - we have an Archive for that.
Regards, LenW
If you are sending a reply to a message... be sure you summarize the
original at the top of the message, or include just enough text of
the original to give a context. This will make sure readers under-
stand when they start to read your response.... Giving context helps
everyone. But do not include the entire original! (rfc1855)
- At 9:05 pm ((PDT)) Tue Jul 31, 2007, in Digest 882, de_9w2dtr wrote:
>--- In email@example.com, W2XJ <w2xj@...> wrote:Faraday: Michael Faraday, an English natural philosopher
> >
> >
> > I agree that the loop is too large. The circumference needs to be less
> > than 1/4 wave. With 47 cm diameter, you are right at 1/4 wave length
> > before you consider velocity and loading. If you go to a diameter
> > slightly less than 40 CM, it should tune on 6 M and be about 60 %
> > efficient on 10 M if you use around 1 inch (25mm) tubing. Also, your
> > capacitor is to large. You need about 26 pf for 10 m and half that
>on 6.
> > With a capacitor 10 times too large, tuning at the bottom of the
> > could be difficult. What kind of match are you using - gamma match or
> > loop coupling? How much power do you plan to use?
> >
>I am using a Farady Loop
>for coupling the RF feed.A balun provides a BAlanced to UNbalanced (or an
>Is there any usage of Balun and tuner should be considered?
unbalanced to balanced) transformation.
You only need one if your antenna coupling is balanced
and your feedre is unbalanced; or your antenna coupling
is unbalanced and your feeder is balanced.
> From my calculation, with the velocity factor of 0.66,Where did you get that from? The velocity factor is one
in free space - are you operating in some sticky liquid?
>or 54MhzIf you are calculating the loop dimensions using the
>frequency. The loop diameter for 1/4w will be about 29cm. Is this
>correct? I use this formula, 300/54=5.55, 5.55/4=1.388,
>1.388*0.66=0.916, 0.916/pi=29.1cm.
>I am using a 12mm microwave coax cable for the loop.
velocity factor of your coax, remember that the loop is
radiating from the outside of the conductor and this
has nothing to do with what is happening inside the
coax (otherwise, how would coax feeders work?)
Regards, LenW
From Yahoo! Groups Help: ... trim all the irrelevant quoted text
out of your message (as a courtesy to the other members of
the group to make the digest easier to read).
- Brief Off topic comment -- Feels lit it some days...
I liked your "sticky liquid" question, ... but mostly
because I feel that is what I am operating in most of
the time... slogging along... slowly... inexorably...
Life is highly viscous.
Happy trails. /// Richards ///
Len Warner wrote:
- are you operating in some sticky liquid?
- I live in an apartment 13th floor above the ground. I plan to install
the loop antenna on the balcony. Although I can install a vertical
antenna, I think it is wiser to go loop due to it's size.
Your message has been successfully submitted and would be delivered to recipients shortly.


text:
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Cyanogen, the developer of a modified version of Android known as CyanogenMod, recently claimed that its OS had 50 million active users, making it bigger than BlackBerry (NYSE:BB) and Microsoft's (NASDAQ:MSFT) Windows Mobile (not Windows Phone) combined. That's up from 10 million active users at the end of 2013.
At first glance, CyanogenMod looks like just another version of Android. However, it includes tinkerer-friendly features like themes, an OpenVPN client, an unlockable bootloader, root access, the CPU overclocking options. Most importantly, it strips out many of Google's (NASDAQ:GOOG) (NASDAQ:GOOGL) core services, which cripples the search giant's ability to monetize Android devices.
Earlier this year, Cyanogen CEO Kirt McMaster criticized Google for turning Android, an open source OS, into a "shell" for its own services, which gave it an edge over anyone who wanted to produce competing apps. Cyanogen's battle cry of a "Google-free Android" has gotten the attention of many companies. Let's see how these supporters are helping Cyanogen grow, and what it could mean for Google's future.
Losing control of Android
When Google first launched Android in 2008, handset makers eagerly installed the free, open-source OS for two reasons. First, they didn't have to spend any money to develop their own software. Second, Google would provide a unified backbone for downloading apps, which created a shared ecosystem among different OEMs.
But as the smartphone market became crowded and commoditized, margins declined. To squeeze out more profits, smartphone makers developed their own services and apps, many of which overlapped with Google's services. Samsung, for example, uses the Galaxy Apps Store, S Health, and Samsung Pay to respectively compete against Google Play, Google Fit, and Android Pay. Google, seeking new ways to gather more data from those users, added even more services to Android. It also tried to encourage OEMs in emerging markets to use stock Android with the "Android One" initiative, but many OEMs preferred to stick with their own UIs and apps instead of Google's.
Since most Google services are banned across China, the world's largest smartphone market, Chinese smartphone makers also had to develop their own Android-based app ecosystems. Many of those companies "forked" Android to cut all ties with Google. In the fourth quarter of 2014, 29% of all Android devices shipped worldwide were forked ones, according to ABI Research.
Exploiting the rift
The widening rift between Google and Android device makers created a big opportunity for Cyanogen. In April, Cyanogen signed a deal with Microsoft to integrate apps like Outlook, Office, Skype, Bing, OneDrive, and OneNote into its OS. This was a win-win situation for both companies -- Cyanogen gained a non-Google ecosystem, while Microsoft claimed a foothold in the Android market.
Contract manufacturing giant Foxconn also invested in Cyanogen during its round of Series C funding in March. Cyanogen also hired executives from Amazon and Qualcomm to strengthen its engineering division.
Cyanogen also partnered with Chinese handset maker OnePlus on the OnePlus One, which sold about a million units. That partnership ended afterwards, but Cyanogen is still partnered with Micromax, the largest smartphone maker in India, and Blu Products, which sells handsets in the U.S., Latin America, and the Caribbean. Blu's upcoming Cyanogen phone is expected to use Amazon's App Store instead of Google Play, and come pre-loaded with Microsoft services.
Growth potential
Cyanogen certainly looks like it's growing, but 50 million users is a tiny sliver of the Android market. Last year, over a billion Android smartphones were shipped worldwide. However, analysts cited by Forbes claimed that rising demand in emerging markets could help Cyanogen eventually reach one billion handsets -- more than the total number of iPhones sold to date.
That forecast might be too optimistic, but it's easy to see how Cyanogen could keep growing. Companies that don't want to spend money developing their own version of Android can use CyanogenMod as a "turnkey" software solution which doesn't require handset makers or their users to be tethered to Google. This complements "turnkey" hardware designs from Qualcomm and other chipmakers, which shortened the development cycle of smartphones and reduced development costs.
The bottom line
Cyanogen has a history of making bold, headline-grabbing statements. Back in March, McMaster told Forbes that his company was "putting a bullet through Google's head." The recent statement about CyanogenMod being "bigger" than BlackBerry and Microsoft also slyly compares its user base to Windows Mobile instead of Windows Phone. The company also doesn't generate any meaningful revenue yet.
However, Cyanogen's presence is hard to ignore. As the rift between Google and handset makers widen, smaller companies could turn to Cyanogen instead of Google. When that happens, the percentage of Google-free Android devices could rise, hurting Google's ability to monetize mobile devices and track users.
Leo Sun has no position in any stocks mentioned. The Motley Fool recommends Amazon.com, Google (A shares), Google (C shares), and Qualcomm. The Motley Fool owns shares of Amazon.com, Google (A shares), Google (C shares), Microsoft, and Qualcomm. Try any of our Foolish newsletter services free for 30 days. We Fools may not all hold the same opinions, but we all believe that considering a diverse range of insights makes us better investors. The Motley Fool has a disclosure policy.
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