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Treatment of opioid-dependent adolescents and young adults with buprenorphine
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Rising rates of opioid use among teenagers and young adults are a public health concern. Despite short durations of opioid use compared with those of adults, youth with opioid dependence have a host of co-occurring conditions, including polysubstance abuse, psychiatric disorders, hepatitis C infection, HIV risk, and high-risk sexual and criminal behaviors. Opioid-dependent youth typically are offered outpatient/residential treatment with brief detoxification, but one study showed that heroin users fare worse following residential treatment. Although abundant research supports the use of medication-assisted treatment for opioid-dependent adults, research is only recently emerging for youth. Buprenorphine, a partial opioid agonist, was proven safe and effective in improving abstinence from opioids in two controlled clinical trials. More research is needed to determine several clinically relevant areas: appropriate duration of agonist treatment, ways to enhance medication adherence, the value of integrated treatments for co-occurring conditions, and the role of opioid antagonists in opioid-dependent youth.
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References and Recommended Reading
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- 3.Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration: Adapted by CESAR from Substance Abuse & Mental Health Data Archive (SAMHDA): Online analysis of the concatenated 1992-2004 TEDS data set, 2008. Available at http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/SAMHDA/. Accessed November 15, 2006.
- 4.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Viral hepatitis and injection drug users. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/IDU/hepatitis/viral_hep_drug_use.htm. Accessed September 15, 2007.
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- 12.Woody G, Poole S, Subramaniam GA, et al.: Extended medication-assisted therapy produces better outcomes than detoxification among opioid-addicted youth. JAMA 2008, 300:2003–2011.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
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- 25.Comer SD, Sullivan MA, Yu E, et al.: Injectable, sustainedrelease naltrexone for the treatment of opioid dependence: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006, 62:210–218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar


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Forum indexOlympus Compact Camera TalkChange forum
On the OLy XZ-2, do I understand the pixel setting?
Started Feb 5, 2013 | Discussions thread
jon404 • Senior Member • Posts: 2,206
Re: On the OLy XZ-2, do I understand the pixel setting?
In reply to clear glass • Feb 8, 2013
On your Olympus XZ-1 or XZ-2, make sure the camera is set to the highest possible resolution. My XZ-1 takes 2736 x 3648 JPGs. The bigger, the better. If you want to make a print at 300 dpi (sharp on any printer), you will need to send a 2400 x 3000 file to make an 8 x 10 print... so if you start out with that 2736 x 3648 size, you will still have room to crop your image down to 2400 x 3000.
In practice, you can go to the printer with a 250 dpi file... which gives you even more cropping room on the original. But 300 dpi is a good rule of thumb for a 'gallery-sharp' print that can be viewed from one foot away and still look sharp.
Jonathon Donahue -- Olympus XZ-1 tips at http://jon404.com
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Symptoms of Anxiety, Depression, and Aggression in Non-clinical Children: Relationships with Self-report and Performance-based Measures of Attention and Effortful Control
- 2.2k Downloads
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This study investigated the relation between the regulative trait of effortful control, and in particular attention control, and psychopathological symptoms in a sample of 207 non-clinical children aged 8–12 years. For this purpose, children completed self-report scales for measuring regulative traits and various types of psychopathological symptoms (i.e., anxiety, depression, and aggression) and were tested with a neuropsychological battery for measuring attention/effortful control capacity. Results indicated that self-report and performance-based measures of attention/effortful control were at best moderately correlated. Further, it was found that self-report indexes of attention/effortful control were clearly negatively related to psychopathological symptoms, which provides support for the notion that low regulation is associated with higher levels of psychopathology. Finally, the performance-based measure of attention/effortful control was not convincingly related to psychopathological symptoms.
KeywordsAttention control Effortful control Psychopathological symptoms Children
Epidemiological research has shown that a substantial proportion of children and adolescents suffer from psychiatric disorders [1, 2, 3]. The most frequently diagnosed disorders can be roughly divided in two categories: internalizing problems (e.g., anxiety disorders, depression) and externalizing problems (e.g., disruptive behavior disorders) [4]. Only a small percentage of the children with problems actually receive services, and so many of these untreated children go on to become adults with psychiatric disorders [5]. During the last decades, clinical psychology researchers have increasingly accepted the notion that many psychiatric problems in adults have their origins during childhood, resulting in an intensification of studies on the etiology of childhood psychiatric disorders [6]. This research has made clear that childhood disorders do not have their origins in a single factor, but originate from the dynamic interplay of multiple factors. Most studies have focused on vulnerability and risk factors such as reactive temperament, negative learning experiences, stressful life events, and adverse family factors, which are all thought to increase children's proneness to develop psychiatric problems and disorders [7, 8, 9]. Fortunately, there are also protective influences, which may serve to shield children and adolescents against the development of psychopathological symptoms.
One protective variable that is currently receiving an increasing amount of research attention is effortful control. Briefly, effortful control can best be defined as the ability to inhibit a dominant response to perform a subdominant response, and refers to self-regulative processes that enable a person to control or regulate behavior under certain circumstances [10, 11]. Effortful control is generally thought to consist of two main components: inhibitory control, which pertains to the ability to inhibit one's behavior if necessary, and attention control, which can be defined as the ability to focus and shift attention when needed. It is generally assumed that the capacity for effortful control processes is innate [12]. Relatively few data exist on the temporal stability of this regulative temperament factor, but available evidence has revealed reasonable stability from infancy through preschool and into the early school years [13, 14], and so it can be concluded that effortful control has trait-like qualities [10]. Meanwhile, it is also clear that this regulative factor further develops as a result of brain maturation, especially in the frontal lobes, in interaction with the environment [15, 16]. The gradual improvement of effortful control increasingly enables children to regulate emotions and to control their behavior, which may have positive effects on their social interactions with other children [17, 18]. In children who have little effortful control by nature or who fail to adequately develop this regulative trait, such normal processes can be disturbed and this may increase their vulnerability to develop psychopathological symptoms.
Various studies have demonstrated that low levels of effortful control are associated with higher levels of internalizing and externalizing symptoms. For example, in an investigation by Eisenberg and colleagues [19], parents and teachers completed rating scales for measuring effortful control in a sample of 4- to 8-year-old children. Some of these children displayed internalizing or externalizing problems, whereas other children did not manifest any psychological problems. Results showed that children with internalizing problems and children with externalizing problems scored relatively low on effortful control as compared to children without psychological problems. Other studies have yielded comparable results: that is, low levels of effortful control are associated with higher levels of psychopathological symptoms [20, 21, 22], although the link with externalizing symptoms generally appeared stronger than that with internalizing symptoms [23, 24, 25]. However, the latter finding may be primarily due to the fact that the instruments that have been used in the above-mentioned studies were somewhat biased to the assessment of inhibitory control. Research employing measures that tap aspects of attention control has demonstrated that internalizing problems such as anxiety and depression are also convincingly associated with low levels of effortful control [26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31]. In their recently formulated theory on the role of temperament in the etiology of childhood psychopathology, Muris and Ollendick [32] assume that different aspects of effortful control are allied to specific types of symptoms. More precisely, lack of attention control seems more strongly linked to internalizing symptoms, whereas a deficiency of inhibitory control is more clearly related to externalizing symptoms. Note that these differential relations are in keeping with the clinical observation that internalizing disorders are typically characterized by uncontrollable negative thought, while externalizing disorders are frequently marked by impulsive and disinhibited behavior [33].
Research on the psychopathological correlates of effortful control has predominantly relied on self-report scales for measuring this regulative trait. Most studies have employed subscales of temperament questionnaires such as the Child Behavior Questionnaire [34] and the Early Adolescent Temperament Questionnaire [35], or scales that have been derived from these instruments such as the Attention Control Scale (ACS) [36] and the Effortful Control Scale (ECS) [29]. Only a number of investigations have relied on behavioral batteries [13, 37], in spite of the fact that effortful control shows strong resemblance to what neuropsychologists refer to as 'executive functions', which makes that this regulative factor can be readily assessed by means of cognitive performance tests that tap children's capacity of governing their attention and controlling their behavior. This research has generally confirmed the notion that effortful control is especially associated with externalizing problems, although it should again be noted that most performance tests mainly focus on the control of behavior (inhibitory control) and largely neglect the aspect of attention control. Interestingly, Manly and colleagues [38, 39] have developed the Test of Everyday Attention for Children (TEA-Ch), which primarily focuses on attention processes and includes various tasks that call on focusing, sustaining, and switching attention.
The current study further examines the link between the regulative trait of effortful control, and in particular attention control, and psychopathological symptoms in children. For this purpose, a large sample of non-clinical children aged 8 to 12 years were tested with the TEA-Ch and completed self-report scales for measuring attention control (ACS) and effortful control (ECS) as well as symptoms of anxiety, depression, and aggression. In this way, we investigated (1) the relationships between TEA-Ch scores and self-report indices of attention control and effortful control, and (2) the links between attention control and effortful control as measured by the TEA-Ch and self-report questionnaires, on the one hand, and psychopathological symptoms in children, on the other hand. It was anticipated that behavioral (TEA-Ch) and self-report (ACS and ECS) indices of attention and effortful control would be positively related. Further, we expected to find negative associations between indices of attention and effortful control (TEA-Ch, ACS, and ECS) and measures of anxiety, depression, and aggression, which of course would provide further support for the notion that these types of psychopathological symptoms are accompanied by lower levels of this regulative trait.
A total of 207 children (90 boys and 117 girls) of three primary schools in the Rotterdam region of the Netherlands were recruited for the purpose of the present study. Children had a mean age of 10.25 years (SD = 1.02; range 8–12 years). Participants' parents were approached by mail. In the letter, parents received information about the study and they were asked to give consent for their child's participation. Of the children who were initially invited, about 65% was allowed to participate in the study. No exact information on the socio-economic background of the children was available, but it can be mentioned that the majority (i.e., 83.1%) was from original Dutch descent. The other 16.9% had an ethnic minority background (e.g., Surinam, Antillean, Turkish, and Moroccan), which in the Netherlands is usually indicative for a lower socio-economic status.
The child version of the Attention Control Scale (ACS) [36] is a 20-item self-report questionnaire measuring the ability to focus and shift attention if necessary (e.g., "When concentrating, I do not notice what happens around me", "I can easily write or read, while I am talking on the phone"). Items have to be scored on a 4-point scale with 0 = never, 1 = sometimes, 2 = often, and 3 = always. After recoding inversely formulated items, a total score can be computed by summing across relevant items. In all cases, higher scores reflect higher levels of attention control. Relatively little is known about the reliability and validity of the ACS for children. Research has indicated that the total scale is internally consistent (with αs in the 0.70 range), positively correlated with perceived control (r = 0.22) and school performance (with rs between 0.23 and 0.42), but negatively with symptoms of Attention-Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (r = −0.50) [30, 40]. Furthermore, the parent-child agreement of the ACS also appears satisfactory (ICC = 0.72) [31].
The Effortful Control Scale (ECS) [29] consists of 15 items that have to be scored on a four-point scale with 1 = not true, 2 = somewhat true, 3 = true, and 4 = very true. This scale shows considerable overlap with the ACS in that most of the items measure aspects of attention control. However, the ECS also includes a number of items that measure the effortful control component of inhibitory control (e.g., "When someone tells me to stop doing something, it is easy for me to stop"). A total score can be derived by summing scores on individual items (after recoding reversed items), with higher scores being indicative of higher levels of effortful control. Little is known about the psychometric properties of the ECS, but the study by Muris [29] has indicated that the internal consistency of the scale is sufficient (α = 0.73).
The Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS) [41] is an adaptation of the Spence Children's Anxiety Scale [42] and intends to assess symptoms of DSM-defined anxiety disorders and major depressive disorder. The scale consists of 47 items that can be allocated to six subscales: social phobia (9 items; e.g., "I am afraid of looking foolish in front of people"), panic disorder (9 items; e.g., "My heart suddenly beats too quickly for no reason"), major depressive disorder (10 items; e.g., "I feel sad or empty"), separation anxiety disorder (7 items; "I fear being away from my parents"), generalized anxiety disorder (6 items; "I worry that bad things will happen to myself"), and obsessive-compulsive disorder (6 items; "I have to do things just right to stop bad things"). Items have to be scored on a 4-point scale with 0 = never, 1 = sometimes, 2 = often, and 3 = always. In the current study, two scores were derived from the RCADS: a total anxiety score and a total depression score. Previous research has indicated that the RCADS is reliable in terms of internal consistency and temporal stability, and displays good validity as evidenced by positive associations with concurrent childhood questionnaires of anxiety and depression [41, 43, 44].
The Child Rating of Aggression (CRA) is a self-report version of the Teacher Rating scale for Aggression [45], which consists of 21 items referring to aggressive feelings and behaviors of children: 6 items reflect reactive aggression (e.g., "I get angry for no reason"), 10 items represent proactive aggression (e.g., "I am mean"), whereas 5 items can not be classified in these two categories. Each item has to be scored on a 5-point scale with 1 = never, 2 = seldom, 3 = sometimes, 4 = often, and 5 = almost always. In the current study, a total aggression score was computed by summing the scores on all 21 items. There is tentative support for the psychometric qualities of the CRA. That is, the scale is reliable in terms of internal consistency, and discriminates well between children with and without teacher-observed behavioral problems [28, 46].
Neuropsychological Test
The Test of Everyday Attention for Children (TEA-Ch) [38] is a neuropsychological battery that can be employed to index children's ability of attention control. In the current study, five subtests were used: (1) The Sky Search subtest provides an index of selective attention (i.e., the ability to search for relevant information while ignoring irrelevant, distracting information). This subtest consists of an A3-sheet depicting the sky above a city which is full with spaceships that fly in pairs: for 108 of the pairs, the two spaceships are different, but for the 20 target pairs both spaceships are identical. Children are instructed to search for the identical target pairs and to mark them as quickly as possible. The time needed to complete the test and the number of correctly identified target items are recorded, and eventually yield a time-per-target score. This score is corrected for motor speed by administrating a motor control version of the task during which children have to mark pairs of spaceships on a separate A3-sheet that only displays the target items. (2) The Score! subtest measures attention focusing (i.e., the ability to preserve attention and alertness while doing a task that is not implicitly stimulating), and consists of 10 trials during which children have to silently count (i.e., without the assistance of fingers) the number of tones that are produced by the computer. Each trial presents between 9 and 15 identical tones, which are separated by silent inter-stimulus intervals of variable duration (i.e., 500–5,000 ms). At the end of each trial, children report the number of sounds that they have counted. This subtest yields a total score, which indicates the number of correctly counted trials (range 0–10). (3) The Score-Double Task intends to measure children's capacity of divided attention (i.e., the ability to coordinate and plan complex attention tasks). During this subtest, which again consists of 10 trials, children not only have to count the number of tones, but they also have to listen to a news bulletin (also presented by the computer) in which the name of an animal is mentioned. At the end of each trial, children have to report the number of tones they have counted as well as the animal that was mentioned in the bulletin. A total score can be derived by summing the number of correctly counted trials and the number of correctly reported animals (range 0–20). (4) The Walk-Don't Walk subtest assesses children's inhibitory control (i.e., the ability to control and inhibit behavioral responses), which also requires attention resources. As such, this subtest provides an index of inhibitory control as well as attention control. During this subtest, children are given an A4-sheet showing 'paths' that are each made up of 14 squares ("flagstones"). Children have to listen to tones generated by the computer: the computer may present a 'Go' tone, which indicates that the path is safe and that children can move to the next flagstone. Eventually, the computer will generate a 'No-Go' tone, which indicates that the path is no longer safe and the child should not make the next step. Children hold a marker pen approximately 2 cm above the sheet and are asked to check each step as long as they hear the 'Go' tone, they should not check a stone if they hear the 'No-Go' tone. There are 20 paths for which the tones are presented in an increasing frequency. A total score is obtained by counting the numbers of paths that are correctly checked (range 0–20). (5) The Opposite World subtest essentially measures flexibility of attention shifting (i.e., the ability to shift attention at will). During this test, children are presented with three A-4 sheets, each displaying a randomly ordered string of the digits 1 and 2. In the "Same World' condition, children are asked to read aloud the digits as quickly as possible. In the 'Opposite World' condition, they essentially receive the same instruction, but this time they have to say the opposite for each digit (i.e., "one" for 2, and "two" for 1). Children first start with a Real World sheet in order to prime the prepotent set of naming the numbers, and then have to read two Opposite World sheets. The time needed to read these Opposite World sheets reflects the score on this test.
Raw scores on the TEA-Ch subtests were subjected to a Z-transformation and then recoded in such way that higher scores were indicative for higher levels of attention and effortful control. In this way, it became also possible to compute a total TEA-Ch score in which various aspects of this regulative trait were combined.
Psychometric properties of the TEA-Ch appear satisfactory. Most of the subtests have been found to possess sufficient to good test-retest reliability (with test-retest correlations of various subtests varying between 0.57 and 0.87). Furthermore, research has also provided support for the validity of the TEA-Ch, as evidenced by significant correlations with other indexes of attention (e.g., Stroop color naming task) and measures of intelligence and school performance [38, 39]. In addition, children with Attention-Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder, who are known for their attention problems, perform significantly worse on this test as compared to other clinically referred youths [47].
After obtaining informed consent from their parents, children first completed the set of questionnaires (ACS, ECS, RCADS, and CRA). This was done in their classrooms in the presence of the teacher and a research assistant who answered questions if necessary. In the month following the completion of questionnaires, children were tested individually with the TEA-Ch by a trained research assistant. This assistant was trained by the first author in the administration of this test, and always blind to children's scores on the questionnaires. The TEA-Ch assessment took place in a private room at children's school and lasted for about 25 min. After this session, children received a small present in return for their participation in the study.
General Findings
General statistics for various questionnaires and the TEa-Ch: Mean scores, standard deviations, gender differences, internal consistency, and correlations with age
Total sample (N = 207)
Boys (n = 90)
Girls (n = 117)
Internal consistency†
r with age
31.07 (7.29)
32.35 (7.25)a
30.09 (7.20)b
42.00 (5.60)
42.22 (5.37)a
41.83 (5.78)a
RCADS anxiety
26.15 (14.63)
22.56 (13.66)a
28.91 (14.81)b
RCADS depression
6.84 (3.88)
6.41 (3.52)a
7.17 (4.11)a
33.14 (8.04)
34.78 (8.24)a
31.87 (7.69)b
Total score††
0.00 (3.14)
−0.45 (3.37)a
0.34 (2.93)a
Sky search
3.45 (1.00)
3.74 (1.04)a
3.23 (0.91)b
8.95 (1.13)
8.79 (1.24)a
9.08 (1.03)a
Score-double task
16.26 (3.00)
16.18 (3.10)a
16.32 (2.93)a
Walk-don't walk
15.29 (2.74)
15.56 (2.31)a
15.09 (3.02)a
Opposite world
26.88 (5.21)
27.32 (6.17)a
26.53 (4.32)a
Relationships Among Measures of Attention and Effortful Control
Correlations among various self-report (ACS, ECS) and performance-based (TEA-Ch) measures of attention and effortful control
Total score
Sky search
Score-double task
Walk-don't walk
Opposite world
As there were significant age and gender effects on various measures of attention and effortful control, correlations were also computed while controlling for these demographic variables (i.e., partial correlations). Although some of the correlations attenuated as a result of this correction, the pattern of findings essentially remained the same. That is, the correlation between the ACS and ECS remained substantial (partial r = 0.67), whereas for the ACS a number of small but significant links with TEA-Ch performance were observed (partial rs between 0.15 and 0.20).
Relations Between Attention/Effortful Control and Psychopathological Symptoms
Correlations and partial correlations between attention/effortful control indexes and scores on scales for measuring symptoms of anxiety, depression, and aggression
When controlling for gender and age effects, the correlations between self-reported attention and effortful control and psychopathological symptoms remained substantial (all rs between −0.20 and −0.62, all ps < 0.01), whereas the links between performance-based attention/effortful control and symptom scores were no longer significant (rs between 0.03 and −0.13, p = 0.07).
The present study examined the relationships between self-report and performance-based measures of attention and effortful control and psychopathological symptoms in a sample of 8- to 12-year-old non-clinical children. The main results can be catalogued as follows. First of all, correlations between self-reports of attention and effortful control and the TEA-Ch were not convincing. In fact only, the ACS was significantly related to the TEA-Ch total score and various of its subtests. Further, self-reported attention and effortful control (ACS and ECS) were clearly negatively related to psychopathological symptoms. However, the correlations between the TEA-Ch and symptom scores were very small and even non-significant after controlling for demographic variables (i.e., gender and age).
The data indicate that there is little overlap between self-report and performance-based indexes of attention and effortful control. Only the ACS displayed some modest but significant associations with various aspects of attention performance as indexed by the TEA-Ch. The finding that the ACS was a better indicator of TEA-Ch test performance than the ECS was not that surprising given the fact that the ACS and the TEA-Ch are both primarily measures of attention control [36, 38], whereas the ECS attempts to measure attention as well as inhibitory control [29].
A number of explanations for the observation that self-report and performance-based indexes had so little in common can be put forward. First of all, it may well be the case that the psychometric properties of the ACS and ECS are insufficient and hence the scales might be poor indicators of the regulative traits of attention and effortful control. This idea is partly supported by the rather modest reliability coefficients that were found for both scales. It has been noted that this is probably due to a number of reversed items that are included in these scales [48, 49]. While it is clear that such items are incorporated to cancel out response tendencies, several authors have indicated that they might undermine the psychometric properties of a scale and this might be especially true in child populations [50]. Second, it is also possible that the ACS and the ECS do not really assess children's actual levels of attention and effortful control, but rather reflect children's personal beliefs about how well they can control cognitive processes. If true, this would seriously question the validity of these scales. However, there is some evidence showing that self-reported attention control are actually predictive of children's performance in situations that call upon this regulative trait. That is, Muris [40] found that child- and parent-ratings of attention control (as indexed by the ACS) were predictive of teacher-reported school performance. A third possibility is that TEA-Ch scores do not provide a valid indication of children's level of attention and effortful control. Although previous research has provided evidence for the validity of this test, as evidenced by significant correlations with measures of intelligence, other measures of attention, and school performance [38, 39], it should be mentioned that the present study only employed five subtests of the TEA-Ch. Perhaps the administration of the full battery is necessary to really put load on children's capacity for controlling attention processes. A final, related point pertains to Epstein's [51, 52] observation that performance-based assessments are only predictive of traits, if the pertinent behavior is measured in multiple tasks for which scores are combined. The present study used five subtests of the TEA-Ch, but it may well be that this number was too small to get a valid impression of children's level of attention control.
The links between self-reported attention/effortful control and psychopathological symptoms in children were as anticipated. That is, significant negative correlations were found between scores on the ACS and ECS and levels of anxiety, depression, and aggression [26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31]. Further, the pattern of these correlations was also comparable to that observed in previous studies and indicates that attention control is more convincingly linked to internalizing symptoms (i.e., anxiety and depression) than to externalizing symptoms (i.e., aggression) [49]. Unfortunately, the present study did not include a pure scale for measuring inhibitory control, which seems to be the regulative trait most clearly related to externalizing symptoms [32, 53]. The correlations between the TEA-Ch and psychopathological symptoms were small, and even non-significant after controlling for demographic variables (i.e., gender and age). On the one hand, this finding provides further support for the aforementioned notion that self-reports and performance-based measures of attention/effortful control do not assess fully similar constructs. Perhaps scales such as the ACS and ECS not only measure attention/effortful control capacity, but also tap some type of meta-cognition, namely the idea of children that they have less control over attention and other cognitive processes. Interestingly, several authors have noted that children with high levels of psychopathological symptoms report to experience less control over their emotions [54, 55], and it may well be that this is the result of children's lowered perceptions of control over various cognitive processes. On the other hand, it should be borne in mind that the TEA-Ch was administered under low-stress conditions. It may well be that children's problems with regulating negative emotions only become really manifest when their cognitive system is seriously challenged (e.g., by exposing them to a stressful situation). This implies that TEA-Ch scores would only be related to psychopathological symptoms under stressful or taxing circumstances, which is a possibility that can be tested in further research. Note that this comes close to a diathesis-stress account of psychopathology, which implies that emotional and behavioral problems only develop in vulnerable children (i.e., children with high levels of negative affectivity and/or poor regulative skills) when they are confronted with stressful or challenging events [56].
There are a number of additional findings that require some brief comment. To begin with, there were significant gender differences for symptoms of anxiety and aggression. More precisely, girls reported higher levels of anxiety symptoms, whereas boys reported higher levels of aggression. This finding is in keeping with previous research indicating that girls tend to display more internalizing problems, while boys are inclined to exhibit more externalizing symptoms [57]. Further, consistent age effects were found on indexes of attention control. In all cases, the correlations were positive: this indicates that attention control improved as children were older, which is of course in keeping with the notion that this regulative trait further develops during middle childhood [16].
Admittedly, the current study suffered from various limitations. First, the study only obtained child-reported ACS and ECS data. Although substantial parent-child correlations have been obtained for these measures [31], the inclusion of parent data would certainly have provided additional information and further strengthened our study. Second, fairly little is known on the psychometric properties of the instruments that are currently used for measuring attention and effortful control. More research in this area may yield more reliable and valid scales and tests to assess these regulative temperament factors [48]. Third, the study relied on non-clinical children who were all reasonably well-functioning, and hence displayed fairly good performance on the TEA-Ch. It may well be that more variation in TEA-Ch scores can be found in a sample of clinically referred youths [47], which of course is important when one attempts to investigate relationships with psychopathology symptoms. In spite of these shortcomings, the current data provide interesting information on the assessment of attention/effortful control, and on the relation between these regulative traits and psychopathological symptoms in youths. As noted by Hughes and Graham [58], these issues remain important points on the research agenda of clinical and developmental psychologists in the near future.
Attention and effortful control are regulative temperament variables that are increasingly investigated in the context of child psychopathology. The present study provides additional support for the idea that lower levels of attention and effortful control are indeed associated with higher levels of anxiety, depression, and aggression. However, the results also point out that further research is necessary (a) to examine the links between attention and effortful control and child psychopathology in prospective research designs, and (b) to develop reliable and valid instruments for assessing these regulative temperament traits in children of various ages.
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We visited here in the early evening, and loved the service, food, and decor. It is a small restaurant, on the east side of 10th Street, and we were able to get a table with no problem. The restaurant becomes much busier a little later in the evening.
the ordering process is "custom" in that one can order whichever kind of Sushi one prefers - there are MANY to choose from. We ordered about six different kinds, and they are made there - huge and mouth watering. They do not compare with grocery store purchased Sushi. These are FAR superior!!!!
Service here is pleasant, understated and yet efficient and informative. I recommend this establishment highly.
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Preliminary experience on treatment of infantile hemangioma with low-dose propranolol in China
We aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of low-dose propranolol for treatment of infantile hemangiomas (IHs) in China. Our prospective study included data from 89 patients with IH, aged 1–12 months. Plasma renin activity, angiotensin II, and aldosterone were measured before initiation of propranolol therapy. Patients were administered propranolol (0.75–1 mg/kg/day) under close observation. The volume, texture, and color of lesions were used to evaluate efficacy. Safety endpoints included heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, thyroid function tests, and fasting blood glucose. Adverse effects were recorded. Mean plasma angiotensin II concentration in patients with IH was higher than that in age-matched healthy children, whereas mean plasma renin activity was lower. Mean aldosterone level was higher at 1–3 months but lower at 4–12 months, than values reported previously. After propranolol therapy for 6 months, IH regression was classed as grade IV in 44 patients (49.4 %), grade III in 21 patients (23.6 %), and grade II in 24 patients (27.0 %); none were grade I. Mild adverse effects, including diarrhea, restless sleep, nausea, cold extremities, and hypoglycemia, occurred in 12 patients (13.5 %). Slight decreases in heart rate and blood pressure occurred in all patients (p < 0.05). The IHs of four patients (4.5 %) relapsed after treatment cessation at 4–5 months. Conclusion: Low-dose propranolol is effective and safe for Chinese children with IH, and larger-scale studies are merited. Mechanisms underlying IH pathogenesis, and possible involvement of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, deserve study.
KeywordsPropranolol Infantile hemangioma Low dosage Safety
This research was supported by the Bureau Level Research Project of Shanghai Municipal Health Bureau (20114020).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
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St Petersburg Community College soccer games
Think about what career is best suited for you, and where you want to study. Request more information now.
Think about what career is best suited for you, and where you want to study. Request more information now.
Think about what career is best suited for you, and where you want to study. Request more information now.
Information about St Petersburg Community College soccer games, and registering for departmental seminars and elective lectures. Not all recruiting is done like NCAA Division I teams. College coaches want to hear from serious recruits throughout their high school career. Don't be shy to send videos of your best games to college coaching staff or scouts. Finally, check with your major department for assistance with prerequisites, tuition payment deadlines, and St Petersburg Community College Soccer information. Please use the form above to request admissions info for St Petersburg Community College.
Stay in great shape, even through the off-season. Being physically fit includes knowing about nutrition, staying healthy, and not overworking your body before big games. Practice the basics, over and over, especially targeting skills related to your position. Become a super-specialist, and you'll always find your place on an athletic team. Keep your eyes on the ball, and sacrifice your body if you must, but don't drop the ball.
Watch the ball all the way into your hands, and get a good initial grip. Your sixth sense needs to be developed to stay aware of other players at the same time. Follow the advice that college coaches give you, and it will make a big difference in how you play. That's because most college coaching staff were star players at some point in their careers. Students must meet specific eligibility requirements each year to participate in University of Botswana basketball playoffs. Beyond consideration for St Petersburg Community College soccer games, you may think about Nyack College places to study for complementary electives to your primary course of study.
Corporate Health Coach/ Personal Trainer
Wellness Council of Arizona
Current Personal Trainer Certification. As a Wellness Council of Arizona Corporate Health Coach/ Personal Trainer, you will provide activities such as..
2 days ago Football - Assistant Sophomore Coach
Illinois School District U-46
For Non ETA Coaches. Supervision and organization of the posted extra-curricular activity.
2 hours ago Personal Trainer
Club Fitness
Training clients, certifications, Teach Classes, Demos, Job Type: Full-time Salary: $40,000.00 /year.
4 hours ago Personal Trainer- Golf Fitness
Lifetime Fitness
Nutrition Coaching, Nutritional Products, Supplements, Registered Dietitians. Private Training, Weight Loss, Metabolic Coaching, TEAM Classes, Pilates..
7 days ago Athletic Coordinator
Rockford Park District
Organizes and conducts coach and parent meetings for athletic programming. Monitors staff ratios and works with Program Coaches to shift staff based on need.
7 days ago


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Worth seeing; lots of stairs; parking around lighthouse so don't need to walk from the village. (I can't think of more to say but review must be 50 characters so trying to get there.
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(Princeton, West Virginia) With the 2016 racing season quickly coming to a close, the Princeton Speedway located in Princeton West Virginia hosted the 3rd annual 'West Virginia Dirt Cup' for the AMRA Late Models this past Saturday night. The popular event which returned for the third consecutive season to the Princeton Speedway, featured a rare appearance by the McDonald's AMRA Late Model series and boasted a stout $3,000 to win top prize for the winner of this popular late summer event. The special Saturday night event drew many of West Virginia's most notable Late Model talents along with another competitive field in the AMRA Modifieds which compete at the track weekly.
With the Late Model field drawing names such as Zack Dohm, Steve Lucas, Ricky Williams and eventual winner Robbie Scott of Shinnston West Virginia, the fans in attendance would see a battle amongst many of the "mountain states" top talents on the unique 3/8th mile D-shaped oval. When the green flag dropped on Saturday's AMRA Late Model event, it would be the #12 of Ricky Williams out of Beckley West Virginia to hold the early lead, but it would quickly become clear that the #18 machine of Robbie Scott would be the car to beat as he would chase down Williams to take the lead and would not look back. While Scott would set a fast pace at the front, racing would go on throughout the pack but as the race wore on, it would become a race of attrition with numerous favorites dropping out including Williams. With the field in check and despite the second place running Chris Meadows best efforts to reel in the leader, the Rocket Chassis of Robbie Scott would check out and race his way to the $3,000 win and add his name to the list of winners of the 'West Virginia Dirt Cup.' The top 5 finishers on the night would be Chris Meadows in 2nd, Tyler Cox 3rd, Jeff Lilly 4th and Ricky Strattis rounding out the top 5 in 5th place.
Along with the AMRA Late Model portion of the event, the AMRA Modifieds would be in action as 13 Modifieds would sign in to do battle on Saturday night. The evening would see plenty of intensity in the Modified ranks, as there are just weeks left in the AMRA National points season and an extremely close ongoing AMRA Modified track points battle between Jason Cochran, Mike Duncan and Sammy Duncan whom all sit within striking distance of the track championship. Saturday's AMRA Modified feature would see many of the tracks standouts battle it out on the evenings A-Main as Jason Cochran would charge his way to the front during the feature race and score the win over Ryan Williams who would finish up in 2nd with Steve Stover, Michael Moore and Sammy Duncan rounding out the top 5. Cochran now has just a 6 point lead over Mike Duncan as the track prepares for a season ending $2,000 to win, $200 to start AMRA Modified special on September 10th.
As previously noted, the Princeton Speedway is set to be back in action on September 10th with a season ending AMRA Modified special which will pay $2,000 to win and $200 to start. Fans and teams alike are encouraged to stay tuned with the Princeton Speedway for more information on this event, as this special is sure to deliver plenty of racing excitement!


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Supplier Homepage Product List Electric Guitar &Kits &Bass Electric Guitar Musical Instruments/ Guitars/ Electric Guitar (FG-306)
Musical Instruments/ Guitars/ Electric Guitar (FG-306)
FOB Price:US $140 - 180 / Piece
Get Latest Price
|Purchase Qty. (Pieces)
|FOB Price
|US $180 / Piece
|US $140 / Piece
|US $150 / Piece
Min. Order: 6 Pieces
Production Capacity: 3000PCS/Mouth
Transport Package: Carton
Payment Terms: L/C, T/T, Paypal, Western Union
Request a custom order and have something just for you!Send Customized Request
Basic Info.
Model NO.:FG-306
Body Material:Basswood
Type:Electric Guitar
Neck Material:Maple
Fingerboard Material:Rosewood
HS Code:9202900090
Product Description
We are supplying Electric Guitar, Electric Bass Guitar, Classical Guitar, Acoustic Guitar, Mini Guitars, Guitar String and Guitar Stand. We can supply guitar by your design. Welcome you to coming our company to learn us more. You also cam enter web to learn our company more.
Electric Guitar
Model No: FG-306
We welcome your inquiry!
Electric Guitar
Model No: FG-306
Body:Bass wood
Controls:2v,2T,3 way switch
Pick Ups:S-S
Hardware: Chrome
No. Of Frets:22frets
|Model No: FG-306
|Scale: 629mm
|Body: Bass wood
|Neck: Maple
|Fingerboard: Rosewood
|Controls:2v,2T,3 way switch
|Pick Ups: S-S
|Hardware: Chrome
We welcome your inquiry!
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Mr. Yeqi Fan
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VT Halter Marine delivers OSVYard News // January 23, 2004
Classed DPS-1, the OSV can carry 5,100 barrels of liquid mud, 6,740 cubic feet of dry bulk along with fuel oil and fresh water.
The Pride, constructed at VT Halter Marine's Halter Moss Point facility, is a high capacity supply vessel with a pair of Caterpillar 3516 main engines and a Caterpillar 3508 driving a 1000hp bow thruster. Two more Caterpillar engines drive liquid mud pumps on one end and the compressor that powers the bulk mud system on the other end.
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by the WoundSource Editors
One of the greatest challenges when dealing with biofilms in chronic wounds is identifying their existence in the first place. The extracellular polymeric substance or EPS coating on biofilms essentially is an invisible cloak that protects and hides biofilms from both the body's immune system and antimicrobial therapies. This biofilm property keeps the wound from advancing through the phases of wound healing and thus remaining in the inflammatory phase, thereby allowing further proliferation of biofilms.
by Martin D. Vera, LVN, CWS
Wound bed preparation has become the gold standard model for proper wound assessment. It allows us clinicians to identify and breakdown local barriers to wound healing. Throughout our health care careers, we have seen it over and over again: the collective emphasis on standards of care, evidence-based practice, and cost-effectiveness in order to achieve positive outcomes for our patients.The wound bed preparation model supports all of these aspects of care delivery.
Temple University School of Podiatric Medicine Journal Review ClubEditor's note: This post is part of the Temple University School of Podiatric Medicine (TUSPM) journal review club blog series. In each blog post, a TUSPM student will review a journal article relevant to wound management and related topics and provide their evaluation of the clinical research therein.
by Cheryl Carver, LPN, WCC, CWCA, FACCWS, DAPWCA, CLTC
The big debate continues in regards to using wet-to-dry dressings. One thing that is for certain though is that this type of dressing is frowned upon in long-term care facilities per the National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel (NPUAP) Guidelines for pressure ulcers. However, long-term care facilities are put at risk for citations when using wet-to-dry dressings for any wound type.
One of my favorite topics to discuss in wound care is biofilms. When I conduct wound care in-services or trainings, I always ask the audience, "Who wants to tell me what a biofilm is?" There is silence. From that point, I proceed to tell my little story about biofilms. It sounds a little like this...
by Michel H.E. Hermans, MD
There are a number of general rules in surgery. Among these: dead space has to be avoided. interestingly enough, there is virtually no real scientific documentation about this topic but everybody knows this to be true (in ulcers this, of course, applies to fistulae, crevices, etc.). Another general rule is that dead tissue and foreign bodies have to be removed since they are dangerous to the body. Dead tissue (necrosis and slough) is a breeding ground for bacteria, leading to infection (and sepsis) and releases toxins into circulation.
by Laurie Swezey RN, BSN, CWOCN, CWS, FACCWS
There are four main types of wound debridement: mechanical, autolytic, enzymatic, and surgical. Each form of debridement has its own advantages and disadvantages. Let's take a look at each method individually:
by Bruce E. Ruben MD
In the beginning, long before Johnson met Johnson and Band-Aids were invented, primitive men and women suffered minor cuts and abrasions and probably left them uncovered to heal. After all, the bleeding had stopped, a scab eventually formed and experience had taught them that their skin would heal in a week or two. So there was no great rush to find a use for those puffy, cottony, soft, white plants growing in the fields just yet.
Necrotic tissue that is present in a wound presents a physical impediment to healing. Simply put, wounds cannot heal when necrotic tissue is present. In this article, we'll define necrotic tissue and describe ways to effect its removal from the wound bed.
by Beth Hawkins Bradley RN, MN, CWON
Finding the key to unlocking a non-healing chronic wound keeps us awake at night. Though we have, as bedside clinicians, learned much about the physiology and biochemistry of chronic wounds over the past decade, wound healing is not an exact science. Negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) has become standard care for certain chronic wounds. Sometimes, however, wounds treated with this therapy do not progress as readily as we think that they should. This has led us to consider combining other wound care products with NPWT. This article will examine the rationale for using three products in combination with negative pressure.


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When: 2nd Sat. (Feb. – Sept.) from 2 – 4 p.m.
Where: 4500 Lincoln Ave., Oakland, 94602
Cost: $10 in advance through PayPal, $12 at the door or by calling us at 510-866-8482.
Thank you to The Rose Foundation for making this workshop series possible. All presentations are held outdoors, please wear layers. We will move indoors if there is rain.
Interested in purchasing bulk tickets at a group discount, the full season pass for 15% off, or volunteering? Contact firstname.lastname@example.com.
Our complete 2018 schedule is coming soon
Saturday, Feb. 10th, 2018 from 2-4pm
Gardening 101: Everything You Need to Know as a Beginner Gardener
Learn how to grow edible and ornamental plants from seed and cuttings with Jeff Bridge of Ploughshares Nursery. This is a hands-on workshop will be demonstrating techniques and best practices so grab your gardening gloves! Jeff will discuss choosing soil, watering your plants, how to avoid common mistakes, and the basics of fertilization. Bring your questions and garden conundrums for Jeff to answer after the demonstration. Gardening is fun and interesting. Come away with everything you need to start your own small garden!
Jeff Bridge is the Manager of non-profit Ploughshares Nursery in Alameda California. Jeff is grateful for the opportunity to bring his twenty years experience working in the best Bay Area nurseries to benefit Alameda Point Collaborative's supportive housing program for formerly homeless families and individuals.


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Fire-resistant Dekstone is a manufactured precast concrete product made of cement, sand, rock, and color. Because it is made of natural ingredients, some
Create stunning rooftop decks, terraces, patio decks and outdoor flooring with Interlocking wood deck tiles and porcelain patio pavers. Outstanding resistance to scuffs, stains, frost & fire. Ideal for Quickly construct rooftop decks, terraces and gardens with modular 24" x 24" structural our wood tiles over adjustable height
Above Ground Pools Decks Idea | Set into a deck, this modular above- Above Ground Swimming Pools . Fire bowls and fire pit bring warmth to the pool
Fire Resistant Aluminum decking with design versatility ideal for commercial decks. Plank, Waterproof and Modular flooring is coated with durable polyurea ideal for heavy everyday commercial Commercial Pool Deck Decking Health Club
Swimming pools serve a myriad of purposes in a well-designed landscape, from Europaver has a fine grain texture comfortable to the touch yet slip resistant.
Fire resistant commercial ceiling tiles from Armstrong Ceiling Solutions are support structure, and roof assembly including deck, insulation, and roofing system.
This particular backyard had an existing pool, but no deck. .. our has a class A fire rating which is same rating given to concrete as well as
Newer-generation our deck boards (our Transcend , our Enhance , our . Utah to a large rooftop swimming pool and sundeck in the middle of Manhattan. . Elevations components are non-combustible, carry a Class 1A fire rating and
Roof decks above the garage, outdoor/indoor decks, pool areas, and patios are SYNLawn provides the only artificial grass product with a Class 1 fire rating
firefighting operations, sprinklers and other Fire Department approval may be required. New York City building envelopes and minimum efficiency ratings for mechanical equipment and lighting. Common accessory features include detached garages, decks, porches, swimming pools, yard fences and required plantings.
Indicate depth markers on the pool deck to match depth markers on the wall. B. Filtration pump: make model number and horsepower rating (include booster
Swimming pool bonding;. 4g. Fire rated assembly installation;. 5e. .. required fixtures provided for a pool & pool deck without bleachers.
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Maureen Spell
Rank: 430 / 1487
2 selected videos
Choosing Homeschool Curriculum
If you are just starting to consider homeschooling, or are pretty new— you know that choosing curriculum seems like a daunting task! When I first started homeschooling, there weren't half as many choices as today! It can be overwhelming. I'm going to share some tips that will help you navigate through the curriculum chaos and hopefully lead you to what works best for your family and children. http://www.spelloutloud.com/5-tips-for-choosing-homeschool-curriculum.html
Related topics : choosing homeschool curriculum / start homeschooling today
CurrClick Online Homeschool Classes
CurrClick is an online site that offers live homeschool classes for all ages.Here's a sneak peek at a class. Visit http://www.spelloutloud.com/?p=3168 for additional CurrClick review details.
Related topics : online homeschool classes / online homeschool reviews
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