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The emerging artists of Opus proudly display the year's progress in ballet, contemporary, jazz, hip hop, and more. This performance includes new works by artistic director Brooke Evans and faculty members Celeste Hartsook, Tatyana Stahler and Diane Williams. Opus' Spring Showcase highlights the instructional aspect of the school from our youngest students to our intermediate/advanced high school students. Building from their classical ballet training, the program will include a contemporary ballet piece from Ballet V students to display their versatility.
This is an independent event promoted by a renter of the facility. Any comments or opinions expressed do not necessarily reflect the opinions or policies of Mount Baker Theatre.


text:
After Qwest merger, Seattle to become regional headquarters
November 30, 2010
After CenturyLink Inc.
completes its acquisition of Qwest Communications International
Monroe, La.-based CenturyLink (NYSE: CTL) said that will happen once the deal's cleared all regulatory hurdles and the transaction is officially completed, which is expected to happen during the first half of next year.
CenturyLink/Qwest officials didn't say how many employees would work at the regional headquarters, although it's expected to have a relatively small staff, according to a spokesman.
When the deal closes with Denver-based Qwest (NYSE: Q),
Brian Stading
will become Northwest region president. Stading currently works
for Qwest in

subset: commoncrawl


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Withdrawal of Kenyatta case highlights ICC prosecution weakness
The withdrawal of charges against Kenya's President Uhuru Kenyatta two weeks ago has raised questions about the capacity of the International Criminal Court (ICC)'s Office of the Prosecutor (OTP) to secure evidence against suspects if states are unwilling to cooperate.
On 5 December, in the ICC's most high-profile case yet, prosecutor Fatou Bensouda announced she was dropping the charges against Kenyatta. The first sitting head of state to appear before the ICC had been charged with crimes against humanity for his alleged role in the 2007-2008 post-election violence that swept the East African country, leaving over a thousand people dead and many more displaced.
The prosecutor's decision came after the trial chamber refused her request for an adjournment in order to secure more evidence. The need arose as a number of key witnesses had withdrawn or recanted their evidence and the Kenyan government did not hand over solicited documents, such as financial and phone records.
While judges chided Nairobi for not complying with its duties to the court, they decided against a formal finding of non-cooperation, which would trigger a referral of the matter to the ICC's Assembly of States Parties. The prosecution has since filed for leave to appeal that ruling.
Want to read more?
We have tailor-made memberships for students, individuals, groups of professionals and large companies and organizations. A subscription entitles you to receive the International Justice Tribune every two weeks as well as become a member of the Justice Tribune Foundation, supporting independent reporting on international justice.


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Festival Weddings: The Top Trend for 2017
Here at Wedding News, we'd like to think we were pretty ahead of the curve when it comes to the ability to predict what's going to be big for the coming year. We've been in the wedding industry for several years now, and have developed an expert knack for sensing which themes will emerge within the wedding industry and which styles will be a big success.
Based on the trend towards the end of 2016, the influences in the fashion industry and indeed our predictions for the following year, we can safely say that Festival Weddings are taking off – and are only set to get bigger and better in 2017. A festival themed wedding is the perfect flexible wedding theme, and one which you can make as elaborate or as intimate as possible. Perfectly personalised and the ultimate way to surround yourself by your loved ones, it's difficult not to see the appeal in opting for a festival themed wedding.
Whether you're working with an elaborate budget or opting for something a little more restricted, a festival wedding is the perfect choice. The concept is simple – you re-enact a festival with your loved ones. This means all of the accommodation is outside and that all of your family and friends can share in this experience together. Choosing the accommodation is exciting – you need a venue which will accept camping and is large enough to host a festival. Alternatively, you can opt for a day festival theme without the overnight option!
Festivals are full of outdoor decoration, which means you need to get creative with your decor choices. Paper lanterns and fairy lights or some gorgeous floral decorations will create the perfect festival vibe. Why not use different areas for different sections of your wedding, to replicate the concept of a festival? One area could be for snacks and beverages, one for dancing, one for outdoor games and one area for taking photographs.
Another fantastic festival idea is to invite any friends or family who can sing or play instruments to do an open mic session in the evening, further complementing the concept of a festival theme. Choose foods which are easy to eat whilst stood up, customise pretty paper cups and you could even make your own 'admission' wristbands for everyone to have as a keepsake.
Regardless of your budget or the size of your wedding party, a festival themed wedding will be simply stunning every time.


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MyCKs [mix] is an art studio comprised of several artists of different styles and disciplines gathered together to bring cheer and spirit through art.
We collaborate, mix and remix our ideas to create something harmonious but unique.
Since we are not one but several artists, our subject matter spans through wide variety.
You might find Japanese calligraphy, modern illustrations, to traditional oil paintings all in one place. They are all different, and yet each work might contain input from more than one of us.
Currently Mycks art studio has 4 artists.
Japanese Calligrapher whose calligraphy works has been sold and being displayed at hundreds of lovely households all over the world.
Painter who paints in different media, such as oils, acrylics, watercolor, and others. She was traditionally trained in fine arts and has a BFA from Boston University in USA.
Graphic Designer and Illustrator who is an experienced web designer and illustrator who has a BFA from Hon Ik University in Korea.
Painter who paints and draws but at the same time very adept at engineering.


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Oct 14, 1997
|Filing date
|Dec 14, 1995
|Priority date
|Sep 6, 1994
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Robert G. Waarts, David F. Welch, Steven Sanders, Donald R. Scifres
|Original Assignee
|Sdl, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (16), Non-Patent Citations (8), Referenced by (92), Classifications (29), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This is a divisional of application Ser. No. 08/301,544 filed on Sep. 6, 1994, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,530,709.
The present invention relates to optical fiber lasers which are pumped to an excited state by means of an upconversion process, and in particular relates to diode-laser-pumped upconversion fiber lasers.
Upconversion lasers provide a promising alternative to frequency-doubled laser diodes for a reliable and efficient compact source of blue or green laser light. Unlike the conventional single-step optical pump process, in which absorption of one pump photon is sufficient to excite an active ion to the upper laser level and in which the laser light always has a lower photon energy, i.e. a longer wavelength, than the pump light, the upconversion pump process is a multi-step process in which more than one photon excites an active ion to the upper laser level and in which the laser light usually has a shorter wavelength than the pump light. Common upconversion processes include excited-state absorption of a second photon by the active ion, also called "two-step absorption", dipole-dipole cross-relaxation interactions between two excited ions, not necessarily of the same atomic species, and avalanche absorption involving a combination of both excited-state absorption and interionic cross-relaxation.
Upconversion solid-state lasers using rare-earth-doped crystal or glass rods as the active medium have been demonstrated. In U.S. Pat. No. 3,624,549, Geusic describes diode pumped solid state upconversion lasers in which a crystal rod is doped with Er3+, Ho3+ or Tm3+ active ions and co-doped with Yb3+ sensitizer ions. The sensitizer ions absorb the 0.93 μm emission from silicon and indium doped GaAs diode pumps, and transfer the energy to the lasing active ions to produce 550 nm, 660 nm or 410 nm laser emission for erbium (Er3+), 540 nm laser emission for holmium (Ho3+), and 470 nm laser emission for thullium (Tm3+), respectively. In U.S. Pat. No. 4,949,348, Nguyen et al. describe a thullium-doped solid-state upconversion laser which is double-pumped with both 781 nm GaAlAs and 649 nm InGaAlP laser diodes to produce a 450 nm laser emission. In U.S. Pat. No. 5,008,890, McFarlane describes an erbium-doped solid-state upconversion laser which is pumped either by a 797 nm laser diode or by a diode-laser-pumped Nd3+ -doped 1.06 μm solid state laser. The erbium upconversion laser lases at 551 nm or one of several other wavelengths.
Upconversion fiber lasers, using rare-earth-doped single-mode fluoride-glass fibers, have also been demonstrated. In U.S. Pat. No. 5,067,134, Oomen describes a diode-laser-pumped thullium upconversion fiber laser which lases at about 450 nm wavelength. The fiber can be co-doped with terbium or praseodymium. In U.S. Pat. No. 5,226,049, Grubb describes thullium and holmium upconversion fiber lasers. The pump source may be either a laser diode emitting 1120 nm radiation or a Nd:YAG laser which has been adjusted to suppress 1064 nm and 1074 nm emissions and to enhance 1112 nm, 1116 nm and 1123 nm output. The thullium laser produces 480 nm or 650 nm laser light, while the holmium laser produces 550 nm laser light. T. J. Whitley et al., in Electronics Letters 27 (20), 26th Sep. 1991, pages 1785-1786, describe an erbium upconversion fiber laser pumped by an 801 nm laser diode and emitting 546 nm laser radiation. D. Piehler et al., in an article entitled "Green laser diode pumped erbium fiber laser" presented at the Compact Blue-Green Lasers conference, held Feb. 10-11, 1994 at Salt Lake City, Utah, describes work done in 1993 on an erbium-doped fluoride fiber upconversion laser which is pumped with a 971 nm laser diode and which emits 544 nm laser radiation. The laser diode pump source is fiber coupled to the upconversion fiber. Piehler et al. also note the prior art's simultaneous pumping of a praseodymium-doped fluoride fiber upconversion laser with both an 833 nm laser diode and either a 985 nm or 1016 nm laser diode to produce either 635 nm or 521 nm laser emission. The fiber core in that laser is co-doped with ytterbium.
W. Lenth et al. in Optics and Photonics News, March 1992, pages 8-15, survey prior work on solid state and fiber upconversion lasers. Among the systems noted in the article are thullium lasers pumped with 648 nm light or double pumped with both 647 nm and 676 nm light and lasing at 480 nm or 483 nm. Erbium lasers are pumped with 800 nm light or double pumped with both 792 nm and 840 nm light and lase at 550 nm. Praseodymium lasers are double pumped with both 835 nm and 1010 nm light and lase at 491 nm, 520 nm, 605 nm, 635 nm or 715 nm wavelengths.
D. Piehler, in Laser Focus World, November 1992, pages 95-102, also surveys prior art upconversion fiber lasers. Among the lasers disclosed are a 480 nm thullium laser pumped with a diode-pumped Nd:YAG fiber laser providing 1120 nm pump radiation. Also, a praseodymium laser, lasing at 635 nm, 520 nm or 490 nm, is pumped by a diode-laser-pumped ytterbium fiber laser. The ytterbium fiber laser pump employs an intrafiber Bragg reflector to force emission of 1020 nm pump radiation.
Diode-laser-pumped single-mode rare-earth-doped fluoride-glass fibers are the preferred medium for upconversion. Upconversion efficiency increases with pump intensity. Single-mode fibers (10 μm core diameter or less) can confine the pump and laser radiation to a very small area over the length of these fibers (often several meters long), and create very high optical intensities and large single-pass gains from only modest pump powers. This makes room temperature cw operation of an upconversion laser possible. In comparison with solid-state crystal media, the glass medium used for fiber lasers has broader absorption and emission bands, so the laser diode pump sources need not be frequency stabilized and the laser output is tunable to some degree (over approximately a 10 nm range). Fluoride glass fibers are especially advantageous, because the lower phonon energies, and thus smaller vibrational decay rates, of this material lead to increased excited-state lifetimes and a relative abundance of the metastable intermediate states required for effective upconversion.
An object of the invention is to increase the amount of usable pump light injected into an upconversion laser fiber for improved upconversion efficiency and higher laser power output.
Another object of the invention is to provide an upconversion fiber laser which can employ higher brightness pump sources than previously possible.
These objects have been met with a diode laser pumped upconversion fiber laser which uses double-clad fibers. Such fibers have a small diameter central core, preferably supporting only a single spatial mode of light propagation, which is doped with an active lasing ionic species capable of undergoing upconversion excitation when it is optically pumped, and which serves as a waveguide for upconversion laser light, surrounded by an inner cladding having a lower refractive index than the central core for confining the upconversion laser light in the central core, and which serves as a low loss multimode waveguide for the pump light, and an outer cladding of lowest refractive index surrounding the inner cladding for confining the pump light to the inner cladding and central core. The use of double-clad fiber permits the use of high power (at least 100 mW) multimode or broad-area laser diode pump sources, such as laser bars, MFA-MOPAs or flared-resonator-type laser diodes, as well as use of high power diode-laser-pumped fiber-laser pump sources. Thus, the double-clad upconversion fiber laser of the present invention includes a laser-diode-based laser pump source which is optically coupled at one end of the double-clad fiber to both the central core and inner cladding of the fiber, instead of just to the small diameter central core. The higher power and brightness levels from the pump sources which are able to be coupled to double-clad fibers provides increased pump light intensities in the fiber core and achieves improved upconversion efficiency.
Specific embodiments of the invention further increase pump brightness by combining multiple pump sources. Light from two or more pump sources with different wavelengths within the same broad pump absorption band of the active ions can be combined using a wavelength-division beamsplitter combiner before being coupled into the optical fiber. Two pump sources of the same wavelength but with crossed linear polarizations may be combined in a polarization beam combiner to double the pump brightness. A combination of these two techniques could also be employed. Several upconversion lasers either require or are more efficient with multiple pump wavelengths in different pump absorption bands of the active ions. Pump light can also be injected into both ends of the fiber.
The resonant cavity for the upconversion fiber may be defined by external mirrors, reflective coatings on the end surfaces of the fibers, or gratings formed within the fibers. These cavity reflectors, while reflective of the upconversion laser wavelengths and any desired co-lasing wavelengths, should be transmissive of the pump wavelength at the pump light input end (or ends) of the fiber. The resonant cavity may entirely contain the laser fiber to form a simple laser, or alternatively, may contain only a portion of the fiber to form a MOPA device with the fiber portion lying outside of the cavity being an optical power amplifier for the upconversion laser light received from the master oscillator portion of the fiber within the laser cavity. Two lasers can operate simultaneously in a single double-clad fiber, where a laser diode pump source injects pump light into the central core and inner cladding which are both doped with an active laser ionic species to generate conventional, i.e., non-upconversion laser light within the fiber cavity, which in turn serves as pump light for upconversion of another active laser ionic species in the central core.
FIG. 1 is a schematic side view of a diode-laser-pumped upconversion fiber laser of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a sectional view of a double-clad optical fiber used in the laser of FIG. 1.
FIGS. 3, 4 and 5 are sectional views of alternative optical fiber embodiments for use in the laser of FIG. 1.
FIG. 6 is a perspective view of a MOPA device used as a diode-laser-based pump source in the laser of FIG. 1.
FIG. 7 is a perspective view of a second embodiment of the present invention forming an upconversion fiber laser array.
FIG. 8 is a perspective view of a third embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 9 is a top plan view of a flared-resonator-type laser diode used as an alternative pump source to the MOPA device of FIG. 5.
FIGS. 10-14 are schematic side views of additional upconversion fiber laser embodiments of the present invention illustrating different pumping schemes
FIG. 15 is a schematic side view of an upconversion fiber MOPA of the present invention.
FIGS. 16-19 are schematic side views of still further upconversion fiber laser embodiments of the present invention illustrating different graded-index (GRIN) lens coupling schemes for the pump light.
With reference to FIG. 1, an upconversion fiber laser of the present invention includes a laser diode pump source 11 emitting laser pump light 13 which is optically coupled by means of a lens or lens system 15 to an input end 17 of an optical fiber 19 that is doped with an active laser ionic species capable of upconversion excitation, such as certain rare earth ions. A resonant cavity may be defined by laser wavelength reflective coatings on the end surfaces 17 and 21 of the fiber 19, external mirrors or intrafiber grating reflectors. Laser light 23 is emitted from an output end 21 of the fiber 19 and may be collimated or focused by another lens or lens system 25. The laser elements 11-25 may bemounted together on a common base 27 in a laser package.
The active laser ionic species is preferably a rare earth ionic species, such as Tm3+ (thullium), Er3+ (erbium), Pr3+ (praseodymium)or Ho3+ (holmium), because of the large number of intermediate metastable states available for upconversion using the red or near infrared pump wavelengths of laser-diode-based pump sources. For example, Er3+ ions may be pumped at either 970 nm or 801 nm to produce 546 nm laser light. Tm3+ ions may be pumped at 1120 nm to produce either 480nm or 540 nm laser light. Ho3+ ions may be pumped at 890 nm to produce550 nm laser light. Pr3+ ions may be pumped with both 835 nm and 1010 nm light to produce any of 520 nm, 491 nm, 605 nm or 635 nm laser light. The laser fiber 19 may also be co-doped with other rare earth ionic species, which function as sensitizer ions facilitating the upconversion process. For example, Tm3+ laser fibers may be co-doped with Nd3+ (neodymium) ions and pumped with 808 nm light, or co-doped with Yb3+ (ytterbium) ions and pumped with 980 nm light, to produce 480 nmlaser light. Likewise, Ho3+ laser fibers may be co-doped with Yb3+ ions and pumped with 930 nm light to produce 550 nm laser light.Other ions, including Nd3+, Yb3+ and Tb3+ (terbium) ions, with or without co-doping, are also possible upconversion laser active ions.
The optical fibers 19 used in the upconversion lasers of the present invention are double-clad fibers, such as those illustrated in cross-section in FIGS. 2-4. The fiber core material serving as a host for the active laser ions is preferably a fluoride glass because of this material's long-lived intermediate states and broad pump absorption bands.The glass may be formed from a suitable mixture of some or all of ZrF4, HfF4, BaF2, SrF2, LaF3, YF3, AlF3, KF, NaF and LiF (or other suitable fluorides) in any combination. Fluorozirconate fibers (containing ZrF4 as the primary ingredient), such as ZBLAN, are widely available in the fiberoptic telecommunications industry. The refractive index can be varied to producethe fiber cladding material by varying the compositional mix of the fiber, such as by adjusting the ZrF4 /HfF4 ratio. While fluoride (especially fluorozirconate) fibers are preferred, other fiber materials, such as phosphate, silicate, borate and borosilicate glasses could also beused.
In FIG. 2, a double-clad fiber 19 has a central core 31 doped with an active laser ionic species capable of undergoing upconversion excitation when optically pumped. The fiber 19 also has an inner cladding 33 surrounding the central core with a lower refractive index than the central core for substantially confining the laser light to the core. Surrounding the inner cladding 33 is an outer cladding 35 of still lower refractive index. The inner cladding 33 forms a low transmission loss waveguide for the pump light 13 emitted by the laser diode pump source. The central core 31, forming the waveguide for the laser light generated therein, is a small diameter core which preferably supports only a single spatial mode of light propagation. The core diameter is generally at most 10 μm. The inner cladding 33 has an outer diameter which is typically in a range from 25 μm to 250 μm, and, together with the central core31 which it surrounds, is capable of supporting multiple spatial modes of propagation of the pump light. Pump light propagating in the inner cladding 33 leaks into the higher index core 31 along the length of the fiber 19. (The optical fiber 19 is typically several meters long.) Pump light might also be injected into the fiber from both ends, as discussed with reference to FIG. 10 below.
In FIG. 3, an alternative double-clad fiber 37 includes a small diameter central core 39 as in FIG. 2 which is surrounded by a large area inner cladding 41 with a rectangular shape. This inner cladding 41 is in turn surrounded by an outer cladding 43, which can be either round (as shown) or rectangular in cross-section. The rectangular cross-section of the inner cladding 41 better accommodates the shape of the pump light emitted from laser diode pump sources, particularly high power laser diodes, thereby achieving improved filling of the waveguide (inner cladding 41 andcentral core 39) by the pump light and thus allowing better brightness conservation of the pump light in the fiber for improved upconversion efficiency. The round waveguide 33 in the fiber in FIG. 2 requires more complex coupling optics 15 in the laser of FIG. 1 to shape the pump beam for maximum coupling. Another feature of the rectangular inner cladding 41in FIG. 3 is polarization preservation of the pump light, which is advantageous in the pump scheme shown in FIG. 11 where two orthogonally linearly polarized pump beams are combined and coupled into the optical fiber. Other noncircular cross-sections (e.g., elliptical) for the inner cladding 41 could also be used.
In FIG. 4, yet another optical fiber 45 which can be used in the present invention has two concentric central cores 47 and 49 surrounded by an inner cladding 51 like that shown in FIG. 3 and an outer cladding 53. The inner core 47 has the highest refractive index, outer core 49 has a lower refractive index, inner cladding 51 has an even lower refractive index andouter cladding 53 has the lowest refractive index. Both cores are small diameter cores, preferably single mode cores. The outer core 49 has a typical outer diameter of at most 10 μm, while inner core 47 has an even smaller diameter of about 3-6 μm. This double core fiber 45 may beused in a fiber laser in which two lasers operate simultaneously, one an upconversion fiber laser and the other a non-upconversion fiber laser surrounding and overlapping the upconversion fiber laser and serving as a pump for the upconversion fiber laser. In such a co-lasing fiber laser embodiment, the inner core 47 is doped with an active lasing ionic speciescapable of undergoing upconversion excitation, such as Tm3+ (thullium). The outer core 49 is doped with and the inner core 47 is preferably co-doped with a second active lasing ionic species, such as Nd3+ (neodymium). Pump light from a laser diode pump source having a wavelength that pumps the second active lasing ionic species (808 nm for Nd3+) is coupled into the inner cladding 51 and cores 47 and 49 to cause lasing action of those ions. A low power injection lock signal from a single mode laser diode is preferably coupled into cores 47 and 49, or wavelength selective gratings are fabricated in the fiber end, to lock thelasing wavelength of this second ionic species within the pump absorption band for upconversion of the first ionic species. (For upconversion of Tm3+, the Nd3+ laser needs to be locked at about 1.12 μm instead of the usual 1.06 μm emission of neodymium lasers.) Upconversion efficiency is improved in this scheme because the cavity reflectors for the non-upconversion laser need not couple any of this light out of the cavity, because it is generally used only for intracavitypumping of the upconversion laser.
FIG. 5 shows yet another fiber embodiment 50 in which the central core 52 is not centered in the inner cladding 54. Any of the fiber configurations in FIGS. 2-4 can have such an asymmetric positioning of the central core (or cores) relative to the inner cladding. Depending on the intensity profile of the pump light within the inner cladding 54, the absorption of the pump light within the central core 52, and possibly other factors, theoff-center positioning may operate more efficiently than a symmetric fiber configuration.
With reference to FIGS. 6-9, the laser-diode-based laser pump source for the upconversion fiber laser of FIG. 1 may be a high power laser diode, such as a monolithically integrated laser diode array, a broad area laser diode, a flared-resonator-type laser diode, or a monolithic flared-amplifier-type MOPA device. Such lasers generally provide at least 100 mW of pump light to the central core and inner cladding of a double-clad optical fiber, and especially in the case of laser diodes of the type having broad emitting apertures, usually provide 0.5 W or more ofpump light. The laser pump source may also be a laser-diode-pumped fiber laser, such as a Nd3+ fiber laser.
In FIG. 6, a monolithic flared-amplifier-type MOPA device 55 comprises a semiconductor heterostructure, including a quantum well active region 58 sandwiched between waveguide cladding layers 57 and 59 disposed on a substrate 60. A master oscillator 61, with a single mode waveguide 63 and a pair of DBR grating reflectors 65 and 66, optically couples to a flared optical power amplifier 67. Separate surface contacts 68 and 69 facilitatecurrent injection for pumping the oscillator's waveguide region 63 and the flared amplifier region 67. Optical power is emitted as a broad beam 71 from the wide end of the flared amplifier 67. Other MOPA structures, such as those with DFB oscillators and those with differential pumping of the flared amplifier region, could also be used. The MOPA's heterostructure could be based on any III-V semiconductor material system, including GaAlAs, InGaAs and InGaAsP material systems, the choice of semiconductor material being primarily dependent on the desired emission wavelength.
In FIG. 7, a monolithic array 73 of MOPA devices 75 is coupled through optics 77 to a corresponding array of optical fibers 79 forming a fiber bundle 81. These optical fibers 79 may be simple transmission fibers for coupling the optical power from the multiple MOPA device 75 into a single double-clad upconversion fiber. Alternatively, the fibers 79 may form a set of fiber lasers providing laser pump power to the upconversion fiber or to a corresponding bundle of upconversion fibers. Still further, these fibers 79 may themselves be the double-clad upconversion laser fibers which are pumped directly by the array of MOPAs 75.
In FIG. 8, another monolithic laser array 80 with multiple laser elements 82 is coupled through a cylinder lens 84 into a corresponding array of optical fibers 86, which again form a fiber bundle at their output. The cylinder lens 84 serves to lower the vertical beam divergence from the laser elements 82 to about 10� or less. The fibers 86 may be rectangular fibers, as shown, or circular fibers, as seen in FIG. 7. The repositioning of the fibers 86 at the output end serves to convert the broad emitting area of the array 80 into a shape more suitable for coupling into the double core fibers of FIGS. 2-5.
In FIG. 9, instead of a MOPA device, a flared-resonator-type laser diode 83may be used to pump a double-clad upconversion fiber. Such a laser 83 has aconstruction similar to the flared MOPA device 55 in FIG. 5, but without the DBR gratings 65 and 66 of the MOPA's oscillator 61. A single spatial mode waveguide 85 is optically coupled to a broader gain guided or unguided region 87, preferably a flared region, between facet reflectors 88 and 89. These facet reflectors are preferably coated for high reflectivity (HR) from rear reflector 88 and lower reflectivity (LR) from the front reflector 89, which also serves as the light emitting surface ofthe laser. The laser light freely diverges in the broad flared region 87 soonly the most central rays will couple back into the waveguide 85. Other similar high power laser structures are also possible, including some withexternal cavity reflectors, possibly gratings, and some with the narrow aperture end of the flared region 87 serving as a spatial mode filter without the waveguide 85.
With reference to FIG. 10, an upconversion fiber laser embodiment employingtwo laser-diode-based laser pump sources 91 and 93 of different wavelengths λp1 and λp2 is shown. Some upconversion lasers require multiple pump wavelengths in order to produce upconversion. For example, as previously mentioned, Pr3+ (praseodymium) ions must be pumped with both 835 nm and 1010 nm light in order to lase at any of the 520 nm, 491 nm, 605 nm, or 635 nm wavelengths. A dichroic beamsplitter 95 may be used to combine the pump light 92 and 94 into a single beam 96. Such a beamsplitter 95 would be transmissive of the first pump wavelength λp1 but reflective of the second pump wavelength λp2. Alternatively, other known beam combining optics could beused. The combined beam 96 is focused by a lens system 97 into an end of the upconversion fiber 99. Cavity reflectors 98 and 100, which may be external to the fiber 99 as shown or internal fiber gratings, reflect the laser light, to provide resonant feedback for the laser, while at least the reflector 98 on the pump input end of the fiber 99 is transmissive of the two pump wavelengths λp1 and λp2. Reflector 100 at the output end of the fiber 99 may be highly reflective of the pumplight, and somewhat less reflective of the laser light to permit coupling of the laser light 101 out of the fiber 99. Additional optics 101-104 shape and collimate the respective laser beams emitted from the two pump sources 91 and 93 and the fiber laser 99.
The configuration shown in FIG. 10 could also be used to increase upconversion efficiency in lasers that only require a single pump wavelength, but which have broad pump absorption bands. In such a case, the two pump wavelengths λp1 and λp2 differ, but still correspond to the same pump absorption band of the upconversion fiber laser. Glass hosts in general tend to cause a broadening of the energy levels by means of vibrational-electronic (vibronic) interactions. For example, while Tm3+ (thullium) upconversion lasers are typically pumped at about 1120 nm in most single wavelength pump schemes for maximumefficiency, pumping at multiple wavelengths in a broad 1080 nm to 1300 nm range is also possible. The configuration shown in FIG. 10 is one way to provide such multiwavelength pumping.
With reference to FIG. 11, another pumping configuration doubles the brightness of the injected light by combining two crossed (orthogonal) linearly polarized pump beams 105 and 106 of substantially the same wavelength λp. A polarization beamsplitter 107 can be used to combine the two pump beams 105 and 106. The beamsplitter 107 transmits light λp " of a first polarization, but reflects light λp.sup.ι of a second polarization, and thereby outputs a combined beam 108 for injection via coupling optics (not shown) into the upconversion laser fiber 109. Resonant cavity feedback for the fiber laser109 may be provided by gratings formed within the fibers, coatings on the fiber end surfaces or external reflectors as in FIG. 10. The laser outputsa light beam 110 which generally has a shorter wavelength λ1 than the pump light λp " and λp.sup.ι.
With reference to FIG. 12, yet another pumping configuration uses a dichroic or other wavelength-division beamsplitter 111 at the output end of the laser fiber 113 to allow injection of pump light 115 from both endsof the fiber 113. The beamsplitter 111 is transmissive of the laser wavelength λ1, but reflective of the pump wavelength λp.
A combination of any of the pumping schemes shown in FIGS. 10-12 could alsobe employed. Thus, multiple pump wavelengths in different absorption bands,multiple pump wavelengths within the same absorption band, combining pump light from pairs of cross-polarized sources, and pumping from both ends ofthe upconversion laser fiber could be used together in any combination.
With reference to FIGS. 13 and 14, the laser-diode-based laser pump source for the upconversion fiber laser could be a laser-diode-pumped fiber laserinstead of a high power laser diode. For example, a Tm3+ (thullium) upconversion fiber laser can be pumped by a Nd3+ (neodymium) fiber laser providing 1.12 μm pump light. In FIG. 13, the double-clad upconversion laser fiber 117 receives pump light of wavelength λp2 and produces a laser output of wavelength λ1. The fiber laser pump source comprises a fiber 119 doped with active lasingions (such as Nd3+ ions) optically coupled to a laser diode pump 121 which provides pump light of wavelength λp1 (about 808 nm for a Nd3+ fiber laser) to the fiber 119. Like the upconversion fiber 117, the laser fiber 119 for the pump may also be a double-clad fiber, so as to allow coupling of a high power laser diode pump source 121, particularly one with a broad emitting aperture, to the fiber 119. Otherwise, a single-mode laser diode could be used to pump a single-clad fiber laser. Because the output λp2 of the fiber laser 119 must match a pump absorption band of the upconversion fiber laser 117, an injection lock 123 may be necessary to force emission within that wavelength band. For example, Nd3+ fiber lasers ordinarily lase at about 1.06 μm instead of the desired 1.12 μm for pumping a Tm3+upconversion fiber laser. A single mode laser diode 123 tuned to emit lightof wavelength λi which equals the desired pump output wavelength λp2 may be coupled to the laser fiber 119 to lock the light at that desired wavelength.
In FIG. 13, both the pump diode 121 and injection locking diode 123 are coupled to the laser fiber 119 by means of a branching fiber connection 125. Alternatively, in FIG. 14, a dichroic or other wavelength-division beamsplitter 127 is used to optically couple the pump diode 129 and injection lock diode 131 to the laser fiber 133 providing the pump light λp2 to the upconversion fiber 135. Further, one or more of thelaser diodes, such as diode 129, may be remotely coupled to the beamsplitter 127 via a light transmissive optical fiber waveguide 130. Lens systems are used, where needed, to shape, collimate and focus the light beams from the various laser components.
With reference to FIG. 15, the upconversion fiber laser of the present invention may be a fiber MOPA device in which a portion 142 of the opticalfiber 137 lies outside of the laser resonant cavity 139-141 and acts as an optical power amplifier for the laser light generated within the cavity. The resonant cavity is defined by two spaced apart DBR gratings 140 and 141 bound by a portion 139 of the fiber core. The optical amplifier portion 142 of the fiber core is optically coupled through the reflective grating 141 to the laser oscillator portion 139 of the fiber core. The fiber 137 is shown for simplicity without distinguishing the inner and outer claddings, but would in general be such a double-clad fiber. A laser-diode-based laser pump source 143 provides pump light 145 to all fiber core portions 139-142.
Lenses or lens systems are generally used to shape, collimate and focus thelight beams emitted from various components of the present invention. For example, in the laser embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the lens system 15 is used to couple the light 13 from the laser diode pump source 11 into the laser fiber 19, while another lens 25 is used at the output of the fiber 19 to collimate the laser light 23. Likewise, lenses or lens systems (depicted as simple lenses for simplicity) are also used in the other upconversion fiber laser embodiments of the present invention. In particular, it is usually necessary to reshape the outputs from the high power laser diode pump sources with broad emitting apertures or formed of monolithic linear arrays of multiple laser light emitting elements, since such outputs are highly asymmetric in both shape and divergence. Anamorphic lenses or lens systems, including cylindrical, ellipsoidal and toroidal lenses, may be used for this purpose. The problem is particularlysevere with the flared-amplifier-type MOPA devices and the flared-resonator-type laser diodes shown in FIGS. 6, 7, and 9, since the output beam from these sources is not only highly asymmetric but also astigmatic. Astigmatism-correcting lens systems for such pump sources are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,321,718, and may be used here.
With reference to FIGS. 16-19, graded index (GRIN) lenses may be used to both couple the light into and out of the upconversion fiber laser and form the required feedback mirrors at the fiber ends. Advantages of this approach include reducing the number of bulk optical elements in the fiberlaser system, simplifying the mirror coating procedure by forming the coatings on the GRIN lens surfaces rather than the fragile fiber end surfaces, directly coupling the pump light from a laser diode pump source into the fiber without the need for special collimation optics, and directcoupling between two fiber lasers without the need for additional bulk optical components between the fibers. FIG. 16 shows the basic configuration. Pump light λp from a diode based pump source ora preceding laser fiber passes through and is focused by a first GRIN lens 147 into the laser fiber 149. Laser light λ.sub.ι is collimated at the fiber output or focused into another laser fiber by a second GRIN lens 151. The first GRIN lens 147 must be transmissive of the pump light λp and is antireflection (ARp) coated at that wavelength on both surfaces. The lenses 147 and 151 must also be reflective of the laser light λ.sub.ι and are reflection (HR.sub.ι and LR.sub.ι) coated at the surfaces adjacent to the fiber 149. The coating for the GRIN lens 151 should be partially transmissive of the laser light λ1 for output coupling and thus has a lower reflectivity (LR.sub.ι) coating than the corresponding high reflectivity (HR.sub.ι) coating on lens 147. The output surface of lens 151 is antireflection (AR.sub.ι) coated at thelaser wavelength λ.sub.ι to reduce loss.
FIGS. 17-19 detail the strengths of the several GRIN lenses for various laser systems of the present invention. In FIG. 17, the divergent pump light 153 from the laser diode 155 is focused by the first GRIN lens 157, while the divergent laser light 159 from the laser fiber 161 is collimatedby the second GRIN lens 163. Typically, lens 157 has a pitch between 0.25 and 0.50, while lens 159 has a pitch of 0.25. In FIG. 18, a similar systemis shown, but here a collimating lens system (possibly beam shaping and astigmatism-correcting as well) 165 is first used to collimate the divergent light 167 from the laser diode pump source 169 before coupling it into the first GRIN lens 171. Lens 171 has a pitch of 0.25 for focusingthe previously collimated pump light. In FIG. 19, the fiber laser system ofFIG. 17 or 18 is used to pump a succeeding laser fiber 173. In this case, the second GRIN lens 175 has a 0.5 pitch to focus the divergent laser light λp2 from the first fiber 177 into the second fiber 173. A third GRIN lens with 0.25 pitch collimates the final laser light λ.sub.ι output by fiber 173.
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|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Sep 20, 2002
Owner name: JDS UNIPHASE CORPORATION, CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:SDL, INC.;REEL/FRAME:013269/0920
Effective date: 20020815
|Apr 14, 2005
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|Apr 14, 2009
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
PRS (Public Regulated Service) is designed to provide position and timing to specific and authorized users requiring a high continuity of service using encrypted data. Typical PRS user will be organizations involved in public safety and security (police, fire fighters, health services, coast guards, etc.).
Open Service low signal power makes it vulnerable to unintentional or malicious interference (jamming). Under a scenario of several low-power jammers, PRS will also maintain service availability in this area affected by interferences. To affect PRS service it is required a high-power jammer, being this equipment more expensive and easier to detect.
Another undesired scenario might be the hostile use of open GNSS service by terrorists, criminals, etc. In this case the authorities will voluntarily interrupt open GNSS service to prevent its hostile use in situation where intelligence sources report a high threat of attack. In this case, the service will not be interrupted for the PRS users in the denied area, as they are registered as authorized users by their own government.


text:
You can never, NEVER, go wrong with serving guacamole at parties. And if there are more choices, it's better.
When you can make real-deal guacamole at home, why reach out for those canned or store bought ones. Guacamole is so easy to make and way fresher and tastier than the store bought ones.
There's one other thing that makes the homemade version far superior: Although the classic kind will always be a hit, guacamole can also be a vehicle for showing off your finesse and creativity. Add-ins and extras can take it from basic to brilliant in a flash.
If you've got guests coming over, you're probably going to want to put guacamole at the center of the spread.
This recipe could get by on looks alone, with its stunning contrast of pomegranate's ruby red, and yellow mellow mango bits against avocado's opaque green. It luckily tastes brilliant bringing all the fruity spunk in you dip!
Well, mango always knows how to be the life of the party. This recipe is for those who say Guacamole is boring, you can take the boring guacamole one notch further by adding mango and pomegranate. Not just it looks pretty!it tastes darn good. Things get much more exciting when you chop veggies or fruits and literally put them inside your dip.
Here's one of the exciting Guacamole recipe(Mango Pomegranate guacamole)-
Recipe adapted from thecafesucrefarine
For the base guacamole-
Ripe Avocado – 2 nos
Pepper powder – as per taste
Salt to taste
Garlic cloves – 2 large pods(minced)
Lime juice – from 1 lime
Honey – 2 tspn
For toppping-
Ripe Mango – 1 peeled, cored and diced i(use good quality mango, like Alphonso)
Pomegranate arlis(seeds) – 1/4 cup
Red onions – 1/2 onion chopped fine
Tomatoes – 1/2 tomato, chopped fine
Coriander leaves
Lime wedges
1. Peel skin and remove seed from avocado. Mash the flesh into a smooth paste.
2. Add pepper powder, salt, lime juice, minced garlic and honey to the mashed avocado and mix well until combined.
3. Spoon the avocado onto a serving plate. Top with mangoes, pomegranate arlis, red onions, tomatoes, coriander leaves.
4. Serve with nacho's, chips or crackers. This guacamole is also wonderful as a side for grilled fish or chicken.


text:
For Boston, Patriots' Day Game Holds Special Meaning
Monday, April 15th, 2013. A date that is tattooed in the minds of Bostonians everywhere. Four years ago on Patriots' Day tragedy struck the city of Boston and shook our nation to its core. Two bombs detonated at the finish line of the Boston Marathon and for a moment there was confusion and fear. What was happening? Who would do this? But moments later, the people of Boston would show their true strengths: unwavering toughness and kindheartedness.
First responders ran towards the explosions and marathon runners and spectators alike helped the injured. Men and women who had just run 26.2 miles carried injured people to the nearest hospital. Not focused on revenge or self interest, the people of Boston were focused on helping out their fellow citizens. A bomb meant to evoke terror and chaos had created unity.
Patriots' Day takes place on the third Monday in April each year and it is in remembrance of the first battles of the Revolutionary War, the battles of Lexington and Concord. It's a day when people across Massachusetts wake up early and set up chairs along the Boston Marathon route to cheer on the runners. Every year on Patriots' Day the Boston Red Sox take the field at Fenway Park for an 11:00am start. Sox fans pack Yawkey Way and Lansdowne Street early in the morning to get ready to watch the game. Street vendors line the streets and everyone is happy to celebrate the city that they love.
Hot dogs and beer for breakfast today! Gates are open for #PatriotsDay baseball! pic.twitter.com/e04F1cCoaW
— Boston Red Sox (@RedSox) April 17, 2017
Since the marathon bombings took place four years ago, the Red Sox have become representatives of the Boston spirit and the face of the love and support that run through the veins of Bostonians. Future Hall of Famer David Ortiz became the voice of Boston five days after the tragedy, delivering his famous "This is our f-ing city" speech. A crowd rallied behind him, with "Boston Strong" ingrained in their hearts, and the Red Sox vowed to help the city of Boston heal. They carried this fervor into the playoffs, where the 2013 season culminated in a World Series title.
The next year, the Boston Marathon drew more attendees than ever before. Showing their toughness and how nothing would stand in their way, Boston was not deterred by past events. The Red Sox, a staple in the Patriots' Day tradition, played with a different meaning. Of course, it's Boston's objective to win every game they play. But on Patriots' Day, the Red Sox play with an entire city of people in mind. At its core, baseball is just a game, but it is much more than just a game. It brings people together. For a city that was searching for answers, the Red Sox became a unifying force. A reminder that your neighbor was by your side and you were by his.
Today, Patriots' Day, the Red Sox take on the Tampa Bay Rays. As has become tradition, the Red Sox will wear jerseys that say "BOSTON" across the front, emblazoned with a patch that says "B Strong" (Red Sox B).
These jerseys serve as a reminder that this is more than just a game, and the Red Sox are playing for all of Boston. Patriots' Day of 2013 was a dark day for our country, but as we remember those lost and all who were affected by the tragedy, we do so with strength and spirit. As David Ortiz said: "This is our f-ing city, and nobody gonna dictate our freedom". Today and forever more, we are all Boston Strong.
Follow Ben on Twitter @Ben13Porter


text:
Episode 250
posted on Sep 15, 2014 | Comments (2)
In celebration of our 250th episode, we decided to travel halfway across the world to Africa! There we caught up with our favorite actress Eliza Dushku, and her family, sort of a Dushku family vacation. They began a charitable foundation Thrive Gulu which has setup in Uganda in order to help women recover from a brutal two decade war. Women were left widowed, children orphaned, as a result of the conflict. Uganda was a wonderful country, full of so many friendly, optimistic, and caring people, as well as great food, and natural beauty.
Thanks to friend of the show and YouTube sensation Mike Massé for his amazing cover of "Africa" by Toto. Follow Mike on Twitter @mikemasse and of course his YouTube Channel!
Hey look, we're in full motion video, cover your eyes! Thank you Eliza, Nate and Judy for coming on the show.
Pictures from the journey to Gulu, Uganda:
Uganda, Africa, August 26 – September 1, 2014
Download this episode:
70 minute MP3 file – 32.3 MB (right-click to save)
Listen to this episode:


text:
CodePlexProject Hosting for Open Source Software
Sep 18, 2012
2:43 AM(1 post)
first post: omayhemo wrote: What temperature sensor did you use and how did you seal it?
Jul 10, 2012
9:01 PM(3 posts)
first post: Ahmed_AbdelHamid wrote: Could you help me with this error, anyway thanks for sharing your g...
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The Democrats are keeping quiet on the rumor published this morning in the Politico, that Norm Coleman might take over as RNC chairman after a potential Michael Steele departure.
So far, the national party and the Franken campaign are not commenting. Even the Minnesota DFL Party — the folks who have brought us some of the best anti-Coleman attack lines out there — is declining to comment. As one anonymous Democratic official said: "When the Republicans are forming a circular firing squad, the last thing we're going to do is step into the middle."
Meanwhile, a Washington GOP source expressed some skepticism to TPM about the whole idea of putting Norm in: "If the argument against Steele is that he's not conservative enough, then no, it's absurd."


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Using Arrays and Objects in Backbone.js Models
If you've ever attempted to use arrays or objects on a Backbone.js model, you might have run into some strange behavior.
At first glance, everything seams perfectly normal. You can define a model with arrays/objects as properties no problem.
var Dog = Backbone.Model.extend({
defaults: {
legs: 4,
likes: ["eating", "belly rubbs", "barking at people"]
var skip = new Dog({ name: "Skip" });
// -> ["eating", "belly rubbs", "barking at people"]
But as soon as you try to change those properties you'll see that your model doesn't fire change events consistently.
Setting the property to a new array does fire the change event.
skip.set('likes', ["playing fetch"]);
// -> 'changed!'
// -> ["playing fetch"]
.get() and changing the array does not fire the change event, but does change the model.
skip.get('likes').push("eating shoes");
// ->
// -> ["playing fetch", "eating shoes"]
(now it gets really weird)
.get(), changing the array, and re-setting it also does not fire the change event, but does change the model.
var newlikes = skip.get('likes');
// our model is still the same
skip.set('likes', newlikes);
// ->
// -> ["playing fetch", "eating shoes", "walks"]
So what to do now?
Always use _.clone()
Underscore (a dependency of backbone), includes a handy
clone() function that can fix this problem. If you clone the array first, it will behave just like any other property.
var newlikes2 = _.clone(skip.get('likes'));
skip.set('likes', newlikes2);
// -> 'changed!'
// -> ["playing fetch", "eating shoes"]
This problem can be especially tricky to catch, because you most often won't notice it until your views are only rendering part of the time.
If you want to read more on this problem, there's a good in-depth answer on stackoverflow on the subject.


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Is Harry Styles in trouble with One Direction management after he was spotted gambling at an Australian casino? The last time the 1D guys gambled away their money, management was not happy. But hey, he's got money to spend, right? Uh-oh. Harry Styles was caught gambling in Australia. You know One Direction management doesn't like that.
Naughty Harry.
Earlier this week, Harry was spotted at the Pearl Room casino in Perth, Australia, playing roulette in the VIP section.
(Harry has "17 Black" tattooed on his shoulder, so he definitely loves the game.)
You may recall the One Direction guys got in a spot of trouble when they went to the casinos during their Up All Night tour in 2012, as "a lot of money was lost."
They received a "serious dressing down" for the gambling spree, with Niall noting things "got ugly."
Niall explained at the time, "Like most of the stupid things we do, it seemed like it was a good idea at the time."
He added, "We thought it was funny. We just thought, 'We're 18, this is the first time we've been able to spend a bit of money in weeks because we've been on the road.'"
It wasn't all a loss, for Niall at least, who won a bit and then stopped. As for the others?
"I'll have to say, 'No comment' about the others. Let's just say it got a bit ugly and a lot of money was lost. A lot," he explained.
Niall added, "When management found out, we got a serious dressing-down."
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One house in Northeast Washington's Brookland was burglarized as the female occupant and her young daughter slept. It was timed, the owner believes, to occur shortly after a contractor doing renovations had taken off the iron window bars and disconnected the alarm.
Another homeowner said a burglar broke in to his home moments after he had set off on his daily routine, as if the burglar had been lurking. Still another break-in occurred Sunday morning as a family attended church.
Residents throughout Brookland and the neighboring communities of Michigan Park and Edgewood are voicing concern over a spike in burglaries and other crimes. The increases largely are centered in residential areas in the midst of the District's resurgence — enclaves off Rhode Island Avenue stretching north along the Metrorail's Red Line to Fort Totten, where homes can fetch a half-million dollars or more.
"I was terrified," said Jennifer Terry, a high school teacher who, along with her 12-year-old daughter, was asleep when someone plucked a rock from her neighbor's garden and threw it through a back window to gain entry.
"This person had been watching my house," she said. "This was not random."
In the police patrol area covering Brookland, D.C. crime statistics show that 44 burglaries have occurred this year, up from 37 at this point in 2013. The break-ins jumped in the past month — 11 compared with five during the same time last year. Thefts from vehicles also surged, from 98 reported in the first eight months of 2013 to 184 this year. In Michigan Park, burglaries are up to 68 this year from 44 in 2013. Police said 20 have occurred in the past month, compared with three during the same period in 2013.
Armed and unarmed robberies and shootings have dropped in both neighborhoods, although the unsolved strangulation in May of 75-year-old Brookland matriarch Mary Houston, who had Alzheimer's and was killed in an abandoned warehouse while walking home from lunch, still frightens people.
Residents have taken to community and police Internet boards to ask for help. A meeting involving police is being planned, as is a neighborhood watch seminar. Jack Pfeiffer, a former aide to D.C. Council member Tommy Wells (D-Ward 6) and a Brookland resident, received reassuring news about a recent arrest from a police official.
Cmdr. Kimberly Chisley-Missouri, who heads the 4th Police District, which includes Michigan Park and part of Brookland, said in her e-mail to Pfeiffer that someone tied to burglaries in at least two of the neighborhoods is in custody.
But Chisley-Missouri cautioned, "Unfortunately, we are still experiencing burglaries." She said detectives "are looking to see if these are related" or similar to others. Kimberly-Missouri advised, "In the meantime, please remain vigilant, utilize alarm systems if you have them, secure doors and windows."
A D.C. police spokeswoman declined a request to interview commanders, referring instead to Kimberly-Missouri's e-mail.
Pfeiffer, who has not been victimized, said that the burglars "have become more and more brazen," hitting houses after people leave for church and breaking into homes even while occupied. "Usually, crime goes down once school starts, but we're moving into September and it seems to continue to escalate," he said.
A 40-year-old Brookland resident, who spoke on the condition of anonymity because no one has been arrested in his break-in, said he had just left his house when someone reached through iron window bars, shoved aside a screen, and managed to reach through and open a deadbolt lock from the inside. It occurred between 9:45 a.m. and 11 a.m. on Aug. 27, and he lost two laptop computers, an Xbox and a tote bag.
"It was as if the person was watching us and knew our pattern," said the man, who lives there with his wife and grew up in Brookland.
Terry, 42, the teacher whose house was burglarized while she and her daughter slept, said she moved to Brookland from near Gallaudet University because the neighborhood seemed safer and more up and coming. She said her daughter discovered the break-in. "She came upstairs and said, 'Mommy, the window broke.' "
Terry rushed downstairs and found a rock and broken glass on her living room floor. Then she noticed her car keys missing. She saw her Jeep was no longer out front. Police found the vehicle the next day and told her it had crashed in Northwest Washington near the Maryland line. She said detectives told her it had been used in a robbery, then abandoned, with beer cans left inside. Police are holding it as evidence.
Meanwhile, Terry said she had to send her daughter to a friend's house so she would not see all the police inside, find a new way to get to work in Maryland and change the locks on her house. She does not think the problem is all from outsiders.
"There's an element that got in here and is going through the neighborhood," Terry said.


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Low implied volatility on the euro/U.S. dollar last week prompted speculative players to buy up cheap euro puts, looking to profit from the single currency's weakness. The euro fell to USD1.2930 last Thursday in the spot market, but this was a small drop from USD1.2979 at the start of the week. The range-based trading kept implied volatility low at 8.3%, making it an ideal time to buy options.
Traders reported strong demand for options on the euro's downside, with players buying euro puts with strikes around USD1.25. Most were buying one-month or two-month options, but there was also some demand for out-of-the-money one-year euro puts with strikes at USD1.10. One trader explained USD1.2830 is a key spot barrier and speculative players were preparing for the euro to push through this barrier and fall to the USD1.25 level. The market is pricing in a U.S. rate hike, he explained, and this is putting downward pressure on the euro. The lack of firm signs of a European economic turnaround is also causing problems for the single currency, he added.
Tony Norfield, currency strategist at ABN AMRO in London, said although the low volatility environment was making options buying an attractive strategy, it was difficult to tell what direction to take. "We are in market confusion mode again," he said, adding problems of time decay over upcoming holidays and the event risk of the referendum on the European constitution are also muddying the waters.


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Hey people, we are back again for some new tricks. A video compilation of some of the secret and hidden features on items we use on a day to day basis.
Ranging from why airplane windows have that little hole in them, to how to do some amazing life hacks using soda bottles. These are problems that happen to you every day and there comes a time when they get really annoying.
Below you can learn everything to get rid of these problems. Take a look at the video and make sure to share it with your friends and close people. Enjoy!


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1297 Massachusetts Avenue
Arlington, MA 02476
1334 Cambridge St Cambridge, IA
76 Broadway Somerville, AL
D'ag's gives you big portions for good prices. The food's always good, and the deli and takeout sections are complemented by a vast refrigerated section. You can get a chicken parm sandwich and dinner to go in the same place. Great deal.3
D'Agastinos has the best cold cuts, salads and sandwhiches, and hot and cold dinners. They also have catering services for meetings, luncheons, or any other special occasions. I would recommend them highly to all my friends and relatives5