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A Guide for Development Agencies and Policy Makers
Disclaimer: The opinions expressed in this guide are those of the Project and members of the Youth Working Group of the DFID-CSO Children and Youth Network and do not necessarily reflect the views of DFID. Cover Photo: Two young Sierra Leonean SPW volunteers at a workshop in Freetown. Dynamic, engaged and ready to be actively involved in the development of their communities (Photo © SPW).
Youth Participation in Development
A Guide for Development Agencies and Policy Makers
Published by the DFID–CSO Youth Working Group Copyright © SPW/ DFID-CSO Youth Working Group March 2010 ISBN: 978-0-9565158-0-3 The text in this document (excluding agency logos) may be reproduced free of charge in any format or medium providing it is reproduced accurately and not used in a misleading context. The material must also be acknowledged as SPW/ DFID-CSO Youth Working Group copyright and the title of the document specified. Where any third party copyright material has been identified you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned. For any further questions please write to: Students Partnership Worldwide 7 Tufton Street London SW1P 3QB Or email: email@example.com
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ii Acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .iii Key terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .v Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .vi
PART ONE: The rationale for working with and for youth Why work with youth? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Youth participation: an overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 Policy frameworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
PART TWO: Strategies and case studies Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 Organisational development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21 Organisational development case studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25 Policy and planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37 Policy and planning case studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41 Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55 Implementation case studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57 Monitoring and evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71 Monitoring and evaluation case studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73
PART THREE: Getting started with youth mainstreaming Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81 Quality standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82 Initial steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87
APPENDICES 1: The process of producing this guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90 2: List of resources and tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95 3: Further reading by thematic area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98
The process of producing this guide has involved over 50 youth development advocates from across the globe. Many thanks for your support, suggestions and contributions: Project team: Sarah Huxley – Youth guidance project manager, lead writer Derek Oakley, Samrat Katwal, Samuel Kavuma, Barbara Soetan and Hannah Austin – Youth participation officers Helen Gallagher – DFID consultant Andrew Robertson – Editor, support writer Sally Hartley – Consultant, support writer Tim Davies – Website developer/coordinator Maha Khan – Process evaluator Amy Ridout – Proof reader Department for International Development (DFID) and Students Partnership Worldwide (SPW) staff: DFID - Rosamund Ebdon, Social Development Advisor (SDA), Rebecca Calder, SDA Nepal, Joanne Bosworth, SDA Uganda. SPW - Catherine Stevens, Eric Levine, Nik Hartley, Perry Maddox (SPW Uganda), Shalini Tripathi (SPW Nepal), Gill Drury, Natalie Newell, Ed Francis. Project committee: Members of the above plus: Helen Jones (Commonwealth Youth Exchange Council), Connie Wessels (United Nations Children's Fund), Hannah Lyford-Jones (Save the Children), Sharon Moynihan (Plan International), Ollie Chevreau (International Alert), David Woollcombe/Emma Trickey (Peace Child), James Edleston/Emily Bishop (British Youth Council). Sharing and learning network participants: Uganda: Abigail Akirapa and Grace Olanyo (Volunteer Service Abroad), Amongin Jacquiline (Hope Foundation), Agnes Amooti (Youth Action Intern), Brian Kironde (United Nations Population Fund), Herbert Mugumya (US Agency for International Development), James Kotzrch (German Foundation for World Population (DSW)), Hope Kyarisiima/Geoffry Tumusiime (Youth Social Work Association), Simon Kasyate (European Commission), Lillian Bagala (National Youth Council), Patrick Ssebbowa (Plan International), Miriam Talwisa (Youth Plus Policy Network), Joseph Okema (Commonwealth Youth Programme Northern Uganda Youth Development Centre), Dr. Abeja Apunyo (Pathfinder Int.), Immaculate Gitta (UN-HABITAT), Emebet Wuhib-Mutungi (Young, Empowered and Healthy) and Sheila Gashishiri (World Bank). Rapporteur: Daniel Ssemakula Nepal: Aradhana Gurung (UNFPA), Anuja Sharma and Piyush Shrestha (UNFPA interns), Sanu Lal Maharjan (Save the Children/AIN), Pushpa Pandey (GTZ HSSP), Reshma Shrestha (Association of International NGOs (AIN)), Khadga B. Pariyar (World Wildlife Fund Nepal), Shalini Tripathi (SPW Nepal), Prakash Sharma (EC delegation to Nepal), Dale Davis (Centre for Development and Population Activitiies/AIN), Gopal Biraji and Basanti Pariyar (DFID interns), Kabindra Burlokoti/ Deependra Chaulagain (Association of Youth Organisations, Nepal), Sabin Singh (Equal Access Nepal), Ram Thapa (Danish Association for International Cooperation Nepal), Anjali Pradhan (UNICEF), DB Subedi (International Alert), Dipendra Tamang (AfP), Narayan Adhikari (Youth Initiative), Charles Pradhan (Canadian Co-operation Office), Rojee Joshi (Helvetas) and Yashoda Shrestha (Danida Nepal Human Rights and Good Governance Programme). Rapporteur: Anjana Luitel. Partners and advisors: Prateek Awasthi (UNFPA), Victor Karunan and his team (UNICEF), Eirik Sorlie (UN-HABITAT), Tina Siberngal (GTZ), Jenny Perlman Robinson (Women's Refugee Commission), Layne Robinson (Commonwealth Youth Programme), Ian Askew (Population Council), Mattias Lundberg (World Bank), Mohamed Al-Sharif (UNDP), Lyndsay McLeanHilker (consultant); Gerison Lansdown (consultant). Focus group discussion participants: UK: Roda Aden, Jaevion Nelson, Tim Coles, Nick Arnott, Hannah Candassamy, Ival Cummings John, Emily Beardsmore, Chinyanta Chimba, Janet Jobson, Crystal Fiallo Scanlon, Jonathan Leith, Rithee Pandya, Amardeep Kainth and Tommy Wong. Uganda: Geoffrey Tumusiime, Jane Nakawesi, John Kalanzi, Susan Mirembe, A. Kanaabi, Alex Nuwagaba, Emmanuel Kisoto, Mariam Talwisa, Ruth Bulyaba, Timothy Kinyara, Paddy Masembe, Hope Kyasiima, Esther Kyazike-Kawempe, Rebecca Birungi and Herbert Mona. Nepal: Deepti Khakurel, Brabim Kumar KC, Pramod Rishal, Yagya Cheetri, Pooja Rishal, Rachana Rasaily, Mona Adhikari, Kritan Gautam, Minki Lama, Dorjee Lama, Sharon Annati, Aradhana Gurung, Basanti Parayar, and Gopal Biraji.
Acronyms AfP AIN AYON BYC CBO CCO CDFU CEDPA CO CRC CSO CYEC CYP DFID DSW EC ECOSOC GOYS GSEA GTZ IADB IBASE IDPs IDRC ILO IPPF MDGs NAC NGO NORAD NYC PAYE PCI PLWHA PRSP SDC SLN Alliance for Peace Association of International NGOs Association of Youth Organisations. Nepal British Youth Council Community Based Organisations Canadian Co-operation Office Communication for Development Foundation Uganda Centre for Development and Population Activities Country Office Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989 Civil society organisation Commonwealth Youth Exchange Council Commonwealth Youth Programme UK Department for International Development German Foundation for World Population European Commission Economic and Social Council Government Department of Youth and Sport Gender and Social Exclusion Assessment German Technical Co-operation Inter American Development Bank The Brazilian Institute of Social and Economic Analyses Internally displaced persons International Development Research Centre International Labour Organisation International Planned Parenthood Federation Millennium Development Goals National Aids Commission Non-governmental Organisation Norwegian Agency for Development Co-operation National Youth Council Commonwealth Plan of Action for Youth Empowerment 2007-2015 Peace Child International People living with HIV/AIDS Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation Sharing and learning network iii .
Empowered and Healthy Youth Guidance Project Youth Employment Network Youth Plus Policy Network Youth Social Work Association Photo © UN-HABITAT Building the future together iv .SPW SRHR UNAoC UNCRC UNCT UNDESA UNDP UNESCO UNFPA UN-HABITAT UNICEF UNYAP VSO WHO WPAY WRC WWF YEAH YGP YEN YPN YSA Students Partnership Worldwide Sexual and reproductive health and rights UN Alliance of Civilisations UN Convention on the Rights of the Child UN Country Team UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs United Nations Development Programme United Nations Economic. Social and Cultural Organisation United Nations Populations Fund United Nations Human Settlement Programme United Nations Children's Fund United Nations Youth Advisory Panel Volunteer Service Overseas World Health Organisation World Programme of Action for Youth Women's Refugee Commission World Wildlife Fund Young.
The means by which people survive/subsist (including skills. and especially with youth. structural. It can function from the local to the global. The human rights approach to development acknowledges that youth have the right to participation. policy or programmes. including legislation. This is helpful in capturing many of those who have finished schooling. authority. problems or threats. in the household) on the basis of their ethnicity.g. Relates to decisions that define expectations. Youth overlaps with. a livelihood programme would be aimed at more than enterprise/employability to take in life skills. It should involve young people. including under-18s who have the right "to express…views freely in all matters affecting [them]. as it extends into adulthood. caste. state and non-state.. health etc. A process by which certain groups are systematically disadvantaged because they are discriminated against (in public institutions or socially. This is the culmination of an individual's capacity to act: their skills and capabilities and their ability to change their own lives. e. This is a dynamic process that allows an individual to build their own perception of citizenship and to understand and explore their position. The process of assessing the implications for [youth] of any planned action. the views…being given due weight in accordance with [their] age and maturity" (Convention on the rights of the Child 1989. The "sustainable livelihoods" framework has been adopted by DFID and others. The learning and articulation of the rights and responsibilities of a person in relation to their local communities and wider society around them. grant power or verify performance. The process of moving from conflict and states of emergency to routine national development. sexual orientation. sharing information and sharing decision-making power democratically. Article 12). An approach to development driven and guided by young people that draws upon their energy. It is a strategy for making [young people's] concerns and experiences an integral dimension of the design. are sexually active and are facing livelihoods/unemployment issues. implementation. (Adapted from: United Nations Economic and Social Council Agreed Conclusions 1997/2) The active. rather than focusing only on deficits (needs). not merely work for them.g.. age. This guide follows the United Nations in defining youth as persons of 15 to 24 years. migrant status or where they live. as distinct from simply jobs or labour. informed and voluntary involvement of people in decision-making and the life of their communities (both locally and globally). descent. Active citizenship Agency Assets-based approach Empowerment Governance Livelihoods Mainstreaming Participation Post-conflict transitions Social exclusion Youth Youth-led development v . HIV status. assets and other resources). economic and societal spheres so that [young people] benefit equally and inequality is not perpetuated. It can be on a small or large scale and implicitly values young people as an asset for society. race. gender. including youth and adults. and agency to make decisions and implement change in their own lives and the lives of other people. It consists either of a separate process or of a specific part of management or leadership processes. and cultural process whereby young people gain the ability. monitoring and evaluation of policies and programmes in all political. Governance is a feature of all institutions. but is distinct from adolescence. disability. religion. Appreciating and mobilising individual or group talents and strengths. Participation means work with and by people. An attitudinal. in all areas and at all levels. In the programming context. having and giving reasons for all actions and decisions concerning them.Key terms Accountability Accountability to young people involves informal means of supporting their autonomy as individuals and groups e. creativity and skills to create positive change.
unemployment and HIV/AIDS – that undermine their rights and create significant social and economic costs to society. It also draws together case studies. implementation. resources and practical 'how to' guidance from around the world and draws on Sharing and Learning Networks established in two focus countries . and monitoring and evaluation. Over 3 billion people – nearly half of the world's population – are under the age of 25. It has been developed through an innovative process led by young people. They also face challenges – including violence and crime.org. policy and planning.Nepal and Uganda. and there is now greater recognition that young people are the future of their countries' development.Foreword Today's generation of young people is the largest in history. Nemat (Minouche) Shafik Permanent Secretary Department for International Development vi .ygproject. Almost 90% of all young people live in developing countries. But there is still a long way to go to realise this potential. which itself has reinforced their capacity to participate and lead. It is crucial that we engage the young decision makers of tomorrow in the development decisions of today. Young people are a valuable asset to their countries and investing in them brings tremendous social and economic benefits. We hope that the Youth Participation Guide will contribute to this goal. Governments around the world are increasingly supporting youth ministries. The Youth Participation Guide aims to help build and harness young people as assets. Meanwhile. The process of developing the Guide has stimulated considerable interest in Nepal and Uganda and we hope that the Sharing and Learning Networks will continue there. The case studies that illustrate this focus on three thematic areas that are important to young people: • governance. There is growing momentum on youth participation within the development community. voice and accountability • post-conflict transitions and livelihoods • sexual and reproductive health and rights. youth policies and youth programmes. The Guide challenges negative stereotypes of youth and demonstrates how young people can positively contribute to development in four operational areas: organisational development. the resources and lessons will grow through the on-line guide and website http://www.
Rather. and the importance of building partnerships between adults and youth in a culturally sensitive manner. Uganda and Nepal 2 that spanned over 18 months.Introduction Overview This guide has been developed to assist donor agencies (multilateral and bilateral) and policy advisors in a range of organisations working with and for youth. 1 2 Throughout the guide the term 'donor agencies' is used and includes policy makers and government partners. and a number of quality standards that will help organisations to get started. ii). Central to this guide is its focus on working with excluded sub-groups of young people. This was a highly collaborative project between donor agencies and civil society organisations in the UK. The term 'youth' is used interchangeably with 'young people'. and has in itself been a process of developing young people's capacity to participate and lead. The guide has drawn on and synthesised the experience of a wide range of institutions. 1 This guide aims to increase understanding of the growing importance of. Nepal and Uganda were selected as countries from which contemporary case studies could be gathered through a series of workshops. But it goes beyond the rhetoric of many policy advocacy papers. the resource created is unlike any other guidance on youth participation. 1 Photo © Students Partnership Worldwide . and greater potential for. which simply argue for a focus on youth participation. It will also be useful for government. youth participation in development practice and to explore key issues and approaches. Increasing youth understanding Process behind the guide Young people were part of the project team (as researchers and workshop co-ordinators) and the project committee. It does this through the provision of promising practice case studies (and their associated resources). NGO and civil society partners. this guide provides information on how to actually work with youth at a practical operational level in respect of policy and programming. donor agencies and practitioners (see p. As a result. and were among the many reviewers. This is the foundation for all youth mainstreaming work.
Objectives of the guide To make the case for youth participation by highlighting the evidence base for it (including the case studies in Part Two). • Present all information by all donor agencies and civil society organisations. S. standards and strategies. private and civil society sector partners to initiate and sustain meaningful youth participation. some of which may become formalised in organisations' policy and procedures." Kofi Annan. reproductive health. (2007) 'Youth Mapping Study – DFID's Approach to Young People' 2 . it is not within the scope of this guide to: • Provide an in-depth report of each case study. including the Commonwealth Youth Exchange Council (CYEC). To publicise additional resources and support structures (Appendix 3) that donor agencies can draw on in their work relevant to youth and the thematic areas.4 The study assessed current approaches to youth within DFID's policy and programming. UNICEF. To provide a strategic framework for approaching youth and a menu list of easy-to-use./ Schumacher (2007) 'Youth Led Development – harnessing the energy of youth to make poverty history' DFID/Maguire. • Operationalise key strategies and country plans in a way that is appropriate for young people. the Youth Caucus called on us to 'see young people as a resource. not a problem'. Save the Children and Peace Child International (PCI). The three-lens approach to youth participation In 2007 the Youth Working Group of the DFID . policies etc. Rather. D. It offers experience. To document the process of producing the guide itself as an example of a project partnering with young people. This is a replicable model that can be adapted at a national level (Appendix 1). • Engage and support local government. British Youth Council (BYC).Civil Society Children and Youth Network commissioned a youth mapping study. Former UN Secretary-General3 Scope of the guide This guide aims to steer donor agencies through the key issues and approaches. it is a compelling economic necessity. "At the World Summit for Sustainable Development in Johannesburg. it is to present possibilities. However. Young people are the most precious resource our planet possesses … Providing for youth is not just a moral obligation. with youth as partners. in order to ensure aid effectiveness and sustainability. social and political context. Plan International. practical tools and resources to help donor agencies to more effectively: • Learn from promising practice examples where youth participation has increased the success and sustainability of coalitions. The study advocated that development assistance should work for the benefit of youth (as target beneficiaries). and found that both DFID staff at headquarters and at a country level were increasingly aware of the need to address youth issues. and be shaped by youth as leaders (Figure 1). which must always be looked at given a specific cultural. • Elaborate upon the divergent opinions amongst practitioners and academics alike as to the true definition of 'youth' or optimum nature of participation itself. Study after study has shown the benefits to the young and to their communities of investing in education. job skills and employment opportunities for young people. production of the guide has been directed by Students Partnership Worldwide (SPW) and other members of the DFID-CSO Working Group on Youth. How right they were.With oversight from the Department for International Development (DFID) Equity and Rights Team. International Alert. This is an assets approach to youth participation in development. To equip donor agencies to successfully support and promote young people in relevant processes and initiatives. 3 4 Foreword in Woollcombe.
e. their skills and capabilities and their ability to change their own lives. partners and leaders Working for youth as beneficiaries Defined as the basics of a good intervention for young people: • Youth as beneficiaries implies they are a target group and are adequately informed. systems and processes. • Youth operating as partners and leaders are inherently beneficiaries too. participation must also develop from a foundational base. • Explicitly focuses on youth issues through documentation. they are not mutually exclusive. • Implies mutual co-operation and responsibility. • Recognises that young people generally need experience working at this level before progressing to becoming leaders and initiators of development (if appropriate) – a progression which not all will want or be able to make. • This approach is dynamic: depending on the local context and the development intervention one particular lens may be more appropriate or have more prominence/focus.Figure 1: The three-lens approach to youth participation TARGET GROUPS COLLABORATORS YOUTH INITIATORS FOCUS ON WORKING WITH AND FOR YOUTH TOWARDS EFFECTIVE DEVELOPMENT Working for youth as BENEFICIARIES Adapted from: World Bank Development report 2007 Engaging with youth as PARTNERS Supporting youth as LEADERS PARTICIPATORY PRACTICES Explanation of the lens approach • It is important for institutions and practitioners to consider all three lenses. This is based on youth having agency: their capacity to act. However. Defined as: • Collaborative interventions. young leaders may be reaching out to new groups of young people as targets. Youth participation in development is often a combination of all three (see Table 1 for definitions). where young people are fully consulted and informed. Engaging with youth as partners Supporting youth as leaders 3 . • It might appear that youth participation is just about young partners or leaders. • The ultimate aim is to develop youth as partners and leaders in development. Defined as: • Enabling youth-initiated and directed interventions. • Opening up a space for youth-led decision-making (delegation) within existing structures. and not young beneficiaries. • The different lenses may be used with different groups of young people during an intervention/initiative.. Table 1: Definitions of beneficiaries. • Can prepare the ground for working with youth as partners. i.
CRITICAL RIGHTS ISSUES FOR YOUNG PEOPLE • Governance. The different aspects that form the structure of the guide (see Figure 2) were developed through consultation with key partners including donor agencies.Structure of the guide THREE-LENS APPROACH TO YOUTH PARTICIPATION • Working for youth as beneficiaries • Engaging youth as partners • Supporting youth as leaders THEMATIC AREAS . civil society organisations and young people over an 18-month period. Figure 2 . voice and accountability • Post-conflict transitions and livelihoods • Sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) Part one Part two – is a presentation of the rationale for working with and for youth – gives strategies and case studies on four operational areas: Organisational development Policy and planning Implementation Monitoring and evaluation. adapt and replicate QUALITY STANDARDS GETTING STARTED 4 . Part three – provides a set of getting started quality standards and some key steps to getting started with mainstreaming youth participation. voice and accountability • Post-conflict transitions and livelihoods • Sexual and reproductive heath and rights KEY OPERATIONAL AREAS FOR YOUTH PARTICIPATION • Organisational development • Policy and planning • Implementation • Monitoring and evaluation CASE STUDIES SHARING PROMISING PRACTICE – to learn from.Structure of the guide The guide provides practical support to donor agencies on three thematic areas: • Governance.
however.PART 1: The rationale for working with and for youth "Young people want to build stable democracies. young women and young men can play a significant part in lifting themselves. Too often. girls and boys. 2007 5 Photo © Students Partnership Worldwide . Properly supported and given the right opportunities. their families and communities out of poverty. 2009 Reaching tomorrow's leaders "They are both tomorrow's leaders. professionals and workers and today's assets." Inter American Development Bank." DFID/Maguire. sustainable economies and societies based on equity. a threat to peace and security. parents. youth are considered only or mainly as a problem to be contained.
The gap between the MDG targets and the current state of affairs for young people leaves no time for questions.6 This is often referred to as the 'youth bulge'. • Promotes ownership and sustainability of interventions. political and socially unstable environments. 2) Recognising that young people collectively can be an asset to development.8 For example. involving young people in meaningful activities and programmes builds social cohesion and embeds them within their communities. World Bank 2007. among mothers aged 20 to 39. but they are not necessarily a predictor of conflict UNFPA 2007. 1.. and Africa Commission 2009 2005 figures.7 as young people constitute a high and peaking proportion of many populations. 2007: high youth bulges indicate countries 'at risk' when combined with economic stresses.000.000 new jobs per year for the next 12 years – equivalent to the total size of the formal employment sector at present.10 Young people are innovative and creative in problem solving and solution finding: they are the key to helping communities meet their subsistence needs. Uppsala University. Youth participation in development: • Strengthens young people's abilities to meet their own subsistence needs. being young is a transitional phase of life. improving local people's long-term security and control over their own lives. Crucially for countries experiencing a youth bulge. • Fifteen million adolescent girls become mothers every year. it will be impossible to reach the Millennium Development Goal targets. not simply viewing 5 6 7 them as lacking capabilities or being deprived by circumstances. Its duration is a limited window in which to develop a larger and younger workforce who can drive economic development and play a significant role in the social development of their communities and society. NORAD 2005. Wolfensohn. • Among mothers under age 20. UN Population Division.2 Young people are assets: Preventing and reducing vulnerabilities and risks Young people are assets. particularly on extreme poverty and hunger (MDG 1). regional and international levels. The youth bulge represents both a challenge and an opportunity for development. where youth-led conflict or crime may be a perceived risk.5 There are 1.000 live births. which carries with it increased vulnerabilities.Why work with youth? "By the year 2015. in Uganda the median age is 159 and roughly half of 15 to 24-year-old women have given birth at least once. and in doing so. UN Population Division. It is time for action. maternal health (MDG 5) and environmental sustainability (MDG 7). they are also the now. These are the realities of young people at the crossroads. UN 2007. President of the World Bank (2003) 1. • Prevents and reduces vulnerabilities to economic. national. "These are not just numbers. • More than 100 million adolescents do not attend school. These large numbers of young people are an opportunity. Yet at the same time. World Population Prospects. World Population Prospects. • Helps gain entry into target communities and build up trust and social capital. an investment. DFID 2007.1 The demographic imperative: the youth bulge Nearly 50% of the developing world population is youth and children. infant mortality rates average 100 deaths per 1. DANIDA 2007.2 billion 15 to 24 year olds in the world and one billion live in developing countries. child mortality (MDG 4). at local.. If this is not achieved. the rate is 72 to 74 deaths per 1. Box 1: Not just numbers • More than half of all youth survive on less than USD$2 a day. 2008 Revision UNFPA 2005 6 . Live births. It is estimated that the country needs to create over 600." James D.e. 2008 Revision Research undertaken by Henrik Urdal at the Uppsala Conflict Data Program.. This is twofold: 1) Recognising that young people have assets i. • Six thousand young people are infected with HIV every day. there will be three billion people under the age of 25. • Ratios of new female-to-male HIV infections among young people between ages 15 to 24 run as high as 8:1 in South Africa." Source: UNFPA Framework for Action on Adolescents and Youth (2007) 8 9 10 World Bank 2010 2005 figures. They are the future .
the right to express one's views freely and have them taken into account in decision-making. civil society and young people. development and peace building: Enables the exercise of citizenship: making claims and holding governments and donor agencies to account (Paris principle:11 "mutual accountability. in accordance with one's age and maturity. economic and social rights frameworks.3 times more likely to be unemployed compared with adult workers (above 25 years of age). Human rights Rights-based approaches to development have been advocated and widely adopted by many bilateral donor agencies. which enables a wide range of voices to be heard. being dispersed across a number of civil. Box 2: Youth engagement: Success stories • Young people and adults share joint responsibility on the advisory board to the UN-HABITAT Opportunities Fund for Urban Youth-led Development. targeting youth-led initiatives in slums and squatter settlements that are in urgent need of financial support (Case Study 5).000 youth annually from across its six districts to select representatives and decide upon budget allocations for youth services (Case Study 16). • Increasing the diversity of young people involved in decision-making processes should be a priority. whose position is outlined in 'Realising Human Rights for Poor People' (2000).") The World Bank. Makes the MDGs a reality: (Paris principle: "managing for results. 1. • There is a need to increase accountability mechanisms within civil society so that they are not just responsible to the donor community but to the global community including young people and developing countries.4.000 young people aged 15 to 30 (8. For under-18s.12 Participation promotes learning. but enjoy them the least. • The Municipality of Rosario in Argentina undertakes a participatory youth budget which engages 1. voice and accountability • Young people aged under 30 years make up over 60% of the populations of developing countries. UNFPA and the Commonwealth Secretariat have identified youth as critical to reaching the MDGs (see "policy frameworks" p. Critical rights issues for young people14 The following have been identified as critical rights issues for young people: Governance. inclusion. However. World Bank 2007 Including DFID. the scope of human rights as defined and ratified by states in the International Bill of Human Rights has extended beyond the strictly political and legal into more economic and social dimensions.1. Makes policies and services appropriate for youth: Building young people's commitment to the solutions (Paris principle: "ownership"). and sexual and reproductive health and rights. 1. 14). • The transition of youth to adulthood is being prolonged or blocked. which focuses on three cross-cutting principles: namely participation. Post-conflict transitions and livelihoods • The face of migration is growing younger as young people face high unemployment rates: in 2005 young people were 3. voice and accountability.9% of the youth population) were engaged directly (through focus group discussions and surveys) or indirectly as part of formulating national youth policy (Case Study 6). postconflict transitions and livelihoods. Young people are frequently in the position of needing to claim their rights the most. Their demographic importance is insufficiently acknowledged. The greater autonomy and participation rights of older youth (18 to 24-year-olds) are perhaps less visible. participation in development "of the entire population and all individuals" is a theme of the UN Declaration on the Right to Development (1986). These are based on the three thematic areas of the guide selected by DFID 7 . empowerment and greater control over lives. Young people's rights and actions are at the forefront of the pressing development concerns which are the focus of this guide: governance. 11 12 13 14 The Paris Principles (adopted by the UN in 1992) relate to the status and functioning of national institutions for the protection and promotion of human rights. around 16. but their needs are being insufficiently addressed or resourced. Aid effectiveness Enabling young people to engage with democracy.13 Gradually. • In Bahrain. Donor agencies can lead the way in working more with communities. and fulfilling obligations.") Exercise of citizenship rights and duties in youth are durable and often determine political participation later in adulthood.5.3. is set out in the Convention on the Rights of the Child Article 12. young people are increasingly unable to attain the social and economic status of adulthood because of structural exclusion and lack of opportunities. political.
i. • Young women are especially vulnerable to genderbased violence and risky transactional sex: in Kenya young women between 15 and 19 years are three times more likely to be infected than their male counterparts. and inability to access healthcare services.6 Socially excluded youth Social exclusion is a process whereby certain groups are systematically disadvantaged and discriminated against because of who they are. Honwana 2005 8 . religion. gender. Ghana. policies.. and are excluded from the mainstream aspects of life. education. etc). caste. Thailand. Social exclusion can include lack of access to employment. • Young people can be better protected from conflict if they are engaged in emergency protection preparedness activities. youth make up 25% of the working population but 47% of the unemployed. for example on the basis of their ethnicity. 1. etc) and informal ones (traditional systems.20 It is often the case that in poorer communities. race.18 This suggests that young people are driving positive behaviour change – but there is far too little research into how such results are achieved. HIV status.17 • Between 2002 and 2007 significant reductions in youth HIV prevalence (of between 22 and 34%) were recorded in Zimbabwe. Kenya.16 This is due to many factors. descent. caste and ethnicity as three interlocking institutions that determine individual and group access to assets. capabilities and voice based on sociallydefined identity' (GSEA summary: 6). migrant status or where they live. Cambodia. 'youth' itself is an Photo © Students Partnership Worldwide Young leaders teaching their peers 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 ILO (2005) Employment intensity of growth: trends and macro-determinants UNAIDs 2009 UNAIDS/World Health Organisation AIDS epidemic update. It is multidimensional and interactive. Investing in the capacity of civil society to enable the participation and development of youth will save lives. they are denied access to resources and services. Social exclusion can be perpetuated by formal institutions (laws.15 • In many post-conflict countries the majority of former combatants are 15 to 24 years of age. December 2009 UNGASS Country Reports 2008 DFID 2005 As demonstrated in the 'Unequal Citizens'. Sexual and reproductive health and rights • Almost half of all new HIV infections in the world are among people under 25.19 As a result. age. disability. Cote d'Ivoire. a DFID/World Bank Study conducted in Nepal in 2005 which 'examined gender. and lack opportunities open to others. cultural practices. Namibia and Rwanda. sexual orientation.e.In many countries. to justice and to markets and a lack of political participation. Illustrating that high caste women can at times have a greater degree of inclusion than low caste men. social attitudes. the majority of young people operate at the margins of society. including lack of information.
there are groups of young people who are more disadvantaged (see Box 3 for a national analysis). A.22 Beyond the broad exclusion of youth. social exclusion is now understood to have been a main cause of prolonged civil war. Eight years of conflict helped provoke a revolt of the youth. .Young people should be seen and heard excluded category.21 However. and work under poor conditions • Out-of-school youth including school drop-outs and unemployed graduates • Youth in slum areas who live in an unhealthy environment • Youth with disabilities • Young women • Those in remand homes and prisons • Street youth • Youth in refugee camps who lack access to social amenities • Unemployed youth • Youth living with HIV/AIDS. M. For example.ygproject. and Lockheed M. These include: Young women Rural youth Youth from an ethnic minority or lower caste Youth with disabilities Migrant young people In analysing social exclusion it is not enough just to look at one possible category of exclusion in isolation – rather it is necessary to analyse how a number of factors interrelate. to a greater extent than either the diamond trade or political instability.org/2009/08/04/sln-1lessons-learnt-reaching-out-to-excluded-youth-inuganda/ Lewis. who turned to guerrilla 22 Box 3: A snapshot of excluded youth in Uganda Which youth in Uganda are excluded? • Rural youth who engage in farming. in Bolivia both Quechua and Aymara-speaking indigenous girls are less likely to enrol in school and more likely to discontinue their schooling prematurely than non-indigenous girls or boys. The 2005 DFID Social Exclusion Policy identifies how multiple forms of exclusion can be underlying factors in youth engagement in violence and conflict: • In Sierra Leone.extracted from a Sharing and Learning Network (SLN): http://blog. Those from excluded groups are often more excluded and discriminated against than others.E (2006) 'Social exclusion: the emerging challenge in girls' education' 9 Photo © Students Partnership Worldwide . gender inequality means that girls and young women are often doubly disadvantaged.
• In their life history. and are left out of many youth-focused interventions in part because they are not perceived as a threat. education. It is important to avoid 'youth' becoming used as shorthand for 'young men who pose a potential threat'. However. emotional. In several African countries. They may require care and protection. World Bank 23 24 25 26 DFID/McLean Hilker and Fraser 2009 DFID 2007."23 1. crime. home ownership or marriage. a young person goes through multiple transitions: physical.and low-HIV prevalence countries.25 Identifying youth is not about artificial and potentially divisive classification of different age cohorts./ Shumacher 2007 10 . silencing and (gendered) disadvantage of young people has been a feature of most societies. can hardly read or write and are unprepared to cope with the practicalities of daily life. responsibilities. young or old.8 The diversity of youth Youth are a heterogeneous group. On the one hand. This can create urban no-go zones where residents become excluded on the basis of where they live.24 This means acknowledging localised cultural understandings of childhood and adulthood. cultural background. • Young people who feel alienated from society and excluded from job opportunities and decision-making may turn to violence. half or fewer of all young women ages 15 to 24 can read a simple sentence after three years of primary school… Many young people do not know basic facts that could save their lives. and their life experiences. On the other hand. "Many. cognitive and social. territorial or identitybased gangs (as for example in Central America and Jamaica). depending on where they live. these may construct youth as something which lasts well into one's 20s – particularly if economic realities exclude young adults from work. and so when working with." World Development Report 2007. 1. traditional and modern. training in marketable skills and empowerment as they emerge to become fully-fledged adults in society". is excluded from potentially unifying development processes. it is part of ensuring that none of the population. This is helpful in capturing many of those who have finished schooling. and facing livelihoods/unemployment issues and the wider effects of structural poverty. rural chiefs and elders.26 • Segregation. these transitions carry risks. even those who reach lower secondary levels. "Young women can be invisible and doubly disadvantaged. and planning for youth it is important to ask: which youth? However. such as what causes HIV/AIDS. are sexually active. the provision of opportunities. and additionally focus on the transitional experiences of being young. in many poverty situations.7 Identifying youth This guide follows the United Nations in defining 'youth' as persons of 15 to 24 years. UN 2007 Woollcombe D. gender. World Bank 2007 World Bank 2007. at a time when many begin sexual activity. they always need "support. it is necessary to go beyond the age dimension. autonomy. As with all age groups they require continuous recognition and provision of their rights.insurgency in reaction to their political. social group and economic status can be very different. Understanding the dynamics of youth in every local context is therefore essential. 2009. Knowledge about condom use is very low regardless of grade attained in both high. Each generation of youth faces different challenges. Without appropriate investment in young people in accordance with their rights. economic and social exclusion by powerful urban elites. there are some generalisations we can make: • Young people share some characteristics with both children and adults. 'adult' care/working responsibilities begin before the age of 15.
Participation is seen to comprise different types and levels of engagement. participation is about: • Information-sharing: people are informed in order to facilitate collective and individual action. • Initiating action: people are proactive and able to take the initiative. Formal consultation and dialogue is useful to the extent that it a) guides decisions. this has been limited. which may be theirs or joint with others. on specific issues of a policy or project.9 Defining participation Box 4: Participation in practice Participation is a commonly used approach and concept within development. • Decision-making: people have this role.Youth participation: an overview 1.' 11 . not merely work for them. Ultimately. it should be part of a process whereby young people progress to greater rights and responsibilities (citizenship). • Recognising young people's agency and dynamism.30 27 28 29 30 See also Roger Hart's ladder model of participation. Participation has often been characterised as a ladder (Sherry Arnstein. We cannot simply start with the English term 'participation' and look for equivalents in other languages. colleagues and stakeholders is crucial if development policies are to be truly representative and effective. • Building youth-adult partnerships and understanding local attitudes towards youth. the decision-making processes which affect their lives. Instead we should look at actual practices by and with young people. 1992 for World Bank) 1. (Adapted from Bhatnagar and Williams. which always acknowledges the importance of local contexts and cultural values and practices.co-management. driven to some extent by the discourse on children's rights. Further literature on this can be provided by Peace Child International and see www. 2000 There is increasing interest in youth participation. Earthscan 1997 and Phil Treseder's adaptation of it in 'Empowering children and young people'. and try to understand them in their social and cultural settings." DFID. for example. informed and voluntary involvement of people in decision-making and the life of their communities (both locally and globally) is vital if this is to be achieved.28 Core values donor agencies should adopt to ensure participation are: • Advocacy for youth as assets to development. where their contributions of 'voice' do not actually affect core structural policy decisions. At an operational level. and b) genuinely represents a body of opinion and experience (see Box 4).10 Youth as assets: an active approach A shift in working with young people.11 Participation is an ongoing process Young people's participation is about far more than gathering their views in surveys or listening to limited numbers of representatives (see Figure 3). This is a key aspect of the empowerment process at the core of youth-led development. • Prioritising excluded youth.27 However. young people can participate in development as beneficiaries. It has numerous definitions. the World Bank has defined participatory development as: "… a process through which stakeholders influence and share control over development initiatives and the decisions and resources which affect them. 'The theory and practice of involving young citizens in community development and environmental care'. 1994.info Liebel and Saadi in Percy-Smith and Thomas (2010). pi DFID's definition of participation is linked to a rights perspective as follows: "… enabling people to realise their rights to participate in. and is often only at a superficial level. However. and access information relating to. 1. and valuing them as assets: as advisors. In ascending order of responsibility. in the sense that young people are often included in one-off discussions. which can take account of their feedback. to being actively engaged in the planning and implementation of development interventions. Save the Children 1997. Participation means work with and by young people. Youth participation: the active. 1969 and many subsequent variations). partners and leaders (the DFID-CSO three-lens approach). organisations and individuals highly committed to youth participation may want to proceed to a position of co-management29 where youth are working with older adults. from being the targets of outreach. 'A handbook of children and young people's participation." World Bank. and are becoming development professionals or leading political actors themselves. • Consultation: people are consulted and interact with an organisation.
partners and leaders.To be able to participate. public speaking. and confidence to be able to communicate and interact with a range of stakeholders. the media and private and civil society sectors. communications) Evidence base (i.g.31 This involves supporting the development of skills such as working in a group. Rather. They are: Poor education and training Education systems often fail to prepare young people adequately to participate in decision-making. This severely impedes their ability to advocate for their rights.g. there is a range of less visible. leadership training) Youth-adult partnership. In the rare cases where young people have been able to influence or make decisions. which involve young people as beneficiaries.32 Whilst formal consultation and dialogue may be the most visible form of youth participation. culture and sport. communities) Outreach/community engagement (e. MORE VISIBLE Formal youth dialogue / representation Youth roles in governance: delegated and shared decisions (voice and accountability throughout intervention cycles) LESS VISIBLE Capacity-building (e. legal and democratic process) 31 32 33 34 Hart 1992. The process of participation and empowerment is not about actions simply prescribed by others. it cultivates opportunities for young people to develop skills and competencies in a climate of mutual respect and understanding. This destroys young people's confidence and trust in such mechanisms. barriers within complicated infrastructure have tended to limit implementation. age-disaggregated data) Enabling environment (including the economy. but no less important forms. In some cases young people are given the opportunity to participate in decision-making without ensuring that they receive adequate training or access to the appropriate information that would enable them to make informed decisions. peer education on SRHR. 1. young people need to be empowered.g. citizenship (e. conflict) Youth livelihoods and learning Group formation and development (e. focus on basic needs. GTZ 2008 GTZ 2008 Developed by Andrew Robertson Adapted from UNICEF 2009 12 . schools. World Bank 2007.g.e. even for youth organisations. active learning. among excluded groups. They do not Figure 3: Youth participation as an iceberg33 develop the necessary analytical skills for critical thinking or problem-solving through participatory. Weak infrastructure In many countries.12 Obstacles to youth participation34 There are obstacles to youth participation which donor agencies should be aware of. young people lack direct access to institutional systems and structures within governments. Inequality and exclusion Addressing inequality and the social exclusion of particular groups of young people is a big challenge within the youth sector.
Realising young people's right to participation is the responsibility of a wide range of actors. Many of the above obstacles can be overcome by challenging the perceptions and values of colleagues. When working with young people it is vital to consider and acknowledge the decision-making (or power) dynamics of any given situation.g. and therefore is embedded in managing relationships effectively. Family and kinship units Young women and men Governments and public sector Institutional donors Community KEY STAKEHOLDERS FOR YOUTH Educational institutions Religious organisations Private sector and media Civil society organisations and networks Places of work 35 Adapted from CYP 2007 p. and may be more readily accepted or practical. The positive financial repercussions of allowing young people to determine something that may have an impact on their own lives and others. because young people are often in situations where decisions are being made for them. donor agencies should always consider using international and national frameworks which enshrine the rights of young people to participate in development as a mechanism for overcoming the above obstacles (see page 14). We now turn to policy frameworks for working with young people. Each actor (as well as collaborating with others) represents a potential arena for participation – be it an institution or social group: Networks which bring together these different stakeholders can help to identify and address obstacles to participation. Empowering young people: Through supporting the development of their personal capabilities and feelings of self-worth and confidence (creating youth as leaders and initiators of development). and gatekeepers for youth (see Figure 4) through dialogue. joint learning and collaboration (youth as partners). Transforming and negotiating values for working with and for youth is crucial to fostering an enabling environment for youth participation in Figure 4: Key stakeholders for youth35 development.13 Overcoming obstacles As a starting point. it is also crucial to speak out for the rationale for engaging young people. 1. and exerted over them by older adults and institutions. In doing so. Cost It is wrongly argued that involving young people in decision-making at all levels is more expensive than involving adults. who represent a growing proportion of national populations and are increasingly affected by development issues. e.. must always be strived for and reviewed. key stakeholders. There are instead more positive forms of decision-making relations to consider. such as the use of radio to reach out (to rural illiterate youth in particular). These are: Working with young people: Through collaboration and collective action. sharing and learning networks (see Appendix 1) and youth working groups. implying mutual trust.Creative mechanisms. are usually overlooked. 14 13 . Youth participation is action orientated – a process rather than an end in itself.
specifically discussing The two tables overleaf highlight some important recommendations and frameworks derived from these international policies. and include: • NORAD (2005). 'Children and young people in Danish development co-operation'.Policy frameworks International policies include useful concepts and resources to draw from. • United Nations (2007). and national policies often highlight the nuances of youth issues and the attitudes to young people in a country. 'Framework for action on adolescents and youth: opening doors with young people: 4 keys'. 1. • Danida (2007). regional and multilateral agencies.14 Key national policies • (National) youth policy • Poverty reduction strategy papers • Education strategy • Adolescent sexual and reproductive health strategy • Employment strategy – in particular national action plans for youth employment • Rights framework (such as the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child) • Gender policy Part two of the guide provides information on how to involve young people in the policy process (see case studies 6-9).37 'Realising the potential of Africa's youth – report of the Africa Commission'. 'World Youth Report 2007 – young people's transition to adulthood: progress and challenges'. See also the Youth Guidance Project website36 for two country-specific examples of youthrelated policies (from Uganda and Nepal).ygproject. • Africa Commission (2009). which also provide an overview of the key issues affecting youth in these respective countries. 1.15 Key international policies There has been a growth in policies from bilateral. Photo © Students Partnership Worldwide Dynamic dialogue 36 37 http://blog. 'World Development Report 2007 – Development and the next generation'. • UNFPA (2005). 14 .org/2010/02/01/policies-relating-to-youth-in-uganda-nepal/ All reports are easily available online. These policies have been used as a basis for the literature review of the guide. • UNFPA (2007). 'The Commonwealth plan of action for youth empowerment 2007-2015'. • World Bank (2007). 'The case for investing in young people as part of a national poverty reduction strategy'. 'Three billion reasons – Norway's development strategy for children and young people in the south'. youth in developing countries. • Swiss Agency for Development and Co-operation Youth Policy (2007). and indeed whether it exists at all. They will convey the extent to which youth policy is mainstreamed across sectors/ departments. • Commonwealth Secretariat (2007). They offer a rich source of information on the situation facing youth and how the issues of young people can be strategically managed.
National Youth Agency (UK) Hear By Right: a tried and tested standards framework for organisations across the statutory and voluntary sectors to assess and improve practice and policy on the active involvement of children and young people.thecommonwealth.htm/ 'World Youth Report' (2009) (To be published in 2010) http://www. 2) Gender-sensitive. working.unfpa. forming families and exercising citizenship.nya. They stress the importance of evaluating the situation facing youth and also assessing youth strategies and programmes to establish what is effective.no/en/Tools+and+publications/Publications/Publication+page?key=109519 Mainstreaming of youth across sectoral programmes. World Programme of Action For Youth: 15 priority areas in three clusters: 1) Youth in the global economy.org.gtz. Roles adults can play in enabling youth participation. and 4) Young people's leadership and participation.Table 2: Agency frameworks and tools Agency World Bank Framework 'Phases of Life' of a young person: learning. and youth.de/en/themen/uebergreifende-themen/jugend/24301.worldbank. staff involved in implementing activities. 3) Youth in civil society. http://siteresources. Provide 'Government Action Points' with indicators. http://hbr. Illustrates how to increase the level of meaningful youth participation in reproductive health and HIV/AIDS programming at an institutional and programmatic level. Africa. planning and implementation. Australia and the Pacific. 3) Sexual and reproductive health services. Youth participation toolkits (four parts). The target audience includes senior and middle management.un.org/public/publications/pid/1325/ Outline a checklist for governments and donor agencies to use when they are developing new policy to ensure that they are considering children and youth and including them in any new policy. Europe.html/ 'Get Youth on Board!' (2008) A toolkit for stakeholder collaboration and youth promotion based on an integrated and participatory approach. http://www. http://www.org/esa/socdev/unyin/wyr09.org/Document/154211/162033/youth_participation_toolkits/ 'Child and Youth Participation Resource Guide' (2006). Resources on child and youth participation from Asia. Investment and policy to address each of these areas will enable youth to fulfil their potential.uk/pages/about_hear_right UNFPA/FHI (2008) NORAD CYP/Commonwealth Secretariat CYP/UNICEF UNICEF GTZ UN Programme on Youth 15 .org/adolescence/cypguide/index_child_adult.pdf UNFPA (2007) Present '4 Keys' for engaging youth: 1) Supportive policy making that applies the lens of population structure and poverty dynamics analyses. Provide a set of indicators to measure progress towards youth goals. http://www. http://www. programme managers.norad. Youth Participation Guide – assessment. http://www.unicef. 2) Youth and their well-being. Latin America. For an adapted gender mainstreaming framework see 'Policy and Planning' and case studies 9 and 13.htm/ The UN Programme on Youth is part of the Social Integration Branch within DESA. North America. the booklets provide a comprehensive framework for participation that can be adapted for various social and cultural environments.org/INTCY/Resources/395766-186420121500/ YDNiii2_InvPortfolio. 'Youth investments in the World Bank Portfolio' (2009) A summary of World Bank interventions targeting youth during fiscal years 1995-2007. staying healthy. Together. fitting participation into the life-cycle of a project or intervention and practical tools for making participation happen. life-skills-based sexual and reproductive health (SRH) education.
YEN Engage young people in social dialogue and rights education for long-term conflict prevention (Commonwealth "Respect and Understanding" agenda). UNFPA UNAIDS Social exclusion Address gender within any youth strategy – assessing issues where different genders are excluded and the need to adjust programmes to address this. integrate with youth policy and macroeconomic policy. UNICEF Post-conflict transitions and livelihoods Emphasise continuing education beyond primary level. CYP We turn now to sharing promising practise from different organisations' experiences of youth participation in the form of a series of case studies and lessons learned for replication. Build intergenerational partnerships (both within organisations and at community level) to improve receptiveness to youth voices. UNFPA. UNDP. 16 . World Bank. UNAIDS. Acknowledge the bigger social picture including intergenerational factors of HIV transmission (transactional sex with older adults etc). Invest in protective factors throughout adolescence. NORAD. CYP. Use a researchbased approach to goal-setting. UN UN. UN UNICEF. voice and accountability Recommendations Agency Political will and capacity at national level is critical. in order to effect change and achieve accountability to young people.Table 3: Summary of key recommendations from international policies Policy Issue Governance. IPPF. planning etc). Explain young people's position as inheritors and drivers of cultural and economic change. UN. CYP. many Commonwealth countries have engaged peak youth organisations World Bank in formulating national youth policies. multiple identities and globalisation. UNAoC UNFPA. UNFPA. monitoring and evaluation in youth programming (Youth Development Index). UNAoC. Engage young people in poverty assessments and poverty strategy consultations. Commission. UNDESA Sexual reproductive health and rights Engage young people living with HIV/AIDS in decision-making throughout programme cycles. Youth ministries in CYP. vocational skills Africa and enterprise education for decent work. these policies need to be multisectoral and use a mainstreaming approach to engage the main actors (heads of state. UNICEF. large ministries such as finance. Intensive advocacy by young people and youth practitioners is required CYP to change perceptions and win commitment to the idea of young people as assets to national development.
1 Introduction Part Two concerns practical action in respect of youth participation. The related resources for all the case studies are listed in Appendix 2. This part of the guide is split into the following areas: Organisational Development (Pages 21-36) Policy and Planning (Pages 37-54) Implementation (Pages 55-70) Monitoring and Evaluation (Pages 71-80) 2. political and cultural contexts. and improve work with and for youth. voice and accountability (Governance) • Post-conflict transitions and livelihoods (Post Conflict) • Sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) Creative SRHR education 37 But not formally evaluated 17 Photo © YEAH Uganda .PART 2: Strategies and case studies 2. The expectation is that this guide will promote youth participation. They are 'how-to' models. They do not represent a complete set of examples for youth participation but they are a solid foundation to begin with. the different roles that young people can adopt. these models are presented both as a learning process and also for replication. with some being sourced through the learning from the Sharing and Learning Network (SLN) pilot countries Uganda and Nepal (see Appendix 1). economic. We use case studies to explore. selected to help donor agencies investigate and learn from the experiences of others. Note that they are not meant to be taken as standard because of the need for flexibility in implementation – they will require adaptation in different social. 2. via the three-lens approach.3 Case study structure The case studies are also identified by: Thematic area (indicated by the side-tab on each case study): • Governance. which will in turn provide more case studies in the future. Importantly.2 Case study development Most case studies in the guide focus on Africa and Asia. Others have been sourced from partners and contacts within the Youth Working Group network via desk-based research in the UK. Case studies represent promising practice and have all been reviewed37 by the project committee and members of the wider network to ensure an informed level of quality.
Nepal (DFID/SDC) 13. S G G G. P B P.Table 4: Index of case studies Operational Area Thematic area G G G PCT G. and the youth participation approach adopted. Nepal) 1. S S. Senegal) 14. Jamaica) 18. Research Institutions and Social Dialogue (Gov. P P P B B B. P B. Educating New Voters. Mainstreaming SRHR in Education (USAID. of Brazil) 8. 2. Allocating Urban Youth Funds (UN-HABITAT) 6. and the selection of the most appropriate. Measuring Adolescent Empowerment (UNESCO. (Finnish Embassy. SRHR Peer Education (NAC. PCT G G. 18 . Employment Fund. Bahrain's National Youth Policy (UNDP) 7. S Policy and Planning G. S S G. P B. B P. L B. Nepal) 5. they are not mutually exclusive. 2. P P. P P. B L. Youth participation is about the consideration of all three. Societal change. Argentina) 17. B P. Youth Empowerment Programme (NAC. Displaced Youth (Women's Refugee Commission) 12. Uganda) 15.4 What emerges from the case studies? Added value of working with youth • Youth participation is a necessity for many development interventions. B B. B P. the relevance of which depends on the growing age group of 15 to 24 year olds. 3. partners and leaders (as appropriate). including behavioural change. capacities and aspirations. S S Case Study Approach Organisational Development Advisor Field Visits (DFID Tanzania) Youth Audit (UNFPA/UNCT Nepal) Youth Fellowships (UNFPA) Young Consultants (Save the Children/Ministry of Youth. Country Level Indicators (Commonwealth/UN) 19. Sierra Leone) 11. Launching a Youth-Led Partner (USAID. Participatory Budgeting (GTZ.. P B. 4. PCT. L L Implementation Monitoring and Evaluation Key G: Governance. (UNICEF. i. • Organisations report better results and greater awareness of young people's needs. Poverty Reduction Strategy (Government of Vietnam) 9. highlighting beneficiaries.e. SRHR Needs Assessment. PCT. Note that there is frequently overlap between the lens. Nepal) 16. Uganda) 20. voice and accountability PCT: Post-conflict transition and livelihoods S: Sexual and reproductive health and rights B: Beneficiaries P: Partners L: Leaders Table 4 provides a summary overview of all the case studies in the guide. is often driven by young people. PCT. which is dependent upon the situational context. Uganda's National Development Plan (DFID) 10. PCT PCT PCT S S G.
• Parents report improved capacities and the positive benefits to local communities. Programmes should clearly define accountabilities for making services accessible to excluded groups. ending discriminatory practices and exploitative conditions of work. • Tokenistic participation projects will only reinforce negative perceptions of piecemeal youth engagement. Key issues to consider • Youth programmes are only part of the picture: supportive. and be backed by adequate budgets.38 • Young people consistently cite the acquisition of skills. uncovering issues often hidden to adults. co-ordinated legal and policy frameworks are key. enhanced confidence and self esteem. in relation to early marriage. access to education. and greater awareness of their rights. • We have grouped the case studies to emphasise participation at each point in the intervention cycle with the aim of encouraging initiatives driven by participation at every stage (see Figure 5). • Young peer researchers can build a greater rapport with research participants.Figure 5: Youth participation and the intervention cycle39 YOUTH PARTICIPATION REFLECTION AND ACTION Organisational development Policy and planning Implementation Monitoring and evaluation • Young people have successfully advocated for greater respect for their rights. 38 39 See also UNICEF 2004 Adapted from CYP/UNICEF 2005 19 . for example. • For lessons learned in each thematic area see Table 5 overleaf.
However. too much isolation from mainstream political discourse (or government initiatives) can reduce their impact. Involving young people in policy. many of which fall short of an assets-based or participatory approach. 20 . suggesting more appropriate/creative methodologies/indicators.. budgeting. It can help to commit to minimum outcomes/quality standards at the beginning of a process. Community leaders can be successfully mobilised on the issue of adolescent SRHR. Young people can be successfully involved in executive decisions. Social exclusion issues call for understanding of the cases of exclusion. e. Peer educators can more effectively communicate with their peers (particularly relevant when young people are disproportionately affected by SRHR issues) Social exclusion40 Development partners are operating with various understandings (paradigms) of youth development. Young people need to be skilled. cultural sensitivity and imaginative outreach in appropriate languages. 40 This thematic area has been added because it is a cross-cutting theme for youth participation. mainstreaming is the appropriate response. Post-conflict transitions and livelihoods Programmes should address psychosocial needs and protective factors for conflictaffected youth. voice and accountability Lessons learned Youth structures and leaderships can benefit from cross-party or non-party support. experienced communicators in order to engage with older decision-makers in government and communities. Youth mainstreaming is an ambitious proposition in most countries. and to deliver concrete assistance. Gender-aware work in some countries is now addressing young men's identities. There is demand for legal/political literacy work including voter education. planning or situation analysis creates an obligation to involve them in implementation. Violence prevention work addressing economic. Appropriate broadcast media campaigns can reach a third to over two-thirds of a given youth population.g. Expectations of young people and government alike need to be managed. political and cultural factors is also necessary in non-conflict regions such as the Caribbean. but there are no clear alternatives given the cross-cutting nature of youth issues. that go far beyond consultation. Financing of livelihood interventions for conflict-affected youth has been successfully linked to clients' outcomes (employment).Table 5: Lessons learned from the case studies Thematic area Governance. Youth as a sector is itself marginalised. programme design and management. Sexual and reproductive Young people can make significant improvements to monitoring (methods and data health and rights (SRHR) collection). Vocational skills for displaced youth must proceed from a thorough market assessment.
and processes. it is important to begin with your own organisations and gain experience. It may be helpful to keep in mind the simple four-step model of planned change:42 1. these questions can only be fully resolved by committing to a mainstreaming approach. Other relevant strategies include soft systems approaches. 21 . organisations need to practice it internally. 1985). interns and staff. 2. • Limited knowledge and capacity among colleagues of how to work with young people. Are we prepared to build in changes long term and not just have a one-off event? For many organisations. demonstrating accountability to young citizens. Do we recognise this as a long-term commitment? 12. 10. policy and planning. reflection and learning. Moving: taking action to shift behaviours and attitudes to the desired state. Are we prepared to resource it properly? 5.5 Defining organisational development Organisational development refers to improving an organisation's structures. Are we prepared to involve young people from the start? 7.7 Initial steps Some of the key questions to ask when considering how young people can become more involved in your organisation:41 1. Young people can bring new. 2.8 Barriers to youth participation within organisational development Below are some of the key barriers you may face: • Overcoming scepticism and ambivalence within your office is a substantial challenge. Are we being honest with the young people? (Have we managed their expectations?) 8. creative and dynamic suggestions to the table. in particular how they work with young people. Why have we not done it before? 6. Young people are often excluded from contributing to organisational development because there is still a lack of confidence about the meaning. value and methodologies of participation with young people. Are we prepared to take some criticism? 11. much of this material is applicable to other partners also. Diagnosis: analysing the current situation and identifying the desired goal and the problems faced in attaining it. Are we prepared to give up some power? (To listen and follow through on some of their suggestions) 41 42 National Youth Agency 2007 Based on the model originated by Kurt Lewin (Huse and Cummings. That means bringing younger people into the organisation and its core networks and collaborating with them to make subtle adjustments to working culture where necessary. What will young people get out of it? 4. What are we aiming to achieve? 2. and ensuring their representation on boards. This can be achieved by involving young people as volunteers. committees and task teams (with guidance and training as necessary). whereby young people are targeted and engaged within organisational development. which can help catalyse improved organisational values and systems. • Ensuring adequate financial resources are directed towards working with youth. What are our expectations? 9. and 2. This is achieved through processes of negotiation. implementation and monitoring and evaluation. 3. This section of the guide presents case studies about preparing for working with young people and making the first steps. Resources for mainstreaming as applied to government are appended to case studies 9 and 13. which is still relevant today.6 The added value of working with young people In order to support participation externally. 2. Where have we got to so far? 3. Unfreezing: reducing the forces that maintain the status quo or that perpetuate undesirable behaviours or attitudes within the organisation. In order to advocate for governments to mainstream youth.Organisational Development 2. systems.
Refreezing: stabilising the new situation so that it becomes the norm in the organisation (until the next cycle of change). it is crucial to examine the expertise and resources around you.g. Virtual – online forums (often advocacy and resource related) Funding organisations should ensure that any partner: • Has skilled and enthusiastic staff.g. proven organisational effectiveness and sound accountability systems in place. or integrated within. Youth boards/advisory groups. • Is aware of. Youth organisations/wings of political parties b. Religious organisations 4. NGO affiliated e. • Recognises the importance of building strong youthadult partnerships. or youth participation on existing boards represent sustainable and effective ways of integrating youth perspectives into your organisation. Scouts c. 43 GTZ 2008 22 .. youth networks. Youth centres 5. In this way colleagues and partners will see firsthand the positive contributions that young people can make.g. It may be part of determining strategy and operations concerning youth. Working with youth on boards Another way to overcome barriers is to engage young people on decision-making boards. SPW 3. the Commonwealth Youth Exchange Council. Youth Red Cross b. Self-initiated (by young people) e. Independent political youth wings 2. Independently initiated and supported by adults e. build alliances and draw on knowledge networks. Student associations c.Photo © YEAH Uganda Leading youth-focused change 4.9 Overcoming the barriers: building partnerships Working with youth networks To build staff capacity and prepare for effective action. Reflect on what structures your organisation already has in place that young people could become a part of – it is not always necessary. • Understands the importance of gender equality and targeting excluded youth as a priority. Civil society organisations (non-religious): a. Youth councils 6.. 2. Relevant actors43 include: 1. Political youth organisations: a. efficient or effective to set up parallel structures.
the Caribbean and the Pacific). where young people are leading on the allocation of funds for youthfocused initiatives.44 • Young people representing national youth councils are involved in governing the Commonwealth Youth Programme through their seats at the Commonwealth Youth Ministers Meeting and its preparatory regional advisory boards (for Africa. • See case study 5 on UN-HABITAT.10 Case studies in this section We now turn to five case studies that demonstrate youth participation in organisational development: • Connecting the organisation with young people's realities on the ground (case study 1). There are particular considerations when hiring young people. • Diagnosing how far youth have been integrated in the organisation (case study 2). Checking motivation and commitment: avoid applicants who are mainly interested in status and privileges. print media and the internet (including social networking sites) to make sure that you reach as wide a target audience as possible. the Women's Refugee Commission (case study 11) and others. • Young people are trustees of the Commonwealth Youth Exchange Council and the UK National Youth Agency. Support and training: provide the right level of induction. Finding strong applicants: it is always important to advertise positions using a variety of media. supervision and training to ensure that young people are able to succeed in the role. • Accessing youth human resources (case studies 3 and 4). television. and realising the full potential of less experienced individuals. the International Planned Parenthood Federation. Working with young people in professional roles Volunteering and internships still have a role in many organisations. Dr Nemat (Minouche) Shafik 44 Ishii A. support. A DFID young reporter interviewing the DFID Permanent Secretary. Yet to enable young people to fully contribute to an organisation it is important to move beyond short-term/unpaid positions and consider the professional roles they can play (particularly for over-18s as demonstrated in case study 4).6 23 Photo © DFID .Some examples: • The World Bank works with youth advisory groups. • Young people serve on boards of UNICEF. Asia. such as radio. 2. These include: Getting the balance right: between hiring those with some existing development and work experience. • Putting young people in control of financial resources through a youth board (case study 5). (2008) 'Youth Advisory Groups' HDNCY No.
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Youth working together
Case Study 1: Advisor field visits (DFID Tanzania)
Field visits enable a diverse range of community members, including community leaders, youth club members and young women to express their viewpoints to decision-makers. In 2007 DFID Tanzania's key advisors were brought into direct contact with target beneficiaries. The two-day 'reality check' consultations and visits were an important part of assessing local government accountability mechanisms, building on the aims of the DFID Tanzania Country Assistance Plan 2006-10. Problems addressed • Development policy and practice can end up being based on inaccurate or dated understandings of the reality of poor people's lives and circumstances. • Donor agencies and governments have minimal contact with the evolving realities for young people and their communities on the ground. This case study will be useful for organisations where this is not yet ongoing standard practice. Objectives • To gain direct connection between decision-makers and poor/excluded groups; • To gain understanding of the success and challenges of implementing policies on the ground, particularly for policy development and implementation; • To learn of implementing partner and local government practices in order to assess the reforms needed. Youth as beneficiaries • Young people feature as residents in the localities visited by participants in the programme, with the opportunity Results • DFID advisors were better able to understand local government operations, which enabled a more to share their experiences. Policies improved, which in turn benefited young people. Youth as partners • A 'partner' approach would involve young people co-facilitating and conducting the visit. Process • Reality checks are planned and organised with the theme agreed in advance. For this example, government accountability mechanisms was the requested thematic area to be checked. The implementing partner, Students Partnership Worldwide, then began the process of engaging local government authorities, local NGOs and service providers, local councillors, and citizen groups. • A draft timetable was designed and fed back to the relevant DFID representative, discussed and agreed, after which SPW led the process of consulting and sensitising participating government personnel. The reality check itinerary included meetings with the above groups, project site visits, and focus group discussions with citizens: • Meeting with village executive officer, ward executive officer and village chairperson; • School visit and interaction with community action group member; • Interaction with young people (volunteer peer educators); • Community festival and youth centre visits.
effective government accountability strategy to be developed. • Increased personal motivation and commitment to development for the poorest. • Clear communication of the cooperative intentions of large institutions regarding the role of poor people in development processes. • Increased accountability for effective utilisation of resources and implementation of high-level policies and strategies. Lessons learned • Visits should take place where organisations are already working in order to achieve the objectives. • Time and care must be taken to ensure that the visit is culturally sensitive and not a token consultation. This can be achieved by involving and consulting local community members in design, as appropriate. • Delegations should meet with local citizens both together and separately from their local leaders. • Target groups should be briefed and debriefed in order to clarify expectations.
• Partners should ideally have a preexisting relationship with the donor agencies in order to maximise impact. • Particular costs to consider: refreshments for local community participants. Potential challenges • Urban location of government/donor agency staff and their distance from isolated rural areas where host communities reside. • Without careful attention to setting, cultural formality and politeness may impede the ability of citizens to communicate openly, especially young people. For further information contact: Students Partnership Worldwide, www.spw.org or DFID Tanzania Related resources: http://ygproject.org/case-study/ advisor-field-visits Action Aid on Immersion Trips; Information and research on immersion learning from the International Institute for Environment and Development.
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Youth in the community
Youth as beneficiaries GOVERNANCE Audit findings indirectly impact on all young people reached by the organisation's work. The Youth Guidance Project (YGP) team assisted with this initial audit by developing a questionnaire. • There is currently a lack of audit tools for assessing the status of youth and youth issues within UN organisations. • To ensure the practicality of the tool. In 2009 UNFPA Nepal began the process of developing their country-level strategy for young people. • In Dang they visited 10 village development committees and interacted with the young girls from UNFPA's Choose your Future classes. • To involve staff in reflection about the potential for youth engagement. both through their programmes and also within the organisation. young people and peer educators from local youth clubs/organisations and the youth wing of the Family Planning Association of Nepal. review and pilot the scorecard. including those from underrepresented ethnic groups. a district in midwestern Nepal. This internal data is often not recorded. in November 2009 UNFPA supported two UNYAP members to conduct a district level pilot in Dang. • Findings will be presented to UNCT for endorsement of the tool as a standard guideline. This began with making an assessment of how they are currently engaging youth. • The young evaluators also visited local children from child clubs that are supported by UNICEF's Decentralised Action for Children and Women Programme and residents who have been trained by and benefited from UNDP's Micro-Enterprise Development Programme in Dang.Case Study 2: Youth audit (UNFPA/UNCT Nepal) By conducting a youth audit. Objectives • To enable organisations to understand and analyse their current efforts with young people. Youth as partners Twelve young people between the ages of 19 and 29 (from UNYAP) helped to design. • To start viewing youth as a crosscutting issue for the organisation. donor agencies are applying a mechanism that will enable them to track and evaluate the 'value added' of working with and for young people over time. Young women were included on this team. Problems addressed • Organisations seeking to deepen their work with youth need to assess their own internal systems as well as their programmes. It was based on IPPF standards. the YGP questionnaire and UN gender scorecard. and to consider mainstreaming. 27 . The UN Country Team (UNCT) and UNFPA then assisted the Nepal United Nations Youth Advisory Panel (UNYAP) to develop a more detailed assessment tool. making shared decisions with adults. Process • The scorecard was developed by UNYAP and the UNFPA youth programme officer. referred to as a youth scorecard. and to feed into UNFPA's annual workplan process for 2010. which is crucial in a country where one third of Nepal's population is aged 10 to 24. The UNYAP is advocating use of the youth scorecard as a standard guideline for UN country teams in Nepal to develop a co-ordinated country youth action strategy.
" • Perceptions of young people were changed. http://nepal. • Local level government: acknowledged the audit as "an effective way to gather youth opinions from the grassroots level. • The scorecard is a useful mechanism for supporting organisational change processes.org/case-study/youthaudit Overleaf: youth scorecard Audit questionnaire developed by the Youth Guidance Project Terms of Reference for Nepal UN Youth Advisory Panel members International Planned Parenthood Federation (2004) 'Setting the Standards for Youth Participation' Family Health International's (2005) 'Institutional and Assessment Planning Tool' The Commonwealth Secretariat (2006) 'Putting Youth Engagement into Practice' Photo © UNFPA Nepal Developing youth strategies 28 . successes and challenges." Aradhana Gurung-Shrestha.unfpa. which necessitates the use of different audit tools. this necessitates support at senior levels. UNFPA Nepal Lessons learned • Different organisations are engaging young people at varying levels. This assessment also helped us reinforce the message of meaningful youth engagement in our work by making us rethink the notion of youth participation and its position within the organisation. where there is commitment and value placed upon using a participatory approach.php Related resources: http://ygproject. Potential challenges • Securing adequate staff time for reflection and response. • It is useful from an advocacy point of view to have young people implementing the scorecard. • Getting staff to be honest and open about their efforts.org/en/index. For further information contact: UNFPA Nepal.Results • UNFPA Nepal felt this was an effective way to assess the organisation's current youth efforts and start the process of developing youth strategies. "The assessment triggered our thoughts and reflected the true level of youth engagement in UNFPA Nepal's work. and for staff at senior levels to commit to it. and then go on to understand the more detailed picture of their engagement with youth through the youth scorecard. • Ensuring organisational commitment to act on findings and recommendations. particularly among district and local government officials. UNFPA found it useful to use the YGP questionnaire to conduct a quick broad assessment.
C. for example: F. • There is a transparent organisational structure (governance and administration) for monitoring the roles and responsibilities of young people in participation. bylaws. Does the agency recognise the diversity of young people? How much do young people get involved in its programming procedures? 29 . implementation and monitoring and evaluation stages. • Programme ensures the participation of young people in the planning. • There is a system in place for the recruitment of staff (both adults and young people) that promotes youth participation.Resource: the youth scorecard This represents an overview of the five main sections in the scorecard. • Youth representation in decisionmaking and policy-making bodies. Youth-focused programming • Programme addresses the needs and wellbeing of young people from excluded and disadvantaged groups. • Systems are in place for co-operating with other youth organisations (as well as for co-operating within the organisation). • Resources are allocated to facilitate and support youth participation. Selection. constitutions. D. A. E. Each of the five areas is then further developed and rated. B. strategies and operational guidelines are in place. recruitment and sustaining • There is a system in place for the recruitment of new volunteers (both adults and young people) that promotes youth participation in governance and decision-making. Youth-focused programming This section focuses on the UN programme's procedures on how agencies incorporate youth issues into their programmes. Staff and young colleagues are encouraged to go through each of the five sections and rate performance accordingly. Roles and responsibilities • The roles and responsibilities of young people who participate in governance and decision-making are clearly stated and understood. Organisational capacity • Youth-specific policies including mission statements. The scorecard will provide the basis for the development of a log frame and strategic action plan on youth. • There is a system in place to sustain youth participation. • There is a common understanding and vision of youth participation. • There is a system in place for training and orienting young people on the agency's goals and vision. Shared values • All staff/volunteers work towards the common goal of ensuring the wellbeing of all young people.
Do young people contribute and have influence on the outcomes? f. UN programme ensures the participation of young people in the planning. but not sufficient a. sufficient Yes. Are young people involved in review meetings of activity progress? Log frame for action plan Youth-focused programming Which standards are we How are we going When? not addressing well? to address these? Who? Resources? Not addressed Not addressed 30 .1. particularly excluded groups available? b. Is comprehensive information on target groups. but not sufficient a. monitoring and evaluation stages Yes. Are young people involved in selecting indicators to be tracked and organising how they are monitored? i. Are young people involved in gathering information. Do young people engage in structured discussion during the planning stage? b. sufficient Yes. UN programme addresses the needs and wellbeing of young people from excluded and disadvantaged groups Yes. Do young people develop work plans in collaboration with adults? c. Do programmes have opportunity of BOTH youth-youth communication and youth-adult communication? g. Do young people lead the activity? e. Are project staff sensitised on the needs and rights of young people and do they have the capacity to deal with these issues appropriately? 2. Are decision-making roles shared among young people and adults? h. analysis and reporting? j. Do young people give feedback and comments to develop the work plan? d. implementation.
Youth as partners They can also review country annual reports. gender and SRHR issues. 45 Process GOVERNANCE • Six fellows from developing countries are selected to join UNFPA for a remunerated internship for a ninemonth period." Thoraya Ahmed Obaid. • A presentation acknowledging the young fellows' work is key to forging the youth-adult partnership model of the fellowship. Young fellows have brought many new ideas. such as gender. Problems addressed Young people are often given token roles to play within organisations. • To engage youth in policy development and programming. They also give the office representative and staff feedback on the youth-friendliness of their programmes and practices. UNFPA executive director. You are the future. depending on their needs. fellows undergo orientation on the following themes related to UNFPA's work. Objectives • To sensitise UNFPA staff on the need for working with young people and prove young people's ability to contribute.45 UNFPA's Special Youth Programme (SYP) addresses the need to engage youth at various levels of the organisation: as trainees. beginning with two weeks of orientation. • A training plan for young fellows is established. Guidelines place emphasis on recruitment from excluded groups. based on their programme experience in development work. you are the present. and population issues. • Fellows take up (or follow on from) projects they are interested in. • Former fellows are encouraged to continue their engagement with UNFPA through offering guidance to new recruits and participating in an online forum. and many unpaid intern positions devalue and reinforce a superficial level of youth engagement. • This is followed by a four-and-a-half month fellowship in the UNFPA country office in their own country. Youth as beneficiaries As trainees. advisors. • A survey showed that SYP has shaped fellows' aspirations. and consultants. advise on policy improvements.Case Study 3: Youth fellowships (UNFPA) "We need you and your ideas. • Mentors monitor the fellows' professional development and provide regular feedback. a total of 26 fellows from 25 countries. SRHR. because the difference between our world today and our world tomorrow rests with you. such as setting up a youth advisory panel or starting an e-course for young people. and more so. empowered them with invaluable knowledge and 2007 Fellowship report 31 . and develop national youth profiles of their own national country (to inform strategy). • To help build the capacity of young people and strengthen their leadership skills in addressing population. Results • UNFPA has now hosted five groups of fellows. • They spend four-and-a-half months at UNFPA Headquarters.
• The Special Youth Programme works on the youth-adult partnership model: this requires regular open communication channels. regional and country level.youth@unfpa. Potential challenges • Lack of staff commitment if the fellows' activities are not built into overall organisational planning. flexibility. • The 2009 fellows also contributed to the development of an advocacy toolkit to involve youth in PRSPs. • Through their input. UNFPA partners and country offices need to assist such young people in filling out applications. "This fellowship strengthened the capacity of our partners (ministries as well as NGOs) in the area of youth participation and partnering with youth. the fellow also contributed to their increased knowledge in regard to the problems and challenges faced by our country's youth.org or http://www." UNFPA country office supervisor Lessons learned • Fellows have been described by UNFPA staff as having creativity. resourcefulness.encouraged them to use it to benefit their countries. • To reach excluded youth without access to computers. • Acknowledgment of the efforts made is the best way to further motivate the young. the fellows have contributed to UNFPA's advocacy. • Gender balance and social diversity of fellows may require affirmative action. policy and programme work at a global.org/case-study/youthfellowships UNFPA Selection and Screening Process UNFPA's Youth Fellowship Report (2007) Junior professional positions at the UN Photo © Students Partnership Worldwide Fostering learning and innovation 32 . which has included inputting into the strategic global and regional plans for 2008-2011.unfpa. • Working in a multicultural environment requires strong communication skills and an understanding of collective and individual working dynamics.htm Related resources http://ygproject. • Particular costs to consider: medical/insurance cover.org/adolescents/ participation. the capacity to generate innovative ideas and the desire to learn. For further information contact: http://www.
Case Study 4: Youth consultants (Save the Children/Ministry of Youth, Nepal)
"Young people are often more provocative and can bring fresh new research methodologies or steer an unforeseen but highly informative avenue of a research project." Rebecca Calder, Social Development Advisor, DFID Nepal Involving young people in research can allow a greater depth of information to be gathered, and builds their skills. The Ministry of Youth and Sports, Save the Children, the Association of Youth Organisations Nepal (AYON) and Nepal Planning Commission carried out a situation analysis of young people by young people in the newly emerging post-conflict country. The case study was discussed and recorded by a Youth Guidance Project46 workshop. Young professionals can act as role models for other youth, and participants of the study aspire to be like the researchers. Problems addressed • How to conduct research in such a way that youth feel open to express their ideas and opinions. • How to develop and support young people to fulfill professional roles in the organisation. Objectives • To gather information that reflects the situation on the ground. • To recruit, train and support young people to be effective researchers. Youth as partners Six young people (20 to 29 years) trained to design and carry out research (consulted and informed). Youth as beneficiaries Five thousand young people participated as respondents, including youth from remote rural villages in Nepal. Ultimately, this report should benefit all young people in Nepal. Process • Calls for applications via ten partners and youth networks; • Competitive selection, requirement of previous field experience of working with young people. Gender balance was also considered, as well as ensuring there was representation of the different caste and ethnic groups; • Group discussion involving 15 candidates, enabling young people to demonstrate their skills through a series of tasks including design of research methodology; • Technical/pastoral support from representatives of the partners, an independent research consultant and two academic advisors; • Young researchers broke down areas of inquiry and developed guidelines for focus group discussions, keyinformant interviews, questionnaires and dialogue workshops; • Tools were piloted and reviewed; • Young people carried out research and compiled brief district reports; • The report was finalised by the research consultant. Results • An effective way to bring youth participation into professional roles in the organisation; • Young people were able to establish strong bonds with local NGOs; • Beneficiaries were able to express themselves more openly to their peers and to a gender-balanced team.
Sharing and Learning Network (SLN)
"The young researchers are more flexible, more inquisitive and full of zeal hence they are easy to work with." Robin Sitaula, executive director, Samriddhi Foundation/ research consultant, Status of Youth in Nepal Lessons learned • Adults may hesitate to recognise young people as researchers; young people should be supplied with a detailed letter of introduction, outlining contacts and the training they have received. • Positions should be advertised by means appropriate to young people (including several modes of media); • In addition to technical skills, training for young professionals should include checking and discussing expectations and commitment. This should include talking about personal conduct in the field; • Particular costs to consider: team building prior to deployment. Potential challenges • Post-conflict settings carry risks that should be understood and managed by all parties. • To manage the mobility of young people (e.g., the possibility they may
enrol in education) the time frame of the research should be kept short, or contributions should be clearly mapped out and discussed from the start. • Young people may have expectations to work full time with the organisation after project or intervention completion. Staff should be open about whether this is possible from the beginning. For further information contact: Save the Children Alliance Nepal, www.savethechildren.net Related resources: http://ygproject.org/case-study/ young-consultants Terms of Reference for young researchers participating in the Assessment of Youth in Nepal Save the Children (1999) 'Involving Young Researchers' The National Youth Agency UK: Young Researcher Network Young Advisors in the UK – Terms of Reference The Sharing and Learning Network discussion in Nepal on research and M&E
Photo © Students Partnership Worldwide
Charting new ideas
Case Study 5: Allocating urban youth funds (UN-HABITAT)
Donor agencies can play a lead role in demonstrating young people's capabilities in allocating resources, enhancing the capacity and interest of local and national governments to address youth issues. Young people and adults share joint responsibility on the advisory board to The UN-HABITAT Opportunities Fund for Urban Youth-led Development. Established in 2009, the fund will award between USD $5,000 and $25,000 to organisations led by young people, aged 15 to 32 years, over two years (from the end of 2009), targeting youth-led initiatives in slums and squatter settlements that are in urgent need of financial support. The initial funding has been provided by the Norwegian Government. Problems addressed • While many organisations partner with youth on various initiatives, few provide direct seed funding to youth organisations. UN-HABITAT recognises young people as active participants in the creation of sustainable human settlements. • Today's youth are already conceiving, designing and implementing successful community initiatives in some of the most marginalised regions of the world. Objectives The special fund will support youth-led initiatives within the following areas: • Mobilising young people to help strengthen youth-related policy formulation; • Building the capacities of governments, nongovernmental and civil society and private sector organisations to ensure a better response to the needs and issues of young people; • Supporting the development of interest-based information and communication-oriented networks; • Piloting and demonstration of new and innovative approaches to employment, good governance, adequate shelter and secure tenure; • Sharing and exchange of information on best practices; • Facilitating vocational training and credit mechanisms to promote entrepreneurship and employment for young women and men, in collaboration with the private sector and in co-operation with other UN bodies and stakeholders; • Promoting gender mainstreaming in all activities of urban youth. Youth as partners Shared decisions with adults: elected young people form the advisory board, reviewing applications and allocating funds. Youth as leaders Some grant recipients are youth-initiated and directed projects. Process • During the 21st session of the Governing Council at the UN, UN-HABITAT's executive director was called upon to set up a special fund to support youth-led urban development initiatives. The operational guidelines, structures and application guidelines for the Opportunities Fund were set up through the following processes: • Consultation with global youth networks, and collaboration with the UN-HABITAT Youth Advisory Board; • A review of the Opportunities Fund during the 2009 Dialogue on
• There were fewer applications received from regions where English is not commonly spoken. different size of grants and different categories of projects. operating in rural areas. Potential challenges • There are capacity barriers for small youth-led organisations in completing the application process for funding. two per UN-HABITAT region. Quality assessment was conducted and applications were scored on ten criteria. or not being related to the objectives of the fund. Consultants. training and capacity building. • More than 30% of shortlisted projects were from developing countries. running a help desk for application processes. • It is crucial to conduct periodic reviews of youth boards (and the initiatives they oversee): such as in May 2009 which was conducted by a delegation including the InterAmerican Development Bank. This brought together more than 60 grant makers. In the period from 1 June to 1 September 2009 the secretariat of the fund spent a total of 330 workdays on different tasks related to processing the applications. these include lack of staff education. • Particular costs to consider: travel to the field to support the projects. Many applications scored weakly on the quality of project design and sustainability. lack of access to adequate technology and lack of infrastructure or accreditation.Investing in Youth-Led Development. interns and volunteers were successfully recruited to support this. In addition. and will include one youth observer (representing young people with disabilities). Email: email@example.com applications had been received from youth-led organisations in 86 countries. • The Youth Advisory Board is overseeing the fund. It is critical that all information related to such funds be translated into relevant language groups in order to facilitate access for all youth. An effort was made to include a balance of applications from different subregions. • Eligibility checks isolated 315 eligible projects. • A first call for applications (youth networks and media) was launched in March 2009. and USAID. It comprises of 12 advisors. practitioners and youth to discuss how to best support the initiative. For further information contact: Partners and Youth Section UN-HABITAT. By June 2009 1. Results • The overwhelming response to the Youth Opportunities Fund (over 13.org/casestudy/allocating-funds Checklist on how to create a youth advisory group UN Resolutions on engaging with urban youth UN-HABITAT Global Campaign on Urban Governance: Youth. and one external advisor. Nairobi. Lessons learned • Processing applications thoroughly is time consuming. Children and Urban Governance Photo © UN-HABITAT 36 . World Bank. researchers. appointed by UN-HABITAT. A majority of applications failed due to not being youth-led. Advisory board members are elected at the World Urban Youth Assembly to serve for a two-year period.org Related resources: http://ygproject.000 application form and information downloads) is a strong demonstration of the scale of need among youth in the developing world for the resources to realise their potential. there will be two observer members: one youth representative from informal settlements.
• Young people can provide a link to local communities and the socially excluded. Therefore. Lack of follow-up and ownership: participants should always be informed as to why and how any of their input may be used. supporting and formulating national development plans. 9) • Funding allocations (as we saw in case study 5) 2. Conflict with organisational culture and procedures: i. partners and beneficiaries in local. In most developing countries young people make up the majority of the population and development issues disproportionately affect this group.48 Creating a policy that is disconnected from other policies. which do not sustain the culture and processes of meaningful participation. Much has been written on the importance of consulting youth as a human right. These are some of the common pitfalls to avoid: Quick fix: the rushing in and out of real commitment by one-off interactions. poverty reduction strategies) that donor agencies and advisors have a key role to play in managing.12 Added value of working with young people Young people can improve policy processes by bringing to it their knowledge. Not every youth consultation needs to be highly informal and interactive..47 Yet token consultations remain the biggest barrier to effective engagement. such as youth (case study 6) or SRHR (case study 13) • Country assistance plans (see part three) • Poverty reductions strategy papers/national development plans (case studies 8.13 Barriers to youth participation in policy and planning Below are some of the key barriers to involving youth in policy formulation: • Current policy dialogue. regional and national decision-making structures. • Only young people themselves can express and convey the ever-changing nuances of the issues that face them in their everyday lives. • Youth and civil society consultations may be artificially separated from each other. excluding diversity. with whom and when it is relevant to consult. it may be appropriate to incorporate youth participation into existing consultative mechanisms (as long as they provide a youth friendly space). • The final stages of decision-making may only be made by a few very senior colleagues behind closed doors. consultation and formulation may take place in very formal environments only.11 Defining policy and planning Policy and planning refers to the national and regional level development planning processes (e. budgets and political champions. • Consulting young people on policies that affect them will result in their long-term commitment to development processes. including sector-wide approaches. why. The important point is to think through: which youth.e. they are important stakeholders in planning processes and should be included in every stage. Save 2004. where. UNICEF 2009 National Youth Agency 2007 37 . or poverty reduction strategy papers 47 48 UNCRC. as well as an instrument to improve the effectiveness of policy and programming. This section explains how donor agencies can ensure young people are included as leaders. Any consultative process towards developing a new national policy or plan. experience and commitment: • Young people are often most affected by urgent development issues (such as HIV/AIDS and unemployment) so they have an important role in sharing their on-the-ground experiences to inform policy. What policy areas can young people contribute to? Policy areas that participatory youth consultations would benefit include: • Sector specific policies. Exclusiveness: make sure you are not focusing only on involving the youth 'superstars' who have already become a part of the system..g. 2. • Engaging young people in post-conflict countries in policy making can be important to minimise youth engagement in civil unrest. civil service reforms.Policy and planning 2.
Policies and standards for the participation of young people are in place.16 Case studies in this section We now turn to five case studies that demonstrate youth participation in policy and planning.14 Overcoming the barriers: consultation and dialogue We believe that effective consultations are based on the premise of valuing diversity. and voice in governance.49 2. To build a network of organisations and individuals capable of making change. 4. Convention on the Rights of the Child etc). Young people's involvement is a visible commitment that is properly resourced. Commonwealth Plan of Action for Youth Empowerment. the latter itself may need capacity building to increase its level of political status and influence.1. health and SRHR services. Young people's involvement is valued.15 Overcoming the barriers: support for youth mainstreaming at a national level All policy areas that touch upon young people can benefit from taking a 'youth mainstreaming' approach (see definition on p. ensuring that they do not increase the number of those already excluded. including the UK government through its Hear by Right youth participation agenda. They are: 49 50 See UNICEF 2007 National Youth Agency 2007 38 . overcoming subordinate positions with regard to assets (land. • They should be based on shared values. post-conflict transition. Photo © Students Partnership Worldwide 2. 3. 2. How does a youth consultation differ from other types of dialogue and policy consultation? • They can be more informal and participatory. To create a policy framework that brings youth into national development planning. 2.50 2. Young people have an equal opportunity to get involved. NGOs or the lead agency/ministry. Political commitment at the highest level is essential for youth mainstreaming. post-conflict transition. evaluated and improved. To meet young people's practical needs: livelihoods. 3. The responsibility for change cannot be placed entirely on young people themselves. 5. Several governments have recognised this. 7. 4. at: • National level (case studies 6. 8 and 9) • Regional/city level (case study 8) • Sectoral level (case study 10) Supporting and educating young people should be checked for any potentially harmful effect on excluded populations.vi). dialogue and debate. which is aimed at the following objectives: 1. property and credit). To meet young people's strategic needs: gender equality. To assist government and non-state partners to implement youth and human rights commitments (World Plan of Action for Youth. Overleaf is a summary of actions that donor agencies can take in support (government action points are adapted from the Commonwealth Gender Management System (GMS) framework).
and seek approval at cabinet level. 8. Youth mainstreamed into the national development plan (see resource for case study 9) by implementing mechanisms identified in the national youth action plan (including social appraisals). Development of a programme of public awareness through the media that disconfirms negative stereotypes of young people. Feasibility study report tabled in cabinet Review of national youth action plan – integrate a mainstreaming perspective into the plan in consultation with key stakeholders. detach from sport or culture? Group with human resource/enterprise development. 3. Donor agencies to insist on minimum standards for youth participation at an early stage. 5. Development of a youth mainstreaming training programme in collaboration with higher education/ training institution(s) at the national or regional level. 7. Provide spaces in which stakeholders can interact. Ensure linkage with all relevant national and donor agency policies. (E. minorities and other issues. Ensure that civil society and youth participation in preceding stages is institutionalised within and through the youth commission/council. may report to a wider equality/human rights council concerned with gender. Establishment/strengthening of linkages between the lead agency and other state and non-state stakeholders: • Parliamentarians • Youth NGOs • Academic institutions • Private sector • Media. and that of youth practitioners. 6. 4. Articulate the linkages with equity and rights.Table 6: Action points for youth mainstreaming Government action point 1. Age-disaggregated data is important for lobbying. Building of youth analysis/planning expertise in the different sectors in government. Feasibility study/stakeholder analysis. 10. 11. Donor agency support Donor agencies may carry out the study themselves if if the government lacks capacity. Leverage resources available for public sector reform. Should have an equity and rights brief. Share good practice from other countries and from gender sector. etc. This is an entry point for donor agencies to build state and civil society (including youth) capacity. planning and gender?). Provide professional development pathways for youth and youth practitioners. as is donor agency commitment to implement findings of the study. post-conflict transition. Establishment of monitoring and evaluation.. including assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of the enabling environment. Rationalise clustering of youth ministry with other ministries. Ensure young people's own knowledge base is harnessed. growth. 9. Break out of ministerial 'silos' through consultation and technical assistance. and contribute to inter-generational solidarity (joined up advocacy agendas). Setting up of mainstreaming structures: Youth management team – with representation from: • Youth focal points/inter-ministerial steering committee • Youth caucus in parliament • Youth commission/council (civil society) Provide resource persons to answer cabinet queries and objections. and reporting mechanisms. Ensure that communications are part of two-way social dialogue. Provide high-level national and international exposure for the initiative. to influence sector plans. SRHR etc.g. 39 . Strengthening the lead agency. Pooling resources with gender sector may be appropriate. This body provides a direct link between civil society and government. 2.
Photo © Students Partnership Worldwide Barbara Soetan: youth solutions to a post-conflict world 40 .
• The participation in national policy processes of young women. Review and finalisation. culture. was drafted incorporating 96 of the 136 recommendations made in the strategy document. or as part of the consultation exercise and outreach for the Youth Voice Campaign. needs and aspirations of Bahraini youth in order to inform the country's first National Youth Policy (created in 2004). The Government Department of Youth and Sport (GOYS) in Bahrain. 4. 2. The consultative process develops young people's skills so they are able to contribute more effectively to future policy initiatives. Approval and promotion. Young people sat alongside civil servants and ministers on nine intergenerational committees (assigned. 3. environment. sports and leisure and civil and human rights. opinions and talents of all young Bahraini women and men through their active participation in all phases of formulation of the strategy. comprising five major strategy programmes. supported and funded by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) undertook a comprehensive 18-month nationwide process to assess the situation. Outreach via community talk radio. Results • An Implementation action plan. face-to-face street and remote online surveys to canvass their views). information and communication technology. Objectives • To build on the imagination. Information gathering through faceto-face surveys and focus groups. Problems addressed • The consultations were designed to address a national lack of strategy and policy on working with and for youth. Cross-sectoral youth policies are more effective: engaging different ministries in the process.9% of the youth population) were engaged as respondents through focus group discussions. The process was divided into five sequential stages: 1. employment. consulted and informed). youth practitioners and others formulating the strategy Youth as beneficiaries GOVERNANCE Around 16.000 young people aged 15 to 30 (8. enables the youth ministry to be mainstreamed. These included SRHR 41 . such as education and health. 5. health. GOYS and youth working groups. encouraged via a comprehensive outreach campaign (involving the use of radio call-ins. Process Research took place over a nine-month period in 2004 to 2005 across nine thematic areas: education. Youth as partners Over 100 young people were recruited and trained to co-ordinate the Youth Voice Campaign.Case Study 6: Bahrain's National Youth Policy (UNDP) To involve youth in policy formulation increases the chances of its success and uptake. energy. Creating thematic working groups and conducting youth trainings. involving UNDP technical staff. • To build the capacity of young people. website. social security. • To develop a co-ordinated and holistic national youth strategy leading to an action plan for 2005 to 2009. taking an active role in conducting and promoting the research. surveys.
"I don't know of any other exercise in the world that engaged youth at such a massive scale …It's certainly something other countries can learn from." Amal Al-Dossary. • Training: not all young people respond to the same stimuli or means of communication. successes in national youth policy formulation.org/case-study/nationalyouth-policy Bahrain Survey Questionnaire (2004) 'Operations Manual for the Formulation of the Bahraini National Youth Strategy and Action Plan' A 2009 profile of Bahrain's youth policy with extensive reference to progress made in executing the youth strategy.the formulation of: a national youth parliament. project manager "The participation of youth. as prepared for the International Association for National Youth Service (IANYS) UNDESA (2004) Making commitments matter: a toolkit for young people to evaluate national youth policy Photo © PANOS Giving youth a voice 42 .org Related resources: http://ygproject. monitoring and evaluation. transparent agreements between implementing parties at the outset to avoid delays and divergent expectations. have often been followed by failures in implementation. a national youth development fund. Good initial mapping of target audience and piloting will inform the right diversity of means to facilitate maximum participation. GOYS project focal point Lessons learned • Large and complex processes require clear.bh@undp." Peter Kenyon. Some civil society groups in Bahrain have criticised the level of implementation of the action plan. Potential challenges • Globally. was the number one achievement of the process. • Sufficient time and resources should be allocated to ensure that all targeted youth (both in and out of formal education) are equipped to participate in consultation activities. in large numbers and from diverse backgrounds. and an interministerial committee for youth affairs. For further information contact: UNDP Bahrain. a national youth commission. registry. including participatory processes.
media and perception of participation in politics. but for the vast population of poor youth seeking better conditions of life in a profoundly unequal world. the Brazilian government sought the expertise of research institutions to lead on a series of policy dialogues with young people. we hope to prompt ideas about new. more sensitive. this research yields findings and discoveries that can denaturalise social injustices. not just for young Brazilians. In 2005.Case Study 7: Research institutions and social dialogue (Government of Brazil) Participatory research can help build grass roots capacity for understanding how public policy is created and can be influenced. The institutions commissioned were the Brazilian Institute of Social and Economic Analysis (IBASE). helping to shape the areas for discussion. and effective research methods which can address what is diverse. Above all.000 young people between 15 and 24 years of age. work. resulting in a more informed public. what is singular and what is universal. the Canadian International Development Research Centre (IDRC). it can have a powerful and convincing impact on governments. The research institutions then led the process of data collection including: • Quantitative Surveys: A questionnaire was administered to 8. • To identify the issues and policy areas to be addressed within a national policy on youth. Youth as beneficiaries Eight thousand young people (aged 15 to 24) responded to surveys as target beneficiaries. and the Canadian Policy Research Networks. Their survey responses have impacted policy. the Polis Institute. GOVERNANCE 51 Funded by a Canadian research grant. Co-ordinated by Ibase and Polis Institute and carried out by a network of NGOs and universities. This provided the quantitative portion of the study. Objectives • To enable a cross section of young people (both inside and outside of the formal educational system) to support creating a national framework and strategy. rapid. family. The Brazilian Youth Dialogue was an 18-month study51 that surveyed young Brazilians about their views on democracy and their role in society. which indirectly has positively impacted youth in Brazil. "Our goal is to share our data and analysis from this exercise with other countries and continents. 43 . Youth as partners Nine hundred and thirteen young people took part in dialogue groups. Twenty-seven per cent were school leavers and from the wider labour market. Undertaken in seven metropolitan regions of Brazil and the Federal District of Brasilia. Process The Brazilian government discussed and agreed the parameters of the study with the research institutions. asking 46 questions on topics such as education. Combined with reputable research institutions. Through this sharing. The study was designed to engage these young people in identifying their needs and diagnosing the challenges they perceive need addressing in their localities in order to inform public policy and statutes on youth rights." IDRC 2009 Problems addressed • Young people account for nearly 33 million inhabitants in Brazil and 80% live in urban areas that lack access to basic services.
Silva I & Salles Souto (2009) 'Democracy.candido@ibase. For further information contact: International Development Research Centre (IDRC). regular communications. • Dialogue participants were asked two questions: 'What can be done to improve education. or the Brazilian Institute of Social and Economic Analyses (IBASE). • Thirty-nine 'dialogue days' were organised by the Brazilian Institute of Social and Economic Analysis (IBASE). National Youth Secretariat (reports to the Secretariat-General of the Presidency of the Republic).• Qualitative focus/dialogue groups: Sub-set of respondents selected for qualitative study based on the ChoiceWork dialogue methodology (see overleaf). Two practitioners from the Canadian Policy Research Network were engaged to help adapt this to the Brazilian context and design the process.CA.br/ Related resources: http://ygproject.IDRC. there is "good potential for the dialogue results to bear fruit in terms of policy change (especially within the public education sector)" MacKinnon and Taschereau. • Communication: clarifying expectations. National Youth Council (an advisory board fostering studies and proposing guidelines). • Research institutions require a core research team with long-term commitment. The legacy of a 'dialogue network' incorporating individuals and various institutions across sectors. and National Youth Inclusion Programme (an emergency programme for 18 to 24-year-olds excluded from both school and the labour market). http://www. • A firm academic evidence base from which to form policy. but did not know how.000 young people. citizenship and youth' For further information on working with leading research institutions see the Overseas Development Institute website Photo © Izabela Habur 44 .org/case-study/researchsocial-dialogue Overleaf: 'ChoiceWork' discussion methodology The report of the Dialogue Eds. women). Results • Outreach to a high number of youth including excluded groups (rural. dissemination and feedback are vital in terms of keeping young people engaged over a period of more than a year. Education on political processes was identified as a key area for government and civil society to engage on. through NGO networks. • According to the Canadian teams. 2006. http://www. and cultural and recreation activities for young people in Brazil?' and 'How ready are you to participate in making those improvements reality?' • A full report was later compiled and published documenting the process of collaboration. • Impact on the newly created National Youth Policy. accompanied with a successful media strategy. • Particular costs to consider: travel and accommodation for young participants and funding for research personnel leading the process. work. and infrastructure and staff to co-ordinate multiple dialogue groups. • Most of the participants expressed a desire to participate in politics. Potential challenges • Logistics: co-ordination of large-scale research and participatory activities requires significant planning and clear demarcation of roles and responsibilities. nongovernmental organisations and universities. Lessons learned • The lead donor agency should oversee the partnership with research institutions to ensure good working relationships. which engaged almost 1.
It also should agree to act on the public recommendations produced through the ChoiceWork process even if they are likely to result in action that is different from what was originally intended. For this tool in full and a longer example of the ChoiceWork process applied in a different context see: Academy for Educational Development. First. the benefits of having a public voice are stronger than moving forward with a plan of action without public support. facilitate.Resource: ChoiceWork discussion methodolgy ChoiceWork is a methodology for discussion. The group must also be clear about the objective of the process. • To motivate community residents to take action on their own. or a collective group of activists.org/Publications/upload/ ChoiceWork. • To gather information from residents for the co-ordinating group to use in advocacy efforts to affect policy change.pdf 45 . Each group worked through the following steps: Task 1: Mapping and identifying concerns Outcome: list of concerns related to issue at hand and a tentative naming of the problem Task 2: Grouping like concerns and perspectives Outcome: clusters of concerns grouped into three or four approaches Task 3: Recognising the tensions Outcome: agreement on tensions among choices Task 4: Listing actions Outcome: list of actions for each approach Task 5: Outlining the benefits and drawbacks of each approach Outcome: list of benefits and drawbacks of each approach Task 6: Naming the problem Outcome: a statement that describes the common problem. and the major concerns facing them. Specifically. the co-ordinating group should be willing and able to commit staff time to co-ordinate. the group co-ordinating the ChoiceWork effort should have a broad issue in mind. and write reports. In the above case study it was applied in the context of participatory research dialogue days. The eight-step community ChoiceWork process involves commitment from many people. the leaders of the NGOs and CBOs involved need to give full support to the participatory process and acknowledge that while it may take a long time. and convene meetings. a consortium. 'Citizen Deliberations on HIV/AIDS issues' http://www. as well as provide administrative support to publicise events. scheduled after more conventional documentary research. First. take notes during meetings. Beginning the ChoiceWork process implies that someone wants to work through a particular issue. The goals could be one or more of the following: • To encourage community residents to deliberate on an issue. • To help ensure that NGOs' own programmes are more communitydriven. Groups of young people from metropolitan areas in Brazil were asked to discuss their participation in public life as individuals.aed. network. A good first step to get started is to hold a workshop with a consortium of organisations and individuals who are dedicated to solving a particular problem. This may be an individual organisation. This workshop will allow for an introduction of the ChoiceWork tool and provide an opportunity for participants to apply it to the problem of interest.
Photo © Christopher Futcher Teamwork – young people working together 46 .
interviews and participatory workshops. The second consultation in 2001 sourced feedback on the interim PRSP and policy for the PRSP. The Vietnam Government. and are documents required by the IMF and World Bank before a country can be considered for debt relief. • To consult children and young people (ages five to 18) in urban areas on their experience of poverty. but the children and young people's process was conducted separately to ensure children and young people felt comfortable expressing themselves and their views were heard independently of adults. in developing their poverty reduction strategy. • The first consultation acted as a baseline assessment of poverty in the area. The first assessment in 1999. Process • This was a mixture of discussion groups. Poverty reduction strategy papers are the replacement for structural adjustment programmes. and to provide opportunities for young people and children to review the implementation of the strategy. Youth as partners Two young people drawn from HIV/AIDS peer education acted as facilitators. The purpose of the consultations was to feed into the formulation of the strategy. was to inform national development planning and the World Bank's Vietnam Development Report on poverty. The third consultation in 2003 was part of a review of progress on the implementation of the country's first PRSP. • Some participants were also invited to form part of the facilitation team during the third consultation. leading to significant positive policy changes. 52 Youth as beneficiaries GOVERNANCE Four hundred and sixty-five young people (six to 18 years) from three poor districts of Ho Chi Minh City acted as survey respondents and participants. before PRSPs existed. 47 . • To track progress of the poverty reduction strategy through gaining feedback from children and young people. commissioned an NGO (Save the Children) to conduct three consultations with children and young people in particularly poor urban areas over the course of five years. • Consultations took place in areas where Save the Children does significant work. introducing an element of peer education to the process and building the capacity of those individuals. Objectives: • To provide data and evidence to feed into the development of a poverty reduction strategy. • The two subsequent consultations incorporated an element of monitoring against past objectives and tracking the progress of government efforts in the area. • The children and young people's input ran alongside consultations with a wide range of adult community members.Case Study 8: Poverty reduction strategy (Government of Vietnam) Poverty reduction strategy papers (PRSPs)52 provide opportunities for government officials to learn how to work with and for young people. Problems addressed: • The lack of long-term assessments/studies on how children and youth can contribute towards national PRSPs. staff could feel confident they were not engaging young people in consultations that would lead nowhere. • A youthful perspective can highlight unrecognised/unseen areas.
Potential challenges • Longer term consultations can be more costly (but benefits also can be greater). which identified 30 to 50% of households in the two targeted districts as poor. The more sustainable and durable these are the more effective their impact. such as the impact of family debt and divorce on social development. education and social welfare services. • The research was used by Save the Children as part of expansion of their activities. • Governments and donor agencies need to be willing to be open to new ideas: the evidence collected can sometimes be surprising or at odds with long-standing beliefs. failed to recognise the success of the government's poverty alleviation programme. (part of US): twebster@savechildren. • For young people to hold governments to account. • By the third consultation in-depth analysis was developed on causes and consequences of poverty.org Related resources: http://ygproject. • Maintaining a productive partnership between the government/donor and the independent contracted agency. • Strategies and policies developed on the basis of evidence and research are more likely to be effective and targeted at those most in need. This was a major step forward in a city where up to a third of the population of some wards are 'hidden' unregistered migrants.org/case-study/povertyreduction-strategy 'Practical Implications of Participation in the PRSP Process' extracted from 'Children and young people participating in PRSP processes – lessons from Save the Children's experience' (2004) UNFPA (2008) 'Putting young people into poverty reduction strategies' Photo © Students Partnership Worldwide 48 . the third consultation met with a critical response. and declarations in the PRSP make it easier for communities to hold the government to account for its action on such issues. The government is thinking about the impact of poverty on children and young people. and complaints/ feedback mechanisms for young people.Results • The PRSP has greater reference to young people. the level of depth would not have been possible with a one-off consultation. • Although over half of the researchers were government staff and the methodology had been approved and used twice before. mechanisms should be in place for information sharing with young people. • Participants highlighted the plight of the growing number of migrant families in the capital who are not registered by the authorities and who have major problems accessing healthcare. • Local officials were able to learn from the process of children and young people's participation and were able to directly apply that learning in their wider work. For further information contact: Save the Children Vietnam. Lessons learned • Young people can raise important issues often overlooked. The government claimed that the research. Their information helped change procedures to allow unregistered migrants access to services more quickly.
• To provide an opportunity for face-toface discussion between young people and decision-makers. NGOs. opportunities. and gender and social development. health and poverty. to lead and organise a two-day national youth consultation at the request of the National Planning Authority in June 2009. Process • National newspaper advertisement inviting contributions via SMS. and threats (SWOT) analysis and spider diagram/mind mapping. health and population. Youth as partners Fifty-two young people (providing national representation for Uganda's districts and youth-led organisations). • Training for participants on strategy analysis. so decisionmakers can better understand the barriers to employment and prosperity facing young people across Uganda. student associations and youth disability groups. • To ensure effective dissemination of consultation findings.Case Study 9: Uganda's National Development Plan (DFID) "By involving a large number of national youth in NDP processes. education. Results • Draft NDP mentions youth entrepreneurship (USD$5m GOVERNANCE POST-CONFLICT TRANSITIONS SRHR 49 . and the need to engage more actively with young people in order to minimise the risk of youth apathy or violence. Young people's recommendations were listened to and clearly documented as part of the formulation of the National Development Plan (NDP). especially regarding the key issues affecting young people. This group discussed the key thematic areas of the NDP and formulated recommendations for the government. • Consultation outcomes disseminated across all key ministries and decisionmakers in Uganda. employment. engage with and promote national development. • To engage youth creativity and expertise to identify policies and programmes required to achieve NDP objectives. • Participants representing official youth structures." SPW The social development advisor at DFID Uganda was acutely aware of the growing youth bulge in the country. SPW. • Tools included a strengths. disabled and student groups. such as unemployment. DFID Uganda commissioned a civil society organisation. • Introduction to SPW and the NDP. Problems addressed: • The consultation was designed to address the lack of youth input and involvement in the development of Uganda's Five-Year National Development Plan (2009 to 2014). • Two young people presented the recommendations to the National Planning Authority and Ministry of Children and Youth. weaknesses. • Four groups created strategies in the key areas of education. Key members of the staff team responsible for the consultation were also young people. Objectives • To ensure young people across Uganda have the opportunity to learn about and feed into the NDP process. • Twelve key strategic recommendations were agreed. we are creating a large base of the public that will be able to support. were recruited from youth NGOs.
org/case-study/nationaldevelopment-plan Overleaf: Mainstreaming youth in the medium-term development plan (Commonwealth) UNICEF (2003) 'Children and young people: participating in decision-making' UNICEF (2007) 'Child youth participation resource guide' Save the Children (2003) 'So you want to involve children in research?' Photo © Students Partnership Worldwide Engaging the world's youth 50 .earmarked for start-ups). a chaperone should be provided. and youth participation in M&E of the plan. for those under 18 years of age. There is an emphasis on vulnerable youth in the sections on gender and social protection.e. accommodation and food for all the young participants. • Government officials and policy advisors should contribute by: overseeing and participating in the consultation. vocational skills for out-of-school youth with attention to quality and moral aspects and youth-friendly sexual and reproductive health and rights.org Related resources: http://ygproject. • Ensuring a fair and thorough representation of diverse young people. www. radio or newspaper announcements. • Government considering follow-up regional consultations. Where appropriate i. • The implementing partner organisation should organise the following: • A core management team • Member of senior staff responsible for developing the relationship with donor agency and government official(s) • Overall management of consultation and logistics • Staff member(s) who liaise with young people • Particular costs to consider: travel. and ensuring follow up and dissemination of findings internally. For further Information contact: Students Partnership Worldwide.. Lessons learned • Capacity building during or ideally before the consultation can equip/empower youth to discuss and prioritise key issues in a more effective manner. collected views and recruited participants. Officials' travel costs if appropriate. practitioners and donor agencies enabled them to connect with each other's realities. Potential challenges • Reaching and securing the participation of key authority figures. • World Bank Uganda seeking young people to participate in Country Assistance Strategy (2010).spw. Rural youth can be contacted via SMS. • Face-to-face orientation and training between adults and rural youth. • Media involvement created a wider coverage.
decent work agendas. Papers should be very short. impact on youth and important trade-offs that must be considered. Using available age. Maximise predictability of aid flows. contd overleaf 51 . alerting cabinet to the main sector issues. • Identify main macroeconomic and sector policy issues that the next MTDP needs to address. social exclusion of young people) that could cause political and economic turbulence. A short paper to: • Brief cabinet (and senior officials) on the economic and social situation. • Present alternative scenarios for the country's economic performance over the MTDP. Cabinet approval of approach and timetable 2. Promote co-ordination with debt management. and illustrates the action stages that can be supported by donor agencies in relation to youth mainstreaming (drawing from exisiting gender frameworks). Promote long view: conflict prevention. and their implications for government expenditure targets. Ensure this is viewed against social needs and pressure points (e. 3. Government action stage 1.Resource: Mainstreaming youth in the medium-term development plan (MTDP) The table below is adapted from the Commonwealth Gender Management System (GMS) framework. with corresponding scenarios for public expenditure to address youth in development. Donor agency support Ensure that participatory and central planning processes talk to each other. Sector issues papers To be prepared by the sector to be considered by sector concerned including but not cabinet restricted to the youth sector. Macro issues paper to be considered by cabinet 4.g.. Promote and adhere to aid effectiveness principles. Preparation of initial macro framework The need for promoting intergenerational justice and partnership through the MTDP should be explicitly stated. trade processes.and genderdisaggregated data to assess recent socioeconomic trends. and the comparative position of young women and men. • Mainstream strategic youth interests into these cabinet reactions to the macro issues paper are reflected in drafting youth-sensitive guidelines for sector papers. prospects for the medium and longer term.
Overall editing by planning agency and submission of full draft to cabinet for final approval. media. personnel) in reviewing sector proposals. proposals and proposed projects. 7. Co-ordination between central resource agencies (planning. Approval of full draft by cabinet. allowing reciprocal government input into donor agency planning. 6. Input to the process. Refer back to sectors if youth analysis is missing. Preparation of draft Drafts to be prepared initially by the chapters. finance. Ensure youth issues are among the criteria against which cabinet will assess the proposals. youth and broader civil society. expenditure sector ministries.Government action stage 5. Detailed macro framework paper with expenditure guidelines In the light of reactions to Stage 4. Ensure that tools are built in at this stage to monitor and evaluate impact of the programmes on youth. this proposes overall economic and public expenditure projections and sectoral allocation of resources for the MTDP period. To be co-ordinated with annual budget preparation. Preparation of consolidated expenditure programmes. Support understanding and debate of the proposals among parliamentarians. 8. Presentation to parliament. MTDP submitted to parliament for full debate and approval. 9. 52 . This paper should address inequalities and promote youth-sensitive planning. Donor agency support Facilitate knowledge management.
or those who have participated in non-formal school programmes. • The research and data collection was then conducted over a period of ten days. • Young people developed skills and experiences. child-led households. those who have dropped out of school. 64 interviews. piloting and producing questionnaires. • Finally the report was presented to a delegation of UN agencies.Case Study 10: SRHR needs assessment (UNICEF. Youth as partners Twenty young people (18 to 22 years) were given the skills to directly implement research in 20 communities: focus group discussions. child sex workers. The information collected was used to produce a set of guidelines for life skills programmes delivering non-formal HIV education. Target groups for the research included street children. realising their own potential to undertake professional research. • To identify current strategies. and challenges to reach out-of-school youth. school dropouts and child miners. • UNICEF was better able to design programmes for out-of-school children. and the study information analysed. child labourers. The assessment focused on out-of-school children. • Out-of-school children have limited accessibility and community structures to learn about life skills. Objectives • To generate accurate. genderdisaggregated information on the situation and needs of out-of-school youth using recognised research methods (as three times as many girls are out of school than boys).e. Most life skills education for the prevention of HIV/AIDS undertaken by many organisations is targeted only at young people in school. opportunities (partners and structures). SRHR 53 . • To provide transferable skills and experience for the young people involved. NGOs and other civil society groups. • To inform and generate a more unified programme approach. Results • A cost-effective way to collect information and ensured a wide geographical coverage. Process: POST-CONFLICT TRANSITIONS • Agreement was discussed and made by UNICEF and SPW regarding the parameters and objectives of the project and the data to be collected. Sierra Leone) UNICEF Sierra Leone commissioned a partner civil society organisation (SPW Sierra Leone) to undertake a needs assessment with young researchers. • This was followed by the training of young researchers (on methods and confidentiality).. those who never attended school. Problems addressed: • The study was designed to address a national lack of cohesion regarding efforts targeting out-of-school children in Sierra Leone. consultative meetings. • Young researchers were then selected and research methods developed. i.
hire experienced implementing partners and M&E personnel. Lessons learned • Adequate training and support for the youth is essential. For further information contact: SPW Sierra Leone. • Particular costs to consider: training costs. travel to the field. • Children's sexual and reproductive health and rights issues are highly sensitive for individuals. • Personnel need time to think through and deliver how data and analysis will be disseminated after project completion to ensure influence. Potential challenges • Getting young people with limited experience to undertake professional research requires intensive practical training. www.org/case-study/ srhr-needs-assessment The full report: SPW Sierra Leone Needs Assessment DFID Zimbabwe: 'Youth scoping study' (2008) New Zealand AID (NZ AID) Pacific Regional Mapping Photo © Students Partnership Worldwide Teaching and learning through dance 54 .• Out-of-school children remarked that they found it easier to talk to young people than to adults. families and communities.spw.org Related resources: http://ygproject. and food/accommodation for the young people. • Ensure roles. responsibilities and expectations are clearly outlined during the recruitment process.
that youth services are insulated from partisan/political competition and resources are distributed according to need. 3. • Establishing a pool of willing volunteers. 17) There are some crucial entry-points for youth participation within existing governance structures and processes. such as elections (see case study 15) or participatory budgeting (case study 16). These should be fully documented and findings shared with partners. voice and accountability (See case studies 15. • Engaging young people who are often more flexible and less fixed in their ideas.19 Barriers to youth participation in implementation • Colleagues may not understand the benefits and value of working with young people. in preparation for actions of increasing scale. who are often adaptable and have the ability to work in rural or remote areas. and designing programmes.. 4. care should be taken to ensure that the youth sector is not 'politicised' i.Implementation 2. Directing funding towards youth-led implementation. • Building the next generation of decision-makers through actively learning about development processes.20 Overcoming the barriers: situation analysis The place to start in any sector is engaging young people and increasing their visibility via participatory situation analysis /needs assessments (as in case study 8).21 Entry points Governance. Being informed of the problems young people face at the local level. How can donor agencies help? Donor agencies can support youth-focused implementation in a number of ways: 1. 2. and therefore a lack of evidence. such as local market demands (see case study 11 on displaced youth). By successfully mapping designated areas young researchers can demonstrate their capabilities. • Lack of sharing. learning and documentation of promising practice involving young implementers. encouraging the adults in their community to recognise their skills as contributing community members. 2. However. 2.18 Added value of working with young people Young people's input can improve programme delivery by: • Increasing the effectiveness of communication strategies with target peer groups (see case study 15 on voter education) and hard-to-reach groups. 16. 2. Taking up these roles can also dramatically improve their own lives. Forming and strengthening groups and coalitions. Donor agencies should also consider gaps in the institutional framework and the need to recognise and support youth-led partners (case study 17). civil society or other partners. 55 . Providing mechanisms to encourage/support youthled/youth-focused organisations to gain funding. There are particular considerations when conducting assessments with young people: • Building or maintaining harmony between young people and their wider community and fostering adultyouth partnerships is crucial.e.17 Youth engagement in implementation Implementation refers to the delivery of development interventions through government. The roles young people can play include: acting as peer educators in areas such as sexual and reproductive health and rights. Young people have an important role to play in the implementation of development programmes and initiatives. reinvigorating policies and procedures. for example through developing skills to increase employability. • Interventions may not be designed with young people in mind or acknowledge their particular needs/issues. • Creating a more accurate picture of current issues. • Training and capacity building must be adequately assessed and built into any situation analysis time frame. 2. citizenship and democracy.
Notable entry points are through peer education (see case study 14) and through SRHR mainstreaming processes (see case study 13). For more resources and networks' contact details by thematic area please see Appendix 3. Photo © Students Partnership Worldwide Learning from young people 53 UNDP 2006 56 . By virtue of the gravity of the pandemic. municipal and national levels (case studies 13. 12." On the other hand. 14) The SRHR sector has a long history of youth participation by involving young people in implementing programmes and interventions. like the position of women in society". and local capacity-building for public sector service delivery can greatly benefit long-term peace building."53 To some commentators this may seem opportunistic. judicial and rule-of-law reform. local capacitybuilding for human rights and reconciliation.Post-conflict transitions and livelihoods (See case studies 11. Such initiatives are about more than skills transfer. voice and accountability: "Relatively cheap investments in civilian security through police. on page 98. 16 and 17 respectively). HIV/AIDS also presents opportunities for social change and the position of young people. Challenges and Change (2005) Sexual and reproductive health and rights (See case studies 13. "Failure to successfully implement such programmes will result in youth unemployment and fuel the development of criminal gangs and violence and ultimately a relapse into conflict. 2." UN Secretary General's High Level Panel on Threats. to talk about difficult issues like sex education. they also relate to governance.22 Case studies in this section • Youth livelihoods in post-conflict contexts (case studies 11 and 12) • Peer education approaches (case studies 14 and 15) • Institutional innovation at sectoral. 15) The recent emphasis of the international community on youth participation "has been particularly strong in postconflict settings. Peace processes appear as a window of opportunity for promoting a higher degree of youth participation. but the consensus is that initiatives focusing on youth livelihoods (such as in case study 11 and 12) are a key entry point for youth participation and central to sustainable peace building. homophobia and human rights issues in general. Visiting SenegaI in 2009 UNAIDS executive director Michel Sidibe said HIV/AIDS presents a "political opportunity to trigger profound changes in society.
Youth as beneficiaries Research and advocacy for displaced young people who require education and skills training services. Youth as partners • Fifteen-member youth advisory committee (18 to 24 years) from conflict-affected countries. people in the camps will be socialised into dependency. young people are left idle. frustrated and more at risk. • Without opportunities to learn and work. We want to learn electronics. aims to increase international attention and support for the educational and job training needs of displaced young women and men worldwide through research and creating educational and market assessment tools. scale and effectiveness of educational and job training programmes targeting displaced young people through a three-pronged approach of research. Jordan and Thailand. • Since then global desk research and field assessments in five countries to gather young people's views of their needs and recommendations on ways to address them have been conducted. The Women's Refugee Commission's research and advocacy project. • Youth to participate in research. June 2006. Problems addressed • Conflict and displacement disrupts the transmission of livelihoods knowledge and resources to younger generations. Tapping the Potential of Displaced Youth. or for those who need secondary education or vocational skills training. The five country case studies are: Liberia. • Youth self-assessment in all skillbuilding programmes is recommended. Process The Displaced Youth Advocacy Programme started in October 2008. If not. June 2006 Young people aged 15 to 24 years make up around 20% of the world's 40 million-plus refugees and displaced persons. Our thinking and our ideas cannot develop staying in this camp. North Darfur." Ethnic Karen refugee youth from Burma in the Umpiem refugee camp in Thailand. settle in the country where they are living as refugees or resettle in a third country. Objectives • To increase the scope. tool development and advocacy. The majority of refugees are in protracted situations that last an average of 17 years. whether they return to their country of origin. • Young people's catch-up education and vocational training needs are underfunded in relief and reconstruction initiatives. Despite the great number of young people in need. Young people should be given the tools to think critically about the selection of training programmes and possible job opportunities.Case Study 11: Displaced youth – livelihoods and alternative education (WRC) "We want to learn computer. Sudan. POST-CONFLICT TRANSITIONS 57 . Uganda." Jesuit refugee service representative. "Income-generating activities are critical. they are largely ignored by the international community in humanitarian and conflict settings. dignified work. • Long-term goal: to ensure that displaced young women and men are equipped with the skill set necessary to find safe. Few programmes exist for those who are now teenagers and never went to school.
there is a very small formal market and it can be difficult to connect graduates to employers. • After participating in a programme. Market information should be incorporated into each stage of vocational training 58 . accessible and relevant) enabling them to implement and assess quality. • Practitioners. donor agencies and policy-makers have access to a range of resource tools (concrete.org Related resources: http://ygproject. 'Market assessment toolkit for vocational training providers and youth' (2008) • Continuing to teach the same vocational skills in the same region is leading to labour supply saturation in some industries. Potential challenges • Gender self-selection into different skills areas can perpetuate gender inequalities in incomes and social status. what is missing and what is needed to prepare young people for safe. • The number of young people reached by quality educational and job training programmes increases dramatically.. for example through internships or apprenticeships. • Catch-up education combined with skills training should include transferable skills. Yet. Implementers need to avoid reinforcing the pattern by actively coaching young people towards new aspirations. major practitioner organisations and donor agencies and governments. leading to disappointment and frustration. financial literacy and entrepreneurship (even when training for wage employment). Market observation is the first step in understanding what goods and services are supplied and demanded in the community. the likely futures and locations of displaced young people are often unknown. For further information contact: info@wrccommission. • In many conflict and post-conflict countries. appropriate educational and skills building programmes for displaced youth. displaced young people's educational and job training needs. Lessons learned • Young people consistently expect that participation in vocational training will increase their capacity to find employment or self-employment opportunities and achieve greater self-reliance. • Convert lessons learned into advocacy briefs. due to explicit policies and/or priorities on the part of UN agencies. many young people don't have opportunities to practice skills learned in vocational training. • Many conflict-affected youth employ multiple livelihood strategies from day to day and may have to rely on more than one skill to maintain an income.org/case-study/livelihoods Women's Refugee Commission's youth resources e. such as information and communication technology. dignified work in existing labor markets and markets where they will likely end up after displacement. research in Northern Uganda has found that programme objectives may differ from participants' objectives.• The programme has partnered with operational agencies to test promising practices that can be replicated and taken to scale. increase employment opportunities. Results • Comprehensive understanding of what effective programmes and policies exist. • In many conflict and post-conflict countries.g. Photo © Women's Refugee Commission programming to improve design and. • Given how dynamic and fluid a conflict can be. guidelines and tools for donor agencies and humanitarian workers. co-ordination and information sharing among the humanitarian community around youth issues must be strengthened and systematised.
• Differential pricing mechanism (see below) ensures that youth from disadvantaged groups are reached.. • To address the employment needs of youth in order to mitigate social and political instability. Youth as beneficiaries Fourteen thousand five hundred young people (18 to 35 years).B. • Implementation of training. Problems addressed • Youth are an economic asset and their capacity needs to be tapped for national growth. only 50. caste etc). excombatants). frustrations and aspirations of young people in relation to the labour market will struggle to meet the needs of youth. widows. Private service providers help identify the market potential as well as train participants. • A rapid market appraisal is carried out to identify local market need by the service provider.Case Study 12: Employment fund.000 young people enter the labour market every year. a partner approach can be taken by recruiting outstanding trainees to train others and review project design. • While 300. credit linkage and life skills. • Payment to service provider is based on outcomes. 46% of 20 to 24 yearolds are "highly underutilised. Process • Timeframe: 12 months. business counselling and knowledge on labour rights and credit linkage. N. received vocational training and support. • Target groups categorised (by gender. Mobile trainings for geographically isolated youth groups.000 are receiving skills training and according to the 2008 National Labour Force Survey. POST-CONFLICT TRANSITIONS 59 ." Objectives • To provide skill training to poor and socially discriminated out-of-school youth (18 to 35 years) and ensure their gainful employment. • Private service providers (currently 17." Youth Employment Network 2007 Funded by DFID and SDC. and the disabled. The first payment is made after submission of training completion report (40% of the outcome cost). in 38 districts) are selected based on a competitive bidding system. second payment after submitting income verification report at three month of working (25%) and the remaining 35% after completion of income verification at six months of training. Helvetas Nepal's employment fund provides skill training to economically poor and socially discriminated out-of-school youth. • To address the particular needs of conflict-affected youth (IDPs. three months training plus follow up. • To promote decent work. The payment to the service providers is based on the type of category trained and linked to outcomes: the service provider does not get any payment for those trainees who do not achieve employment. Nepal (DFID/SDC) "It is clear that any proposed solutions to the youth employment challenge which do not take on board the expectations. • Post-training support includes market linkage. 57% female.
This involved DFID. UNFPA and others and asked: "What lessons do we have to date in Nepal about how to engage youth in improving employment policy and practice?" Young people are eager to learn and engage 60 .helvetasnepal. • Differentiated pricing mechanism helps deliver training to the targeted groups more effectively. embroidery. • Post-training support like linkage to the collateral-free loan and market linkage needs to be strengthened. Potential challenges • Geographic remoteness makes it difficult for service providers to identify employable trades in those areas that would help the people to generate minimum income of USD$3000/month after the skills training. • A wide range of training areas have been developed. • Outcome-based and post financing model has helped to ensure that the fund is utilised as per mandates. and electricians. • Tracing of the graduates for income reporting. • Skills training sometimes did not match the interest and need of the employers. welding. International Alert. USAID. Photo © Panos For further information contact: http://www.Results • Training schemes using this model can be highly effective. Lessons learned • Mobile trainings (trainers travelling to trainees) are helpful and costeffective in reaching out in geographically isolated regions.org/casestudy/employment-fund The rapid market appraisal concept Helvetas GTZ (2008) 'Get youth on board' toolkit on youth employment International Alert – on governance. is challenging as the graduates change their working place frequently and service providers are not notified.np/ Related resources: http://ygproject. especially those going to India and overseas. furniture making. • The service providers in the market are mostly output oriented rather than outcome oriented. Trainees working in 49 trades in 2009 included construction. • Similarly the employment rate was very high post-training at 92%.org. plumbing. youth unemployment and post conflict strategies The Sharing and Learning network discussion in Uganda The Sharing and Learning network discussion in Nepal. The trainees' pass rate (as recorded by the National Skill Testing Board) was 80% in 2009.
Those receiving training included at-risk youth such as house servants. utilising a strong research base and government partnerships to catalyse change in adolescent sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) policy and practice. Objectives • To institutionalise youth reproductive health at a local level. implementation and monitoring activities". shoeshine boys. and recipients of the SRHR education and care that was influenced. car washers. a programme of work was formulated incorporating formal and informal educational approaches and a core curriculum. Process • Frontiers undertook a comprehensive operations research study from 19992003 assessing different approaches to adolescent reproductive health in three districts of Senegal. among others). community. Youth as partners Seventy adolescents were recruited to act as peer educators. youth. • Training of professionals in education and health. • Based on the outcomes and cultural situation of Senegalese youth. involving several agencies for co-ordinated and greater impact. Youth as beneficiaries Over eight years. and youth are vital for sustainable change. and teenage mothers. Young people were also survey respondents. and partnered with Frontiers. public events.. dramas.Case Study 13: Mainstreaming SRHR in education (USAID.. UNAIDs 2008 Multi-sectoral approaches that engage government agencies. as well as for 70 peer educators was conducted. • The need for a collaborative response to SRHR policy. • Outreach and advocacy involved community institutions and resources (including religious organisations. effective and integrated approach to adolescent SRHR at a local and national level in Senegal. • To scale up the intervention in Senegal and in neighboring states. In 2004 they SRHR 61 .as an integral part of the planning. 28. The Population Council and Frontiers together have worked across different policy areas. who then delivered the curriculum initially in the three pilot districts. and community meetings. Problems addressed • The need for a well informed. The majority of funding was provided by USAID. • To create a favourable policy and funding environment for adolescent reproductive health (ARH) at the national level. budgeting. Senegal) "HIV and AIDS mainstreaming should result in the epidemic becoming part and parcel of the routine functions and functioning of a sector . • The Ministry of Health was influenced by the findings of the study. Regional research pilots informed the creation of a nationwide programme between 1999 and 2007. women's groups. communities. • Staff of government ministries participated in all phases of the design and implementation.000 young people in three regions (urban areas) were reached by peer education. and religious leaders were key actors in providing information and discussing sensitive issues. • The peer education methodology was particularly used to target out-ofschool and other excluded youth.
• Addressing the needs of married adolescents (an underserved group in adolescent SRHR). • Mainstreaming requires strong leadership. • Uptake of materials by UN bodies and Save the Children (in 18 countries).senegal@popcouncil. • Community response was overwhelmingly positive. person.54 Potential challenges • Co-ordinating ministries of differing sizes and status. For further information contact: Population Council Senegal. • Following this the initiative was scaled up in all nine regions of the country. Ministry of Sports.created a 13-partner steering committee for inter-ministerial coordination and technical assistance was offered to the Ministry of Education. replication efforts in other Francophone African countries. info. co-ordination and the tracking of outcomes of multiple sectors by a central authority in order to avoid fragmentation. • Integration of three adolescent SRHR indicators in the government management information system. World Bank. Projected results • Mainstreaming by Ministry of Education of adolescent SRHR. • Endorsement of the approach by WHO. The idea that cross-sectoral issues (such as HIV/AIDS or youth) are the responsibility of a single ministry.org Related resources: http://ygproject. • Government ministries were offered support to develop adolescent SRHR action plans which were submitted to development partners for funding for scaling up. as is having project managers and field staff. Local civic and religious leaders (critical gatekeepers for social change) strongly supported the adolescent SRHR initiatives and played major roles in the intervention activities. Photo © Students Partnership Worldwide Lessons learned • Having staff train and supervise volunteer and professional networks and undertake administration for the thematic group on adolescent SRHR is crucial.org/case-study-13-srhrmainstreaming-into-the-educationsector/ Operations research toolkit FRONTIERS Programme Legacy findings Multi-sectoral ARH interventions: the scale up process in Kenya and Senegal UNFPA/EU Reproductive Health initiative for Youth in Asia UNAIDS (2008) 'Toolkit for mainstreaming HIV/AIDS in education' • Adoption of key programme documents 'Curriculum grandir en harmonie' and 'Orientation of health providers in adolescent health' as official documents. Results • Findings from the initial studies showed that the interventions addressed a recognised need of incorporating SRHR into broader education strategies. youth-serving organisations and development partners. focal point or unit continues to prevail. Ministry of Youth. • Mainstreaming efforts are still plagued by considerable misconceptions about the nature of the change that is envisaged. • Incorporation of learning into initiatives by Ministry of Sport and Ministry of Justice. 54 UNAIDS. UNDP 2005 62 .
and health institutions.Case Study 14: SRHR peer education (NAC Uganda) In order to protect themselves from HIV/AIDS. to implementation. Process • The YEAH model focuses on conducting an initial assessment of the SRHR needs of local communities. awareness of gender issues and access to services and motivation. YEAH uses radio and other media to reach youth and produces an award winning national weekly serial drama. Funding and support for YEAH has been drawn from USAID. Objectives • To reduce the prevalence of HIV/AIDS. launched in 2004 under the auspices of the Uganda AIDS Commission. • To make the political and social environment more conducive to young people's social and behavioral change through multi-channel campaigns. and model positive practices through local and national media.55 • YEAH addresses underlying factors affecting sexual health at the individual and community level. adolescent pregnancies and school drop-out rates amongst 15 to 24-yearolds in Uganda. young people need confidence. Youth as beneficiaries One hundred thousand young people targeted and reached by interpersonal communications approaches. • The next stage involves dissemination of SRHR education resources through peer educators. Young Empowered and Healthy (YEAH) is a nationally recognised sexual health campaign for and by young people in Uganda. • These are monitored and evaluated (which involves the capacity building SRHR 55 Kibombo et al 2007 63 . YEAH also addresses the more general need for meaningful participation of young people in their own projects.5 million young people targeted and reached through media campaigns (and see results below). in social services and in the social/political domains. paying little attention to one of the key sources of that vulnerability: their male counterparts. through John Hopkins Bloomberg University. and the implementation of SRHR campaigns. • This informs planning and strategy design and the development of materials for pre-testing.' YEAH is implemented by Communication for Development Foundation Uganda (CDFU) with technical assistance from Health Communication Partnership (HCP). to evaluation. 'Rock Point 256. Youth as partners Through regional young people's advisory groups (YAGs). PEPFAR (a special US presidential fund for SRH intervention measures). Other funding is from Save the Children Uganda. Over 2. • To stimulate dialogue and action among communities. schools. Problems addressed • Research has shown that many HIV and other SRH programmes in Uganda tend to focus on the girl child because she is considered more vulnerable. families. not just the raw facts. UNICEF and the Uganda National AIDS Commission. young people are involved and consulted in every stage of campaign development: from planning.
• The 'Something for Something Love' campaign has reached 66% of young men and 70% of young women. Regional young people's advisory groups (YAGs) are involved at all stages. • The 'Be a Man' campaign has reached out to 46% of young men and 32% of young women in Uganda. • Strong partnerships working at national and regional level can result in: • A focus on high quality communications.000 fan letters. • This informs the designing and implementing of further evidencebased campaigns.3m. Uganda Gender programmes must be inclusive of men 64 . • CSOs working closely with district teams reduces unnecessary duplication of work. marketing. • Skills gaps amongst partners and young people threatening sustainability.ug Related resources: http://ygproject. Estimated annual budget is USD$1. Potential challenges • Insufficient availability of resources to match demand for the service. • Cost implications stem from task areas including research.cdfuug. • Utilisation of widely agreed proven and effective theories and strategies. many asking for advice or thanking YEAH for helping them reduce their risk of contracting HIV/AIDS. Lessons learned • Strong partnership amongst all partners and the division of responsibility on a regional basis helps enhance the impact of outreach and communication strategies.org or www.co.of young people and partners) and replanning begins. Results • YEAH has received over 20.A. plus a technical advisory team of youth organisation representatives. such as the 'Be a Man' campaign.E. monitoring and evaluation. graphic design and radio production.org/case-study/peereducation Formative and vulnerability research that informs campaign strategies targeting young people YEAH Men and HIV and AIDS manual for training peer educators Inter-Agency Youth Working Group Resources on youth reproductive health and HIV/AIDS The Sharing and Learning Network session in Uganda on SRHR Photo © Y. script writing. training. materials pre-testing. For further information contact: info@yeahuganda. • A 2008 YEAH impact survey showed that 'Rock Point 256' reaches 52% of young women and 60% of young men. • The implementation of educational SRHR campaigns is conducted over a two-year cycle.H.
peer and friend groups. • Four regional youth fora were conducted covering basic concepts of elections and voting models. flyers. particularly mass communication. • Most of the limited resources for outreach. Young people were less involved in party politics and were not recognised as belonging to any particular party. Problems addressed: • The constitution assembly of 2008 was held nine years after the general election of 1999. Youth as partners GOVERNANCE Young people organised district and national fora (600 participants) and distributed voting information – including in formats suitable for non-literate young people. political parties and local authorities. The Embassy of Finland in Kathmandu funded a Nepali NGO (Alliance for Peace) to create awareness about the country's 2008 constituent assembly elections. student unions. • To promote citizenship and understanding of rights and responsibilities. radio and the web. Objectives • To make information related to elections available and accessible to all youth constituents. Nepal) Voter and civic education is especially important in post-conflict countries. • Campaign bus targeted colleges. • To encourage young people to ask questions of election candidates through outreach campaigns. Process: • A team of six campaigners (18 to 35 years) with previous community experience were selected and trained on electoral systems. were concentrated in the final month when most attention would be paid to it.Case Study 15: Educating new voters (Finnish Embassy. Radio announcements in 12 local languages reached the whole of Nepal through 20 local and two national stations. The initiative ran for one year from April 2007 to March 2008. website and radio announcements developed. barracks and other hubs of youth activity. • Young people who are unaware of their rights are more easily manipulated by political leaders. • A national seminar in the capital was attended by over 100 young participants selected by colleges. Youth voter turnout was seen as important for the legitimacy of the democratic process. voting skills and campaigning techniques. POST-CONFLICT TRANSITIONS 65 . and elections may have an unprecedented impact on the country's future. This gap meant that there were a large number of firsttime young voters. youth-friendly booklets. • The campaign ensured that its activities were aligned with the election laws. Educating young people had a ripple effect as they communicated within their families. youth clubs. where political situations may be volatile. Thus. Youth as beneficiaries Twelve thousand young people in 30 districts were directly reached by a campaign bus over 60 days. • To increase participation through district fora. young people's involvement in voter awareness helped the campaign to maintain a neutral position. • Posters. substantial legal and procedural changes have taken place.
email@example.com/casestudy/educating-new-voters Search for Common Ground The YGP SLN discussion in Nepal Photo © Students Partnership Worldwide Educating young voters 66 . Thank you.org/ Related resources: http://ygproject. • Approximately 20. • Young campaigners were proactive and flexible. logistical officer and office assistant.org or see www. • Language and cultural barriers continue to be a factor in effective delivery of messages in a multilingual country like Nepal. It not only enhanced my learning and confidence. it also helped me to see my own country through different eyes." Jhala BK. while radio was effective for rural youth.afpnepal. able to work in a campaign which required a lot of travel in uncertain conditions." Khadka Dangi. "Not too many organisations or the government is coming to rural and difficult places to visit and explain to us about the new voting system.000 young people were informed about the constitution assembly elections. Results • The campaign was able to reach a large number of youth of rural Nepal within a very short time. campaigner Potential challenges • Changes in election schedules (occurred twice in this case). participant Lessons learned • The web was a good means to reach educated and urban youth. • Young campaigners were not always trusted or taken seriously. to go out to the districts and campaign with the people on issues of voter education.• Project team included a project officer. "It was very empowering as a young woman. • Request for training from the armed police force in three districts. For more information please contact: Alliance for Peace (AfP) Nepal. finance officer.
The Municipality of Rosario undertakes an annual participatory youth budget. • Inspired new youth projects in adult participatory budgeting process. An initial pilot in 2004 was funded by German Technical Co-operation (GTZ) and the necessary funds are now drawn from the municipal budget. 2.Case Study 16: Participatory budgeting (GTZ." Government official. 67 . • To educate young people in citizenship by active learning. 4. 6. The councils then present the proposals in a round of district assemblies. Participants are encouraged to participate in other non-youth specific participatory budgeting processes. Objectives • To engage youth as protagonists in the design and implementation of local youth services. Local young people are often very conscious of spending/ allocating public money and can therefore be very careful about how they spend it. Youth as partners An average of 1. The elected representatives within the process are also considered ambassadors with a responsibility to involve others. comanaging decision-making processes. Process 1. Municipality of Rosario Participatory youth governance can give youth a greater sense of civic pride and responsibility. • Gaps in provision were identified and addressed.000 young people (13 to 18 years) per year engaged in the control and distribution of resources. youth participatory councils meet regularly for several months to develop project proposals based on the neighborhood priorities. Young people then identify neighborhood priorities and elect delegates to each district's youth participatory council. Young people are able to have a say in the design of youth services in their city and in the allocation of resources to support their execution over the course of a six-month annual cycle. engaging youth from across its six districts in democratic processes to select representatives and decide upon budget allocations for youth services. recreational sites and a community library. knowledge and attitudes. • Inefficiency in terms of how funds are spent. This is followed by a full day orientation meeting where budget delegates can meet each other and learn about the process. • Development of new democratic skills. Funding was allocated to new music and dance workshops. Results • Three thousand five hundred young people were involved by 2008. 5. Initial steps include setting up neighborhood assemblies in each city district. Youth as beneficiaries GOVERNANCE Funded services used by the wider youth population. 3. Argentina) "Where local young people are involved in budgetary decisions there is the potential to develop creative solutions to issues that can result in cost savings and better value for money. Subsequently. where local youth vote on which to implement. Problems addressed • Service priorities set by adults may not always reflect the needs and interests of young people.
especially those heavily engaged in gang activity has been a challenge. Potential challenges • Engaging the most socially excluded groups of young people.ar Related resources: Photo © Students Partnership Worldwide 'Participatory Budgeting with Youth' Josh Lerner (Unpublished.rosario." Youth participant. "To be a budget delegate means to make decisions responsibly and skilfully.gov. • Maintaining communication with all young people involved. • Human resources required: overall direction from within the municipal budget team. youth workers across all six municipal districts and administrative support for the youth budget council. Rosario Lessons learned • Strong political will is required to maintain participation initiatives. to orient and guide people who need help.org/casestudy/participatory-budgeting Creating community leaders 68 . to debate and respect the opinions of others. http://www. • In an urban environment a level of decentralisation enables the participation of youth from more diverse areas. and to propose coherent projects that will be useful in the future.• Linking of youth groups from different areas. Daniel Schugurensky '72 Frequently Asked Questions about Participatory Budgeting' UN-HABITAT http://ygproject. • The programme is undergoing a steady scale-up process utilising the raised profile and extra capacity brought by projects funded from youth budget for outreach purposes. 2006) 'Learning citizenship and democracy through participatory budgeting: the case of Rosario. For further information contact: Municipality of Rosario. Argentina' Josh Lerner.
USAID funded a programme through Jamaican partners to promote healthy lifestyles amongst Jamaican youth. Founded as part of the USAID-funded JASTYLE Project. developing services and building governance/ representation structures. Problems addressed • Need for youth-led partners to spearhead advocacy and practice. young people co-develop and co-manage services. the Jamaica Youth Advocacy Network (JYAN) has grown into an independent NGO working closely with the national government. Working from the local level up. projects or trainings. addressing sexual health and violence prevention through youth-led peer education and outreach. SRHR 69 . Objectives • To increase awareness of international and national policies and programmes that impact adolescents and youth. • From 2005 to 2008 JYAN was led and staffed by young people on a voluntary basis. • Support from the Global Fund and the Jamaican Ministry of Health and Environment • JYAN document the experiences and highlight the information gleaned from the young people who participate in conferences. Process • A youth advisory board was set up. • Communiques and calls to action produced by young conference participants are used to build an information base for future reference.Case Study 17: Launching a youth-led partner (USAID. Young people form 100% of agency staff.g. which went on to create JYAN to sustain their work. Results • Through the Youth Help Project. • This then feeds back in information to guide other processes. Youth as leaders GOVERNANCE JYAN was youth-initiated. violence prevention and arts and culture in Jamaica. • Continued contact and support from USAID. adolescents/teenagers who were identified as 'school dons' (bullies) have demonstrated positive behaviour change and a self perception as positive leaders in school. interventions. JYAN has developed links to key decision-makers in national and multilateral policy and funding bodies. Youth as partners As well as advising donor staff and delivering peer-to-peer services. civil society. • To facilitate youth participation and inclusion in decision-making processes across the island. • To facilitate improvements in the policy environment in Jamaica relating to adolescent/youth development.. national and international NGOs and the school system to address issues of democracy and youth participation. e. It focuses on: adolescent sexual and reproductive health and rights. • Lack of understanding of integrated youth development work: perception of young people as "problems" or "threats" rather than members and leaders in a democracy. Jamaica) Youth-led organisations are in a unique position to develop and implement initiatives that address issues from a youth perspective and offer solutions that respond to the diverse realities of young people. in media engagement or sensitising other young people.
org/case-study/youthled-partner JYAN Advocacy Toolkit 'Youth-led organisations and SRHR' (a step by step guide to establishing youth NGOs that goes wider than the SRHR sector) Inter-American Development Bank YEN/UNIDO/ILO/UNDP Youth-led development project in West Africa Photo © JA-STYLE Youth leading youth 70 .org/jamaica or Jaevion Nelson. and infrastructural).org Related resources: http://ygproject.amplifyyourvoice. donor agencies. • Feedback indicates that young people reached through this work have joined the network because they admire the direct youth-on-youth approach/methodology and they feel comfortable sharing their challenges and concerns. • Particular administrative and managerial capacities required: three full-time staff and a core volunteer board of five to ten members giving ten hours per week. technocrats and other stakeholders a critical lesson to see young people way beyond the idea of us as just an asset to policy planning and programming. For further information contact: http://www. JYAN Lessons learned • The set up and support for youth-led organisations can be very straightforward. financial. Thus we were able to teach government. Potential challenges • Lack of resources (human. combining passion with commitment and the opinions of our adult partners.• JYAN is represented on an ad hoc and permanent basis in a number of policy fora with the Jamaican government and various international agencies. So far this has been mitigated by the dedicated voluntary involvement of the core team and contributions in kind (space and administrative resources) from partners. jaevion@j-yan." Jaevion Nelson. authority. Without this we would not have been able to represent fully the concerns and needs of the young people we serve. …We learned to appreciate and respect deadlines. "We learn the value of gaining respect from our adult partners by informing ourselves and documenting our experiences.
those perceived to be junior or inferior in status. organisational learning and for sound management. Young people's contributions often outweigh the financial implications. It can be effective to hold training sessions with adults and young people together in order to simplify and clarify M&E terminology and to build the adult-youth partnerships.27 Sample indicators (by thematic area) to be disaggregated by sex. training and supporting young people who are the target of a programme to take a lead in monitoring and evaluation can produce more accurate data (often youth respond better to youth).26 Initial steps Below are some initial questions you should consider when hiring young evaluators: • Is it appropriate for young people to evaluate this programme/project? • How can you make contact with young evaluators? • Who in your M&E team should they work with? Do they need any training on working with young people? • Are you collecting evidence on the benefits of youth participation? We now turn to some indicators for the three thematic areas of this guide.e. and other relevant indicators of exclusion where appropriate Governance. encouragement and advocacy for the continued development of international youth development indicators and a set of targets on key areas for youth development: see the Commonwealth/UN DESA case study 18.23 Defining monitoring and evaluation Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) are integral and distinct parts of strategy and implementation. 2.. • Diversity and representativeness of youth council/ parliament membership. which can foster discussion and collaboration. 2. 2. voice and accountability • Budget allocated to national youth council. no less than adults. for example. "Participation of young people in evaluations may lead to issues being identified which might otherwise be overlooked. children and young people identified stigma and sexual abuse as major issues. For example. i. promoting community support and engagement." Family Health International 2. Young people can be engaged in a variety of ways including designing indicators and methodology. They offer an initial overview of the key areas to track in relation to youth development in the given sector. It is therefore important to emphasise/introduce the skills that a young evaluator can bring.24 Added value of working with youth • Involving.25 The barriers and how to overcome them Initially. will probably lack technical M&E skills. 71 . • Youth membership of other voluntary civil society organisations. age. They are critical tools for forward-looking strategic positioning. young people. • If they come from the target community. young people can be important communicators. the ability to reach out to other peers and use of local languages that can help minimise social barriers. monitoring and assessing interventions: see case studies 19 and 20. • Employing young people and supporting them in roles as volunteers or interns can be cost effective. report writing and participating in review processes. 2) Direct engagement working with young evaluators. Some stakeholders will be sensitive about discussing faults or failures with young people. in the evaluation of the Families Orphans and Children Under Stress (FOCUS) programme in Zimbabwe. data gathering. In terms of M&E with and for youth there are two key areas to focus on: 1) Donor agencies' support.Monitoring and evaluation 2.
income.equip123. 4 See http://www.net/docs/e3-LivelihoodsGuide.56 • Improved accountability mechanisms (internal and external) such as complaints mechanisms and feedback on how ideas have been used. • Enhanced civil society engagement (including reduced crime and violence or a decrease in extremism). 2.28 Case studies in this section We now turn to three case studies demonstrating youth participation in M&E: • The development of country-level indicators to measure youth development (case study 18). • Improved health (including decreases in sexuallytransmitted infections and substance abuse). 56 57 Indicators are adapted from Commonwealth PAYE p. • Condom use rate of the contraceptive prevalence rate increased. • HIV prevalence among pregnant women aged 15 to 24 decreased. employment/selfemployment (including socially excluded groups). • Programmatic monitoring by young people themselves (case studies 19 and 20).57 Sexual and reproductive health and rights In relation to MDG 5 and 6: Maternal mortality and reproductive health. • Contraceptive prevalence rate increased. • Youth voter registration and participation in the electoral process. key indicators include: • Reduction in the maternal mortality ratio and a decrease in adolescent birth rates. • Increased investments in continuing education by young people and their families.pdf 72 . • Improvements in the sustainability of new or existing economic activities. • Percentage of population aged 15 to 24 with comprehensive correct knowledge of HIV/AIDS increased. malaria and other diseases.Photo © Students Partnership Worldwide Valuing young people's contributions • Seats for youth on decision-making bodies (such as committees and councils). Post-conflict transitions and livelihoods • Improved skills. combating HIV/AIDs. • Improved social and economic opportunities for young women (which is linked to later marriages and increased personal agency).
Problems addressed • There is a lack of systematic countrylevel indicators for youth. test and review different approaches to youth development. a number of organisations had revisited and reaffirmed their commitment. • It is anticipated that by 2012. The PAYE underpins the work of the Commonwealth Youth Programme (CYP). Process • The Commonwealth youth ministers meeting in 2008 endorsed the concept. • Sharpening advocacy for youth development. A number of Commonwealth youth ministers called for a youth development indicators tool for: • Setting targets and measuring progress (including progress on the PAYE). Young people are members of the technical advisory committee and will be part of the expert panel. • By February 2009. and decision making about allocating scarce resources. • CYP. • High-level discussions on youth development indicators were part of the 47th UN Commission on Social Development. the economy and service delivery in all sectors. UN Dept Statistics and UN Latin America made recommendations on next steps. • Governments were initially cautious about measuring progress in youth development. • To define broad. social empowerment and economic empowerment. Objectives • To formulate. and is offered as a model strategic plan for ministries of youth. achievable. but also calls for mainstreaming across departments. Youth as partners Youth development indicators are intended to employ participatory as well as statistical approaches. UNDESA. four Commonwealth countries will have piloted revised indicators. SRHR 58 The Human Development Index has been a foundational basis for PAYE. 73 .58 • Assisting youth mainstreaming within each country. measurable. however a simple international ranking index is not the objective of the Commonwealth Youth Development Indicators. The Commonwealth Plan of Action for Youth Empowerment 2007-2015 (PAYE) and the World Programme of Action for Youth (WPAY) are framework documents that provide ways forward. social and political spheres. • UNWPAY goals and targets were proposed in October 2008. realistic and timebound objectives is a global problem affecting the vast majority of youth plans and programmes. Indicators will focus on three key areas: political empowerment. Youth as beneficiaries Youth development indicators are intended to impact governance. ILO. The PAYE contains rudimentary universal indicators (integrated with the millennium development goals) and is intended to complement M&E frameworks developed at national and regional levels. CYP and a number of UN system agencies are collaborating on next steps. inclusive indicators for monitoring and measuring youth development in the economic.Case Study 18: Country level indicators (Commonwealth/UN) Lack of age-aggregated data and specific.
• M&E at national level should be combined with efforts to mainstream youth. Barbados. There have been public launches in a number of countries including Anguilla. Papua New Guinea. Vanuatu and Cook Islands. as stand-alone ministries lack power and resources.Results Development of the indicators is at an early stage.org/case-study/countrylevel-indicators Overleaf: Example indicators from the Commonwealth Plan of Action for Youth Empowerment (PAYE) UNDESA on Youth Development Indicators. • CYP has used PAYE as the basis of national youth policy development (a majority of Commonwealth countries) and subsequent action planning. http://www. For further information contact: Commonwealth Youth Programme. • Gaps in technical understanding and guiding philosophy (paradigms) as well as resources. have often been followed by failures not only in M&E.thecommonwealth. Lessons learned • Successes in national youth policy formulation. and focus and prioritisation of indicators. Potential challenges • Cultural differences in defining youth demographic. however: • PAYE has been endorsed by all 53 Commonwealth countries. • Malaysia and Brazil (with UNESCO support) have developed national level M&E frameworks. Solomon Islands. • WPAY has guided national youth policies (most recently Cambodia's) and regional initiatives such as the African Youth Charter and the IberoAmerican Youth Convention. including participatory processes. Youth has also been mainstreamed into the M&E framework for all Commonwealth Secretariat technical assistance. Guyana. Tonga. Photo © Nia Lole Commonwealth Youth Forum 7 74 .org/subho mepage/152816/ Related resources: http://ygproject.
but are not to be followed blindly. • People of all backgrounds and in all circumstances deserve the respect and understanding of others. teenage pregnancy and suicide. and b) beneficiaries: • Youth membership of electoral commissions: • Ratification status of human rights instruments." Adapted from Commonwealth PAYE 75 . • Change is a constant and must be faced with hope and creativity. • Numbers of people receiving entrepreneurship training as part of their formal education. communication skills and other). information and skills. • Increase the percentage of young women and men in formal and nonformal employment by 2015. and a positive value system. iii) a stable environment of equality. 59 • Numbers of families benefiting from training (counselling. • Decrease in HIV prevalence amongst youth demographic. ii) political will. • Human rights are to be respected. adequate resource allocation and supportive legal and administrative frameworks. ". • All sectors/ministries to allocate at least 25% of their total annual budget in support of youth development mainstreaming. • Numbers of young people involved in governance. democracy and human rights education as a) educators. Political indicators • Human rights as part of school curricula and youth development training. peace and democracy. A value system is demonstrated. • Consensus can be reached through dialogue and debate.. • Numbers of young people receiving micro-credit. civil society. Social indicators • Percentage increase in social sector allocations and spending for young people. rather than at the direction of others. • Numbers of young people undergoing apprenticeships or vocational/business skills training. • All governments to enact pro-youth employment policies and incentives by 2010. By their actions. and iv) access to knowledge. by actions.. These enabling conditions fall into four broad categories: i) an economic and social base. The paradigm: empowerment Commonwealth youth ministers and heads of government have endorsed the view that: "Empowering young people means creating and supporting the enabling conditions under which young people can act on their own behalf and on their own terms. substance abuse. • Percentage decreases in incidence of youth crime. • Violence is not the way to resolve conflicts. • Traditions are often things of value. media and education need to demonstrate that: • All young women and men have grounds for self-worth.A positive value system cannot be simply taught as if it were another kind of information.Resource: Example indicators from Youth Development Index59 Economic indicators • Reduce by half the proportion of people living on less than a dollar a day. youth leaders and other role models in government.
Photo © Nia Lole Reaching out to youth 76 .
Youth as partners Young people are given the skills to conduct a range of monitoring and evaluation activities. • Trainees practice the tools by evaluating the training itself. • Implementing behavioral surveillance surveys and youth knowledge. with participants disaggregated by age. • Staff visit the field to: • Give young people feedback on the quality of their M&E. as well as building transferable skills and ensuring that young people's input to decision-making is informed and consistent. • Young people take part in the annual programme evaluations. participant lists and monthly progress reports.or out-ofschool status. • Monitoring the programme in the field – which involves them keeping daily logs of all activities. activity/event reporting forms. • To use M&E data during the course of the programme to improve programme delivery. Problems addressed: • How to support and train young people to take ownership of and successfully implement M&E activities in programmes that involve them. group-based training on: • What M&E is and its purpose in development programmes. demonstration and replication records. Youth as leaders Young evaluators help develop indicators and write final reports and recommendations. Uganda) Youth-led monitoring and evaluation (M&E) facilitates the design of realistic and practical tools. livelihoods and conflict resolution with their peers in schools and communities. • Support data analysis and feed learning back into programme delivery. • Evaluation tools: focus group discussions. knowledge assessments (particularly on SRHR and livelihoods) and surveys. Objectives • To provide young people with skills and support in both quantitative and qualitative research methods. The Youth Empowerment Programme (YEP)60 has young people leading fieldbased M&E as part of their activities on sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR). Results • Monitoring data has enabled programmes to prioritise who target beneficiaries should be. gender and in. • Youth engagement in all aspects of programming and encouraging youthled analysis.Case Study 19: Youth empowerment programme (NAC. POST-CONFLICT TRANSITIONS SRHR 60 2010-2012 funding from DFID-CSCF 77 . • Young people go to the field and are responsible for: • Pre-testing and contributing to the design of M&E tools. • Monitoring tools: daily log sheets and books. attitudes and practice surveys. Process GOVERNANCE • Interactive. life skills checklists. Their experiences were discussed and recorded during a youth guidance project workshop in Uganda.
young women may need to ask permission of male relatives to take part. • More user-friendly data collection methods. Potential challenges • Achieving gender balance for focus group discussions in M&E data collection. especially in the local language when phrases are not easily translated. http://www. customise training based on target groups. e. Volunteers must be thoroughly trained about cultural norms. • Standardised training across the country is not always suitable. format and guidelines. such as males asking sensitive SRHR questions of females. • Training should be skills-oriented. sensitivity and confidentiality. YEP/SPW Uganda Lessons learned • Length of training needs to be increased to a minimum of two weeks.spw." Natalie Newell.g. • Improvements to the behaviour surveillance survey questions. influence and agency within the YEP. • Young people made refinements to tools.• Young people have increased voice. • Volunteers deviating from agreed methods. such as: • Rephrasing of questions. and therefore periodic training is vital. Young people are an untapped resource primarily perceived as only the target of programme interventions instead of being effective in the implementation of a programme and its monitoring and evaluation. after 5pm is often best for students. M&E co-ordinator.org Related resources: http://ygproject. • On-the-job training empowers most. "M&E enables young people to experience firsthand the issues affecting development and the impact of development interventions in order to learn best practices to further instigate change within their communities and country and to develop vital skills for their professional development. • Schedule training for particular interest groups.. practical and conducted in local languages. For further information contact: SPW Uganda.org/case-study/youthempowerment SPW Uganda's M&E Training for Young People SPW Uganda M&E Guidelines/information pack for young people The Sharing and Learning Network discussion in Uganda on M&E Photo © Yarri Gaining vital skills for the future 78 .
Results "Before we never heard about outcome and impact level (results). conducted and reported on by a youth-led organisation. • General M&E findings: • The project was found to have an impact on discussion. which strives to involve young people as equal partners in all aspects of project planning. Nepal) In accordance with UNESCO's strategy of action with and for youth. parents and others) and observations (on hygiene. whereby focus group discussions (using random sample techniques). energy use. individual interviews (with adolescents. Objectives • To contribute to the capacity-building of youth organisations active in social development. • Eighteen village development committees were visited for M&E activities. • Orientation of young evaluators. health. The evaluation was designed. implementation and evaluation. including trafficking and gender-based violence in Nepal. However. Youth as leaders M&E led by a youth organisation: Youth Initiative. SRHR 79 . Nepal and Pakistan. • To contribute to mid-term evaluation of adolescents' empowerment project. broader SRHR knowledge was lacking. the Section for Youth collaborated with Youth Initiative to monitor and evaluate a pilot on 'Breaking the poverty cycle of women' in two districts of Nepal.000 boys involved in the project were affected by the evaluation findings. Peer-group monitoring and evaluation was expected to generate a better reflective mechanism to evaluate progress from the recipients' viewpoint and to contribute to the capacity-building of youth organisations active in social development. Now we would like to focus on outcome and impact level. Process • Youth Initiative selected to carry out M&E at an early stage of the whole project. including lessons learned from previous cycle. implementation and evaluation. India. • M&E training and discussion. nutrition). Youth as beneficiaries One thousand and fifty adolescent girls (10 to 19 years) and 1." Young evaluator • Skills and knowledge of young evaluators. • Lack of awareness on violations of adolescents' rights. transport.Case Study 20: Measuring adolescent empowerment (UNESCO. • Greater understanding of literacy and life skills for poor and excluded ethnic groups is needed in Nepal. • To involve young people as equal partners in all aspects of project planning. Problems addressed • Lack of outreach by peers during M&E data collection. including community learning centres. Eight adolescents (four boys and four girls) acted as peer evaluators. decisionmaking and volunteering on HIV/AIDS and public health issues (fire risks. • Comparisons were made between adolescents within and outside the project. sanitation. Youth Initiative was responsible for carrying out the M&E which was simultaneously conducted in Bangladesh. use of public space etc) were conducted.
• Legal literacy (rights) classes were popular with adolescent girls. Potential challenges • Seasonal weather patterns (in this case. A large number of active respondents fell outside the planned age-range. • Providing incentives for young beneficiaries or survey respondents is vital.org/casestudy/measuring-empowerment Questions for community interviews Final report from Youth Initiative Photo © Students Partnership Worldwide Exploring gender dynamics in Nepal 80 . so providing logistical support (bicycles in this case) is crucial. For further information contact: firstname.lastname@example.com. such as offering refreshments. • Findings supported recommendations to target illiterate out-of-school youth.org. the rainy season of June to August) can disrupt data collection. Lessons learned • Young evaluators can uncover new issues. • It is important to ensure there are minimal gaps between evaluation cycles.org. • Shy or uninterested respondents. and were 20 to 25 years old. but few were aware of legal advice services. • Facilitators may have access problems in remote rural localities. such as the need for establishing separate classes for newer and older project participants. • Overall quality of the programme depended on facilitators' levels of motivation.np Related resources: http://ygproject. especially given their inadequate salary. • Fear of open exchange of views due to conflict (in this case Nepalese-Maoist insurgency). and produce more practically oriented and attractive materials.np or see www.
Essential elements that donor agencies should consider include: • Institutionalising youth participation policies. • Introducing a youth assets perspective to the work of all relevant bodies. Part One provided the rationale and benefits of youth participation and Part Two shared a range of promising practice for working with youth. • Engaging with youth on strategic national planning. and • Building the body of knowledge on youth affairs. process standards: commitments to follow an approach based on youth as assets. • Systematically monitoring and reporting progress made in youth development. Part Three outlines two key steps to getting started with youth mainstreaming: conducting a youth audit and including youth in country planning.PART 3: Getting started with mainstreaming youth participation 3. Fostering youth-adult partnerships 81 Photo © Students Partnership Worldwide . This guide has been produced in the context of a growing recognition of the need to make the needs and experiences of socially excluded youth an integral dimension of development processes. • Developing indicators for monitoring and measuring work with youth. In order to systematically pursue this type of youth participation through a process of youth mainstreaming. In the youth context this means: • Allocating a proportion of all relevant budgets to youth development. This can be achieved by institutionalising youth policy and programming across all levels of development strategy. donor agencies may wish to consider developing comprehensive. Alongside the provision of quality standards. • Supporting youth to directly implement development initiatives.1 Introduction Part Three aims to enable donor agencies to get started with youth mainstreaming in their organisation. • Setting up appropriate mechanisms for youth participation in policy-making.
• Cumulative in that more ambitious. and a separate set of standards have been developed for each of the four operational areas: We now turn to the quality standards for work in each of the four key operational areas: organisational development. implementation. Quality standards are: • Outcomes which the donor agencies (either directly or through delivery partners) can use for quality control purposes.2 Introduction to the quality standards The quality standards provide a foundation for youth in development. political and cultural contexts. partners and leaders in each of these areas (see Table 7). systems and processes. Young people can be beneficiaries. The quality standards will require adaptation in different social. there will be a process of further research. Defined as: • What support is appropriate to youth-initiated and directed interventions. scale.. • Strategies are activity-focused. Donor agencies can use the supporting strategies to help put in place the different standards. • Opening up a space for youth-led decision-making (delegation) within existing structures. • Youth as partners implies mutual co-operation and responsibility. Standards are indicators of quality and interventions may not manage to meet all of them. Defined as: • What is appropriate to collaborative interventions. consultation. preparing the ground for working with them as partners. policy and planning. field-testing and review. They therefore act as a starting point for donor agencies to develop their own approach to youth policy and strategy. Table 7: Explanation of the standards table format Working for youth as beneficiaries Defined as the basics of a good intervention for young people: • Explicitly focusing on youth issues through documentation. and monitoring and evaluation. country context. and where appropriate references are made to particular case studies in the guide. they are things that donor agencies can do directly in support of the desired outcomes. • Not exhaustive. Engaging with youth as partners Supporting youth as leaders Supporting strategies These are the practical ways or methods on the ground that can be adopted to pursue the above quality standards. • Young people generally need experience working at this level before progressing to becoming leaders (if appropriate) – a progression which not all will want to or be able to make.The quality standards 3. The quality standards overleaf are structured according to the three-lens approach to youth participation. They were developed by drawing out lessons learnt from the case studies and consultation with a range of civil society organisations. as survey respondents. 82 . The Hear by Right Framework (developed in the UK) would be a solid platform from which to develop an extensive and comprehensive standards framework. Alongside replicating the case studies. • Youth as beneficiaries implies they are a target group and are adequately informed e. economic. this is the logical next step in terms of use and uptake of the guide. They provide initial essential elements to consider when getting started or improving work with youth. • Strategies draw on the case studies and reference them. and the views of participating young people and their communities. higher level standards assume that more basic ones are met. They have been developed with the expectation that when used. It will always be crucial to involve young people in this process. where young people are fully consulted and informed. as the process will necessarily vary with sector.g.
including a dedicated staff focal point. 17).8 Youth-initiated processes (such as peer recruitment onto boards) are supported through mentoring. 3. Selection is based on competitive processes or democratic election by peers where appropriate. training) are dedicated for youth and older staff to share decisions on an ongoing basis (e. • Establish review mechanisms for youth fellows and action plans: provide staff training and mentoring for fellows (case study 3). 5). 5. commitment. 1. • Engage existing youth/civil society structures (e. QUALITY STANDARDS 1. • Select competent. Working for youth as beneficiaries (Target group) 1. which young people are consulted on. Engaging with youth as partners (Collaborators) Supporting youth as leaders (Youth-initiators) Supporting strategies • Conduct internal advocacy (case study 2) with colleagues (for example 'brown bag' lunches – informal information sharing) on promoting integrating youth within the organisation.7 Young people participate and influence HR (recruitment. 1. (Provisions for under-18s conform to the CRC). national youth commission/councils) before creating any new ones (case studies 4. It relates to preparing for working with young people and making the first steps towards youth mainstreaming. and/or committed and enthusiastic fellows/interns or youth board members (case studies 3. 1. • Use a participatory approach (see case studies 6. 1.g.1 Performance and evaluation framework. 8. and 17) internally with staff.g. state or political representatives or private citizens. 1.6 The organisation has its own policy and implementation plan on youth. there is clarity on whether youth are donor agency.4 Organisational development standards and strategies: nine essential elements Organisational development refers to changing internal structures. youth networks and available resources (expertise). civil society. as well as with external stakeholders and beneficiaries. benefits and protections under human resource policies. • Take positive action in interests of gender balance and social diversity (case studies.3. Selection not only based on experience. 7. appraisal) planning and budgeting decisions where appropriate and are shown due respect for their contributions. engaging with youth as partners and supporting youth as leaders. in country assistance planning etc).4 The organisation employs young people and affords them due credit. systems. training. 4.3 Adequate resources are committed to youth (such as for youth fellowships). youth participation on boards. youth work competencies integrated into staff appraisal system as appropriate. 1.9 Youth leaders (networks and individuals) are engaged according to merit (leadership qualities. 16. 83 . ORGANISATIONAL DEVELOPMENT Improving our own structures.5 Resources (finance. and processes to ensure that they include an element of youth participation. budgets and procedures modified. representing others). informed by an internal and external audit. guidance and transparent communication (MoUs: procedures for responding to approaches from youth). • Adopt a mainstreaming approach and lessons learned from the gender sector. 61 CYP and HART Trust have developed a competency framework that has been adopted by a number of Caribbean public service commissions. training others.61 1.2 Staff share a common understanding and awareness of youth issues. 1. systems and processes for working for youth as beneficiaries. 5). policy and programming.
Working for youth as beneficiaries (Target group) 2. 14. • Use the donor agency's convening power to share promising practice between different sectors. If there is a national youth policy check that there is an action plan. 8).8).3. admit mistakes. QUALITY STANDARDS 2.5 Policy and planning standards and strategies: nine essential elements Policy and planning is an important stage for learning and instituting inclusive working practices . 11). there is a rationale for any differentiating of youth from older adults. 13. 9. 17). guardians and young people are briefed on their specific roles and responsibilities (case studies 7. financial resources). and generate options (CYP/UNICEF 2005) 84 . Engaging with youth as partners (Collaborators) Supporting youth as leaders (Youth-initiators) Supporting strategies • Establish what youth policies and structures already exist. Ensure that delivery partners involve young people in the earliest stages of planning. • Establish realistic timeframes (case studies 6. focus on common ground.8 Existing youth structures (national youth councils/parliaments) and their agendas are recognised – youth leaders are engaged on merit (attitude and performance) and youth-initiated processes are supported (see Standards 1.5 There is firm commitment to implementation of the policy/plan (public statements in the media. • Ensure delivery partners. agendas and procedures. • Consider the capacity needs of the youth ministry and raise its profile with other relevant departments (case studies 4.especially (but not only) where it aims to influence youth programmes and services.2 Young people's views and experience (survey data) are part of the evidence-base and values-base for the policy.7 and 1.7 Engagement goes beyond consultation and pre-determined youth issues: young leaders help to determine topics. 2. 2. regional and national decision-making for working for youth as beneficiaries. 62 Clarify perceptions. such as education. 18). POLICY AND PLANNING Moving forward municipal. 2. lines of accountability and conflict resolution principles62 are in place to minimise the risk of intimidation/political reprisals. 2. in support of government's mainstreaming efforts (case study 13).9 Young leaders participate in policy processes across sectors.6 Feedback mechanisms are in place to share what recommendations and views have/have not been adopted and why. 9. achieved via meaningful consultation with young people. 2. including non-discrimination: young women and men as citizens. utilise a range of arts/media to reach a representative sample of young people (case studies 5. including gender and social exclusion analysis. 9) and seek the personal informed consent of all participants including under-18s (case studies 8. resources and mechanisms for it to function through (case studies 6.4 Clear procedures. 2. translators. assets and rights-bearers are an explicit theme in the policy/plan to the same extent as other social groups.3 There is an informed rationale behind the choice of young target groups.1 The policy/plan is consistent with international legal and policy frameworks. health and trade. 18). • Encourage delivery partners to explain the use of log frames/simplified log frames to young people if appropriate (case study 20). the policy/plan does not conflate youth with pre-adolescent children. 2. engaging with youth as partners and supporting youth as leaders. 2.
leaders.1 There is a rationale for the target groups and interventions chosen based on a situation assessment (informed by local needs as well as high-level development targets. 3. • Familiarise donor agencies and delivery partners with relevant (youth) policy and planning: local.4 Young people assist programme delivery through consultation and collaboration with adults who provide direction. 3.2 A risk assessment is carried out (particularly for post-conflict/SRHR issues). analysed. youth-adult partnerships (case studies 6. 13. 11). 3. peer education and other volunteering (case studies 13. steps are taken to avoid potential for conflict with older adults.g. sharing in budgeting decisions). 7. communities.7 Young people lead programme delivery with the appropriate guidance and support they need to fulfil their roles. • Conduct stakeholder analysis (case study 13) and market assessment (case study 11).6 Implementation standards and strategies: nine essential elements Youth have the capacity to directly implement development programmes that can improve their own lives and the lives of others. the initiative has a culturally appropriate values base and informed consent is secured for all stages. 85 . communicated and celebrated. 3. 3.3.3 Resources are allocated in a way which is transparent and accountable to young people and their communities.8 Systems are in place for young leaders to be accountable to peers. Of particular relevance to youth mainstreaming is the development of a set of youth indicators and the potential for young people to be part of/lead specific M&E activities. • Ensure that youth participation is documented. 17). including situation analysis. • Maintain databases of youth-serving organisations. 7. These may be related to specific youth interventions but young people can successfully lead M&E activities in general. 3. 17). policy and planning). this relates particularly to programmes that are aimed specifically at youth but is not limited to them. engaging with youth as partners and supporting youth as leaders. utilise their knowledge and expertise to build a coalition encompassing government. 16. participatory planning and budgeting (case study 16). 14). NGOs and CBOs (case study 14). • Familiarise decision-makers and delivery partners with participatory principles and practice – which includes: youth-adult dialogue (case studies 6. Engaging with youth as partners (Collaborators) Supporting youth as leaders (Youth-initiators) Supporting strategies • Find out who are the participation and youth 'champions'. QUALITY STANDARDS 3.6 Young people are not exploited..9 There are opportunities for young people to participate throughout all aspects of a programme cycle. participatory needs assessments and social mapping (case studies 8. planning and day-to-day management. champions and alumni. national and international. 15. 3.5 Capacity-building is in place for young people to progress from beneficiary to partner roles (e. Youth can play a role in implementing a range of development interventions. Working for youth as beneficiaries (Target group) 3. 3. 3. IMPLEMENTATION Enabling delivery of interventions working for youth as beneficiaries.7 Monitoring and evaluation standards and strategies: nine essential elements Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) are integral and distinct parts of strategy and implementation. delivery partners and donor agencies. the initiative conforms to the decent work agenda. donor agencies.
officials. it is important to consider the following questions before getting started: • Are the problems addressed and the objectives relevant to a donor agency/government and specific to the national and local context? • Key questions to ask of the local context include: • Which youth are excluded? • Does current policy and practice treat them as beneficiaries.8 Young people lead in the analysis and interpretation of evaluation data (supported by adults). and their associated standards and strategies (in Part Three). 20) including log frame analysis.9 Young people train others (peers.g. including as seen by the young people. survey methods.4 Reviews are formally committed to incorporate young people's feedback. including review. • Train young people in how to confidently talk to the media. online fora etc. group and individual self-awareness (case studies 7.5 Young people have an opportunity to reflect and learn at all critical points of the M&E process. selecting indicators. 4. 8). • Ensure ongoing informal M&E through action-learning. • Train staff and young people in reporting: narrative. and telling the story in a range of media). MONITORING AND EVALUATION Checking our progress on working for youth as beneficiaries. external evaluators and other stakeholders (case studies 7. communities) in formal/informal M&E methodologies. 19. • Establish structures for tracking e. 4. 4. fundamental interests and human rights? • How can the process be adapted to suit existing country-level partnerships? • Would such an intervention necessitate new partnerships? • To what extent did the initiative satisfy the standards for youth as beneficiaries. respondent confidentiality. partners or leaders? • What potential opportunities are there from beneficiary to partner? From partner to leader? • For each lens..1 Existing M&E processes are built on to ensure long-term tracking of beneficiaries. which approach is appropriate to these young people's evolving capacities. engaging with youth as partners and supporting youth as leaders. 3. Working for youth as beneficiaries (Target Group) 4. photography/video/radio etc (case study 15). 4.3 Indicators monitor quality of facilitation and quality of young people's experience (process) as well as outcomes and impact. 4.g. 'alumni' networks. • Train young people in M&E (case studies 4. 4.QUALITY STANDARDS 4. age and other relevant factors to capture social exclusion. 17). 4.8 Replicating the case studies – questions to consider Now that you are familiar with the case studies and their associated approaches (in Part Two). what could have been done (or should be done in the future) to promote them to the level of partners or leaders? 86 . • Build evaluations and reviews into public events such as festivals. and derive from policy..2 Project design is flexible to incorporate informal feedback from beneficiaries.6 Participants are trained to fully understand their M&E roles (e. partners and leaders? • Was the scale appropriate? • Was there a suitable ratio of partners/leaders to beneficiaries? • If young people featured only as beneficiaries. are disaggregated by sex. Engaging with youth as partners (Collaborators) Supporting youth as leaders (Youth-initiators) Supporting strategies • Ensure that indicators include survey of young people's views. situation analysis and planning.7 Young people compile and present independent evaluation reports in a range of creative media. 4. data collection.
monitoring and review procedures? How and to what effect? • Are programmes being implemented to ensure youth get a fair share of benefits and are barriers being addressed? • Is the organisation. and secondly. and are staff held to account for any youth equality policy commitments. This framework is further elaborated upon in the DFID 'Gender and Social Exclusion Analysis' (GSEA) 2008. which provides one model for asking the right questions64 of our own organisations: see Box 5 below. donor agencies are advised to conduct a youth audit. this will enable an assessment of the current status of work with youth. setting up strategy and addressing gaps in internal systems. and use that learning to inform future interventions? Programming and accountability • Is attention to youth issues included in routine systems and procedures: situation analysis. to screen concept notes (seeking funding). Box 5: Questions for a youth audit Policy and action plans • Is there a youth policy? When was it developed? Who was involved in its formulation? What are the arrangements for implementation and monitoring? • To what extent are youth issues considered in other key policies? What are the arrangements for implementation and monitoring? To what extent have policy review and evaluation processes considered impact on women and men? Leadership • What is the attitude of senior management staff to youth issues? Who does the management consult with about youth issues? • Which external organisations and people have an influence on the organisation? Do they take youth issues seriously? • What are the decision-making bodies? What role do youth and older adults play in decision-making? Capacity Youth focal staff/youth champions Is there a designated youth unit/staff member? Since when? What do they do? With what resources? How effectively? All staff What responsibility do staff have for youth equality issues? What training have they received? Have staff been issued with guidelines on youth mainstreaming? What is their level of knowledge and skill? Is sensitivity to youth issues included in job descriptions/assessed at interview/monitored at appraisals? Organisation Does the organisation have capacity to learn from past and current activities. One such example is the Department for International Development (DFID) gender manual. and political appraisal): • Do partners see the organisation as committed to and skilled in youth issues? • Does the organisation learn from partners and support partners to promote rights of youth? 63 64 Such as UNESCO's Gender Mainstreaming Implementation Framework (GMIF) 2003 These questions are adapted from DFID 'Gender Manual – A Practical Guide' (2008). planning.Initial steps 3. consultation. assessing a funding application. They have been developed as a tool which can be used on an ongoing basis by donor agencies and policy advisors when they are engaging in or implementing a range of activities: developing a new programme. p.9 Youth audit The quality standards will support donor agencies to mainstream youth throughout their organisation and their activities. This focuses on three spheres of peole's lives: society. state and the market. In taking a first step towards youth mainstreaming and using the quality standards. Who by and how? Partnerships (as part of stakeholder analysis. social appraisal. 87 . The audit questions below can be used in two key ways: firstly. 27. budgeting. Also look at case study 2 for an example of when United Nations Population Fund (UNDP) conducted a comprehensive youth audit. implementation. they can be incorporated into social appraisal mechanisms (or pro poor checklists) as practical ways to institutionalise youth mainstreaming. All donor agencies now possess some form of gender analysis/framework63 that is guiding and improving the quality of social inclusion in all aspects of their work. recruitment/contracting.
DFID How To Note. Please send any questions. Other Fig 6: DFID Country Planning Framework65 Youth audit. management frameworks and communications strategies. enquiries or additional information regarding the standards and the case studies (including lessons learnt from replication) to http://blog. youth participation pilots – replicating the case studies based on screening of youth-friendly proposals Supporting analyses elements of mainstreaming youth within country planning include changing results frameworks.3.11 Feedback mechanisms We are continually working to update this guide and welcome submissions from young people. and should be built into organisational structures (see Figure 6 below). practitioners. Most donor agencies will have their own format for country planning. This is intended as a checklist from which to continually review progress from. national Management framework Business plan Youth marketing and advocacy Communications strategy There are two case studies where organisations describe national strategy development processes relevant to country planning. Conducting a youth audit and mainstreaming youth in the country plan will provide a sound foundation from which to continue building and enhancing work with youth.ygproject. academics and others working in this area. The quality standards framework can be used on an ongoing basis to inform work with youth in different operational areas. corporate youth policy. November 2008 88 . here we have used a DFID example. Youth situation analysis (may form part of a Social appraisal/ gender and social exclusion analysis) Fiduciary risk assessment Framing paper Issues and choices submission Country governance analysis Age-disaggregated data Statistical data Statistical annex Country plan document Results framework Youth policies and action plans: international. 65 Adapted from: Preparing a Country Plan. and adapted it to include youth mainstreaming.10 Mainstreaming youth within country planning Very few donor agencies at present would be in a position to answer positively to all or many of the questions posed in Box 5.org/. 3. see case study 6 for practice sharing on UNDP's experience of developing a national youth policy in Bahrain and case study 9 for DFID's experiences relating to the development of Uganda's national development plan.
integrating youth at sub-national levels.g. national. and sound management and governance (mainstreaming). They are the bridge between effective policy and valuable practical action on the ground. not simply viewing them as lacking capabilities or being deprived by circumstances.. e. at local. and that they collectively can be an asset to development. Therefore whatever the thematic focus or operational area the key is always understanding local context.. Despite all the promising practice documented in the guide. It is in this way that a focus on youth can become truly selfsustaining. These core principles are crucial at all levels of: political strategy (building state capacity. as well as socio-economically ranging from influential elites to the poor. not because international bodies argue for it.. • Implementation. Technical Division. Social exclusion has been presented as a cross-cutting theme throughout this guide. UNFPA 2005 89 . exploited and excluded. e. and the youth sector can learn from gender in terms of appropriate approaches for reaching out to excluded members of communities. few partnerships are systematically involving young people at all these stages. A commitment to tackling the injustice of ignoring young people in development will yield results.g. reducing health risks and advancing livelihood opportunities. youth mainstreaming is understood as working with and for youth in four key areas: • Organisational development. e. in country planning and in public policy. aspirations. levels of emotional and cognitive maturity. regional and international levels. • Policy and planning.g.Conclusion Genuine participation gives … 'young people the power to shape both the process and the outcome' UNICEF/Lansdown. formulating youth policy at an institutional level. Youth are diverse in terms of: age. including in relation to gender dynamics. documenting thoroughly. using the quality standards. understanding inequalities and power relationships is crucial. Reinforcing inequalities by targeting youth leaders from well-known visible groups alone must be avoided. social group and individual young person is unique and ever-changing. e.' Mari Simonen. gender.. The strategies. good practice etc). Here. programmatic development (achieving standards. applying the principles and lessons learnt to modify existing initiatives or to start new pilots. • Monitoring & evaluating. and developing them into comprehensive process standards. and if engaged they will improve many of the structural development challenges that we face today. Director. 2004 The foundation for this guide is viewing youth as assets: as partners and leaders in development. It is vital to acknowledge that every age cohort. and thus excelling.e. An asset approach is based on recognising that young people have assets i. approaches and frameworks contained in this guide are a place to start rather than blue-prints. as well. Like all other areas of development. partnering with other agencies etc). 'Once a national focus on youth begins to show results — in poverty reduction and in other areas — a 'virtuous circle' is created whereby other countries will begin investing in youth. Central to this approach is a belief in core principles: • Recognising young people's agency and dynamism and advocating for it • Building youth-adult partnerships and understanding local attitudes towards youth • Prioritising excluded youth. Flexibility and creativity are prerequisites for working with young people.g. but because countries see it is in their own self-interest.. Young people are the foundations for effective development. including: enhancing the cohesion of families and communities.
donors. By early January. with Students Partnership Worldwide acting as the lead co-ordinating organisation. donors. youth. Peace Child international (PCI). GTZ. Commonwealth Youth Exchange Council (CYEC). "I thought the uniqueness and importance of the project was the way in which young people were involved. British Youth Council (BYC). NZ Aid Project led by Students Partnership Worldwide (SPW) on behalf of DFID-CSO Working Group on Youth UK Project Committee (7) involving: Plan International. DFID Methodology in producing the guide The participatory process of producing this guide began in November 2009 (although the seeds of the project go back to 2007 and the DFID Mapping Study). UNFPA. World Bank. resources and case-studies from HQs of UNICEF. SPW. three part-time UK-based youth participation officers (in their late teens and early 20s) were recruited to assist on desk-based research relating to each of the three thematic areas.Appendix 1: The process of producing this guide This appendix gives an overview of how young people contributed to producing the guide and is aimed at equipping personnel who are keen to partner with young people in conducting sharing and learning networks or in producing guidance materials. Photo © Students Partnership Worldwide SLN at UNFPA Nepal Funded by DFID Equity & Rights Team (London). It serves as a model that can be replicated. Full-time YPOs were also recruited to run the sharing and learning network sessions (SLNs) in Uganda and Nepal (see the diagram below). CSOs 90 . In November a project manager (aged 27) was hired as a consultant to lead on the project for the DFID-CSO Working Group. CSOs Uganda team: SPW Director and Ugandan Youth Participation Officer UK team: Project Manager 3 P/t Youth Participation Officers P/t consultants Nepal team: SPW Director and Nepali Youth Participation Officer Supported by informal Review and Support Team (UNFPA/DFID) Supported by informal Review and Support Team (UNFPA/DFID) Piloting of SLNs: reps of: gov. Save the Children and International Alert Piloting of SLNs: reps of: gov. youth. guided by a DFID consultant Support." Social development advisor. UNICEF.
These platforms for open discussion. as well as key/missing areas required for the guide. Uganda 91 Photo © Students Partnership Worldwide . From July to November 2009 four SLNs were piloted in both Uganda and Nepal. These were topics which were of interest to the pilot countries. The sharing and learning networks (SLNs) in Uganda and Nepal The aim was to gather key learning on: youth exclusion. and youth led research and M&E. After a review in May 2009. review of draft with key partners (seven months) Evaluation of the process of producing the guide (two weeks) Revision of guide. • Leading on and sourcing a keynote presentation from an organisation that has experience on the thematic issue for discussion. youth and unemployment. • Leading on timely regular communication and information sharing by: hiring of an independent young rapporteur to record proceedings and posting the workshop report on the project blog. SLN at World Bank. design and online version (three months) Launch and dissemination (two months) Sourcing materials and information for the guide The three UK youth participation officers collected a series of case studies and resources through desk-based research which are featured in Part two of the guide (this was done in partnership with the project manager). it was decided that the original desk-based sourcing of resources was insufficient for providing the necessary reflection and depth of analysis required for each case study. youth and peer education. The national youth participation officers (YPOs) were responsible for: • Participating as partners in one to one meetings with the donor agencies and CSOs prior to the event to ensure participation.The process took 18 months: Phase one: Phase two: Phase three: Phase four: Phase five: Phase six: Conceptual scoping and outreach to partners (three months) Development of the draft guide (three months) Implementation of pilot SLNs. further development of guide. An active-learning approach was therefore adopted in each of the two pilot countries – Uganda and Nepal – which enabled a contemporary sourcing of resources through a workshop format based on the 'communities of practice' concept. collaboration and reflection by key CSOs and donor agencies in each country were a first in both countries.
open and reflexive. Often began with a key note presentation followed by small group discussions." DFID social development advisor "The SLN has been able to identify key topics that are pertinent to youth.ygproject. and concluded with a plenary.The SLN workshop format • Co-facilitated by YPOs. This project provides a good example of including young people in processes which can persuade other colleagues to do so. For more details see SLN reports on the website: http://blog. and it has tried to find solutions to the challenges. in particular discussing challenges and solutions. it is often hard to translate theory into practice.org/ • Sessions aimed to be inclusive. • Focused on experience-based learning that the participants encountered during their work on the respective topic. "I have been impressed by the dynamism of the young people involved in the project." World Bank Uganda Photo © Students Partnership Worldwide Mariam at UNICEF Uganda: donor engagement 92 .
. but more as a working group than a learning network. • A follow-up focus group discussion was held in the UK in January 2010. It's a fresh approach. an added bonus of the SLNs has been cases of donor agencies taking the lessons learned back to their organisations. • Managing demands made of the project: ensuring objectives are clear (by use of matrix/log frames where appropriate) and ensuring continual review processes in order to maintain expectations. weekly targets) for long distance management is highly valuable. • Encouraged donor agencies to appoint a youth focal point among their staff who can attend SLN meetings regularly to aid continuity. Shifting the focus of the SLNs to directly providing technical advice and input to donor agencies This could include developing donor agencies' strategies and capacity for youth participation (e. • Consult relevant organisations on the format and topics to get their buy-in." Project committee member This project has made a conscious effort to engage wider youth networks. CSOs and donor agencies would otherwise not have had the opportunity to share experiences. the group recommended exploring the possibility of supporting animated presentations or use of other multimedia to present information in the guide. Engagement of wider youth networks "I get bored with adults talking about youth participation …Youth can tell you so much more on why it is important to include them in three lines. It especially helped us take stock of who was doing what. with support from the Uganda and Nepal teams. This has been achieved by: • Conducting focus group discussions in January 2009 with young people from ten UK youth-focused networks. informed and engaged in discussion. the benefits have extended beyond the session and this is where a visible impact can be seen. our youth participation officers.g. particularly in terms of using and implementing the guide. Concentrating on future implementation of the guide. but there are further steps that need to be taken. • Ensuring YPO aims and learning are documented throughout the process as part of personnel management practices. It will be important to clearly define the role of each member. The working group could be chaired on a quarterly rotating basis by donor agencies." UNFPA Nepal "Without the SLN. In both Uganda and Nepal. Lessons learned include: • Managing youth participation officers (YPOs) • Supporting YPOs: use of support forms (focusing on successes. The SLNs have begun a collaborative process of mainstreaming the youth agenda. I was telling SPW that they should continue next year. Replicating the model Through this project young people have steered. and helped to develop that discussion into written guidance. Lessons learned on reproducing the SLNs include: • Engage organisations and donor agencies that are not currently involved in youth issues as well as ones which are.org/2010/01/19/process-evaluation-of-ygp/. These include: Developing the SLNs into formal youth working groups Such a working group will not only ensure sustainability but will also build a platform that will capture best practices on youth development. and not simply focus on working with a small number of talented individuals. supporting dedicated youth staff). The group also recommended translating the guide into local languages as appropriate." (p. However.ygproject. including creating capacity on the website for young reporters to update the guide live online with stories and videos detailing promising practice and learning on replicating case studies."The SLNs were great. Key points they raised in relation to the guide included maintaining youth interest via the project blog. challenges. 93 . 12 Evaluation Report) Tips for replicating the SLNs For the full evaluation report see: http://blog.
• Working with a project committee: ensuring a range of organisations with a breadth of perspectives and interest areas is crucial. Establishing the process for final decision-making will ensure effective time management. youth participation officer. Ensuring a clear delineation of roles and responsibilities through open discussion and review mechanisms is important to minimise any potential tensions between adult and youth perspectives.Photo © Samuel Kavuma Samuel Kavuma." UK YPO 94 .e. "The whole process was a kind of training/capacity building. I can appreciate the process and have seen a broader working group turn into something more specific and tangible. particularly for informing the standards tables created in Part two. and the continuous feedback we received on our work helped. Uganda • Ensuring regular communication with all partners via updates/bulletins made on a monthly basis to help streamline management processes. youth working group] has been unique." National YPO "Being a part of this process from the very beginning [i..
org/case-study/national-youth-policy • Bahrain survey questionnaire (2004) • 'Operations manual for the formulation of the Bahraini National Youth Strategy and Action Plan' • A 2009 profile of Bahrain's youth policy with extensive reference to progress made in executing the youth strategy.org/case-study/allocating-funds • Checklist on how to create a youth advisory group • UN Resolutions on engaging with urban youth • UN-HABITAT Global Campaign on Urban Governance: Youth. http://ygproject. as prepared for the International Association for National Youth Service (IANYS) • UNDESA. Youth fellowships (UNFPA) 4.Appendix 2: List of resources related to the case studies66 Case study 1. children and urban governance. (2004) 'Making commitments matter: a toolkit for young people to evaluate national youth policy' • GTZ (2008) 'Get youth on board' toolkit on youth policies and action plans. http://ygproject. Nepal) 5. Youth audit (UNFPA/UNCT Nepal) 3. Allocating urban youth funds (UN-HABITAT) 6. http://ygproject.org/case-study/young-consultants • Terms of Reference for assessment of youth in Nepal • Save the Children (1999) 'Involving young researchers' • The National Youth Agency UK: Young researcher network • Young advisors in the UK – terms of reference • The YGP SLN discussion in Nepal on research and M&E. 2.org/case-study/youth-fellowships • UNFPA selection and screening process • UNFPA (2007) youth fellowship report • Junior professional positions at the UN http://ygproject. Young consultants (Save the Children/ Ministry of Youth. Advisor field visits (DFID Tanzania) Related resources on the youth guidance project website http://ygproject.org/case-study/advisor-field-visits • Action Aid on immersion trips • Information and research on immersion learning from the International Institute for Environment and Development. Bahrain's National Youth Policy (UNDP) 66 Available on the Youth Guidance Project website 95 .org/case-study/youth-audit • Youth scorecard • Audit questionnaire developed by the Youth Guidance Project • Terms of reference for Nepal UN Youth Advisory Panel members • IPPF (2004) 'Setting the standards for youth participation' • Family Health International's (2005) 'Institutional and assessment planning tool' • The Commonwealth Secretariat (2006) 'Putting youth engagement into practice' http://ygproject.
SRHR peer education (NAC. International Alert. of Brazil) http://ygproject. http://ygproject. (2008) 'Putting young people into poverty reduction strategies'.org/case-study • Operations research toolkit • Frontiers' programme legacy findings • Multisectoral ARH Interventions: The scale-up Process in Kenya and Senegal • UNFPA/EU Reproductive health initiative for Youth in Asia • UNAIDS (2008) 'Toolkit for mainstreaming HIV/AIDS in Education'. http://ygproject. (2003) 'So you want to involve children in research?' http://ygproject. Livelihoods of displaced youth (WRC) 12. 8. (2007) 'Child youth participation resource guide' • Save the Children.Helvetas • The YGP SLN discussion in Uganda • The YGP SLN discussion in Nepal involved DFID.org/case-study/research-social-dialogue • ChoiceWork discussion methodology • Report of the dialogue • Democracy.7. Sierra Leone) 11. USAID.org/case-study/national-development-plan • Mainstreaming youth in the medium term development plan. (UNICEF.org/case-study/srhr-needs-assessment • Full report: SPW Sierra Leone needs assessment • DFID Zimbabwe (2008) 'Youth scoping study' • NZ AID Pacific regional mapping. UNFPA and others and asked: "What lessons do we have to date in Nepal about how to engage youth in improving employment policy and practice?" • GTZ (2008) 'Get youth on board' toolkit on youth employment • International Alert – governance.org/case-study/poverty-reduction-strategy • 'Practical implications of participation in the PRSP Process' Extracted from 'Children and young people participating in PRSP processes – lessons from Save the Children's experience' (2004) • UNFPA. Employment fund. http://ygproject. Senegal) 14. Mainstreaming SRHR in education (USAID. Nepal (DFID/SDC) 13. SRHR needs assessment. http://ygproject. citizenship and youth (2009) • For further information on working with leading research institutions see ODI. Uganda's national development plan (DFID) 10. youth unemployment and post-conflict.org/case-study/peer-education • Formative and vulnerability research that informs campaign strategies targeting young people • Order YEAH 'Men and HIV and AIDS' manual for training peer educators • The YGP SLN discussion in Uganda on SRHR • InterAgency Youth Working Group resources on youth reproductive health and HIV/AIDS. (2003) 'Children and young people: participating in decision-making' • UNICEF. http://ygproject. Uganda) 96 .org/case-study/livelihoods • Women's Refugee Commission's youth resources. http://ygproject. Poverty reduction strategy (Government of Vietnam) 9. Research institutions and social dialogue (Gov. • UNICEF.org/case-study/employment-fund • Rapid market appraisal concept .
Educating new voters.org/case-study/participatory-budgeting • Josh Lerner (Unpublished. http://ygproject. http://ygproject. (Finnish Embassy. Country level Indicators (Commonwealth/UN) 19.org/case-study/youth-empowerment • SPW Uganda M&E guidelines/Information pack for young people • The YGP SLN discussion in Uganda on M&E. Jamaica) 18. Argentina) 17. Launching a youth-led partner (USAID. Argentina' • UN-HABITAT. Daniel Schugurensky. '72 frequently asked questions about participatory budgeting.15. Participatory budgeting (GTZ.org/case-study/educating-new-voters • Alliance for Peace (2008) final report • Search for Common Ground • The YGP SLN discussion in Nepal http://ygproject. Uganda) 20.org/case-study/country-level-indicators • Example indicators from the Commonwealth Plan of Action for Youth Empowerment (PAYE) • UNDESA on youth development indicators. Youth empowerment programme (NAC. Nepal) http://ygproject. 2006) 'Participatory budgeting with youth' • Josh Lerner. Measuring adolescent empowerment (UNESCO.org/case-study/measuring-empowerment • Questions for community interviews • Final report from youth initiative 16.' http://ygproject.org/case-study/youth-led-partner • JYAN advocacy toolkit • 'Youth-led organisations and SRHR' (a step-by-step guide to establishing youth NGOs that goes wider than the SRHR sector) • Inter-American Development Bank • YEN/UNIDO/ILO/UNDP Youth-led development project in West Africa. Nepal) 97 . http://ygproject. 'Learning citizenship and democracy through participatory budgeting: The case of Rosario.
William Finger and Hally Mahler (eds. With HIV now spreading faster among women than among men in some regions. programme managers. 'Youth Participation Guide: Assessment. Maxwell. • Men's participation is a promising strategy for addressing some of the world's most pressing reproductive health problems. discovering the facts about adolescent sexual health. the cooperating agency (CA) community and other partners to identify and implement practical. and evidence-based interventions aimed at improving both the access to and quality of family planning and reproductive health services. planning and implementation'. cost-effective. http://www.htm Marx.infoforhealth. YouthNet and Family Health International in collaboration with Advocates for Youth • The Youth Participation Guide seeks to increase the level of meaningful youth participation in reproductive health (RH) and HIV/AIDS programming at an institutional and programmatic level. Advocates believes it can best serve the field by boldly advocating for a more positive and realistic approach to adolescent sexual health. Number 46 • Provides a compendium of articles on male involvement in SRH. • Publications include information on involving communities to improve programs and policies for youth. • The target audience includes senior and middle management. and youth who may be engaged at all levels of an organisation's work. the AIDS epidemic has focused attention on the health consequences of men's sexual behavior. and educating young people. 98. USAID Missions. Series J.fhi.fhi.org/en/Youth/YouthNet/rhtrainmat/ypguide.org/en/Youth/YouthNet/Publications/index.shtml SRH Youth advocacy Advocates for youth • Champions efforts that help young people make informed and responsible decisions about their reproductive and sexual health.htm Maximising access and quality • Brings together USAID/Washington. involving youth in peer education.maqweb. in-depth reviews of the latest developments in reproductive health for adolescents. • YouthNet's publications range from short research briefs to longer.org/pr/j46/j46print.). http://www.org/publications/advocate/ch . staff involved in implementing activities. http://www. Oct.Appendix 3: Further reading by thematic area SRHR: Service delivery FHI-YouthNet • YouthNet (2001-2006) was a global program to improve reproductive health and prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS among people ten to 24 years old. • Provides information on state-of-the-art methods to maximize access to and quality of FP and other selected RH services. http://www.org RESOURCES: SRHR 98 SRH: Gender New perspective on men's participation. http://www.advocatesforyouth.
non-profit youth organisation guided by the principle of greater and meaningful involvement of people living with HIV (GIPA/MIPA principle) set by the Paris AIDS Summit on 1994. persons living with HIV and other individuals committed to ending the pandemic. and a high-level youth leadership forum. They also discussed the concept of masculinity and how this contributes to sexual activity.youthaidsfilipinasalliance. as well as policy makers.org/ NATIONAL NETWORKS 1st CEBU Youth Assembly on HIV and AIDs. poverty and accountability in Africa . Phillipines • Youth AIDS Filipinas Alliance (YAFA). They discussed sexual behaviour among the young and young wives and mothers. India.aspx?pageId=160 Aids 2031 Young Leaders Summit Aids2031.INTERNATIONAL NETWORKS International AIDS conference • The International AIDS Conference is the premier gathering for those working in the field of HIV. It is a chance to assess where we are.aids2031. • The youth programme aims to strengthen the participation of youth and the profile of youth issues in the conference through activities such as a youth pavilion. the youth opening and reception. http://www. held a 2nd Young Leaders Summit in Oslo 23 to 25 June 2009 to unite young leaders in the ongoing fight against AIDS related stigma and discrimination.africasexuality. http://www.org/youngleaderssummit/info REGIONAL NETWORKS There was a designated youth summit during the conference.org/ The Asia Pacific Conference on Reproductive and Sexual Health The APCRSH is in its fifth year now. http://www.4apcrsh. evaluate recent scientific developments and lessons learnt. youth-driven sessions. http://www. http://www. It was held in Hyderabad. an electronic youth bulletin. and collectively chart a course forward. Action Health Incorporated is organizing a youth sexuality Institute for young people aged 18 to 24 during the 3rd Africa Conference on sexual health and rights.org/ NETWORKS: SRHR 99 The 3rd Africa conference on sexuality. in collaboration with the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the UNAIDS Goodwill Ambassador HRH Crown Princess Mette-Marit. YAFA is a non-stock. In 2007 the focus of the forum was youth. • The theme of the Youth Assembly is "Together We are the Solution: It's TIME to STAND for AIDS!" Young Filipinos living with HIV will grace these events.org/Default.aids2010.
regional peace poem competition.org/programs/ype.pdf RESOURCES: POST-CONFLICT TRANSITIONS 100 Post-conflict: Social aspects Inter-Agency Network For Education in Emergency Life skills and complementary education programmes guide for on good practice in peace education http://www. international networking and partnerships (with UNESCO and UNOY).html .org/uploads/documents/store/doc_1_Life_Skills_and_Complementary_Ed. non-violence and social responsibility among the youth in the sub-region.Post-conflict: Social aspects Youth and Employment in Fragile States. http://www.pdf Post-conflict: Reintegration Survey of War Affected Youth (Uganda) An ongoing research programme designed to promote evidence-based programming for youth in northern Uganda. community service). family life and health). economic production (income-generating activities. such as being hired in infrastructure development projects. Activities include training of curriculum developers and monitoring of peace clubs in schools.dk/graphics/Publications/Briefs2008/PB_2008_10_Youth_Employment. DIIS Policy Brief. http://www. and specific papers have captured key findings on post conflict political participation.ineesite.wanep. • Economic production: Attention must be directed to establishing and promoting economic production. • Urban focus: Urban areas host large youth populations and require specific attention through particular urban programmes. http://chrisblattman.com/projects/sway/ Post-conflict: Peace education West African Network for Peacebuilding (WANEP) Youth and Peace Education Programme This regional network focuses on developing a regional framework for co-existence and the promotion of a culture of peace. • Direct targeting: Direct targeting of young people through quotas or affirmative action programmes as part of national public works schemes and other job-creation initiatives ensures that they are actually the beneficiaries. October 2008 This briefing covers policy recommendations including: • Integrated approaches: Youth programmes should take the form of integrated approaches to improving social integration (basic and vocational education. skills development and microenterprise development) and political participation (civic engagement.diis. Experience shows that it is not enough to include youth as a cross-cutting issue in policies and interventions. addressing the impact of polices to reintegrate former combatants and others displaced by conflict. which is the key to employment generation. Research explores the situation of both male and female youth.
and Regional Integration of Africa: the Role of Youths was organised to commemorate the Africa Liberation Day 2009 in Nigeria.org.thercs. http://www. community and peace-building projects.org/youth/nkabom 2011 World Youth Peace Summit • The key objective of the World Youth Peace Summit is to break down barriers to world peace.org/index.php/news/184-nigeria-young-leaders-summit REGIONAL NETWORKS PEACEJAM: PUBLIC LECTURE AND YOUTH CONFERENCE • Every year Peacejam brings together teenagers. students and Nobel Peace Prize winners at the University of Bradford – the only such event in the UK. http://www.youthfederation.thecommonwealth. a number of major sessions at the Istanbul Forum were dedicated to young people and substantive debates about the challenges facing them in promoting intercultural dialogue.peacejam. http://www.unaoc.youthpeacesummit.english/ Commonwealth Youth Minister's Meeting 2008 "Youth and Peace Building" • 7th Commonwealth Youth Ministers Meeting focused on the role of young people in promoting respect and understanding. to become involved in developmental.org REGIONAL NETWORKS ECOWAS Youth Leaders Peace Summit Africa Youth Leaders Peace Summit with the theme: The Achievement and Sustenance of Peacebuilding.uk NETWORKS: POST-CONFLICT TRANSITIONS 101 • The Commonwealth Youth Ministers Meeting is a unique opportunity for government ministers to provide mandates and prioritise actions on youth development across the Commonwealth. http://www. • The Nkabom Project encourages and engages young Commonwealth people. http://www. the future leaders of the Commonwealth. and create a network of leaders who will be linked together into the future. Millennium Development Goals.org/news/174496/174496/210108youthministers.org/content/view/92/127/lang.htm Commonwealth Youth Leadership Programme 2008 "Conflict and Beyond" • Nkabom brings together young people from all over the Commonwealth to explore issues surrounding democracy and governance. http://www.INTERNATIONAL NETWORKS Alliance of Civilizations Forum Reflecting the status of youth issues as a core area of focus for the Alliance of Civilizations. .
ms. 'Special Focus: Children and Governance' in Children. VOICE AND ACCOUNTABILITY 102 Voice and accountability Youth parliaments – Tanga.asp Youth Net and Counselling (YONECO) Malawi This NGO has been recognised with an Ubuntu award for youth voluntary service. 2005. www.mw/ Shadow Youth Government . a local NGO.edu/journals/cye/15_2/ The Commonwealth Secretariat.Lebanon This government-sponsored scheme intended to promote youth voice in decision-making brings together 20 students chosen from universities around Lebanon based on academic and personal criteria for one-year terms shadowing key government ministers and their portfolios. Brazil and Venezuela where children and young people were involved in local governance.dk/sw98673.htm Cabannes. www. TAYODEA. http://www. http://www. Each article.asp http://www.Election Monitoring The Commonwealth Youth Programme facilitates the including of youth representatives on Commonwealth observer missions. Yves.org. http://www.ms. The intention of this structure is for each local delegation to voice their specific concerns and feed into larger. solution-focused discussions. 15. .htm RESOURCES: GOVERNANCE. review or essay can be downloaded separately.colorado.asp http://www. 2. (15) 2. Duties involve: • Monitoring and evaluating the performance of the ministers in the official government. Key parts of this strand include a train the trainers for young voter education and a development programme targeting young people and women who wish to become advocates for human rights and democracy in their communities.Governance Bartlett. This issue of the journal focuses on children and governance and includes contributions from many leading international experts on various aspects of citizenship and governance.ms. organises a sitting of this body. 2005. 'Children and Young People Build Participatory Democracy in Latin American Cities' in Children. Tanzania Twice a year. bringing together one male and one female delegate from each of the 24 wards of this area. Sheridan.yoneco. A core part of its work is a programme dedicated to human rights and democracy.org/news/152816/152865/174547/220108thediaryofanelectionobserver. • Proposing and implementing pilot projects bringing new approaches to economic and political issues. Vol. This paper draws on case studies from cities in Ecuador.edu/journals/cye/15_2/index. No. Youth and Environments.dk/sw98673.dk/sw98673.colorado.thecommonwealth. Youth and Environments.
dynamic young activists in the field of social and civic justice. Singapore • A series of legislative sessions during which youths propose. duties. governments and the network of young alumni. their constituents. free speech.htm NATIONAL NETWORKS National Youth Assembly (NYA). http://www. who believe in and work for fair elections. national governments.ayftafrica. The forum final communique statement is produced in situ via an innovatory process of consensus-making. organised by youths and targeted at youths aged 17 to 25. like you. and responsibilities.ca/nigsite/4th_globe_confr. It aims to bring together the world's most engaged. intergovernmental organisations. http://www.cyec.INTERNATIONAL NETWORKS Commonwealth Youth Forum (CYF) Established in 1997.org/ Global Youth Action Network Established in 1996.htm REGIONAL NETWORKS The Civicus Youth Assembly The youth assembly offers a unique opportunity for young people to meet and work with other young people who are really making changes in the lives of others.org/gyanv5/about. This provides the basis for follow up action (policy and advocacy) by Commonwealth institutions.civicusassembly.wymdonline. The brainchild of environmental charity ECO Singapore. NGOs and the media. They believe we can be stronger by working together. and human rights.org/home/about NETWORKS: GOVERNANCE. How linkages among legislators.org/index. supported by Commonwealth youth-serving agencies CYEC and CYP. http://www.uk/young-commonwealth/commonwealth-youth-forum/ World Youth Movement for Democracy The World Youth Movement for Democracy (WYMD) is a global community of youth and their allies working non-violently for democracy.org. The CYF is planned and delivered by an international team of host nation and Commonwealth young people. VOICE AND ACCOUNTABILITY 103 . The innovative programme emphasises the delegates' own expertise. http://www. It was founded by a group of young people. the inaugural NYA is a youth-for-youth event.nationalyouthassembly. http://www.php?option=com_contentandview=articleandid=33andItemid= 94andlang=en 4TH YTI Global Youth Conference On Democracy and political participation • This conference seeks to understand how representation shapes and influences other legislative functions (lawmaking). the Commonwealth Youth Forum meets biennially in parallel with the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM) to provide an independent platform for Commonwealth young people from representative structures to voice views on behalf of their peers and make recommendations to heads and the wider Commonwealth. debate. http://www. During the CHOGM. and civil society can be strengthened for public awareness and more democratic legislatures.youthlink. young representatives have a dialogue with heads. and ultimately submit bills to the respective ministries of the Singapore Government. knowledge and experience through establishing a fully participatory space of shared-learning. GYAN works to further youth representation at the highest levels within the United Nations.
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