text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Dec 21, 1999
|Filing date
|Apr 5, 1996
|Priority date
|Apr 5, 1996
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Russell Dean Hoover, George Wayne Nation, Kenneth Michael Valk
|Original Assignee
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (16), Non-Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (27), Classifications (6), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The invention generally relates to networked multiprocessor or distributed computer systems having a plurality of nodes interconnected via a network. More particularly, the invention relates to networked multiprocessor or distributed computer systems which utilize packet-based communication between nodes.
Multiprocessor, or parallel processing, computer systems rely on a plurality of microprocessors to handle computing tasks in parallel to reduce overall execution time. Originally, many multiprocessor systems interconnected a plurality of processors to a single bus, commonly referred to as a multidrop bus, which required each processor to connect up with every line in the bus.
However, it has been found that bus traffic may be limited because every communication between processors passes through the common bus. Moreover, it may be desirable to provide different processors on different boards or in different enclosures, which often makes it impractical to couple each processor to a common bus.
Because of these drawbacks, networked multiprocessor systems have also been developed, which utilize processors or groups of processors connected to one another across a network and communicating via "packets" or messages. Each processor or group of processors in these systems operates as a "node" in a network, and is only connected to one or more other nodes such that messages may be required to pass through one or more nodes to reach their destination. Among other benefits, the connection of nodes and the addition of new nodes is greatly facilitated since a node need only be connected to one or more other nodes in the network. Also, network bandwidth increases since different packets may be simultaneously transmitted between different sets of nodes.
While much of the focus herein will be devoted to multiprocessor systems, it should be appreciated that the concept of distributing tasks between processors in multiprocessor systems may also be applied to distributed computer systems which distribute tasks between different computers in a networked environment (e.g., a LAN or WAN). Further, many of the functions and problems associated with multiprocessor and distributed computer systems are quite similar and equally applicable to both types of systems. Consequently, the term "networked computer system" will be used hereinafter to describe both systems in which the nodes are implemented as individual microprocessors or groups of processors (multiprocessor systems) or as individual computers which may separately utilize one or more processors (distributed computer systems).
One specific example of a networked multiprocessor system is the DASH (Directory Architecture for Shared memory) multiprocessor system, which includes a plurality of nodes or clusters interconnected via a mesh network. Each node includes a plurality of processors coupled to a local bus, along with a portion of the shared memory for the system. A network interface in each node handles memory requests to other nodes, and a directory in each node is used to monitor the status of local copies of the memory stored in caches in various processors in the system.
One significant problem that exists with many networked computer systems is that of deadlock, where nodes may in effect "lock up" due to an inability to pass packets or messages to other nodes. For example, a node, after sending a request to another node, may be required to wait for a response from the other node. While waiting for the response, the node may not be capable of receiving requests from other nodes, thereby halting the operation of other nodes in the system.
The DASH system addresses this problem (referred to as request-reply deadlock) by classifying packets in different classes (one for requests and one for responses), and by having separate networks, buffers and processing circuitry for handling the different packet classes. Consequently, even though a node may be waiting for a response, it may still process requests that are received while it is waiting for the response.
However, it has been found that another form of deadlock, request--request deadlock, may also occur in multiprocessor systems. In particular, in some networked computer systems, sending a primary request to another node may result in the receiving or destination node sending out one or more secondary requests, e.g., to notify other nodes having local copies of a memory block that the block has been modified (often referred to as "invalidation" requests). However, if one or more secondary requests cannot be sent by the destination node, the node may block receipt of new requests from other nodes. This may result in two nodes each waiting for responses from the other.
For example, FIG. 1 shows a networked computer system with three nodes A, B and C (numbered 2, 4 and 6). If node A sends a primary request to node B, node B may send a secondary request to node C. Before node B can send a response to node A, however, it must wait for a response from node C. If, however, node C has also sent a primary request to node B, node B may refuse to accept the request from node C because it is still processing the node A request. But since node C has sent a request to node B, it may also not accept the secondary request from node B. At this point, both nodes B and C are waiting for a response from the other before they will accept and process the pending requests, thereby resulting in deadlock in the system, which it will be noted propagates to the other nodes in the system (e.g., node A, since it waits for a response from node B).
The DASH system addresses this problem by having nodes reject requests (send responses to the effect that the requests were refused and must be retried) whenever they are incapable of receiving requests. However, rejecting requests raises another problem that is somewhat unique to multiprocessor systems--that of ordering. In particular, it is extremely important in multiprocessor systems for commands or requests to complete in the order in which they were sent. Thus, if a string of requests is sent to a destination node, and one of the requests is rejected, the system cannot permit other requests that follow the rejected request to be processed before the rejected request, even if the destination node becomes able to process them.
The conventional manners of addressing this problem are to either send requests one at a time (i.e., waiting for a response before sending a next request), or by detecting rejected requests and subsequently rejecting each subsequent request in a chain to force the requesting node to resend all of the requests from the point of the first rejected request. The former, however, effectively serializes the communication between nodes, and significantly degrades performance. Further, the latter requires complicated logic for handling rejected requests at the destination node due to the requirement of identifying and isolating requests in a particular chain from a particular node.
Other networked computer systems attempt to address the request--request deadlock problem; however, to date, none have been capable of adequately ensuring proper ordering without the use of additional complex and performance-limiting processing. Therefore, a substantial need continues to exist for a networked computer system and method of communicating which avoids request--request deadlock without compromising system ordering or system performance.
The invention addresses these and other problems associated with the prior art in providing a networked computer system and method of communicating wherein at least a portion of the commands passed between nodes, e.g., requests, are classified in multiple classes, with one class devoted to non-propagable commands that may be handled locally by destination nodes in the computer system. The multiple classes of commands are separately handled in the networked computer system such that an inability of a node to handle a command in one class does not hinder the ability of the node to process commands in other classes.
By a "non-propagable command", what is meant is a command that may be processed locally by a destination node and that does not require additional processing from other nodes in the system. This ensures that no further (secondary) commands will need to be generated by the destination node in response to receiving a non-propagable command. Thus, the destination node can always accept a non-propagable command with no risk of deadlock resulting therefrom.
In preferred embodiments, the commands are communicated via packets, with three packet classes being utilized: a first for primary requests, a second for secondary (non-propagable) requests and a third for responses. Further, three separate sets of buffers or queues are maintained for each node, with each set of buffers handling one packet class. With a dedicated set of buffers for each class, a blockage for one packet class will not affect communication of the classes. The resulting preferred networked computer systems thereby avoid request--request deadlock situations without compromising system ordering or performance.
Therefore, in accordance with one aspect of the invention, a method is provided for communicating between a plurality of nodes in a networked computer system. The method includes the steps of classifying request packets in one of at least first and second classes, wherein the request packets in the second class are non-propagable requests that are handled locally by destination nodes in the computer system; and separately processing request packets in the first and second classes; whereby request packets in either class are accepted by a node irrespective of whether the node is accepting packets in the other class.
According to a further aspect of the invention, a node is provided for use in a networked computer system which includes a plurality of nodes interconnected via a network to pass request packets therebetween. The request packets are classified into first and second classes, with the request packets in the second class being non-propagable requests that are handled locally by destination nodes in the computer system. The node includes a network interface, coupled to the network, for receiving request packets therefrom; and a command processor, coupled to the network interface, for processing request packets received by the network interface, the command processor separately handling request packets in the first and second classes such that request packets in the second class are processed irrespective of whether the command processor is accepting request packets in the first class.
In accordance with another aspect of the invention, a networked computer system is provided including a plurality of nodes interconnected via a network. Each node includes a first set of buffers for storing a first class of command packets; a second set of buffers for storing a second class of command packets; and a command processor, coupled to the first and second sets of buffers, for processing command packets. The command processor separately handles command packets in the first and second classes such that command packets in the second class are processed irrespective of whether the command processor is accepting command packets in the first class.
These and other advantages and features, which characterize the invention, are set forth in the claims annexed hereto and forming a further part hereof. However, for a better understanding of the invention, and of the advantages and objectives attained through its use, reference should be made to the Drawing, and to the accompanying descriptive matter, in which there is described preferred embodiments of the invention.
FIG. 1 is a functional diagram illustrating a request--request deadlock condition in a conventional networked computer system.
FIG. 2 is a functional block diagram of a preferred networked computer system consistent with the principles of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is an illustration of a packet for use with the system of FIG. 2.
FIG. 4 is a flowchart illustrating a preferred snooping routine performed by the command processor in node A of the system of FIG. 2.
FIG. 5 is a flowchart illustrating a preferred class 1 request processing routine performed by the command processor in node A of the system of FIG. 2.
FIG. 6 is a flowchart illustrating a preferred class 2 request processing routine performed by the command processor in node A of the system of FIG. 2.
Turning to the Drawing, wherein like numbers denote like parts throughout the several views, FIG. 2 illustrates a preferred networked computer system 10 consistent with the principles of the present invention. Generally, system 10 includes a plurality of nodes 20, e.g., nodes A-D, interconnected via multinode network 15.
Network 15 is preferably a packet-based network that is shown in FIG. 2 in a token ring configuration, wherein each node receives information from one node and transmits information to one other node. However, it should be appreciated that network communication may be handled in any known manner, and that the network may implement any known topology, e.g., star, crossbar, mesh, fully connected, hypercube, hypertree, lambda, omega, multidrop bus, and multistage cube, among others.
Networked computer system 10 is preferably a multiprocessor system having a distributed shared memory system, which is also known as a non-uniform memory access, or NUMA system, where a single address space is distributed among multiple nodes. Each node 20 in the system therefore includes one or more processors, as well as a portion of the main memory for the entire system. It should be appreciated, however, that the principles of the invention also may apply to distributed computer systems having independent computers interconnected via a network, e.g., where each node may be a stand-alone computer, as well as to non-distributed memory multiprocessor systems. Therefore, it should be understood that the invention is not limited to any particular hardware architecture or network topology.
Node A is shown in greater detail in FIG. 2, and generally includes coupling hub 30, a plurality of processors or processing units 26, dynamic memory 24 and input/output interface 28, all interconnected via a local bus including address bus 22 and data bus 23.
Any number of processing units 26, e.g. from one to sixteen, preferably four, may be utilized in each node. Each processing unit preferably includes a microprocessor, e.g., the PowerPC� RISC processor available from International Business Machines, as well as a cache memory dedicated to the microprocessor, e.g., a two Megabyte SRAM cache. It should be appreciated that additional support circuitry, e.g., clock circuitry, bus interface circuitry, power supply circuitry, etc. may be included in each processing unit as required. Moreover, any number of available hardware devices and systems may be used in the alternative.
A dynamic memory 24 is interconnected to processing units 26 through busses 22 and 23. The memory 24 in each node comprises a portion of the overall memory for system 10, and is preferably a one Gigabyte DRAM memory array. However, it should be appreciated that the type and size of memory required will vary depending upon system requirements, the number of nodes, etc.
An input/output interface 28 is also connected to busses 22 and 23 to provide communication with various peripheral devices that may be connected to node A, e.g., mass storage devices, imaging devices, display devices, user input devices, multimedia devices, network adapters, among others. The particular peripheral devices will vary depending upon system requirements.
Coupling hub 30 interconnects node A with the other nodes 20 in system 10, primarily by providing the interface between network 15 and the local bus 22, 23. Coupling hub 30 generally includes a command processor 32 and a network interface 36 having a packet receiver 40 and a packet transmitter 50 for handling data traffic with the other nodes 20 in system 10. Moreover, coupling hub 30 includes a partitioned global coherence directory 34 which is utilized by command processor 32 to maintain memory coherence across the distributed shared memory system by keeping a complete record of all memory locations that are being held in caches in other nodes in system 10.
Included within its responsibilities, coupling hub 30 serves as an agent to the local processing units when they are attempting to access remote memory locations not physically resident in memory 24 of node A. Coupling hub 30 also operates as a proxy snooper for all of the remote processing units when accesses are placed on the local bus 22, 23. It should be appreciated that the term "local" when used herein refers to processors, memory locations, etc. that are found within the same node as a particular coupling hub. Similarly, the term "remote" when used herein refers to such elements that are found within different nodes in system 10.
Generally, when a local processing unit 26 attempts to access a remote memory location, the coupling hubs 30 in both the local and remote nodes together act as memory agents to get requested data from the memory of the remote node to the cache of the local processing unit. The local coupling hub 30 continuously snoops the local bus 22, 23 to recognize a remote memory access by a local processing unit, and when detected, forwards the request to the particular remote node for the requested memory access. The coupling hub for the remote node then places the request on its local bus, obtains the requested memory access, and forwards the data response back to the local coupling node, which then places the data on the local bus for use by the local processing unit that made the original request. The remote coupling hub also makes a record in its dedicated coherence directory to indicate that the memory locations transmitted to the local node are cached off-node. Consequently, other than the additional latency, the remote memory access is no different than a local memory access for each local processing unit.
As discussed above, the coupling hub 30 also monitors, or snoops, local bus traffic on behalf of all remote processing units in system 10, similar to the manner in which other local processing units snoop a local bus to maintain coherence in their dedicated cache memories. Thus, when a coupling hub 30 detects that a local processing unit is modifying a memory location, the coupling hub determines whether the memory location is cached elsewhere in system 10. If so, the coupling hub sends invalidation or purge requests to each remote node having a cached copy of the memory location so that the remote nodes recognize that the cached copies are no longer current copies of the data in the particular memory location, thereby maintaining memory coherence throughout system 10.
Partitioned global coherence directory 34 is preferably a record-based directory, where records or entries are maintained for subsets of memory (preferably 128 byte lines or blocks) that are cached by processing units in the system. The directory is preferably allocated space for 256K three byte records, although the size and number of records may vary. Each record preferably includes an address or pointer to a memory subset, and a plurality of state bits indicating the current coherence state of the memory and where the memory is cached. The coherence state is preferably maintained using the MESI (Modified, Exclusive, Shared, Invalid) coherence protocol, or alternatively, a modified MESI protocol where the exclusive and modified states are combined into a single state. Alternatively, coherence directory 34 may be a bit-vector directory containing dedicated status bits or groups of bits for every subset of memory in system 10.
Network interface 36 preferably includes packet receiver 40 and packet transmitter 50, both of which cooperate to handle the transmission of packets into and out of the node. Packet receiver 40 processes packets received by node A. Receiver 40 includes incoming packet transport logic block 42 which handles the connection and interface with network 15, here specifically from Node B. Incoming block 42 preferably formats an incoming packet, determines if it is destined for the node, and if so, passes the incoming packet to one of three receive buffers or queues 44, 46 and 48, each of which separately stores incoming packets from one of three separate classes.
As discussed above, packets are preferably classified into three classes. The first class, handled by buffer 44, is for primary requests, which in this case are typically requests from remote nodes for memory accesses to a memory location or block allocated to the local node. The second class, handled by buffer 46, is for secondary requests, which in this case are typically invalidation requests to the local node to invalidate local cache copies of a memory location or block. The third class, handled by buffer 48, is for responses. Each buffer is preferably a first-in, first-out (FIFO) buffer of eight entries of 160 bytes each, although the number and size of entries may vary.
The packets in the second class are preferably non-propagable, meaning that they may be processed locally by the node without additional processing from other nodes in the system. As will be seen below, this ensures that packets in the second class will always be processed regardless of whether the processing of any packets in other classes is held up by the coupling hub. Classification of incoming packets is preferably determined by incoming block 42 by checking a dedicated class identifier in the packet. For example, a typical packet 8 suitable for use in system 10 is illustrated in FIG. 3. Packet 8 is generally broken into three primary components. First, a routing and flow control component includes a routing tag which provides the destination node ID as well as the source ID for the issuing node. A sequence number is also provided to maintain ordering in a chain of requests. Further, a class identifier (here 1, 2 or 3) is provided to identify the packet as a primary (class 1) request, a secondary or non-propagable (class 2) request, or a (class 3) response.
A command component of packet 8 includes the actual "payload" of the packet, with the command type, the operative address of the requested memory, and any optional data that is to be passed within the packet. Finally, an error detection component, typically including some form of checksum, is usually provided to check for proper transmission of packets throughout the system. It should be appreciated that numerous alternate packet formats may be used consistent with the invention.
Other manners of identifying and separating packets of different classes may be used in the alternative. For example, the packets in each class may be passed between nodes using completely separate networks and interfaces, whereby three separate networks would be required between all of the nodes. Moreover, packet class information may be encoded within other fields in the packet, e.g., within the command type, whereby the class would be recognizable based upon the type of command specified in the packet.
Returning to FIG. 2, packet transmitter 50 includes an outgoing packet transport logic block 52 coupled to command processor 32 through three transmit buffers or queues 54, 56, 58. Transmitter 50 operates to output packets to other nodes in system 10, utilizing outgoing block 52 to communicate with network 15 and properly format an outgoing packet into a compatible protocol for the network. Outgoing block 52 also receives and retransmits any packets received by incoming block 42 which are destined for another node in the system.
Buffers 54, 56 and 58 are similar in configuration to buffers 44, 46 and 48, and they respectively handle packets in the first, second and third classes. Buffers 44 and 54, 46 and 56 and 48 and 58 thus form "sets" of buffers for handling incoming and outgoing packets in each class.
Incoming and outgoing blocks 42 and 52 are preferably configured to communicate with other nodes of the network using a modified Scaleable Coherent Interface (SCI) protocol (IEEE 1596-1992), which is adapted to handle the three classes of packets disclosed herein. However, it should be appreciated that other suitable network communication protocols may also be used.
As discussed above, the processing and communication of packets in a networked environment is in general conventional in nature, as is the maintenance and control of memory coherence throughout a distributed shared memory system. Thus, the hardware and programming necessary to implement packet-based communication and memory coherence in the preferred embodiments could be developed by one of ordinary skill in the art without further explanation herein. See, for example, Lenoski et al., "The Stanford Dash Multiprocessor", IEEE Computer, March 1992, pp. 63-79., or U.S. Pat. No. 5,444,701 to Cypher et al., both of which are incorporated by reference herein.
Command processor 32 handles the overall operation of coupling hub 30 in snooping the local bus and handling data traffic with remote nodes. The operation of the command processor is generally illustrated in FIGS. 4-6.
FIG. 4 illustrates the "snooping" operation of command processor 32 in greater detail, shown as routine 100. In particular, whenever a command request, e.g., a load or store operation, is placed on local bus 22, 23 by one of the processing units 26, command processor 32, as well as the other processing units, detects the request. Routine 100 begins at block 102, where the command processor determines whether the command request requires memory access to memory resident on the local node (i.e., whether the particular memory requested in physically allocated to memory 24 of node A). If so, block 104 is executed to access coherence directory 34 to determine if the requested memory is cached on any other nodes 20 in system 10. If not, block 106 passes control to block 118, where command processor 32 responds to the processing unit 26 that issued the command request to indicate that the command may complete, and that any data requested will be placed on local bus 22, 23 from memory 24. Processing of the command request by command processor 32 is then complete.
Returning to block 106, if the requested memory is cached on a remote node, block 108 checks if the particular command request requires notification to the other nodes caching the requested memory. If not, control also passes to block 118.
If so, however, control passes to block 110 to notify the remote nodes. Generally, notification is required whenever a store operation or a read-exclusive operation is requested by a local processing unit, since in either case, the copies of the requested memory cached in other nodes will not contain current data and must be invalidated to maintain memory coherence. Notification may be required for other commands, e.g., specific cache management commands.
These "invalidation" requests to the remote nodes are generated in block 110 as class 2 requests, since they are non-propagable and may be handled exclusively at the destination nodes. Once this occurs, a loop in blocks 112-114 is executed to wait until all class 3 responses have been received from all of the remote nodes having cached copies of the requested memory. It is only after all responses have been received that control passes to block 116 to respond to the requesting processing unit with any requested data (if such data was included in a response), or to alert the processing unit that the data will be supplied by memory 24 over local bus 22, 23. Processing of the command request by command processor 32 is then complete.
Now returning to block 102, if the snooping operation of command processor 32 determines that a command request has been issued that requests memory not resident on the local node, control passes to block 120 to generate and transmit an appropriate class 1 or primary request to the remote node with the requested memory. Then, in blocks 122-124, a loop is executed to wait until an appropriate class 3 response is returned from the home node for the requested memory. Once the response is received, block 126 supplies an appropriate response to the requesting processing unit, including any data received with the response. Processing of the command request by command processor 32 is then complete.
FIGS. 5 and 6 illustrates the incoming data traffic control by command processor 32. As discussed above, class 1 (primary) requests and class 2 (secondary, or non-propagable) requests are handled separately to avoid deadlock. The processing of incoming class 1 requests is illustrated in FIG. 5 by routine 130, which begins in block 132 by checking coherence directory 34 for the requested memory specified in the incoming class 1 primary request. Next, in blocks 134 and 136, the command processor determines first, if the requested memory is cached on any other nodes in the system, and second, if it is, whether the particular class 1 primary request requires that the other nodes by notified. If both conditions are met, control passes to block 138. This could occur, for example, if a cached copy in other node contains the most up-to-date copy of the data (when a read is requested) or if the cached copies need be invalidated (when a store or exclusive read is requested).
In block 138, appropriate class 2 (non-propagable) requests are generated and transmitted to the other nodes in system 10 that have cached copies of the requested memory and are required to be notified for the particular request. Next, in blocks 140-142, a loop is executed to wait until all class 3 responses are received from the nodes to which class 2 requests were sent.
When all of the class 3 responses have been received, block 144 is executed to generate and transmit an appropriate class 3 response to the node that originated the original class 1 request. Any requested data from this or another node may be supplied with the response as necessary.
Returning to blocks 134-136, if there are no remote nodes that must be notified, control passes directly to block 144 to generate and send an appropriate class 3 response. Once block 144 is terminated, processing of the primary request is completed by command processor 32.
The processing of incoming class 2 (secondary) requests is illustrated by routine 150 of FIG. 6. First, in block 152, the action indicated in the class 2 request is performed, e.g., invalidating cached copies of requested memory in particular processing units in the node, or providing the most up-to-date copy of requested memory from the cache of one of the processing units on the node. Then, in block 154, an appropriate class 3 response is generated and transmitted to the node that generated the class 2 request. Any requested data may be supplied in the response if necessary. Processing of the class 2 request is then completed.
As will be appreciated, because class 2 requests are non-propagable, no further processing or information is required by other nodes in the network other than the node which receives the class 2 request. Consequently, processing of the class 2 requests is greatly simplified compared to class 1 requests. It should be noted that no loops are executed in routine 150 to wait for responses from other nodes in system 10. Accordingly, deadlock is not possible with these responses since an inability of a remote node to provide an appropriate response does not stall such a process or routine.
Various modifications may be made to the preferred embodiments. For example, additional request, response and/or other command classes may be utilized, or responses may not be used in a particular protocol. Moreover, non-propagable responses or other commands may be handled separately in a manner consistent with the invention, and multiple classes of non-propagable commands may be defined.
Additional modifications may be made to the preferred embodiments without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Therefore, the invention lies in the claims hereinafter appended.
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|International Business Machines Corporation
|Method to distribute programs using remote java objects
|May 12, 2003
|Nov 18, 2004
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Coherency management for a "switchless'' distributed shared memory computer system
|Apr 12, 2006
|Aug 17, 2006
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Coherency management for a "switchless" distributed shared memory computer system
|Aug 6, 2004
|Jan 18, 2007
|Ruriko Mikami
|Image supply apparatus and recording apparatus, recording system including these appartuses, and communication control method thereof
|Nov 7, 2005
|May 10, 2007
|Silicon Graphics, Inc.
|Data coherence method and apparatus for multi-node computer system
|May 31, 2016
|Sep 22, 2016
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Generalized storage allocation for multiple architectures
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Apr 5, 1996
Owner name: INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION, NEW Y
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:HOOVER, RUSSELL DEAN;NATION, GEORGE WAYNE;VALK, KENNETH MICHAEL;REEL/FRAME:007952/0212;SIGNING DATES FROM 19960403 TO 19960404
|Jul 9, 2003
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Dec 22, 2003
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Feb 17, 2004
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20031221


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Article Side
Online Article Directory!
Trim Outlook PST Without Compromising with Data Security Techniques
The Microsoft Outlook desktop mail client users are provided not only with the ability of emailing in a smooth procedure but also allow them to schedule events, meeting, in calendars along with the storage of n number of contacts in the address book. But sometimes the users face issues even with this highly convenient application because the ANSI PST creating Outlook has a size limitation of storing on 2 GB data only whereas Unicode PST creating Outlook can store data up to 20 GB but slows down while reaching 4 GB only. The users can trim Outlook PST in such situation as it helps them to avoid getting their PST data damaged or corrupted due to over sizing. But the only condition is that the users must PST Splitter via the most preferred and secure procedure which is reliable to be used.
Using PST2GB.exe
The pst2gb.exe application is an inbuilt program that comes with Outlook and allows the users to trim Outlook PST but the problem is that, it is not completely reliable to be used because sometimes while using this application it is observed that the users face error messages like the one mentioned below:
"Runtime error: PST2GB.exe"
"Symantec user session has encountered a problem and needs to close. We are sorry for the inconvenience. Application name: PST2GB.exe"
"PST2GB.exe is not working/responding"
These errors usually come up when the system hang-ups in between truncating PST database due to the heavy usage of the CPU load it is consuming and when this happens, the PST Splitter procedure also breaks which sometimes results in damaging the data.
When the procedure hangs or gets interrupted in between; the PST mailbox that was being processed might get corrupted due to this interruption in the procedure which may end up increasing your problems to a furthermore extent.
Solution: The users can resolve the issues related to the over sizing of their PST file by employing a safe and dependable application program as the inbuilt procedures are totally unreliable and may even end up damaging the data while it is being processed for fragmentation.
Probable Solution: Solutions like PST Splitter tool can help the users trim Outlook PST in a much reliable and safe way as compared to that of the Outlook inbuilt program because being a third party application its ensures the safety and retention of the data with complete guarantee.
Maichaljuly - About Author:
This Company has been one of the best software developing organizations, and has developed only the most tech-centric programs like the Split PST application which helps users to trim Outlook PST file in a safe procedure.
Article Source:
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subset: commoncrawl


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Recent Posts
My Twitter
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Tag Archives: health
Wasted Effort
When I left for Doha I promised myself I'd get into shape and eat more healthily and whilst I was in Doha that held true. I began doing a fitness DVD recommended to me by a friend who is into … Continue reading
Posted in Uncategorized Tagged fitness, health, motivation 2 Comments


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Tuesday, March 23, 2010
{ Here Burns my Candle Book Review }
A mother who cannot face her future.
A daughter who cannot escape her past.
Lady Elisabeth Kerr is a keeper of secrets. A Highlander by birth and a Lowlander by marriage, she honors the auld ways, even as doubts and fears stir deep within her.
Her husband, Lord Donald, has secrets of his own, well hidden from the household, yet whispered among the town gossips.
His mother, the dowager Lady Marjory, hides gold beneath her floor and guilt inside her heart. Though her two abiding passions are maintaining her place in society and coddling her grown sons, Marjory's many regrets, buried in Greyfriars Churchyard, continue to plague her.
One by one the Kerr family secrets begin to surface, even as bonny Prince Charlie and his rebel army ride into Edinburgh in September 1745, intent on capturing the crown.
A timeless story of love and betrayal, loss and redemption, flickering against the vivid backdrop of eighteenth-century Scotland, Here Burns My Candle illumines the dark side of human nature, even as hope, the brightest of tapers, lights the way home.
My thoughts:
Liz Curtis Higgs is one of my favorite authors and though she hadn't published a book for a while, she came back with a bang.
What better way to retell the biblical story of Ruth and Naomi than to put it in a completely different setting, different time, different country.
I can not tell how much I enjoyed this book, I picked it up and literally couldn't put it down, I was completely immersed into the Scottish culture right down to the language, which for some may be a little confusing at first, but I love languages and find it riveting.
It was a story well told, I couldn't help but fall in love with each character though my favorites were definitely Lord Donald Kerr and Lady Elisabeth Kerr, it was very interesting seeing these two in love but also holding back secrets from one another.
The relationship between Lady Marjory and her sons was also interesting to see, as a mother I could totally relate to the love she had for her children, even though grown men she still wants to protect them and take care of them.....and then there's the intricate relationship between her and her two daughter's in law, mainly Lady Elisabeth as she's a Highlander by birth but now a Lowlander to her marriage to Lord Donald.
All in all, this book was amazingly well written, the characters are were likeable and I enjoyed the history behind Scotland of 1745. If you're a Liz Curtis Higgs fan, you won't be disappointed.
To read the first Chapter you can go here.
Here's a trailer of the book:
These books were provided for review by the WaterBrook Multnomah Publishing Group.
5 comments:
First of all, your banner is truly BEAUTIFUL! Second of all, I am so excited you're reading Jane Kirkpatrick's books next. She's one of my VERY favorite authors. Thirdly, I have been to South Africa twice and absolutely LOVED both my visits to Johannesburg and Cape Town. Pop on my Facebook page and check out my photo album when you have a free moment (ha!). Finally, THANK YOU for your sweet words about HERE BURNS MY CANDLE. I'm hard at work on the rest of the story for you. Look for MINE IS THE NIGHT next Spring. Until then, may God's peace be yours!ReplyDelete
Here Burns My Candle is one of the two next books we're reading at Book Club this year. I'm really looking forward to it. It's been really great reading what you thought about the book as a precursor to reading it myself.ReplyDelete
Love Jane Kirkpatrick's books too. Tried to leave a comment to that effect the other day but my computer wouldn't let me. I've reviewed three of Jane's books and have another on my shelf to read for fun. Can't wait!
I've just had a look at An Absence So Great. It's the sequel to 'A Flickering Light'. I loved that book!
Thank you for reading and taking the time to comment. Please be respectful of each other and my blog. Rude comments will be deleted.
Thank you for stopping by, hope you are having a Blessed day!


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Went to venice today went inside golds gym. Fcking A bro. 10/10 chads walking around 6"4 260lbs 9% bodyfat. No homo but I would gladly go down on any of them. It's one thing to see them on the internet but in real life. Holy shit.
- YesVote A
- NoVote B
Most Helpful Girl
Yes, I have a few friends that compete professionally.10|10|0
Most Helpful Guy
One of pledge in my bros house is on his way, 5" 11 200sh at like 12 now10|10|0
My stats are better than his lol. That's not pro
- Show AllShow Less
he's solid
I've seen dude benching 225 for 17 but his flex poses sucks but he already have combined score in bench for a average linebacker ha


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Help Us Get the Word OutBy Georgia on January 22nd, 2010
Posted In: Blog
What's an easy way to help support Scooter and Ferret? Forward the strip to a friend! As we all say in the growing webcomics community, we're not in competition with each other, we're in competition with obscurity. You can forward your email to a friend, or try an interesting social link sharing site I've been recently introduced to called Reddit. People go there to post interesting links and the site provides an open forum to vote the link good or bad and discuss. I can credit Reddit with a small flow of traffic as well as being the first place I've ever been called a 'climate change denying Neanderthal." I'm sure it won't be the last.


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The Logic of William of Ockham
first edition Hardcover
1935 · London
by Moody, Ernest A.
London: Sheed & Ward, 1935. First edition. Hardcover. Very Good. First Edition. c.1935. Hardcover. Brown cloth. 8vo. 322pp. Very Good. Light sunning to spine, rubbing at corners, previous owner's bookplate on front pastedown. (Inventory #: C000028076)


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Tag Archives: biochemistry
New Czech Stamp on Inventor of Contact Lenses Otto Wichterle
Otto Wichterlewas born on 27 October 1913 in Prostejov and died on 18 August 1998 in Strazicko. This world-renowned scientist became famous mainly due to soft contact lenses. He was born into a rich business family in Prostejov. At the … Continue reading


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Download BIRdy Free the Game apk 1.0 free for Android smartphone
26 Nov
BIRdy Free the Game
Posted by NEDELEC in Casual | Nov. 26, 2014 | 0 Comments
Apk file size: 1.9 MB
A game of skill to get out of his cage " Birdy " the little bird . Tap the screen to make the flight. But beware Pics!
NEDELEC part of our Casual and have average installs from 10 to 50. Last Update Nov. 26, 2014. Google play rating is 88.0. Current verison is 1.0. Actual size 1.9 MB.


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Energy Restriction Negates NMDA Receptor Antagonist Efficacy in Ischemic Stroke
- 215 Downloads
- Citations
Preclinical evaluation of drugs for neurological disorders is usually performed on overfed rodents, without consideration of how metabolic state might affect drug efficacy. Using a widely employed mouse model of focal ischemic stroke, we found that that the NMDA receptor antagonist dizocilpine (MK-801) reduces brain damage and improves functional outcome in mice on the usual ad libitum diet, but exhibits little or no therapeutic efficacy in mice maintained on an energy-restricted diet. Thus, NMDA receptor activation plays a central role in the mechanism by which a high dietary energy intake exacerbates ischemic brain injury. These findings suggest that inclusion of subjects with a wide range of energy intakes in clinical trials for stroke may mask a drug benefit in the overfed/obese subpopulation of subjects.
KeywordsCerebral ischemia Diabetes Dizocilpine Excitotoxicity MK-801 Obesity
This work was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institute on Aging.
Conflicts of interest
Nothing to report.
- Albers, G. W., Goldstein, L. B., Hall, D., Lesko, L. M., & Aptiganel Acute Stroke Investigators. (2001). Aptiganel hydrochloride in acute ischemic stroke: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 286, 2673–2682.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Arumugam, T. V., Phillips, T. M., Cheng, A., Morrell, C. H., Mattson, M. P., & Wan, R. (2010). Age and energy intake interact to modify cell stress pathways and stroke outcome. Annals of Neurology, 67, 41–52.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Boxer, P. A., Cordon, J. J., Mann, M. E., Rodolosi, L. C., Vartanian, M. G., Rock, D. M., et al. (1990). Comparison of phenytoin with noncompetitive N-methyl-d-aspartate antagonists in a model of focal brain ischemia in rat. Stroke, 21, S47–S51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Cheng, B., & Mattson, M. P. (1994). NT-3 and BDNF protect CNS neurons against metabolic/excitotoxic insults. Brain Research, 640, 56–67.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hyun, D. H., Emerson, S. S., Jo, D. G., Mattson, M. P., & de Cabo, R. (2006). Calorie restriction up-regulates the plasma membrane redox system in brain cells and suppresses oxidative stress during aging. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 103, 19908–199912.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Kochhar, A., Zivin, J. A., Lyden, P. D., & Mazzarella, V. (1988). Glutamate antagonist therapy reduces neurologic deficits produced by focal central nervous system ischemia. Archives of Neurology, 45, 148–153.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Ma, J., Endres, M., & Moskowitz, M. A. (1998). Synergistic effects of caspase inhibitors and MK-801 in brain injury after transient focal cerebral ischaemia in mice. British Journal of Pharmacology, 124, 756–762.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Martin, B., Ji, S., Maudsley, S., & Mattson, M. P. (2010). "Control" laboratory rodents are metabolically morbid: Why it matters. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 107, 6127–6133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Martin, B., Mattson, M. P., & Maudsley, S. (2006). Caloric restriction and intermittent fasting: Two potential diets for successful brain aging. Ageing Research Reviews, 5, 332–353.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Mattson, M. P., Lovell, M. A., Furukawa, K., & Markesbery, W. R. (1995). Neurotrophic factors attenuate glutamate-induced accumulation of peroxides, elevation of intracellular Ca2 + concentration, and neurotoxicity and increase antioxidant enzyme activities in hippocampal neurons. Journal of Neurochemistry, 65, 1740–1751.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Minematsu, K., Fisher, M., Li, L., Davis, M. A., Knapp, A. G., Cotter, R. E., et al. (1993). Effects of a novel NMDA antagonist on experimental stroke rapidly and quantitatively assessed by diffusion-weighted MRI. Neurology, 43, 397–403.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Robertson, C., Goodman, J. C., Grossman, R. G., Claypool, M., & White, A. (1992). Dietary nonprotein calories and cerebral infarction size in rats. Stroke, 23, 564–568.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Stranahan, A. M., Lee, K., Martin, B., Maudsley, S., Golden, E., Cutler, R. G., et al. (2009). Voluntary exercise and caloric restriction enhance hippocampal dendritic spine density and BDNF levels in diabetic mice. Hippocampus, 19, 951–961.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Tureyen, K., Bowen, K., Liang, J., Dempsey, R. J., & Vemuganti, R. (2011). Exacerbated brain damage, edema and inflammation in type-2 diabetic mice subjected to focal ischemia. Journal of Neurochemistry, 116, 499–507.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Uranga, R. M., Bruce-Keller, A. J., Morrison, C. D., Fernandez-Kim, S. O., Ebenezer, P. J., Zhang, L., et al. (2010). Intersection between metabolic dysfunction, high fat diet consumption, and brain aging. Journal of Neurochemistry, 114, 344–361.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Yoon, J. S., Lee, J. H., Son, T. G., Mughal, M. R., Greig, N. H., & Mattson, M. P. (2011). Pregabalin suppresses calcium-mediated proteolysis and improves stroke outcome. Neurobiology of Disease, 41, 624–629.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar


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U-S warplanes have pounded Taleban positions across much of northern Afghanistan today (Thursday), amid reports the opposition Northern Alliance fighters are within eight kilometers of the outskirts of the key northern city of Mazar-e-Sharif.
The top U-S military commander in the region has confirmed what he called an ongoing gunfight in the region. But neither army General Tommy Franks nor U-S Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld would disclose details of the fighting.
Taleban leaders are quoted in the Afghan Islamic Press as saying they have reinforced the area with hundreds of fighters, and their forces have pushed back Northern Alliance troops from several points south of the city. Neither side's claims could be independently verified.
Other U-S airstrikes today (Thursday) reportedly hit Taleban front-line targets (in the Somali Plains) north of the Afghan capital, Kabul, and other targets near the border with Tajikistan.
Earlier today (Thursday), the Pentagon said it has dispatched a fourth U-S naval battle group to the Arabian Sea to bolster the U-S-led offensive against Osama bin Laden and his al-Qaida terrorist network. The U-S-S John Stennis will join three other battle groups already operating in the region.
Also today (Thursday), Pakistani border authorities said more than 15-hundred Pakistani tribesmen and a convoy of 25 trucks have crossed into Afghanistan in the past 24 hours to help the Taleban. Earlier this week, a VOA reporter at the Ghakhi border post said about seven thousand Pakistanis have entered Afghanistan since November first.


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Lyric Sheets are one of the easiest press kit components to make… you'll have this project completed in no time!
Christian promoters use lyric sheets to help determine if your band is a good fit for their event. Generally, they compare how "in your face" the bands lyrics are to the goals of their concert. For example: a promoter booking a band for a motorcyclists event that is expecting a lot of non Christians probably would not choose a praise and worship band, no matter how high the quality of music. They would be looking for a band that explains Gods grace in a simple but non judgmental style. Ideally this band could also do some secular cover tunes that the audience would know. A promoter looking for a band to provide entertainment at a Church picnic would want exclusively Christian lyrics that are very up front about the bands beliefs, no secular cover tunes would be wanted. For this promoter, encouragement toward a deeper walk with God would be more of an emphasis than His grace. Most promoters are not looking to see how well the band has crafted their lyrics. They simply want to get an overall feel for the ministry of the band to see if it will work well with their event.
There are only a few does and don'ts for lyric sheets:
● Do put the band logo at the top of the lyric sheet page.
● Do put the band booking information at the bottom of the lyric sheet page (press kit components often get separated as the different committees and "powers that be" look them over for approval).
● Do keep the font size large enough to be easily readable. I like to go no smaller than 10pt. and use a common font such as Arial, Trebuchet MS, or Times New Roman.
● Do not write out lyrics for cover tunes. These can go on a separate sheet (page 3 of your lyrics) with only the titles listed. Use the same format as the lyric sheet, but title the page something like "Cover Tunes insert band name Can Play".
● Do not use more than three fonts: one for the band logo, one for the song titles (I like to bold the same font as the lyrics), and one for the lyrics. Remember that promoters are generally business people (or at least have to get approval from business people). So, you need to present information in a way they can most easily receive it, this is not the place to be too creative.
● Do not use more than 2 pages of lyrics. If you have more songs than can comfortably fit on 2 pages choose the songs you play most often. At the bottom of the second page (above the booking information) say something like "More lyrics available upon request".
● Do not get crazy with color. The lyric sheet needs to be in black on a very light colored or white paper to be read easily. At most, your band logo could be in color.
One final option is to include a copyright notice and credit the songwriters. This is not mandatory for the lyrics in your Christian bands press kit, but many people choose to include them. My advice is to include them as long as it does not make the rest of the fonts extremely small. If the band holds the copyrights for all the songs on the lyric sheet it is easiest to put one line in a small font just below the songs but above the booking information. If copyrights are different for each song the notice should go under the title of the song.
That's it! Including a lyric sheet is a super simple way to upgrade your bands press kit and get better gigs!
Do you need help putting together your bands press kit?
has a chapter called "Booking Great Gigs".
to get your copy today!
Get Your FREE Christian Band Booking Calendar
Christian musicians need places to play to be able to do their ministry.
Sign up to get a FREE booking calendar that shows you which booking tasks to do each month. Know what to do and when to do it to get more gigs so you can do more ministry.


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|Home | Articles | News | Blog | About | Mailing List | Resources | Prominent Islamists | Middle East Forum | Keep Us Informed | Donate
Church of England row over Muslim conversion
by George Pitcher
The Bishop of Rochester, the Rt Rev Michael Nazir-Ali, accused the Church of failing in its duty to "welcome people of other faiths" ahead of a motion at July's General Synod in York urging a strategy for evangelising Muslims.
However, his comments were condemned by senior figures within the Church. The Rt Rev Stephen Lowe, the former Bishop of Hulme and the newly appointed Bishop of Urban Life and Faith, said: "Both the Bishop of Rochester's reported comments and the synod private members' motion show no sensitivity to the need for good inter-faith relations. Christians, Jews, Muslims, Hindus and Sikhs are learning to respect one another's paths to God and to live in harmony. This demand for the evangelisation of people of other faiths contributes nothing to our communities."
Read the complete original version of this item...
Related Topics: Interfaith, Leaving Islam | George Pitcher receive the latest by email: subscribe to the free islamist watch mailing list
Note: The content of external articles does not necessarily reflect the views of Islamist Watch.
Creeping Dhimmitude


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bmi regional CEO Cathal O'Connell says: "The chaotic scenes we have witnessed at London Heathrow over the past couple of days rarely happen at other airports. Heathrow and Gatwick are working at capacity and travelling to and from them is often stressful and time consuming. "
The UK's most punctual airline says more travellers are now realising the benefits of flying from regional airports, which include less stressful and more pleasant journey times to the airport, cheaper car parking and/or overnight hotel rates, quicker check-in, fewer crowds, time and space to enjoy the shops and restaurants before departure, less luggage time.
Business parking at Heathrow costs up to £88.70, compared to just £19.84 at Manchester Airport according to a Which? survey. Furthermore, average baggage carousel waiting times are listed as 29 minutes 29 seconds at Heathrow, compared to 16 minutes and 15 seconds at Manchester.
Cathal O'Connell adds: "Flying from regional airports will really cut down on parking charges – and the parking is much closer to the airport so saves time. Bristol is amongst the cheapest in the UK for on-site seven-day parking offering rates from just £29. At Birmingham Airport, you can literally walk to the long term car park in ten minutes – less time than it takes to get to the short term car park in Heathrow."
Smaller airports tend to be easier to travel to either by road or public transport, meaning shorter and more pleasant journeys.
With high-level security checks, there are generally fewer security delays at regional airports. Heathrow currently advises passengers to allow three hours at the airport for long-haul flights, two hours for European flights and 90 minutes for domestic flights, although waiting times at smaller airports can be substantially shorter.


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|Reviews for Welcome Home
| BetazoidPeacock chapter 1 . 4/14/2004
This has to be some of the best 'fluff' that I've ever encountered. Very sensual without being smutty. Keep up the good work!
| pipsthief chapter 1 . 4/10/2004
More Kirk/Chapel is always a good thing. This was fluffy but very cute. Love your stuff. More please.
| gscritter chapter 1 . 4/7/2004
aw...this was so sweet!
great job, i could actually hear them talking.


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Mad Men Season 6 Trailer: Don Draper Is on the Hunt for "More Happiness"
Is the real Don Draper back for Season 6? AMC released a 30-second trailer for Season 6 of Mad Men on Monday, March 25, ahead of the special two-hour premiere on April 7.
Having only released a couple of photos from the season so far, creator Matthew Weiner is still keeping much of the new season of his Emmy-winning show under wraps. The trailer only includes images from past seasons, but features some new quotes from the upcoming season.
"You're happy," Roger Sterling (John Slattery) tells his Sterling Cooper Draper Pryce business partner.
"I am, but what is happiness?" Draper (Jon Hamm) asks. "It's a moment before you need more happiness. I'm tired of living in this delusion."
"I am who I am," he adds. "The next thing will be better."
The trailer ends where Season 5 left off, with Draper contemplating a possible affair on his wife Megan (Jessica Pare) when a woman hits on him in a bar.
While Draper may be returning to his bad boy ways, Hamm has had to tone his down while on set. According to The New York Daily News, the 42-year-old actor has been asked to wear underwear with his tailored suits.
PHOTOS: Stars in retro-inspired bikinis
"This season takes place in the 1960s, where the pants are very tight and leave little to the imagination," a source told the newspaper. "Jon's impressive anatomy is so distracting that they politely insisted on underwear."
VIDEO: How to give your guy a Mad Men-inspired hair 'do
Watch the trailer above and tell Us: Are you excited to watch the two-hour premiere of Mad Men on AMC April 7?
This article originally appeared on Usmagazine.com: Mad Men Season 6 Trailer: Don Draper Is on the Hunt for "More Happiness"
We Recommend
- Jan. 16, 2018 Check out Chris Hemsworth's best (and worst) films


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Perfect for social media campaigns and blogs. Web photos (up to .5 MP). 1 Seat.
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meat, plate, white, beans, ceramic, brown, green, food, bean, legume, tableware, produce, flatware, vegetable, ware
Beef Stew in a bowl


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Micromax has added yet another handset to their Canvas Flagship and as we know that Micromax is known for delivering affordable handsets even this smartphone lies in the same category. We are talking about none other than Canvas XP 4G. It is exclusively available from Snapdeal at the price of INR 7,499.
The phone is the cheapest Micromax phone with 3GB RAM available in the market currently. Highlighting features of this handset can be considered as:
- It operates on Android 5.0 Lollipop OS.
- Is powered by Quad-core processor clocked at the clock frequency of 1GHz.
- Accommodates 8MP rear camera combined with 2MP front camera.
- 4G LTE support.
Also Check: Micromax Canvas Evok E483 with 3GB RAM, Price 9000
Micromax Canvas XP Specs & Price:
It is a dual SIM smart phone that sports 5" HD IPS Display with 720X1280p screen resolution. One can easily play videos or games on large display and that too in HD screen resolution. It is powered by quad-core processor clocked at the clock frequency of 1GHz. Processor is based on MediaTek MT6735P chipset. It operates on dated Android 5.1 Lollipop OS.
It entails 8MP camera at the rear combined along with 2MP selfie camera. Rear camera can record videos in HD quality. Processor is mated along with 3GB of RAM and it bears 16GB of memory on the board which can be further expandable up to 32GB. Out of 16GB internal memory users gets up to 11GB for mass storage and for other apps.
It also encompasses sensors like gravity, proximity and light. Coming to its connectivity feature then it boards WiFi, Bluetooth, GPS with A-GPS, 4G, 3G etc. It also includes 3.4mm ear jack and Micro USB As connectors. It proffers pre-loaded apps like Amazon Kindle, App centre, Chaatz, Clean master, Hike, M!live, Quikr, Saavn, Scandid, Swift keyboard and Wynk music. First touch, Wallet, ixigo cabs, travel Games: Arjun-Prince of Bali and Temple paradise. It houses 2000mAh battery at the rear.
Summing up the specs we have:
- 5" HD IPS Display.
- 1GHz Quad core processor based on MEdiaTek MT6735P chipset.
- Android 5.1 Lollipop OS.
- 3GB RAM with 16GB in-built memory out of which 11GB is available for users.
- External memory expandable up to 32GB.
- 8MP camera at rear.
- 2MP selfie camera.
- Connectivity options like WiFi, Bluetooth, GPS with A-GPS, 4G, 3G etc.
- Pre-loaded apps like Amazon Kindle, App centre, Chaatz, Clean master, Hike, M!live, Quikr, Saavn, Scandid, Swift keyboard and Wynk music.
- 2000mAh battery capacity.
- Dual SIM smart phone.
- Includes 3.5mm ear jack and Micro USB.
- Price: Rs. 7,499 – Buy Now


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The Bate collection is museum in Oxford like no other. The Bate collection has a rich and rare collection of musical instruments in the world. The history and development of musical instruments of the Western Classical tradition from the medieval period until the present day
The Collection is made available for study and judicious use by scholars, students, makers, and players, so as to enhance and increase the knowledge of the history of music as well as the enjoyment of historic performance for all.
The Bate collection has over 2000 instruments from the Western orchestral music traditions from the renaissance, through the baroque, classical, romantic and up to modern times. More than a thousand instruments are on display, by all the most important makers and from pre-eminent collectors.
Open: Mon – Fri 14:00 – 17:00, Sat 10:00 – 12:00 during term time only
Address: Faculty Of Music, Saint Aldate's, Oxford OX1 1DB
Tel: 01865 276139


text: At the 2011 Stockholm Furniture fair, New York-based designer Karim Rashid will present his new 'Space Time' lamp developed for swedish lighting manufacturer Zero. The organically shaped pendant lamp appears with large perforations, making the surface area of the shade minimal. A cone-shaped extrusion extends from the base ring of the light upwards towards and connecting to the wiring, hiding the lighting element and making the overall form of the lamp more seamless.


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Anyone been yet? Affiliated with Food Shack and Leftover's (Mike Moir), although from what I've been told it's his wife (Vivian -- hence the VV) running it. Brought in a chef from Miami -- given the Mike Moir pedigree, am surprised no reviews either here or in the local papers..
When I was walking along Northwood prior to it opening, looked like it was going to be a very cool space. Web site does not do a good job with Menu, so hard to tell if it is a food shack style menu, or the exec chef is making it his own, and what the food is really all about.


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Stephanie McMahon-Levesque was backstage at RAW this past Monday for the WWE Draft Lottery. Her brother Shane was not spotted and apparently was not there.
According to at least one backstage source Randy Orton has been on his best behavior since the incident that occurred during WWEâ<80><99>s European tour. Weâ<80><99>re unable to confirm whether Orton was issued his last warning after the European tour incident or given counseling, but whatever it was has worked, at least for now.
Have a news tip? Attended an event and want to send a live report?


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Is Angie's List the Next Big Takeover Target?
Ah, the takeover. From a shareholder's perspective, you just can't beat it.
Takeovers represent instant gratification.
Who cares if the deal ultimately adds synergy to the acquiring company, right?
As a shareholder, you just want that pop!
Shareholders of PokerTek, Inc. (PTEK) got their pop yesterday.
The company, which manufactures automated poker tables for casinos, opened 32% higher on news that it had entered into a definitive agreement to merge with Multimedia Games, Inc. (MGAM).
Shareholders of energy stalwart, Pepco Holdings, Inc. (POM), felt the pop yesterday, too.
News broke that Pepco was acquired by Exelon Corporation (EXC).
Pepco shares opened 18% right at the Opening Bell.
This is a particularly interesting deal because it marries Exelon's top three performing electric and gas utilities (BGE, ComEd and PECO) with Pepco's electric and gas utilities (Atlantic City Electric, Delmarva Power and Pepco).
It also gives Exelon an airtight lock on the heavily populated Mid-Atlantic market. Dare I say it's cornered the market?
When I spoke to Karim Rahemtulla concerning the deal, he said it'll be difficult for anyone living in Maryland, Delaware, Virginia, Washington, D.C. and parts of New Jersey to avoid using Exelon in some capacity.
The combined entity will service roughly 10 million customers, and will certainly impact the region's competitive landscape.
Yesterday's takeover news is only the tip of the iceberg, though.
As Karim explains, a meaningful trend is upon us, especially inside the technology sector.
Turns out, all buyout targets in the tech sector share a common attribute. Once you know what the attribute is, nothing is stopping you from exploiting it over and over again.
~Robert Williams, Founder, Wall Street Daily
There's an unmistakable trend occurring in the tech sector right now.
In short, big companies are scrambling to buy up smaller operations with strong user bases. Their goal? To connect with more eyeballs, of course…
Take Facebook's (FB) recent $19.2-billion buyout of the messaging service, WhatsApp.
WhatsApp has no significant earnings or revenue to speak of – certainly not anything worth a $19.2-billion price tag.
But since WhatsApp is a free text-messaging service with a global reach – I actually use the app when I'm overseas – what it does have is a ton of future potential to connect with users.
WhatsApp is well on its way to reaching one billion users within the decade. So the potential for squeezing advertising revenue from the mobile platform is quite appealing.
That's not all, though. Facebook wasn't just interested in purchasing the technology. It wanted the customer support behind the technology, too.
You see, WhatsApp is one of the most liked and respected messaging services around. That's insanely important these days, as the technology sector becomes increasing crowded with more and more apps.
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Essentially, a great technology is worthless if people don't use it, find it complex, or – worse yet – don't trust it.
In other words, trust is everything when it comes to building customer loyalty.
This isn't just evidenced by the buyout of WhatsApp, either.
We're seeing more and more companies paying top dollar for smaller firms that maintain a strong, loyal user base…
Big Companies Aim to Purchase Customer Loyalty
Take Urbanspoon, for example. It's well respected for its review-based web business that allows users to rate restaurants and other establishments. It was bought by Interactive Corp (IACI) several years ago for millions.
Yahoo! (YHOO) picked up blogging site, Tumblr, last year for over a billion dollars.
Facebook bolstered its photo and video capabilities with Instagram for $1 billion.
And just a few months ago, Google (GOOG) offered to scoop up photo-sharing app, Snapchat, for $3 billion.
Now, just like WhatsApp, these companies don't boast strong revenue models.
But they're all respected by their users. They don't pander to advertisers. Plus, they offer a strong perception of impartiality.
And the amount of people who use (and trust) their services could generate a ton of revenue for the companies that purchase them.
So why bring any of this up?
Well, there's one company that's currently trying to defy this model of trust.
While it has the hallmarks of what it takes to become a major success story, the market just isn't buying it. And neither am I…
The Perfect Short-Sell Candidate
That company is Angie's List (ANGI)…
If you're unfamiliar with the company, it's a subscription-based site that rates service providers – from doctors to carpenters – across the country. So people who've hired a landscaper or contractor can later review their work on the site.
The information is easy to access, and the subscription is pretty cheap – especially when you consider how much money you could lose if you hire the wrong person to, say, remodel your kitchen.
Still, with more than 36% of the company's shares shorted right now, investors are obviously skeptical about ANGI's business model.
And they should be…
While the company is experiencing growth, the majority of that growth isn't coming from users. Instead, it's coming from service providers.
In other words, the people who are being reviewed are paying more money to advertise on Angie's List. In return, they get bumped to the top of the ladder whenever someone performs a search.
Buying your way up is not a sustainable business model. And, more importantly, it doesn't promote trust with your users.
To top it off, Angie's List works well in big metro areas where consumers have plenty of contractors to choose from. But it's not so great in less-populated areas, where most people use word of mouth to endorse services around town.
Bottom line: The most successful companies in tech today are driven by a strong user base. And if that business model isn't free and transparent, users will go elsewhere. So don't expect to see any buyout interest for Angie's List anytime soon. In fact, it could make for a great short-sell candidate.
Ahead of the tape,
Karim Rahemtulla


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Baby Bully?
July 24th, 2009
If, five years from now, Miss Mouse is the kindergarten bully, we'll look back at these days and say "uh huh, the signs were there."
One of my sweet girl's favorite things to do is play with her awesome animal blocks. She enjoys chewing on them, banging them together, and throwing them across the room. But what she likes very best of all is to demolish other people's attempts to build with the blocks.
Her motto seems to be: You Build It, We Smash It! No matter that she already has several blocks in her hands and more scattered around her person with which to play. The minute I finish creating something, Baby Godzilla descends upon it, leaving swathes of destruction in her wake.
You think I'm making this up? Just watch…


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Home > Gift Shops > Stocking Stuffers > Texas Burnt Orange Wayfarer Sunglasses
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These Burnt Orange Wayfarer Sunglasses feature a Longhorn logo on the left side, and Texas text on the right so that you can represent from every angle! Complete the perfect look for when you hit the beach or take a stroll through campus! Made impact resistant and with UV protection.
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Wanting to change the wallpaper on the new Android Lollipop update (5.0+)? The Android Lollipop update makes it super easy to change your wallpaper to anything you want. Say you have this amazing photo you took on vacation, or you have a loved one you would love to look at every time you view your phone. So lets go through android lollipop step by step and show you how to change your wallpaper!
The first step in changing your wallpaper in android lollipop is to press and hold anywhere on the home screen that is blank.
After holding the screen a box will appear and there will be two options on this new version of Android Lollipop. The options will be wallpaper and widgets. Select wallpaper and this will take you to your camera roll.
After you go to your camera roll you can select any photo you want. You may or may not have to crop it to fit your phone screen just right.
After selecting the photo and clicking okay, it will take you back to your home screen. New features like this are all over in Lollipop. This is just one of the many features in this new update of the Android operating system!
Phones with the latest version of Android include the Samsung Galaxy S6, S5 and S4. LG's G4, G3 and G2. The Moto X (2014). The Nexus and many others!


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(posted on medium.com, March 12, 2015)
The US Military is a software based fighting force. If software doesn't work, or is out-of-date or is hacked; planes don't fly or get refueled, paychecks don't get cut, weapons don't get delivered, travel orders get delayed, networks don't work, maps don't get shipped and email goes down — leading to less than desirable battlefield outcomes.
Software source code is central to how the U.S. Military fights wars and projects power. Software and source code is not treated as a thing of value in the military: further the management, governance, maintenance and operational reuse of software is an after thought.
The context has changed, radically. Not only has the nature and tactics of our adversaries changed (cyber hacks, suicide attacks, IEDs, loosely coupled non-state actors, etc.), but the technological state of play in the private sector (where our adversaries source their technologies) has completely transformed in ways that leave military program managers at a loss. The global technology bazaar is driven by highly competitive, accelerated innovation, cheap off-the-shelf hardware and instantaneous communication. While the U.S. government wades through protracted acquisition cycles with large defense contractors, our enemies are shoplifting at Radio Shack.
In this context, where missions depend on perishable tactical intelligence and the disruption of networks (human and technological), speed and adaptability becomes far more important than in the past, not as a good in and of itself, but as a necessary condition for success. Access to real-time data (and software code), regardless of the application or device used to generate that data, becomes a requirement. Information flow across services and agencies makes (for instance) non-interoperable systems and proprietary formats a show-stopper. "If only that remote, under-resourced unit had a copy of our company's software, they'd be able to display the location of the target" is NOT an acceptable concept of operations.
Without a sense of the strategic context, discussions about technology acquisitions and development tend to devolve, either into religious wars between rival schools of engineering methodology or turf battles about which processes, rules and regulations should or could be followed. Most of these conflicts about how and what to build are enmeshed in an industrial age acquisition system matured during the Cold War and NASAs race to the moon.
This system was set up to build tanks, aircraft carriers and missiles — massive amounts of hardware that take a long time to develop and manufacture — to counter a slow, bureaucratically hidebound adversary that's trying to do the same thing in the same way. But it made sense: developing military hardware is all about optimizing a design to be cheap to manufacture at a high rate, just like GM, Ford and Toyota do, but software is a different beast. In software: software is never complete, it is always being updated, costs are spread more evenly out in it lifecycle versus hardware systems.
I'm most worried about software since that evolves more rapidly than hardware. The government still uses a hardware-based model to buy software-based systems. Which is the wrong method for software because in hardware systems the design and costs are front-loaded and the design is optimized for large builds, where as software costs are exposed over its entire lifecycle.
The rapid adaptation and evolution of enemy tactics means that when a new capability becomes available to the military, it must be possible to plug in that capability without a massive and expensive and slow integration effort. Being able to shrink and accelerate innovation cycles and leverage technical expertise across the enterprise becomes a strategic advantage on this kind of battlefield. These big contextual shifts, rather than philosophical leanings or new technologies per se, tilt the game in favor of open systems.[1]
In the software domain, the ability to rapidly modify existing systems in response to unanticipated threats and opportunities depends on access to that systems development supply chain. Do developers of new capabilities have to use non-proprietary standards, formats and interfaces so that data can be exported and used by other applications? Are technical architectures required to be modular enough to improve or replace components without the exit costs of vendor lock-in? Can code developed on the government dime be leveraged across programs?
These are not technology issues, per se. These are business issues, and they drive competitive military advantage. The key part to making any of this possible is access: access to the intellectual property (IP) investments made by the military on behalf of the American taxpayer.
Large companies have know software is a competitive advantage and have taken steps to actively manage its creation, use and dissemination. Companies like General Electric, Amazon, Microsoft, Facebook and Google have released software as open source to ensure they commoditize technologies and markets faster to ensure they always have vendor options and are never locked in or out of opportunities.
This is why intellectually property governance becomes so important, by allowing one military contractor to in effect own the monopoly on that taxpayer funded piece of software, the military is making a big bet that, that one contractor is the best to manage that software line. This limits competition, slows tech progress and drives costs up both total and increases the cost of technical debt. (Technical debt is how much time and effort it takes to change a systems design).
The government (and taxpayer) funds a massive amount of software IP development, which doesn't effectively get reused. The military needs executive strategic direction describing why intellectual property is important to the Nations defense and more importantly defining how it should be managed to maximize its return on investment for the military. There are a number of tactical methods (e.g., various field manuals and acronyms: Intellectual Property: Navigating Through Commercial Waters, MOSA, FAR, DFAR, etc.), but there is nothing that lays of the strategic imperative for why software IP is a strategic asset to be actively managed.
Organizing Principles
We must rebuild the government and military acquisitions process around how modern software is built. This kills two typical development problems: hardware platforms and software since hardware is the same process, just slower.
Initial design principles:
1. Code is maneuver. Software needs to be treated as something that has as much value as the Soldier, Sailor, Marine and Airman. Their lives depend on how software is build developed, deployed and ultimately updated.
2. Continuous & Speed. Software is never done, it always needs evolving, its use is accelerating and its update cycle is accelerating at the same time. Automation must be pushed as an imperative to ensure maximum speed advantage of technology deployment and supply chain replenishment.
This is important because all successful companies have very clear lines, limits and directions around how company-to-contractor funded IP should be treated.
Too often in the military, taxpayer funded IP around software is treated as something not of value (if it was it would be better controlled).
Note: Jim Stogdill coined the phrase "Code is Maneuver"http://limnthis.typepad.com/limn_this/2007/09/in-cyberwar-cod.html
[1] Ref: The DoD SoftwareTech News June 2007, Vol. 10 # 2, COTR Warriors: Open Technologies and the Business of War


text: TechVault FAQ PRODUCT APPLICATION CUSTOMER SUPPORT Reading Room IDT Publications Educational Resources Technical Reports User Guides & Protocols Quick Reference SDS Video Library CRISPR Genome Editing Gene Silencing Genotyping Next Generation Sequencing qPCR SciTools Synthetic Biology Webinars DECODED Archive FAQ/ PRODUCT/ Purification Top Questions Which oligo purification method would minimize contamination with environmental DNA? Since all of our oligos are chemically synthesized (versus isolated from an organic source), our oligos should only contain the specific sequence you request (plus a small percentage of n-1mer internal or truncation products) and there should be no external DNA contamination. For oligos longer than 50 bases, we recommend either PAGE or IE-HPLC purification to reduce the amount of truncated and deletion products in the oligo. Tags: purification {{Title}} [x] Comma separated, type existing tags Add or, Select from existing Opening existing... Close existing Most popular tags Click to select: Show all990Tags Show only most popular Opening all... {{Title}} ({{ItemsCount}}) Product Support Topics DNA/RNA Synthesis Gene Silencing and Small RNAs Genome Editing Genotyping GMP Manufacturing Modifications Molecular Biology Reagents NextGen Sequencing PCR/qPCR Purification QC Information RNase H2 SciTools Applications Synthetic Biology


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Daily Archive: December 9, 2015
Look out here comes the Cardboard Tube Grinch. But instead of spoiling your Christmas he is here to make everyone smile.
This simple Thanksgiving Turkey Paper Bag Puppet is perfect for young preschoolers to make. An adult may have to help them write what they are thankful for, but their faces … Read More
Hip-Hip-HOORAY! It's Halloween and these peppy Pumpkin Blocks are cheering on little ghouls and goblins: "Go for the chocolate, go for the chocolate " as they decorate your house for … Read More
This Bling Rock Paperweight will be a real eye catching way to make sure your papers don't fly away. This pretty paperweight will make a beautiful teacher gift or a … Read More
Here is an Easy Clam Shell Craft that will only take about 15 minutes. Even better the kids will have fun collecting clam shells at the beach as their major … Read More
This beautiful marine themed Sea Life Puppet Set comes complete with a seaweed surrounding for hours of imaginative play! Act out the adventures of this colorful fish family as they … Read More
The kids will love making and taking these VBS Jungle Door Hanger home at the end of the session. This craft can be adapted for several of the VBS themes.
Get into the Spring spirit with this easy to make Inch Worm Clip Clip. This is an easy craft for children to make and use to reseal opened bags of … Read More
This No Sew Felt Turtle Bean Bag can be used to play catching or tossing games. On top of that it is a fun craft for the kids to make.
Teens will enjoy making these Love Coasters For Valentine's Day. This is a perfect gift for parents or grandparents and will continue to remind them how much you love them … Read More
One of the first toys each of us had was our fingers. Develop that skill into these adorable Snowman Puppet Gloves made from a pair of recycled gloves.


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- select colour
it's an internet thing!
it's an internet thing!
12:05 19 May 2010
Former S Club 7 singer Rachel Stevens is pregnant with her first child.
The pop starlet and Strictly Come Dancing contestant announced the news just ahead of her first wedding anniversary to Alex Bourne.
Stevens' representative said: "We are delighted to announce that our client Rachel Stevens and her husband Alex are expecting their first child later in the year."
The 32-year-old singer also weighed in: "We are thrilled and so excited about becoming parents."
Earlier this week in an interview with The Mirror, Stevens praised her husband and explained that they were still in "honeymoon period",
She said: "I'm really lucky though because I've found a good one - Alex is a brilliant hubby. He's really supportive and he's always proud of everything I do."
Her last solo album was 2005's 'Come And Get It'. However, she led speculation by recently stating that she had a project in the works. Whether these plans will be shelved given her pregnancy or not remains uncertain.
Disclaimer: Supanet is not responsible for, and disclaims any and all liability for the content of comments written by contributors to this website


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DUBLIN — Just as folks around the Mother County were beginning to wonder if help would come, the American Red Cross and the North Carolina Baptist Disaster Relief showed up.
Tuesday night, a joint effort of the two agencies will begin serving meals at Dublin First Baptist Church, aided by members of the church. The church is still without power itself, so meals will be cooked at the Baptist Disaster outpost in Fayetteville and brought to Dublin.
"The loss is so great and the impact so widespread that they started in places like Fayetteville and Lumberton and are working their way out," said Dublin pastor Cameron McGill, "but they are here now and ready to help."
Meals will arrive in Dublin and be available between 7 and 7:30 p.m. Tuesday night. The groups plan to continue serving food as long as a need exists, and will be serving at least 200 lunches and dinners.
To assist with relief efforts, contact Cameron McGill at 910-872-1726.


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Malaysia YLP Webinar/
- Please remember to let us know here your preferred day and time for a quick 15 minute call to align expectations and let us know if you have any questions.
- The enrolment form can be found here. Kindly attach a copy of your NRIC and headshot photo.


text: AsciiPaint.com stores information about you only when you are clicking the share button or when voting for a given piece of art. This information contains your IP address, and whatever information is requested through the given service. ASCIIPaint.com DOES NOT TAKE WHAT YOU ARE DRAWING UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES UNLESS YOU HAVE CLICKED THE "Share Me!" BUTTON. * At that time, you have granted us license to use your work for anything. In order to make some sort of money to pay for hosting costs, ASCIIPaint.com includes Google AdSense. Below is information from them concerning what they do. * Google, as a third party vendor, uses cookies to serve ads on asciipaint.com. * Google's use of the DART cookie enables it and its partners to serve ads to you based on your visit to asciipaint.com and/or other sites on the Internet. * You may opt out of the use of the DART cookie by visiting the Google ad and content network privacy policy.


text: I have a mini signature wristlet in dark brown that I adore. I plan to take it to a wedding coming up and I was wondering if you think it's too casual to bring to a wedding. My dress is not too fancy, no sequins or anything. Here's a photo. The wristlet has a buckle up front, it's at the top center.


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We were invited to come to an event over the past weekend (July 18 and 19th) in Cle Elum at the Washington State Horse Park. As we didn't have much time to get prepared, my friend Wendy and I brought only one horse, my gelding Ari who has been living with Wendy for a while.
It was a great opportunity to see what I had in my 'Expo boxes', most of which haven't been opened since going to the World Equestrian Games in 2010. I am pretty impressed with all the great stuff I have!
Wendy, Ari and I arrived on Saturday morning and got our stall set up.
Wendy rode Ari a bit in the arena and then went on a trail ride, while I stayed at the stall and answered questions.
Wendy riding Ari with two mini horses and carts in the arena.
Later that afternoon, they had live music, which was really great. Unfortunately, I don't remember the group's name, but they were a very good bluegrass band. We enjoyed it quite a bit!
We stayed the night and then watched a few clinics on Sunday morning. As it was getting VERY hot, we decided to pack it in and head home a bit early. But, it was a fun weekend and both Wendy and I got to relax a bit.


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Would you or someone you know like to volunteer? When major hurricanes, tornadoes and other devastating storms strike the U.S., volunteers become a key component of Operation Blessing's disaster relief efforts. From serving hot meals and handing out bags of relief to helping residents salvage precious belongings and aiding in debris removal and cleanup, OBI volunteers are critical to bringing relief in real time!
Operation Blessing is accepting volunteers daily beginning at 8:00 AM (Monday – Saturday) at Cathedral Church in Beaumont, Texas and Life Church in Port Arthur, Texas. Orientation will begin promptly at 8:30 AM. Operation Blessing will provide your work assignments. All we ask is that you provide your own transportation to and from the work sites. No reservations are needed for daily volunteers.
Cathedral Church
2350 Eastex Freeway
Beaumont, TX 77703
Life Church
4600 Jimmy Johnson Blvd.
Port Arthur, TX 77642
Onsite Volunteer Line: 757.374.0944
Operation Blessing will be set up receiving Work Requests from residents from 9:30 am – 4:30 pm (Monday – Saturday).
VOLUNTEER HOUSING: Operation Blessing will be providing FREE Volunteer Housing in Beaumont starting Monday, September 11th. Please call our National Volunteer Manager, Christy Konnick at 757.226.3407 or via email at [email protected] to make your reservation or to get more information. Please note that everyone registering must register 48 hours in advance and have a CONFIRMED RESERVATION.
Click here to download volunteer information flyer
Interested in volunteering to help Hurricane Harvey victims in Texas? Please sign up below to receive the latest information on when, where, and how you can help.
Operation Blessing Teams are made up of "on-call" volunteers with general and specialized skills who join our teams in the field during times of disaster. When there is a disaster, we'll contact you (usually via e-mail) asking if you are available. Operation Blessing will supply meals, lodging, equipment, work order coordination and more. Volunteers are only asked to cover the costs of their transportation, including to and from the job sites each day.