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What are some possible themes in The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald? Are there any specific examples to support that theme?
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Some themes of Fitzgerald's novel relate to ideas of moral corruption, materialism, dream and fantasy, and deception.
Moral Corruption: The characters in the story, including Nick, are often duplicitous, exempting themselves from moral responsibility. While Nick merely defends himself through a pretense of innocence and detachment, Tom, Daisy, and Jordan each and all deny responsibility through flight. Gatsby attempts to steal another man's wife, lives the life of a bootlegger and a fraud, yet feels no moral compunction whatsoever. His dream exempts him from responsibility.
Dream and Fantasy: This dream can be understood as a version of the "American Dream", a vision of self-improvement and upward financial/class movement. Gatsby's achievements, though founded in fraud and deception, are nonetheless related to this "American Dream".
Gatsby rises, only to fall, but succeeds in procuring a mansion and massive wealth, which his father remarks upon at his funeral.
Beyond the "American Dream" there is also a theme of fantasy. Gatsby is the primary example of this, as he insists against reason that the past can be repeated. However, Gatsby is not the only character involved in attempting to live out a fantasy.
Daisy and Myrtle both engage in love affairs (at different levels, obviously) that are driven by a vision of romance, which is best understood as a generic ideal of "perfect love" (critically underscored by the presence of extensive wealth).


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If you busted out an appreciative, slow clap when it was announced that Anderson Silva will now face Daniel Cormier at UFC 200, you certainly weren't the only one.
Yes, not long after fans were delivered a serious jolt, with the news that Jon Jones is no longer fighting Cormier, the UFC announced that "The Spider" will instead. It was a pretty, pretty, surprising development, since Silva hasn't been fighting at 205 recently, and isn't long removed from gall bladder surgery.
Well, the former middleweight champ attended the UFC Fight Night 90 post-fight, presser, and during it, he relayed the following (quote via MMA Fighting.com):
"I think I'm in good shape and I don't want Daniel or anyone else to think that I'm underestimating him or coming in here to try to challenge a champion," Silva said through a translator on Thursday. "I'm not doing any of that. I'm here to challenge myself, and I think that I haven't trained in a few months, but I think that I'm in good condition to go in there and put on a good fight."
The 41 year-old star also reported that he had sparring session on Wednesday, and that he's ready for "war".
It remains to be seen how the non-title fight goes, and obviously, Cormier is going to be a huge favorite to win. After all, he's the light-heavyweight champ, is a very talented wrestler, and, ya, he's actually been training for a fight, and a five round one at that…
Silva hasn't fought since February, when he lost via decision to Michael Bisping.
UFC 200 is going to be crazy. The card will go down at the T-Mobile Arena in Las Vegas.

subset: commoncrawl


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Ek Paheli Leela is a 2015 Bollywood Drama film, written & directed by Bobby Khan and produced by Bhushan Kumar and Krishan Kumar.
It stars Sunny Leone in the titular lead role and will be seen in triple roles and Jay Bhanushali in pivotal role. Choreography will be done by Saroj Khan and Ahmed Khan. Music for the film is composed by Amaal Mallik. T-Series has acquired the music rights of the film. Principal photography of the film began in Jodhpur, India.


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Grey appoints Bindu Sethi as national planning director
Grey India has appointed Bindu Sethi as national planning director and she will be based in the agency's Delhi wing. She will be working closely with Jishnu Sen, COO, Grey India .
The position had been lying vacant since Naresh Gupta quit Grey to join Publicis India in early 2008.
At Grey, she will focus on building strategic and 360 degree capabilities with the servicing teams, as also build a strategic department to lead the agency with thought leadership.
Sethi says, "The challenge of creating a strategic culture at Grey is attractive and possible since the intent is right. I was pretty clear that I would go back to full time work only if I found a team that would want to do it right – this Grey team is one that wants to do just that."
Sen says, "Improving the quality of our product, both strategic and creative, is one of my highest priorities. To this end, convincing a star like Bindu to join our movement is a coup that will hugely benefit us and our clients."
Sethi has been in the industry for two decades. She comes with a diverse experience in providing brand strategies and solutions. She began her career at the Indian Market Research Bureau (IMRB), New Delhi as a research trainee, going on to become an executive committee member at Hindustan Thompson Associates (now JWT).
At HTA, Sethi developed and headed the strategic planning department for eight years and also lead the strategic thinking and consumer insight works on popular brands such as Horlicks and Maggi for more than a decade, making the brands market leaders in their categories. She was also responsible for developing the thinking behind how communication works with rural consumers, which lead to the formation of the social communication division of HTA.
In 2002, she shifted to the client side, when she partnered Hindustan Lever Limited as general marketing manager on the personal and hair care portfolios. Sethi has also worked on Unilever's family health brand portfolio, comprising three brands in seven South Asian and Southeast Asian markets.
Sethi has won the WPP Atticus award for original thinking, wherein she had presented her paper on 'Understanding India through advertising'.
Source: Bombay Adclub


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2010 Toyota 4Runner redesign
jcatan3 Posts: 4I did extensive research and found tires that fit perfectly AND look great on the 20x7 rims that come with the 4runner Limited. They are: "Continental CrossContact LX20 with EcoPlus Technology". These tires are made to fit rims 7" wide. Since I had these tires installed, I have noticed less road noise, a much smoother ride, and better highway gas mileage. In addition, they look much better and the width of the tire actually matches the width of the vehicle. The tires also have a 70,000 mile warranty whereas the Yokohama tires don't have any warranty at all. I have included a link to the Tire Rack website where I discovered the tires.
Link: http://www.tirerack.com/tires/tires.jsp?tireMake=Continental&tireModel=CrossCont- act+LX20+with+EcoPlus+Technology&partnum=755SR0CCLX20XL&vehicleSearch=false&from- Compare1=yes
After riding with these tires for abouty 1000 miles now, my average gas mileage has increased, the ride is more comfortable and quiet, and they don't look like bicycle tires on it! I have no idea as to why Toyota decided to put the skinny 245's on this truck. Also, this Continental tire is about $150 less per tire than the Yokohama Geolander which is the factory equipment.
1jessie Posts: 3My 2008 4 runner with 113k on it has had all 4 yes 4 wheel bearings go bad and now the rear hatch will not open or close this cars seems to nickle and dime you at every turn my last two gc lasted 200k. :mad:
blackdog4 Posts: 67When I bought my 2011 4Runner Ltd, I was told the antenna was designed to withstand a car wash. Guess what? My antenna snapped off. I'm not sure if it was vandalism or the car wash but it had to be replaced to the tune of $150. While waiting for the repair, I looked at a 2013 4Runneer and it still has that cheap whip antenna. This shouldn't be installed in a $40,000+ SUV!
With my Sequoia I was replacing rear door hardware every 2 to 3 years. Now it looks like they are going to get me by the antenna.
warreb Posts: 20Yeah, I have a 2010 4Runner & didn't believe the "car wash resistant" claim for the antenna. Before each wash, I remove it and plug the socket with a clipped off roofing nail and tape. Then, afterward, replace the antenna. Sorry that you had to confirm my suspicions. This and the other long litany of nuisances associated with the vehicle probably precludes me from any future Toyota purchases.


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British Housewives' Fantasies Vol. 2
Studio: Ben Dover ProductionsCWMH
Series: British Housewives' Fantasies
Approximate Running Time: 01:58:15
Watch This Movie
Pay Per Minute Streaming Video
Own This Movie
Want to see some insatiable scrubbers squirting, getting gang banged and taking plenty of dick up the arse? Then look no further, because in your very hands you hold a fucking awesome array of unbelievable thirty something slappers getting shagged on film for the first time. The fun and filth kicks off with Carla, a leggy redhead whom me and my boys vigorously D.Ped. She was so fucking horny, she even let her ol' man watch and join in! Next up is Claire a striking brunette who was actually five months pregnant and squirting like crazy when my Belgian studs shagged her, double dicked her and jizzed all over her smiling face. Emma, a sophisticated businesswoman was next to be caught on camera courted of your truly. My boys stuffed it up her arselhole and cunt right in the middle of her pine warehouse. Luckily it was closed for stocktaking. Finally to conclude this sextravaganza is Cindy, a bubbly blonde with gargantuan tits. I wheeled in Omar, the man with the enormous ebony schlong, who made the randy little raver's dreams come true. Fucking Magic! BONUS SCENE INCLUDED


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HOURS OF OPERATION: WED-FRI 2pm-10pm SAT 12pm-10pm
Welcome to Flapjack Brewery
Flapjack Brewery is located just on the outskirts of downtown Chicago in Berwyn's historic Depot District. TWO flagship beers ARE available year-round as well as an abundant amount of styles showcased on rotating taps. COME enjoy our small-batch handcrafted Flapjack beer and wood-fired pizza!
Now open In Berwyn's historic depot district!


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Madness Antipathy Rated 4.4400 Stars Madness Combat 6: Antipathy Action Madness - Preloaded Rated 4.2600 Stars Dont steal this preloaders button!... or else HE'LL BUST A CAB IN YO HEAD Action Employee of the Month Rated 4.2100 Stars A normal day at work for John. Full of violence. Comedy - Original Madness Apotheosis Rated 4.3700 Stars Madness Combat 4: Apotheosis. Action


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Best New Products
The Bagster Makes Trash Disposal Easy
By: Jodi Marks
If you've ever tackled a remodeling or landscaping project around your home, you know that it can quickly create a mountain of construction debris and other waste. Now there's an easy way to dispose of all that trash, thanks to The Bagster.
Simply pick up the Bagster bag at The Home Depot, position it within 16' of your driveway or curb, and fill the 4' wide by 8' long by 2½' high bag with up to three cubic yards (3,300 pounds maximum) of waste. Once the Bagster bag is full, call the toll-free phone number or go online to schedule a home pick-up from Waste Management.
Watch this video to find out more.
Videos You May Like
|Easy Trash Disposal with the Bagster
|Organize Your Garage to Clear Out Clut...
|Kitchen Remodeling: Out with the Old, ...
|Garage Organization: Tips for Cleaning...
CommentsPlease Leave a Comment
We want to hear from you! In addition to posting comments on articles and videos, you can also send your comments and questions to us on our contact page or at (800) 946-4420. While we can't answer them all, we may use your question on our Today's Homeowner radio or TV show, or online at todayshomeowner.com.


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This item has been discontinued and we do not expect it to be offered again.
With a little bit of sweet and a whole lot of savory, this delicious gift will satisfy all their snack cravings! We present our tasty gifts on a cutting board and include a cheese knife so your recipient has something to remember your thoughtfulness.
The solid wood cutting board is loaded with summer sausage, Napa Valley whole grain mustard, a cheese knife, water crackers, a cheese wheel, Napa Valley sourdough nuggets, olives, pistachios, almond roca, biscotti and Brent & Sam's Chocolate Chunk cookies.
Item Number: GC-5013


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We had a great time staying at the resort. Food was splendid, accommodation very comfortable, staff friendly & kind and service be it all around the resort or on the boat when diving or on a trip, was considerate & caring. Basically, for the duration of the stay, service was everything one could ask for.
The resorts bar/restaurant, 'The Craic House' always served up tasty food be it morning/noon or night, and importantly happy hour drinks serves up even more reasonably priced tasty drinks/cocktails. The diving (besides my shaky skills) was immersely enjoyable with many highlights, however the 100% success rate of seeing threshers during the morning dive, cannot go without a mention.
We stayed at Malapascua for over a fortnight, so we ventured a bit about the Island which is well worth while. There are a number of sites to see around, be it the barrio or at the far end of the island you can see the light house or Las bambas to name but a few. On Saturday nights one should consider joining the local disco to enjoy the Island atmosphere and music.
All in all, I can only recommend Evolution as a resort in Malapascua and is well worth the stay.
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- Evolution is small and friendly owner operated resort that provides everything you could need to enjoy Malapascua's great diving. We have 16 rooms with a choice of AC or Fan, all within a short distance from our golden white sand beach. The resort is home to one of the most highly rated restaurant on the island, where you'll find food for all palates, and a great selection of vegetarian dishes as well. Just let us know what you need to make your trip great and we'll do our best to make it happen. ... more less
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Agoda and Booking.com so you can book your Evolution Resort reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.


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The newest Durty Boy, Mr. Nekkid Feathermouth, joined us on stage last night for only the second time at our show at the Nightlight in Chapel Hill. It was a roaring success as Nekkid shredded bass through our shortened, half-hour set. Although the set was short, it was sweet, with everyone in attendance rocking out to the audial assault. We were followed on stage by the wonderful Joe Blossom out of New Zealand. What an amazing group! I would definitely see them again and highly recommend them if and when they come to your town.
I'm not sure what is going on, if we were a featured artist or linked to by somebody big, but we really appreciate all of our recent new fans! It is awesome to see so many different people who like our music! We are really just three good ol' boyz from North Carolina, so this is big for us. Also, we will be playing at the Station in Carrboro, NC with the band Funkharp on May 15th, so if y'all are in the area, come out and see some amazing music!


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Love Is On The Air Tonight
Expand Messages
- My latest arrangement:
Difficulty: Medium
Contest: No
This could fit into a radio-themed show quite nicely. Learning tracks are available. For more info, including pricing, please visit my web site: http://www.NicholasArrangements.com
Jon Nicholas
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"More than a mouthwash."
Our Daily 70s Spot (celebrity week) is for Listerine mouthwash and stars John Ritter of Three's Company fame. The spot aired in July of 1976 (at the height of Bicentennial madness) before Ritter became a breakout star with the Three's Company launch in March of '77.
Previously on Daily 70s Spot: Johnny Bench for Gillette (1970)


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Club Focus: Young Munster - Ambitious Cookies vow to stay 'at the forefront of Irish rugby'
Following their impressive 7-6 win over Ballynahinch last Saturday, Young Munster claimed third spot in Division 1 of the All Ireland League, strengthening their position to make the top four play-offs.
The Limerick outfit travel to Castle Avenue tomorrow to take on second placed Clontarf, in what club president Tony Cusack says will be a tough challenge.
"They're a very good side," says Cusack. "We've played Clontarf ten times in the AIL and have only ever won once and that was in Limerick, so we haven't had a great deal of success in the past.
"We have a very hard working group of players who are doing well at training and constantly improving so we'll certainly travel to Dublin with confidence, but we're well aware we'll be in for a tough day at the office.
Finishing fourth in the league last season Cusack feels the squad have been building well this year and is confident they have a very balanced group.
"We finished well last year and this year have a great mix of youth and experience," he says. "We've one or two lads on the squad who are in their first year of AIL rugby, but certainly I would say overall the squad is fairy experienced at this stage.
"We've also been extremely fortunate in terms of injuries. We've been very unlucky in this regard in the past but this year, thankfully, we haven't lost any key players.
"There's only a limited squad in every club and if you can manage to keep players fit on a game to game basis it can mean a lot for overall success.
Young Munster host UCD on March 5, which precedes a mouth-watering local derby fixture against Garryowen, who lie in fourth place, and will also be seeking a top-four finish.
"In terms of excitement, I think all fixtures between Garryowen and Young Munster are thrilling encounters," says Cusack.
"Over the last number of years there's been mixed results between both sides. Home advantage means a lot in the AIL - so I think Garryowen being at home for that fixture would certainly be a big plus factor for them.
"That said, you can never predict a result in local derbies - it brings out an extra dimension in everybody's game and I've no doubt both sides will be well up for it.
"It's the only local derby we have in the league as unfortunately Garryowen and ourselves are the only two Limerick clubs in Division 1A.
"It's also coming to a time where it's really the business end of the season so depending on results in the intervening games it could be a crucial encounter for final placings.
"All that aside it doesn't matter - any fixture between ourselves and Garryowen would be a much anticipated prospect and that's for sure."
With one league title to their credit, claimed in season 1992-93, Cusack says Young Munster's overall goal is to finish the league in the top four and go on to win the trophy for a second time.
"We've always been an ambitious club," says Cusack. "We were one of the founder member clubs of the AIL - playing in Division 2 in the very first season, and we got promoted in that first year.
"We've always been in the top two divisions and it is our aim to continue to be at the forefront of Irish rugby.
"Every club starts off the league with a number one mantra of not getting relegated, but number two is to get into the play-offs, and for a club of our size, stature and history, our supporters would expect us to get to the top four as often as we possibly can and that is what we will be striving for."
Irish Independent


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Black color is the mostly favorite color of the everyone it looks so nice on every one it show you slim if you are something chubby on every event carry the black color because it is not a dark color and not light so in the black color many formal, semi formal and casual dresses are designed .
anarkali is the traditional dress of the India they carry it in their routine life and formally with different bottoms like tights, trousers, palazzos, pajama and many other which are inn now a days. Black color is best for all age ladies so many girls like to carry black color in the functions like wedding, birthday parties, engagements, and wedding ceremony with different color combination and stuffs.
Because in the trend banarsi, jamawar, shimmered, chiffon, georgette and the pure stuff are mostly carried so here I have some beautiful dresses for you that can give you a great look. Thread embroidered, lace embellished, printed, sequence embellished, net fabric and many other for your gorgeous look and carry it on the different events.
Black and golden shaded:
Chiffon pure black bodice the neckline and the center of the bodice is embellished grey shimmered stuff bottom of the frock is looking beautiful with the fancy Gota and web design on the border of the frock the chiffon sleeves are embellished with golden work it is very long under it carry the tights with chiffon dupatta that's edges are embellished with the golden Gota and the lace wear this frock high heel peep toe in golden.
Black with nude color:
Black color look attractive with every shade so here the nude color is looking nice with black the bodice is plain but the bottom of the frock is in the booty printed and floral the silver glittered is also looking nice on the border with this dress carry the dupatta in the skin color the edges are embellished with patches apply the red nail paint and the carry the bangles with high heel sandal in black and go in the birthday party because your dress is in the semi formal style.
Double layer open style:
In the anarkali not only frock rather, gowns, suits, lehengas are also inn front open long tail like gown is looking gorgeous bodice is embellished with golden lace ban neckline and the full sleeves that are also embellished with this upper gown the inner of it is in golden color floor length the bottom of the dress is fully embellished with the golden flowers in the stones and the shimmered sitara work carry this dress with high heel golden pointed pumps and the skin pajama with black embellished dupatta.
Royal and desert style:
In the deserts areas different styles are carried by the girls because every regions has its specific dressing so the printed and the shimmered style anarkali dress is also made for those girls who want to go farm house parties ,live to like cowboy life so the upper of the frock is simple only vines Are made on the sleeves but the bottom of the frock is ion the silk fabric fully printed and on the bottom wide patch is used in the shimmered style .carry high heel peep toe in the rustic color is great choice .
Red and black shaded dress:
Black color can go with every dark and light color so the black with the red is looking fabulous the upper of the frock is embellished in the golden work the square style fancy thread is used on the bodice and the bottom of the frock is in the red color floral embroidery with sequence embellished in black color with different color patches chiffon sleeves are full fitted and the embroidered carry the pure red color dupatta Gota embellished can be carried in the mehandi ceremony with golden jewelry.
Black and coral pink dress:
Floor length double layer gown style anarkali frock is looking dashing because coral pink color is really liked by the girls because it is in the light shade the inner of the frock is in pink color the upper of the frock is in the tilla work the upper gown is embellished with golden booty work the silk ribbon on the bottom of the frock with full sleeves this dress is perfect for newlywed brides with it pink churi pajama and the dupatta is nice choice .


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Awards & Accolades
Over the years, we've become known as the place to learn, to build community and a place to celebrate wellness. As we've travelled with people on their wellness journeys, one way they've acknowledged the impact we've had in their lives is through awards. And we've won many of them, many times, which allows us to say with confidence that We're Calgary's Favorite!
Kudos to our store staff and customer care department who are fully invested in creating a truly welcoming, understanding experience. Hats off to our category managers, who research every ingredient, to ensure products are effective, are well-priced and, at least when it comes to food, taste great! Way to go, to each and every one of you that makes the path to a great customer experience possible, whether it is stocking shelves, inputting prices, repack, content and signage creation or delivery and fulfillment, it all makes the customers love us. And finally, thank you to our owners and general managers for creating a company culture that fosters relationship with customers over profits.
Our awards reflect the core values of our organization. We're celebrating 40 years as a family-owned, Calgary-based business and our purpose has never changed: we want to offer all Calgarians access to wellness through effective, natural and organic products at a reasonable price. And we have a deep respect for the earth.
Our Awards:
4 years as recipient of Canada's 50 Best Managed Companies – Gold Standard award
What does it take to make the list of Canada's Best Managed Companies? According to Canadian Business Magazine, "Fearless leadership, relentless innovation, a culture of teamwork and a commitment to change with a dynamic business environment."
For the 15th consecutive year we've won the Calgary Herald Reader's Choice Award Gold winner in the Health Food/Vitamin Store category
Organic Retailer of the Year – Canadian Organic Trade Association 2017- we are the first recipient of this award.
Calgary's Child Best Natural Food Store award – (2009-present)
REAP Be Local Awards – Best Mid-Size Business (every year since 2013)
Metro Calgary Community Choice Award for Best health food market (2016)
Community Citizenship Award - Persons with Development Disabilities Calgary Region (2014)
Canadian Health Food Association – Spotlight on Giving Award (2012 & 2013)
Canadian Fair Trade Award – Best Natural/Health Food Store (2013)
Vibrant Calgary - Vibrant Employer Award (2009 & 2011)
City of Calgary - Commerce Award (2009)
Fast Forward Magazine – Best Place to Buy Organic Food (2009-2014)
Fast Forward Magazine – Best Place to Snag a Stampede Breakfast (2012-2014)
Industry & Community Affiliations:
- Bullfrog Power
- REAP Calgary
- Canada Organic
- Organic Alberta


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1 Tablespoon = 25 calories.
The two secrets to this hummus are:
Try it on our Honey Wheat Bread toasted. You will love it!
Perfect Hummus | Smooth And Yummy
I first tasted hummus at a Middle Eastern restaurant in Minneapolis called Jerusalem's several decades ago. It was delightful; all buttery and lemony. So I decided it would be a good thing to have at home. I tried several versions of store bought hummus including a local variety made by Holy Land in northeast Minneapolis. It is quite good, but none of them really seemed to be the right flavor for me. Perhaps it is the Scandinavian boy from the prairie who grew up on blandness? Not! I think it really is that I wanted something smooth with a little tang that could be spread on bread as a sandwich or used as a dip for chips or pita. Something versatile and yummy. So, for years I made batches of hummus. Unfortunately, my kids really don't like hummus, so I've had to eat a lot of it on my quest for perfection. Today, I got it and I'm going to share it with you: My Perfect Hummus!
Easy No Knead Flatbread Dough
Topping Ideas
You can cook the six pieces individually or together as large or small rolls as well.
Depends on toppings and portion size.
I usually cook 1-3 of the flatbreads and then store the rest wrapped in plastic wrap in a recloseable plastic bag. Bring dough back up to nearly room temperature before cooking.
Warm Garlic Olives | A Friendly Share


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Night shifts ...changamoto zake ni zipi??!!
Discussion in 'Mahusiano, mapenzi, urafiki' started by Dark City, Mar 18, 2012.
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It's SuperBowl Weekend! The irony of the timing is, well, ironic. MC and HM recorded this show a few weeks back and the subject is America Ball (that's football for you not in the know).
Well, really, it's about the use of resources at football games. Do there need to be ambulances at every high school football team in the nation? There are typically officers present…do they need to be there?
Listen in as MC and HM hash it out Crossover-style.
As a special treat, find out if the rumors of the origin of MC's wrist injury is accurate!
Go LISTEN NOW


text: I have a 21 year old son that was sexually abused from the ages of 7-14. My husband and I found out about this when my son was 17. At that time we prosecuted the creep that did this and of course it was a close friend of the family! The molester got 2 years in prison and is out now. My son has been thru the ringer with emotions ever since this all became public. He goes from severe depression to extreme rage at any moments time. I have had him in with counselors, therapists and doctors. Nothing seems to help because he will not allow it to work. He has been on so many anti depressants I cant even tell you. All would not work and would cause problems. Counseling is not going good. I cannot afford to take him to a psychologist (no insurance) which is where he really needs to go. We sued the creep that did this to him but all we have is a judgement for him to pay my son and apparently he doesnt have any money anymore or anything to sell off. My son has had a alcohol and marijuana problem for a few years now. He went to jail for partying too much in college. That really seemed to help him for a while, but now back to the old ways again. He is currently in college full time and working full time which I thought would really keep him to busy to party but he is finding time to do that. I guess the next step for me would be to kick him out of the house and make him grow up, but how do I know that is the right thing to do with what he has been thru with his past? His father and I both have ALOT of guilt about the abuse and with my son being unstable I just dont know how to go about kicking him out. Any suggestions? Its so much easier said than done. Its a sad situation that I am making worse with my guilt. Someone PLEASE HELP!! I just found out he was smoking marijuana again and its killing me!


text: Human Rights Observatory NGO: Nepal Needs Debt Relief A group of international aid, religious and other groups are calling for debt relief for Nepal following the devastating earthquake that killed more than 7,000 people and left thousands more injured or homeless. Jubilee Network USA is a coalition of religious and relief groups that works to eliminate extreme poverty. Coalition Executive Director Eric LeCompte says Nepal was repaying $220 million a year to international lenders before the quake. He says money for further...Read complete article© Voice of America - Monday, May 4, 2015


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We report that an enhancement in electrical bistability in devices based on organic molecules can be achieved by the introduction of semiconducting nanoparticles. Here, devices based on alternate layers of a dye in the xanthene class and CdSe nanoparticles have been compared with devices based on the individual components. Results from dye/CdSe devices have yielded an appreciable enhancement in electrical bistability compared with those based on the dye or the nanoparticles. The enhancement is due to augmented carrier transport through the nanoparticles to the dye that consequently undergoes a change in its conformation, having a higher conductivity. We have evidenced read-only and random-access memory applications in the dye/nanoparticle hybrid system.
1. Introduction
In recent years, organic semiconductors have been chosen for different electronic and opto-electronic applications ranging from field-effect transistors to light-emitting diodes. The range widened further with the work showing organic memory for data-storage applications (Ma et al. 2000; Bandhopadhyay & Pal 2003; Yang et al. 2004). Organic memory is manifested owing to electrical bistability of molecules and devices (Donhauser et al. 2001; Solak et al. 2002; Ssenyange et al. 2006). In an electrically bistable device, current–voltage (I–V) characteristics are dependent on the preceding voltage pulses or voltage-sweep directions. This leads to two I–V characteristics with an associated memory phenomenon. Conformation change and/or electroreduction of organic molecules plays a key role in changing the conductivity of the devices (Donhauser et al. 2001; Solak et al. 2002; Bandhopadhyay & Pal 2003; Ssenyange et al. 2006). In devices with soft metals as electrodes, filament formation may occur to yield conductance switching.
Recent work on organic memory focused on several aspects, including: (i) understanding of the mechanism (Bozano et al. 2004; Bandyopadhyay & Pal 2005; Chen & Ma 2006; Rath et al. 2006; Paul 2007); (ii) improvement of device parameters by choosing suitable systems (Bandhopadhyay & Pal 2003; Jiang et al. 2008; Portney et al. 2008); and (iii) addressability for data-storage applications (Jakobsson et al. 2005; Mukherjee & Pal 2007). While electrical and dielectric properties at different temperatures have been studied for understanding the mechanism, donor/acceptor systems or molecules with suitable functional groups have been chosen to improve device parameters (Chu et al. 2005; Jakobsson et al. 2005; Mukherjee & Pal 2007), such as on/off ratio, retention time, threshold voltage and so on. Here on/off ratio means the ratio between conductivities of a high- and a low-conducting state measured at a particular voltage.
Improvement in electrical conduction in organic semiconductors has so far been hindered mostly due to their poor mobility. Since the use of single crystals is never a practical solution from the application point of view, it is imperative to supplement the conductivity with suitable systems. Semiconducting nanoparticles may come in handy in this regard. In this article, we introduce CdSe nanoparticles in organic memory devices to enhance electrical bistability for improved organic memory applications. As the organic molecule, we have chosen a conventional molecule in the xanthene class. Molecules in this class are known to exhibit bistability and memory phenomena in thin films and as a molecule itself (Bandhopadhyay & Pal 2003; Rath et al. 2006).
2. Experimental
(a) Materials
Phloxine B (PB), mercaptoacetic acid (MAA) and poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH, Mw=70 000) were purchased from Aldrich Chemical Co. All the chemicals were used without further purification. To synthesize MAA-capped CdSe nanoparticles, cadmium acetate (Cd(COOH)2⋅2H2O) was used as the metal precursor. Sodium selenosulphate (Na2SeSO3), obtained by refluxing 2 g of selenium powder and 4.83 g of sodium sulphite (Na2SO3) in 100 ml of water for 10 h, acted as the selenium source. MAA was the stabilizing agent for the growth of CdSe nanoparticles. The pH of the solutions was balanced with dilute NH4OH solution. Milli-Q water of resistivity 18.2 M2 cm was used for all the experiments. Indium tin oxide (ITO)-coated glass substrates with a sheet resistance of 12 2 cm−2 were purchased from Optical Filters Ltd, UK.
(b) Synthesis and characteristics of CdSe nanoparticles
To synthesize anionic-capped CdSe nanoparticles, we first prepared an aqueous solution of cadmium acetate (108.44 mg in 80 ml). We then added MAA (32 mg) to this solution and mixed thoroughly with magnetic stirring. The pH of the solution was adjusted to 12.5 by adding dilute NH4OH solution. Freshly prepared sodium selenosulphate (1 ml) was then added to the solution under continuous stirring. After 30 min, the mixed solution turned clear and greenish yellow in colour; the solution was stirred continuously for 12 h. To remove the product (MAA-capped CdSe nanoparticles) from unreacted chemicals, the resultant solution was cooled to 4°C and centrifuged at 14 000 r.p.m. The product was isolated, redispersed and centrifuged in three cycles. Finally, the nanoparticles were dried in a vacuum oven at 60°C for 12 h. The acid-stabilized nanoparticles were finally redispersed in deionized water under sonication to obtain an optically homogeneous solution for use as an anionic bath during layer-by-layer (LbL) film deposition. The nanoparticles were characterized by electronic absorption spectroscopy (Shimadzu UV-2550 spectrophotometer), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM, JEOL-JEM 2010) with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analyses (INCA, Oxford) and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD, Rich-Seifert XRD 3000P).
(c) Device fabrication
To fabricate the devices, LbL films were deposited on ITO-coated glass substrates. The LbL method relies on surface charge reversal during deposition of every polyionic layer (Decher & Hong 1991; Kotov et al. 1995; Yoo et al. 1997; Das & Pal 2002; Lee et al. 2006; Ariga et al. 2007). While PAH was used as the polycation, PB or MAA-capped CdSe nanoparticles acted as the anionic source. At first, ITO-coated glass substrates (strips of ITO) were deprotonated with H2O, H2O2 and NH4OH solution (v/v ratio 5:2:2). The ITO substrates were first dipped into the cationic PAH solution for 15 min, followed by rinsing in neutral water three times. They were then dipped into an anionic solution bath for 15 min, followed by the same rinsing protocol. By repeating the dipping sequence, we could obtain the desired number of bilayers of LbL films. In the present study, we deposited the following three films: (PAH/PB)20, (PAH/CdSe)20 and (PAH/PB/PAH/CdSe)10. In the latter, PB molecules and CdSe nanoparticles were deposited in alternate layers with the inert PAH layer in between them. The films were annealed at 120°C in vacuum overnight. To complete device fabrication, aluminium was thermally evaporated at a pressure below 10−5 torr as top electrode. The area of the devices was 2 mm×3 mm.
(d) Device characterization
Devices were kept in a shielded vacuum chamber to record current–voltage (I–V) characteristics. A Yokogawa 7651 DC voltage source and Keithley 486 picoammeter were used for this purpose. Bias was applied with respect to the aluminium electrode. Sweep speed was 50 mV s−1 to reduce displacement current. For pulsed mode measurements, the DC voltage source was coupled to fast switching transistors to generate voltage pulses of different widths and amplitudes. The rise and fall times of the voltage pulse were less than 100 ns. The instruments were controlled by a PC via a general-purpose interface bus.
3. Results and discussion
Figure 1a shows the electronic absorption spectrum of CdSe nanoparticles in dispersed solution. The spectrum shows a band at 413 nm. The diameter of the nanoparticles, as calculated from the peak wavelength, effective mass of an electron and band gap of the bulk CdSe (=1.84 eV), is found to be 4.5 nm. The diameter obtained from HR-TEM images over a larger area has been projected to be approximately 4.8 nm. The values obtained from the two methods matched quite well. The HR-TEM images, a typical one of which is presented in the inset of figure 1a, show lattice spacing of CdSe crystals (0.35 nm). The values match very well with the lattice spacing for (0 0 2) plane of CdSe crystals, as mentioned in JCPDS PDF no. 08-0459. Formation of CdSe nanocrystals has further been verified by the XRD spectrum. While the EDX analyses evidence composition of the nanoparticles, the XRD spectrum, as presented in figure 1b, shows the crystal planes of CdSe. All the results evidenced the formation of CdSe nanocrystals.
We have deposited LbL films of PB and CdSe nanoparticles with PAH as the polycation. A dipping sequence of PAH/CdSe/PAH/PB resulted in LbL films of the dye with nanoparticles. For comparison, LbL films of the individual components were also deposited with the same polycation. Electronic absorption spectra of the (PAH/CdSe/PAH/PB)10, (PAH/CdSe)20 and (PAH/PB)20 LbL films are shown in figure 2. Here, the suffixes represent the number of dipping cycles. The figure shows that the materials were adsorbed and deposited as LbL films. Spectra of CdSe and PB films show signatures of the respective material. The spectrum of the (PAH/CdSe/PAH/PB)10 film is mostly an algebraic sum of the spectra of the components. This shows that adsorptions of CdSe nanoparticles and PB molecules were uniform during LbL film deposition.
We have recorded I–V characteristics of the devices based on LbL films of PB and CdSe nanoparticles deposited in the alternate layers. For comparison, devices based on the components, that is, LbL films of PB and CdSe nanoparticles separately, were also characterized. I–V characteristics of an ITO/(PAH/CdSe/PAH/PB)10/Al device under multiple voltage loops are presented in figure 3. The characteristics show electrical bistability. I–V characteristics show that the conductivity of the film is higher when the voltage is swept from a negative value, compared with the case when it is scanned from a positive one. That is, switching from a low- to a high-conducting state of the device occurs at a negative bias. The bistability is, moreover, repeatable over multiple voltage loops.
In xanthene class molecules, of which PB is a typical example, bistability is, in general, due to conformational change with consequent change in the band gap. A change in the conformation occurs owing to the biplanar structure of the molecule (inset of figure 3). Considering the electrode combination used, electron injection is favourable from the ITO electrode. With the polarity of voltage used in the experiment, electron injection from the ITO electrode occurs in the negative bias. With injection of electrons, some of the molecules change their conformation to one having a lower band gap. This allows facile carrier injection with more and more molecules switching to their high-conducting state. When a percolative network is formed between the two electrodes, the device yields a higher current that is termed as high-conducting state. With slow withdrawal of bias, the percolative network of high-conducting molecules is retained to some extent. Finally, at an opposite voltage, the initial state of the molecule is re-established, resulting in a break in the networks and consequently reinstating the low-conducting state of the device. Such a cycling between the low and the high states was achieved by applying bias in multiple loops.
It is imperative to compare the I–V characteristics of the ITO/(PAH/CdSe/PAH/PB)10/Al device with those of its components, namely ITO/(PAH/CdSe)20/Al and ITO/(PAH/PB)20/Al devices. The latter two devices also show bistability. A comparison of the characteristics of the three devices is presented in figure 4a, with the magnitude of the current being plotted as a function of voltage. When compared with devices based on CdSe or PB, the CdSe/PB devices yield low off-state and high on-state current. CdSe nanoparticles in between PB layers must have augmented conductance switching of PB molecules. Carrier confinement in nanoparticles (Jung et al. 2006; Mohanta et al. 2006; Das et al. 2007; Li et al. 2007; Verbakel et al. 2007) may also result in higher on/off ratio in devices based on CdSe/PB. Degree of bistability can be quantified by calculating the on/off ratio as a function of voltage (figure 4b). The ratio in the CdSe/PB device is much higher than that in the devices based on the components. The ratio in ITO/(PAH/CdSe/PAH/PB)10/Al reaches more than 104. This is a couple of orders higher than that in ITO/(PAH/CdSe)20/Al and ITO/(PAH/PB)20/Al devices. Such a high ratio is itself of importance, so that misreading rate will be low during the read processes. Moreover, higher on/off ratios in ITO/(PAH/CdSe/PAH/PB)10/Al films when compared with ITO/(PAH/CdSe)20/Al and ITO/(PAH/PB)20/Al show that introduction of nanoparticles in organic bistable devices can be considered to be a novel route to supplement electrical switching.
We have studied the transport mechanism in the low- and high-conducting states. We find that the characteristics of the low-conducting state can be fitted to an injection-dominated mechanism. As per the thermionic emission mechanism, the current density is given by where A* is Richardson's constant, T is the absolute temperature, q is the magnitude of electronic charge, ϕB is the barrier height, E is the electric field, ϵ is the dielectric permittivity and k is Boltzmann's constant. A plot of versus V1/2, as shown in figure 5a, shows a linear fit, showing the validity of the thermionic emission model in the low-conducting state of the device. It may be added that there was no change in the mechanism upon addition of the nanoparticles.
Current in the high-conducting state, on the other hand, did not fit to an injection-dominated mechanism. We could fit it to a bulk-dominated mechanism, namely space charge-limited conduction (SCLC). Space charge-limited current, which dominates when the concentration of the injected carriers exceeds the carriers produced by thermal excitation, requires ohmic contact with the electrode. Ohmic contact is a possibility in the high-conducting state owing to a decrease in the band gap of PB upon electroreduction. According to the SCLC mechanism in the absence of traps, current density is given by where μ is the carrier mobility and d is the thickness of the device. A plot of versus is shown in figure 5b. The plot fits to a straight line with a slope of 2.3, showing the validity of the SCLC mechanism for the high-conducting state. Here, while the addition of the nanoparticles did not change the transport mechanism, they enhanced the magnitude of the current owing to facile charge confinement.
Electrical bistability under multiple voltage loops is a prerequisite for organic memory. Since we observed such a bistability (figure 3), we examined the devices for possible read-only memory (ROM) and random-access memory (RAM) applications. For ROM applications, we first induced a high or a low state and then probed the state of the device by measuring current under small voltage pulses. Figure 6a shows a plot of the device current at −0.9 V as a function of time after a high or a low state was induced. The magnitude of the current remained clearly different for the two conducting states, substantiating ROM applications for several hours. Such endurance makes the material suitable for organic memory devices. Since electrical bistability was observed under multiple voltage loops, the states could also be flip-flopped between the two conducting states. For RAM applications, we induced (write) the two conducting states in sequence and read them in between doing so. In figure 6b, we show plots of voltage sequence and corresponding current in a CdSe/PB-based device. The figure shows that while probing the high and the low states in repeated cycles, the current values remained clearly separable evidencing RAM applications.
4. Conclusions
In conclusion, we have fabricated devices based on alternate layers of an organic dye (PB) and semiconducting nanoparticles (CdSe) deposited via LbL electrostatic assembly. Owing to the introduction of nanoparticles, there is an enhancement in electrical bistability of PB. The on/off ratio in CdSe/PB systems is about two orders of magnitude greater than that in devices based on dye or nanoparticles. We have shown that the bistability is augmented because of facile carrier transport through the nanoparticles. The bistability in organic molecules is, in general, due to their conformational change. During the switching from a low- to a high-conducting state, the mechanism of conduction changes from an injection dominated to a bulk one. The devices based on CdSe/PB systems evidenced RAM and ROM applications.
B.C.D. acknowledges CSIR-NET Fellowship no. 09/080(0504)/2006-EMR-I, roll no. 503982. The authors acknowledge financial support through projects SR/S2/RFCMP-02/2005 and 2007/37/2/BRNS.
One contribution of 8 to a Theme Issue 'Making nano-bits remember: a recent development in organic electronic memory devices'.
- © 2009 The Royal Society


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2011 Report to the Canada-European Union Joint Cooperation Committee
Canada-European Union Relations
2011 has been a busy year for Canada-European Union relations, and we foresee an equally busy year ahead. Ongoing negotiation of a number of bilateral agreements is a sign of a healthy, vibrant relationship that continues to grow and flourish.
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The active engagement by the Canadian delegation in the 2011 EU Joint Science and Technology Coordinating Committee (JSTCC) Meeting (Ottawa, 3-4 October 2011) underlines Canada's commitment to continued research collaboration with the EU.
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At a bilateral meeting in Paris in December 2011, Leona Aglukkaq, Canadian Minister of Health and John Dalli, European Commissioner for Health and Consumer Policy, confirmed their strong interest in continued health collaboration, particularly in enhancing regulatory cooperation in health and consumer product areas, and in strengthening health security issues at the global level.
Following up on the 2009 EU-Canada Summit declaration which identified "enhanced cooperation on health promotion in young people" as a new area of research and policy cooperation, Canada participated in a major EU conference in Brussels in December 2010, which included productive exchanges on physical activity and healthy living.
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Canada is looking to the EU and its Member States for an indication of goodwill that would encourage work at ICAO to continue towards a global framework for market based measures and that would avoid escalation against the EU ETS.
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Under the EU-Canada Air Transport Agreement, the Preliminary Joint Committee held its meeting on February 9, 2011, and discussed various issues relating to the implementation of the Agreement such as ratification, competition, statistics, security, airline ownership, fuel taxation, code-sharing, labour, and legislative and policy developments.
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Negotiations between Canada and the EU for a new, modernized agreement on Passenger Name Record are ongoing.
Talks have revealed great similarities between Canadian and EU values on data protection and fundamental rights, as well as opportunities for co-operation between Canadian and EU authorities to ensure the safety and security of the public.
The parties have reached agreement on most issues. While there remain some items which require further discussion, the EU and Canada are optimistic that negotiations will conclude in winter-spring 2012, to be followed by the parties' respective approval processes.
Supply Chain Security Agreement Negotiations
The negotiators of the two sides came to an agreement (subject to consultations on both sides) on the Canada-EU Supply Chain Security Agreement (SCSA) text in December 2011 and the text will enter the legislative approval process in both Canada and the EU in early 2012.
Although ambitious, successful negotiations to date suggest that ratification of the Canada-EU SCSA is possible by early 2013, notwithstanding amendments that may be required throughout each party's ratification processes.
The two sides will strive to synchronize their implementation plans so that both enter the ratification stages of the SCSA process in unison. This will ensure that the momentum generated to establish enhanced cooperation between respective customs administrations is maintained.
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Canada and the EU discussed the problem of Canadian tourists inadvertently staying in the Schengen Area beyond the permitted time limits (90 days).
The EU has offered to work closely with Canada to assist Canadian tourists by ensuring that Schengen Area entry and exit rules are comprehensible and consistently applied, especially at external borders.
Canada has in force 17 bilateral agreements which were concluded before the entry into force of 1985 Schengen Agreement. Of these, 15 allow visitors to stay for three months, with the other two for two months. Canada is seeking re-confirmation with the 17 states that the agreements between Canada and these individual countries continue to be valid and would be regarded as such at points of entry and exit.
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The EU and EU Member States are valued partners on a range of migration and asylum issues. Strengthened collaboration between Canada and the EU and sharing best practices on these issues is in the interests of both parties.
Canada would like to explore opportunities for collaboration and information exchange with the newly-established European Asylum Support Office.
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Canada's ultimate goal is to be able to offer visa-free travel to nationals of all EU Member States. At the moment, there are still challenges that need to be addressed so that this goal can be achieved.
Canada also conveyed its hope that the European Commission and Member States would continue to address issues that lead to irregular migration and to cooperate with Canada to prevent and address any future spikes in asylum claims. At the same time, Canada has continued to keep the EU fully informed of the ongoing reform of its own asylum system.
Higher Education, Training and Youth
The Canada-EU Framework Agreement for Cooperation in Higher Education, Training and Youth, Joint Committee meeting was held in February 2011, in Ottawa.
In June 2011, the International Academic Mobility initiative, which supports Canadian post-secondary institutions in offering international learning opportunities to their students, was rescinded by Human Resources and Skills Development Canada, which manages the program. While all current funding agreements will be honoured, after March 31, 2015, no new funding will be available to support the 2011 call for proposals or in future years.
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A Canada-EU Policy Roundtable on "Youth Participation" was held in Helsinki, Finland in October 2011. The event was hosted by the EU and co-organized by Canada and drew 80 participants.
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Training across Uwezo East Africa
Uwezo Regional Office
Nairobi, Kenya
1st August 2014
Training is one of the key preparatory activities taken so very seriously in Uwezo. We are fortunate that over the years we have developed huge internal resource base, and can boast of having the best trainers all within the Uwezo family. And true to the East African spirit, we ensure that each country benefits from the best that East Africa had to offer! The Uwezo East Africa team comprising of three trainers, one from each country has been at the helm of ensuring quality training across the region. They support, inform, share and ensure adherence to Uwezo standards on training.
Uwezo uses a cascading training model comprising three levels; national, regional and district levels. The EA trainers preside over training in Uwezo Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania as the main trainers who offer technical expertise and train the trainers during the Training of trainers (ToT) meetings. Trainers then train District coordinators as well as the volunteers/data collectors within their individual districts. Training comprise of two sessions; a theory session and a practical, hands-on application of the Uwezo assessment tools during which field visits are conducted in schools and households. Uwezo organizes pilots in a district in each country where Uwezo assessment tools are tested as they as reviewed annually during which newly recruited District coordinators are introduced to Uwezo.
The EA trainers attend ToTs, regional trainings and national conferences. All the three countries have regions/zones where trainings are organized; this links all district coordinators and village coordinators in their respective regions to be trained on pre assessment activities during the regional trainings. Prior to the actual annual assessment a national conference is held and the regional coordinators, district coordinators are trained on the actual assessment process.


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I know I should know this but can't find the answer .. what's the min word count at HP?
As far as I know there is no min wordcount. But if you write amazon hubs you have to write at least 50 words for each product you advertise.
Some poetry hubs i have seen are very short, less than 250 words in total, and hp's needs to address this.
For general adsense related hubs you should be aiming at a min. of at least 800 words rising to around 2500.
As a target aim for around 900-1700, and you shouldn't see any complaints. There was a recent thread on min. word count, can't find it at the moment, but some people thought 300/500 was acceptable. I don't think it is, and to help hp's raise its status it doesn't need more low quality hubs being written.
Not that I am saying poetry hubs of 250 words are low quality,( perish the thought!!) but I think there should be a separate category of hp's that deals with poetry hubs.
Think of it this way, that everything you publish from now on needs to help hp's raise it's PR ranking back to where it belongs.
I'm pretty sure everything under 100 will get flagged as being too short. Poetry is the exception. I have a hub or two under 250 words, most of mine are between 400 to 1400 words.
The current contest wants hubs that are 400 words and up.
cheers .. I had it in my head that 500 was the minimun but I think that was self imposed .. I generally do try to write 500 or so but sometimes it's hard to get past 300 without just adding 'padding'
by Marisa Wright7 years ago
On another thread, a Hubber suggested that if HubPages had a minimum word count, it would prevent some spammers.I know that a very low word count can get a Hub flagged as substandard, but perhaps it's set too low at the...
by Ceres Schwarz3 years ago
I was thinking of splitting an article into 2 or even 3 different hubs because it was too long. How many words should our articles have before we can publish them on HubPages? I checked the HubPages FAQ page but the...
by saleheensblog7 years ago
If the minimum words for a hub is set 200 HP will get rid of a thousands of sub-standard contents automatically. No hub should be allowed to publish until it has at least 200 words. If possible 300 words. Poems can be...
by David Ortega17 months ago
I have a sense that the mobile community is growing to the point where I think Hub articles over 1000 words are likely too much for those reading from a phone. I am of the mindset that I need to write shorter...
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I understand the check boxes at the top of the Hub templates are just suggestions but have been making my Hubs at least 1200 words as I am under the impression that this is the value for the Google algorithm. I...
by Victoria Stephens7 years ago
Hi everyone!I have lots of poems that I am considering putting on here, some long and some fairly short. Is there a minimum word count for writing on hubpages. Thanks.x
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The Nightmare
by Forester, C. S.
Dell. Forester, C. S.. The Nightmare. New York: Dell, 1961. 254pp. Mass Market. Book condition: Fair. . Fair. 1961. (Inventory #: UFORNIG00CZC)
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Brothers in Christ Productions was created in August of 2009 but what led to its creation actually started in December of 2008.
In December of 2008 I, Micah Versemann, approached my dad Pastor Matthew Versemann with the idea of writing a book trilogy for the church newsletter on the end times from the LCMS perspective of Revelations. My dad agreed with the idea and also agreed to be the Biblical editor of the book trilogy.
At this time I approached one of my friends, Nathan Platte, and asked if he would be interested in being a co-writer for the book series. He agreed and so that January we began writing the first book which would be called "The Last Days: Into the Unknown".
Finally that August as we were working on the final two chapters of the first book, the idea came to me that we should make the book trilogy into a movie trilogy. It was then that I approached Nathan Platte about this idea and once he agreed we formed Brothers in Christ Productions which immediately went into pre-production work on the first movie.
Filming of the first film took place between the end of December 2009 and March of 2010. The movie had its cast premiere in May of 2010 with the first church showing in July of that year.
At this time book 2 of the trilogy, "The Last Days 2: Rising Darkness" was well on the way and preliminary work on book 3, "The Last Days 3: Coming Light", was also going on, Brothers in Christ Productions was also hard at work preparing for the production of the second movie.
In October of 2010 it was decided that we would also produce the third and final movie back to back with the second film. So from the end of December 2010 through June of 2011 Brothers in Christ Productions was filming the final two movies of the trilogy. Then in August of 2011 we rented the town's local theater to have an all church and cast showing of the completed trilogy that officially signaled the end of production on the trilogy.
In June 2011 I began working on writing the next Brothers in Christ Productions film along with taking Christian filmmaking classes as a way to expand on my knowledge for the next production.
In April of 2012 I received word about the "Higher Things Film Festival". While the trilogy or even one movie of the trilogy was too long to enter into the short film contest I created a short five minute film using scenes from "The Last Days 3: Coming Light." These scenes all focused on one of the story lines from the film. After much waiting we were notified and received the Golden Luther Award from Higher Things. The short film was also posted on their YouTube page making it the first time we were on the internet.
Since finishing the trilogy, my friend, Nathan Platte, has stepped down from a lead role in the production company still helping out as a crew member and extra on set from time to time but not being majorly involved with the productions.
From April to June of 2013 we filmed our first feature film, "The Faith Line" which had a small theatrical release October 24-30, 2014.
Between Feb. of 2013 and the fall of 2014 I worked on several short film projects for others as well as attending film festivals and academies.
In October of 2014, we shot our next film project, a Veterans Day short film titled "Thank You." The film was released on Veterans Day of that year on our YouTube Channel and has also been accepted into the 2015 Cedar Rapids Independent Film Festival.
In the spring of 2015 we shot our next short film project called "Agape" which premiered in November 2015. I also working with Solid Ground Studios again in June 2015 as Gaffer for their short film "Finding My Father."
Starting in 2015 we are going to be working to get the free-lance videography side of our production company up and running while we continue to work on films of our own and others that glorify God.


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