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You're an illegal immigrant from an East European country who's recently set foot in America. You're poor and you definitely don't have the money to buy a car. You see a shiny sports car on the road. You want it. You need it.
You slowly make your way to the car and with a press of a button yank its driver outside. He resists. You punch his lights out leaving him on the road, battered and bruised. You're about to sit in your car but something doesn't feel right. Oh that's right. He's crawling away from you. It looks like he's calling for help. You hate leaving unfinished business. You proceed to kick him a few times till he's motionless and bloody in the middle of the road. You then make your way to your newly acquired sports car.
You're cruising down the road at breakneck speed. You see pedestrians crossing but you just don't care. Your phone rings. You get distracted for a minute. BAM! You hear a crunching thump. You look up and see a pedestrian flying through the air, his blood splattered all over your hood. You carry on like nothing's happened. You don't like the music. You change the radio station.
For many of you this is your typical day in Liberty City or any other free roaming game. For your mother this could be horrific. In a way I don't blame her because today's media has desensitized us all to violence. Movies, TV shows and more importantly video games have continued to pummel us with over the top violence to the point that we not only enjoy it but crave it. I mean how many of you would have enjoyed God of War III if not for the all the gratuitous head ripping, eye gouging etc.
Bagging it
While I, like any other testosterone fueled male enjoy violence in my games, I know where to draw the line in real life. No matter how much I loathe the traffic in the city I know I can't afford to run people over just because they're in my way. I know in the real life there are consequences. There's no get out of jail free card over here.
Video games may have desensitized us to violence but it won't make you the next Ted Bundy. Just because a murderer happened to own a copy of GTA IV doesn't mean that Rockstar's game threw him over the edge. Chances are his parents messed him up or he was traumatized by some childhood event. Why make video games the scapegoat over here? Don't blame a game any more than you would blame a movie or the internet.
Society today is really quick to judge video games considering it's an interactive medium and all but they need to understand that the problem is not with games but with humanity as a whole. Our species is capable of some pretty depraved stuff so no need to pass the buck onto games this quickly. If anything video games act as a cathartic release to all the stress you carry around in real life. Pissed off with your boss? Blow some heads off in slow motion with your shotgun. Traffic getting you down? Unleash your road rage with a game of Burnout.
I also understand that video games do have material that may be disturbing for kids. I'm sure watching a character run around with his organs falling out may give kids nightmares but it's up to parents to make sure their kids don't get their hands on that kind of stuff. More importantly retailers should start some sort of age verification process over here by not selling violent games to minors. And yes I know all sorts of sick sh*t is available off the internet today but once again that's where parents come in. You have to make sure you keep an eye out on your little ones. Read up a bit on the game they want for their birthday. If not please don't blame Kratos if your kid becomes the next Manson (and I'm not talking about the singer here).
Publish date: April 12, 2010 5:12 pm| Modified date: December 18, 2013 7:27 pm
Burnout, Gaming, God of War, Grand Theft Auto, GTA, GTA IV, Kratos, Manhunt, Rockstar, Ted Bundy, Violent video games


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A tesseract is actually 8 distinct cubes arranged in a way that is impossible for the human eye to "see," which is why we must rely on optical illusions like in my avatar to show them moving. The apparent changes in the size of the sides of the tesseract in my avi is due to the rotation, which is a close approximation of what a rotating tesseract looks like but is not perfect.
Rotating can simulate an extra dimension that we are not able to see. We already use a different trick to project a 3d cube to a 2d surface (like a computer monitor) but doing that for 4d to 2d the image doesn't look like what we are trying to describe.
The opposite way of looking at it is if we were able to see in 4 dimensions, we could see all 6 sides of a Cube without having to rotate it.
So to draw it.. - and I know we can't do it on paper or computer screen - but we would take two cubes and separate them by a distance in the 4th dimension. This distance would actually have to be the same length as the sides of our original cubes. We then connect our two cubes at each of their 8 points. Which is also the same thing as connecting each of the six sides of our original two cubes. By connecting these sides - each time we do that, because we separated our original cubes by the correct distance - we are actually creating a new cube.
6 new cubes + 2 original = 8 interconnected cubes, all equal size
My brain is overheating...must.find..freezer..
Was that right?
Also, I wanted to clarify on your response to my earlier question
I know we can understand and conceptualize it - but are the "optics" of our minds eye capable of deciphering the 4th dimension?
It's extremely easy for me to imagine a "red triangle", or "yellow square"tiny bit harder, but still extremely easy for a "blue cube"But at this point I cannot do "green tesseract" yet
Thanks again Doc
Yes, that will give you a fairly close approximation of what a stationary tesseract for a Euclidian 4th dimension would look like if they existed. And try a slurpee for your head. They were my best friend while I was working on my dissertation
Yes, the human brain is fully capable of decoding what we would consider optical signals from other dimensions, the limiting factor is the mechanics of our eyeballs. The main problem people have with understanding other dimensions is that the human mind depends a lot on what our eyes see, and since our eyes are incapable of seeing other dimensions we find it difficult to conceptualize other dimensions, which leads to some funny misconceptions on what other dimensions are. It took me over 10 years of studying physics and advanced mathematics above the undergraduate level until I could really understand other dimensions.
If you're serious about this, I believe I will want NOTHING to do with that world and will kill myself before being subjected to that kind of nightmare.
Angelfire is still around?
This is awesome. I think you would be an awesome professor to have, if I was that interested in physics. Why couldn't you be a history or English professor?
I believe you will never have to worry about that.
The simple answer is that I do not like history and when I moved here I could barely speak English I have been told by former students that they hated my guts while they had me as a professor, but the study and research skills they learned from me put them in the top of the rest of their classes. I do make them learn, whether they want to or not.
I believe x2
I believe Bros are better than hoes but bros and hoes over all (not really referring to kinky shit at the moment :l )
I believe sex is a drug and so is food
I believe I love everyone if they try their hardest. So stop slaking!
I believe I I cant take anymore quantum physics at the moment
I believe I asked for the thread to be moved to get a life for some more action :!
What about the poor people that died just before Jesus came around and they go to hell and they get there and ask why and Satan tells them:"Because you didn't believe in Jesus" They say "Sorry, Who?" Satan replies "Jesus! He was born the year after you died." "Well wait a minute, that's not exactly fair now is it?" "Sorry..those are the rules." "Well just what is it about this guy Jesus anyway?" "He was a guy who said we should all be nice to each other." "Well shit man that's OK with me, sign me up or something will ya and get me out of here."
I guess that's one way to ignore the tradition prior to Jesus and his symbolic existence as a sacrificial lamb moving forward.
i dislike you intensely
see: 12 tribes of isreal
I believe that if religious people truly took every word of their holy books for truth, they would be too scared of sinning and going to hell to leave their confessional booths. God has thought police, right?
I believe a three day split, 6 days weekly that focuses on 1 or 2 primary compound lifts followed by assistance and isolation work in a particular order is best for strength, size and definition depending on rep schemes.
The order would be:
Legs and coreUpper body pushUpper body pull
Repeat, with different exercises.
Example with first day followed by second in parenthesis meaning M-W would be non-parenthesis vs. Th- Sat in parenthesis and roll through the week with the rest day following three work days:
Deadlifts (squats)Hamstring curls (straight leg dead lifts)Leg extensions (leg extensions)Calf raises (calf raises)Back extension (back extension)Crunches (leg raises)Bridges (bridges)
Upper Push:
Bench press (incline press)Pec Deck (dumbbell fly)Over head press (dips)Lateral raise ( Lateral raise)Close grip bench ( french press)Front raise (front raise)Rope pushdown (some tri machine with a funky angle)
Upper Pull:
Chin ups ( t-bar row)Dumbell row (cable row)Nautilus pull over (nautilus pull over)Face pull ( wide grip machine row)Shrugs ( reverse fly)Preacher curls (hammer curls)Dumbbell curls (reverse grip barbell curls)
I believe you are forgetting the parts where God is also portrayed as a loving God.
Things I Can't Prove, But Believe:
I believe that big foot is real, but I can't prove it.
I believe that there MUST be life other than us for both scientific and religious reasons, but I can't prove it.
I believe that existence isn't just to exist, but to leave this world a little better than how you found it, but I can't prove it.
I believe Luttrell is a fraud, which is unfortunate because his story (at least the true part) is pretty incredible. Google Operation Red Wings and read up, his own after action report contradicts part of his story. Not sure why he or his co-writer felt the need to "jazz up" his story even more. Interesting book to read but Luttrell disappoints.


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Anfield Capital Management, LLC
Anfield Capital Management, LLC (CRD# 165211) is a financial advisory firm headquartered in Newport Beach, CA. They manage $227,433,871 in 4 accounts and serve the financial needs of clients across 1 states (or territories).
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Anfield Capital Management, LLC
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Agricultural Sciences & Natural Resources Grazing Livestock Systems
|Agricultural Sciences & Natural Resources
|Degree Offered:
|Bachelor of Science in Grazing Livestock Systems
|Hours Required:
|Minimum Cumulative GPA:
|2.0 for graduation
|Minor Available:
|Walter Schacht
Grazing Livestock Systems
COLLEGE: Agricultural Sciences & Natural Resources
MAJOR: Grazing Livestock Systems
DEGREE OFFERED: Bachelor of Science in Grazing Livestock Systems
MINIMUM CUMULATIVE GPA: 2.0 for graduation
MINOR AVAILABLE: Yes
ADVISOR: Walter Schacht
Director: Martin A. Massengale, Center for Grassland Studies, 203 Keim Hall
Faculty Coordinating Committee: Guretzky (chair) and Schacht (agronomy & horticulture); Brink and Reiling (animal science); Parsons (agricultural economics)
Website: http://gls.unl.edu
- For students whose career interests involve the production of livestock utilizing harvested forages, pasture, and range as the principal feed resources.
- Careers include managers of livestock farms or ranches and public or private sector positions that assist in the management, education and support of grazing livestock decision making.
- Students study principles of forage and range sciences, animal sciences, and management economics.
- Students also learn through seminars, capstone experiences and a planned internship.
- Integration of disciplines is emphasized in developing production systems that will optimize economic returns consistent with management objectives, resource availability, and environmental health.
- Flexibility allows specialization in ruminant livestock, forage and range management, or economics, while preserving the systems orientation.
Core Requirements
College Integrative Courses6
SCIL 101 Science & Decision-Making for a Complex World3
ASCI 451 Livestock Management on Range & Pasture (AGRO 445/RNGE 445) (capstone)3
Mathematics and Statistics (beyond college algebra) (ACE 3)5
Select from:
MATH 102 Trigonometry (2 cr)
MATH 103 College Algebra & Trigonometry (5 cr)
(If MATH 103 is taken, only 2 credit hours can be counted toward this requirement.)
MATH 104 Applied Calculus (3 cr)
MATH 106 Calculus I (5 cr)
STAT 218 Introduction to Statistics (3 cr)
Written Communication (ACE 1)3
Select from:
ENGL 150 Writing & Inquiry (3 cr)
ENGL 151 Writing & Argument (3 cr)
ENGL 254 Writing & Communities (3 cr)
JGEN 120 Basic Business Communication (3 cr)
JGEN 200 Technical Communication I (3 cr)
JGEN 300 Technical Communication II (3 cr)
Oral Communication (ACE 2)3
Select from:
ALEC 102 Interpersonal Skills for Leadership (3 cr)
COMM 101 Communication in the 21st Century (3 cr)
COMM 209 Public Speaking (3 cr)
COMM 210 Communicating in Small Groups (3 cr)
COMM 215 Visual Communication (3 cr)
COMM 283 Interpersonal Communication (3 cr)
COMM 286 Business & Professional Communication (3 cr)
JGEN 300 Technical Communication II (3 cr)
MRKT 257 Sales Communication (3 cr)
TMFD 121 Visual Communication & Presentation (3 cr)
Communications and Interpersonal Skills Elective3
Select from:
Any course from the above listings not used to fulfill the ACE 1 or ACE 2 requirements (3 cr)
ALEC 202 Foundations of Leadership Theory & Practice (3 cr)
ALEC 207 Communicating to Public Audiences (ADPR 207) (3 cr)
ALEC 302 Dynamics of Effective Leadership in Organizations (3 cr)
ALEC 305 Presentation Strategies for Agricultural Audiences (3 cr)
ALEC 350 Agriculture, the Environment & Science in the Media (3 cr)
ALEC 480 Capstone Experience in Agricultural & Environmental Sciences Communication (3 cr)
COMM 212 Debate (3 cr)
COMM 325 Interviewing (3 cr)
JGEN 103 Media Literacy (3 cr)
JGEN 220 Business Communication Strategies (3 cr)
MNGT 311 Leadership, Communication, & Teams (3 cr)
MNGT 365 Managing Diversity in Organizations (3 cr)
Natural Sciences20-25
AGRO 315 Genetics4
CASNR Approved Life Sciences4
AGRO 131 & AGRO 132 Plant Science (HORT 131) & Lab (4 cr) or BIOS 101 & BIOS 101L General Biology & Lab (4 cr) or LIFE 120 & LIFE 120L Fundamentals of Biology I & Lab (4 cr)
Select one of the following: (ACE 4)8-12
CHEM 105 & CHEM 106 Chemistry in Context I & II (8 hrs)
CHEM 109 & CHEM 110 General Chemistry I & II and CHEM 251 & CHEM 253 Organic Chemistry I & Lab (12 hrs)
MSYM 109 Physical Principles in Agriculture & Life Sciences or PHYS 141 Elementary General Physics I or PHYS 151 Elements of Physics4-5
Economics, Humanities and Social Sciences15
ACE Courses12
Select one course each from ACE outcomes 5, 7, 8, and 9.
Specific Major Requirements
Agricultural Sciences48
ASCI 100 Fundamentals of Animal Biology & Industry4
ASCI 240 Anatomy & Physiology of Domestic Animals4
ASCI 320 Animal Nutrition & Feeding3
ASCI 330 Animal Breeding4
ASCI 341 Physiology & Management of Reproduction4
AGRO 153 Soil Resources (HORT 153/SOIL 153)4
AGRO 240 Forage Crop & Pasture Management (RNGE 240)3
AGRO 245 Introduction to Grassland Ecology & Management (NRES 245)3
AGRO 340 Range Management & Improvement (RNGE 340)3
AGRO 440 Great Plains Ecosystem (RNGE 440/NRES 440)3
AECN 201 Farm & Ranch Management4
AECN 235 Introduction to Commodity Marketing3
AECN Electives6
Select one course in two of the following three blocks:
Farm Management & Marketing
AECN 301 Farm Accounting, Analysis & Tax Management (3 cr)
AECN 401 Advanced Farm Management & Linear Programming (3 cr)
AECN 435 Advanced Agricultural Marketing Management (3 cr)
Agricultural Financial Analysis
AECN 301 Farm Accounting, Analysis & Tax Management (3 cr)
AECN 452 Agricultural Finance (3 cr)
AECN 453 Agricultural & Rural Property Appraisal (3 cr)
Natural Resources, Policy, & Legal Environment
AECN 256 Legal Aspects in Agriculture (3 cr)
AECN 265 Resource & Environmental Economics I (NREE 265) (3 cr)
AECN 345 Policy Issues in Agriculture & Natural Resources (3 cr)
AECN 357 Natural Resource & Environmental Law (NREE 357) (3 cr)
AECN 445 Agricultural & Natural Resource Policy Analysis (NREE 445) (3 cr)
AECN 465 Resource & Environmental Economics II (NREE 465/WATS 465) (3 cr)
GRAS 490 Internship Experience in Grazing Livestock Systems (planning)1
GRAS 490 Internship Experience in Grazing Livestock Systems3
Free Electives8-13
Total for Graduation120
- Students interested in federal employment in range management must take AGRO 442/RNGE 442 and AGRO 444/RNGE 444.
AECN 201 Farm & Ranch Management4
AGRO 240 Forage Crop & Range Management (RNGE 240)4
ASCI 250 Animal Management3
ASCI 451 Livestock Management on Range & Pasture (AGRO 445/RNGE 445)3
Minimum of additional 4 hrs chosen from: 4
AGRO 340 Range Management & Improvement (RNGE 340) (3 cr)
AGRO 440 Great Plains Ecosystem (NRES 440/RNGE 440) (3 cr)
ASCI 320 Animal Nutrition & Feeding (3 cr)
ASCI 330 Animal Breeding (4 cr)
ASCI 455 Beef Cow-Calf Management (2 cr)
AECN 325 Marketing of Agricultural Commodities (MRKT 325) (3 cr)
AECN 401 Advanced Farm Management & Linear Programming (3 cr)
AECN 435 Advanced Agricultural Marketing Management (3 cr)
Scholarships and Financial Aid
In addition to other scholarships a student might receive, the Grazing Livestock Systems program awards scholarships annually to qualifying new and current GLS students, based primarily on academic performance. For more information on these scholarships, contact the Center for Grassland Studies, 402-472-4101, email@example.com.
Academic Advising
Students are assigned a faculty advisor after admission into their program. The advisor serves as a resource regarding the degree, academic plans and progress, and career options. Students are encouraged to regularly consult with their advisor, especially before registering for classes.
College Admission
Requirements for admission into the College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources (CASNR) are consistent with general University admission requirements (one unit equals one high school year): 4 units of English, 4 units of mathematics, 3 units of natural sciences, 3 units of social studies, and 2 units of foreign language. Students must also meet performance requirements (ACT composite of 20 or higher OR combined SAT score of 950 or higher OR rank in the top one-half of graduating class; transfer students must have a 2.0 (on a 4.0 scale) cumulative grade point average and 2.0 on most recent term of attendance. For students entering the PGA Golf Management degree program, a certified golf handicap of 12 or better (e.g., USGA handicap card) or written ability (MS Word file) equivalent to a 12 or better handicap by a PGA professional or high school golf coach is required. For more information, please visit: http://pgm.unl.edu/requirements.
Admission Deficiencies/Removal of Deficiencies
Students who are admitted to CASNR with core course deficiencies must remove these deficiencies within the first 30 credit hours at UNL, or within the first calendar year at UNL, whichever takes longer, excluding foreign languages. Students have up to 60 credit hours to remove foreign language deficiencies. College-level course work taken to remove deficiencies may be used to meet degree requirements in CASNR.
Deficiencies in the required entrance subjects can be removed by completion of specified courses in the University or by correspondence.
The Office of Admissions, Alexander Building (south entrance), City Campus, provides information to new students on how deficiencies can be removed.
College Degree Requirements
Curriculum Requirements
The curriculum requirements of the College consist of three areas: ACE (Achievement-Centered Education); College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources Core; and Degree Program requirements and electives. All three areas of the College Curriculum Requirements are incorporated within the description of the Major/Degree Program sections of the bulletin. The individual major/degree program listings of classes insures that a student will meet the minimum curriculum requirements of the College.
Foreign Languages/Language Requirement
Two units of a foreign language are required. This requirement is usually met with two years of high school language.
Minimum Hours Required for Graduation
The College grants the bachelors degree in programs associated with agricultural sciences, natural resources and related programs. Students working toward a degree must earn at least 120 semester hours of credit. A minimum cumulative grade point average of C (2.0 on a 4.0 scale) must be maintained throughout the course of studies and is required for graduation.
Grade Rules
Removal of C-, D and F Grades
Only the most recent letter grade received in a given course will be used in computing a student's cumulative grade point average if the student has completed the course more than once and previously received a grade or grades below C in that course.
The previous grade (or grades) will not be used in computation of the cumulative grade point average, but it will remain a part of the academic record and will appear on any transcript.
A student can remove from his/her cumulative average a course grade of C-, D+, D, D- or F if the student repeats the same course at the University of Nebraska and receives a grade other than P (pass), I (incomplete), N (no pass), W (withdrew), or NR (no report). If a course is no longer being offered, it is not eligible for the revised grade point average computation process.
For complete procedures and regulations, see the Office of the University Registrar website at http://www.unl.edu/regrec/course-repeats.
Pass/No Pass Limits
Students in CASNR may take any course offered on a Pass/No Pass basis within the 24-hour limitation established by the Faculty Senate. However, a department may specify that the Pass/No Pass status of its courses be limited to non-majors, or may choose to offer some courses for letter grades only.
GPA Requirements
A minimum cumulative grade point average of C (2.0 on a 4.0 scale) must be maintained throughout the course of studies and is required for graduation.
Transfer Credit Rules
To be considered for admission, a transfer student, Nebraska resident or nonresident, must have an accumulated average of C (2.0 on a 4.0 scale) and a minimum C average in the last semester of attendance at another college. Transfer students who have completed less than 12 credit hours of college study must submit either ACT or SAT scores.
Ordinarily, credits earned at an accredited college are accepted by the University. The College, however, will evaluate all hours submitted on an application for transfer and reserves the right to accept or reject any of them. Sixty is the maximum number of hours UNL will accept on transfer from a two-year college. Ninety is the maximum number of hours UNL will accept from a four-year college. Transfer credit in the degree program must be approved by the degree program advisor on a Request for Substitution Form to meet specific course requirements, group requirements, or course level requirements in the major. At least 9 hours in the major field, including the capstone course, must be completed at UNL regardless of the number of hours transferred.
The College will accept no more than 10 semester hours of C-, D+, D and D- grades from other schools. The C-, D+, D and D- grades can only be applied to free electives. This policy does not apply to the transfer of grades from UNO or UNK to UNL.
Joint Academic Transfer Programs
The College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources has agreements with many institutions to support joint academic programs. The transfer programs include dual degree programs and cooperative degree programs. Dual degree programs offer students the opportunity to receive a degree from a participating institution and also to complete requirements for a bachelor of science degree in CASNR. Cooperative programs result in a single degree from either UNL or the cooperating institution.
Dual Degree Programs
A to B Programs
The A to B Program, a joint academic program offered by the CASNR and participating community colleges, allows students to complete the first two years of a degree program at the participating community college and continue their education and study in a degree program leading toward a bachelor of science degree.
The A to B Program provides a basic knowledge plus specialized course work. Students transfer into CASNR with junior standing.
Depending on the community college, students enrolled in the A to B Program may complete the requirements for an associate of science at the community college, transfer to UNL, and work toward a bachelor of science degree.
Participating community colleges include:
- Central Community College
- Metropolitan Community College
- Mid-Plains Community College
- Nebraska College of Technical Agriculture
- Northeast Community College
- Southeast Community College
- Western Nebraska Community College
3+2 Programs
Two specialized degree programs in animal science and veterinary science are offered jointly with an accredited college or school of veterinary medicine. These two programs permit CASNR animal science or veterinary science students to receive a bachelor of science degree from UNL with a degree in animal science or veterinary science after successfully completing two years of the professional curriculum in veterinary medicine at an accredited veterinary school. Students who successfully complete the 3+2 Program, must complete the "Application for Degree" form and provide transcripts to the Credentials Clerk, Office of the University Registrar, 107 Canfield Administration Building, UNL. Students should discuss these degree programs with their academic advisor.
Cooperative Degree Programs
Academic credit from UNL and a cooperating institution is applied towards a four-year degree from either UNL (UNL degree-granting program) or the cooperating institution (non UNL degree-granting program). All have approved programs of study.
UNL Degree-Granting Programs
A UNL degree-granting program is designed to provide students the opportunity to complete a two-year program of study at one of the four-year institutions listed below, transfer to CASNR and complete the requirements for a bachelor of science degree.
Chadron State College. Chadron State College offers a 2+2 program leading to a grassland ecology and management degree program.
University of Nebraska at Kearney. Transfer programs are available for students pursuing degree programs leading to a bachelor of science degree.
University of Nebraska at Omaha. The University of Nebraska at Omaha (UNO) cooperates with CASNR in providing four-semester pre-agricultural sciences, pre-natural resources, pre-food science and technology, pre-horticulture and pre-turfgrass and landscape management transfer programs.
A student enrolled in these programs may transfer all satisfactorily completed academic credits identified in the suggested program of study, and enter CASNR to study toward a degree program leading to a bachelor of science degree. The total program would require a minimum of four years or eight semesters (16 credit hours/semester or 120 credit hours).
UNL CASNR faculty teach horticulture and food science and technology courses at UNO to assist an urban population in better understanding the food processing, horticulture, and landscape horticulture industries.
For more information, contact Megan Lane, University of Nebraska at Omaha, 402-554-3624; and/or the CASNR Dean's Office, 800-472-8800, ext. 2541.
Non UNL Degree-Granting Programs
The CASNR cooperates with other institutions to provide course work that is applied towards a degree at the cooperating institution. Pre-professional programs offered by CASNR allow students to complete the first two or three years of a degree program at UNL prior to transferring and completing a degree at the cooperating institution.
Chadron State College–Range Science. The 3+1 Program in range science allows Chadron State College students to pursue a range science degree through Chadron State College. Students complete three years of course work at Chadron State College and one year of specialized range science course work (32 credit hours) at CASNR.
Dordt College (Iowa) – Agricultural Education: Teaching Option. This program allows students to pursue an Agricultural Education Teaching Option degree leading toward a bachelor of science in agricultural education. Students at Dordt College will complete 90 credit hours in the Agricultural Education: Teaching Option Transfer Program.
Students must complete at least 30 of the total hours for their degree using UNL credits. At least 18 of the 30 credit hours must be in courses offered through CASNR1 (>299) including the appropriate ACE 10 degree requirement or an approved ACE 10 substitution offered through another UNL college and excluding independent study regardless of number of hours transferred. Credit earned during education abroad may be used toward the residency requirement if students register through UNL and participate in prior-approved education abroad programs. UNL open enrollment and summer independent study courses count toward residence.
1 Includes courses taught by CASNR faculty through interdisciplinary prefixes (e.g., LIFE, MBIO, ENVR, SCIL, EAEP, HRTM, ENSC) and CASNR crosslisted courses taught by non-CASNR faculty.
Online and Distance Education
There are many opportunities to earn college credit through the University of Nebraska–Lincoln Office of Online and Distance Education. Some of these credits may be applicable not only as elective credits, but also toward the fulfillment of the College's education requirements. Credits earned through the UNL Online and Distance Education program may count toward residency. However, certain offerings may not be counted toward scholarship requirements or academic recognition criteria.
For further information, contact:
Office of Online and Distance Education
University of Nebraska–Lincoln
2100 Vine Street
Lincoln, NE 68588-8307
Independent Study Rules
Students wishing to take part in independent studies must obtain permission; complete and sign a contract form; and furnish copies of the contract to the instructor, advisor, departmental office, and the Dean's Office. The contract should be completed before registration. Forms are available in 103 Agricultural Hall or online at the CASNR website.
Independent study projects include research, literature review or extension of course work under supervision and evaluation of a departmental faculty member.
Students may only count 12 hours of independent study toward their degrees and no more than 6 hours can be counted during their last 36 hours earned, excluding senior thesis, internships, and courses taught under an independent study number.
Other College Degree Requirements
Capstone Course Requirement
A capstone course is required for each CASNR degree program. A capstone course is defined as a course in which students are required to integrate diverse bodies of knowledge to solve a problem or formulate a policy of societal importance.
ACE Requirements
All students must fulfill the Achievement Centered Education (ACE) requirements. Information about the ACE program may be viewed at www.ace.unl.
The minimum requirements of CASNR reflect the common core of courses that apply to students pursuing degrees in the college. Students should work with an advisor to satisfy ACE outcomes 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 10 with the college requirements.
Bulletin Rule
Students must fulfill the requirements stated in the bulletin for the academic year in which they are first admitted to UNL or when they were first admitted to a Joint Academic Transfer Program. In consultation with advisors, a student may choose to follow a subsequent bulletin for any academic year in which they are admitted to and enrolled as a degree-seeking student at UNL in the College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. Students must complete all degree requirements from a single bulletin year. The bulletin which a student follows for degree requirements may not be more than 10 years old at the time of graduation.


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jul 22, 2008
|Filing date
|Sep 16, 2005
|Priority date
|Sep 16, 2004
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Alexander Medvinsky, Paul Moroney, Eric Sprunk, Petr Peterka
|Original Assignee
|General Instrument Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (15), Referenced by (13), Classifications (21), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/610,448, filed Sep. 16, 2004, entitled, "DVB TM-CBMS—CALL FOR TECHNOLOGIES," which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
Digital pay TV programming delivered to cable and satellite set top boxes (STBs) long have been provided with conditional access and digital rights management (DRM). As conventionally understood, conditional access refers to the control of access to particular transmission or broadcast, regardless of the specific content in such transmission or broadcast. PowerKEY of Scientific Atlanta and MediaCipher of Motorola are common examples of conditional access technologies. Also, as conventionally understood, DRM refers to the control of access to a particular content, regardless of the mode of transmission or broadcasting of such content.
One conventional approach to cryptographic key management of current DRM systems involves the delivery of a normally-static content decryption key to each receiver, such as a cable or satellite STB, whereby the content decryption key is encrypted with that receiver's public key and digitally signed by the service provider, such as the cable-TV (CATV) or satellite-TV service provider. The receiver then uses the content decryption key to decrypt and access the content provided by the service provider. This conventional approach provides an inadequate level of security for premium content because the same static content decryption key is used for a single piece of content. Thus, whenever a service provider broadcasts that content, it can be viewed by anyone that possesses the content decryption key associated with such content, which key may have been compromised and illegally distributed over the Internet or the like. The scope of such security breach is potentially infinite and terminated only after it is discovered, and the content is re-encrypted with a new content decryption key.
Another problem associated with the conventional key management approach is that it does not scale well enough to support broadcast systems. This is because public key cryptography used to deliver a content decryption key to each user is too slow and would require an operator to invest in large amounts of expensive hardware. This is especially problematic for Pay-Per-View (PPV) broadcasts, where millions of potential users will request access within a relatively short period of time.
Accordingly, described herein are embodiments that provide an approach to cryptographic key management for a digital rights management (DRM) architecture that includes multiple levels of key management for minimizing bandwidth usage while maximizing security for the DRM architecture. In one embodiment, there is provided a data structure for cryptographic key management that includes a public/private key pair and three additional layers of symmetric keys for authorizing access to a plurality of contents.
Embodiments are illustrated by way of example and not limited in the following figure(s), in which like numerals indicate like elements, in which:
For simplicity and illustrative purposes, the principles of the embodiments are described by referring mainly to examples thereof. In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the embodiments. It will be apparent however, to one of ordinary skill in the art, that the embodiments may be practiced without limitation to these specific details. In other instances, well known methods and structures have not been described in detail so as not to unnecessarily obscure the embodiments.
As further referred herein, a service provider is an individual, a group of individuals, a company, a corporation, or any other entity that distributes content to one or more users. Examples of service providers are CATV, satellite TV, satellite radio, and online music providers or companies. In turn, the service provider receives content from one or more content providers (not shown), such as film studios, record companies, television broadcasting networks, etc. It should be noted that a content provider is also operable as a service provider to directly provide its content to users in the same manner as shown for the service provider 110 in
Referring to
The unique public/private key pair for each receiver is created from any public key algorithms. Examples of available public key algorithms include but are not limited to Rivest-Shamir-Adlerman (RSA), combination of El-Gamal and Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA), and Elliptic Curve. In one embodiment, Elliptic Curve is employed because its cryptographic performance increases linearly with key size. Thus, Elliptic Curve is capable of providing an adequate level of security with relatively smaller key sizes and less complexity.
As shown in
The next level in the key management hierarchy 200 is a device unit key 220. As with the device private key 210, the device unit key 220 is unique for each receiver. However, the device unit key 220 is symmetric, as opposed to asymmetric for the device private key 210. In one embodiment, the device unit key 220 includes multiple different unit keys for each receiver, with at least one key for encryption and one key for message authentication. Thus, the device unit key 220 includes multiple symmetric cryptographic algorithms, which are applicable for all symmetric-key levels in the key management hierarchy 200. For example, the device unit key 220 includes a 128-bit Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) key used for encryption and a 160-bit key-Hashed Message Authentication Code with specific hash function SHA-1 (HMAC SHA-1) key used for message authentication. During a user's registration with a service provider for content services, the service provider delivers the device unit key 220 along with device entitlements and other configuration data for the user's receiver. The device unit key 220 is encrypted with the public key from the public/private key pair prior to delivery, and it is decrypted by the device private key 210 from the public/private key pair upon receipt by the receiver.
The unique device unit key 220 for each receiver serves to reduce bandwidth usage and increases scalability for content security. For example, with purchased Pay-Per-View (PPV) events, unique program keys and access rules are delivered to each receiver requesting this PPV event and are thus encrypted with a unique device unit key 220 of each requesting receiver. Otherwise, each program key must be encrypted and digitally signed with public key encryption, and the process is repeated for each such receiver and each PPV content requested therein. Such heavy use of public key encryption requires high bandwidth usage between the service provider and the requesting receivers and causes scalability problems because it potentially and severely limits the number of receivers that can be authorized for the same PPV event. According to one embodiment, the device unit keys for all subscribing receivers are updated on a predetermined periodic basis, for example, once a year to minimize their possible compromises.
The next level below the device unit key 220 in the key management hierarchy 200 is one or more service keys 230 for each receiver. In one embodiment, service keys are utilized for subscription services instead of PPV events. Each service key 230 protects a single subscription service that is purchased as a unit by encrypting the content of such subscription service. As referred herein, a subscription service is any subscription for content that is other than a PPV event. Examples of a single subscription service include but are not limited to a single physical program channel, a portion of a program channel, or a collection of program channels that are all purchased as a unit. As further described later, each receiver periodically receives an Entitlement Management Message (EMM) that includes a set of one or more service keys, wherein the EMM is encrypted and authenticated with the receiver's unique device unit key 220. Various embodiments are contemplated wherein each EMM includes a single service key or multiple service keys.
As with all symmetric keys in the key management hierarchy 200, each service key 230 includes multiple keys, with at least one key for encryption (for example, AES) and one key for message authentication (for example, HMAC SHA-1). According to one embodiment, service keys for each receive are updated on a predetermined periodic basis (for example, once per each billing period) so that when a user drops a subscription service, the user's access to the dropped service is terminated cryptographically once the service keys are updated.
The next level below the service key 230 in the key management hierarchy 200 is the program key 140, which is created for each PPV event offered by the service provider, even if such event is also offered through a subscription service. According to one embodiment, each program key 140 is encrypted with a unique device unit key 220 and delivered to a subscribing receiver that is associated with the device unit key 220, along with one or more access rules. Examples of access rules include geographic restrictions (for example, blackouts), content ratings (that are compared by the receiver against an input parental rating ceiling), and copy control information (in a general case, this includes a full set of DRM rules that allow the content to be persistently stored on a Personal Video Recorder (PVR), also known as a Digital Video Recorder (DVR), and shared with other devices owned by a user, but with a list of restrictions, such as an expiration time; for non-persistent content this information is possibly desired to relay copy control bits for digital and analog outputs, such as Copy Guard Management System-Digital, or CGMS-D, and Copy Guard Management System-Analog, or CGMS-A). For events that are offered only through a subscription service, it remains desirable to send out access rules with a unique program key 140 on a per-program basis so that a recording device can save an individual program event along with the access rules and a program key 140 (rather than a service key 230 that is possibly used to access other encrypted content from the same subscription service that is not authorized to be recorded). Also, the use of a program key to authenticate access rules provides a replay protection tool—it is not possible to replay access rules from an old program event and have them pass as the access rules for the current event. Because the key management hierarchy 200 supports flexible and overlapping definitions of a subscription service, it is possible to distribute a same program key 140 under more than one service key 230.
The next level below the program key 140 in the key management hierarchy 200 is the content decryption key 150. According to one embodiment, the program key 140 is not actually used to directly decrypt the subscribed content. Instead, each content IP packet header includes a random value of a predetermined length (for example, 4 bytes). Such value is hereinafter referred to as a "Content Key ID" or "CKID." The combination of the program key 140 and the CKID are input into a one-way hash function, such as HMAC SHA-1, to produce the content decryption key 150. Thus, content decryption keys are used to decrypt the actual content IP packets of the program event, and they change relatively frequently, for example, once per several seconds, based on a change in the CKID. The content decryption keys serve as control words in entitlement control messages (ECMs) as further described later.
By implicitly deriving each content decryption key 150 from a program key 140 and a CKID, the key management hierarchy 200 allows the content decryption key 150 to change more frequently and independent of the ECM update rates. A motivation for having a content decryption key 150, instead of relying on the program key 140 for the same purpose, is to have an extra key level wherein a key is changed very frequently. This frequent change allows additional security in DRM systems that use inexpensive security chips for key management but do not support content decryption due to, for example, insufficient processing power and inability to keep up with the rate of delivery of content packets.
It should be understood that the names for the various keys in the key management hierarchy 200 are merely used to differentiate those keys from one another in describing the various embodiments in the present disclosure. Therefore, it is possible to provide other names for the keys without deviating from the scope of the present disclosure. For example, it is possible to name the device private key 110, device unit key 120, the service key 130, etc. as first key, second key, third key, and so on.
According to one embodiment, the key management hierarchy 200 is implemented as a computer-readable data structure that is encoded securely on a smart card for insertion into the receiver. Due to possible processing limitations in the receiver, the smart card has to provide content decryption keys 150 to a general host processor or a video processor in the receiver that does not have the same level of physical security. Nevertheless, any piracy of the content decryption keys 150 is minimized because, as discussed above, the content decryption keys 150 are changed frequently. This frequent change forces any piracy of the content decryption keys 150 to include the breaking and redistribution in real time of thousands of content decryption keys at a high rate—making such attacks less practical and more easily detectable. As the rate of change of content decryption keys increases, piracy of such content decryption keys become increasingly less practical.
In another embodiment, such computer-readable data structure for the key management hierarchy 200 is encoded on a computer readable medium (CRM) that is secured in the receiver or securely accessible by the receiver. Embodiments of a CRM include but are not limited to an electronic, optical, magnetic, or other storage or transmission device capable of providing a processor in the receiver with computer-readable instructions. Other examples of a suitable CRM include, but are not limited to, a floppy disk, CD-ROM, DVD, magnetic disk, memory chip, ROM, RAM, an ASIC, a configured processor, any optical medium, any magnetic tape or any other magnetic medium, or any other medium from which a processor can read instructions.
The secure hardware module 350 contains a security processor 351, a secure code 353, and a memory such as a CRM 360. In one embodiment, the secure hardware module 350 is a secure silicon hardware device, such as a tamper resistant silicon microchip. The memory 355 is responsible for securely storing the channel key data 124. The security processor 351 is a secured processor that handles the processing functions for the secure hardware module 350, such as the execution of the one-way function (OWF) 355 (for example, the HMAC SHA-1 hash function) used to produce content decryption keys as described earlier. The secure code 353 is a portion of the secure hardware module 350 that comprises various software code and applications that is executed by the security processor. Notably, one secure code 353 includes the OWF 355. As described earlier, it is possible to implement the key management hierarchy 200 as a computer-readable data structure that is implemented on a CRM, such as the memory 360 in the secure hardware module 350. This ensures the security of the various encryption/decryption keys within the secure hardware module 350. In an alternative embodiment, the public/private key pair and associated digital certificate are stored on the smart card, and keys in the lower levels such as device unit key, service key, program key, and content decryption key are derived and stored in the memory 360.
The process for implementing the key management hierarchy 200 to provision conditional access and DRM of content to a plurality of users is now described with reference to
At 420, in one embodiment, as part of the registration, the user obtains a receiver from a service provider, whereby the receiver is provided with a unique public/private key pair and a digital certificate that have been pre-installed, for example, in a manufacturing facility, before any registration takes place between the user and the service provider. In this embodiment, the public/private key pair and corresponding digital certificate 115 are implemented in the receiver, secured in a smart card (for insertion into the smart card module 330) or CRM (such as memory 360) that is accessible for reading by the receiver as mentioned earlier. In another embodiment, the service provider effects a physical delivery to the user of a smart card or CRM on which is stored a public/private key pair and digital certificate so that the user's receiver is provided with access to the stored information. In still another embodiment, a service provider provides the public/private key pair and digital certificate by remotely installing into a user's receiver (for example, in the memory 360) through a landline data network (such as the Internet), a wireless data network (such as a cellular network), or a combination of landline and wireless data networks.
Accordingly, the user's receiver is provided with the private/public key pair and digital certificate prior to the provisioning process illustrated in
At 430, also as part of the registration, the service provider provides the user a unique device unit key 220 (
At 440, to provision the user with any content access service, the service provider first transmits an entitlement management message (EMM) to the user's receiver to specify the user's entitlements to the content access service. The EMM is transmitted to the receiver by landline connection, (for example, in the case of CATV programming) or wireless connection (for example, in the case of satellite TV or radio programming). The EMM is encrypted as well as authenticated with the device unit key 220 unique to the receiver and includes, service entitlements for the receiver (for example, for storage in the memory 320), and one or more service keys 230 (for example, for storage in the memory 360). As mentioned earlier, because service keys 230 and device unit keys 120 change over time, each EMM also includes a key identifier to serve as a label. According to one embodiment, all EMMs intended for a particular receiver are further mapped to a single IP multicast address for transmission to such receiver. The mapped IP multicast address is separate from other IP multicasts utilized for sending content and other types of key management messages. Each EMM has a header that includes: a) a message type indicating it to be an EMM; b) a device ID (for example, 5 bytes or longer) identifying the receiver for which the EMM is intended; c) an identifier of the device unit key 220 used to encrypt the EMM (for example, 4 bytes) which is to be incremented by one after each change of the device unit key 220; and d) a message authentication code (MAC) to verify message integrity, wherein the MAC is a symmetric key such as an HMAC SHA-1 key truncated to 12 bytes to preserve bandwidth.
At 450, the service provider next transmits an entitlement control message (ECM) to the user's receiver to specify keys for decrypting authorized content. Thus, ECMs are messages that carry program keys 140 and access rules, encrypted under a service key 230 (for a subscription service) or a device unit key 220 (for a PPV event). A new ECM encrypted with a service key 230 and carrying access rules and a unique program key 140 is broadcast for each program event included in a subscription service, regardless whether such program event is also available as a PPV event.
According to one embodiment, an ECM has several different delivery/encryption modes. In a first mode, when an ECM is delivered for a subscription service, it is encrypted and authenticated with a service key 230 and is sent out over a broadcast or an IP Multicast. Thus, all users that are authorized for such subscription service are able to receive and decrypt that ECM. In a second mode, when an ECM is delivered for a PPV event, it is encrypted and authenticated with a device unit key 220. When such PPV event is also available in a subscription service, the ECM is still encrypted and authenticated with a device unit key 220 because the receiver for which the PPV event is intended is not authorized to receive the corresponding service key 230 for such subscription service. Thus, the key management hierarchy 200 also supports the ability of a user to purchase additional rights for a single event, such as "buy-through blackouts" in an on-demand fashion.
At 460, the service provider next transmits the content in individual data packets that have been encrypted with a symmetric key. In one embodiment, the content is encrypted with 128-bit AES in CBC mode. Content encryption is preferably applied at an application layer in a service provider's system, as opposed to the use of IP security (IPsec) for layer 3 encryption. This reduces the bandwidth overhead that is otherwise imposed by IPsec headers and also reduces the reliance of the content security system on the underlying operating system. Each encrypted individual content packet includes an application-layer header with at least the following information: a CKID as described earlier, an initialization vector (IV) needed for CBC encryption mode and a program event ID (or some other type of identifier for the program key 140). An IV for AES is typically 16 bytes, but in order to conserve bandwidth, it is possible to derive the IV through a one-way hash function (e.g., SHA-1) from a smaller number of bytes, such as 4 bytes. The program event ID points to a corresponding program key 140 and entitlements. As mentioned earlier, the program key 140 is combined with the CKID to derive the content decryption key 150.
In order to facilitate seamless transition from one service key 230 to the next (for example, for the same service but with different expiration dates), an EMM is operable to include both the current and the next service key. When a switch to the next service key is scheduled, at some predetermined time before that next service key is used the EMM is repeated with both the current and the next service key present with their corresponding key IDs. Once the switch is made, the current service key is expired, and the next service key becomes current and the following next service key does not need to be included, until desired.
The same scheme applies to key changes scheduled for device unit keys 120. However, this scheme does not apply to program keys 140. Instead of a concept of a current or next key, a program key 140 simply corresponds to a specific PPV event ID, and the receiver keeps a list of all program keys that it has received—for all non-expired PPV events.
Because an IP multicast transport is not assumed to be reliable and there is no guarantee of a return path, EMMs and ECMs are periodically re-transmitted to the receiver. Because minimization of message bandwidth utilization is desired, EMMs and ECMs are efficiently formatted with a simple binary encoding method, such as MIKEY (IETF RFC 3830).
According to a further embodiment, EMMs include additional entitlements that provide information such as a domain ID, a domain key and domain restrictions (e.g., limit on the number of devices) in order to address personal domains over which content are shared on multiple devices. The key management protocol that provides content security over a personal domain is typically point-to-point two-way over IP. Thus, such protocol does not need to use the same key management hierarchy 200 that protects the initial content delivery.
Each ECM stream corresponding to a separate content service, be it a subscription service or a PPV event, is mapped to a separate IP multicast address, which is also separate from the corresponding IP content address. This allows the filtering and separation of ECM packets from content packets to be performed efficiently at the IP layer of the receiver to support rapid channel acquisition. An ECM carrying an encrypted program key 140 is formatted the same way as described earlier; that is, each program key 140 simply corresponds to a specific PPV event ID, and the receiver keeps a list of all program keys that it has received and with associated program events that are non-expired.
According to one embodiment, as an additional enhancement, ECMs for many services are transmittable in a single background low-rate multicast IP stream. As device memory permits, ECMs are pre-acquired and stored to further reduce channel acquisition time.
Because no assumption is made with regard to the security of the service provider's IP network that is used to communicate between the various network servers involved in the generation and transport of EMMs and ECMs, it is possible that such messages are subject to unauthorized recording or capture within such IP network. Previously transmitted and captured EMMs are then usable to create significant denial of service problems to a user, especially when the service key 230 and device unit key 220 of the user's receiver is not frequently changed (for example, once a month for the service key 230 and once a year for the device unit key 220). When a previously-captured EMM is later re-inserted into an IP broadcast stream, such as an IP multicast stream used for the transmission of the EMM, the receiver is re-initialized with an old an obsolete device unit key 220 or service key 230 that disables the receiver's ability to receive and successfully decrypt subsequent key management messages. Thus, according to one embodiment, replay protection for EMM messages is provided by sequentially increasing the key identifiers for the device unit key 220 and using the MAC to provide message integrity. For example, when a receiver detects that a particular EMM contains a key identifier that is smaller than the last one received, such EMM is dropped and ignored as a potential replay attack. A legitimate sender of EMMs never decrements a key identifier that is encrypted under the same device unit key 220.
As discussed earlier, device unit key 220 and service key 230 are not frequently changed. Thus, a 4-byte key identifier is not going to roll over to 0 for thousands of years, and there is no ground for concern as to what happens when a key identifier rolls over to 0. However, to avoid any accidental errors when a key identifier is set for some reason to FFFF, it is possible to program a receiver to verify that the new key identifier has not jumped from the previous value by more than some reasonable amount (for example, 100).
According to one embodiment, it is possible for a service provider to leverage the key management hierarchy 200 for increased scalability by offering users with a content purchase model called store and forward PPV or Impulse PPV (IPPV), wherein all participating receivers are sufficiently physically secure that they are trusted with a program key, even before any of the content on that IPPV service had been purchased. Each receiver is then tasked to record locally at the receiver which IPPV programs a user actually chooses to view and periodically report these purchases to the service provider's billing system, which then charges the user accordingly. This IPPV model is applicable for receivers with a return path.
Thus, with the key management hierarchy 200, IPPV is easily enabled by allowing all users to subscribe to IPPV services for free. At the same time, any local purchases of program events or services made on an IPPV service are recorded inside the receiver, and the cumulative set of purchases are then reported back to the service provider. Of course, a 2-way point-to-point secure protocol is desired between the each receiver and the service provider's host system for the latter to query each receiver for a list of IPPV purchases that had been made within a predetermined past time period, for example, the last billing period. Also, it is possible to program code a receiver to impose a limit on a number of IPPV purchases that can be made or a total overall "cash spent" amount until the receiver reports the full list of purchases to the service provider. To support IPPV services for receivers that do not necessarily have a return path capability, it is possible for users associated with those receivers to pre-purchase credit from a kiosk. Once the credit is used, a user is able to return to a kiosk, to report back purchases, and to buy more credit.
According to another embodiment, if program access rules are allowed to include secure or authenticated time services restrictions, such as "content may be recorded on a PVR and used locally for a limited period of time," it is possible for the receiver to secure a source of time so that the temporarily stored content is set to securely expire. To achieve this scheme, time messages or packets are repeatedly sent to a specific IP multicast address for the receiver that has the capability to persistently store content programming, such as a PVR or DVR. Each time message includes a timestamp of a predetermined length (for example, 4 bytes) in UTC time, a sequence number, and a digital signature such as RSA or ECDSA.
The receiver is then provisioned (for example, in an EMM Message) with both the current sequence number and a certificate chain of the time server in order to validate each time message. A sequence number in one time message must be greater than or equal to the one from a previous time message. In cases where the sequence number is the same, the newer timestamp must be greater than or equal to the last one received. Thus, this sequence number is operable for making backward time adjustments as desired or required. As long as the timestamps are strictly incrementing, there is no need to ever change this sequence number.
If a significant number of receivers have access to a return path, then additional improvements in scalability and content acquisition times are achievable. As long as the 2-way capability of each receiver is known to the service provider, the periodically repeating streams of EMMs and unit-addressed ECMs do not need to include any messages addressed to those 2-way receivers. A receiver with a 2-way capability is operable to send an upstream message to request its EMM or unit-addressed ECM and wait for the response to come back. If the response does not come back due to an unreliable transport, the receiver is operable to retry after a predetermined time-out period. As long as the service provider does not see an explicit request from a 2-way receiver, the service provider does not need to multicast any messages that are specifically encrypted for that device.
What has been described and illustrated herein are various embodiments along with some of their variations. The terms, descriptions and figures used herein are set forth by way of illustration only and are not meant as limitations. Those skilled in the art will recognize that many variations are possible within the spirit and scope of the subject matter, which is intended to be defined by the following claims—and their equivalents—in which all terms are meant in their broadest reasonable sense unless otherwise indicated.
|Cited Patent
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|M/A-Com Linkabit, Inc.
|Signal encryption and distribution system for controlling scrambling and selective remote descrambling of television signals
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|M/A-Com Government Systems, Inc.
|Selective-subscription descrambling
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|Jan 14, 1997
|General Instrument Corporation Of Delaware
|Method and apparatus for free previews of communication network services
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|General Instrument Corporation Of Delaware
|Method and apparatus for impulse purchasing of packaged information services
|Jul 31, 1998
|Aug 15, 2000
|Scientific-Atlanta, Inc.
|Verification of the source of program information in a conditional access system
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|Apr 18, 2002
|Wasilewski Anthony J.
|Conditional access system
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|Nov 14, 2002
|General Instrument, Inc.
|ECM and EMM distribution for multimedia multicast content
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|Nov 21, 2002
|General Instrument, Inc.
|Initial viewing period for scalable authorization of streaming multimedia content
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|Nov 21, 2002
|General Instrument, Inc.
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|General Instrument, Inc.
|Enforcement of content rights and conditions for multimedia content
|May 22, 2001
|May 27, 2004
|Dan Revital
|Secure digital content delivery system and method over a broadcast network
|Aug 4, 2004
|Feb 17, 2005
|Paul Baran
|Method and apparatus for constructing a set-top box to protect cryptographic capabilities
|Oct 22, 2004
|Jun 30, 2005
|Han-Seung Koo
|Method for providing pay-TV service based on session key
|Jul 13, 2005
|Mar 2, 2006
|General Instrument Corporation
|Method and apparatus for providing channel key data
|Oct 11, 2004
|Sep 7, 2006
|Candelore Brant L
|Digital rights management of a digital device
|Citing Patent
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|Publication date
|Jan 26, 2006
|Apr 3, 2012
|Eletronics And Telecommunications Research Institute
|Contents execution device equipped with independent authentication means and contents re-distribution method
|May 28, 2009
|Jun 11, 2013
|Motorola Mobility Llc
|Content encryption using at least one content pre-key
|Sep 29, 2009
|Jun 24, 2014
|Motorola Mobility Llc
|Digital rights management protection for content identified using a social TV service
|Jun 28, 2011
|Nov 10, 2015
|Google Technology Holdings LLC
|Method and system for registering a DRM client
|Jan 26, 2006
|Mar 19, 2009
|Electronics And Telecommunications Research Institute
|Contents Execution Device Equipped With Independent Authentication Means And Contents Re-Distribution Method
|May 28, 2009
|Dec 3, 2009
|General Instrument Corporation
|Content encryption using at least one content pre-key
|Dec 24, 2007
|Feb 11, 2010
|Oleg Veniaminovich Sakharov
|Conditional access system and method for limiting access to content in broadcasting and receiving systems
|Sep 29, 2008
|Apr 1, 2010
|Alan Rouse
|Providing selective video program content and associated license in response to a promotion token
|Sep 29, 2009
|Mar 31, 2011
|General Instrument Corporation
|Digital rights management protection for content identified using a social tv service
|Jun 28, 2011
|Nov 29, 2012
|General Instrument Corporation
|Method and system for registering a drm client
|Nov 18, 2011
|May 23, 2013
|Comcast Cable Communications, Llc
|Key Delivery
|Sep 17, 2014
|Dec 24, 2014
|Recorded program sharing method and system
|Sep 17, 2014
|Nov 7, 2017
|U.S. Classification
|713/168, 725/86, 725/25, 725/87, 380/200
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Nov 14, 2005
Owner name: GENERAL INSTRUMENT CORPORATION, PENNSYLVANIA
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|Certificate of correction
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|This Just In
|shoes, bags &
|crossbody bags
|satchels & bucket bags
|pouches & wallets
|iphone cases & tech
|bag accessories
The Scenes
full size
Product Details
What goes into this carry-everywhere update to our signature tote? Here it is by the numbers: 2 pieces of sturdy canvas are used for the body. 8-inch Italian leather strap drop: long enough to sling over your shoulder but short enough to hold as a top handle. 1 interior side zip pocket to keep your keys, phone and wallet at the ready. 24: the number of hours in a day that this bag looks cool. How often you'll reach for it? 500 gazillion times.
Free shipping and free returns exclusively for Madewell Insiders
(hi there, risk-free try-ons). *For complete details, see our Shipping Policy and Return Policy.
The Canvas Transport Tote
The Canvas Transport Tote is rated out of 5 by 87.
Rated 5 out of 5 by Jschmerl from Love it!! I needed a new tote for work and I am so happy that I decided to buy this one. It is the perfect size and the canvas is thick and extremely durable. I tend to go hard on my bags, so I was very pleased with how well-made this tote is. Highly recommend!
Date published: 2017-12-11
Rated 5 out of 5 by Megan from My go-to tote I LOVE this tote. So roomy - it holds all the things.
Date published: 2017-11-08
Rated 5 out of 5 by KT88 from Love, from a bag lady I have constantly struggled with the everyday and every night bag dilemma. This means I'm constantly carrying 4+ bags so I have everything I need for everything I'm doing. I need to have a bag that can carry everything I need for work and life- laptop, chargers, portfolios, a small purse, keys, etc. And then I also need that bag to not weigh 794 pounds. This bag is PERFECT. I use it every single day and it has plenty of room for what I need but isn't making my arm feel like it's going to fall off either. I highly recommend it!
Date published: 2017-10-04
Rated 5 out of 5 by Christine from Amazing carry all tote! Absolutely in LOVE with this tote! I bought online so didn't know what to fully expect until it arrived but it's perfect! Great roomy size, amazing quality; worth every penny! The handle is a bit short to be completely comfortable on my shoulder but it's too good overall to be bothered by this! This is a must have bag! Another may just make its way into my closet...
Date published: 2017-09-18
Rated 5 out of 5 by refujean315 from perfect everyday bag! I bought this bag as a birthday present for myself 6 months ago, and with the exception of a few clutch-worthy dinners and weddings, I have carried it every day since! I have the british surplus, and the color is holding up well in my opinion. I also have the transport weekender and the zippered crossbody, and the leather handles on this tote are of much higher quality than on either of the pricier bags. The size is great for work - holds a laptop plus all my personal essentials, but also great for errands. If I don't have it stuffed, it is really lightweight and low-profile. Perfect tote!
Date published: 2017-09-10
Rated 5 out of 5 by OmiorOma from great looking large sporty bag! A funny thing happened today...I received my second Madewell package. It contained a birthday present from my daughter in law. A beautiful green canvas transport bag was enclosed! I was in the process of sending back the same bag that I'd ordered for myself, to exchange it for the green one. I had ordered the acorn (which looks like a fun yellow bag); however it turned out to be a rather dark brown. So I will happily now return it for a refund and keep my beautiful birthday gift!
Date published: 2017-09-08
Rated 5 out of 5 by Heidi from Love my tote...... I bought this tote in the black colored option and absolutely love it :) It is spacious enough to completely carry all of my everyday necessities, including my big water bottle, laptop, bagged lunch, extra snacks, planner, wallet, coin purse, phone, one hardcover book, and one cosmetics bag. When I travel, I shove in a light sweater, more snacks, and more books....The tote has softened up with use and looks great with the leather handles, which have also held up nicely. I plan on buying an additional one for my gym stuff. Thanks again, Madewell :)
Date published: 2017-08-13
Rated 5 out of 5 by Lola from Perfect Tote! just what I wanted! This canvas tote with leather handles is lighter weight than leather and sports a clean, contemporary design. I've been using it ever since it has arrived and love it!
Date published: 2017-08-07
Rated 5 out of 5 by KSea from The tote for everything and anything. Big fan of this tote, which I eyed up for a while before I made the purchase (I kept convincing myself that I don't need another bag, because I didn't, but this one was different.) I'm stoked I did. I was looking for a perfect carryall for my workday: headphones, bagged lunch, water bottle, smoothie cup, a million granola bars, and some books. Carrying 2+ bags wasn't an option much longer so I was on the hunt for a big tote that would wear well (the canvas is soft but sturdy and less maintenance than leather, it actually ends up being lighter to carry too) but wasn't so big that I felt like it was luggage. This tote does everything and looks great while doing so. If you're considering buying it, go for it, you won't regret it and you'll end up using it for much more than your work commute.
Date published: 2017-08-02
Rated 5 out of 5 by sofiana from THE go to bag After buying this bag, I had it monogrammed and got a super cute leather sunglasses tassel from the store to go with it. I absolutely love it. It's big enough for me to bring a change of clothes to work, a book, and my wallet. The leather straps are good quality and it's the perfect casual and everyday bag. Its minimalism makes it chic; definitely a well worth purchase.
Date published: 2017-07-29


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Barney's NY Fall 2016 Beauty Bag
Yesterday, I went into Boston to Vidal Sassoon to get my hair re-reded. It worked out perfectly because it was the first day of the Barney's NY Fall Beauty Event when they give out their beauty bag chock full of goodies with a $200 minimum purchase. The event ends on September 11, so you need to act fast if you're interested. Some brands have additional "step up" gifts if you spend a certain amount on their brand. FYI, Barneys NY carries Hourglass, Eve Lom, Lipstick Queen, Chantacaille, La Mer, Givenchy, Kiehl's, Mason & Pearson Brushes, Rituals SPA, By Terry, NARS, and a number of other brands I can't remember right this minute. Also, fragrance purchases count.
I was waiting for this event to repurchase my signature scent, Musc Ravageur by Frederick Malle that I've written about previously.
I bought the 50 ml size ($180) so I needed to buy something else to reach the $200 threshold. I bought Rituals Spa Sakura Fragrance Mist, $25, a gorgeous light cherry blossom scent that goes with their Shower Gel Foam that I already own. The sales associate generously threw in two sample size sprays of Musc Ravageur for me to take on my trip as well as a sample of Frederick Malle's new scent, Monsieur.
The Fall gift bag named "glowing", made from faded denim, is definitely better than the summer bag that I passed on.
I don't have time to list everything in the bag, but here's a photo and a partial list. There were no full-sized products but lots of generous deluxe samples. There's even a little black lipstick, Givenchy Rouge Vinyl Interdit Noir, for those who are adventurous, and the ubiquitous black eyeliner pencil from Kevyn Aucoin. There are lots of terrific luxury skincare samples including Baume Rose By Terry, Chantecaille Moisturizer, La Mer Soft Moisturizer, Eye Serum from 3Lab and from Kiehl's, and two different face oils from Rodin and Malin+Goetz. There are 5 perfume samples including samples from Byredo, Loewe, diptyque, and Replica. Rituals SPA had a 3/4 size can of a different Shower Gel Foam scent. There are some good haircare products from Davines and other brands in very large sample sizes. And a tube of Marvis toothpaste.
While it may not be quite as good as last fall when there was a full size lipgloss from Lipstick Queen and a full size can of Ritual Spa Shower Gel Foam, it still is a very good one especially if you are thinking of buying things you need anyway.
A Quick Trip and Break
Early this morning, Jeff and I are in the process of flying to Charlotte NC and then driving to the Asheville area for the wedding of his younger daughter. We're staying at a hotel on a lake in the mountains. The wedding on Saturday evening is going to be on a farm, and the ceremony is in a field. The farm-to-table food should be terrific!
Unfortunately, the temperature is going to be in the 90s, and I think it's going to be rather uncomfortable celebrating outdoors. My black dress with white accents, though sleeveless, is made from heavy fabric. I found black patent pumps with white block heels that go perfectly with the dress, but I don't know how they'll be walking in a field. I'm more of an air-conditioned hotel wedding girl myself, but it should be a lovely setting for this special event. I hope that all goes well for Jeff's sweet daughter!
I don't have any blogposts planned because I'm not sure what the internet situation will be out there in the mountains. I think I'll take a few days off to recharge, but who knows, you may hear from me!
Have a good end of the week and a great weekend! It still feels like summer. 😛


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Our Reviews
We do our best to provide the most accurate information about gun safes. As responsible gun owners we want to ensure three things:
- Keep guns out of the hands of bad guys.
- Keep guns out the hands of children.
- Ensure the guns are accessible when needed.
|The GunBox Biometric Hand Gun Safe
|Sleek modern design meets state-of-the-art technology.
36 reviews
|Protex Safe Fingerprint Wall Safe Review
|A sturdy and well-rated wall safe to secure and conceal weapons and valuables in your home.
18 reviews
|Sentry Safe Biometric Quick Access Pistol Safe
|A compact and powerful solution for your home's defense, perfect for concealing, storing and gaining quick and quiet access to your tactical firearm.
330 reviews
|Barska Top Opening Biometric Drawer Safe
|Specifically designed to be housed in a desk or dresser drawer, or mounted to a flat surface for the ultimate in convenience and accessibility.
211 reviews
|LockSAFE Personal Biometric Pistol Safe
|The Personal Biometric Pistol Safe (PBS-001) gives you security, peace of mind, and protection for you, your loved ones, and home.
103 reviews
|Barska Biometric Safe
|The top-selling biometric gun safe on the market. A versatile option and a great value.
663 reviews
|Barska Mini Biometric Safe
|A hot-selling compact safe for valuables, documents, and more. It's perfect for a handgun and it can fit right next to your bed.
220 reviews
|GunVault SpeedVault SVB500
|Unlike most safes that take up closet space or sit conspicuously atop a shelf, the SpeedVault safe can go wherever you want quick access to your weapon.
660 reviews
|Barska Biometric Wall Safe
|A discrete wall safe ideal for holding pistols, personal items, and important documents out of sight in your home or office.
13 reviews
|Gunvault MicroVault XL MVB1000
|The safe has the capacity to hold a small pistol and several personal belongings. It features top of the line biometrics technology and can store up to 120 users.
117 reviews
|Stack-On PS-20-B Large Biometric Gun Safe
|Complete with two removable shelves, the safe has the capacity for storing pistols, ammunition, and other personal belongings.
110 reviews
|Barska Quick Access Biometric Rifle Safe
|The top-selling biometric rifle safe. Affordable, convenient, secure, and compact.
310 reviews
|Viking Security Safe VS-35
|An affordable biometric gun safe with capacity to store up to 100 fingerprints.
48 reviews
|Stack-On PS-10-B Biometric Personal Safe
|A small but secure battery-operated personal safe with a removable interior shelf.
205 reviews
|Barska Large Biometric Rifle Safe
|The safe is large enough to hold a rifle with scope and other accessories, as well as a shotgun.
11 reviews
|GunVault MicroVault Biometric MVB500 Pistol Gun Safe
|Out of several biometric pistol safes in the GunVault lineup, the Microvault MVB 500 sets itself apart with its compact size, easy access, and great price.
224 reviews
|Stack-On PS-5-B Drawer Safe
|This safe is the perfect size to store firearms in a bedside table, chest of drawers, or in your desk at work.
88 reviews
|Bio Box Biometric Personal Safe
|The Bio Box biometric personal safe is an extremely small personal safe, that employs popular biometric technology.
40 reviews
|Stack-On QAS-1200-B Safe
|The Stack-On QAS-1200-B can easily hold a handgun, small personal valuables, laptop, or other electronics.
22 reviews
|GunVault GVB2000 MultiVault Biometric Gun Safe
|The MultiVault has capacity for multiple handguns and uses GunVault's innovative biometric opening system designed for lightning fast recognition.
81 reviews
|Barska Biometric Compact Portable Safe
|Small enough to fit almost anywhere, perfectly adequate for holding small valuables or handguns. (Temporarily out of stock.)
13 reviews
|Barska Biometric Extra Large Rifle Safe
|Nearly 5 feet tall, this safe is the largest on the market that also offers biometric technology.
8 reviews
What we review…
The capacity of a gun safe is one of the top things you need to think about when choosing a gun safe. Are you in need of a gun safe for a single handgun to keep in your bedside table? Do you need a larger unit capable of holding several rifles and shotguns? Maybe an intermediate safe that can hold a few magazine, your Glock, and a passport? The number of guns your are storing makes a big difference in what safes you should be shopping for
Locking Mechanism
The locking mechanism is the heart and soul of the safe. There are a few different options out there nowadays.
Combination Locks
The traditional manual, combination style locks. They are the most secure of the locks but they take longer to open when seconds count. The technology is proven though since combination locks have been around for hundreds of years.
Key Locks
Another manual and secure choice is the traditional key lock. Keylocks have been around for hundreds of years also and offer a speed advantage over the combination locks. However, a skilled locksmith could potentially pick a lock on this type of safe. It is slightly unlikely but it is a concern worth mentioning here. One other disadvantage is that people do lose their keys. Sad to say but it does happen. Can you imagine the feeling when you need to get to your gun fast and you realize that you don't know where you put the keys? Well, you never want to have that feeling.
Electronic Keypad Locks
This was the first major jump in technology and the electronic keypad offered a big advantage over the previous safes. There was a significant speed advantage over the old style combination locks. However, there was not any key to lose like the tradition key locks. This proved to be a great improvement. There are always trade offs and gun safe locking mechanisms are no exception. Electronic keypads are battery powered so they do have a chance to be without power if you do not keep fresh batteries in the electronic unit. They do have much longer lasting batteries now and with lithium style batteries that have a very long shelf life, this is less of a concern. We change the batteries at the same time as our smoke detectors – in the spring and fall.
Biometric Fingerprint Locks
This was another huge leap in technology. Biometric gun safes have been around for a few years – once the technology for fingerprint readers was available at a reasonable cost. Again, this increased the speed for opening a safe when seconds count. It was a critical upgrade to the gun safe industry. (The technological improvement actually impacted all types of safes, not just the gun safes that we are interested in.) The locks are opened by simply placing your finger over the sensor and the locking mechanism opens up within a second. The speed is unbelievable. The same downside as the electronic keypads is present – batteries in the power unit can fail over time.
The construction of the safes vary and some units are bigger and tougher than other units.
Each manufacturer provides a different warranty level. Safes should last a very long time but the electronic versions do have a finite life span.
We do our research. We scour the internet for reviews and in most cases we refer to one of the largest retailers in the world for their reviews, Amazon. So we provide an overview on what owners think of the safes.