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It's Back
Oh yes, it must be almost Spring here in Ohio because I saw the Robins back in our yard this weekend! YAY! Spring should be coming although today you wouldn't know it because it's in the 30's. It doesn't take much prompting for me to get my favorite CTMH Bird Stamp out "A Tweet" and this felt like just the weekend to do it. Mojo Monday #178 was a great sketch to start from and it was time to bring back out the Wings CB Papers. I just think these colors are so perfect for Spring Cards! Enjoy! Supplies: CTMH Wings CB Paper, CTMH Stamps A Tweet, CTMH Blue/Green Sparkles

subset: commoncrawl


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Fire the officer responsible for shooting Max
Sign this petition to show how much support exists for ending animal cruelty at the local law enforcement level
Sign this petition to show how much support exists for ending animal cruelty at the local law enforcement level
LES MÉTHODES ALTERNATIVES EXISTENT ET SONT AU POINT !PIGEONNIER CONTRACEPTIF :"Moins de pigeons dans nos villes, et
Conclusion: l'abattage rituel des animaux expose à des souffrances supplémentaires - a dit le prof. Andrew Elżanowski,
Build a advanced Culture of Compassion and Empathy for Humans,Nonhumans,Earth and
Does an Animal Abuser Live in Your Neighborhood? Our communities have good reason to be concerned about the whereabouts
Petition Letter I just signed the following petition addressed to: Cristina Kirschner. ---------------- Prohibir la
Nous devons agir en masse contre cette injustice et cette cruauté. SVP partagez cette pétition le plus que vous pouvez
Healthy bee populations are essential to the production of our food. Bees are attracted to floral nectars and help
Because this is horrendous and hideous. Can you imagine the fear these animals must be in the last minutes of their
We ask to stop the terrible practice of eating dog meat and tortures to which the dogs are subjected in China.
This is the shocking world of the Nas Dom Dog Shelter in Pozega Serbia Puppies so hungry they eat their siblings A
Pour le soutenir , il serait bon qu'une pétition soit signée car cette dame du fait des responsabilités de son époux
Hunters or "Sportsmen" as they like to call themselves. Are now targeting to recruit youth in any possible way they
Bullfight is torture an animal to death. SPANISH MINISTRY OF CULTURE established it as culture and France decided to do
On 2/8/13 Ruby's owners were notified that the police were at their property because someone reported one of their 3
Please click this link: http://www.mucc.org/ scroll down to the bottom right and vote NO. Wolves do NOT need to be
Please stop euthanasation - Viscan needs a trainer - not the death - Lets give him a chance !! Please
Poisoning of animals by both allowed and prohibited substances like Furadan has increased dramatically throughout
Donkey basketball fundraisers send kids the message that it's OK to abuse and humiliate those who are weaker than they
To spread the word about the Chinese fur-industry's barbaric animal-welfare violations and appeal for protection laws.
ANIMAL LOVING FRIENDS WORLDWIDE PLEASE HELP FIGHT FOR BATMAN. This poor old boy would have suffered greatly. His death
--Devastating News!!!-- "The DNR now wants to allow hounders to 'train' their dogs on wolves with no restrictions
If you are a TRUE animal lover then that should be enough said for you to want to make a difference. Animal exploitation
because if we work together we can end this horrific display of humanity <3
Dolphins suffer immensely in captivity. Eight former trainers at Marineland in Niagara Falls, Ontario
PLEASE click on this link to add your name to this government 'WE THE PEOPLE' petition----it is said that if we meet the
Please be a voice for Gaya the elephant that lived in poor, filthy conditions in Baneasa Zoo-Romania , lonely, sad,
We are a group of animal lovers who are concerned about Animal abuse and cruelty in the USA. We sign and share
PLEASE click on this link to add your name to this government 'WE THE PEOPLE' petition----it is said that if we meet the
PLEASE click on this link to add your name to this government 'WE THE PEOPLE' petition----it is said that if we meet the
Because it is the humaly thing to do!
Please watch the video and be warned about what you are about to see, for it is intensly graphic but true, hence why it
Force Facebook to remove the page, Wolf Butchering, cooking, and recipes, and all its variations. These pages are
We are their voice."The greatness of a nation and its moral progress can be judged by the way its animals are
Some Top Reasons NOT to Post on Wolf-Hating Pages: 1- Wolf-Hating pages are, ironically, gaining popularity because of
Dr. Oz, a respected public figure who advocates healthy living to the American public, recently encouraged millions of
Cruelty to animals should not be handled in the same manner as vandalism. We want nothing more or less than justice
dogs being snached and stolen from the streets and private households....crammed as many possible into small
BLOG -http://justiceformaryanimaladvocacy.blogspot.com.au/2013/01/texas-dog-found-shot-in-face-and-left.html Buck's
Giuseppe refuse obstinément toute solution de relogement si la mairie du IVe arrondissement ne reconnait pas l'avoir
Los 'antirrábicos' durante años han capturado y aniquilado a miles y miles de animales abandonados en las calles y jamás
FACEBOOK PAGE.. Kincaid. Killed by Baltimore City
San Francisco: Friday Dec 28th 2012. Robbery victim's 12 year old dog dies after suspect throws animal into
We need to help Bandit's family by offering our support any way we can so Bandit and Sandi York may be reunited. This
Let's make 2013 a kind year. In 2013 - Take the Pledge to Fight Animal Cruelty! I pledge to help end animal cruelty, and
WARNING DISTURBING FOOTAGE ON VIDEO I pledge to help end wolf trapping in Montana by signing this petition. The
My fellow Big Dog owner... As the holidays approach and we start focusing on what really matters in our lives...our
Help stop horse abuse at Laverton Knackery! The story of Racehorse "NATURES CHILD".. PLEASE JOIN OUR FB
Because it is time to ask for an action by Government and Judiciary.
WHO KILLED PEARL? Trap Police Say Was Set 'Deliberately' Suffocates Indiana Pet .. Hebron Indiana ..the perpetrator
This is a way of sending poor unwanted or sick animals across the bridge that is boarder line "Animal Cruelty". This
Once numbering over one million by some estimates, African lions now exist in a fraction of their former range and fewer
Animals are not ours to use for entertainment. Cockfighting is a cruel, greedy, money-generating culture at the expense
Do not abandon animals because they are our friends and not have the guilt of the people that go on vacation leave us
The dark world of "backyard butchers," who slaughter and butcher animals on makeshift farms, is spreading across the
Dogs shouldn't die so humans can get high. The NEW ZEALAND government wants to change the law so that manufacturers of
Dolphins are dying at alarmingly high rates in Florida's Indian River Lagoon, a shallow estuary closed off from the
There is NO way to justify making innocent dogs fight for human "entertainment".
For years as far back as can be remembered Animal Control, the system put in place by community or govt has been
The killing of Yellowstone's monitored wolves is the last straw in the wave of wolf slaughtering going on in America.
WHY SHOULD YOU SIGN...well watch and then see
http://lawrenceville.patch.com/articles/man-charged-with-animal-abuse-in-death-of-lawrence-womans-dog http://www.nj.com
PLEASE SIGN AND SHARE..and join the facebook page. Protest Animal Cruelty at MCACC (Animal Control).. The abuses at
The State of the Mediterranean Sea along the Lebanese coastline is disastrous at all levels and the situation is going
The present Wildlife Management Plan fails to Protect, Restore, or Enhance the lives of our beautiful wolves. Time after
These dogs need a voice, they need to be removed from this, they have been in this condition for a long time and they
To protect an already-endangered specie; to curb the false information regarding Rhino horn; to educate people further
Belle en haar baasje moeten SAMEN van hun oude dag kunnen genieten in Ter Linde. En ook toekomstige bewoners van de
Approximately a year ago, Congresswoman Candace Miller (Republican--Michigan) tried to win support and popularity from
this is to get the goverment to act on attacks on guide dogs for the blind and make it that a attack on a guide dog is
Once again we have a dog with no voice facing death for no reason! We have to be his voice and let the city of
If Mellie is determined by the court to "Dangerous", and her family can't comply with the outrageous courts demands,
Order the US government to call for the arrest of the US Soldiers who are responsible for tossing a puppy over a cliff
WE WANT JUSTICE FOR BUDDY THE BASSET...Tell the District Attorney and Sheriff's Department know how you feel about -
I was horrified when I saw this
Hello and thankyou for taking action on this most brutal of Animal cruelty crimes.WE WANT JUSTICE FOR BUDDY...let the
Concerned citizens around the world hope that a second term for President Barack Obama will result in steps in the right
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=BKQl5lgSd4k https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=435536709836
This page advocates the slaughter, and consumption of a religious icon.
Animals are cruelly tortured & slaughtered every day, all over the world. Many standard practices are unknown by many of
Humans every year kill 100 million sharks and for what? Shark Fins - For a tasteless bowl of soup Shark Teeth - For
Federal agent Jamie P. Olson set his dogs on live coyotes that were captured by steel-jawed traps. Then he documented
In 1986, the International Whaling Commission (IWC) enacted a moratorium on all commercial whaling. Since then, three
This very sadly is a perfect example of why animal abuse must be reported. Justice for Mary... A 20-year-old Wisconsin
PLEASE SIGN ...this woman is very DISTURBED! WAUSAU Wisconsin — A 20-year-old Wausau woman called -Sean D. Janas - was
"Dear friends, I'm a small and beautiful nobody's dog! I don't understand why I was thrown into the large and dangerous
The Gray Wolf has been removed from the endangered species list and they are now being slaughtered again. Please check
I really am hoping that you all will sign this petition to get justice for "HARLEY". PLEASE help me put pressure on the
The rare Mexican Gray Wolf, a sub-species of the gray wolf, with a distinct DNA, is becoming extinct with only 59 wolves
A la opinión pública en general Como es sabido, lo organización OIPIC, de un tiempo a esta parte viene siguiendo de
The next Rodeo is due to happen in Hamilton New Zealand 24 November. Hamilton city should reconsider whether or not it
Because it's the right thing to do.
La Dirección General de Sanidad Animal de la Junta de Andalucía está ultimando la legalización y adecuación del
Its a cause of humanity towards animals.As well its a matter of justice to find and punish criminals
Wolf killer Kari Tikkunen blames society for his crimes by saying: "This society made me what I am today." Kari
Western Tourists from North America and Europe (and other places...) have been hunting giraffes for sport and for fun
Sabían que en canal 11 del Distrito Federal, todavía se transmite el programa Toros y Toreros? Este programa se
Donkey sex gets thumbs-up from censors.. Film depicting bestiality gets a surprising pass from classification board. Gay
(Information from Humane Society's US Website) Missouri's Dirty Dozen were selected as examples of some of the worst
Help us save these 20 sheep at La Trobe University! They will be sent to slaughter on the 10th of October unless we
Sign this petition to end this brutal "tradition" in Taiji by telling the Mayor of Taiji, the Prime Minister, and the
Stop à la cruauté ou la maltraitance envers les animaux
Cats are being tortured, beaten and skinned everyday in China for food and for their fur!!! The way the animals are
Please help save the neeedless slaughtering of wolves as a means of "managing" the wolf population. Humans do not have
Desde el 2010 cuando se presentó la iniciativa en la Asamblea Legislativa para que el maltrato animal entre al Código
To stop pistol happy cops thinking just because they have a badge and a gun that they can do what they want. I want them
Each year over 130,000 American horses are shipped to be brutally slaughtered in Mexico and Canada to feed human
We want our stray dogs not be killed any more! We want civilized methods to be applicated! We want no more unnecesarily
Your participation in this petition matters greatly, as it will show that there are enough people upset enough about the
By signing this petition that will be sent to the Kickstarter admin team expressing the outrage about this you are
I want people to sign this to show our disgust with Facebook in allowing a page which will only cause distress for those
Many cats every day are beaten and often killed. Stop these evil people and help cats remain in our hearts.
Están tratando de hacer un mercado en la Cd. de México, como el de San Bernabé en EdoMex, para comercializar TODO TIPO
An estimated 8 million dogs and cats enter animal shelters in the U.S. each year, and approximately 4 million – or
To let major corporations know that using a persons notoriety to make money is WRONG and WILL NOT be tolerated!!!!
To let major corporations know that making money off a persons notoriety is wrong, and that supporting Animal Cruelty
Recently a good friend of mine acted selflessly & with compassion when he rescued a dog from imminent danger/death on
Nous avons le devoir de protester contre la cruauté dont sont victimes les chiens en Chine. Réveillons les consciences
Bear baiting (also called bear baying) pits a declawed and defanged bear which is chained to a stake against hunting
Did you know?- Eukanuba and Purina Dog Chow are Major sponsors of the Eukanuba World Cup Dog Show in Belfast scheduled
We can convince the government of India that it is the time for them to start acting now. Let them show us they are
Hi... Action is needed to help animals raised for food. If you eat meat or are already vegetarian.... Would you be
Last month, Thai authorities arrested a man at Bangkok's international airport after discovering baby leopards,
For 6 years, we at The 50 Million Missing Campaign have been working hard to tell the world about the ongoing female
My dog Tony's story..., Over the past six months Tony, a friendly healthy-minded canine half pit bull and half Sharpei,
Turkish Dogs, Rape and Brutal Slaughter. Homeless pets have been left to the Mamak dumping ground by the municipalities
We are animal rights activist against vivisection ... this ours protest is one of the protests and is based on the
Stop sbuse of animals Imagine five boys setting a helpless dog alight and a man hanging a live kitten by its neck.
Gain enough signatures to have these horrible children receive the maximum penalty under law! Some kids placed typical
Our transit shelter needs support in order to become a much safer place for dogs and puppies. We need to build separate
Take a stand against ocean degradation and negative human impact on dolphins and whales through our Whale Call Project.
Through the Animal Bill of Rights, we are working to show Congress a groundswell of support for legislation that
Save the few Giant Panda bears of China. Giant pandas are an endangered species, threatened by continued habitat loss


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Solving problem over new postal address took years
I moved to the Philippines and notified my banks, Lloyds and Halifax. The two repeatedly sent correspondence to my old address and even sent highly sensitive documents. Lloyds has made my account dormant, against my wishes. The Financial Ombudsman Service upheld my complaint, but I cannot get compensation paid. NL, the Philippines.
Despite being a problem that should have been simple to settle, this has taken several years and seemed intractable. The Ombudsman awarded you £150 from Lloyds and £125 from Halifax. Unfortunately, Lloyds stated for a long time it was unable to pay you this money because it had lost your original notification of your move to the Philippines and insisted that it could make the transfer only once it was formally advised (again) of the change of address. It has now accepted that the payment can be made - from both Lloyds and Halifax - into your previously dormant Lloyds account. Those payments have now been made.
My 17-year-old daughter has a cash card account with the Nationwide. She has been told she cannot upgrade to a current account with a debit card. Can others offer current accounts with debit cards to under-18s? VS, Litchfield.
HSBC offers a full debit card facility on its MyAccount from age 13, while Santander and the Co-operative Bank offer current accounts with debit cards from age 16. Nationwide offers its FlexAccount to the over-16s, with a cash card that has most of the functions of a debit card, However, it does not allow customers to go overdrawn. Therefore the card can only be used for transactions providing the retailer can obtain confirmation that there are sufficient funds in the account.
I opened a cash ISA with Marks -amp; Spencer Financial Services a few months ago. At the beginning of September, I deposited a cheque of £1,000 from my building society account into the ISA. The cheque was returned because it was not endorsed as required. The guidance in the leaflet is that the building society must correctly endorse the cheque and that the account number and account holder's name be printed on the cheque by the building society - my cheque had both my name and the building society account number printed on it. I believe the instructions in the leaflet are incorrect and should be amended and I have lost interest as a result. TM, Weston-super-Mare.
A spokeswoman for Marks -amp; Spencer Financial Services says: "The building society cheque was not suitably endorsed with [the reader's] building society account details. We require that a building society account number be either printed or handwritten on the cheque. In [the reader's] case, two account numbers were printed, neither of which could be confirmed as his. The reason for these checks is to ensure that the funds being invested are the customer's own." It says it will review its procedures in the light of your criticisms.
I have just received my car renewal quote and it has doubled. I live in Liverpool L17 and the problem seems to be across all the city. I rang up the insurer, Sainsbury's, and complained. They said there had been an increase in fraudulent claims. Is there anything I can do about this? I am a personal injury lawyer and I believe that insurers are hiking premiums to cover their investment losses. PM, Liverpool.
Sainsbury's Finance confirms that your car insurance premium has risen from £541.91 last year to £973.15 this year. The company's spokeswoman says: "The increase is down to the increase in postcode rating. [This is caused by] the effect of adverse experience - ie, high personal injury claims experience from third parties when accidents occur which can have a dramatic effect on the premium - but it reflects our actual experience. We have to calculate premiums on the basis that the premiums we take in will cover the claims we pay out."
Sainsbury's Finance argues that despite the premium increase, its prices are competitive, and that it would cost you £1,100 to insure your car with a competitor, based on a sample of quotes taken from online price comparison websites.
Malcolm Tarling of the Association of British Insurers adds: "I am not aware of particular problems in Liverpool.
"It is true that the trend is for motor insurance premium rates to increase."


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News By Tag
Industry News
News By Location
Industry News
WEDU's Community Cinema Returns January 23rd with Screening of Soul Food Junkies
Acclaimed Director of Hip-Hop: Beyond Beats and Rhymes Explores the African American Community's Relationship with Soul Food
In Soul Food Junkies filmmaker Byron Hurt sets out on a historical and culinary journey to learn more about the soul food tradition and its relevance to black cultural identity. Hurt's exploration was inspired by his father's lifelong love affair with the high-fat, calorie-rich traditional soul food diet and his unwillingness to give it up even in the face of a life-threatening health crisis. Hurt discovers that the relationship between African Americans and culinary dishes like ribs, grits, and fried chicken is culturally based, deep-rooted, complex, and often deadly.
Through candid interviews with soul food cooks, historians, and scholars, as well as with doctors, family members, and everyday people, Soul Food Junkies puts this culinary tradition under the microscope to examine both its positive and negative consequences. Hurt also explores the socioeconomic conditions in predominantly black neighborhoods, where it can be difficult to find healthy options, and meets some pioneers in the emerging food justice movement who are challenging the food industry, encouraging communities to "go back to the land" by creating sustainable and eco-friendly gardens, advocating for healthier options in local supermarkets, supporting local farmers' markets, avoiding highly processed fast foods, and cooking healthier versions of traditional soul food.
WHAT: FREE screening of Soul Food Junkies and discussion moderated by PHCC's Director of Multicultural Student Affairs and Equity Services, Mr. Imani Asukile.
WHO: Presented by ITVS Community Cinema, WEDU and Pasco-Hernando Community College. PST Auditorium, Room E-130
WHEN: January 23rd at 6:00pm, followed by discussion.
RSVP: This screening event is free and open to the public. Seating is limited and RSVP is requested online at www.wedu.org/
About the Filmmaker
Byron Hurt (Producer and Director) is an award-winning documentary filmmaker, published writer, anti-sexism activist, and lecturer. Hurt is also the former host of the Emmy-nominated series, Reel Works with Byron Hurt. The Independent named him one of the "Top 10 Filmmakers to Watch" in 2011. His most popular documentary Hip-Hop: Beyond Beats and Rhymes premiered at the Sundance Film Festival and was later broadcast on Independent Lens. In 2010, MSNBC's TheGrio.com named Beyond Beats and Rhymes one of the "Top 10 Most Important African-American Themed Films of the Decade." Hurts's writings have been published in several anthologies and in the media he has been covered by: The New York Times, O Magazine, AllHipHop.com, NPR, CNN, Access Hollywood, MTV, BET, ABC News World Tonight, Black Enterprise, C-Span, and many other outlets.
About ITVS Community Cinema
ITVS Community is the national community engagement program of the Independent Television Service (ITVS) and the Emmy Award-winning PBS series Independent Lens. Through Community Engagement Campaigns in support of groundbreaking, independent films, our innovative educational product ITVS Community Classroom and our flagship community outreach program Community Cinema, ITVS Community works to bring communities together and connect them with information, resources and opportunities for education, engagement and positive change. ITVS Community builds on our 15-year legacy of community engagement activities and makes public broadcasting into a powerful resource for individuals, communities and organizations working on key social issues around the country. For more information visit: http://www.communitycinema.org
About Independent Lens
Independent Lens is an Emmy® Award-winning weekly series airing on PBS. The acclaimed anthology series features documentaries united by the creative freedom, artistic achievement and unflinching visions of independent filmmakers. Presented by Independent Television Service (ITVS), the series is funded by the Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB), a private corporation funded by the American people, with additional funding provided by PBS, the National Endowment for the Arts and the MacArthur Foundation. The senior series producer is Lois Vossen. More information is at www.pbs.org/
WEDU is west central Florida's leading PBS station and public media company reaching 16 counties through media platforms including on-air programming and online experiences that broaden horizons, transport and transform and open gateways to new ideas and new worlds. Financially supported by the community, the organization offers a wealth of award-winning inspirational, educational and enlightening content over a variety of multi-media platforms including: television programming, station's website, wedu.org and various social media platforms, monthly member magazine Premiere, educational outreach activities and a myriad of special events. WEDU's focus on the local community has resulted in the station being regarded as a beacon of trust for men, women and children of every walk of life no matter their age, ethnicity or socio-economic status. WEDU is a treasured community resource; a window to the world for the homebound and a vital educational source for the youngest members of society. WEDU prides itself on its position in the Tampa Bay community as a leader, partner, informed citizen and a member of PBS, the most trusted institution in America (Harris Interactive Trust QuickQuery, February 2012).
For more information, program schedules or to support WEDU visit wedu.org; WEDU Public Media on Facebook and Twitter or call 813.254.9338.
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Fall 2017 meetings are starting! Yay!
Hi everyone! Our first meeting of the academic year is this week, Thursday 9/7/2017! Our viewing schedule is as follows:
6:30 - One Punch Man
7:00 - Baccano (dub) AND Magic User's Club (specific scheduling coming soon)
8:00 - Nichijou: My Ordinary Life
9:00 - Mawaru Penguindrum
We meet every Thursday from 6:30pm to 10:00pm (feel free to drop in at any time between). This semester, our room will be the same as in the spring in Moos 2-690. Hope you can come and have a great start of your fall semester!
Anime Detour and Super Sentai Event!
Due to Anime Detour going on from Friday, April 7th through Sunday, April 9th, the MAS session for Thursday, April 6th will be cancelled.
On a related note, we will be having our Super Sentai event on Friday, April 14th at 6:00/6:30 PM in the normal MAS room (Moos 2-690). We will be watching shows that have been referenced in Erased so people can get a taste of what kinds of shows people were watching back then. Have fun everyone!
Spring 2017 Sessions and Shows
The first session of MAS for the Spring 2017 semester will be held during the first week of classes on Thursday, January 19th at 6:30 PM. MAS is usually held in Moos 2-529, but due to scheduling conflicts, it may be moved to Moos 2-650. This post will be updated once we have more information.
The shows for this semester are as follows:
Death Parade - 6:30
My Love Story!! - 7:00
Blood Blockade Battlefront - 8:30
Ghost in the Shell Stand Alone Complex 2nd GIG - 9:00
Spring 2017 Voting Open
Voting is open! We are voting on 3 pre show and 2 main shows for the Spring 2017 semester! Look at all the shows nominated HERE and vote for what you want to watch through the link in your email! If you wish to change your vote, simply vote again. Your most recent vote when the polls close will be what counts.
Only members can vote, but if you got an email, we have you recorded as a member! If you think you're a member and did not receive an email, contact us on facebook or at firstname.lastname@example.com
Polls are open until 12/22 at 11:59:59 PM
Nominations Close Tonight
Hello everyone!
For those who haven't heard, nominations for this spring semester of anime are closing tonight at midnight. Any member with shows to suggest needs to submit by that time.
Welcome to the New Site!
Hello all,
For the foreseeable future, this will be our new MAS webpage. I still have a few things to move over (scrapbook, links, link to us), but this should be largely complete. Please contact us if you have any issues or have ideas on how this could be presented better.
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Sparkle sparkle
Little gemstone, is Roshnee Jains motto. Sparkle is what she calls the organisation she started to bring real jewellery and diamonds closer to the people. The gal with a diploma in diamond identification from the Institute of Gemology and Designing, New Delhi is conducting her first workshop at the Cosmopolitan Club, from September 9 to 13.
Mommas girl
You could call her, because her love for the precious rock started when she was just a kid, going to jewellery shops with her mother. That was when she realised the trouble buyers went through to ensure they werent duped while buying a piece of jewellery. Now Rosh, armed with a diploma in diamond grading, jewellery designing, and gemstones from the Sindhar Institute of Gemology, decided to conduct a workshop to teach those who buy diamond jewellery on a regular basis the finer points of the trade.
Hook and sinker
Theyll all fall for her line, she hopes, when she launches Sparkle, elegant creations at the right price. She has tasted the market, too, during her training at Ramesh Chandra Parekh Jewellers as a diamond assorter. She has worked on her artistic flair since she was in school at Mayo College Girls School, Ajmer, where inter-school craft and modelling were her things. Kathak and folk dance, too, found the 22-year-old joining in.
Mans best friend
According to her is the dolphin, which is what inspired her to take to water. Their speed and intelligence made her decide to take the plunge by age 10, when she started trying out her strokes. She first tasted success with swimming when she triumphed over classmates, before progressing to the inter-school level. Thanks to Mayo College, she was chosen to represent Rajasthan in 1996, but had to bail out due to medical reasons.
Shimmer with a difference
Is what this graduate from J.D. Birla College strives to bring to the residents of the St Josephs old age home. A little TLC is all she can give, so she drops by whenever she can. Lifes only as good as you make it believes Reshu, a firm admirer of Shiv Khera, Barkha Dutt and her granddad.


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During our week at the beach we took a night to go into Ocean City, MD to walk the boardwalk, eat junk food and people watch. My sister wanted to go on the carousel, so I decided to take Adelaide as well.
I'm not gonna lie, it was a little bit terrifying. I might have been ready for the ride to end ten seconds after it started. Since when did carousel rides last forever?? Get me off this thing, it's making me dizzy.
Ugh, I'm getting old.
Afterwards my sister and her husband went on the old rickety upside down roller coaster. I promised them I'd be the very best caretaker for their daughter and kept my feet planted firmly on the ground.


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Justice for All Campaign
One Mission. One Campaign. One Donation.
Civil legal aid is an essential part of America's promise of equal justice for all. Ensuring equal access to legal assistance is important to all members of our community, not just those in desperate need. Our clients are among the most vulnerable in our community – women seeking protection from abuse, children seeking equal educational opportunities, families facing unlawful evictions or foreclosures that could leave them homeless, and senior citizens, veterans, and others trying to obtain federal benefits for which they qualify.
Awards to highlight Latino achievement
The following article, written by Nolan Rosenkrans, appeared Friday, September 26, 2014 in The Toledo Blade. Read below, or view the contents on The Blade's website.
While Toledo has contracted, its Latino community has grown, making it a larger and more integral part of the city each year.
The University of Toledo will host the 25th Diamante Awards at 6 p.m. today at Premier Banquet Hall, 4480 Heatherdowns Blvd. The event was created to highlight and celebrate the accomplishments of Latinos in northwest Ohio.
Lead Poisoning Prevention Summit
Wednesday, September 24, 2014
1:00 p.m. to 4:30 p.m.
McMaster Center, Main Branch, Toledo Lucas County Public Library
Michigan Avenue, Downtown Toledo
Advocates for Basic Legal Equality, Inc. (ABLE) and Toledoans United for Social Action (TUSA)
Lead poisoning is a very serious public health problem in Toledo.
The City of Toledo has one of the highest rates of childhood lead poisoning in Ohio, ranking second highest to Cleveland for the percentage of children with confirmed elevated blood lead levels in 2012. The dangers posed by lead poisoning for children fall disproportionately on Toledo's low-income and African American populations. The enactment of the proposed Lead Ordinance is a matter of environmental and racial justice.
Our community has an opportunity to take action to significantly reduce the number of children who are being exposed to lead by adopting an ordinance that will require Lead Safe Residential Rental Property. Please consider attending a discussion on the steps necessary to significantly reduce lead poisoning in the City of Toledo.
Legal help shrinking for those in poverty
The following article, written by Jona Ison, appeared September 22, 2014 on The Newark Advocate website. Read below or view the contents on networkadvocate.com. ABLE Executive Director Joseph Tafelski and LAWO Executive Director Kevin Mulder were quoted in the article.
David Clay was just beginning his adult life when he was named in a lawsuit along with his former employer and co-workers.He thought the problem, which surrounded a sexual harassment claim, had been cleared up when he was 16.
"(My former employer's) lawyer wouldn't represent me. I was only 18 at the time and didn't have a lot of money. ... At that moment, I felt sunk, like I was at the mercy of a high-powered lawyer," Clay said.
Clay looked into the plaintiff's attorney and discovered he recently had won a case where there was a large payout. Someone mentioned legal aid and Clay, who was living in Columbus at the time, qualified for free representation.
Human Trafficking, Prostitution, and Sex Work Conference
11th Annual International Human Trafficking, Prostitution, and Sex Work Conference
September 18 & 19, 2014
Sessions from 8:30 a.m. –5 p.m.
The University of Toledo–Student Union


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Caribbean 2-Tank Trip
All Dive Paradise trips include tanks, weights and belt and purified drinking water. You'll be in the care of
a certified, in-water Divemaster guide whose primary duty is to lead you on safe, pleasurable dives.
Our "Caribbean" 2-Tank Trip is comfortable and relaxing. We have complimentary snacks, soft drinks, and water available during surface intervals.
Our boats begin the first pick-ups for "Caribbean" Trips and morning Fast Trips at 8:00 a.m and depart by 8:30 sharp. Most begin their day's itinerary at the Hotel Barracuda and proceed south toward the dive sites, stopping at hotels where guests assigned to that boat are staying. Dive Paradise will meet you at the dock of your hotel on our route, providing it has an accessible dock. You can expect to be back to your hotel between 1:00 and 2:00 p.m., depending on the dive trip you've selected and the location of the dive sites that day.
Our 5 larger boats the Aries, Atlantis, Paradise Diver, Sagitario, and Tango are built to carry up to 24+ divers. Except when requested by private group charters, we put no more than 16 divers on any boat. If a group size surpasses 8 divers on a single boat, we split you into 2 groups and send an extra Divemaster, so each half of the group has its own certified leader. Our mid-sized boats the Calypso, Coqueta, and Renegado comfortably carry a maximum of 13 - 16 divers. All boats in our fleet are specially designed and outfitted for diving comfort, ease, safety, and convenience.
Jr. Diver Limit: 10 – 11-year old divers are limited to 40 feet and must have a private guide on regular (big boat) dive trips. 12 years and older are limited to 60 ft with parental discretion.
Departs Barracuda Pier at 8:30 am
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Carrying a Concealed Firearm In Florida
AT&T, Sprint & T-Mobile Users Can Dial **LAWYERS
We are your Criminal Defense Lawyers when you are Charged With carrying a Concealed Firearm in Florida
In Florida, a person who carries a concealed firearm on or about his person commits a felony of the third degree.
Carrying a Concealed Firearm in Florida Elements
The State of Florida must establish two elements beyond a reasonable doubt to convict you of carrying a concealed firearm in Florida:
- The defendant knowingly carried on or about his person a firearm;
- The firearm was concealed from the ordinary sight of another person.
The phrase "on or about the person" is broadly defined under the law. It means either on the person physically or readily accessible such as an automobile glove compartment whether or not locked.
What is Concealed?
Concealment will turn on whether another person standing near the person concealing the firearm may by ordinary observation know the questioned object to be a firearm.
Penalties for Carrying a Concealed Firearm
Carrying a concealed firearm is generally classified as a third degree felony punishable by up to five (5) years in prison or five (5) years of probation, and a $5,000 fine. There is legitimate potential for incarceration in a carrying concealed firearm case.
Defenses to Carrying a Concealed Firearm
There are numerous defenses available to challenge the charge of carrying a concealed firearm in Florida, including:
- The person was not in possession of the weapon
- The person lacked knowledge of the weapon
- The weapon was not accessible
- The weapon was not in exclusive control
- The person had a concealed weapon permit
- The weapon was not in sight.
Early Negotiation is Critical in a Carrying a Concealed Firearm Defense in Florida
Early contact in the criminal process communicates competence, resolve, and establishes a rapport that may be needed during future negotiations.
Call us even before you are charged if possible. We may be able to avoid charges being filed.
We will make early contact with the prosecutor to present factual defenses, legal issues, and mitigating circumstances that may have a dramatic impact on the State's decision to move forward against you.
We also happen to be Florida criminal law attorneys.
We are Miami Dade, Broward, and Palm Beach criminal defense lawyers. We represent clients charged with carrying a concealed weapon, carrying a concealed firearm, improper exhibition of a firearm or weapon, discharging a firearm in public and shooting or throwing deadly missiles charges.
We represent clients charged with carrying a concealed firearm in Broward County, Miami Dade County, and Palm Beach County.
We can help you.
Our Florida criminal lawyers serve clients charged with carrying a concealed firearm in Palm Beach County, Broward County, Miami Dade County, and most other Florida cities and counties.
We handle criminal law cases and carrying a concealed firearm defense cases in Palm Beach, Broward, Miami Dade County and throughout Florida.
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Does your network operator charge more amount for the data packs? Are you away from Wi-Fi but want to use the WhatsApp, here is a new SIM card called WhatSim that let's you access WhatsApp messenger even when there's no data connectivity.
This SIM card will be available across the globe and reportedly it can be connected to 400 operators in 150 countries. It will automatically selects the best carrier near to you (as it can connect to 400 carriers). Users will experience the same feel like they are using it with a data card on their network. As it is globally available, even while travellling, it will get connected automatically to the available networks in that place.
Zeromobile - an Italian telecom entrepreneurship found by Manuel Zanella invented this world's first WhatsApp SIM. This WhatSim costs around 10 Euros for a year and you can chat free with no restrictions like monthly fees, or expires.
Using additional features of WhatsApp like sending images, videos, sharing location etc needs credits. For these features everyone should buy the credits which starts from 5 Euros which gives 1000 credits. A maximum of 10,000 credits can be bought which costs 50 Euros.
Recommended: Top 15 Smartphones that got a Price Cut in India [January 2015]
Manuel Zanella Rngineer, Founder and CEO of Zeromobile said, "WhatsApp is the future of mobile communications. Its only "limit" is the data connection especially when you are traveling because the roaming charges are expensive and you can't always find Wi-Fi everywhere and it is not always free. As someone who appreciates and uses WhatsApp, I tried to figure out how to get around this problem. That's why WhatSim is an extraordinary opportunity for WhatsApp."
Zanella is also planning to launch a special version of WhatSim inspired by Pope Francis which will be made available to the so-called Global south countries. Recently WhatsApp also rolled out an update that can let you access the WhatsApp in the PC too. WhatsApp is also planning to add the Voice call feature in it's messenger which can make WhatSim to make calls for free.
Stay tuned to GizBot for more updates!


text: Cervical cancer screening in the Vietnamese American populationWong, Jenny Ying MSN, APRN, NP-C; Knobf, M. Tish PhD, RN, FAAN, AOCNThe Nurse Practitioner: July 10th, 2012 - Volume 37 - Issue 7 - p 1–4 doi: 10.1097/01.NPR.0000415244.49452.de Online exclusive Abstract Author Information The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program reported that Vietnamese women have higher rates of invasive cervical cancer than any other racial or ethnic group. Practitioners must be aware of the unique qualities of this population and implement strategies that promote early screening and detection. Jenny Ying Wong is a student and MSN candidate at Yale University School of Nursing in New Haven, Conn. M. Tish Knobf is a professor at the Yale School of Nursing in New Haven, Conn. The authors have disclosed that they have no financial relationships related to this article. © 2012 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.


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Presents the remarkable account of a successful businessman in the United States who returns to the jungles of Ecuador to help the tribe who killed his father, revealing the difficult choices he confronts and the long-buried secrets surrounding his father's murder. Reprint.
Publishers Description
2005 ECPA Retailer's Choice Award winner for best biography/autobiography Steve Saint was five years old when his father, missionary pilot Nate Saint, was speared to death by a primitive Ecuadorian tribe. In adulthood, Steve, having left Ecuador for a successful business career in the United States, never imagined making the jungle his home again. But when that same tribe asks him to help them, Steve, his wife, and their teenage children move back to the jungle. There, Steve learns long-buried secrets about his father's murder, confronts difficult choices, and finds himself caught between two worlds. Soon to be a major motion picture (January 2006), "End of the Spear" brilliantly chronicles the continuing story that first captured the world's attention in the bestselling book, "Through Gates of Splendor."
Buy End Of The Spear by Steve Saint from our Christian Books store - isbn: 9780842384889 & 084238488X upc: 031809084885
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Say Hello To The Dinosaurs
Format: Paperback Author: Ian Whybrow
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 Are you ready with your roars? Let's say hello to the dinosaurs!

 Go wild with this baby T Rex and all his dinosaur friends. Young children will love to stroke their bumpy scales and join in calling out their noises: Swish! Kaaark! Roar!

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 Bright and colourful, with tactile coral frosting on every page, this is sure to appeal to any young dino
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Is this a pirates of the Caribeann spinoff with cowboys?
Maybe it's because of the darkness or because of the dream aspect but I feel like a description of the environment is missing to get a good view of the scene. What is the character stuck in?
Is this a pirates of the Caribeann spinoff with cowboys?
Maybe it's because of the darkness or because of the dream aspect but I feel like a description of the environment is missing to get a good view of the scene. What is the character stuck in?
The part where you wrote about the soggy wood holding the buildings in place sounds much like my small town. There's not much money to tear down and rebuild so we just wait patiently until they crumble on heir own. Other than that, this story is beautiful. I admire the darkness and I'm eager to read more of your work. Keep it up!
I liked the descriptions. I think there's scope to expand it further.
Great imagery. Very spooky. You said GCSE and I assumed you were from the UK and then the story had a very US feel....I learned a new word too! 'Skeletonise' - I assumed you meant 'skeletal' until I googled it to check. BTW folks, don't do that.
'A woman must have money and a room of her own if she is to write fiction.' Virginia Wolfe
A Room of My Own
The problem with telling the story, as you do here (I'm talking about talking to the reader, as a storyteller, not your use of first person) you tend to forget that as the writer, and knowing the scene, you tend to forget to mention what's obvious to you, but may not be to a reader. Look at a few lines as an acquiring editor would:You have context for this. But from a reader's viewpoint: Where are we in time and space? Why are we there? Who are we as a person? If the reader is to live the story, as against just learning the details, such things matter. Remember, you can't retroactively remove confusion. And your reader can't know that you will clarify later. So best to provide writing that gives the reader context for what's happening as it happens. Think of how a reader's perception of the words would change were we to know the situation as protagonist knows it.It's raining. Heavier than I've seen. So heavy no part of my body is dry and the water is up to my ankles.Unless the reader knows why this is being said, why does it matter? The protagonist is wet. So what? We don't know gender, age, status, or what matters and why. So how much impact can the story have for the reader? Directly applicable to this are the words of E. L. Doctorow: Good writing is supposed to evoke sensation in the reader, not the fact that its raining, but the feeling of being rained upon.My clothes cannot absorb any more as I wade through a world I've seen before in my sleep.
Investing a bit of time digging into the tricks of fiction would be time wisely spent. At the moment you're informing the reader, not entertaining. Your goal, though, is to entertain them.
And as a not so minor matter: never, never, never open a story with a dream. It is a 100% guaranteed rejection, because if it's written well, the reader invests time orienting themself in the scene and then, in effect, you say, "Ha ha...fooled you. None of this is real, so you wasted the time to read it.
Jay Greenstein
My articles on writing.
The goal isn't to tell the reader that the protagonist is terrified, it's to terrorize our reader.
This is actually very thrilling in my opinion. As I was reading, I could see what was going on in my head. My teacher always said that a good story must have imagery.
Yeah. Nice theme but it needs work.
It is disjointed. You go from wading through ankle-high water - how does one wade through ankle-high water? - in what seems to be a ghost town with slamming doors to apparently being shot by skeletal cowboys that came out of nowhere.
Last edited by SystemCheck; December 24th, 2016 at 12:01 PM.
For me, it's sometimes the little details that make me stop reading - or continue. For example:
I would change this to:It's raining. Heavier than I've seen. So heavy no part of my body is dry and the water is up to my ankles.
"It's raining. So hard that no part of my body is dry and the water is up to my ankles."
IOW, the added detail really isn't needed to convey the sense of it. In fact, you could really reduce it even further.
"It's raining. No part of my body is dry and the water is up to my ankles."
Brevity increases the tension. Detail deadens it.
I hope this helps.
I loved this. Think it was written very well, and was easy to read.


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Oct 15, 1991
|Filing date
|Sep 7, 1990
|Priority date
|Sep 7, 1990
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Joseph G. Ameen, Joseph Funari, John A. Goldfuss, Jr.
|Original Assignee
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (32), Non-Patent Citations (5), Referenced by (36), Classifications (27), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates to the electronic packages and particularly to electronic packages which utilize thin film circuit members as part thereof. Even more particularly, the invention relates to such structures wherein the thin film members are electrically connected using solder.
In U.S. Pat. Ser. No. (S.N.) 07/198,901, entitled "Flexible Cable For Carrying An Electronic Device" (D. G. McBride et al), filed May 26, 1988, there is described a flexible cable structure having an electronic device (semiconductor chip) electrically connected thereto. The flexible cable is defined as a three-layered structure wherein two conductive layers are located on opposite sides of an interim dielectric layer. U.S. Pat. Ser. No. 07/198,901 is now U.S. Pat. No. 4,937,707.
In U.S. Pat. Ser. No. 07/226,161, entitled "Method And Apparatus For Fluxless Solder Bonding" (H. R. Bickford et al), filed July 29, 1988, there is described an apparatus for performing fluxless solder bonds wherein hot gas is directed onto solder mounds to cause these to become molten and subsequently attach to various lead structures.
Both of the above applications are assigned to the same assignee as the instant invention.
Electronic packages which include a thin film circuit member as an integral part thereof are known in the industry, with examples being defined in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,849,856 (J. Funari et al) and 4,914,551 (M. Anschel et al), both of which are assigned to the same assignee as the instant invention. As mentioned therein, a main objective in the design of such electronic packages is to provide these with as high current densities as possible within a minimum of space. Such miniaturization efforts, while providing several highly advantageous features, also present various engineering problems in both the manufacture and operation of these structures. In the aforementioned U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,849,856 and 4,914,551, for example, solutions to assure effective package heat removal during operation as well as facilitating package assembly are defined.
One particular problem facing designers of electronic packages containing thin film circuit structures is the essential requirement to provide sound electrical connections between the relatively large number of extremely small conductive elements (signal, ground and/or power conductors) and the respective contact locations (e.g., at the semiconductor chip and other circuit locations, such as on a printed circuit board or similar substrate) to which the chip is electrically coupled. As will be defined herein, the present invention defines both such a package and a method of forming such electrical connections in a film member and electronic device for use therein wherein relatively high circuit densities are attained. As will be further defined, such connections and the resulting structure are accomplished using solder. Even more particularly, such connections are achieved without use of chemical flux.
As is known, soldering represents a common technique for joining various objects together, including thin film circuits and other electronic devices. Typically, the conductive portions of these structures (usually metallic, e.g., copper) have been coated with a chemical flux prior to joining. Solid solder is then placed between the flux-coated objects or a flux-filled solder paste is screen-printed onto one of the conductive portions and heated to a molten state such that the molten solder coats the portions of these objects which in turn have been coated with such flux. Thereafter, the molten solder is cooled to form a joint between the two objects.
As is known, the flux serves to chemically reduce oxide which may be on the surface of the metallic objects being joined, and also on the surface of the molten solder. Such oxide prevents solder wetting between these surfaces, resulting in an ineffective bond. Using flux, this material volatilizes and is burned off during the bonding operation, causing certain undesirable effects such as gas generation which in turn can become incorporated within the molten solder. This may further result in voids in the bonding region, which in turn may weaken the final physical joint. Such voids further decrease the cross-sectional area of such a connection, which, if designed for providing electrical interconnection, may thus reduce the conductivity between the two conductors being joined. Still further, flux residue which is not totally volatilized may corrode the resulting solder joints as well as the objects being joined.
In microelectronic applications (e.g., for electronic package structures as defined herein), solder bonds are commonly used. In one technique, an electronic device (semiconductor chip) is mounted onto a packaging substrate (thin film structure) in a "flip-chip" orientation. In this orientation, the surface of the chip having contact locations is placed facing the thin film circuit member. The contact locations on the chip and the respective thin film conductive elements are electrically connected using solder structures, also referred to as controlled collapse chip connections (C4's).
As defined below, the present invention provides a significant improvement over currently known soldering techniques for performing electrical connections in miniaturized electronic packages. The method as defined herein assures sound, effective electrical connections between extremely small circuit elements. The method is relatively safe and can be adapted to mass production techniques, thus reducing the overall cost of the final package structure.
It is believed that an electronic package and method for forming electrical connections between the various elements for use in such a package possessing the advantageous features described herein would constitute a significant advancement in the art.
It is, therefore, a primary object of the present invention to enhance the art of electronic packaging.
It is the further object of the invention to provide a method of forming sound, effective electrical connections between flexible film carriers and an electronic device for eventual use within an electronic package, wherein such connections can be accomplished in a safe and expeditious manner.
It is yet another object of the invention to provide a method as stated above which provides such connections in high circuit density configurations to thus substantially meet the miniaturization demands in today's packaging industry.
In accordance with one aspect of the invention, there is defined a method of forming a plurality of electrical connections between a flexible, thin film carrier and an electronic device wherein the method comprises the steps of providing an electronic device having contact locations thereon, positioning a solder mound on each of these locations, aligning a flexible film carrier with these solder mounds and engaging the film carrier to cause portions of each of the conductive leads which bridge respective apertures within the film carrier's dielectric layer to contact and exert a predetermined force against a respective one of the solder mounds such that each of these leads is bent over said respective solder mound. A hot gas is directed onto each of the conductive leads engaging these solder mounds to heat the leads to a temperature sufficient to cause at least a portion of the contacted solder mounds to become molten. The molten solder mounds are thereafter cooled to form the desired solder bond and thus assure an effective electrical connection.
In accordance with another aspect of this invention, there is defined an electronic package which comprises a circuitized substrate, a flexible film carrier electrically coupled to the substrate and including a dielectric layer having first and second circuit layers located on opposite sides thereof, the first circuit layer including conductive leads which bridge respective apertures within a dielectric layer of the film carrier, and an electronic device which includes a plurality of contact locations thereon each connected to a respective one of the bridging portions of the conductive leads of the first layer. The package further includes a plurality of solder elements, each of which provides the electrical connection between the electronic device's contact locations and the respective bridging conductive leads.
FIGS. 1-6 represent the various steps of forming a plurality of electrical connections between a flexible film carrier and an electronic device in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 7 illustrates an electronic package as may be formed using the method illustrated in FIGS. 1-6, with additional structure (e.g., a heat sink member) forming part thereof; and
FIGS. 8-10 illustrate the steps in a method for forming electrical connections between a flexible film carrier and a circuitized substrate (e.g., a printed circuit board) to which the flexible film carrier may also be electrically coupled.
For a better understanding of the invention, together with other and further objects, advantages and capabilities thereof, reference is made to the following disclosure and appended claims in connecting with the above-described drawings.
In FIGS. 1-6, there are shown the steps of forming a plurality of electrical connections between a flexible film circuit carrier 11 and an electronic device 13 (e.g., semiconductor chip). The resulting subassembly (device-carrier) is to be incorporated within an electronic package such as defined in the aforementioned U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,849,856 and 4,914,551, both of which are incorporated herein by reference. A partial view of such a package is provided in FIG. 7.
In FIG. 1, device 13 is shown as being positioned within a holder (support) member 15. Although only one such chip is shown in FIG. 1, it is understood that additional such devices can be simultaneously positioned within respective receiving locations (e.g., channels) within holder 15 and treated in a simultaneous manner. Prior to this positioning, selected contact locations (17 in FIG. 2) which form part of the device are provided with individual solder mounds 19. Each mound is of 3:97 tin-lead solder composition, but it is understood that other compositions may be readily used herein. By the term 3:97 tin-lead solder composition is meant to define a solder composition which comprises about 3 percent tin and about 97 percent lead. Such is a standard procedure for defining solder compositions and will be used at other locations herein. Each solder mound is applied using techniques known in the art and further definition is not believed necessary. Significantly, each mound preferably comprises the configuration illustrated in FIGS. 1-3) to include a substantially dome-shaped upper portion 21. This also is not meant to limit the invention in that other configurations are of course acceptable. With the plurality (e.g., from about 250 to 350) of solder mounds joined to the similar number of respective contact locations 17, device 13 is positioned within holder 15. Holder 15 is preferably metallic (e.g., stainless steel). Once so positioned, the holder is preferably heated to a predetermined temperature (e.g., approximately 100 to 150 degrees Celsius (C.). to in turn heat device 13 (to about the same temperature). Such preheating of device 13 is preferred to substantially eliminate subsequent thermal shock to the device 13 resulting from exposure thereof to the hot gas directed toward this portion of the structure, as will be further described hereinbelow.
Flexible film carrier 11 includes a first circuit layer 23, which, in the orientation depicted in FIGS. 1-6, is shown as located at the bottom portion of the carrier and facing device 13. Eventually, carrier 11 and the secured device 13 will be inverted so as to assume the position represented in FIG. 7. By the term carrier as used herein is meant to define a thin film circuitized member designed for having at least one electronic device of the type defined herein electrically coupled thereto. Carrier 11 further includes a central dielectric layer 25 (e.g., polyimide) which includes first conductive layer 23 located thereon. Layer 23 is preferably of copper or copper-chromium composition and may be applied to the dielectric layer in a manner known in the art. Such description thereof is thus not believed necessary. In One example, first circuit layer 23 possessed an overall thickness Within the range of from about 0.0011 inch to about 0.0017 inch. The corresponding dielectric layer 25 possessed a thickness within the range of from about 0.0018 inch to about 0.0022 inch. Positioned on the opposite side of dielectric layer 25 from the first layer 23 is a second conductive layer 27, which layer 27 is also preferably of a copper or copper-chromium composition. This layer may also be adhered to the dielectric material 25 using known techniques, and preferably possesses a thickness within the range of about 0.0011 inch to about 0.0018 inch.
By the term layer as used herein is meant to include a substantially solid (continuous) structure as well as a structure comprised of several individual lines spacedly located on the dielectric in accordance with a predetermined, planar pattern. Thus, a layer as defined herein may perform signal, power or ground functions, depending on the desired operational characteristics of the package.
Film carrier 11 includes a plurality of apertures 29 formed at predetermined locations within dielectric layer 25. These apertures, as shown, extend through the entire thickness of layer 25. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, a total of 344 such apertures were provided within a flexible film carrier having an overall thickness of about 0.002 inch and a contact area location (that location which is designed for being electrically connected, through the bonding method defined herein, to the pattern of contact locations 17 formed within/upon device 13) of about 0.0027 square inches. Apertures 29 are formed within dielectric layer 25 so as to enable passage of hot gas through the flexible film carrier to accomplish the unique solder connections defined hereinbelow. As further shown in FIGS. 2-6, portions of the conductive circuit layer 23 extend across (bridge) at least one of these apertures, said portions subsequently being physically connected to one of the respective solder mounds 19. It is also within the scope of the invention to utilize apertures such as those represented by the numerals 29 to provide selected paths for interconnections between the opposed circuit layers 23 and 27. For example, it may be desirable to electrically connect selected ones of individual circuit lines within first circuit layer 23 to a substantially solid second layer 27, which second layer may serve as an electrical ground in the final package. Such an interconnection is represented by the numeral 31 in FIG. 1, and also represented by the conductive element 33 to the left in FIGS. 2-5.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, first layer 23 represents a signal layer and thus includes a plurality of individual conductive leads 33 spacedly positioned on dielectric 25 in a predetermined pattern. See particularly FIG. 6, in comparison to FIG. 5. Understandably, these signal leads 33 correspond to the pattern of solder mounds (and thus contact locations) on device 13. Such signal lines may, as illustrated, terminate in the contact region with device 13 and extend substantially outwardly therefrom (e.g., the longer signal lines extending to the left and right in FIG. 1). Understandably, the configuration depicted in FIG. 1 is not meant to limit the invention in that several others may be readily utilized for carrier 11.
Carrier 11 is aligned strategically over device 13 such that the described bridging conductors are each precisely aligned with the designated, respective solder mound to which it will be connected. Such alignment is achieved using a precision camera technique to assure the accuracy required. A screen member 41 is then lowered to engage the uppermost surface of second layer 27. By the term screen member as used herein is meant to define any structure which may provide positive engagement with carrier 11 and which also permits passage of desired hot gasses (defined below) therethrough. In one example of the invention, screen member 41 was comprised of stainless steel mesh screening and possessed a thickness within the range of from about 0.03 inch to about 0.06 inch. Such a member may also be comprised of sintered metal (e.g., stainless steel) which metal, due to this internal structure, enables passage of hot gas therethrough.
In FIG. 2, screen 41 is shown as engaging carrier 11 to cause it to be downwardly moved so as to physically contact solder mounds 19. Screen 41 preferably applies sufficient downward force on carrier 11 such that a total force within the range of from about 3 grams to about 10 grams is applied by the individual, bridging conductive leads 33 on each solder mound. In comparing FIGS. 2 and 3, it is understood that two such leads 33 are shown, one behind the other, such that each physically contacts a respective one of the solder mounds 19. In further comparing these FIGS. to FIG. 6, it can be seen that more than two such leads may be located across aperture 29 within carrier 11. Accordingly, it is not necessary in the invention that each individual lead bridge a singular respective aperture. In FIGS. 2-5, it is understood that the conductive lead 33 located nearest the viewer, and shown in section, physically contacts the solder mound 19 to the left. Accordingly, the remaining lead 33 shown in these drawings as behind the sectioned lead 33 physically contacts the solder mound 19 to the right. And, as stated, the lead shown in section is electrically connected to second layer 27 through aperture 29 in this example of the invention. Said lead may also, of course, extend outwardly along layer 23 as indicated in FIG. 1.
With the aforedefined force applied by leads 33 on the respective solder balls 19, hot gas is passed through screen 41 and through apertures 29 to pass directly onto the bridging portions of each lead 33. As shown in FIG. 3, the force applied has caused these bridging portions to be bent over their respective solder mounds. Preferably, the aforementioned application of force and passage of hot gas occurs simultaneously. A preferred hot gas for use in the invention is nitrogen, although it is understood that others, including argon and hydrogen, may also be used. Nitrogen is preferred because of its more ready availability, reduced cost, etc. Hot gasses such as nitrogen and argon are also more preferred for safety reasons. It is also possible in the invention to utilize gases comprised of various combinations of these elements, including a gas comprised of about 10% hydrogen, 80% nitrogen and other selected ingredients.
The hot gas is preferably applied at the temperature within the range of from about 400 degrees C. to about 500 degrees C. when directed onto leads 33. As a result, leads 33 are heated to a temperature within a range from about 350 degrees C. to about 400 degrees C., sufficiently to cause the physically contacted, upper dome-shaped portions of each solder mound to become substantially molten. The described 3:97 tin-lead solder has a melting temperature of about 318 degrees C., such that it readily becomes molten when so engaged by the heated leads. The hot gas is applied for only about 0.2 seconds to about 2.0 seconds, depending on the number of leads, solder mounds, material thicknesses, etc.
It is also understood that, with reference to the embodiment of the invention as depicted in FIGS. 2-5, part of the hot gas also directly contacts the several solder mounds (as well as the bridging leads engaging said mounds). Thus, the gas also provides some direct heating of the mounds to even further facilitate rapid heating thereof to attain the desired molten state.
In FIG. 4, the upper portions of each solder mound are shown as being melted to move substantially upwardly along the outer sides of the respective conductive leads. Such side movement is also represented in FIG. 6, said view taken along the line 6--6 in FIG. 5. Significantly, this melting, in combination with the downward force and hot gas application, results in a reduction in the total bend of each lead, as shown in FIG. 4. Each lead 33 thus substantially becomes straightened to substantially resume its original position prior to solder mound engagement. This final lead configuration is best depicted in FIG. 5. As further shown in FIG. 5, screen 41 has been withdrawn. Prior to such upward movement of screen 41, however, cooling gas (e.g., nitrogen) is directed onto the solder mounds and contacting lead structures to facilitate cooling thereof and final solder connection. This gas is preferably introduced at room temperature and for a relatively brief period of time (e.g., from only about 0.3 seconds to about 4.0 seconds). Subsequently, screen 41 is raised.
Preferably, the portions of conductive leads 33 which physically contact the respective solder mounds 19 each include a very thin layer (e.g., 0.00002 inch) of nickel having thereon another very thin layer (e.g., 0.00002 inch) of highly conductive, precious metal (e.g., gold). During formation of the respective solder bonds, the tin portion of the solder mound combines with the thin gold to form a tin-gold alloy at a specified temperature (e.g., 280 degrees C.). This results in formation of a liquid pool, causing the lead within the solder to also liquify, forming a singular alloy. As shown and described, preferably only the upper portion of each solder mound becomes molten to form the described bond with the respective lead 33.
Thus, a solder connection is formed between individual pairs of conductive leads and chip contact locations in a facile, effective manner. Connections were possible using the teachings of the invention between leads and contacts of extremely small sizes. In one example, conductive leads having a total width of only about 0.0022 inch and spaced apart only about 0.0026 inch were successfully bonded to chip contact locations. By way of further example, such a chip contact area possessed dimensions of only about 0.002 inch by about 0.004 inch and included therein a total of 344 such contact locations.
In FIG. 7, the flexible film carrier 11 as solder bonded to device 13 in the manner defined above is electrically connected to a circuitized substrate (e.g., printed circuit board) 51 to form part of an electronic package 53. Carrier 11 is illustratively represented in FIG. 7 as a single layer structure, but it is of course understood that this member comprises the aforedefined three individual layers described in FIGS. 1-6. Carrier 11 and device 13, as bonded, have been inverted relative to the orientation depicted in FIG. 1 prior to connection to the contact sites (circuitry) 61 on substrate 51. Thus, the preferred signal layer 23 (FIG. 1) is located on the upward side of carrier 11 in FIG. 7. In such an arrangement, it is preferred that the outer contact end portions for the leads which form the circuitry in the first layer 23 be electrically coupled to respective contact sites 61 (FIGS. 8-10) formed as part of substrate 51 (e.g., on the upper surface thereof). It is also possible in the embodiment of FIG. 7 to extend the second circuit layer 27 substantially to the outermost end locations of carrier 11 and to also connect selected portions of this layer to respective contact sites 61. Further, it is within the scope of the invention to extend the second layer (e.g., if used as a ground layer) to only the portion of carrier 11 substantially opposite that of device 13 to electrically connect one or more parts of this ground layer to one or more conductive lines which form part of the first layer 23, to thus provide a ground connection to respective circuitry within substrate 51 on the same side of carrier 11 as first layer 23. Further combinations are also within the scope of the invention and further definition is not believed necessary.
In FIGS. 8-10, a preferred method for providing electrical connections between the respective contact sites 61 on substrate 51 and various conductive leads extending to the outer portions of carrier 11 is shown. In FIG. 8, the second layer 27 is shown as extending from the right and across an aperture 29' within the carrier's dielectric layer 25. Another aperture 29' is also formed within layer 25 and includes a bridging portion of a conductive lead 33 extending thereacross. In the embodiment of FIG. 7, screen 41 is lowered to engage carrier 11 to cause downward movement thereof and engagement with the solder elements 19'. Elements 19' are preferably of 60:40 tin-lead solder and preferably slightly larger than the corresponding solder elements 19 in FIGS. 1-6. As shown in FIG. 7, each solder element possesses a substantially uniform height but this is not meant to limit the invention as acceptable tolerances are permitted when using the teachings of this invention. Such tolerances are also acceptable in the formation of the inner lead structures (FIGS. 1-6) described above and such method thus readily compensates for varying solder mound heights to thereby represent a significant feature of the invention. That is, the aforementioned bending of the respective conductive leads assures sufficient tolerancing to compensate for varying solder mound heights while assuring effective contact with all solder mounds.
In FIG. 9, the extending lead of second layer 27 has been bent sufficiently as a result of the force applied by screen 41 (which may be similar to that applied in FIGS. 1-6). Significantly, the bridging portion of lead 33 in first layer 23, located a distance above the second layer lead (the thickness of dielectric layer 25) does not bend during this outer lead connection. Hot gas is still directed through screen 41 onto this lead 33, however, as it is through aperture 29' onto solder element 19' which eventually bonds to the second layer lead. Thus, each heated, bridging lead causes subsequent heating of the respective solder element to cause partial melting thereof and an effective solder bond. Such a final structure is depicted in FIG. 10, wherein screen 41 (not shown) has been removed.
As a further step in the invention, it is also preferred to apply epoxy 60 on the upper surface of substrate 51 to substantially surround each of the respective contact sites 61. Preferably, contact sites 61 are of copper and have a thickness of only about 0.004 inch.
With carrier 11 electrically connected to both device 13 and substrate 51, the device is then preferably thermally coupled to a heat sink 71. Preferably, this is accomplished using an epoxy 73 of the type defined in U.S. Pat. No. 4,849,856 ("Scotchcast", including a zinc oxide thermally conductive filler). Other epoxies are readily possible for use in the invention and the invention is thus not limited to this particular type. A similar epoxy is also used for the epoxy located on the upper surface of substrate 51. Heat sink member 71 may be of the same material and configuration depicted in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,849,856 and 4,914,551, and further description is not believed necessary. Other configurations are readily possible.
Although the aforementioned method as defined illustrates the bridging of individual conductive leads across selected apertures and the passage of hot gas therethrough so as to heat these leads to subsequently cause heating above the contacted solder mounds, it is understood that additional connections may be formed using the teachings of the invention wherein non-bridging types of lead portions neighboring (adjacent) those directly receiving not gas are also heated while engaging respective solder mounds. That is, it is within the scope of the invention to provide such additional connections by passage of such hot gas through the already provided apertures, which hot gas may further pass onto such additional, neighboring lead structures located in the vicinity of such apertures (but not extending thereacross) to sufficiently heat these leads and cause active solder bonding. Thus, each such non-bridging lead, if appropriately positioned relative to apertures within carrier 11, may receive sufficient heat from hot gas passing through these apertures so as to cause the solder contacted therewith to become molten as occurred with those solder elements shown in the drawings as directly contacting bridging leads. Thus, a combination of solder connections between bridging and non-bridging leads is possible using the unique teachings of the instant invention.
As yet another step, an encapsulant material (e.g., having a low coefficient of thermal expansion) is preferably used to substantially encapsulate the formed solder connections on device 13. Such an encapsulant, which may be chosen from encapsulants known in the art, has proven to provide additional mechanical connection support, particularly during subsequent thermal and life testing, of such solder connections.
Thus there has been shown and described a method of making sound electrical connections between a flexible film carrier and an electronic device, which carrier and device are to be used within an electronic package assembly. The method as defined herein can be accomplished in a safe, facile manner and is readily adaptable to mass production. The package as produced using this method thus possesses relatively high circuit densities as is highly desired in today's industry.
While there have been shown and described what are at present considered the preferred embodiments of the invention, it will be understood to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
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|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Sep 7, 1990
Owner name: INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION, A COR
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:AMEEN, JOSEPH G.;FUNARI, JOSEPH;GOLDFUSS, JOHN A. JR.;REEL/FRAME:005436/0594
Effective date: 19900828
|Jan 20, 1995
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jan 4, 1999
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Dec 19, 2002
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
CL has no love
For haiku form, why is that?
More hastily thrown.
Missed Connections are filled with good, bad, and Craigslist imposed minimum character count complaint haiku. Did you write one? Did you find one? Did you respond to one? Work your way around the rules and email the link to Lovelorn Poets. We'll preserve those perfectly counted and extraneous syllables for all eternity.


text:
Am I the only one who feels a social responsibility to watch the Winter Olympics? Figure skating is cheesy, speed skating is boring and looking at all that snow makes my seasonal depression flair up. Every time I turn on the television to watch the news (The Bachelor) and change the channel to something NOT Olympic related, I feel a strange pang of guilt. Are the Olympics provoking shame as their marketing tactic?
Don't get me wrong! I'm as much "Go World!" as the next person, and I appreciate sheer athleticism and raw competition. It just seems to me the 2010 Winter Olympics are doing nothing to excite and inspire me. They just aren't Olympic-y enough. Even the humanitarian stories, like the figure skater who broke her ankle this year and still managed to compete, don't make me feel like the athletes are, well…human.
On the other hand, we don't want to watch humans, and this says a lot about what Americans are used to being being entertained with. We want freaks of nature, whose skill will scare you. We want to hear about the baby abandoned at birth found feeding off garbage until he was discovered by a recruiter to be the world's fastest downhill skier. We want bigger, better and more shocking.
Rapid growing technology allows us to get what we want, how we want it – and we want it NOW. We want the MOST drama with the BIGGEST surprises the most DARING heroes. And at the end of the day, we want to know that they are still human. When it comes to capturing an audience you need to GRAB their attention by being "other worldly" then quickly say "I'm just like you."
For now, while you're in the room, I'll force myself to keep downhill mogul skiing on. But once you leave it's back to watching Simon Cowell humiliate American talents who are just.like.me.


text:
Estonia Gets Dishonorable Mention for Pay Gap ({{commentsTotal}})
Although the Estonian government is obligated to adjust the budget to reduce the pay gap, it has failed to do it so far, a report published earlier this month by the European Institute for Gender Equality shows.
The raport names two stragglers who have not fixed their budgets - Estonia and Denmark, Postimees reported.
While Denmark places 13th in terms of pay gap, Estonia with its largest pay gap has been in the last spot for years.
Estonian MEP Siir Oviir says that tackling the pay gap cannot be left to employees alone and suggests that salary figures be made public.
"When the problem is as great as it is in Estonia, it has become a public concern and it outweighs the employer's wish not to disclose salary numbers," Oviir said.
According to Oviir, the main problem is that even though the salary paid by the employer must be equivalent regardless of gender, it has so far not been defined what "equivalent" means.
The sixth women's congress in Estonia last week said that the gender equality law, which has been in force for ten years, is being ignored because of ignorance or a clear lack of political will.
The action plan of the outgoing government states vaguely that the situation must be analyzed, and no party has raised the issue in the talks for the new government. During the tenure of Andrus Ansip, Estonia fell 30 places in the world ranking, placing 59th.


text:
As a small and medium business owner do you find yourself multi-tasking? Your answer would probably be an emphatic YES. And you would be part of a growing tribe of humanity that have, over the last decade or so, have become manic slaves to this concept of multi-tasking. Not only at the workplace but also in their personal lives.
How many of you find yourself watching television while trying to scan the headlines in the newspaper, quickly replying to text messages on your cell phone and probably talking on the land-line at the same time….sounds familiar? As a business owner, how often have you tried to take a customer call while signing cheques, even while trying to give a host of other instructions to your employees.
You mistakenly believe that this is what makes you successful – the ability to process information from multiple sources at the same time.
In one of his many letters the Earl of Chesterfield wrote to his son in the 1740s', he emphatically stated, "there is time enough for everything in the course of day, if you do but one thing at a time, but there is not enough time in the year, if you will do two things at a time".
In modern times Earl Chesterfield's advice has been thrown out of the window. Multi-tasking, a word that for decades used to describe the parallel processing abilities of computers is now a de-rigueur word today's world where hurry, bustle and agitation have become a regular way of life. It is now the shorthand for the human attempt to do simultaneously as many things as possible.
But in recent times, several studies have challenged the ethos of multi-tasking. In his book CrazyBusy (Ballantine Books, ISBN-10 0345482441), Dr Edward Hallowell, a Massachusetts based psychiatrist, calls multi-tasking "a mythical activity in which people believe they can perform two or more tasks simultaneously".
Unfortunately, our brain is not equipped for multitasking activities that require brainpower. So, contrary to your mistaken belief, multi-tasking can actually be counterproductive and drag individual performance down.
In a recent article in the Forbes magazine on the same subject, it was pointed out that our short-term memories can store only between five and nine things at once. So, when you are trying to achieve two dissimilar tasks, each requiring some level of consideration and attention, multitasking falls apart.
Our brains our wired to keep one idea in our consciousness at a time. A Stanford University study has shown that trying to multi-task my impair your cognitive control. Researchers from Vanderbilt University have demonstrated that there is clear evidence of a "response selection bottleneck" that occurs when the brain is forced to respond to several stimuli at once. As a result of the task switch, the brain loses time to determine which task to perform. Every time you switch tasks the brain reboots thus forcing you to review your past work, leading to inefficiencies and this performance quality. You cannot do your work only in the "interstices of your mind wandering" with crumbs of attention rationed out to work among competing tasks.
Dr. Paul Hammerness and Margaret Moore wrote in their book that multi-tasking is less likely to retain information in working memory which can hinder problem solving and creativity. (Organize Your Mind, Organize Your Life – Harvard Health Publications)
So, however tempted you are to do so (and you will be if you are a typical hands-on business owner) try to segregate the various activities into distinct compartments and don't let one interfere with the other. Your ability to focus on one task on hand at a time would go a long way in getting your business efficient, creative and more productive.