text: this is so bad of most men, they are sometimes like a baby when it comes to handling relationships ,sometimes i wonder if really men know how to handle relationships,meeting a lady telling her u love her ,u gave her a kiss u made love to her u do everything a good man would do to any woman ,hey don't be foolish that doesnot mean u have won her heart boy plz let study them before heartbrakes comes in plz guys we need to be sure before going deeper and deeper. many more to come . for the ladies plz be real . yes


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Inclement weather has put state route 16 construction in Tacoma on hold this weekend.
The state was to continue work expanding Interstate 5 HOV lanes through Tacoma, working on lanes near the SR 16/I-5 interchange. Crews will reduce lanes from two to one on the eastbound SR 16 to I-5 onramp. The work and lane reductions are expected to last through spring 2017.
The work will begin when the weather permits.
WSDOT will also implement nightly single and double lane reductions on both directions of I-5 between Port of Tacoma Road and M Street next week. Single lane closures begin at 8 p.m., and double lane closures begin at 10 p.m.
M Street to Portland Ave detour routes | Project map
Drivers should expect heavy traffic and use alternate routes once the SR 16 lane reductions begin. Crews used a similar configuration for construction in 2015, and WSDOT said it created routine backups.
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subset: commoncrawl


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In the latest polling regarding the use of military retaliation by the U.S. unilaterally against Syria for chemical weapons use: The vast majority of Americas see the conflict there as a NO WIN situation, and while terrible to witness, like all civil wars, we should stay out of it and stop being the world's self appointed policeman on this mostly US internal political issue thanks to the President'sability to paint himself into a political corner at home. The vast majority of Americans feel that while the use of chemical weapons, or any WMD, is horrific and immoral in any form, U.S. intervention alone without the full international support and the support of Russia especially is only more likely to make the instability in the Middle East. Russia is Syria's ally. Russia needs to be held accountable for controlling the regime in Damascus NOT the U.S.
The enemy of my enemy is my friend is an old saying on the battle field going back to the Art of War by Sun Zhu. There are many others examples in the Middle East where we should supporting the lesser of two evils while working diplomatically to turn the lesser evil into a better world citizen. The world deplores internal civil wars and the killing of innocent people REGARDLESS of the type of weapons used to do the killing. If the Syrian Air Force had carpet bombed that town killing even more, wiping it out, would the world applaud? Is it ok to slaughter 10,000 or by conventional weapons? Should we intervene in every civil war that breaks out in the world? In fact the U.S. should find common ground with Russia and China to give THEM cover to intervene! The U.S. needs to keep out of this unless U.S. security or harm to its people is directly threatened – for example if WMD were about to fall in the hands of radical Islamic extremists sworn to use it against the U.S. and its allies. Its hard to see how this is accomplished by a politically motivated cruise missile strike against targets that are now already hardened or contain hundreds of "human shields" just of the "principle of it" weeks and weeks after the event occurred. This detached "punitive action" which should come from the parent (Russia / China) and not an stranger can only end badly. Think about it… Who should be responsible for punishing the actions of Syria against its own people? Russia or the U.S.? Its not our child.
Once again the ideology of this President that the Executive Branch of the U.S. Government knows what's good for everyone, both internally and externally of its borders, has to come to a stop. Libertarians in the U.S. need to raise their voices more loudly and the Republican Party needs to embrace more strongly LIBERTARIAN PRINCIPLES.
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Gas weapons in the hands of radical Islamic extremists is a far greater threat to the security of the U.S. and other nations, Russia included, than those same weapons in the hands of the Syrian military. Iraq is a case in point. At least the former dictator did not tolerate Islamic extremism and fought tooth and nail against our greatest threat to world peace and instability. Iran. We have that specter now in Egypt and Libya and even possibly Iraq not to mention Afghanistan. The internal factional conflicts within Islam historically between Sunni and Shia and other historical divisions between the peoples in the Middle East is not our responsibility to solve through our prism of the world. As I recall, even in WWII we did not go it alone! This is also NOT a police action where American lives or assets were being threatened.
Strikes like the one contemplated to somehow "punish" Asad because of an imaginary "Red Line" will only make the region more insecure with potentially the loss of many more lives. we are playing right into the hands of Iran who is just waiting for an excuse to kill Jews. This action could well be the match that lights that explosive tinder box. Why? Because of the ego of one man in the White House? Again… it should be Russia and China's responsibility to reign in the Assad regime and sanction them for using WMD via the U.N. or themselves unilaterally. Not the U.S. We have no history and understanding of what is really going on there. It will only cause an escalation of conflict as the Isrealis fully understand and they themselves intend to capitalize on for self preservation.


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Preston agree Agyemang fee
By Simon Fudge
Last Updated: 01/01/70 1:00am
Preston North End have agreed a fee with Gillingham for striker Patrick Agyemang.Preston North End have agreed a fee with Championship rivals Gillingham for striker Patrick Agyemang.
The 24-year-old will join the Deepdale club following the completion of a medical, with the transfer worth in the region of £350,000 to The Gills.
It brings to an end a brief spell at The Priestfield Stadium for Agyemang, who joined the Kent-based club from Wimbledon back in January.
The striker's move to Preston comes after The Lilywhites reluctantly sold David Healy to Leeds United and the club having been left frustrated by their attempts to replace the Northern Ireland international.
Bids for Tranmere Rovers' Canadian international Iain Hume and new Millwall signing Scott Dobie failed to materialise while a loan move for Ipswich Town's Pablo Counago was also unsuccessful.
Preston then turned their attentions to Agyemang and they found Gillingham willing to sell the goalscorer for the right price.
Gills chairman Paul Scally believes the transaction was good business for his club.
"I would like to wish Patrick every success with his new club," Scally told the club's official website.
"In his short time at the club, he showed potential and given a better financial climate, we would have preferred to see him stay at the club and develop."
Preston's pursuit of new signings has also led to Rotherham United boss Ronnie Moore's admission that he rejected a £300,000 bid from The Lilywhites for winger Chris Sedgwick.
The Millmoor boss added that unless a seven-figure bid had been tabled, The Millers were not prepared to let Sedgwick leave.
"First of all, Stoke City came in for Sedgy (Sedgwick) with £250,000 then it was Nottingham Forest with a derisory £50,000 and now it's Preston," Moore told Rotherham's official website.
"But thankfully, the chairman Mr Booth has turned the offer down, as he knows I want to hang on to players like him and I'm grateful to him for that.
"Every player has his price and if the offer had been £1 million, then it might have been a different story."
|Preston 5/4 Draw 11/5 Millwall 7/4 -
Click here for full odds with Sky Bet


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UPRTech spectrometer, used with MoreSpectra software


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|PCT number
|Publication date
|Jan 25, 2011
|Filing date
|Mar 4, 2002
|Priority date
|Mar 2, 2001
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Michael Roy Powell, Charles J. Call
|Original Assignee
|Intelligent Energy, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (191), Referenced by (13), Classifications (60), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention was made under contract with the United States Army Research Office, under Contract No. DAAD19-01-C-0002, and the United States Government may have certain rights in the invention.
The present invention generally relates to the chemical arts. More particularly, the present invention relates to an apparatus and method for generating hydrogen gas by decomposing ammonia from an ammonia source.
Hydrogen/air fuel cells (H/AFCs) have enormous potential as a replacement for batteries. Because they can operate on very energy-dense fuels, fuel cell-based power supplies offer high energy-to-weight ratios compared with even state-of-the-art batteries. Fuel cells are of particular interest to the military, where significant efforts are being made to reduce the weight of power supplies that soldiers must carry to support high-tech, field-portable equipment. There is also considerable potential for utilizing fuel cell-based power supplies for commercial applications, particularly where small size and low weight are desirable.
Functionally, fuel cells generate electricity by reacting hydrogen with oxygen to produce water. Since oxygen can typically be obtained from the ambient atmosphere, only a source of hydrogen must be provided to operate a fuel cell. Merely providing compressed hydrogen is not always a viable option, because of the substantial volume that even a highly compressed gas occupies. Liquid hydrogen, which occupies less volume, is a cryogenic liquid, and a significant amount of energy is required to maintain the extremely low temperatures required to maintain it as a liquid.
Several alternative approaches are available. These alternatives include hydrocarbon and methanol fuel reforming, hydrogen absorption into metal hydrides, hydrogen-generating chemical reactions, and ammonia decomposition. The ammonia decomposition reaction can be represented as follows:
Generating hydrogen from ammonia is particularly attractive because the usable hydrogen yield per kilogram of ammonia is relatively high, and the decomposition of ammonia to generate hydrogen is a well understood and relatively straightforward reaction. Because ammonia is readily available and relatively inexpensive, and because it offers a substantial yield of hydrogen, it is a desideratum to develop an efficient apparatus for processing ammonia to generate hydrogen for fuel cells and other purposes.
To compete with battery-based power supplies, such an H/AFC apparatus needs to be compact and reliable. It is a further desideratum to develop a portable hydrogen supply with a volume less than 1 liter and a mass less than 1 kg that can produces up to 50 watts of electrical power, with a total energy output of 1 kWh. Commercially available metal hydride storage cylinders are available in 920 gm cylinders that contain the equivalent of 100 W-h of hydrogen; thus, a total energy output of 1 kWh represents an order of magnitude increase in energy density over commercially available apparatuses.
One of the challenges of utilizing ammonia to produce hydrogen for a fuel cell is that H/AFCs do not tolerate ammonia in the hydrogen feed gas, so the trace amounts of ammonia in the H2/N2 gas mixture produced by an ammonia cracker must be removed before the mixture is supplied to a fuel cell. Commercially available ammonia adsorbents (e.g., acid-impregnated carbon) can be used for this purpose, but the required adsorbent mass of such materials can be prohibitively large, if the ammonia-cracking reactor does not provide high conversion efficiency.
Employing a relatively high reaction temperature (over 850� C.) reduces the amount of ammonia in the H2/N2 product, and the amount of adsorbent required. However, using such a high reaction temperature imposes significant design challenges. While the mass of adsorbent required is reduced, high temperature reactors must be fabricated of high temperature refractory metals, such as Inconel and molybdenum. These materials often require complex fabrication techniques, such as diffusion bonding, as opposed to more conventional brazing or laser welding techniques that can be used with more conventional materials, such as stainless steel or titanium.
Furthermore, for any given design, heat loss to the ambient environment from a reactor is increased as the reactor temperature is increased. Increasing the reactor temperature reduces overall energy efficiency or results in an increase in the apparatus size and weight due to the requirement for additional insulation.
Furthermore, the hydrogen generation reactor employs a catalyst. Catalysts have a minimum temperature, referred to as the light-off temperature, at which the catalyst facilitates the ammonia decomposition reaction, and a maximum operating temperature, which is generally a function of the catalyst and its support matrix, if any. Catalytic materials are often dispersed in a support matrix. For example, it is very common to distribute catalytic material on an alumina support. Such supports have a maximum allowed operating temperature. For example, in excess of 850� C., an alumina support can become sintered, (i.e., the alumina support components begin to fuse together). At that point, the efficiency of the catalyst drops dramatically. Consequently, temperatures in excess of 850� C. are incompatible with many types of potential catalysts, particularly supported catalysts.
By lowering the reactor temperature and accepting an increase in the levels of residual ammonia in the H2/N2 product, the design constraints on the apparatus are reduced. Conventional materials and fabrication techniques can be employed and a greater variety of catalysts and catalyst supports can be used. However, in prior art designs, a relatively large volume of adsorbent is required to remove the residual ammonia, significantly increasing the mass of the low temperature hydrogen generating apparatus.
Because creating a compact hydrogen generating apparatus is critical to increasing the utilization of fuel cell technology, decreasing the mass of adsorbent required to enable a relatively low reactor temperature apparatus to be used is critical to minimizing the size of such a compact apparatus. For example, in the target apparatus capable of producing 50 Watts power and 1 kWh of energy, and having a mass of 1 kg, if the ammonia reactor runs at a 99.0% conversion, a total of 3.33 g of ammonia must be removed from the H2/N2 gas mixture exiting the reactor. Commercially available ammonia adsorbents may collect only up to about 1% by weight of ammonia (given a relatively low concentration of ammonia in a gas stream) in the presence of traces of water (ppm levels) that is typically present in commercial grade ammonia, so about 333 g of adsorbent would be required for an ammonia-cracking reactor running at 99.0% conversion efficiency. Thus, the adsorbent mass alone represents one-third of the target mass, leaving too little mass available for the other elements of the hydrogen generation apparatus. Consequently, it is also a desideratum to develop an ammonia-based hydrogen generation apparatus that operates at temperatures less than 850� C.
A further challenge in providing a compact ammonia-based hydrogen generating apparatus for use with fuel cells and other applications is in selecting a reactor that achieves the desired compactness. One factor to be considered when evaluating a reactor is the residence time required to achieve desired conversion efficiency. Longer residence times require a larger reactor volume. To achieve a compact ammonia-based hydrogen generating apparatus, very short residence times are required to enable very small volume reactors to be employed. As the size of the reactor increases, so will its weight.
Conventional, large-scale hydrogen generation reactors often use packed-beds in which ammonia is passed through a heated vessel containing millimeter-sized pellets of catalyst materials. In many cases, the actual reaction rate in these reactors is considerably slower than the theoretically possible reaction rate (i.e., the rate expected based upon the intrinsic reaction kinetics) because of heat- and mass-transfer resistances. Therefore, it is also a desideratum to provide a reactor whose dimensions favor rapid heat and mass transfer, and short residence times.
Clearly it would be desirable to provide a compact ammonia-based hydrogen generating apparatus for use with fuel cells and other applications that operates at a relatively low temperature (i.e., from about 550� C. to about 650� C.), yet which does not require a significant volume of adsorbent to be employed to remove residual ammonia from the H2/N2 product, and which avoids the use of a packed bed reactor. The present invention satisfies these and other needs, and provides further related advantages.
Now in accordance with this invention there has been found a compact ammonia-based hydrogen generation apparatus for use with fuel cells and other applications. The hydrogen generation apparatus operates at a relatively low temperature, preferably from about 550� C. to about 650� C., more preferably from about 550� C. to about 580� C., yet which does not require a significant volume of adsorbent to be employed to remove residual ammonia. Furthermore, in preferred embodiments, the hydrogen generation apparatus does not employ a packed bed reactor.
In some embodiments, the hydrogen generation apparatus employs a thermocatalytic reactor that has a reaction chamber in a heat exchange relationship with a combustion chamber. In preferred embodiments, the reactor is formed of a top plate, a bottom plate, and a reactor core disposed between the top and bottom plates. The reactor core has a reaction surface and a combustion surface, each surface having a raised periphery defining opposing ends and opposing sides. The reaction surface and the top plate together define a reaction chamber and the combustion surface and the bottom plate together define a combustion chamber.
In addition, the reaction core has a first set of a plurality of spaced apart, radiating fins extending from the reaction surface and a second set of a plurality of spaced apart, radiating fins extending from the combustion surface. In some embodiments, at least one set of fins has a thickness of about 0.5 mm, a height of about 2 mm, and a length of about 50 mm and the spacing between adjacent fins is about 1 mm.
The first set of fins define a plurality of combustion channels, while the second set of fins define a plurality of reaction channels running parallel to the opposing sides and is spaced apart from the opposing ends. In some embodiments, the flow paths created by at least one of the sets of channels are straight. In alternative embodiments, the flow paths created by at least one of the sets of channels are zigzagged. And in some embodiments, a combustion catalyst, such as a platinum combustion catalyst, is disposed in the combustion chamber between the second end of the first set of fins.
It is an advantage of the invention that the reactor can be fabricated from a nonrefactory metal, such as titanium or stainless steel. It is another advantage of the invention that the reaction can be loaded with an ammonia decomposition catalyst having a light-off temperature below 600� C. Preferred catalysts include catalysts containing ruthenium or nickel. In some embodiments, the catalyst is packed in the reaction channels, while in alternative embodiments, the catalyst is coated on the internal surface of the flow channels in the reaction chamber.
In addition to the thermocatalytic reactor, the inventive hydrogen generation apparatus includes an ammonia supply, an ammonia supply line for transporting ammonia from the ammonia supply to the reactor, a reaction product supply line for transporting hydrogen from the reaction chamber, and a heat source operationally connected to the reactor. In some embodiments, one of the ammonia supply lines and the reaction product supply line enters the reactor core from the first opposing end and extends, parallel to the second set of fins, into the reactor core ending at a point adjacent the opposite end of the reactor, while the other terminates at the first opposing end. And in some embodiments, at least a portion of the reaction product supply line that is located outside of the reaction chamber is coaxially disposed outside of the ammonia supply line.
In some embodiments, the heat source is an ammonia combustor fluidly connected to the ammonia supply. In alternative embodiments, the heat source is an electrical heater, such as a battery or a fuel cell.
In another alternative embodiment, the heat source is a hydrocarbon combustor. In these embodiments, a combustion fluid supply line fluidly provides a combustible hydrocarbon, preferably butane, from a hydrocarbon supply to the combustion chamber and an exhaust line removes the combustion by-products from the combustion chamber. And in some of these embodiments, one of the combustion fluid line or the exhaust line enters the reactor core from the first opposing end and extends, parallel to the first set of fins, into the reactor core ending at a point adjacent the opposite end of the reactor, while the other terminates at the first opposing end.
In some embodiments, the hydrogen generation apparatus additionally includes an adsorbent supply connected to the reaction product supply line for removing residual ammonia from the hydrogen reaction product. In preferred embodiments, the adsorbent is an acid impregnated carbon adsorbent, more preferably an acid impregnated carbon adsorbent having from 2 millimoles of strong acid adsorption sites per gram of carbon to 5 millimoles of strong acid adsorption sites per gram of carbon.
Also in some embodiments, the ammonia supply line is made of a heat conducting material and passes through the adsorbent supply. And some embodiments include a second adsorbent supply connected to the reaction product supply line for removing residual ammonia from the hydrogen, along with a first valve for selectively directing ammonia from the ammonia supply to either the first or the second adsorbent supply and a second valve for selectively directing reaction products to either the first or the second adsorbent supply.
In some embodiments, the hydrocarbon generation apparatus includes a heat exchanger, preferably a counter flow heat exchanger, interposed in the hydrogen fluid line between the reactor and the adsorbent supply. In these embodiments, the ammonia supply line is made of a heat conductive material and passes through the heat exchanger. In referred embodiments, the heat exchanger is disposed in the combustion by-products exhaust line between the reactor and the adsorbent supply.
In accordance with the invention there has also been found a method for generating hydrogen. The method involves introducing the ammonia to the thermocatalytic hydrogen generation reactor, supplying heat to the thermocatalytic hydrogen generation apparatus, and then heating the ammonia in the reactor to a temperature of less than 850� C., preferably to a temperature between 550� and 650�, for a time sufficient to decompose the ammonia into hydrogen and nitrogen, and then removing the hydrogen-containing reaction product from the reactor.
In some embodiments, the ammonia is preheated, before the ammonia is introduced into the reactor. And in some embodiments, the reaction product contains residual ammonia and residual ammonia is removed by passing the reaction product through an adsorbent supply.
The foregoing aspects and many of the attendant advantages of this invention will become more readily appreciated as the same becomes better understood by reference to the following detailed description, when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
Particular embodiments of the invention are described below in considerable detail for the purpose of illustrating its principles and operation. However, various modifications may be made, and the scope of the invention is not limited to the exemplary embodiments described below.
An exemplary ammonia-based hydrogen generation apparatus 10 shown in
The ammonia supply 12 is a pressure vessel containing liquefied ammonia. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that such pressure vessels are commonly employed and readily available. The ammonia can be liquefied by compression (114 pounds per square inch) and/or by cooling to about −33� C. The ammonia supply provides a sufficient quantity of liquid ammonia to ensure that performance goals are achieved over the intended period of operation between replenishment of the ammonia supply.
Heat source 20 provides sufficient thermal energy to bring reactor 18 up to the temperature required to support the reaction. The amount of heat required is a function of the volume of ammonia, the size of the reactor, and the specific catalyst that is employed. Any suitable heat source can be employed. For example, heat can be provided electrically, by combustion of a fuel external to the reactor, or by combustion of a fraction of the ammonia inside the reactor (i.e., by auto thermal heating).
In one preferred embodiment, the heat source 20 is a hydrocarbon-based combustor that generates thermal energy by combustion of a hydrocarbon gas provided from a hydrocarbon fuel supply 26. In a preferred hydrogen generation apparatus, the hydrocarbon fuel is butane.
Alternatively, the reactor 18 can be electrically heated, in which case the heat source 20 comprises an electric heater, energized initially by an optional battery 24. Once the reactor is generating hydrogen, the fuel cell 22 can be used to provide the electrical energy needed to further energize the heat source 20. However, this approach imposes a significant electrical power burden on the fuel cell. For a 50-watt H/AFC, roughly 40% of the fuel cell output power must be returned to the reactor to maintain a constant reactor temperature. Thus, a user will only be provided a net 30 W of power from the 50 W fuel cell, because some of the electrical energy provided by fuel cell 22 is used to generate the hydrogen fuel in the fuel cell. For extremely compact ammonia-based hydrogen generation apparatuses, electric heat is not preferred, because the required battery adds an excessive additional mass and weight to the hydrogen generation apparatus.
For embodiments of the present invention that are not limited by the available ammonia supply, autothermal heating can be employed to provide the heat necessary to drive hydrogen generation. In such embodiments, the heat source 20 comprises an ammonia combustor in which ammonia from the ammonia supply 12 is combusted to provide the thermal energy to the reactor 18.
Autothermal heating requires that the reactor and catalyst must be pre-heated to achieve a temperature required to sustain the auto thermal reaction (the light off temperature of the catalyst being employed). Such pre-heating can be achieved by using a relatively small hydrocarbon fuel supply, a relatively small battery, or enabling the air/ammonia ratio to be varied, i.e., in a start up phase, more air is provided to support normal ammonia combustion. Once the catalyst and reactor are heated above the light off temperature of the catalyst, the amount of air being provided is reduced, and auto thermal heating is enabled.
While such an embodiment reduces the need for an additional hydrocarbon fuel supply or a battery, ammonia which could be disassociated into hydrogen is instead used in the combustion process to provide energy to drive the desired reaction. Thus, in such an embodiment, an additional volume of ammonia must be provided to supply the required thermal energy. Furthermore, a method (such as an adsorbent bed) to clean-up trace ammonia leaving the combustor must also be incorporated.
From the perspective of total apparatus mass, fuel combustion is superior to electric heating. Hydrocarbon fuels have an energy density nearly one hundred times that of conventional alkaline batteries. The energy density of ammonia is only about half that of hydrocarbon fuel. If heat is provided by combustion of a fuel, significantly more fuel mass is required when ammonia is burned as compared to a hydrocarbon such as butane.
The weight savings of using hydrocarbon fuel are partially offset by the requirement for a separate hydrocarbon fuel tank. However, the vapor pressure of butane fuel is relatively low so a very lightweight tank can be safely used. In addition to the weight savings of using butane rather than ammonia, butane is preferred because butane/air flames are easy to ignite and control. Thus, in embodiments in which compactness is critical, combustion of butane represents a preferred method of the heating reactor 18.
The reactor 60 includes a top plate 62, a bottom plate 66, and a reactor core 64, disposed between the top and bottom plates. The reactor core includes a reaction surface 64 a, and a combustion surface 64 b, both surfaces having a raised periphery defining opposing ends 61 a and 61 b and opposing sides 63 a and 63 b. The reaction surface and the top plate together define a reaction chamber, while the combustion surface and the bottom plate together define a combustion chamber. The top plate, the bottom plate, the reactor core are attached to one another by any suitable method, such as brazing or laser welding. In preferred embodiments, the reactor 18 is surrounded by an insulating elements, to minimize heat loss to the ambient environment.
A plurality of spaced apart, substantially straight radiating fins 76 a extend upwardly from a center of the reactor core 64 on the reaction surface 64 a, while a plurality of spaced apart, substantially straight radiating fins 76 b depend downwardly on the combustion surface 64 b. Preferably the fins have a thickness of about 0.5 mm, a height of about 2 mm and a length of about 50 mm. The spacing between the adjacent fins is preferably about 1 mm. The fins define a plurality of combustion channels 69 and a plurality of reaction channels 71 running parallel to the opposing sides 63 a and 63 b and spaced apart from opposing ends 61 a and 61 b.
Butane enters the combustion chamber via a combustion fluid line 68 in fluid communication with the combustion chamber and is distributed throughout the combustion channels 69. The combustion products exit through an exhaust fluid line 70. Air must be provided along with the butane fuel to support combustion of the butane. Preferably, the air is premixed with the butane before the butane enters the combustion chamber. In a preferred embodiment, a venturi (not separately shown) integral with valve 52 mixes ambient air with butane from butane supply 50 (see
In some embodiments, the air/butane mixture is preheated using waste heat from the hot combustion product gases before the air/butane mixture is introduced into the combustion chamber. For example, a tube-in-tube heat exchanger (not shown), in which the butane/air supply line is disposed within the exhaust fluid line can be employed to raise the temperature of the butane/air mixture prior to its combustion. However, care must be taken to prevent excessive preheating, as the auto-ignition temperature (i.e., the temperature at which the air/butane mixture will combust without requiring a spark for ignition) is 430� C.
As best seen in
In the embodiment shown in
The butane is then combusted. The platinum catalyzed combustion occurring at platinum gauze 78 generates hot combustion gases that are directed along the combustion channels 69 toward the exhaust fluid line 70 at the opposite end of the combustion chamber. During the time required for the hot gases to reach the exhaust fluid line, fins 76 b absorb a significant amount of thermal energy, which is then transferred to fins 76 a in the reaction side portion of reactor core 64. Heat from the combustion side 64 b is absorbed by the fins 76 b, which are in a heat exchange relationship with the corresponding fins 76 a. The heat transferred by these fins ensures that ammonia is sufficiently heated so the desired disassociation reaction occurs. The channeled flow path created by the fins also decreases the pressure drop across the combustor and permits the use of lightweight air blowers to supply air for combustion.
Combustion by-products exit the combustion chamber via an exhaust fluid line 70. By utilizing the catalyst and the fins 76 a and 76 b, greater than 90% of the available combustion energy can be extracted from combustion of the butane and transferred to the reaction chamber.
Ammonia flows into the reaction chamber via an ammonia supply line 72, and the thermal energy provided by the combustion of butane causes the ammonia to disassociate into hydrogen and nitrogen. The hydrogen and nitrogen thus produced exit the reactor via a reaction product supply line 74.
The flow paths of the ammonia entering reaction chamber and the hydrogen/nitrogen product exiting the reaction chamber are shown in
In the embodiment shown in
The reactor is loaded with any suitable ammonia decomposition catalyst. The particular catalyst used is selected based on the operating temperature of the reactor. In a preferred embodiment, the apparatus operates at temperatures of from about 550� C. to about 650� C., most preferably from about 550� C. to about 580� C. These temperatures enables standard construction materials to be used in fabricating the reactor. While higher temperature reactors are slightly more efficient in converting ammonia into hydrogen and nitrogen, such reactors, which operate at temperatures in excess of 850� C., must be fabricated of exotic materials, such as refractory metals.
Different types of catalysts are available for this purpose, and the characteristics of specific catalysts (and any required catalyst support, such as alumina) affect the design of the reactor. Preferably, the catalyst has a light-off temperature of below 600� C., and an optimum operating temperature of less than 650� C. While such temperature conditions result in a conversion efficiency that is lower than can be obtained by catalysts that operate at higher temperatures, the lower preferred temperature conditions noted above enable standard materials, such as titanium and stainless steel to be employed in fabricating the reactor 18.
Specific catalysts also have characteristic activities, which influence the size of the reactor. For example, for a given volume, different catalysts will require different flow rates to achieve the same conversion efficiency. Similarly, for a given flow rate, different catalysts will require different reactor volumes to achieve the same conversion efficiency. Thus, the catalyst selected will influence optimal temperature conditions, flow rates, and reactor volumes. Preferred catalysts include ruthenium-based catalysts, often provided as ruthenium dispersed in an aluminum oxide support matrix, such as Type 146, available from Johnson Matthey. However, because the reactor operates at temperature is less than 650� C., other very high surface area catalyst support matrices, such as gamma alumina and nanophase titania can be employed. Therefore, it is an advantage of the invention, that ruthenium catalysts dispersed in either a gamma alumina or nanophase titania matrix can be used.
If autothermal heating is employed, then some oxygen needs to be included with the ammonia to support the combustion. Oxygen negatively affects certain catalysts, e.g., ruthenium-based catalysts. Accordingly, for apparatuses employing autothermal heating, a catalyst more resistant to oxidation may be required. In addition, since ammonia and the water produced by combustion form a corrosive mixture, corrosion resistant materials should be used, instead of stainless steel.
Moreover, when assembling reactors containing oxygen-sensitive catalysts (i.e., by brazing the top cover to the reactor core) it may be beneficial to provide a reducing atmosphere in order to prevent the catalysts from oxidizing.
Nickel-based catalysts, such as Katalco 27-7™, available from ICI/Katalco of the UK) are also preferred catalysts. However, the nickel catalyst requires a longer residence time than the ruthenium catalyst to achieve similar conversion efficiency. The ruthenium catalyst has a residence time that is approximately one-tenth that of the nickel catalyst.
Other suitable catalysts include iron oxide, rhodium, and rhenium catalysts.
Due to the efficiency of carbon-based adsorbents in removing residual ammonia from a hydrogen/nitrogen mixture, reactor 18 preferably converts at least 99.9% of the ammonia into hydrogen and nitrogen, so that the reaction product includes less than 1000 ppm of residual ammonia.
In the embodiment shown in
The purpose behind providing a heat exchange relationship between the ammonia flowing from ammonia supply 12 to reactor 18 and the adsorbent contained within adsorbent supply 14 is two-fold. First, preheating the ammonia, before it enters the reactor is important in enabling an energy efficient hydrogen generation apparatus. Without the heat exchanger, a significant amount of energy would be lost by not recovering the energy from the hot hydrogen/nitrogen mixture exiting the reactor. Such a heat loss would require the consumption of more fuel to heat the reactor, thus increasing the apparatus's size, weight, and operational costs. Second, cooling the hydrogen/nitrogen mixture before it enters the adsorbent supply increases the effectiveness of the adsorbent by minimizing or eliminating the adsorbent's accumulation of thermal energy from the hydrogen/nitrogen mixture. Preferably, heat exchanger 16 reduces the temperature of the hydrogen/nitrogen product to below about 80� C., and even more preferably, to near ambient temperature.
The cooled hydrogen/nitrogen product exits the heat exchanger 16 and flows into the adsorbent supply 14, where the adsorbent adsorbs any residual ammonia contained within the hydrogen and nitrogen exiting reactor 18. A sufficient amount of adsorbent is supplied to ensure that performance goals are achieved over the intended period of operation between replenishment of the adsorbent. Preferably, the adsorbent within the adsorbent supply removes substantially all (leaving less than 1 ppm) of the residual ammonia from the hydrogen/nitrogen product.
Preferred adsorbents include carbon and modified carbon adsorbents. Most preferred adsorbents include carbon whose surface has been impregnated to include bound acid molecules. The acid thus bound neutralizes the residual ammonia. At a minimum, the most preferred adsorbent has 2 millimoles of strong acid adsorption sites per gram of carbon, and the most preferred adsorbent can have up to 5 millimoles per gram of carbon.
Liquid ammonia passes through adsorbent supply 14 via the ammonia supply line 15. The ammonia supply line passes through the adsorbent, such that an exchange of thermal energy occurs between the ammonia flowing within the ammonia supply line and the adsorbent. The ammonia is not filtered by the adsorbent, as the ammonia remains in the fluid line and does not come in contact with the adsorbent.
While in the adsorbent supply 14, at least a portion of the liquid ammonia returns to its gaseous state and absorbs substantial amounts of heat from the surrounding adsorbent (i.e., one gram of ammonia absorbs 327 calories of heat). In this manner, the ammonia from the ammonia supply cools the adsorbent contained within the adsorbent supply, thus maintaining the efficiency of the temperature-sensitive adsorbents. Upon exiting the adsorbent supply, ammonia supply line 15 is coupled in fluid communication with heat exchanger 16, so that the hot hydrogen and nitrogen gas exiting the reactor 18 exchanges thermal energy with the much cooler ammonia gas, cooling the hydrogen/nitrogen gas mixture and increasing the temperature of the ammonia.
The functional elements of hydrogen generation apparatus 10 discussed in
A pressure regulator 32 is attached to a liquid ammonia supply 36. In order to minimize the weight of the ammonia supply, a lightweight, yet strong material, such as a titanium alloy is used. To provide storage for 333 g of ammonia, the ammonia supply is approximately 600 ml in volume. The mass of a titanium based vessel 600 ml in volume is approximately 84 g. Thus, the ammonia and supply tank accounts for 417 g of the target mass of 1000 g.
An ammonia supply line 40 is attached to a fluid fitting 38 a on the pressure regulator 32, and a fluid fitting 38 b is attached to an adsorbent canister 42. Liquefied ammonia flows into an adsorbent canister 42 containing approximately 30 g adsorbent, cooling the adsorbent contained therein. The hot hydrogen/nitrogen mixture exiting a reactor 46 is in fluid communication with the adsorbent in the adsorbent canister. The relatively cold ammonia absorbs some of the thermal energy of the adsorbent, heating the ammonia and cooling the adsorbent to ensure that the adsorbent is performing optimally. The mass of the adsorbent canister (without the adsorbent) is approximately 15 g. The mass of the ammonia storage tank, the ammonia itself, the adsorbent column, and the adsorbent portion of miniature hydrogen generation apparatus 30 is 462 g (excluding fittings and tubing).
The ammonia exits the adsorbent canister 42 through a fluid fitting 38 c, and flows through an ammonia supply line 40 b into a heat exchanger 44. The ammonia enters the heat exchanger via a fluid fitting 38 d. While the details of the heat exchanger are obscured by a housing containing both the heat exchanger and a reactor 46, the heat exchanger is a counter-flow heat exchanger that enables the ammonia entering the heat exchanger to exchange thermal energy with hot hydrogen and nitrogen gas exiting the reactor 30. Preferably, the heat exchanger is a tube-in-tube heat exchanger having a mass of approximately 30 g. In one embodiment, the heat exchanger is approximately fifteen centimeters in length. In some embodiments, a coiled tube-in-tube heat exchanger configuration is employed to reduce the length of the heat exchanger.
The heat exchanger 44 further increases the temperature of the ammonia before the ammonia enters the reactor 46. The pre-heated ammonia then enters reactor, where additional thermal energy is provided by a hydrocarbon combustor (or other heat source) disposed within reactor. Sufficient thermal energy is provided to bring to the reactor to and maintain the reactor at its operating temperature. Butane is provided in a relatively lightweight pressurized container 50. A pressure regulator 52 controls the flow of butane into the reactor.
Air must be mixed with the butane fuel to support combustion. While a separate air pump and air lines (not shown) can be incorporated into miniature hydrogen generation apparatus 30, preferably, the pressure regulator 52 not only meters the flow of the butane fuel, but also mixes ambient air with the butane to provide the proper fuel/air mixture required for combustion to occur. Butane exits butane the container 50 via the pressure regulator and the fluid fitting 38 i, and flows into a butane fluid line 48. The butane fluid line is in fluid communication with a fluid fitting 38 e, and at that point, the butane enters reactor 46, where it is combusted to provide the required thermal energy.
In some embodiments, the butane or other hydrogen gas flows through a critical orifice (not shown) to create a critical flow before the gas enters the reactor. A critical flow is achieved when the velocity of the gas in the orifice equals the speed of sound in that particular gas. Achieving a critical flow is useful, because a very nearly constant gas flow can be maintained, despite fluctuations in the downstream pressure, provided the upstream pressure is constant and the ratio of downstream pressure to upstream pressure is less than a "critical ratio." The critical ratio for many common gases is about 0.5, and can be estimated based on thermodynamic principles. Using air as an example, if the upstream pressure is 20 PSIG (34.7 PSIA), then as long as the downstream pressure is less than about 2.7 PSIG (17.4 PSIA, which is equal to 34.7 PSIA multiplied by the 0.5 critical ratio), the gas flow will be constant.
Approximately 40 g of butane are required to provide sufficient heat to disassociate the 333 g of ammonia. The butane container 50 has a mass of approximately 30 g, while the regulator/air mixer has a mass less than 20 g. The mass of the required fitting and tubing is approximately 80 g. In those embodiments where the heat source is a hydrocarbon fuel, such as butane, the fuel entering reactor 46 must be ignited for combustion to be initiated, for example, with a piezoelectric igniter (not shown). The mass of such an igniter is approximately 20 g.
Preferably, reactor 46 is fabricated from a lightweight material. Titanium is lightweight and can withstand the required temperatures. To minimize mass, a preferred insulation material used to substantially enclose the reactor is vacuum formed aerogel panels. The titanium reactor, including the catalyst, has a mass of approximately 50 g, and the housing and insulation for the heat exchanger and reactor have a mass of approximately 110 g.
The hot hydrogen and nitrogen mixture exit reactor 46 via the heat exchanger 44, flowing through a fluid fitting 38 f into a reaction product supply line 54, which is connected to the adsorbent canister 42 via a fluid fitting 38 g. As the hydrogen and nitrogen gas mixture enters the adsorbent canister, residual ammonia is removed. Thus, ammonia-free hydrogen is discharged from the adsorbent canister via a fluid fitting 38 h.
The mass of the fitting and tubing is approximately 80 g, resulting in a total apparatus mass of 842 g. The masses described in conjunction with
Component Masses for 1 kWh Apparatus
Ammonia liquid
333 g
Ammonia storage tank
80 g
reactor (titanium)
50 g
tube-in-tube heat exchanger
30 g
Aerogel insulation
10 g
Ammonia adsorbent
30 g
Adsorbent bed canister
15 g
butane canister
30 g
butane sufficient for 1000 W-h
40 g
butane combustor/igniter
20 g
flow control critical-flow orifice
20 g
Housing and support structure
100 g
valves and tubing
80 g
837 g
In the embodiment shown in
An alternative embodiment of an apparatus in accordance with the invention is designed to provide modest levels of electrical power, e.g., 35 watts, for long periods of time, without the need for maintenance (e.g., the re-supply of ammonia or adsorbent). One specific embodiment is adapted to supply electrical power on remote marine buoys (which generally collect weather data or facilitate navigation). A apparatus capable of producing 35 watts of power continuously weighs about 5 kg, plus the weight of the ammonia, the ammonia tank, and adsorbent. A six-month supply of ammonia and adsorbent has a mass of about 52 kg. Longer-duration operation can be achieved by increasing the ammonia tank capacity.
The functional elements of an ammonia-based hydrogen generation apparatus 10 a suitable for use in marine environments are illustrated in 12. These functional elements are identical to the functional elements illustrated in
As illustrated, the heat source for ammonia-based hydrogen generation apparatus 10 a is preferably an electric heater, initially energized by startup battery 94, and then later by fuel cell 22. Alternatively, heat source 20 can be a hydrocarbon combustor or an ammonia combustor. While hydrocarbon fuels are more energy dense than ammonia, ammonia-based hydrogen generation apparatus 10 a is optimized for operating for long periods of time, rather than being designed for compactness. Eliminating the hydrocarbon fuel supply means a reduction in maintenance requirements, since only ammonia and adsorbent need to be re-supplied. Thus, for ammonia-based hydrogen generation apparatuses optimized to operate for long periods of time, electric heat or an ammonia combustor will be preferred as a heat source. The adsorbent supply 14 is charged with 2 kg of adsorbent, to enable ammonia-based hydrogen generation apparatus 10 a to generate 35 Watts of power continually for a 6-month period.
An ammonia-based hydrogen generation apparatus 10 b optimized for even more extended maintenance free periods of operation is shown in 13. A substantially larger ammonia supply 12 a is included. For example, a 150 kg ammonia supply provides enough ammonia for 18 months when used for producing sufficient hydrogen to generate 35 watts of continuous power.
Rather than employing a single adsorbent supply, ammonia-based hydrogen generation apparatus 10 b employs a pair of adsorbent supplies 14 a and 14 b. While adsorbent supply 14 a is online, removing residual hydrogen from the reaction product gas, adsorbent supply 14 b is regenerated, and vice versa. In this manner, the required mass of adsorbent is significantly reduced. In fact, the mass of adsorbent required is no longer a function of the total volume of hydrogen product being filtered, but rather a function of the volume of hydrogen product being processed during the time required to regenerate the off-line adsorbent supply. If about ten hours are required to regenerate an adsorbent supply, then the required size of each adsorbent supply is based on the ten-hour flow rate of the hydrogen product. Without regenerating the adsorbent, such a apparatus could operate for twenty hours. But, by continually regenerating the adsorbent, and cycling between adsorbent supplies 14 a and 14 b following each regeneration, the apparatus can function for considerably longer than twenty hours. While after a certain number of regeneration cycles, the effectiveness of the adsorbent will decline; such a apparatus can operate for thousands of hours, before the adsorbent must be replaced. The ammonia that evolves during regeneration can be combusted to provide heat or cracked to generate hydrogen. Alternately, it can also be absorbed into an acidic solution.
In operation, ammonia from the ammonia supply 12 a enters a valve 98 a, which is used to direct the ammonia to the adsorbent supply 14 a or 14 b, that is currently online and not being regenerated. The ammonia supply line 15 passes through the online adsorbent supply, cooling the adsorbent. The ammonia then passes through the heat exchanger 16 and into the reactor 18. Once the hydrogen/nitrogen product exits the heat exchanger, a valve 98 b is set to ensure that the reaction product enters the online adsorbent supply. The adsorbent removes ammonia from the hydrogen product so that it contains less than 1 ppm residual ammonia, and the substantially ammonia-free hydrogen is supplied to fuel cell 22 to generate electrical power.
Preferably, the heat source 20 a is an electric heater, initially energized by a rechargeable startup battery 94, and then energized by a fuel cell 22, once the hydrogen generation has been initiated. The heat source not only provides thermal energy to reactor 18 to drive the ammonia decomposition reaction, but also to regenerate the offline adsorbent supply.
In preferred embodiments, the adsorbent is regenerated by heating. The adsorbent is heated at a temperature and for a time sufficient to drive off the absorbed ammonia, which can be combusted to generate heat or cracked to generate hydrogen. Heat source 20 a can be a single resistance element for both adsorbent supplies and the reactor or and separate electrical heaters can be supplied for each adsorbent supply and for the reactor. One method of increasing the thermal efficiency of the apparatus is to incorporate a heat exchanger (not shown) in each adsorbent supply, and to direct the hot combustion gases from the reactor into the heat exchanger of the offline adsorbent supply, to supply some of the heat necessary for regenerating the adsorbent.
Air blower 92 and air filter 90 a are shown as optional elements. The carbon regeneration process can be accomplished more rapidly, or at a lower temperature, if a stream of clean air is passed through the adsorbent during the regeneration process. A valve 98 c ensures the air stream is directed to the adsorbent supply being regenerated. The design of air filter 90 a is determined by the environment in which ammonia-base hydrogen generation apparatus 10 b is deployed. In marine environments, filter 90 a should be designed to remove water and salt. For desert environments, filter 90 a should remove fine particulates (sand and grit).
Alternative embodiments include additional adsorbent supplies. Additional adsorbent supplies mean that longer regeneration cycles can be employed, without apparatus interruption.
Although the present invention has been described in connection with the preferred form of practicing it, those of ordinary skill in the art will understand that many modifications can be made thereto without departing from the spirit of the present invention. Accordingly, it is not intended that the scope of the invention in any way be limited by the above description.
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|Aug 28, 2000
|May 23, 2006
|Motorola, Inc.
|Hydrogen generator utilizing ceramic technology
|Jul 3, 2003
|Jun 6, 2006
|Daimlerchrysler Ag
|Membrane module for hydrogen separation
|Nov 7, 2001
|Jul 18, 2006
|Battelle Memorial Institute
|Microcombustors, microreformers, and methods for combusting and for reforming fluids
|Dec 5, 2000
|Apr 26, 2001
|Buxbaum Robert E.
|Hydrogen generator
|Feb 6, 2001
|Aug 30, 2001
|Ingo Hermann
|Catalytic burner element inside a fuel cell with structured catalytic coated surfaces
|Jan 25, 2001
|Sep 13, 2001
|Meggitt (Uk) Limited
|Compact reactor
|Mar 8, 2001
|Nov 29, 2001
|Ida Tech, L.L.C.
|Fuel processor and systems and devices containing the same
|Mar 30, 2001
|Nov 29, 2001
|Hockaday Robert G.
|Portable chemical hydrogen hydride system
|Mar 22, 2001
|Dec 6, 2001
|Ida Tech, Llc
|Fuel cell system with load management
|Jun 1, 2001
|Dec 20, 2001
|Ida Tech, Llc
|Fuel cells and fuel cell systems containing non-aqueous electrolytes
|Jun 1, 2001
|Jan 3, 2002
|Bentley Jeffrey M.
|Reactor for producing hydrogen from hydrocarbon fuels
|Jun 20, 2001
|Jan 3, 2002
|Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha
|Fuel reforming apparatus and method of controlling the fuel reforming apparatus
|Jul 9, 2001
|Jan 17, 2002
|Buxbaum Robert E.
|Membrane reactor for gas extraction
|Apr 2, 2001
|Jan 24, 2002
|Muradov Nazim Z.
|Thermocatalytic process for CO2-free production of hydrogen and carbon from hydrocarbons
|Jun 11, 2001
|Feb 21, 2002
|Joanna Bass
|Device and process for producing a device for the catalytic generation of hydrogen from hydrocarbons
|Jun 1, 2001
|Feb 21, 2002
|Herron Thomas G.
|System and method for optimizing fuel cell purge cycles
|Apr 30, 2001
|Feb 28, 2002
|Faville Michael T.
|Integrated solid oxide fuel cell mechanization and method of using for transportation industry applications
|May 10, 2001
|Mar 7, 2002
|Goetsch Duane A.
|Production of hydrogen by autothermic decomposition of ammonia
|Nov 1, 2001
|Jun 13, 2002
|Edlund David J.
|Sulfur-absorbent bed and fuel processing assembly incorporating the same
|Nov 1, 2001
|Jul 4, 2002
|Edlund David J.
|Fuel processing system and improved feedstock therefor
|Dec 19, 2001
|Jul 4, 2002
|Edlund David J.
|Hydrogen purification membranes, components and fuel processing systems containing the same
|Feb 16, 2001
|Aug 22, 2002
|Yong Wang
|Catalysts, reactors and methods of producing hydrogen via the water-gas shift reaction
|Aug 13, 2001
|Aug 22, 2002
|Edlund David J.
|Fuel cell system with stored hydrogen
|Apr 19, 2002
|Aug 29, 2002
|Edlund David J.
|Steam reforming method and apparatus incorporating a hydrocarbon feedstock
|Apr 19, 2002
|Aug 29, 2002
|Edlund David J.
|Integrated fuel cell system
|Apr 11, 2001
|Sep 12, 2002
|Carpenter Ian William
|Catalytic generation of hydrogen
|May 3, 2002
|Sep 12, 2002
|Edlund David J.
|System and method for controlling the operation of a fuel processing system
|Mar 29, 2002
|Oct 10, 2002
|Nissan Motor Co., Ltd.
|Fuel cell power plant
|Mar 5, 2002
|Apr 10, 2003
|Matzakos Andreas Nikolaos
|Integrated flameless distributed combustion/steam reforming membrane reactor for hydrogen production and use thereof in zero emissions hybrid power system
|Apr 9, 2002
|Oct 9, 2003
|O'rear Dennis J.
|Reduction of carbon dioxide emissions from fischer-tropsch gtl facility by aromatics production
|Jan 24, 2003
|Dec 18, 2003
|Apollo Energy Systems, Incorporated
|Ammonia cracker for production of hydrogen
|Mar 4, 2002
|Aug 12, 2004
|Powell Michael Roy
|Ammonia-based hydrogen generation apparatus and method for using same
|Mar 26, 2003
|Sep 30, 2004
|Wangerow James R.
|Simplified three-stage fuel processor
|Mar 31, 2003
|Sep 30, 2004
|Anand Chellappa
|Catalyst incorporation in a microreactor
|Apr 4, 2003
|Oct 7, 2004
|Anand Chellappa
|Surface modification of porous metal substrates
|Apr 26, 2002
|Nov 4, 2004
|Tunney Cathal Joseph
|Metal-supported solid electrolyte electrochemical cell and multi cell reactors incorporating same
|Oct 15, 2003
|Jan 27, 2005
|Savage Marshall T.
|Linearly scalable geothermic fuel cells
|Jun 25, 2004
|Feb 3, 2005
|Ultracell Corporation
|Planar micro fuel processor
|Feb 17, 2004
|Feb 24, 2005
|Francis Lau
|Hydrogen production process from carbonaceous materials using membrane gasifier
|Mar 22, 2004
|Feb 24, 2005
|Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd.
|Hydrogen production method and apparatus and engine employing hydrogen production apparatus
|Apr 30, 2004
|Nov 3, 2005
|Koripella Chowdary R
|Solid oxide fuel cell portable power source
|Jan 26, 1999
|Aug 3, 2000
|Daimler Chrysler Ag
|Steam reforming apparatus used in a fuel cell system comprises a pyrolysis reactor connected to a shift reactor
|Feb 26, 1998
|Sep 2, 1998
|Engineering Advancement Association of Japan
|Fuel reforming apparatus
|Sep 26, 1998
|Apr 7, 1999
|DBB Fuel Cell Engines Gesellschaft mit beschr�nkter Haftung
|Apparatus for the generation of hydrogen, apparatus for reduction of carbon monoxide content, apparatus for oxidation of carbon monoxide, apparatus for catalytic burning and method for the production of a catalyst
|Jun 7, 2000
|Mar 24, 2004
|Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd.
|Apparatus for producing hydrogen
|Nov 22, 2001
|May 29, 2002
|Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd.
|Substance separation structure and method of preparing the same
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Title not available
|May 29, 1999
|Dec 16, 1999
|Xcellsis Gmbh
|Method for producing a compact catalytic reactor
|Title not available
|Mar 4, 2002
|Sep 12, 2002
|Mesosystems Technology, Inc.
|Ammonia-based hydrogen generation apparatus and method for using same
|Apr 23, 2002
|Oct 31, 2002
|Mesosystems Technology, Inc.
|Hydrogen generation apparatus and method for using same
|Oct 21, 2002
|May 1, 2003
|Sk Corporation
|Hydrogen purification module
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jul 9, 2010
|Jun 3, 2014
|Intelligent Energy Limited
|Cartridge for controlled production of hydrogen
|Oct 31, 2011
|Aug 5, 2014
|Intelligent Energy Limited
|Pump assembly for a fuel cell system
|Oct 29, 2010
|Aug 19, 2014
|Intelligent Energy Limited
|Hydrogen generator and product conditioning method
|Oct 20, 2010
|Jan 27, 2015
|Intelligent Energy Limited
|Fuel supply for a fuel cell
|Aug 26, 2009
|May 19, 2015
|Ardica Technologies, Inc.
|Controller for fuel cell operation
|Nov 21, 2012
|Oct 27, 2015
|Ardica Technologies, Inc.
|Method of manufacture of a metal hydride fuel supply
|Jul 11, 2014
|Aug 2, 2016
|Intelligent Energy Limited
|Hydrogen generator and product conditioning method
|Apr 22, 2014
|Aug 9, 2016
|Intelligent Energy Limited
|Cartridge for controlled production of hydrogen
|Aug 13, 2015
|Dec 6, 2016
|Intelligent Energy Limited
|Diaphragm pump for a fuel cell system
|Dec 11, 2014
|Sep 26, 2017
|Intelligent Energy Limited
|Fuel supply for a fuel cell
|Aug 26, 2009
|Jul 8, 2010
|Tibor Fabian
|Controller for fuel cell operation
|Oct 29, 2010
|Mar 24, 2011
|Daniel Braithwaite
|Hydrogen generator and product conditioning method
|Jul 9, 2010
|Aug 18, 2011
|Daniel Braithwaite
|Cartridge for controlled production of hydrogen
|U.S. Classification
|48/61, 423/238, 423/645, 48/127.9, 48/198.3, 423/352, 423/351, 423/237
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Oct 6, 2003
Owner name: MESOFUEL, INC., NEW MEXICO
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:MESOSYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY, INC.;REEL/FRAME:014029/0667
Effective date: 20030416
Owner name: MESOSYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY, INC., NEW MEXICO
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:POWELL, MICHAEL ROY;CALL, CHARLES J.;REEL/FRAME:014029/0663
Effective date: 20020415
|Feb 18, 2004
Owner name: MESOFUEL, INC., NEW MEXICO
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:MESOSYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY, INC.;REEL/FRAME:014348/0181
Effective date: 20030416
|Dec 7, 2005
Owner name: INTELLIGENT ENERGY, INC., CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:MESOFUEL, INC.;REEL/FRAME:016865/0541
Effective date: 20051121
|Jul 23, 2014
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4


text:
Singapore Art
Building styles vary from place to place, but there was a serious amount of awesome architecture that I saw wandering around Singapore. Even though I only had about 10 hours, I made the most of it. This picture was taken on the Esplanade, of the Theatres on the Bay buildings. Located in the civic district, at the mouth of the Singapore river, these matching modern buildings were built in 2002 with the intent of becoming the center for performing arts.
Not to be outdone by the artwork found inside, even the front doors provide artistic attractions.


text:
The best intergalactic musical journey any of us had as children was probably Disneyworld's Captain EO. If that doesn't ring any bells, picture this scene … Michael Jackson before his wacko days, furry space creatures, moonwalking aboard space cruisers, all in the tremendous psuedo-reality of 3D. Okay, I will desist, but post-Star Tours, it was a great wind-down.
Now that Jacko is no longer fit to serve as entertainer for young kiddies because of his, well … entertaining young kiddies, Disney needs a new face to update the void in its space-tacular 3D line-up. I nominate Super_Collider: just listen to Raw Digits and let beautiful images fill your head.
Opener "Messagesacomin" is the sound of an otherworldly elastic dance floor, stretching and confounding space-time. A sci-fi feel, but less Max Rebo Band and more a robo-funk Prince promising things about 1999, if you get my angle. The sonic minutia is astounding, similar to the last few Autechre records as a bar-by-bar evolving beast. It conjures up images of a giant swirling android floating among the wrecked and twisted debris of an urban dystopia. Gears a-whir, "Messagesacomin" picks among the surrounding trash, dull and shiny bits alike, while hovering about, processing the pieces, shooting them back at random. The whole thing coalesces into a maddeningly ephemeral rhythm. You want to dance, but to do so properly would only be to flail about and stutter. This is music to have a seizure to.
The cantankerous captain of this R&B-electro-funk mothership is Cristian Vogel, a techno stalwart known for his experimental approach. He has released dozens of twelve-inches and a few full-lengths on labels such as Mille Plateax, Tresor and Novamute over the past ten years. Vogel composes here from a palette of throbbing bass thumps and swirling synths; a fair amount of robo-clicks and jolts round things out.
However notable the music is, where Super_Collider stands out is in the use of vocals. Other artists who incorporate vocals into electronic music tend to stay within the pop format (Dntel, Schneider TM, or a score of others), Super_Collider draws inspiration for its vocals from a demented approach to Little Richard. Jamie Lidell, who released a solo effort on Warp a few years back and more recently appeared on vocal tracks for Matthew Herbert's big-band project, contributes the soul of this record. His neo-soul vocal style, however heavily synthesized and glitched-up it may be, grounds the eeriness of the otherworldly production into a very listenable mess.
"Radianations on the Rise" is a perfect example of the adventurous Super_Collider sound. Combining exotic-sounding flute, a stomping minimal beat and Lidell's best Cookie Monster impersonation, this what I hope to hear on modern R&B radio in the next five years.
On other numbers Lidell's crooning sounds like a ten-pound bag of brown sugar. This is apparent on "Gravity Rearragin' " (featuring keyboards from M. Herbert himself), where he plays the part of an innocent young voice student who wanders from music academy when interest flounders, and begins hanging about in dark corners with an older crowd of rebellious mental producers: "Hey Lidell, throw us down some of that pretty shit … " You imagine him being abducted by these laptoppers for their own devious ends but then smoothing out their style by virtue of his own chilling vocals.
Collaborations with some of Warp's elder elite — Prefuse 73 and Squarepusher — are on the horizon. Other indications of future greatness from the lad: maniacal appearances at Sonar and Glasgow's Triptych festival have featured him prancing about in a scraggly orange sweater replete with bulbous shoulder pads. Another full-length on Warp is due, and Super_Collider has the potential to completely nail down their promising formula into an amazing album whenever they get around to it.
Like much good forward-pulsing electronica, this one will have the uninitiated shaking their rears half-assedly while muttering "c'est tres bizarre, n'est-ce pas?" The cognoscenti will be fumbling its hands greedily, shouting the praises of this absolutely unique synthesis of R&B and electronic music.


text:
Lori Mitchell-Keller Senior vice president, SAP
Lori Mitchell-Keller is senior vice president of SAP's Global Industry Business Unit for Retail, leading solution management for all SAP Retail solutions. Her team focuses on delivering end-to-end solutions that help customers build unified channels, consumer-driven supply networks, consumer insight, and integrated merchandising and marketing.
Previously at SAP, Lori led Line-of-Business Solution Management for Idea-to-Delivery, overseeing delivery of end-to-end solutions in supply chain management, product lifecycle management, manufacturing, procurement, operational performance management, and business networks.
Before joining SAP, she spent ten years in leadership positions with Manugistics, most recently as chief marketing officer and senior vice president of product management, product marketing, and corporate marketing. Earlier in her career, she worked in supply chain management roles for Baxter Healthcare, Allegiance Healthcare, and AT&T Consumer Products Laboratories.
Customer experience. Have you figured out what each of your customers really, really wants? If yes, have you designed a personalized, easy, conversational experience they…
A talk radio and cable TV broadcast journalist since 1995, media producer / host Bonnie D. Graham created and launched SAP Coffee Break with Game-Changers Radio in Fall 2011. Since then, she has developed 20 additional themed Game-Changers radio series for SAP. On each episode, Bonnie moderates a panel of thought leaders, practitioners, journalists and / or educators from across the business spectrum and the globe, to share timely technology and strategy insights for businesses of all sizes, industries, geographies, and maturities. Bonnie is on the SAP Editorial Experience / News Services team. Follow her programs on Twitter #SAPRadio.
Gain exclusive insights from some of today's most respected business thought leaders.See all guest speakers and bios


text:
Areas in Ha Long Bay:
Top 10 Most Read
- How to get from Bangkok to Siem Reap
- Bangkok Southern Bus Terminal
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- Bangkok Northern Bus Terminal
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- Koh Samui Immigration Office
- How to get from Siem Reap to Bangkok
Ha Long Bay
Ha Long Bay is an amazing area of natural beauty in the North Western part of Vietnam. The core area of the bay has 775 Islands which are mostly made out of limestone. Since 1994 Ha Long Bay is listed as a UNESCO world heritage site and in 2012 the New 7 Wonders Foundation included Ha Long Bay as one of the new seven natural wonders of the world.
(Typical limestone formations inside Ha Long Bay)
Inside Ha Long Bay you will find many caves and islands with viewpoints. Probably one of the most popular islands to visit in Ha long Bay is Titop Island from where you have an amazing view of the surrounding Islands in the bay. One of the most popular and largest caves in Ha long Bay is the Sung Sot Cave.
(View of the bay from the Sung Sot Cave)
A nice way to explore Ha Long Bay is by cruise, there are many day trips that visit Ha Long Bay, but to really get a feeling of the beauty of the bay it might be a nice idea to spend a night or two on board of a two day or three day cruise. Many tour companies such as Alova Cruises offer trips from Hanoi to Ha Long Bay that include overnight stay in the bay.
Ha Long City
Ha Long City is the main entry point to Ha Long Bay. There are many hotels here that mainly cater Vietnamese tourists.
Articles for Ha Long BayHa Long City
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The majority of the world's Christians now live outside Europe and North America, and global Christianity is becoming increasingly diverse. Interest in the history and theology of churches in non-Western contexts is growing rapidly as 'old world' churches face this new reality. This book focuses on how Asian Christian theologies have been shaped by the interaction of Christian communities with the societies around them and how they relate to the specific historical contexts from which they have emerged. The distinctiveness of Asian Christianity is shown to be the outcome of dealing with various historical challenges. Questions addressed include: * How does Asian Christianity relate to local socio-cultural, religious and political environments? * What is distinctive about the historical development of Asian theologies? * How have Asian theologies contributed to contemporary theological discussions within world Christianity?
Item Description...
Buy Christian Theology in Asia by Sebastian C. H. Kim from our Christian Books store - isbn: 9780521681834 & 0521681839
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text:
The original winner of the Lifetime Double Shot Basketball Arcade Game Giveaway never emailed me.
Guess what that means?
Yep! I get to pick a new winner!
Let's see which number random.org pulls this time:
That means our new winner is…….
You know the drill. You've got 48 hours to contact me and claim your prize. Email your information (name, address, phone number) to angie {at} 5vinezmonkeys {dot} com by 10:45am EST on Friday.
Congratulations! I'm sure your husband will love this.
Thanks, again, to all who entered!


text:
How do we know Rainsford is an exceptionally fit man in "The Most Dangerous Game"?
- print Print
- list Cite
After falling off the yacht, Rainsford shows his athleticism by surviving the fall and the long swim past the treacherous rocks to Ship-Trap Island. He began to doubt whether he could make it.
For a seemingly endless time he fought the sea. He began to count his strokes; he could do possibly a hundred more...
But when shots rang out in the distance, Rainsford renewed his efforts.
He was almost on the rocks before he saw them; on a night less calm he would have been shattered against them. With his remaining strength he dragged himself from the swirling waters. Jagged crags appeared to jut up into the opaqueness; he forced himself upward, hand over hand. Gasping, his hands raw, he reached a flat place at the top.
After a comfortable night in General Zaroff's home, Rainsford was forced to be the prey for the Russian's special game, and Rainsford was used all of his physical reserves to survive his two nights on the run. He began by moving quickly, then executed "intricate loops" to double his trail. He crawled when he needed and got no sleep the first night. The next day he climbed trees, set traps and survived a brush with the quicksand in the Death Swamp. Realizing he could not evade Zaroff's relentless pursuit, Rainsford chose to dive from the cliff and take his chances with the rocks below. Another long swim returned him to Zaroff's chateau, where he waited in Zaroff's bedroom. And then it was off for another round of hunting--this time with Zaroff as the prey. Rainsford's physical prowess no doubt contributed to his being the winner of the second hunt, and he was finally able to enjoy a comfortable sleep in Zaroff's own bed.


text:
Lafayette Office
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Fax 337-237-7246
Houston Office
1160 Dairy Ashford
Suite 310
Houston, TX 77079
Fax 281-445-1362
Contact Foster Marketing
We've recently been informed that the http://fostermarketing.com website has been listed in the contact information of some unsolicited "we are interested in buying your products" emails. These are not from us. Foster Marketing is a full-service marketing communications firm and does not send solicitation emails to buy products. After further investigation, the address and contact numbers listed in the email are actually another company – also not the sender of these emails. We just wanted you to know that these emails are in no way connected to your friends at Foster Marketing.


text:
A fox lies peacefully sleeping in a bed of winter greenery.
•>– ♥ –<• •>– ♥ –<• •>– ♥ –<•
This is a print of a paper-cutting. It is an original design in the style of the traditional German art form called Scherenschnitte, or "scissor-cuts."
They come singly or in sets of 10 in a kraft window box.
Printed on 100% recycled Speckletone paper in beautiful Portland, Oregon. The paper is a lovely natural oatmeal card stock with darker fibers woven through. Comes with matching envelope.
Speckletone Papers from French Paper Co., were the first-ever recycled sheet with flecks and shives in manufactured in the US. Made with 100% renewable green energy, all French Paper Co Papers meet the mark of responsible forestry.
Item#: PGC004


text:
Dead Synchronicity: TCT v2.0 Full – Android fantastical new adventure game with Data
full version and bought $ 4.99 worth to you!
tested by performing a full offline
Dead Synchronicity: Tomorrow Comes Today or simply Dead Synchronicity: TCT fantastic adventure game for Android is designed and built by Fictiorama Studios and was released a long time ago by the company Daedalic Entertainment for PC and control the clock to release Android version with $ 4.99 at Google Play. We decided, as always, take the initiative and it introduced for the first time and release 100% tested and safe to put it in your possession! Big wave and solutions are the only words that surrounded his mind.
Tomorrow Comes Today is the first episode of the series Dead Synchronicity episodic game where you have to face the reality of death to Michael for help! Face ruthless world who are sick and disappeared! No past, no present and no future, no longer exists! So it is better to rush out before losing your time! Terrible epidemic that threatens the lives of all human beings in the face with it, will be led to the death! The root of the disease seems to be a big wave is inexplicable chain of disasters that all energy resources and communications destroyed and plunged the world into chaos! Features point and click, expressionist style 2D graphics, music and gameplay Kovalski group made ear classic adventure with a fascinating theme just some of the unique features of the game is!
Some of the features Game Dead Synchronicity: TCT Android:
Two-dimensional games with unique visuals and expressionistic style
Fantastic soundtrack of Indie-Rockband Kovalski
HD graphics with excellent and unique touch controls
Unique design with very great and wonderful world!
Free Download Link
Dead Synchronicity: TCT v2.0 Apk
Dead Synchronicity: TCT v2.0 Data
Instructions to install and run the game Dead Synchronicity: TCT:
– First, download the installation file and install it.
– Data files get it from decompress. De.daedalic folder . Deadsynchronicity.android in the Android / obb internal memory copy.
– Finally, run the game.
Play Dead Synchronicity: TCT in Google published a few hours and still no one has been purchased and we are in SOFDL for the first time you've put it, and if you download and install the first global users This fantastic game experience you get! You can view the first screenshots and trailer of the game if you want get it for free.
Changes in version v2.0:
* The first release of Google.


text:
It is the policy of London's Underground, commonly known as "the tube," to not accept advertising which, in the words of it supervisory authority, Transport for London, "may cause widespread or serious offence'." By judging posters for the West End transfer of Joshua Harmon's Bad Jews as potentially doing so, and therefore banning them, TfL may well be giving greater widespread offense for its oversensitivity, even if it comes from a place of genuine concern, which now rises to the level of censorship.
I don't want to discount disturbing reports of rising anti-Semitism in Europe, but this poster won't feed that trend. A Jewish playwright and a Jewish producer shouldn't be prevented from their promoting their work because of fears of how some might misinterpret its name.
True, there is no governing body preventing the production of the play itself, and numerous other outlets – all presumably with a set of advertising standards – haven't apparently taken issue with the ads. But in cutting off the miles of pedestrian tunnels used by countless shows to reach both natives and tourists alike, TfL has put a dent in what, by my own observations when visiting London, is a foundational part of a great deal of theatre marketing.
Had the poster been a stark white sheet with nothing but the words "Bad Jews" in big block letters and a tiny print phone number and web address, one might possibly mistake it as a political statement. If the play title were "Jews Are Bad," you might at least be able the comprehend the protective concern. But the Bad Jews poster, with its rash of review quotes, billing of actors and creative team and clear identification as a theatrical production, can hardly be mistaken for anti-Semitic propaganda. It is, unquestionably, a show poster.
Presumably, this has not occurred because representatives of TfL have seen the play and decided that it's 'not good for the Jews.' If that were their criteria, then presumably they have also banned posters for the current London run of The Ruling Class, a pitch dark satire whose targets include the Church of England and whose central character is a nobleman who believes he's Jesus.
Let's remember that the authority which has banished Bad Jews from The Tube is the same one that saw no problem with (strikingly clever, IMHO) ads for the English National Opera's Don Giovanni in 2012, the ones which showed an open condom wrapper and offered the slogan (in big block capital red letters) "Don Giovanni. Coming Soon." Surely the parents of some small children, asked to explain this image, may have felt offense. (I saw a modified version of the poster that read "Opening Soon.") Perhaps, like so many censorious authorities before them, TfL misses innuendo until it's pointed out to them, but sees offense in the straightforward. And, like so many censors, it makes arbitrary decisions that it can't justify.
Of course, this is also the same authority that blurred out the face of Prince Charles on posters for the play King Charles III, again to avoid causing offense. I have little doubt that the Don Giovanni campaign was designed to be provocative, and generate buzz around the production, but it was consistent with the efforts of so many opera companies to attract younger audiences by marketing their work in a manner that blows the dust off of perceptions of the art form. In the case of King Charles III, the image was arresting, but probably tamer than many an editorial cartoon about the monarchy. I know many British people have great affection for the Royal Family, but was the original poster really offensive to anyone beyond the family, who as public figures have been subjected to worse (such as the puppets of Spitting Image) and who I imagine don't spend any time in the tube? The British government may have abolished the censorship authority of their Lord Chamberlain in 1968, but perhaps former staffers or acolytes of that role have holed up in the Underground.
Like so much public censorship, the decision on Bad Jews has produced a round of ridicule in the British press, which also brings with it untold free marketing for the show. Transit for London may have kept the words "Bad Jews" off of its walls, but it has placed the show on the lips of people everywhere, and if that prompts even more people to see that very provocative, probing play about Jewish identity among millennials in America, one is almost tempted to thank them. Save for the genuine worry about what TfL, in their seemingly absolute authority, might seek to censor next.
Howard Sherman is Director of the Arts Integrity Initiative at the New School for Drama.