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Fall 2014
Tu-Th 12:30 - 1:15 pm
1024 Lincoln Hall
office: 251 English Building
office phone: (217) 305-0067
office hours: Tu & Th 2:00 - 3:00 and by appointment
Laws are made of language, and so in this class we will consider both how legal texts make meaning, and how we, and the courts, interpret that meaning. The law depends on our common understanding of language to frame and interpret everything from statutes and contracts to witness statements and judicial rulings. The law assigns meaning to language as well, sorting out ambiguity and resolving opposing readings of the same text. For example, in Washington, DC, v. Heller, nine highly-educated Supreme Court justices came to two completely opposite interpretations of the Second Amendment (the one about the right to bear arms).
We will also consider language as the object of the law: how governments, schools, and businesses create policies that privilege, protect, or restrict the use of language by citizens, students, employees, and consumers. We'll look at First Amendment cases from the Alien and Sedition Acts to George Carlin's "7 Dirty Words You Can't Say on TV" revisited in the recent Supreme Court decision on the right to lie, to picket military funerals, ), to the USA Patriot Act. We'll look at language as property and issues of language in the workplace. And we'll look at attempts to designate English as an official language at the federal, state, and local levels, as well as official language policies in schools and workplaces, together with various efforts to restrict or protect the rights of minority-language and minority-dialect speakers.
Readings — all are available online — include legislation, court cases, and analyses of various language and law issues. Students will write four short essays.
Moot Court: Students will sign up for one of four Moot Court events: on privacy, free speech, language rights, and official language legislation. A group of students will argue each side, with the rest of the class serving as judges who may ask questions during the presentation and then render a verdict. Following each moot court, all students will submit a short essay (900-1300 words) arguing their position, answering objections raised by the other side, or explaining their verdict in the case.
Grading: Moot Court presentation: 15%; essay 1: 15%; essays 2, 3, and 4, 20% each; class participation, 10% (simply showing up is not class participation; you must actually participate to earn participation credit).
And speaking of showing up, your attendance is essential -- you can't participate if you don't attend class -- and students with more than 2 unexcused absences risk a lowered grade.
Week 1 Introducing language and law
Tues Aug 26 The many forms of language and the law
Laws telling us what we can't say:
SLAPP lawsuit over Yelp! review
Illinois anti-SLAPP law
Suburban Express lawsuits reappear in Cook County
Call center worker fired for cursing
But it's a free country, I can say anything I want:
Sixteen people fired for inappropriate tweets
Facebook and Twitter users more likely to self-censor after Snowden revelations
French town bans mademoiselle
Think there's no "undo" on the internet? In Europe you have the right to be forgotten:
Determining what words mean:
In US v. Windsor, the Supreme Court changed the definition of 'marriage'
How Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, 11th ed., defines 'marriage'
How federal law defined 'marriage' before US v. Windsor (2013)
Making language official:
How would you vote?
I have heard that [soon after the American Revolution] the decision for English as the official language of the US was reached with a very close majority, the alternative being German. Could you please tell me if this is true, when and where the decision took place and what the vote was.
Hannes Vogler, Vienna Austria
The legendary English-only vote of 1795, or was it 1776?.
Bill seeks to make English official language of Wisconsin
Breaking now: Canadian Foreign Minister investigated by language police--he tweets too much English
The mythical importance of a comma:
In Alliant v. Rogers Communication, a comma might have made all the difference...
... except that Rogers won on appeal
Thurs Aug 28 A recent issue involving language and the law: the 2009 presidential oaths of office.
When is language binding?
Four Weddings and a Funeral: When is language binding?
Video of the third oath, the official oath beginning Obama's second term (Jan. 20, 2013)
Video of the fourth oath, the ceremonial one taken at the Capitol on Jan. 21, 2013. The president, swearing on two Bibles,
stumbles on the word "States," but he does recover and say it, and besides, he took the official oath the day before:
Week 2
Tues Sep 2 Should dictionaries be illegal?
Attorneys and judges regularly turn to dictionaries like Webster's Third, the OED, or the American Heritage Dictionary to find out what the law means. Is that wise? Dictionaries aren't created with the courts in mind (except of course for legal dictionaries, like Black's Law Dictionary), and both legal scholars and lexicographers are voicing their concerns about using dictionaries as proof in court.
In U.S. v. Costello (11-2917, 2012), Judge Richard Posner, of the US 7th Circuit Court of Appeals, argues that dictionaries are museums of words, and so it is unwise to use them when interpreting the law. Costello was convicted of the felony of harboring an illegal alien. The government argued that she "harbored" her live-in boyfriend, a convicted Mexican drug dealer who had already been deported once and who returned to this country illegally and was convicted of yet another drug offense. Reversing Costello's conviction for harboring, Posner finds the government's definition of harbor to be far-fetched when applied to a live-in boyfriend. He rejects the two dictionary definitions that the government relied on and cites his own Google search of the word harbor to demonstrate that dictionaries don't really tell the full story when it comes to what words mean.
Read: Baron, "Dictionaries and the Law"
Additional reading:
Read U.S. v. Costello
Dictionary slides
Thurs Sep 4 Case study: How the law makes meaning
District of Columbia v. Heller, deciding the meaning of the Second Amendment (the one about guns)
Early printed version of what would become the Second Amendment
Connecticut Gazette, Sept. 4, 1789, p. 2
Read: Baron, "Guns and Grammar: Linguistic authority and legal interpretation in District of Columbia, v. Heller."
Guns and grammar slide show
Annotated Second Amendment
Additional reading:
The Heller Decision
Understanding the Second Amendment
Garry Wills: To Keep and Bear Arms
The Linguists' Brief
Week 3
Tues Sep 9 The right to privacy. When Constitutional meaning is implied, not expressed.
Nowhere does the word privacy appear in the Constitution or in its amendments, and yet the Supreme Court now recognizes a constitutional right to privacy. Privacy concerns first come to light in the United States a century after the adoption of the Constiution, in a classic 1890 essay in the Harvard Law Review warning that the latest technological advances of newspapers and photography could invade and destroy traditional notions of privacy, or the "right to be let alone." Although privacy is now a well-entrenched legal concept, today's technologies force us to re-examine the right to privacy once again.
Read: Baron, "The right to be let alone: The rise of communication privacy"
Privacy Moot Court assigned: Does the government have the right to warrantless searches of your cell phone data held by third-party carriers?
Questions about "the right to privacy" to consider as you read:
- Warren and Brandeis are reacting to the potential for photography and the press to impact the privacy of private individuals (public figures are subject to different privacy rules). How do changes in technology continually redefine the boundaries between the private and the public?
- In what way can you apply Warren and Brandeis to the age of the internet and the cell phone video?
- Warren and Brandeis argue that the right to privacy disappears upon publication. How does that stand up in the context of email, Facebook, Twitter, and other sorts of online activity, where one has -- at times -- the ability to limit who may read/view/listen to a post? Are privacy controls illusory? Is that what Mark Zuckerberg and others mean when they claim that modern technology has rendered privacy dead?
Supplementary reading:
Warren and Brandeis, "The right to privacy"
Resource page: Right to privacy
Right to privacy slides
Restatement of torts on the rights of privacy and publicity
Thurs Sep 11 Redefining privacy in the electronic age
Today, technological advances far outstrip anything that Warren and Brandeis imagined in terms of challenges to our privacy. There seems to be no stopping the internet invasion of privacy, and no end of internet discussion about the meaning--if any--of privacy in a digital world.
Read: Baron, "The new panopticon: The right to privacy in the digital age"
The European Union is on track to pass a new data protection law, which would give everyone the right to delete online information about them that is inaccurate, out of date, or prejudicial:
The new panopticon slides
Left: Privacy at Oxford--in the UK, CCTV is everywhere
Week 4
Tues Sep 16 Oyez, oyez, oyez. Privacy Moot Court today.
Thurs Sep 18 It's a free country: the First Amendment and the abridgement of speech
The First Amendment: what it says and what it doesn't say
Slides: The First Amendment in Wartime
Schenck v. United States, 249 U.S. 47, 39 S.Ct. 247, 63 L.Ed.2d. (1919)
The leaflet that Schenck printed and distributed
The leaflets (English and Yiddish) that Jacob Abrams printed and distributed
The "clear and present danger" doctrine was updated in Brandenburg v. Ohio, 395 U.S. 444, 89 S.Ct. 1827, 23 L.Ed.2d. 430 (1969)
In Cohen v. California, 1971, the Supreme Court ruled that obscenity could sometimes count as protected political speech.
Discussion questions: when are national security and public safety considerations sufficient to warrant the prior restraint of speech? What sorts of "speech" does the First Amendment cover besides actual language?
Free speech protects the right to express an idea; it doesn't protect the speaker from the consequences of speech.
Where the First Amendment stops: Student arrested for falsely shouting bingo in a crowded bingo hall, and causing a riot
- the First Amendment
- the Alien and Sedition Acts
- Summary of key First Amendment cases
- The USA Patriot Act of 2001 A defense against the dark arts, or just picking up where the Alien and Sedition Acts left off?
- National Security Letter ruled in violation of 1st and 4th amendments, Doe v. Ashcroft 334 F. Supp. 2d 471(2002)
Week 5 The First Amendment in the schools
Tues Sep 23 Three cases involving student speech
Read: Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District, 393 U.S. 503, 89 S.Ct. 733, 21 L.Ed.2d. 731 (1969) In this seminal case considering the First Amendment rights of students who were expelled for wearing black armbands to school ito protest the Vietnam War.
Morse v. Frederick 127 S.Ct. 2618 (2007). Referred to as the "Bong hits for Jesus" case. Can the school ban student speech off school premises when that speech advocates drug use?
Then there's the recent local case in the US 7th Circuit, which we can call the T-shirts of Naperville:
Zamecnik v. Indian River School District Whether a school can prohibit T-shirts with an anti-gay message.
Schools and prisons: To Sir, or Ma'am, with love
Slides: The First Amendment and Student Speech
First Amendment Moot Court assigned. Question: Does the War on Terror justify an abridgment of the First Amendment?
Thurs Sep 25 -- ROSH HASHANAH -- no class today
Week 6
Tues Sep 30 Unprotected speech: The First Amendment and obscenity
Decency Squabble: The Senate Debates Lady Chatterley's Lover in 1930
Roth v. United States 354 U.S. 476 (1957) The constitutional standard for judging obscenity is whether, to the average person, applying contemporary community standards, the dominant theme of the material, taken as a whole, appeals to prurient interest.
A Book Named "John Cleland's Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure" v. Attorney General of Com. of Mass, 383 U.S. 413 (1966) (obscenity defined as something "utterly without redeeming social value").
Miller v. California, 413 U.S. 15, 93 S.Ct. 2607, 37 L.Ed.2d. 419 (1973)
A three-part definition of obscenity. First, the average person, applying contemporary community standards, must find that the work, taken as a whole, appeals to prurient interests; second, that it depicts or describes, in a patently offensive way, sexual conduct as defined by state law; and third, that the work, taken as a whole, lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value. The Court ruled that local rather than national community standards and state statutes that describe sexual depictions to be suppressed could be used to prosecute Miller, who operated one of the largest West Coast mail order businesses dealing in sexually explicit materials.
Slides: The First Amendment and obscenity
Thurs Oct 2 Broadcasting (or tweeting) bad language
FCC V. Pacifica Foundation, 438 U.S. 726 (1978)--George Carlin's Seven dirty words you can't say on TV
Held: That Section 326 of the Telecommunications Act, which prohibits the FCC from censoring broadcasts over radio or television, does not limit the FCC's authority to sanction radio or television stations broadcasting material that is obscene, indecent, or profane.
Questions to consider: The Telecommunications Act covers radio and television broadcasts, but it does not cover cable or satellite transmission, both newer technologies than over-the-air transmission. The air waves are federally licensed, on the assumption that the federal government controls the airwaves and the FCC distributes broadcast channels, while cable and satellite broadcasting use private means of transmission. Is Pacifica rendered moot by the prevalence of new radio and TV technology? No one questions the need to protect children from inadvertently accessing inappropriate programming, but where does the responsibility for such protection lie? What about internet censorship, or rules covering inappropriate cell phone messaging?
Is the alternative to FCC oversight industry self-regulation? The Hays Code
British law takes a different view of free speech. In Britain it is illegal to send electronic messages that are indecent, obscene, menacing, or false (sec. 127 of the Communications Act of 2003). The European Convention on Human Rights considers free speech as a balance of rights and responsibilities: ECHR 10 (2) has been used in England to supplement the Communications Act in order to prosecute racist electronic messages.
Week 7
Tues Oct 7 The First Amendment and the right to publish: The Pentagon Papers, WikiLeaks, and Edward Snowden
Slides: The First Amendment and the Press
New York Times Company v. United States, 403 U.S. 713, 91 S.Ct. 2140, 29 L.Ed.2d. 822 (1971)
In the "Pentagon Papers" case, the U.S. government attempted to enjoin the New York Times and the Washington Post from publishing classified documents concerning the Vietnam War. Applying the doctrine of prior restraint from Near v. Minnesota, the Court found that the government's claims that publication of the documents would interfere with foreign policy and prolong the war were too speculative, and could not overcome the strong presumption against prior restraint.
The current version of the Espionage Act
Responses to WikiLeaks:
- Don't Look, Don't Read: Government employees told not to read the leaked material
- OMB email telling government employees to avert their eyes
- U.S. Government subpoenas Twitter accounts of WikiLeaks-- New York Times
- Salon column on the Twitter subpoenas
- Link to a copy of the subpoena (Salon site) -- the subpoena was initially sealed, but it was later unsealed at Twitter's request so that it could notify affected subscribers and allow them to file a protest.
- British government proposes ban on speakers who advocate overthrowing democracy
Thurs Oct 9 Oyez, oyez, oyez. First Amendment Moot Court.
Week 8 Official English from the Schoolhouse to the White House.
Tues Oct 14
Official English from the Schoolhouse to the White House
The English Language Unity Act of 2013
Illinois language laws
Questions: Supporters of offical English, many of them conservative or even libertarian in their social and economic philosophy, often argue that the government should mandate English because it is the glue that holds a diverse nation together. But sharing a common language didn't keep North and South Korea together, or India and Pakistan, or Ireland and Northern Ireland. Nor did it keep the United States from breaking with England in 1776, or from rupturing into the Union and the Confederacy in 1861. To what extent should government mandate or protect languages? How should language laws be structured?
Languages in the classroom other than English have often proved controversial. In the mid-19th century, the Illinois Supreme Court affirmed the right of foreign language teachers to use that language to teach that language. That seems like a no-brainer, but some parents actually went to court to protest the practice! Today bilingual education is proving controversial, and some states have begun banning it (California took the lead in this). How have the schools dealt the non-English-speaking students, or those with limited English? How should the issue be handled? Why is it so controversial? What's the role of courts in ensuring the right to an education?
Official English slides
- Meyer v. Nebraska (1923) The Supreme Court rules on a Nebraska law forbidding the teaching of foreign languages to students below the eighth grade.
- Lau v. Nichols (1974) The Supreme Court rules that language discrimination is a form of national origin discrimination in violation of the 14th amendment, and that schools must take positive steps to deal with nonanglophone students
Thurs Oct 16 Minority dialects and Standard English: Discrimination by speakers of English against speakers of English
Baron: "Ebonics and the politics of English"
- Martin Luther King, Jr., Elementary School Children v. Ann Arbor School District Board 1979 A Federal District Court rules that a minority dialect can constitute a language barrier, and that the school must take action to eliminate that barrier.
- Richard W. Bailey, "Litigation and Literacy: The Black English Case."
Ebonics slides
Questions: Why do we teach English to speakers of English? Does the privileging of one particular variety of English in the schools create or reinforce racial, ethnic, and class distinctions and inequalities, or does it ensure proper education in correct speech and writing? Given that all languages have dialects or varieties that may differ from the standard, what is the role of the school in reinforcing or eradicating such varieties? To what extent is this a legal as well as an educational issue? Is there a constitutional right to education? to literacy? Most language-related lawsuits are brought under the Fourteenth Amendment and/or the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which bans national origin discrimination (language discrimination has been ruled by the courts to be a form of national origin discrimination). We will come up against similar questions when we consider lamguage regulation and discrimination by employers.
Week 9
Tues Oct 21 Defense of English Moot Court. (Essay on official English due in one week)
Thurs Oct 23 Language as property: Trademark and the ownership of words and phrases
Apple has applied for a trademark on the phrase "APP STORE." The application is opposed by Microsoft, which argues that the term is generic.
- Apple's original application for a registered TM for "APP STORE" click "document retrieval" link once you get to the site.
- Ben Zimmer, "The Great Language Land Grab" a linguist with no stake in the case comments on the struggle over the phrase, app store.
While language belongs to all its speakers, communally, there are also cases where language counts as private property. Why is it beneficial for a business to own the names of its products? If you're in business, you probably want your product's name on everybody's lips. But you don't want that name to become generic, because then you lose the property right to control that name and the ability to prevent competitors from using it. That could cost your business money. Products that once were trade names but became generic include zipper, aspirin, linoleum, and shredded wheat. Trademarks in danger of becoming generic include xerox, google, band-aid, and kleenex. The app store case shows major corporations wrangling over the rights to a phrase consisting of two common English words. Evaluate the case of Apple and of Microsoft. If you were the judge, how would you rule?
Week 10 Owning the language
Tues Oct 28 Plagiarism, intellectual property rights, and owning your own words
- Slides on trademark and copyright
- Stuart P. Green, "Plagiarism, Norms, and the Limits of Theft Law."
- Harvard Law blog post on plagiarism detection services and the law of copyright
Questions to consider: Do you own what you write? What's the difference between borrowing someone's words (homage) and stealing them (plagiarism)? Does copyright provide a financial incentive for creativity, or is it an obstacle to the free use of common property? All these questions have additional ramifications in the digital age, when downloading, remixing, and reposting are mainstream activities. Do we need to re-evaluate the notion of intellectual property (IP) to take the internet into account? Intellectual property is a modern concept, and a western one. Not all cultures agree that copyright violation is criminal. Even Americans who have grown up with ™ and ©, download songs or videos or cut and paste text or rip graphics from the interwebs without a second thought.
Thurs Oct 30 Copyright and copy wrongs
- Lewis Hyde on copyright: Defending the Cultural Commons
- The Webster Dictionary cases
- McDonald's tells Webster, "Take this McJob and shove it"
- Copyright case study Read the linked pdf about Stern v. Does, concerning the copyright status of an email, and develop an argument supporting or overturning Judge Gee's opinion that the email in question does not meet the minimum requirements of a copyrightable work.
Week 11
Tues Nov 4 Language as property, concluded
The internet and the notion of "owning" words
Discussion: In light of the range of attitudes toward plagiarism, software piracy, music downloading, and ripping material from the internet, does intellectual property merit the same kinds of legal protection as personal property? If so, how can we draft reasonable laws and codes of behavior? If not, how can we encourage continued creativity if anyone can steal, and claim credit for, your ideas and creations?
Thurs Nov 6 Employee privacy and employer eavesdropping on telephone and digital communication
- Employee monitoring: summary of rights and practices
- Miriam Schulman, "Little Brother Is Watching You."
- American Management Assn 2007 employee monitoring survey -- press release
- Workplace privacy rights summary
- National Labor Relations Board defends employees rights on social network sites
- Should social media activity cost you your job?
Week 12
Tues Nov 11 Language in the workplace: Employee language rights
When can employers tell you what language to use at work?
- EEOC Facts about National Origin Discrimination
- Salvation Army fires 2 workers for inadequate English
- Republicans want EEOC to speak only English
- Not just freedom fries at this English-only drive-in?
- Andrew J. Robinson, "Language, national origin, and employment discrimination
- Driving while Spanish nets trucker $500 fine
- Are laws requiring English signs discriminatory?
Just as we saw bilingual education posing a problem, bilingual and non-English-speaking employees often run afoul of employer-mandated language rules. The EEOC is the federal agency charged with ridding the business world of discriminatory language practice, but not everyone in Congress supports the Commission's efforts to protect workers.
Language discrimination slides
Thurs Nov 13 Corporate Free Speech
Some recent First Amendment decisions:
- Snyder v. Phelps Hate speech at a funeral.
- Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association Whether a state can prohibit sales of violent video games to minors.
- Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission: Whether a corporation can enjoy First Amendment speech protections.
Questions: In these decisions the Court continues to affirm protection for unpopular and distasteful speech. What are the pros and cons of arguing that the best way to defeat or blunt the impact of such speech is to shine the light of day on it, subject it to discussion in the marketplace of ideas? What happens if, in that give-and-take of public debate, a bad idea actually takes hold? (There are many instances in history where this has happened.)
Week 13
Tues Nov 18 Forensic linguistics
Forensic linguistic slides
Thurs Nov 20 Reading Miranda
Ernesto Miranda
- You have the right to remain silent: variants on the Miranda warning
- Miranda v. Arizona -- this is where it all began.
- Salinas v. Texas, U.S. Supreme Court, No. 12-246--Question at issue: Whether silence during voluntary questioning before arrest can be used as evidence of guilt at trial. Oral arguments were Weds., April 17. Link to transcripts when available.
- SCOTUSBlog analysis of Salinas
- 2010 Department of Justice Memo about public safety exception to Miranda
Miranda slides
Nov 21 - 30 Fall Break
Week 14
Tues Dec 2
Language and the law around the world
- The Estonian Language Law
- Charter of the French Language (Bill 101): English version
- European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
- India's Department of Official Language
- Tiersma: Language rights, bilingualism, and official English
International language law slides
Thurs Dec 4 Final Moot Court on whistleblowers
Week 15
Tues Dec 9 Closing arguments:
Post on Facebook, go directly to jail
Banning illegalsThe short url for this website is http://go.illinois.edu/baron380


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Analysis of the European economic crisis and its impact to the New Zealand based Marino wool Export Industry.
Executive Summary
This analytical report analyzes the background of European financial crisis and causes impact to the ongoing economic crisis. According to the analysis this terrible situation arises due to amalgamation of numerous complex factors. Reasons caused for this continuing financial crisis varied by country to country in the euro zone. In numerous countries, private debts arising from a property bubble caused to government to transfer sovereign debt to the banking system to avoid the bailouts of banking system. In a summery, crushing level of government debt in some countries, problems in the banking sector and the slow growth in Europe are the three separate but interconnected reasons for the European sovereign debt crisis. Further in this report discussed some of the measures had taken by European Union authorities to manage the economic crises. Mainly Greece, Portugal, Italy and Spain European member countries effected from the financial crisis. PESTEL analysis used to analyze the current business and economical environment of the European union and it has covered the major political, economical, social, technological, environmental, legal factors within the euro zone and identified the main risk factors which have higher impact on New Zealand based Marino wool exporting industry. Based on the detailed analysis of condition of the economic and financial environment in European region observed the potential risk factors which are impact to the New Zealand based Merino wool exporters and gave the best possible suggestions to overcome the identified potential risk.
01.Background of the Crisis in European Union.
The economic crisis in European Union cause dramatic problems to the European Union countries and due to this financial crisis most of the countries in European Union could not able to repay their government debt without the assistance of any other country or a third party. This terrible situation arises due to amalgamation of numerous complex factors. This sovereign debt crisis rose among investors as a consequence of the increasing private and government debt levels around the world together with a sign of decreasing of government debt in some European states. Reasons caused for this continuing financial crisis varied by country to country in the euro zone. In numerous countries, private debts arising from a property bubble caused to government to transfer sovereign debt to the banking system to avoid the bailouts of banking system. (the guardian, 2012) Apart from the above globalization of finance, easy credit conditions during the period of 2002 to 2008 that encouraged high-risk lending and borrowing practices, global financial crisis during the period of 2007 to 2012, international trade imbalance, global recession during the period of 2008 to 2012 and fiscal policy choices related to government revenues and expenses mainly affected to the economic crisis in Europe Zone countries. (Wikipedia, 2012) 02.Major Causes for the crisis in Euro Zone
Increasing household and government debt levels
According to the Maastricht Treaty (convergence criteria) government between the European Union agreed to fiscal requirement which is government debt should not exceed 60 percent of the country's Gross Domestic Product and the budgeted amount to no more than 3 percent of GDP. This agreement had broken almost immediately by the member countries including France and Germany. In 2007 the average fiscal deficit in the euro area was only 0.6% and it reached to 7% during the financial crisis. In the same time the average government debt had increased from 66% to 84% of GDP. (Wikipedia, 2012) Extraordinary increment of household debt levels were another major cause to the financial crisis. According to the statistics of IMF during the five years preceding 2007 the ratio of...


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First published by Simon Pulse in 2008 (this edition by Simon Pulse in 2009)
Description (from Goodreads)
Once upon a time, my name was not Alice.
Once upon a time, I didn't know how lucky I was.
Now Alice is fifteen and Ray still has her, but he speaks more and more of her death. He does not know it is what she longs for. She does not know he has something more terrifying than death in mind for her.
This is Alice's story. It is one you have never heard, and one you will never, ever forget.
My thoughts
Just by reading the blurb, you can tell that this book does not deal with a light subject. As is pretty obvious, the main character in this book is called Alice. What is special about Alice is the fact that she was taken away by a man called Ray when she was ten. At the time of the narration, Alice is 15 and has been with Ray for five years.
In Living Dead Girl, we get to see the world though the eyes of an actual living dead girl. As Alice may be alive, but she might as well be dead. She just lives every day as it comes, waiting until the nightmare ends. The abuse in the book takes on many forms: psychological, sexual, physical. And, of course, Alice has to put up with it, because that is the only way she will be able to survive and ensure the survival of the ones she loves.
As a character, Ray seriously gave me the heebie-jeebies (if that is how you spell it). He is a very creepy character and you can't think of a reason why he would be doing all that he is doing to Alice. That is, until Elizabeth Scott masterfully adds in those little tidbits of information which lead you to think 'ahhh...'. He is obsessed with youth and weight-watching (not his own) and is rather dictatorial, stopping at nothing to get what he wants. He is mad, but you really must try and see him for what he is: a tormented soul. Not that that should be construed as an excuse.
The book deals with other issues other than straightforward abuse. There is paedophilia, there is rape and there is also murder. All three of them presented just as they are. There is no sugar-coating of these issues and rightly so. But what is even more disturbing than all those three issues put together, is what they can reduce a person to. Seeing as by the time we get to the middle of the story, Alice is fully prepared to help with the recruitment of another girl to take her place and, seemingly, rejoices at it.
Other than the simply wonderful prose, what made this book so easy to read, despite the fact that it deals with horrifying issues, was the fact that it is split into a fair number of rather short chapters, some even consisting of no more than 10 words. This, I believe, allowed the author to veer slightly of subject, even if it were only for a matter of a few sentences, just so she could interject with some piece of information to make the tale even more horrifying and gruesome than it already was.
Living Dead Girl is a book that will creep you out, but it will also make you think. Elizabeth Scott has a truly unique voice and is definitely one of the authors I will be keeping an eye out for.
Rating: 8/10
Elizabeth Scott was born in Virginia in 1972. She has a degree in European Studies and has held a variety of jobs over the years, including being an editor and an office manager. Now, she works full-time as an author of young adult novels, including:


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Hello, and welcome to Pokemon Colosseum: A Fanfic Adaption. I hope there are other fans of the game out there other than myself, because I'll feel really lonely if no one is. Anyway, time for basic background.
Though I will admit that the Pokemon Colosseum was created into a manga adaption, it is very rare and unknown, since it was never collected in a digest. And since I found Colosseum to be an entertaining game, I decided to make my own adaption. But you don't have to be a fan of the game. Anyone can read it. (But I will still feel lonely if I'm the only fan here...)
Pokemon is owned by Nintendo and its appropriate creators. This story is fan-based and therefore has no influence on the actual game or the manga adaption, Pokemon Colosseum Snatcher Leo
Enjoy! And don't forget to review.
Pokémon Colosseum: A Fanfic Adaption
Authored by Kaitou Kouji
Based on the Nintendo Game, Pokémon Colosseum
The sun was setting over the horizon of Orre. Not a good thing, thought the one person who did not wish for the sun to go off to its slumber. She bit her bottom lip. She rubbed her fingers against her thumbs and palms of her hands. Not a good thing at all.
Rui's grandparents had always told her not to travel at night—not in Orre. And worst of all, Pyrite Town. Pyrite Town's reputation was spotty, at best, known for its thugs and rampant Pokémon battles. For Rui, traveling here, without a companion, was very similar to suicide.
Her outfit didn't help much either: a purple shirt with a revealed navel, jean shorts and jean jacket. Her red hair, tied in pigtails, practically served as a flare. Why did she have to be born with red hair? Why not brown or black? She wouldn't mind blonde if it meant keeping out of sight.
Perhaps I should return to Phenac City, she thought. There she wouldn't worry as much. But it was far. And the transportation there had stopped just the same as it did to Agate Village. Her best bet now would be to find a hotel.
"Hey, gorgeous," said a voice. Her thoughts were broken by it.
Rui turned. Next to her was one of the people she was hoping not to run into. He was a bulky male with a white and red muscle shirt and sweat shorts. His brown hair grew back to his shoulders.
"Uh…hi…" she stammered.
"So, gorgeous, how about you and me take a night on the town? Come on, I'll make it worth your while."
Rui didn't even want to know what he meant. She looked about for something or someone that could possibly help her. Without much of an option, she pointed to the sky and said, "Look! A flying saucer!"
The man turned his head quickly. He gazed about the sky to find nothing. And when he turned back around, Rui was gone. He was completely dumbfounded.
Rui took a shortcut through the alleyways; not much attention that way; but definitely an assortment of obstacles. The guy wasn't following her. She slowed her pace to make sure—nope, no one. She sighed her relief and proceeded treading the corridor between the building walls. Grime covered the walls and litter covered the ground—Pyrite was overdue for sanitation.
She wasn't an expert of the alleyways but Rui was fortunate to find her way out. She realized she had completely crossed the entirety of the city, exiting just outside the large, rundown dome that was Pyrite Colosseum. Boards had either fallen off, were still sticking on for dear life, or just covered in a rusty brown. (They used to be white.)
"Kick his ass!" came a shout from up ahead. A crowd gathered past the bridge over the "Gap of Pyrite"—a narrow, deep canyon with no sight of the bottom. Jeering and shouting and vulgar remarks mixed in the air. What was going on, Rui wondered. She slithered her way through the crowd, ducking random swings of arms and bewaring tripping over feet.
As it would figure, for Pyrite Town, there was a battle. On one end, two males dressed in the typical "thug" attire of the town—one had spiky blonde hair with red streaks and was dressed in a black, sleeveless muscle shirt and baggy pants. His accomplice was dressed in a black baggy shirt, a pair of pants, an orange fleece jacket, and a wool hat on his head. They both wore sunglasses (but Rui was unsure of whether it was to block their eyes from the setting sun).
On the other end was a boy, backed into a corner by the hate and curses of the crowd. Still, his Pokémon stood ready for battle. It was a small, round-bodied ferret with a tan ring on its belly and a striped dark-and-light brown tail. (Sentret, the Scout Pokémon)
"Look at this, Folly!" exclaimed the man in the wool hat. "This kid beat my Spinarak!"
"Well, what do you know, Trudly?" replied Folly. "You're right! I think we've got a powerful kid on our hands."
"Whatever should we do? We can't go home looking like wimps."
There was something mocking in their words. They were show boding, a play set up just for the audience. And this kid wasn't fooled; he was annoyed.
"Will you just send out your next Pokémon?"
"Kids should be patient," said the one named Trudly. "Or they'll get a beating." He threw a Pokeball—a spherical contraption with a red top and white bottom—into the air. It opened on a hinge, allowing a white stream of light to flow from it. The light materialized into a small, chubby, tan creature with black boxing gloves. Its eyes were closed and it smiled. (Makuhita, the Guts Pokémon)
Rui gasped, but it was drowned out by the crowd's noise. Didn't they see it? A strange aura surrounded Trudly's Pokémon. It danced and flicked around like fire; cinders sparked from it. But it was purple—a ghastly purple—one very close to black. If it wasn't some bodiless ethereal attachment, Makuhita would've been literally consumed.
"Sentret, Quick Attack!" ordered the boy. He didn't see it, Rui realized. He wouldn't be attacking so hastily if he did!
Sentret dashed and zigzagged through the people in the crowd, around Trudly, around its trainer, and then charged at Makuhita. The pudgy Pokémon, despite seeing the fur ball coming at it, made no move. It continued smiling and stood there. For a brief second, Rui could've sworn it even opened its eyes very slightly—enough to see a malicious, bloodthirsty glint in them.
It snatched Sentret by the tail. Holding it up, it displayed the Sentret like a prize—a hunter's prize. Trudly grinned, muttering his command, "Vital Throw."
Makuhita giggled; it was somewhat high-pitched and made Rui's hairs stand on end. Like a whip, it lashed the Sentret against the concrete. Sentret yelped. But Makuhita persisted—swinging it back and then smacking it on the ground. The yelping died immediately—blood took its place. Blood drips were on the ground and Sentret was unconscious.
"Stop!" shouted the boy. He ran up to the Makuhita, trying to pry Sentret from its grasp. Makuhita's invisible aura grew. Its color changed slowly to a deep crimson.
"Wait, don't!" she tried to shout. But she couldn't get the words out in time; Makuhita punched the boy in the gut. Then it forcefully threw the kid's Sentret into him, knocking him down and causing him to land on his back. He didn't have time to return the beaten Sentret to its Pokeball before finding Makuhita on top of him. Makuhita landed blows; already there was a crack, probably from the boy's broken nose. His cheeks became bruised instantaneously. His lip swelled. His eyes glazed over.
"Stop! Stop this! Call it back!"
Even the Makuhita stopped that time, watching as Rui dashed to the boy's body and cuddled him in her arms. Blood trickled down his nose and his breathing came out husky. He wasn't conscious anymore.
"Got a problem, miss?" asked Trudly.
"Stop beating up this kid! He already lost the battle! What more do you want?!"
"We were just having a little bit of fun." The crowd agreed, telling Rui to get her "bitchy ass off the streets."
"Fun? The kid's already unconscious! And what kind of Pokémon is that? Why does it have that strange aura?"
Folly and Trudly froze in place. The crowd didn't notice that; they kept shouting at Rui to get away. Time ticked in awkward seconds between Rui and the two men.
"Let's go, Trudly," said Folly.
Trudly nodded, recalled his Makuhita in its Pokeball, and both dashed off.
Pyrite Town's medical ward was a dirty building. Much like the rest of Pyrite, slime and grease manifested on the walls; the bed sheets had holes; and the equipment appeared to be used. Only two rooms, other than the doctor's office and the bathroom, were built into the small edifice. This was the only refuge injured trainers could seek. There wasn't a Pokémon Center, so Pokémon also had to be treated in this dump.
Rui sat next to the brutally-beaten boy's bed. His face was bandaged and his nose placed in a cast. The old medical monitor displayed stable vital signs. But the doctor said a blow to the head from a Makuhita could've meant a severe concussion. The same for the Sentret, which was thrown against the ground.
It was a couple hours past sun-down.
Knock! Knock!
"Miss," said the doctor from the room entrance. He had short, purple hair with one bang zigzagging down a couple inches in front of his face. The glasses he wore were tinted purple. "I'm going to lock up for the night. You may stay with the boy, but he will be transferred to Phenac City Hospital tomorrow morning."
Rui nodded. Tomorrow morning she had to leave to Agate Village anyway.
It was the middle of the night now. Rui exited the bathroom and silently shut the door. Nature had called. Yawning, she proceeded back to the boy's room to return to the chair in which she slept. But a ray of light on the floor caught her eye. She visually followed it, noticing the doctor's office was well-lit and the door ajar. Voices came from the office—the doctor had late-night visitors.
Rui's legs didn't listen to her commands to stop. They walked, slowly, as close to the door as possible. Her face bent forward just to see through the gap into the office. Two men—the same two men from before, with the strange Makuhita—stood there, their backs to where Rui watched.
"She can see it?" came the voice of the doctor. "That girl in the other room?"
"We don't know how," said Folly.
"Miror B said to come to you," followed Trudly. "He said you would know what to do."
Silence followed. The doctor thought.
"It's obvious, isn't it? If that girl can see the black aura, she might tell. We cannot allow suspicions to run amuck, even if nobody believed her. Get rid of her."
"Yes, Doctor Ein!" Folly and Trudly responded.
Rui backed away from the door and then made a turn to run away. Something knocked her down. Her backside throbbed from the impact on the tile floor. And to her horror, she saw that what knocked her down was the same Makuhita from earlier. Its smile was not comforting and it gave her that same bloodthirsty glare she saw before.
"So you're awake."
But before Rui could respond, one blow to the head sent her spiraling into a sea of darkness.
The Outskirt Stand, the "pit stop of the desert". Located in the southeast corner of the Orre region, it was both a small bar and restaurant built within a locomotive engine. Travelers would come in, enjoy a warm meal and cool drink, and listen to the news on the big screen TV or to the jukebox in the corner.
A teenager sat in the back booth of the Outskirt Stand. He wore a buttoned, navy blue trench coat over black slacks. His tan complexion made the white streak that crossed over his nose clearly visible. A pair of metallic goggles covered his eyes and there was a mechanical apparatus donned over his left arm. It was jet black, with red lines curving up its length. It looked almost like a prosthetic arm.
A waitress came up to him, holding a tray with food.
"Here you go, hun," she said. She placed a plate of steak with a glass of iced tea on the table.
He took his goggles off his eyes and strapped them over his forehead, revealing a pair of hazel orbs. He smiled at the waitress, making her blush. She then returned to her position behind the bar. Her friend came over to her and whispered in her ear.
"Who's that boy, Macy? He sure looks cute."
"This is the first time I've seen him. Maybe he's new to Orre."
"Huh, is that so? He does appear foreign……Oh, by the way, did you hear about the explosion in Eclo Canyon earlier?"
"Of course I heard about it. There's been a live broadcast all morning."
The waitress grabbed the remote control. She pressed the power button and when the television flicked on, she turned to the news station, finding a news reporter pictured on the screen. The news reporter was standing in front of a damaged building in the canyons. Flames were spitting from the roof, attempting to survive the downpour of Water Guns from the police officers' Pokémon in the background. Barely anything was left of the building except a charcoal frame.
"Authorities have made a stunning announcement on the mysterious building that exploded in Eclo Canyon. It was Team Snag'em's hideout!" The waitresses gasped. The teenager in the back booth glared at the screen. "Team Snag'em is a gang of Pokémon abductors who have already been marked for arrest. The hideout was discovered only as a result of the explosion. By the time police arrived, the ruined building had already been abandoned. The cause of the explosion is under investigation and should become apparent eventually. Until then, keep a close watch on your most trusted news station."
More film coverage of the building was shown on the television screen, giving the two waitresses time to chat excitedly.
"T-Team Snag'em?!" exclaimed Macy. "Did they actually say they found Team Snag'em's base?!"
"I can't believe it," said the other waitress. "Team Snag'em is the most fearsome criminal organization in Orre. How could their base just explode like that? It's scary. And to think they're still out there!"
Macy looked over to the far booth. The teenager had left—his plate and cup were left empty and he even left the money he owed on the side. "Hey, where did that boy go?" she asked.
If the waitress had looked outside the window, she would see that he was confronted outside the Outskirt Stand by another boy his age. This one had pink hair and the standard cowboy ensemble. They stared each other down.
"So, are you a trainer?" asked the cowboy.
The boy muttered monotonously, "I am. What's it matter to you?"
The cowboy chuckled, taking two Pokeballs from his belt. "My name is Willie, and I too am a Pokémon trainer. Normally I don't battle trainers randomly like this, but I sensed a strong power in you as soon as you entered the restaurant. So what do you say? Care for a battle?"
No reaction came from the boy. He was clearly contemplating the idea before he closed his eyes and let out a chuckle himself.
"Sure, why not?" he replied. He released two Pokémon in front of him. One was a black fox with yellow bands around its ears and tail and yellow rings imprinted on its forehead and legs. (Umbreon, the Moonlight Pokémon) The other was also a fox, but with a more feline appearance. It had clumps of hair near its ears, a skinny, forked tail, and a red jewel embedded in its forehead. (Espeon, the Sun Pokémon)
"Umbreon and Espeon are my choice," he said.
"Fine," said Willie. "Then I choose Zig and Zag!" Willie's two Pokeballs opened to reveal two raccoon-like creatures with zigzagged layers of light and dark brown fur. (Zigzagoon, the Tinyraccoon Pokémon.)
"I introduced myself already. What about you? You got a name?"
The trainer of the Espeon and Umbreon grinned. "Yes. My name…is Wes."
Rui: "Hey, where am I? Why am I bound and gagged like this? Just great, me and my big mouth! I see a strange Pokémon and those goons kidnap me! If anyone can hear me, help me!"
Next time: Wes, the Pokémon Snagger


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A Citrus tree because spring is awakening, revitalizing, and energizing which is everything a citrus tree will do for your home. If you like that top picture as much as I do then you are just a better person. There are a number of websites that sell them online (search for "indoor citrus tree") and they'll come up, although, I think the best way to get them is in person at a local nursery.
A Spring modern jacket or blazer because it's time to put that trenchcoat on hold for the moment. Really! It's a classic, you know it, so you'll wear it next year. Layer that blazer on top of a cardigan and blouse or add an oversize scarf if you´re like me and get cold in a temperature of 70 degrees Fahrenheit.
Espadrilles. Besides signaling days of sand and beach, espadrilles are also very comfy on your feet. They'll be perfect for those flee market strolls.
A flamboyant pair of pants. I don't usually go by what others are wearing or thinking, but if it´s Olivia Palermo then that´s another story. Just by wearing them, you´re already proving your strong personality. People with strong personalities go far in life!
Anything with stripes on it because that's a classic that you never want to put on hold. An umbrella will come in handy for Spring season.
A neon clutch because they're easy to carry and they pop. Don't forget your sunblock!


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Heritage Christmas Sliding Recipe Box
What better gift to give than your treasured family recipes that have been passed down from generation to generation. This unique sliding recipe box is designed to hold those special recipes that will make a perfect Christmas gift sure to be cherished and loved. I designed this project specifically for Pion Design so my TUTORIAL to make this can be found on the Pion Design Blog here. The cover opens to show the box with a numbered list of recipes. Simply pull out the corresponding numbered tab to reveal the recipe! The tabbed recipe cards slide in and out on a shelf system. The project is easy and super fun to make! Click on the images to get a larger, magnified view of the pictures.
The beautiful Christmas papers are from Pion Design's Wintertime in Swedish Lapland collection.
I wish everyone a wonderful holiday season!


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Statute of Dopeness
Truth be told, I can't even recall how long it's been since I've last felt the literary gumption to note down anything of inconsequential substance. In all honesty, things done changed quite a bit in my life since I've last posted. Unbelievable as it may sound, someone outside of their sane mind actually decided to suffer the unfortunate fate of spending the rest of their life with me. I know…I know…like you, I shudder in sympathy for my significantly better half. I mean, let's keeps it real…George Clooney…I ain't. So, needless to say, ish been a bit crazy over the past 6-8 months with the sandstorm of wedding activity that was swirling around in the stratosphere of my life. I spent many an hour many a night diddling around with the most miniscule of wedding details. So, there wasn't really nary a minute for me to devote to blogging down any thoughts. Believe you me, I wanted to throw down some thoughts from my wedding weekend lunacy, but just couldn't find the time nor motivation to get around to sharing my thoughts with my devoted quartet of readers.
Anyways, things have settled down somewhat now. I've been married (wow, still sounds a little foreign saying that) for over two months now. The Honeymoon (Thailand – Phuket, Chiang Mai, and Bangkok) exceeded any statute of dopeness I could've drafted prior to departure.


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San Mateo, CA (PressExposure) October 26, 2009 -- Ring central offers you a communicational feature voicemail service which is very essential for any business unit to keep up with their customers and to respond for their query in a professional way. In this modern and fast world people are making use of IP phones, smart phones, PC and many more to communicate their message. This multiplicity means people can accomplish you much better, although it also creates a dilemma when trying to maintain track of each and every messages on the different devices.
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The CAA read The Gospel in the Marketplace of Ideas: Paul's Mars Hill Experience for Our Pluralistic World by Paul Copan and Kenneth D. Litwak, as part of Apologetics 315's weekly Read Along program. This took place August through October. Each week, an audio introduction from Paul Copan was provided for that week's chapter, along with a brief synopsis and study questions. We … [Read more...]
Does The Moral Argument Reify Subjective Morality?
Matthew Lawrence wrote in this question and gave permission to blog it and my answer below: Hello Christian Apologetics Alliance. I would like to first off say thank you for the resources that you've given to me. This has helped me boost my faith up greatly. Also I was wondering if you can please help me with an objection to the moral argument. I was talking to a skeptic … [Read more...]
Initial Thoughts: Copan & Litwak's "The Gospel in the Marketplace of Ideas"
The CAA is participating in Apologetics 315's weekly Read Along program. We are reading "The Gospel in the Marketplace of Ideas: Paul's Mars Hill Experience for Our Pluralistic World" by Paul Copan and Kenneth D. Litwak. See the first announcement on the CAA Facebook page. These are my initial thoughts: This "context" topic has come up recently in my own circle of apologetics … [Read more...]
Apologetics youth leader Q&A: What works?!
I asked members of the CAA and subgroups: "If you lead a youth group that successfully incorporates apologetics, I need to know as soon as possible. I want to brag about your success to other youth pastors who seek info. on this. I need to know your style, as well." This is what some of them answered—and this is just a small sampling of those who could have answered…I didn't … [Read more...]
Who needs answers when nobody's askin'?
By Maryann Spikes. This is written to those of you who consider yourselves Christians but think you don't need answers to tough questions because you don't ask them and nobody asks them of you. I am thinking a lot about this and I'd love to hear if you think I am fully understanding where you are at. I want to know why no one is asking you questions, and here are my … [Read more...]
Poem: Does God allow evil and suffering?
Does God allow evil and suffering? Yes. Can you look me level in the eyes and tell me what some people do to hurt little kids is not evil? No. Evil is real, but how can someone who doesn't exist allow anything? Yes. If evil is real, then good is real. But if good is real, what being do you know who is always good? But here we are again. Would a good God allow evil and … [Read more...]
Does the evidence matter, or is it mere distraction?
What miraculous event would remove all doubt that God exists? I spent some time as an atheist in my early-to-mid twenties. I knew there was no convincing evidence for God's existence. I didn't buy the "God says it, I believe it, that settles it," mantra, or the "Faith takes over where reason leaves off" stand-by. I still don't, even after becoming a Christian. Now I know the … [Read more...]
Defining the good: The Golden Rule
A major argument for God's existence is that, if there is no God, there is no "true" good, because truth is that which corresponds to reality, to real being. A common counter-argument heard from atheists, agnostics, and skeptics is that this does not account for the definition of moral goodness. If God is the source of goodness, does he define what it means to be good via his … [Read more...]
Is #Gosnell #INHUMAN?
Happening now is the #INHUMAN TweetFest, from 8am-8pm in whatever timezone you happen to inhabit. The goal of this event is to raise awareness about late-term abortion. A legitimate question was raised on the event page by Sandra: "Is this supposed to be 'Inhumane'? It just seems a little strange to call another person inhuman when he is indeed human. It is his behavior that … [Read more...]
Did the concept of monotheism socially evolve?
This post gives a glimpse of "Eternity in Their Hearts" by Don Richardson, who is recognized for his anthropological and linguistic work among the Sawi people of Irian Jaya. Edward B. Tyler's theory that monotheism evolved has been refuted for a long time. The theory goes like this: Belief in the soul emerged from pondering dreams, etc.; spiritism/animism emerged when they … [Read more...]
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Turmeric is an ideal natural remedy for GERD. This condition takes place when the stomachs acidic liquid content flows up into the esophagus. It may develop from multiple causes and is characterized by symptoms such as heartburn, regurgitation, and nausea. The lining of the esophagus is susceptible to damage by GERD, and when this happens, it can lead to inflammation or esophagitis.
According to the data from the National Health and Wellness Survey in 2007, there are 23 percent of individuals in Europe and the United States who reported intermittent GERD symptoms. Thirty nine percent of them experienced symptoms at least twice per week. In the United States, there are acid-reducing medicines heavily prescribed by doctors for sufferers. There are over-the-counter pharmaceutical drugs and there are also prescription versions.
The Institute for Healthcare Informatics revealed that in 2010, over $6 billion was spent for a particular acid-reducing medicine. There was also $7.2 billion spent for another pharmaceutical drug. These pharmaceutical drugs can be helpful, but they can also be troublesome.
Stomach acid is needed for nutrient absorption inside the body. However, when these pharmaceutical drugs suppress the acid, it can lead to depletion of nutrients. Acid is also useful for protecting the body from bacterial infections. Chronic suppression of the acid in the stomach can lead to a depletion of vitamins and minerals such as vitamin C, vitamin B1, vitamin B12, zinc, iron, sodium, magnesium, beta-carotene, and folate. Short-term use of these medications is safe, but when used on a long-term basis, it can lead to hip fractures, kidney disease, pneumonia, cardiac rhythm disturbances, and other conditions.
Turmeric is believed to help with GERD through the anti-inflammatory ingredient it contains called curcumin. In a study, it was found that the participants who sufferered from dyspepsia and irritable bowel symptoms found significant relief after taking curcumin for 4 weeks.
Curcumin supplements are available on the market, and they are extremely popular among individuals who suffer from certain conditions. The most popular curcumin supplements are those that contain a bioavailability enhancing ingredient called BioPerine. This black pepper extract helps enhance curcumin absorption inside the body, and thus makes the delivery of nutrients more efficient (www.amazon.com/Turmeric-Curcumin-Complex-BioPerine-Bio-availability/dp/B00JA4TLTI).
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Benjamin Lasance
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Adolf Hitler 2 Essay Research Paper Adolf
Adolf Hitler 2 Essay, Research Paper
Adolf Hitler was a German political and government leader.
And he is one of the 20th century s most powerful dictators, when
he ruled Germany from 1933 to 1945.He turned Germany into a
powerful war machine and provoked World War II in 1939,when
he invaded Poland. He built the Nazi party into a mass movement.
For sometime he dominated most of Europe and North Africa. He
caused the slaughter of millions of Jews and others whom he
considered inferior. Adolf Hitler was born on April 20,1889 in
Branau am Inn, Austria. Adolf s father, Alois Hitler was a minor
customs official. He died in 1903.Adolf s mother, Klara Hitler was
a peasant girl. She died in 1907.Hitler did not do well in school
and he dropped out of high school. He was eager to become an
artist, so he applied to the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna in 1907
and 1908 but he was rejected both times. During his spare time he
read alot, developing anti-Jewish and antidemocratic views. When
World War I started Hitler was rejected by the Austrian Army, but
accepted by the German Army. He served as a messenger on the
Western Front for most of the war, taking part in some of the
bloodiest battles. He was wounded and received the Iron Cross for
bravery. But he was never promoted higher than lance corporal.
But after the war he found himself unable to find a job. After
Germany s defeat in 1918 he returned to Munich, remaining in the
army until 1920.In September 1919 he joined the nationalist
German Workers Party. In April 1920 he went to work full time
for the party, now renamed the National Socialist German
Workers Party or the Nazi party. In 1921 he was elected party
chairman with dictatorial powers. He now became known as Der
Fuhrer. The Nazis aim was to organize all Germans into one
nation. And to rid the Jews of German citizenship and eliminate
them completely. He organized meetings with his personal
bodyguard force, the Storm Troopers. In November 1923,at a time
of political and economic chaos, he led an uprising or Putsch in
Munich against the postwar Weimar Republic, the German
government. This was known as the Beer Hall Putsch. However the
Putsch collapsed. Hitler was arrested and sentenced to five years in
prison. He only spent nine months in prison. During this time he
spent writing his autobiography, Mein Kampf which means My
Struggle. In it was a plan to conquer Europe and much of the
world. The failure of the Beer Hall Putsch taught Hitler that the
Nazi Party must use legal means to assume power. Hitler was
released as a result of general amnesty in December 1924.He then
rebuilt his party without interference from those whose government
he tried to overthrow. When the Great Depression struck in
1929,Hitler explained it as a Jewish-Communist plot. This was
accepted by many Germans. Hitler promised a strong Germany,
jobs, and national glory. He attracted millions of voters. Nazi
representation in the Reichstag, the German parliament, rose from
12 seats in 1928 to 107 seats in 1930.The Nazi Party was becoming
widespread and popular and was recognized as a legitimate party.
On January 30,1933,the president of Germany, Paul von
Hindenburg named Adolf Hitler chancellor of Germany. Once in
power, Hitler quickly established himself as a dictator. Hitler
called his government the Third Reich. In 1933,Hitler s
government passed the Enabling Act which permitted Hitler s
government to make laws without the legislation. This act made the
legislation powerless. This act Nazified the country and banned all
political parties except his own. All the anti-Nazis were round up
and taken to concentration camps. To intimidate his opponents,
Hitler relied on jails, concentration camps, and his secret police,
the Gestapo. His armament drive wiped out unemployment. Hitler
grouped all the workers and employers into what was called the
German Labor Front. Hitler told the Germans that they were a
Master Race and they had the right to dominate all nations. He
also said the persecution of Jews was to insure this. Because of all
this Hitler successfully appealed to a Germany that was humiliated
by defeat in World War I and the Treaty of Versailles. After he
rearmed Germany, Hitler sent troops into the demilitarized
Rhineland in 1936.When the Spanish Civil War begun in July
1936,Hitler supported the Nationalist leader by supplying airplanes
and weapons. By doing this Hitler got to test his strategies
weapons. In October 1936, Hitler signed a pact with Italy s Fascist
leader Benito Mussolini. In November 1936, he signed a pact with
Japan. In 1940 Germany signed an alliance with Italy and Japan.
They would become known as the Axis Powers. In March 1938
Hitler s troops invaded Austria. It was then annexed and became
part of Germany. In September 1938, France, Great Britain, and
Germany met over the German occupation of the Sudentenland in
Czechoslovakia. Out of this came the Munich Pact which gave
Germany the Sudentenland in exchange for Germany s promise not
to take any additional Czech. terriotory. By March 1939, Hitler
brought the rest of Czechoslovakia under German control. In
August 1939, Germany signed a nonagression pact with the Soviet
Union. In this the two countries secretly divided up Poland. On
September 1,1939,Germany invaded Poland and overpowered it
quickly. This was known as a blitzkrieg. On September 3,1939,
France and Great Britain declared war on Germany. World War II
had begun. In the spring of 1940,Germany conquered Denmark,
Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg. Benito
Mussolini, Italy s dictator, declared war on France and Britain on
June 10,1940.When the defeat of France seemed certain. On June
22,1940,France signed an armistice with Germany. The defeat of
Britain was avoided by the British Royal Air Force which
defended the Luftwaffe, the German air force. In June 1941,
Germany invaded the Soviet Union. Hitler believed that the war
would be brief and so he did not allow his troops to take provisions
for the winter. The German troops were successful at first and they
almost reached Moscow and St. Petersburg. But in December 1941
the Soviet armies counterattacked. Hitler severely underestimated
the size and strength of the Soviet Army. He also underestimated
the significance of the United States in the war, who had been
supplying the Soviet Union with supplies and reinforcements. The
Soviets wiped out the whole German army of 300,000 men. This
German defeat was a major turning point in the war. While his
empire lasted, Hitler directed the storm troopers, Nazi officials, and
members of the army and civil service in a campaign of mass
slaughter. In 1942,Hitler met with high Reich officials to create the
final solution to world Jewry. The Germans began building large
extermination camps to accompany the concentration camps.
Endless trains took millions of Jews, to these camps, seriously
interfering with the war effort. Six million Jews, over two-thirds of
the Jews of Europe, were murdered in these camps. This became
known as the Holocaust. More than 3 million Soviet prisoners of
war were starved and worked to death. Hitler s victims also
included large numbers of Gypsies, Poles, Slavs, Jehovah s
Witnesses, priests and ministers, mental patients, and Communists
and other political opponents. As passed and defeat became more
likely, Hitler refused to surrender. Anti-Germans and anti-Nazis
had tried since 1938 to kill Hitler and overthrow the Nazis. But
repeated plots failed. On July 20,1944,Hitler narrowly escaped
death when a German Army officer placed a bomb in Hitler s
briefing room. Early in 1945 the Allies marched into the heart of
Germany against dwindling opposition. By April 1945, Hitler had
become a broken man. His head, hands, and feet trembled and he
was tortured by stomach cramps. On April 29,1945, Hitler married
Eva Braun, his mistress since the 1930 s.On April 30,1945, Adolf
Hitler and Eva Braun committed suicide in his underground bunker
under the Reich Chancellery in Berlin. Aides burned there bodies.
On May 8,1945, Germany surrendered. Adolf Hitler was
successful only because many Germans were willing to be led. His
impact was destructive and nothing of what he instituted and built
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There are some free online productivity tools that fit in nicely with Google GrandCentral. Two in beta right now that will be detailed in more complete reviews by Digital Nomads are Jott and RTM (Remember The Milk). These are not exclusive for use with Google GrandCentral, and both look like good Get Things Done tools that you can customize and plug in where you like. Do consider these for your Digital Nomad bag of tips and tricks for mobility, ease of use, and time management.
These are quick screenshots of capabilities for each free service. Briefly, Jott is for dictating your thoughts (or reminders) with 30 second voice messages when you are not near a computer. Via phone, your messages are transcribed (note: Jott currently uses a combination of machine and human transcription) and sent as email messages or text messages back to you, your friends, family, clients, employees, or other groups that you create and are recognized by voice prompts.
RTM is an intuitive interface to manage tasks and schedule reminders from wherever and whenever. Combine RTM with Jott and Grand Central and manage tasks via email, SMS, and IMs (AIM, Google Talk, ICQ, Jabber, MSN, Skype, and more are supported). Create and share lists, scheduled tasks, even send out group email messages and make blogs posts from anywhere by just talking. Double click the screenshots for a larger view.
Resources for Portable Professionals and Extreme Telecommuting™


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The man was finally caught when he tried to escape on foot but, in the ensuing struggle, a policeman broke his hand.
Police Sergeant Kevin Daley said the 32-year-old fled after failing to produce a driver's licence at a random breath-testing operation in Sydney's west early yesterday.
He said there were a number of small children, ranging in age from two weeks to nine years, in the back of the sedan.
The driver had rammed the police car before pulling into a block of flats and running away, Sergeant Daley said.
The man was caught and charged with numerous offences, including drive in a manner dangerous, negligent driving, disqualified driving and resisting arrest.
He was refused bail yesterday and ordered to appear in Liverpool court.


text: I saw a mirror selfie recently. Off to the side were letters reading gined. All lowercase. It was obviously cut off but I want to know what quote that is from. I know there's a lot of quotes but I'm looking for one that ends in a word that ends with the letters gined. I'm sure it read gined. It was one of those wall sticker things that people put up around the house.


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| As a UW employee, you have a unique opportunity to change lives on our campuses, in our state and around the world. UW employees offer their boundless energy, creative problem solving skills and dedication to build stronger minds and a healthier world.
UW faculty and staff also enjoy outstanding benefits, professional growth opportunities and unique resources in an environment noted for diversity, intellectual excitement, artistic pursuits and natural beauty. All of which has allowed the UW to be nationally recognized as a Great College to Work For for four consecutive years.
The University of Washington's Division of Medical Oncology's includes 41 faculty members located at the UW Medical Center, the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, the Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, and the VA Puget Sound Health Care System. Over the past 25 years, members of the Division have developed the world's leading bone marrow transplant program. In addition, members of the Division have made substantial contributions to many other areas of cancer treatment, including the use of tumor vaccines, cellular therapy for cancer, antibody-based treatments, and novel forms of chemotherapy and hormonal therapy. Our Division is deeply committed to maintaining its position as one of the leading centers for research and treatment of cancer in the world.
The University of Washington, Division of Medical Oncology has an outstanding opportunity for a Clinical Research Data Coordinator in the Genitourinary Medical Oncology (GUMO) Clinical Trials Core (CTC).
The purpose of this position is to promote the research objectives of the GUMO CTC in the Division of Oncology. This position works with the GUMO CTC Research Manager and faculty to facilitate pharmaceutical-sponsored and investigator-initiated clinical trials, identify research problems and design hypotheses to be tested. This position will also facilitate collection of tissue samples on projects within the GUMO CTC.
The Data Coordinator will work with the research team to collect and abstract clinical data from medical records and research charts, work closely with the physicians and research staff in providing administrative and technical support for research projects, and will follow complex instructions for processing laboratory samples (including blood, urine, and tissue samples) for tracking, storage, or shipping.
A key mission of the GUMO CTC is the conduct of basic, clinical, and translational Genitourinary Oncology research. At any given time, multiple clinical treatment trials are actively accruing at the Seattle Cancer Care Alliance (SCCA) and the University of Washington Medical Center (UWMC). Under the direction of the GUMO CTC Director and Research Manager, this individual provides professional level support for clinical research studies involving human subjects.
This position must be able to work independently on multiple research projects without benefit of written policies or procedures. This position requires daily interaction with physicians, other health care personnel (e.g. nurses, patient care coordinators, patient service representatives, medical assistants), pharmaceutical company sponsors and any other groups integral to the successful completion of the research project.
Data Coordination, Abstraction and Analysis
Research Specimen Tracking and Coordination
Protocol Coordination
Research Billing
Patient Contact
Additional duties as deemed qualified.
As a UW employee, you will enjoy generous benefits and work/life programs. For detailed information on Benefits for this position, click here.
Additional Requirements:
Equivalent education/experience will substitute for all minimum qualifications except when there are legal requirements, such as a license/certification/registration.
Appointment to this position is contingent upon obtaining satisfactory results from a criminal background check.
This position is located in a clinical and research environment that is located at the Seattle Cancer Care Alliance on the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center campus. Work hours frequently exceed 40 hours per week and can be deadline dependent. Evening and weekend work (e.g. to meet deadlines) may be required.
Application Process:
The application process for UW positions may include completion of a variety of online assessments to obtain additional information that will be used in the evaluation process. These assessments may include Workforce Authorization, Criminal Conviction History, Cover Letter and/or others. Any assessments that you need to complete will appear on your screen as soon as you select Apply to this position. Once you begin an assessment, it must be completed at that time; if you do not complete the assessment you will be prompted to do so the next time you access your My Jobs page. If you select to take it later, it will appear on your "My Jobs" page to take when you are ready. Please note that your application will not be reviewed, and you will not be considered for this position until all required assessments have been completed.
The University of Washington is a leader in environmental stewardship & sustainability, and committed to becoming climate neutral.
The University of Washington is an equal opportunity, affirmative action employer. To request disability accommodation in the application process, contact the Disability Services Office at 206-543-6450 / 206-543-6452 (tty) or email@example.com.


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Maxfli just launched what promises to be one of the hottest golf balls to come to market over the past year: the Maxfli Tour Fire, which was developed with guiding input from John Daly.
"Lots of golfers either avoid buying tour-caliber because of the high price, or they pay the high price reluctantly," said Mike Ferris, senior director of product marketing for Maxfli and TaylorMade. "Tour Fire offers them a fantastic alternative: the tour performance they want at about 25 percent less than they're used to paying."
According to Maxfli, the Tour Fires promises "tour-caliber performance for $29.99 per dozen—about $10 less than competitive tour balls."
PutterZone.com asked Maxfli to define "tour caliber," and they replied: "The Maxfli Tour Fire golf ball has all of the performance properties of a ball that is played on tour. That is what we refer to as tour caliber. It has the spin rates of balls that are played on tour, and the performance benefits that tour players expect from a golf ball."
Maxfli added: "This ball has been played on tour, and in our testing is the softest multilayer tour ball out there today."
But can this long ball benefit your short game as well as your wallet? According to Maxfli, the answer is yes. Here's how they put it: "Putting is all about rolling the ball better, which is the technical aspect of the shot, but is also about having confidence when you stroke the putt. The Tour Fire ball is a multi-layer ball with weight in the mantle layer, moving weight farther out on the ball. This helps holding its line in putting. The very soft feel helps instill confidence in putting."
Sounds pretty cool to me…I mean, hot.


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We learned last fall via social media that the three remaining OC Housewives from last season were taking a trip to Hawaii. What we didnt know was that Tamra, Vicki, and Heather would be kicking of The Real Housewives of Orange County Season 9 in The Aloha State! Based on the premiere photos Bravo just released it looks like that's exactly how we'll be welcoming Bravo's original leading ladies back into our lives on April 14. And, it makes a lot of sense if you think about it. Why else would these three be taking a filmed trip without the new additions to the cast? Often times, Bravo catches viewers up with returning Housewives before introducing us to the newbies. So, we'll pick up with Heather, Tamra, and Vicki as they spend some quality time in Hawaii and then when they get back to the OC I'd bet somebody will host a party or event and we'll meet the rest of the Season 9 cast: Lizzie, Shannon, and maybe also Danielle. But, for a first look at the first episode, here's a glimpse into the ladies' trip to paradise:
Home / The Real Housewives of Orange County / Vicki, Heather, & Tamra are off to Hawaii for RHOC Season 9 Premiere!
Check Also
"The Hell With My Family, I Just Like Being Famous," David Beador Only With Shannon Beador For The Fame!
Ever since his cheating scandal, his marriage with the Real Housewives of Orange County star, …


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A new place…
If you're so inclined, continue reading at starfox.one – thanks!
kill all my demons and my angels might die too
If you're so inclined, continue reading at starfox.one – thanks!
Eight years of musings, photos, and heart felt comments. The pages of this blog probably say more about me than I realise or would like openly stated. It was mainly a quiet place, and while my ambitions for it might have sometimes been more than materialised, in many a way I am glad it stayed personal and mostly intimate.
Thank you for coming and commenting. Thank you for the good conversations we had that so often nudged me to write. For now it's good-bye, while the pieces of me I've sown between the pages here remain as an archive.
I got this watching Breaking Bad – SoundHound recognised it and sent the link. I still get excited at these sort of possibilities. Tomorrow I'll look up the text translation. :)
Mad adopts squirrel, makes half the world go awwwww. But I wonder: did he load the tiny creature with children's Tylenol and posed it around, and, is this curiosity of mine mixed with skepticism healthy?
I nominate the photo series for next week's universal unicorn-chaser. Whatever you need chasing, this droopy squirrel will do. It doesn't look like much, but it'll repel the vilest ideas.
Śledź in Polish can mean 'follow' or 'stalk' (verb) – one word for two that are similar but quite different. These linguistic nuances often come at me with full surprise and I only noticed this one when I read "Stalk me on Twitter" written bold on a polish blog. Sorry and excuse me are also represented in polish by a single word, so are sky and heaven. And just to keep everyone on their toes, that very first word above has a third meaning: herring.
Lest you think Polish is obviously poor when it comes to vocabulary, it has gems that I miss when using English. There's an excellent word for a 24 hour cycle, doba. The other word that comes to mind is 'zajebiste' which is an accepted way of expressing joy, as in 'fucking awesome' but at the penalty level that you might get for saying 'shit' around your gran.
There are many other nuances that don't have to do with vocabulary. I know my limitations said in Polish and translated directly back to English is said I know my capabilities, a 'glass half full' approach compared with English. Alas, I leave you with something beautiful of the musical variety – a song from an album titled I speak because I can. Fitting indeed.
About to close up my suitcase and head out the door for a bus headed to Prague. Fjara fills my flat for what must be a fifth time this morning. What a strange song, like a prayer chant, rising louder when it fails to materialise anything important or meaningful. I imagine these the last words sung to what by the end of the track is a dead God.


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Sort of forgot to mention that I left for Ohio on Tuesday night. They were offering FIVE HUNDRED DOLLAR vouchers at the airport for all of the oversold flights. I was going to ditch my family so hard and stay in NYC for as long as I needed to to get that voucher. And then of course my flight had zillions of extra seats. Because no one's flying to Ohio except me.
But here I am! Until January 2nd! Which means I probably won't blog again until January 3rd.
Merry Christmas and Happy New Year and don't you forget about me. (Follow me on Facebook to see all of my Instagrammed Ohio pictures.) Loooooooooove yoooooooooou.


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Thank You for visiting the Boer's Store.
Please stop by often as we add new items to our On-Line Catalog continuously.
Phone 253-350-4114
Email: email@example.com
Click a swatch below to change colors.
Port & Company® - Long Sleeve Value Denim Shirt. SP10
With sturdy construction, a generous cut and soft garment washing, our Value Denim Shirt won't stretch your budget.
Adult Sizes: XS-6XL
Price starts at: $19.98
For detailed PRICING, please select "Add to
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So I have been chatting with 2 of my very good friends recently that both have children that are kindergarten age.ĀĀ In conversation with them, they both brought up the fact that they would love to homeschool their children BUT . . .Ā One of them said that her son "doesn't listen to her" so he had to go to PS so that he would learn to listen.Ā The other stated that her daughter had to go to school because "she was just extremely social".Ā I should mention that I was in no way bringing up the conversation of school and homeschooling, even though both know that I am homeschooling my own son.Ā It's like they feel guilty that they are sending their kids to PS.ĀĀ They both kinda looked down and were acting like they were sorry they were having to tell me this.ĀĀ (Btw, these were 2 totally different conversations and the 2 friends don't know each other.Ā One lives in Virginia and the other is in Georgia.)ĀĀ I think the conversations came up because PS is starting up again.ĀĀ I thought it was interesting because both of them clearly thought that they were doing something wrong by sending their children to PS and that homeschooling would be better, but that they couldn't homeschool for some reason.
Any thoughts on this?


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Attorney Michael C. Tillotson strongly believes that those accused of a DUI deserve an aggressive defense. He has faith in our constitution and fights to protect the rights given to us by our founding fathers. He frequently attends DUI seminars across the country annually. In addition, he is a nationally certified breath test operator, and is NHTSA trained on field sobriety tests.
Graduating with Summa Cum Laude honors, he received his B.S. degree in Criminal Justice Studies in 1986. He also received the Alpha Phi Signa Award for graduating with the highest grade point average in Criminal Justice Studies. In 1990, he received his law degree from Marshall-Wythe School of Law at the College of William and Mary.


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GM Speeds Out Of OnStar Analog MDL
The plaintiffs agreed to voluntarily dismiss the claims against GM earlier this week. All the claims against GM had been stayed in the current action since the company filed for bankruptcy protection in June 2009 in the Southern District of New York.
None of the other defendants involved in the MDL...
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Top 3 Girl's brands for SS16
Do you need inspiration for your daughter's wardrobe this summer? Scroll down to find Little's Fashion Therapy TOP 3 girl's brands for the Spring-Summer 16 season…
The Parisian brand April showers by Polder was created in 2007 by two Dutch sisters Madelon Lanteri-Laura and Natalie Vodegel. The creative power duo has managed to grow their brand such that it is now available in 300 points of sale, not only in France but all around the world. Their collections are famous for being cool, relaxed, with clean and modern cuts and a "Parisian-chic" edge that is impossible not to like. Handmade elements are always present in their collections adding specific and handcrafted value to the clothes.
The Spring-Summer 16 collection is as gorgeous as we expected. They have chosen a harmonious color palette in which black and white are complemented by grass greens, charcoal greys, vintage blues, deep indigo and a hint of copper. The designs have delicate embroidery details, fashionable vegetable patterns, but most importantly high quality fabrics. You can find fluid mini shorts in cotton panama, linen tank top, light stripped dresses which will surely give a chic and unique summer feel to your little one's wardrobe.
Click here to find out more www.aprilshowers.fr
Anne Kurris
It would take too long to tell you about Anne Kurris's professional background here. Before being known for her gorgeous children's collection, she worked for the well-known designer Dried Van Noten, for the fashion magazine BAM, the Anvers Opera and the Fine Arts Museum in Brussels. But it was in 1998 when she really started to be a major figure in the kids fashion world.
Bright colour combinations and a strong graphic design characterise Anne Kurris Spring-Summer 16 collection. You can find lots of floral and animal patterns in t-shirts and dresses as well as nautical stripes. The designs have an original and quirky touch, always using high quality fabrics to make them special and unique. Watch your girl fall in love with this eye-catching and lovely collection.
Click here to find out more www.annekurris.com
Louise Misha
It was on a trip to India that the two friends Aurélie Remetter & Marie Pidancet created the brand Louise Misha. They launched their first collection in Winter 2012, originally consisting only of jewellery for young girls. Later on as they became more successful, the collection grew and became a full line, including clothes and accessories.
Their Spring-Summer 16 campaign perfectly matches the bohemian style, nostalgia feel and soft look that is the DNA of the brand. The collection is full of girly details such as ruffles or bows, delicate embroideries, pretty floral patterns and vintage touches. Colours such as mustard, dark grey, peacock blue and different tones of pink give way to a fresh, summery colour palette. The fabrics are mostly rustic cottons to help convey the bohemian style that defines the brand. Ok, we admit it, we have a soft spot for this brand but, what's not to like?
Click here to find out more www.louisemisha.com
We hope you have enjoyed our advises and do not forget that no matter where you are, you can find all these brands available online. See you very soon!


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- Home
- Forney Government
- Departments
Animal Control
Animal Control is dedicated to rabies eradication, reducing animal euthanasia, and controlling the animal population through a cooperative effort with the community.
Capital Improvement Program
This page will be about the Capital Improvement Program
To communicate the City's message and news to residents, through all available channels and media outlets
Community Development
The Community Development Department consists of planning and zoning, building inspections, and neighborhood services.
Economic Development Corporation
The EDC represents the City in all major fashions.
Ellen Brooks West Memorial Library
The Ellen Brooks West Memorial Library is a joint city / school library governed by the City of Forney and the Forney Independent School District.
The Finance Department is responsible for financial accounting, sales tax collection, risk management, and purchasing.
Fire Department
The mission of the Forney Fire Department is to provide emergency and nonemergency assistance and education to our community and its visitors.
Human Resources
We are searching for talented, highly motivated individuals with a passion for giving great customer service to both our external and internal customers.
Layden Senior Center
The Forney Senior Citizen Center is open to everyone, but caters to our citizens that are 60 years and older.
This page represents the legal department for the City of Forney.
Municipal Court of Record No. 1
The Municipal Court has jurisdiction over all fine-only offenses committed within the Forney city limits.
Parks & Recreation
While preserving our parks and natural resources, the Parks and Recreation Department works toward improving the quality of life by developing and maintaining parks and recreation facilities for the citizens of Forney and by providing recreation and leisure activities.
Planning & Development
The Planning Department provides development and land-use regulation and services through site plan review, permitting, planned developments, and planned commercial developments, and ensures that future land uses are consistent with the city's Comprehensive Plan.
Police Department
The Forney Police Department is the law enforcement branch of the Forney city government. One of our primary objectives is to provide a safe, secure community environment for all residents.
Public Works
The Public Works Department is responsible for the maintenance of the city streets, water and sewer system, and drainage within the City of Forney.
Special Events
The City of Forney strives to work with residents, businesses, area organizations, schools, religious institutions, and other entities in the provision of special events that are well-coordinated, safe and enjoyable.
Spellman Amphitheater
Visit the Amphitheater and find out what events are happening at it.
Utility Billing
Pay your utility bill online and access utility rates, forms, and resources, including trash service information.