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As you walk by the television and hear Elmo singing songs about the number four to your toddler, it can be tempting to disregard all the fuss about too much television. After all, isn't your two-year-old learning so much from his furry friend? But the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) cautions against early and excessive television watching for good reason: too much TV early in life has been linked to developmental delays, attention problems and lower academic performance.
1. Early Experiences Matter
Between birth and age two, the brain actually triples in size--more rapidly than at any other time in a person's life. The brain has all the neurons it will ever have when a child is born, but the connections between the brain's neurons are formed based on a child's early experiences. It is important to make sure these early experiences are worthwhile and beneficial to your child's growth and development. Engaging in pretend play, coloring, spending time outdoors or visiting the zoo are experiences that help your child's brain form these important connections as they observe and participate in life in the "real world".
2. Stimulation
Though the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends against screen time before age 2, Dr. Dimitri Christakis, the Professor of Pediatrics at the University of Washington, says that most children are introduced to the television around four months of age. But when a leisurely field trip to the farm in kindergarten fails to mimic the fast-paced one a child saw on a television program, behavior and attention difficulties often result. When a child so young is exposed to the rapid image changes that come with early childhood TV programs, this can lead to ongoing struggles with ADD or ADHD later in life.
3. Reading and Language
A study done in 2002 by the Kaiser Family Foundation showed that children who had the television on frequently were less likely to read at all during the day, and if they did, they read for a shorter period of time than those with limited TV exposure, often resulting in low reading scores later in life. Having the television on also takes the place of families having conversations, which can lead to language delays in little ones. Language development happens best when a child has a conversation with an adult...not with Dora. The language and speaking a child hears from the television happens too quickly for a budding speaker to reap any type of real benefits. In contrast, when adults talk with toddlers, they often speak at a slower pace while looking directly at the child. This helps builds the child's confidence about speaking, while the slower pace helps the child's brain to process the sounds being made and expand her vocabulary. An adult can also ask questions that give children the opportunity to develop ideas and opinions as they answer.
4. More Important Work
Regardless of the negative effects of television on a child's developing brain, perhaps one of the lurking and most real dangers in watching too much TV (or watching TV before age two) is that it is replacing time in the "real world." The time a toddler spends watching cartoons could be better spent playing at the park, building with blocks or interacting with family. These activities are what ultimately provide the most benefits to a youngster's developing brain.
- Seattle Children's; What Does TV Do to My Kids' Brain?; Wendy Sue Swanson; January 2012
- Healthychildren.org; Where We Stand; TV Viewing Time; July 30, 2012
- Kff.org; Zero to Six: Electronig Media in the Lives of Infants, Toddlers and Preschoolers; 2003
- Parenting Science; The Effects of Television on Children Learning to Talk; Gwen Dewar; 2009
- Brainy-child: Understanding TV's effects on the developing brain; Dr. Jane M Healy.
Photo Credits
- Ryan McVay/Photodisc/Getty Images


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Jeffrey Goldberg Is Determined To Play Himself, Slander Anti-Ahmadinejad Iranian-American
It's always pathetic to see a writer retreat down a rabbit hole of myopia instead of admitting a mistake, but G-d gave us Jeffrey Goldberg so we could view the pathetic in action.
To recap, Goldberg implied Trita Parsi of NIAC of being a catspaw for the Iranian regime; and then backtracked somewhat when called on it, but still evinced a basic lack of familiarity with who Parsi is or what he actually has written — endlessly — against Ahmadinejad. I suppose it would be an embarrassing mistake to admit, but whatever, people make mistakes and we should admit to them when we do. What we shouldn't do is continue to slander a man, without evidence, who works against precisely the regime he's being accused of aiding. When Matthew Yglesias tried to put this in a broader context, Goldberg bleated that Yglesias should have distinguished him from other people attacking Parsi who also might want to see the U.S. or Israel bomb Iran. And he said, hysterically and without the barest minimum of self-awareness, that Yglesias could just read Goldberg's stuff to clarify his position!
Dude: spend some time with NIAC's blog. Google Trita's interviews. And then apologize to the guy. It would be the menschy thing to do. Whining like a bitch over a very peripheral issue? Not so much.

subset: commoncrawl


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Celebrate the holidays with art making, gallery activities and more! Highlights include creating a flexible figure inspired by their new Neapolitan crèche, exploring in the Little Studio (ages 3-5) and taking a guided family gallery walk (ages 6-12). If you can, be sure to go on December 27 because that's the only day you can meet the Art Institute's mascot, Artie the Lion!
This event will be in the Ryan Education Center.


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Penngrove Window Tinting
Penngrove, California lies between Cotati and Petaluma in the North Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area. Situated at the base of Sonoma Mountain, Penngrove is a small community whose outskirts are dotted with quarries and chicken farms. Once one of the main chicken and egg producing areas in the country, the town is also known for its unique soil composition, which was a rich source of a clay-like building material called adobe. This unique soil composition resulted from the ancient volcanic activity at Sonoma Mountain. Many original buildings from the turn of the century can still be found in Penngrove, and serve as venues for community meetings or events.While there is much preserved history to be found in this area, it has also developed and evolved alongside the rest of the Bay Area.
Penngrove Window Tinting
Our automotive window tinting service provides Penngrove residents with access to the most advanced window films on the market, coupled with the impeccable application techniques and customer service of skilled technicians. As with many other cities in the region, Penngrove experiences a warm Mediterranean climate. It is important that those living in this area are afforded the highest level of sun protection to ensure their long term health and comfort. Fully enjoy the perks of California's climate with confidence when you utilize our window tinting services.
Our high quality window films provide you with UV protection that you do not get from standard glass. This added layer of SPF can help prevent unpleasant skin burns and skin cancer. In this day and age, many of us spend a significant amount of time in our vehicles – travelling to and from work, taking family trips, or going to the store. Window tinting is an effective way to limit exposure to UV radiation during these times.
Additionally, window tints reduce heat and glare. They can also serve as a cosmetic enhancement to your vehicle, and increase the privacy inside your car. The list of benefits to window tinting goes on. Our automotive window tinting experts will be happy to discuss how our window films can make your vehicle safer and more comfortable.


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Most Rated Titles With Phil Brown
- Job Types
- Movies or TV
- Genres
- Keywords
- IMDb Rating
- Instant Watch Options
- In Theaters
- On TV
- Release Year
1. Star Wars: Episode IV - A New Hope (1977)
PG | 121 min | Action, Adventure, Fantasy
Luke Skywalker joins forces with a Jedi Knight, a cocky pilot, a Wookiee and two droids to save the galaxy from the Empire's world-destroying battle-station while also attempting to rescue Princess Leia from the evil Darth Vader.
Director: George Lucas | Stars: Mark Hamill, Harrison Ford, Carrie Fisher, Alec Guinness
Votes: 1,029,699 | Gross: $322.74M
2. Superman (1978)
PG | 143 min | Action, Adventure, Drama
An alien orphan is sent from his dying planet to Earth, where he grows up to become his adoptive home's first and greatest superhero.
Director: Richard Donner | Stars: Christopher Reeve, Margot Kidder, Gene Hackman, Marlon Brando
Votes: 138,330 | Gross: $134.22M
3. Chaplin (1992)
PG-13 | 143 min | Biography, Comedy, Drama
A film about the troubled and controversial life of the master comedy filmmaker Charles Chaplin.
Director: Richard Attenborough | Stars: Robert Downey Jr., Geraldine Chaplin, Paul Rhys, John Thaw
Votes: 46,709 | Gross: $9.49M
4. The Pink Panther Strikes Again (1976)
PG | 103 min | Comedy, Crime
Charles Dreyfus, who has finally cracked over inspector Clouseau's antics, escapes from a mental institution and launches an elaborate plan to get rid of Clouseau once and for all.
Director: Blake Edwards | Stars: Peter Sellers, Herbert Lom, Lesley-Anne Down, Burt Kwouk
Votes: 23,931 | Gross: $33.83M
5. The Killers (1946)
Not Rated | 103 min | Crime, Drama, Film-Noir
Hit men kill an unresisting victim, and investigator Reardon uncovers his past involvement with beautiful, deadly Kitty Collins.
Director: Robert Siodmak | Stars: Burt Lancaster, Ava Gardner, Edmond O'Brien, Albert Dekker
Votes: 15,590
6. Bonanza (1959–1973)
TV-PG | 49 min | Western
The adventures of Ben Cartwright and his sons as they run and defend their ranch while helping the surrounding community.
Stars: Lorne Greene, Michael Landon, Dan Blocker, Pernell Roberts
Votes: 6,289
7. A King in New York (1957)
G | 105 min | Comedy, Drama
A recently-deposed European monarch seeks shelter in New York City, where he becomes an accidental television celebrity and is later wrongly accused of being a Communist.
Director: Charles Chaplin | Stars: Charles Chaplin, Maxine Audley, Jerry Desmonde, Oliver Johnston
Votes: 5,977
8. The Bedford Incident (1965)
Approved | 102 min | Drama, Thriller
An American destroyer captain is determined to confront a Soviet submarine caught violating territorial waters. Perhaps too determined.
Director: James B. Harris | Stars: Richard Widmark, Sidney Poitier, James MacArthur, Martin Balsam
Votes: 3,914
9. State Fair (1945)
Approved | 100 min | Comedy, Drama, Musical
The Frake family attends the annual Iowa State Fair; each member of the clan has their own reason for doing so.
Director: Walter Lang | Stars: Jeanne Crain, Dana Andrews, Dick Haymes, Vivian Blaine
Votes: 3,023
10. Valdez Is Coming (1971)
PG-13 | 90 min | Western
A Mexican-American sheriff must resort to violence against a powerful rancher in order to get just compensation for the pregnant Indian widow of a wrongly killed black man.
Director: Edwin Sherin | Stars: Burt Lancaster, Susan Clark, Frank Silvera, Jon Cypher
Votes: 2,684
11. Twilight's Last Gleaming (1977)
R | 146 min | Drama, Thriller
A renegade USAF general, Lawrence Dell, escapes from a military prison and takes over an ICBM silo near Montana and threatens to provoke World War 3 unless the President reveals details of ... See full summary »
Director: Robert Aldrich | Stars: Burt Lancaster, Richard Widmark, Roscoe Lee Browne, Joseph Cotten
Votes: 2,285
12. The Professionals (1977–1983)
50 min | Action, Comedy, Crime
Bodie and Doyle, top agents for Britain's CI5 (Criminal Intelligence 5), and their controller, George Cowley fight terrorism and similar high-profile crimes. Cowley, a hard ex-MI5 operative... See full summary »
Stars: Gordon Jackson, Martin Shaw, Lewis Collins, Bridget Brice
Votes: 1,972
13. The Tender Trap (1955)
Approved | 111 min | Comedy, Musical, Romance
Charlie Reader is a successful theater agent. He is also successful with young ladies. One day he is visited by his old friend Joe, married with three children. Joe falls in love with ... See full summary »
Director: Charles Walters | Stars: Frank Sinatra, Debbie Reynolds, David Wayne, Celeste Holm
Votes: 1,960
14. The Counterfeit Traitor (1962)
Not Rated | 140 min | Drama, Thriller, War
Blacklisted in modern day WW2, a Swedish oil trader opts to assist British Allies, by means of infiltrating and surveying Nazi Germany.
Director: George Seaton | Stars: William Holden, Lilli Palmer, Hugh Griffith, Carl Raddatz
Votes: 1,957
15. The Martian Chronicles (1980– )
360 min | Drama, Mystery, Sci-Fi
In the 21st century, Earth begins the colonization of Mars. However, things do not go as planned, at first due to the hostile Martian natives and later because of the self-destructive Earthmen.
Stars: Rock Hudson, Gayle Hunnicutt, Bernie Casey, Christopher Connelly
Votes: 1,709
16. Without Reservations (1946)
Approved | 107 min | Comedy, Romance
En route to Hollywood, an author becomes smitten to a marine, though he is unaware of her celebrity status and is critical of her best-selling novel.
Director: Mervyn LeRoy | Stars: Claudette Colbert, John Wayne, Don DeFore, Anne Triola
Votes: 1,204 | Gross: $3.00M
17. The Hidden Room (1949)
Approved | 96 min | Crime, Film-Noir, Thriller
Clive Riordan plans a devilish revenge against his wife's lover.
Director: Edward Dmytryk | Stars: Robert Newton, Sally Gray, Phil Brown, Naunton Wayne
Votes: 1,202
18. Moonrise (1948)
Passed | 90 min | Crime, Drama, Film-Noir
Danny is being despised by his schoolmates because his father was accused to have killed another man and is condemned to the death penalty.
Director: Frank Borzage | Stars: Dane Clark, Gail Russell, Ethel Barrymore, Allyn Joslyn
Votes: 1,195
19. Tales of the Unexpected (1979–1988)
25 min | Horror, Thriller
Dramatizations of many Roald Dahl short stories.
Stars: Roald Dahl, Andrew Ray, Forbes Collins, Richard Johnson
Votes: 1,054
20. Johnny O'Clock (1947)
Approved | 96 min | Crime, Drama, Film-Noir
High-class crook gets in trouble with the law.
Director: Robert Rossen | Stars: Dick Powell, Evelyn Keyes, Lee J. Cobb, Ellen Drew
Votes: 1,018
21. The Romantic Englishwoman (1975)
R | 116 min | Comedy, Drama
What is real and what is fiction? Faced with writer's block with his novel, Lewis Fielding turns to a film script about a woman finding herself after his wife Elizabeth returns from Baden ... See full summary »
Director: Joseph Losey | Stars: Glenda Jackson, Michael Caine, Helmut Berger, Michael Lonsdale
Votes: 943
22. H.M. Pulham, Esq. (1941)
Passed | 120 min | Drama, Romance
A man who lived his life as he was was told he should, not as he would have chosen to, is brought out of his shell by a beautiful young woman.
Director: King Vidor | Stars: Hedy Lamarr, Robert Young, Ruth Hussey, Charles Coburn
Votes: 829
23. John Paul Jones (1959)
126 min | Action, Biography, History
The career of Revolutionary War naval hero from his youth in Scotland through his service to Catherine the Great of Russia.
Director: John Farrow | Stars: Robert Stack, Marisa Pavan, Charles Coburn, Erin O'Brien
Votes: 760
24. The Luck of the Irish (1948)
Not Rated | 99 min | Fantasy, Comedy, Romance
Following American reporter Stephen Fitzgerald from Ireland to New York, a grateful leprechaun acts as the newsman's servant and conscience.
Director: Henry Koster | Stars: Tyrone Power, Anne Baxter, Cecil Kellaway, Lee J. Cobb
Votes: 638
25. Silver Bears (1977)
PG | 113 min | Comedy, Crime
Financial wizard "Doc" Fletcher (Michael Caine) is sent by crime boss Joe Fiore (Martin Balsam) to buy a bank in Switzerland in order to more easily launder their profits. When he arrives, ... See full summary »
Director: Ivan Passer | Stars: Michael Caine, Cybill Shepherd, Louis Jourdan, Stéphane Audran
Votes: 602
26. Weird Woman (1944)
Passed | 63 min | Film-Noir, Horror, Mystery
While on a South Seas trip, a professor falls in love and marries an exotic native woman. What he doesn't know is that she was raised by superstitious natives who believe her to be some ... See full summary »
Director: Reginald Le Borg | Stars: Lon Chaney Jr., Anne Gwynne, Evelyn Ankers, Ralph Morgan
Votes: 587
27. Dead Man's Eyes (1944)
Approved | 64 min | Crime, Drama, Film-Noir
When an artist is blinded, his fiancée's father offers an operation to restore his sight. When the benefactor suddenly dies, the artist becomes a suspect.
Director: Reginald Le Borg | Stars: Lon Chaney Jr., Jean Parker, Paul Kelly, Thomas Gomez
Votes: 472
28. Tropic of Cancer (1970)
NC-17 | 87 min | Biography, Drama
The film depicts the adventures of expatriate American writer Henry Miller and his friends, as they pursue art, money, food, and sex in Paris.
Director: Joseph Strick | Stars: Rip Torn, James T. Callahan, Ellen Burstyn, David Baur
Votes: 439
29. Battlestar Galactica: The Second Coming (1999)
4 min | Short, Action, Adventure
A short trailer produced by Su-Shan Productions which promotes a potential sequel film to the original Battlestar Galactica television series.
Directors: Richard Hatch, Jay Woelfel | Stars: Richard Hatch, John Colicos, Terry Carter, Jack Stauffer
Votes: 288
30. Oppenheimer (1980– )
50 min | Biography, Drama, History
Biography of the American physicist who led the U.S. effort to develop the atomic bomb during World War II, only to find himself suspected as a security risk in the 1950s because of his ... See full summary »
Stars: Sam Waterston, John Carson, Christopher Muncke, Jana Shelden
Votes: 283
31. Get Charlie Tully (1972)
PG | 97 min | Comedy
Charlie Tully and womanising Reggie Peek con two rich Italians out of £500,000 but during their flight out Charlie is arrested for coning an American and a dog. Reggie stores the money in a... See full summary »
Director: Cliff Owen | Stars: Dick Emery, Derren Nesbitt, Ronald Fraser, Pat Coombs
Votes: 276
32. The Protectors (1972–1973)
30 min | Adventure, Crime
The Protectors were Harry Rule, the Contessa di Contini and Paul Buchet, three freelance troubleshooters who ran an international crime fighting agency. Based in London, Harry was the ... See full summary »
Stars: Robert Vaughn, Nyree Dawn Porter, Tony Anholt, Yasuko Nagazumi
Votes: 272
33. Land Raiders (1969)
M | 101 min | Action, Western
An outlaw committing a string of robberies and murders manages to blame the crimes on Apaches, bringing about an Indian war.
Director: Nathan Juran | Stars: Telly Savalas, George Maharis, Arlene Dahl, Janet Landgard
Votes: 257
34. I Wanted Wings (1941)
Approved | 135 min | Drama
Story follows the training and personal lives of three recruits in the Army Air Corps --- a wealthy playboy, a college jock and an auto mechanic. Love interest is supplied by a female ... See full summary »
Director: Mitchell Leisen | Stars: Ray Milland, William Holden, Wayne Morris, Brian Donlevy
Votes: 249
35. Over 21 (1945)
Not Rated | 102 min | Comedy
A woman screenwriter lives in a shabby bungalow in order to be near her husband, a 39-year-old newspaper editor who has just joined the army.
Director: Charles Vidor | Stars: Irene Dunne, Alexander Knox, Charles Coburn, Jeff Donnell
Votes: 243
36. Scalawag (1973)
G | 92 min | Adventure, Western
A peg legged pirate is searching for treasure with the help of a young boy, teen girl and a parrot. They'll have to fight Natives and his former crew on the way.
Directors: Kirk Douglas, Zoran Calic | Stars: Kirk Douglas, Mark Lester, Neville Brand, George Eastman
Votes: 238
37. Calling Dr. Gillespie (1942)
Passed | 84 min | Crime, Drama, Thriller
Dr. Gillespie is called in to investigate when a young man suffering from mental problems disappears on a killing spree.
Director: Harold S. Bucquet | Stars: Lionel Barrymore, Donna Reed, Philip Dorn, Phil Brown
Votes: 237
38. Give Us This Day (1949)
Passed | 120 min | Drama
One of the few (if any at the time this film was made) films shot in England with New York City's 'Little Italy" as the locale. This was Edward Dmytryk's first film after he had refused to ... See full summary »
Director: Edward Dmytryk | Stars: Sam Wanamaker, Lea Padovani, Kathleen Ryan, Charles Goldner
Votes: 236
39. The Jungle Captive (1945)
Approved | 63 min | Horror, Sci-Fi
Once again, Paula Dupree, the Ape Woman, is brought back to life, this time by a mad scientist and his disfigured assistant, who also kidnaps his female lab assistant in order to have a ... See full summary »
Director: Harold Young | Stars: Otto Kruger, Vicky Lane, Amelita Ward, Phil Brown
Votes: 232
40. Winston Churchill: The Wilderness Years (1981– )
60 min | Biography, Drama, History
The story of Winston Churchill's life between 1929, when he lost his cabinet position, and 1939, when he joined Great Britain's War Cabinet - a period he described as the most difficult in his life.
Stars: Robert Hardy, Siân Phillips, Nigel Havers, Tim Pigott-Smith
Votes: 222
41. The Impatient Years (1944)
Approved | 91 min | Comedy, Romance, Drama
To rekindle their love, a divorce judge orders a couple whose marriage is on the rocks to re-enact their four-day breakneck courtship.
Director: Irving Cummings | Stars: Jean Arthur, Lee Bowman, Charles Coburn, Edgar Buchanan
Votes: 217
42. Starwoids (2001)
80 min | Documentary
Noah might have traveled for 40 days and nights in search of land, but did he ever wait 42 straight days and nights for a movie? Starwoids tells the stranger than fiction details of Star ... See full summary »
Director: Dennis Przywara | Stars: Daniel Alter, Phil Brown, Cecil Castellucci, Scott Chernoff
Votes: 202
43. The Camp on Blood Island (1958)
81 min | Action, Drama, History
Deep in Malaya, as World War II is rapidly coming to an end, men, women and children, trapped by the Japanese invasion, are held captive in the Blood Island prison camp. Knowing that ... See full summary »
Director: Val Guest | Stars: André Morell, Carl Möhner, Walter Fitzgerald, Edward Underdown
Votes: 182
Court Martial (1965– )
La Belle France
60 min | Crime, Drama
Director: Seth Holt | Stars: Bradford Dillman, Peter Graves, Phil Brown, Diane Cilento
Votes: 166
45. Schlitz Playhouse (1951–1959)
30 min | Comedy, Drama
Originally billed as Playhouse of the Stars this long running anthology series was originally presented live from New York. Irene Dunne was briefly the hostess in 1952 and the show frequently used Broadway performers in classic stories.
Stars: James Mason, Irene Dunne, Walter Coy, Robert Paige
Votes: 160
46. Game, Set, and Match (1988– )
60 min | Drama
Bernard Samson (Sir Ian Holm) is a spy in the employ of S.I.S., London Central.
Stars: Ian Holm, Michael Culver, Michael Degen, Anthony Bate
Votes: 155
47. If You Knew Susie (1948)
Approved | 90 min | Comedy
In the small town of Brookford, everybody can trace their ancestors back to the Revolutionary War, except Sam and Susie Parker. One day, however, they find a letter written by George ... See full summary »
Director: Gordon Douglas | Stars: Eddie Cantor, Joan Davis, Allyn Joslyn, Charles Dingle
Votes: 152
48. The Adding Machine (1969)
M | 100 min | Comedy
An accountant whose job is about to be taken over by a computer starts to re-examine his life and his priorities.
Director: Jerome Epstein | Stars: Milo O'Shea, Phyllis Diller, Billie Whitelaw, Sydney Chaplin
Votes: 151
49. Bomber Harris (1989 TV Movie)
85 min | Drama, War
The history of one of the key commanders of WW2, the head of RAF Bomber Command, Air Chief Marshall Sir Arthur "Bomber" Harris.
Director: Michael Darlow | Stars: John Thaw, Robert Hardy, Frederick Treves, Bernard Kay
Votes: 130
50. The Fortunate Pilgrim (1988)
250 min
This TV mini-series was based on much-praised novel by Mario Puzo. The novel tells the story of the Angeluzzi-Corbos family, a family of immigrants living an adopted life in New York City. ... See full summary »
Stars: Yorgo Voyagis, Mirjana Karanovic, Annabella Sciorra, Ron Marquette
Votes: 124


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Scottish sprinter who turned to bobsleigh has high hopes of a medal in Sochi, finds Richard Bath
WHEN Stuart Benson was first offered the chance to try the bobsleigh in his late 20s, the Scottish champion at triple jump, 200m and 60m indoor sprint wasn't having any of it. After all, he still had medals to win and titles to claim in his chosen sport. But as he entered his 30s, the realisation dawned that his peak had passed, that he needed a new challenge.
When the RAF avionics technician received an e-mailed invitation from Talent Search and agreed to give bobsleigh – long a bastion of service personnel – a go, he did so because he wanted to stretch himself, "not because I had any loftier ambitions". Yet less than three years after turning up at Bath University and spending a month getting to know his new sport on a Cool Runnings-style bobsleigh with wheels, later this month he will line up at Sochi as part of the four-man bobsleigh team, one of Britain's brightest medal hopes.
"It's been an incredible journey," he says. "When I was first approached I was still very blinkered and focused on being the best sprinter I could, but there came a time when I thought I'd reached my potential as a sprinter so I thought I'd give it a try."
At first, there was no chat about even making Sochi, let alone competing for a medal. But after some mixed initial results, the rookies gradually began to improve, taking baby steps at first and then coming on in leaps and bounds.
"We came fifth in the world championship last year, and we've won two silver medals this year [including a silver at the European Championships in Germany last weekend]," says Benson. "But there have been a lot of trials and tribulations. We started the season trying lots of different crews as we had lots of good athletes turning up, and then we had a new sled designed by the McLaren Formula One boffins, so there was a pretty mixed bag of results. We had a 17th, 16th, 15th but we've also a had a silver medal in Lake Placid where we beat the American gold medallist at his own track. We're now firmly established in the world's top five, so the potential is there."
As the results began to get better, Benson began to believe, the dream bolstered by two important people in his life: his wife Sarah and younger brother Andrew. Sarah, a 3,000-metre runner who hopes to represent Scotland in this summer's Commonwealth Games, also works for the Scottish Institute of Sport explaining to athletes what it takes to succeed and has been a rock for Benson.
Andrew, however, has been even more inspirational. A keen Sunday football player, he accompanied a pal to an audition for a place in the volleyball programme for London 2012, only to be persuaded to take part and then drafted into the Olympic squad. Disaster struck just before last year's Games when he was injured, but his example was not wasted on his brother. "He really inspired me," says Benson. "He started the sport late, then he stuck with it, proved that he could compete against the top international players and generally showed so much dedication in pursuit of his dream."
But it was only relatively recently that Benson finally realised that a medal was within their grasp. "I really began to believe at the end of last season when we came fifth in the world championships and then fifth again at the Olympic testament when we were beating people we'd looked up to for the two previous seasons," he says. "We came away from that thinking: 'we're all full-time athletes and we've all got the backing of UK Sport; we can do this'. Up to that point Bruce [Tasker] had been working in a bar, [GB sprinter] Joe [Fearon] had still been doing athletics, but with a clear run, a year to go, and with a new sled to come, we could see the road ahead and knew that we had a genuine chance of a top-three position."
Benson has come a long way in the last two years. He has added 10kgs of upper body muscle and improved his 30-metre times significantly in order to be able to propel the sled over the first 15-20 metres, accelerating from zero to 35 kilometres an hour before jumping in. Although their sleds are designed by McLaren, the rest of the operation has been low-tech, with the four sledders competing in 30 World Cup events over the past three years, generally finishing on a Sunday afternoon and then leaving without showering, driving up to ten hours to the next resort to be ready for training on the Monday morning. They've had to do all the maintenance on the sleds, all the driving. For a sprinter like Benson, who happily admits he was mollycoddled, it came as a real shock.
"It's created a real bond between us, though," he says. "Of course we're jealous of the Germans, Swiss and Canadians with their huge back-up, but when you've got the sled on the block after you've done the work on it, you have this confidence which makes it more rewarding when you slide, so I wouldn't change it for the world."
Yet the past couple of months have not been easy. Back in October, pilot John Jackson, the only previous Winter Olympian and the most important member of the team, wrecked his Achilles tendon in training. Only a groundbreaking operation by Scottish sports surgeon Professor Gordon Mackay got him back in time for Sochi, but only after an immediate diagnosis that he would miss the Games. "Jacko is irreplaceable," says Benson. "He's such a good pilot, and the fact that he is consistently driving us down so that we finish ahead of where we started is why our chances of a medal are so good. So when he did his Achilles in training we all thought 'this might be it'. And not only would it have been it for him, but for all of us because there are other decent drivers, but no-one that comes close to Jacko.
"What we didn't expect was a text from him a week later, the day after his operation, saying that he would be there on the start line with us in Sochi, and not just in spirit. That made us think. If anyone was going to get injured you'd want it to be Jacko because he has the determination and a background in rehab. When he ran for the first time, which was in a training session, it was very emotional: it was a real breakthrough for us all. It made us realise that if he can come back from that, then we can really give this a good go. It was the point at which we all thought, 'maybe this is just all meant to be'."


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His mom does not let us see each other a lot only 2 days a week and on Sundays 4 hours. She also does not like me anymore it is very hard on me and my bf we love each other a lot but we have been going through lots of bumps in the road I want his parents to like me again and his family his whole fam doesn't like me we have stopped doing stuff till and if we get married. His family also thinks caous follows me around. I don't know what to do please help me?
Most Helpful Girl
You could try having a very honest conversation with his mother? I know it could be awkward, but tell her you are so sorry for disrespecting her house rules, and that even though she may not believe you, it was a one time thing, and you've both decided it's not something you will do again. Tell him you love her son, and how happy he makes you, and how you're really there for him. Tell her you know it will take time, but you'd like to regain her trust and respect. It's very frank, but, she could appreciate you approaching the situation head on. :) Good luck!22|00|0
thank you so much, I really like that Idea I will deff try it :)
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thanks, I tried talking with his friends nothing seems to work I will try talking with is fambut im prob going be so scared andnrvous
so his mom talk him today about something he didn't tell me what, im assuming it was about me since she doesn't like me and he seemed upset but at the end of our convo on the phone I said I love you he said okay, what does that mean?


text:
Downtown is a system.
Made up of buildings, sidewalks, streets and parking structures—steel and glass, cement, trees and light posts. But downtown's most important element is people.
When the Downtown Alliance was founded in 1991, Salt Lake City was a starkly different place. Crossroads Mall and ZCMI, two large enclosed shopping malls bustled, but our residential population was decreasing, many parts of downtown were blighted and Main Street was failing. The Utah Jazz still played in the Accord Arena, within the walls of the Salt Palace Convention Center. And where our stunning library now stands there was a courthouse and jail.
The Salt Palace as we know it was just a sparkle in the eye of Rick Davis, president of the Salt Lake Convention & Visitors Bureau. The Boyer Company was completing the One Utah Center on the corner of Main Street and 200 South, but there was no Gallivan Center. In fact, there was no TRAX, or Wells Fargo Building, no 222 South Main and old rail lines covered the future home of The Gateway.
People—through their creative energy, sense of community, love of art and entrepreneurial spirit—have built this downtown. As the Downtown Alliance celebrates our silver anniversary, this magazine celebrates the people and partnerships that have helped to change the face of our evolving urban center over the past quarter of a century.
Undoubtedly, this article will miss some important folks who have made major contributions. For that we apologize. It is hard to think of downtown Salt Lake City and not recognize the vision of long-time Salt Lake Tribune publisher Jack Gallivan who started our community down our Olympic quest in 1964 and championed the construction of the Salt Palace. But many of Jack Gallivan's achievements came before 1991. The same might be said of Maurice Abravanel, Ted Wilson, Palmer DePaulis and thousands of others. An article dedicated to regional movers and shakers might also include such luminaries as Scott Anderson, Mitt Romney and Gov. Jon Huntsman. We recognize their incredible contributions to our community and deep dedication to the state of Utah. There are hundreds of other people we could have included as well.
The 25 people and organizations included here are just some of downtown's brightest champions from the last quarter century—people who have contributed their passion, talent and fortunes to building a better city. We appreciate and support our partners, colleagues and friends who have worked every day, for decades, to build a better city. As we celebrate our 25th birthday as an organization, we turn our attention outwards to the many people who have made downtown what it is today.
1. Natalie Gochnour
When asked about her greatest loyalties, Natalie Gochnour might mention her family, her church, Real Salt Lake, and her beloved University of Utah where she serves as associate dean of the David Eccles Business School and director of the Kem C. Gardner Policy Institute. But she is first and always a Salt Laker and her loyalty to downtown has shaped the last ten years of her life as certainly as Natalie has shaped our ever rising skyline.
Gochnour's mind and eloquence were the guiding forces behind Downtown Rising, a business-led initiative that prioritized development for Utah's capital city. Started in 2006 and launched in 2007 Downtown Rising gave voice to our aspirations as an urban center. She used the momentum of City Creek Center's construction to inspire a whole new generation of development and emotional connection to Utah's capital city. The legacy of Downtown Rising includes brick and mortar projects like the new Eccles Theater, regional rail and a corridor of high-density housing connecting downtown with the University of Utah. More importantly, it includes a renewed sense of community spirit that will carry downtown through the next decades.
2. Lane Beattie
For 13 years, Beattie has led the Downtown Alliance as President and CEO bringing his years of experience as a realtor, developer, president of the Utah Senate, and the state's chief Olympic officer. Beattie's tutelage has been critical to projects ranging from City Creek Center to moving the North Temple Viaduct; from TRAX construction to the GREENbike system and from homeless initiatives to building a convention center hotel. His leadership shapes the Downtown Alliance and the broader community.
Everything Beattie touches is improved by his insight, negotiation skills and ability to bring people together. He is not just the president of the Downtown Alliance, he is also downtown's biggest cheerleader and advocate. Beattie can move mountains with a single phone call, handshake or smile. And his love for downtown has translated to tangible results for Utah's urban center during his leadership over the past thirteen years.
3. Vasilios Priskos
Nobody knows more about the history of downtown structures and parcels than Vasilios Priskos, the founder of InterNet Properties. As a young Greek immigrant, Priskos grew up in the shadow of skyscrapers working for his family's restaurant: the Royal Eatery on Main Street and 400 South. As a major landowner and dealmaker, his commitment to the urban fabric of our city is apparent in places like Whiskey Street and Café Molise, both housed in building he owns. One of his greatest downtown contributions is the rehabilitation of the historic Salt Lake Tribune building on Main Street as a leading edge educational campus for Neumont University. This project retains one of downtown's key historic structures and supports revitalization in the core, bringing full-time resident students and jobs into the city.
4. Scott Beck
As perhaps the greatest salesman our city has ever known, Scott Beck's enthusiasm for downtown is contagious. As president of Visit Salt Lake, Beck has built on the legacy of previous convention bureau leaders Dianne Binger and Rick Davis to create an unparalleled sales and marketing organization for our community. Visit Salt Lake supports all of Salt Lake County, but promotes downtown as the site of the Calvin L. Rampton Salt Palace Convention Center and the vast majority of Salt Lake County's hotels, restaurants and bars. Beck's passion and dedication are a critical element to downtown's success as a top emerging convention market, a point that will be underscored this summer when Salt Lake City hosts the American Society of Association Executives, bringing thousands of associations, their senior leaders and meeting planners, to our urban center.
5. Bob Farrington
The founder of the Downtown Alliance, Farmers Market, Live Green, Lights On! and Salt Lake City's First Night, Bob Farrington's contributions trace their origins to the very start of the our 25 year history. Farrington was recruited to Salt Lake City from San Antonio where he had served as the director of the Downtown Owners Association of San Antonio. His leadership at the Alliance brought people together, creating alliances and a voice for the diverse business interests and constituencies that make up our urban center. His gracious spirit, astute judgment and planning background made the Alliance the authoritative voice for downtown's evolution and development. His advocacy continued in his role as Salt Lake City's economic development director, adjunct professor of planning at the University of Utah and private practice at Farrington Community, Planning and Development, a consulting firm he owns with his brother Phil.
6. Tom Guinney
Gastronomy opened the New Yorker in 1978 in the rehabilitated New York Hotel, setting the standard for fine dining in Salt Lake City for decades to come. Market Street Grill and Oyster Bar followed shortly after as Guinney and his partners John Williams and Thomas Seig acquired dilapidated buildings throughout downtown and renovated them into architectural treasures. The old Salt Lake City High School on Pierpont Ave became Baci Trattoria and Café Pierpont, and the Salt Lake Hardware Building, Ford Building and Axis Building were all renovated into historic office and meeting space. Guinney's influence on downtown includes a commitment to historic renovation, civic pride and laying the foundation for downtown's current dining renaissance.
7. President Gordon B. Hinckley
Perhaps more than any other person, Gordon B. Hinckley, the 15th president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has shaped present-day downtown, especially the blocks north of 100 South. In addition to recreating downtown's urban landscape, his commitment to breaking down religious barriers left a legacy much greater than mere buildings or plazas.
As Church President, Hinckley oversaw the renovation of the Joseph Smith Memorial Building, construction of the LDS Conference Center and development of City Creek Center. President Hinckley understood the importance of a vibrant city center and the role of the Church as the community's founding organization.
When President Hinckley passed away in 2008, the Salt Lake Tribune wrote: "Hinckley never lost sight of the importance of Salt Lake City as the church's headquarters. He built goodwill by opening the Tabernacle on Temple Square to interfaith groups, by creating an Inner City Mission to help people find their way out of poverty, illness and addiction, and by contributing to the restoration of the Catholic Cathedral of the Madeleine and Westminster College of Salt Lake City."
8. Bishop H. David Burton
If President Hinkley was the visionary architect for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints downtown plans, H. David Burton, was the general contractor. Bishop Burton served as the Church's Presiding Bishop for seventeen years, and his influence for good can be felt on project large and small, tangible and intangible across our community.
Bishop Burton oversaw the construction of City Creek Center to create what industry experts have called "an outstanding example of visionary architectural achievement in sustainability and innovative design." The transformation of these two critical downtown blocks encouraged other developments up and down Main Street, leading to a downtown renaissance over the past several years.
Bishop Burton's influence on downtown extends far beyond a single development. As the Presiding Bishop, he oversaw the Church's humanitarian efforts, including care for homeless and commitments to Utah's cultural and artistic life. Bishop Burton was also one of the original organizing voices that created the Downtown Alliance. As an emeritus General Authority of the LDS Church, his influence for good continues to build a stronger, more inclusive and beautiful city.
9. The Miller Family
The Miller Family's impact on downtown Salt Lake City has been significant, not only in magnitude—the Vivint Smart Home Arena takes up a full city block and attracts more than 1 million people to downtown every year—but also in terms of personal commitment.
Larry and Gail Miller opened the Delta Center in 1991, the same year the Downtown Alliance was founded. Miller Sports and Entertainment also opened Megaplex Movies at The Gateway in 2001. But the couple's life downtown goes back to their days as students at West High when downtown served as a backdrop to their courtship.
After Larry passed away in 2009, Gail Miller renewed her commitment to downtown, buying a condo in the city center, stepping up as the first private contributor to the new Eccles Theater and serving with former Salt Lake City Mayor Palmer DePaulis on the Homeless Services Site Evaluation Committee last year. She remains committed to downtown as the Miller Organization launches their plans to transform the Vivint Smart Home Arena into a cutting-edge arena, suitable for today's NBA.
The Miller's remarkable influence extends far beyond downtown Salt Lake City, with businesses across several western states and philanthropic endeavors throughout the region. But home court will always be in downtown.
10. Karl Malone and the Utah Jazz
As the most prominent Utah Jazz Player of all time, "The Mailman" Karl Malone spent 18 seasons with the Jazz and represents a golden age in Utah basketball for many fans. Karl and his teammate John Stockton led the Jazz to two NBA Finals appearances, electrifying downtown Salt Lake City – thousands camped outside of the arena to cheer them on. Malone scored the second most career points in NBA history and holds the record for most free throws attempted and made. There is a reason Karl Malone is one of the few people to have a downtown street named in his honor.
Today's Jazz players carry on the Stockton to Malone legacy, with a strong work ethic, commitment to team play and esprit de corp that represents the best of Utah. Downtown is proud to be the home of the Jazz, recognizing the indelible commitment the individual players and the organization make to our city's core.
11. Dee Dee Coradini
As mayor, Dee Dee Coradini left a string of accomplishment that forever changed downtown. As a committed Salt Lake champion she helped bring the Olympics to Utah and worked closely with partners to encourage development and change.
As Salt Lake City's first female mayor, Dee Dee Coradini was a trailblazer in more ways than one. Perhaps more than any other mayor in recent memory, Dee Dee partnered with the private sector to encourage development of Utah's capital city. Economic development was a key value. She supported removing outdated railroad ties to create The Gateway, built City Creek Park and facilitated the creation of Main Street Plaza by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, fulfilling plans originally laid out in the 1960's Second Century Plan. She also supported the early creation of the Downtown Alliance, giving voice to business leaders and property owners to help shape the future of Utah's capital city for years to come.
12. Rocky Anderson
Mayor Anderson is driven by principle and a deep-seated commitment to live by his moral compass. His values inform everything he does—so it's no surprise that one of Salt Lake City's greatest architectural jewels came from his vision and leadership in the Moshe Safdi designed Salt Lake City Public Library that replaced an aging criminal justice center.
Working with his friend and planning director Bob Goldsmith, Mayor Anderson built a community that reflects the progressive nature of Utah's Capital City. He founded the Salt Lake City Jazz Festival with musician Jerry Floor, and built a close working partnership with SLOC president Mitt Romney to host the successful 2002 Olympic Winter Games, centered on downtown Salt Lake City. Mayor Anderson left a legacy of sustainability and social justice that continues to shape the city he loves.
13. Ralph Becker
Mayor Becker's planning background and commitment to environmental sustainability influenced everything from the construction of the nation's first ever net zero Public Safety Building to enhanced bike infrastructure throughout the city and the launch of GREENbike, Salt Lake City's nonprofit bike sharing system.
One of Mayor Becker's signature achievements is the new George S. and Dolores Dore Eccles Theater, scheduled to open in October of this year. Built without any new taxes, the Theater will host first run Broadway plays and serve as a venue for local and regional arts organizations. Strategically positioned in the heart of downtown's cultural core, the new facility builds synergy with performers, audiences and downtown businesses. This legacy project builds on existing venues and creating a unique sense of place that will set Salt Lake City apart for decades to come. Mayor Becker's love for the people of Salt Lake City contributed to the renaissance downtown experienced during his time in office.
14. Geralyn Dreyfous
As Utah's First Lady of Film, Geralyn Dreyfous has nurtured filmmakers across the globe but her touch on downtown Salt Lake City was cemented when she founded the Utah Film Center in ---- The Center's mission, to ---through the power of film" is realized every time they screen free curated independent movies and documentaries to audiences throughout our state. In addition to regular screenings at The Salt Lake City Public Library, Rose Wagner Center, Dreyfous lead in the creation of Tumbleweeds and Damn These Heels, two film festivals produced by the Utah Film Center every year.
Dreyfous is the recipient of numerous honors and recognitions including an Academy Award for the --- documentary Born into Brothels in ----. But her greatest contribution may be the lives she has helped to shape through the narrative of films that she has created or brought to audiences in downtown Salt Lake City. Her contributions to downtown will only continue in future years as we move forward in helping to fulfill the vision of a Film and Media Center, a project she has championed for years.
15. Ririe Woodbury
For more than 50 years, Ririe Woodbury Dance Company has boldly engaged Salt Lake City audiences, fulfilling their mission to make dance a visible part of everyone's lives. Joan Woodbury and Shirley Ririe created the company in 1964, focusing on performance and education. Over the past five decades Ririe Woodbury has become an internationally renowned contemporary dance company with roots deep in downtown Salt Lake City. Today, Jena Woodbury, serves as Executive Director and continues to build on the company's long legacy.
Ririe Woodbury is one of the resident companies at the Rose Wagner Performing Arts Center on Broadway. Together with the other resident companies: SB Dance, Pygmalion Productions, Plan B Theater Company and Repertory Dance, downtown audiences are challenged, entertained and transformed through music, dance and theater.
16. Pat Richards
As the region's cultural center, downtown is home to symphony, opera, theater and ballet. The success of our cultural arts can be attributed to performers, patrons and hundreds of other supporters. But in terms of longevity of service and personal commitment, Pat Richards deserves special recognition.
Since 1994, Richards has helped to guide two of Utah's legacy cultural organizations, first as member of the Utah Opera Board and then, as a member of the Symphony and Opera Board when the two organizations merged in 2002. She took over as board chair in 2005 and led USUO through the lean years of the great recession, helping to create a long-term plan for financial stability. Today she is the interim president. Richards' love of music extends beyond volunteer leadership as she has literally leant her voice to the music she loves. She has been a longtime member of the Utah Symphony Chorus. Richards served as a senior Vice President of Wells Fargo Bank and was the first female chair of the Salt Lake Chamber. Her business acumen, passion for music and commitment to community have sustained downtown's cultural legacy for future generations.
17. Roger Boyer
Built in 1991, the One Utah Center on the corner of 200 South and Main shares a 25th birthday with the Downtown Alliance. And it is only fitting that we honor Roger Boyer, who built the iconic skyscraper together with his long-time business partner Kem Gardner. In 2001, the Boyer Company opened the largest private development in downtown's history at The Gateway in reclaimed rail yards pioneering new development on downtown's west side. The Gateway ushered in a new concept for Utah, focusing on entertainment, urban living, retail and office development. Now owned by Vestar Corporation, the future of the center remains bright.
Roger Boyer develops much more than just commercial property; he crafts a sense of community. Tall in stature, quiet and gentle in demeanor, Roger has continued to build downtown, re-imagining the former Quest headquarters on the corner of 200 East and 100 South and building the 101 Office Tower across the street. Together with Cowboy Partners, the Boyer Company is continuing to boldly reshape urban neighborhoods, developing the Station Center project west of the Rio Grande Depot, and building the 151 Tower on State Street as a continuation of the downtown rising vision for a skyline district on State and Main.
18. Dell Loy Hansen
Dell Loy makes things happen. As a developer, investor and creator he has the rare ability to bring disparate people, projects and ideas together. Dell Loy's vision repurposed the Wells Fargo Building, bringing KUTV's studios to Main Street. He kept Questar's corporate headquarters downtown building a --- LEED certified building on a former surface parking lot in 18 months. He retrofitted the international style --- building on Main Street and his team has attracted tech companies large and small who now make us the majority of office users in the WorkDay Building on 200 East and 400 South. Most recently, he purchased the Simmons Media Group and brought a number of popular radio stations to the heart of the urban center rechristening the group as the Broadway Media Group.
Dell Loy's work in building downtown continues through Wasatch Commercial, Wasatch Residential and Wasatch Constructors who have built more than 2000 new units in and around downtown in last few years.
19. Matt Mankovitch
Matt Mankovitch has spent a lifetime improving the lives of others. Working in close concert with Michelle Flynn, ---- at the Road Home for ---- years, he and his team at The Road Home, have helped thousands of men, women and children along the journey from homelessness to housing. His compassion is evident in every action, conversation and decision he makes as the Road Home's Executive Director. The Road Home is more than an emergency shelter, it is a lifeline for people who come to the urban center at difficult times in their lives in search of security, safety and opportunity.
Flynn and Mankovitch do the hard work of helping vulnerable people during some of the most difficult parts of their lives. Many of the people they care for struggle with addiction and mental health woes in addition to financial challenges. Joined by advocates like Pamela Atkinson and working with other homeless service providers like Catholic Community Service, the 4th Street Clinic, Volunteers of America and Crossroads Urban Center, they are committed to strategic interventions that move people into housing, self-sufficiency and recovery.
20. Squatters
Although much has changed since Jeff Polychronis and Peter Cole opened Squatters Pub on 300 South in September of 1989 the partners still remain firmly dedicated to their goal of providing world-class handcrafted beer and food in a warm, friendly environment. When Squatters opened, Broadway was a very different place. Anything west of West Temple Street was considered the "wrong side of town."
Jeff and Peter have been avid supporters of downtown Salt Lake City. With the full support and encouragement of Cole and Polychronis, Squatters has become a GREENbike sponsor, annually hosted the Farmers Market kick-off party, installed bike corrals, and has enthusiastically participated in numerous downtown events including Tastemakers, Tour de Brewtah, the annual Pride and St Patrick's parades, Paint the Town Red, and Downtown Dine O'Round. Jeff and Peter's commitment and talent have made a huge contribution to a healthy downtown community for more than a quarter of a century. It's only fitting we raise a glass to their contributions.
21. Tony Caputo
Downtown has been built on more than steel, glass and bricks. It's also been constructed with artisan cheese, hand crated salamis, sandwiches, olives, chocolate, balsamic and oil. When Tony Caputo opened for business in the Pioneer Park neighborhood, he was pioneering more than just a new take on specialty Italian and Southern European imports, he was also pioneering a neighborhood that many had written off. Tony Caputo puts his money where his mouth is and much of the renaissance in and around Pioneer Park is a direct result of his willingness to take a risk and invest in the neighborhood.
As his son Matt takes over responsibilities for the management of Caputo's thriving retail and catering business, Tony Caputo has secured his legacy as a successful small business owner, food entrepreneur and pioneering city builder.
22. John Saltas
When John Saltas founded City Weekly as the Private Eye Weekly in the mid 1980s, Utah laws prohibited clubs from advertising alcohol. The Private Eye promoted live music and reminded patrons about local bar scene at watering holes like Port O' Call and Green Street.
Saltas moved the offices for the weekly newspaper downtown in 1991, the same year that the Downtown Alliance was founded, and his commitment to downtown has never wavered. The City Weekly has evolved from a newssheet that promotes nightlife to a critical part of Utah's media landscape and alternative voice to mainstream media. In the past 25 years, Saltas has stepped forward to support downtown programs and events like the Farmers Market, EVE and Dine O' Round, while reporting on the unique assets that set downtown apart.
Today, City Weekly is a critical voice for downtown's diverse voices and continues to offer some of the state's best investigative journalism. Saltas has made a real and lasting imprint on downtown through decades of influence and advocacy.
23. Lisa Sewell
Lisa Sewell's career has been spent building the Utah Arts Festival into one of the largest and most successful arts festivals in the United States. She started as ---- in --- . In ---- she became the Executive Director and her leadership has helped the Festival grow by --- percent in programming, budget and attendance.
Every year the Utah Arts Festival attracts more than 80,000 people to downtown, celebrating performance and visual art in the heart of the capital city. Beyond just creating a venue for the sale of art and artistic expression, Sewell has helped to build community as art loving attendees build memories and relationships in the shared space of their urban center.
24. Casey Jarman
The Salt Lake City Arts Council started the Twilight Concerts Series on the sloping lawn outside of the Salt Lake Art Center in 1989. For more than 25 years, Casey Jarman was the guiding force as the founder and director. He helped the series grow from humble beginnings to a new home at Gallivan Center where the Series was based for several years. In 2010, Casey brought the series to Pioneer Park, creating a huge uptick in attendance.
The Twilight Concerts have helped to define downtown Salt Lake City's music scene, exposing local audiences to a diverse national and local music. With an attendance of up to 35,000 per concert, tens of thousands of music lovers have experience live music under the stars on Thursday nights through July and August. Casey's role as founder and director set the foundation for the Festival's continued success under Jesse Schaefer who took over management of the Festival in 2014.
25. Kim Angeli-Selin
Kim Angeli's passion for the Downtown Farmers Market helped the Downtown Alliance program grow from a small gathering of farmers and artists in Pioneer Park to one of the largest and most successful farmers markets in the country. Under Angeli-Selin's leadership the Market expanded to a Tuesday night Harvest Market, August through October and a Winter Market in the Rio Grande Depot November through April and grew by ---- percent from 2005 to 2015.
The Market has been one of the driving elements of success in the Pioneer Park neighborhood leading to investment of restaurants and food-based businesses, and new residential offerings. It has also helped to incubate dozens of successful brick and mortar businesses throughout our city. Through all the growth, Angeli-Selin carefully guarded the core values of the market, ensuring that all the elements of a signature downtown event that attracts more than 200,000 people annually remain true to a local, thoughtful and food driven mission.


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MARY STEWART, Propeller, cargo flour and pork, was damaged by the ice off Buffalo, and sunk in the harbor about two hours after her arrival. Pumped out and raised.
Buffalo Commercial Advertiser
January 26, 1863. Casualty List, 1862
. . . . .
A PROPELLER SUNK. - The propeller MARY STEWART, belonging to the W.T. Company,arrived here from Detroit on Friday evening and proceeded to the New York Central R. R. dock, where she sunk a short time after her arrival, her bow having been cut through by floating ice, while coming into the harbor. Her main deck was covered with two feet of water and the cargo which consisted of pork, was effectually saturated. The steam pump belonging to Capt. Dorr, was brought to bear upon her and she was raised yesterday morning about 5 o'clock. The propeller was not insured. The amount of insurance on the cargo we did not learn
Buffalo Daily Courier
Monday, April 7, 1862
. . . . .
A telegram was received by J.W. Strong, on Saturday evening, that late in the afternoon of that day the prop. MARY STEWART was cut through by ice, and sunk in Buffalo Creek. She left this port for Buffalo on Wednesday afternoon with a mixed cargo. No particulars were ascertained.
Detroit Free Press
April 6, 1862
. . . . .
By a dispatch to J.L. Hurd & Co., we learn that the sinking of the MARY STEWART was caused by sunken timber in Buffalo Creek, instead of the ice, as at first reported. She lies in about 12 ft. of water, and will probably be raised
immediately. The portion of her cargo on deck is uninjured, and it is thought the damage to the hull is but trifling.
Detroit Free Press
April 8, 1862
The Maritime History of the Great Lakes site is managed by Walter Lewis
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About the Show
Show outline, exhibit and visitor profile, etc.
About Organiser
Regarding exhibitions organised by Reed Exhibitions Japan Ltd.
Previous Show
List of Exhibitors, Visitor Count, Photos/Video, Floor Map, Conference Program, etc.
Osaka Edition
The show is held twice a year in Tokyo and Osaka.
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Show outline, merits of exhibiting, floor plan, etc.
[Tokyo Show]Special Exhibit Zones
Categorised by product/technology.
Latest Booth Availability
Remaining booth is limited.Check the latest availability.
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Merits of visiting and what you can do on-site.
Previous Exhibitor Features
Previous special features of exhibitors and exhibit products!
Technical Conference Program
Delivering the latest technology trends covering "Film", "Plastic", "Metal", "Ceramics", "Joining Technologies of Dissimilar Materials", etc.
Show Outline
Here you can find the informationof the show for your show coverage.
The show gathers all kinds of equipment, materials and processing technologies related to highly-functional films.
The show gathers all kinds of plastics/composite materials as well as its manufacturing and processing technologies.
The show gathers a wide range of highly-functional metal materials and processing equipment, testing/analysis equipment, recycling technologies, etc.
The show gathers all kinds of highly-functional ceramics, materials, forming/processing equipment, burning/heating equipment, evaluation/testing/analysis equipment, etc.
The show gathers all kinds of advanced adhesives and joining technologies for automobile, electronics, construction, etc.
The show gathers the latest paint & coating technologies for automobile, electronics, building fields, etc.
The show gathers advanced adhesive and joining technologies for automobile, electronics, construction, etc.
The show gathers LCD/OLED/Sensor technologies for electronic display, IoT device, solid-state lighting, etc.
Photonix consists of 3 different exhibitions specialising in laser processing, optics and optical measuring/analytical technology.


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Mystic believes that kiteboarding, windsurfing, wake boarding and Stand Up Paddling is not just a hobby, it's a way of life. By creating an ever-expanding apparel and waterwear collection, Mystic now represents the watersport attitude and lifestyle in and out of the water.
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5 star Retreat
krista b.
Review Submitted:
You will be very surprised at the spacious,
luxury, private accommod-ations for such a reasonable cost. The
location is quite immediate to Akaka Falls, Hilo and the volcano
(10-20 mins). All organic produce (we're
vegetarians) grown on the property, tea, coffee, fresh mas-sive
papaya and homemade blue-berry scones were an added delight.
Volcano Villas
POOL Area
Entrance into room
Interior of the condo with 2 full sized beds
Full sized range and refrigerator
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Conference paper
Bloch Surface Based Platform for Optical Integration
A novel dielectric multilayer platform sustaining Bloch surface waves is investigated for integrated photonic chips. These surface waves can be manipulated by two dimensional dielectric optical components patterned on top of the platform. We study the properties of high refractive index materials (TiO2) as active top layer of platform.
Keywords: dielectric multilayer ; TiO2
Record created on 2015-05-11, modified on 2017-05-10


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Release Date: June 17th, 2011
DVD Release Date: October 18th, 2011
R|1 hr 28 min
Plot Summary
By looking into the lives and daily tasks of three writers at the the New York Times, this documentary explores the ways that the Internet has changed print media. The journalists include up-and-comer Brian Stelter, established yet restless reporter Tim Arango and David Carr, an outspoken warhorse with a volatile temper. Covering 12 months of life at the Times, the film reveals the difficulties in maintaining the ways of traditional journalism in a changing news environment.
Director: Andrew Rossi
Genres: Documentary
Production Co: Participant Media
Distributors: Magnolia Pictures
Keywords: Fascinating, New York City, Office, Engaging, Fall, Tense, Rivalry, Transformation, 2000s, 2010s, Emotional


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Keep an eye (or an ear) on your digital hub.
Plug and play is a great concept, but when it doesn't work or something becomes accidentally unplugged it can be frustrating to find out about it only when you try to use the device – often with a cryptic error message.
Peripheral Vision helps you keep tabs on your wayward devices by popping up a window indicating the type and name of the device and whether it's coming or going. It even keeps track of your network link status – very useful when you're using Airport.
Version 1.6 adds support for file volumes which makes it much easier to automate actions with FireWire drives and provides a simplified Preference Pane layout among other improvements.
Registered users can make an application launch when a particular peripheral is connected (just like iTunes with iPod), run an AppleScript or a Unix script.
Working under the desk? Can't see the display? Registered users can get Peripheral Vision to tell them what's been connected or disconnected by activating the new speech feature.
Don't like the cryptic name of a peripheral? Rename it to something more friendly with the new Naming facility.
Bug fixes in 1.6.3:
- Fixed Jaguar serial number data entry bug.
- Fixed Login Item checkbox box.
Registered users can also choose the particular combination of notifications and adjust the color scheme of the visual display.
Peripheral Vision runs on Mac OS X 10.1 (or higher) and supports USB, FireWire and Bluetooth (10.2 only) devices.
Registration is only USD $6.95.


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The Environmental Impact of Immigration: An Analysis of the Effects of Immigrant Concentration on Air Pollution Levels
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Volume (Year): 31 (2012)
Issue (Month): 1 (February)
Pages: 119-140
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References listed on IDEAS
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- White, Thomas J., 2007. "Sharing resources: The global distribution of the Ecological Footprint," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 64(2), pages 402-410, December.
- Shi, Anqing, 2003. "The impact of population pressure on global carbon dioxide emissions, 1975-1996: evidence from pooled cross-country data," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 44(1), pages 29-42, February.
- Neumayer, Eric, 2006.
"The environment: One more reason to keep immigrants out?,"
Ecological Economics,
Elsevier, vol. 59(2), pages 204-207, September.
- Neumayer, Eric, 2006. "The environment: one more reason to keep immigrants out?," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 3275, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
- Squalli, Jay, 2010. "An empirical assessment of U.S. state-level immigration and environmental emissions," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 69(5), pages 1170-1175, March.
- York, Richard & Rosa, Eugene A. & Dietz, Thomas, 2003. "STIRPAT, IPAT and ImPACT: analytic tools for unpacking the driving forces of environmental impacts," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 46(3), pages 351-365, October.
- Matthew A. Cole & Eric Neumayer, 2003. "Examining the Impact of Demographic Factors On Air Pollution," Labor and Demography 0312005, EconWPA, revised 13 May 2004.
- Kenneth M. Johnson & Daniel T. Lichter, 2008. "Natural Increase: A New Source of Population Growth in Emerging Hispanic Destinations in the United States," Population and Development Review, The Population Council, Inc., vol. 34(2), pages 327-346.
- Muradian, Roldan, 2006. "Immigration and the environment: Underlying values and scope of analysis," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 59(2), pages 208-213, September.
- Max J. Pfeffer & J. Mayone Stycos, 2002. "Immigrant Environmental Behaviors in New York City," Social Science Quarterly, Southwestern Social Science Association, vol. 83(1), pages 64-81.
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text:
Success stories of 5 husband-wife enterprises
Success stories of 5 husband-wife team startups
ET Bureau; Radhika P Nair & Peerzada Abrar
Unlike most other people, Pallavi Gupta, an entrepreneur finds it difficult to unwind and let off some steam after coming home from work. She can't even confide her work-related problems to her husband Gaurav Jain because as the other cofounder of Mast Kalandar, a quick service restaurant chain, he already knows them.
However, despite such challenges, more couples such as the Jains are entering the little-trodden terrain of entrepreneurship together and becoming very successful at it.
In recent times a number of new ventures such as Mast Kalandar, Kimaya Fashions, Babyoye, MadRat Games and YourNextLeap have been launched by husband-wife teams.
Mast Kalandar
"We were clear-eyed about the financial risks and the sacrifices we needed to make. We were ready for it," Pallavi Gupta Gupta, 36, who cofounded Mast Kalandar in 2006.
She and Jain, 40, were both software professionals before starting their company, which raised $6 million (Rs 32 crore) from Helion Venture Partners last year, and is targeting revenue of Rs 100 crore in 2015. Venture capital investors such as Accel Partners' Prashanth Prakash and Helion's Kanwaljit Singh, who meet hundreds of emerging businesses each year, say there has been a significant rise in such entrepreneur teams in the last two years.
Mast Kalandar's Gupta had initially planned to continue working while Jain set up the business. "But we decided that while the risks might be greater we wanted to go through the starting up process together," she adds.
CustomerAsset and TutorVista
"My wife became my cofounder because she is qualified, not because she is my wife," says serial entrepreneur Krishnan Ganesh. Meena and Krishnan Ganesh have together launched two successful companies– CustomerAsset and TutorVista– in the past decade.
ICICI acquired CustomerAsset in 2002 for over $20 million, while in 2011, UK-based publishing house Pearson acquired a majority stake in the then five-year-old TutorVista for Rs 577 crore, valuing it at around Rs 1,000 crore.
Even the seasoned husband-wife entrepreneur duo Meena and Krishnan Ganesh had to face issues. "You come home to feel relaxed, get fully charged, but here I was spending all the time with my wife mainly talking about work," says Ganesh, 51. Ganesh says the secret of their success is clear demarcation of roles so they avoided stepping on each other's toes. Other entrepreneurs agree.
MadRat Games
Trust is the biggest advantage of working together for these couples. "Trust and commitment are the most important requirements in a cofounder relationship and that is a given when you are married," says 30-year-old Rajat Dhariwal, who cofounded Bangalore based educational board games venture MadRat Games with his wife Madumita Halder and brother Manuj Dhariwal.
Dhariwal and Halder, who were classmates at IIT-Bombay, taught science at Andhra Pradesh-based Rishi Valley School before launching MadRat Games in late 2009.
The company has 25 employees on its rolls and raised $500,000 in a first round funding last year from Blume Ventures and First Light Ventures.
MadRat's Dhariwal says there is a tendency to gloss over issues when dealing with family. "One of us can have unreasonable demands and will get away with it," says Dhariwal.
These couples say that an entrepreneur couple should be clear-eyed about this should be confident of tiding over such issues at least in the short run. When Sanjay Nadkarni, 39, and Arunima Singhdeo, 38, launched online babycare retailer Babyoye in 2010, they put their entire savings of Rs 40 lakh into the business.
The couple, who by then had a baby, had to shift back to Nadkarni's parents' house to save costs. Other challenges can be trickier.
Nadkarni and Singhdeo say they end up taking work home, even if they want to avoid it. "It robs key family moments," says Nadkarni, who was previously with Airtel. "There would be short-term animosity between us. We will have disagreements."
Their company, which now has 250 employees and has so far raised $11 million from Accel Partners and Tiger Global, is targeting revenues of around Rs 25 crore this fiscal.
Kimaya Fashions
"Compartmentalisation is the key," says Pradeep Hirani, 49, who founded multi-designer fashion brand Kimaya Fashions with his wife Neha Hirani, 44, in 2002.
"We have divided responsibilities as well, so that there is no overlap." Kimaya, which raised Rs 60 crore from Franklin Templeton in 2011, retails apparel by well-known Indian designers like Rohit Bal, Tarun Tahiliani, Manish Arora and Sabyasachi Mukherjee.
"We take two holidays a year together, have dinner together and do not check email at home. We also reward each other at work and don't take each other for granted," says Kimaya's Pradeep.


text:
The First Step by Mighty Khalsa … My Sikh Roots
Wow! I'm so glad we stumbled upon this! Coming from a Sikh family that are heavily involved in the Gurdwara, it matters a lot to me to give Arjun the same beautiful upbringing I had.
I was blessed enough to be born in to a religion that promotes equality, humbleness and humanity. Sikhism is not only my religion, it's my way of life. I may not practice Sikhi to it's strictest form but my religion and faith is so dear to my heart and I would love for Arjun to have the same basic teachings that I did.
"The First Step" book is a hardback book with the first pauri (verse) of Japji Sahib (Sikh prayer). Each line is translated in to English in cute simplified baby speak for example "Kartaa Purkh – Vaheguroo made everything. The sky, the stars … And even the toys we play with". The choice of translation words really helps for kids to relate and learn. I absolutely love it.
The illustrations are brilliant – bright and cheery and they really keep Arjun engaged. I also especially love that all the people in the illustrations are of different races, religions and ethnicities which reflects that Sikhi teaches us to respect all. The book is really well made and will definitely last.
All in all, this is one of my favourite investments because it's not just any book – it's a stepping stone for Arjun to be introduced to the basic teachings of our Guru and he absolutely loves it.
The book cost £6.99 and can be purchased from The First Step. The staff are especially helpful and offer such a friendly and personal service.
For a chance to win your very own copy, share the below image on your social media page and don't forget to let us know that you've shared it! Winner will be announced on Sunday 22nd February 🙂
Would love to know how your babies like this buy. Do share x
5 CommentsAdd yours
My eldest daughter Manroop was gifted this from her massi when she was 1. Now 2 and half she knows her pelhi pauri paarth and loves this book x
Harps, this book is fab for little angels. Aarav knows half of his pehli pauri path. It's very cute when he says Satman instead of Satnaam lol but we are getting good there x
[…] His favourite book is "The First Step" by Mighty Khalsa (review on the book here) […]


text:
Tasmin Little
The official video trailer for Tasmin Little's 'A Violin for all Seasons' with strings from the BBC Symphony Orchestra, featuring Antonio Vivaldi's Four Seasons and Roxanna Panufnik's Four World Seasons (Premiere Recording).
Copyright: Chandos 2016.
Elgar Violin Concerto. 1st mvt. BBC Symphony Orchestra / Sir Andrew Davis. BBC Prom Live TV performance. 2011.
Prokofiev Violin Concerto No. 1. Radio Kammer Filharmonie. Michael Schonwandt. Concertgebouw. 2010.
Ligeti Violin Concerto. 5th movement. Sir Simon Rattle and the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra. BBC Proms 2003
Ligeti Violin Concerto. 3rd movement. Sir Simon Rattle and the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra. BBC Proms 2003
Tasmin Little at Classic FM Live at the Royal Albert Hall
Interview with Tim Lihoreau. September 2012
Tasmin Little BBC Breakfast TV
Talking about the Naked Violin program. January 2012
Naked Violin Recital in collaboration with the the Michael Hill International Violin Competition. Auckland. 2011.
Kreisler La Gitana performed with John Lenehan and from their Tchaikovskiana album. ( EMI 5856152 )


text:
L'impact de la negociation et des prises de controle sur l'ampleur de l'effet de Cliquet
This paper considers a long-term relationship between a firm and a privately informed trading partner, say a buyer, when both parties bargain over a price in each period and when a toakeover may take place.
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|28 pages
|Date of creation:
|Contact details of provider:
| Postal: THEMA, Universite de Paris X-Nanterre, U.F.R. de science economiques, gestion, mathematiques et informatique, 200, avenue de la Republique 92001 Nanterre CEDEX.
References listed on IDEAS
Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
- Nagarajan S., 1995. "On the Generic Efficiency of Takeovers under Incomplete Information," Journal of Economic Theory, Elsevier, vol. 65(2), pages 522-556, April.
- Drew Fudenberg & David K. Levine & Jean Tirole, 1987.
"Incomplete Information Bargaining with Outside Opportunities,"
The Quarterly Journal of Economics,
Oxford University Press, vol. 102(1), pages 37-50.
- Drew Fudenberg & David K. Levine & Jean Tirole, 1987. "Incomplete Information Bargaining with Outside Opportunities," Levine's Working Paper Archive 229, David K. Levine.
- Tirole, Jean & Levine, David & Fudenberg, Drew, 1987. "Incomplete Information Bargaining with Outside Opportunities," Scholarly Articles 3196301, Harvard University Department of Economics.
- Drew Fudenberg & Jean Tirole, 1983. "Sequential Bargaining with Incomplete Information," Review of Economic Studies, Oxford University Press, vol. 50(2), pages 221-247. Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)
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text: I couldn't be more excited about this #freebieFriday's giveaway with The Grand Strand co. They are 3 women. Daughters, sisters and mothers. (All related). With separate careers and paths but, joyfully, come together to create Grand Strands. Each strand of beads are inspirational. They hand make strands of beads with gems, wood, stones & metals that may come from a well-traveled bead repurposed for the strand. The giveaway ends November 5, 2015


text:
It takes a certain kind of person with a certain kind of strength of character to accept a job offered by employers whom they haven't actually met, in parts of the world which they might not have set foot in before, teaching students whose culture may well be one they're not familiar with, and, most often, embarking on this trip into the unknown quite alone.
From Trivial to Traumatic
Even once the culture-shock and settling-in period have been addressed and put behind them, not only will the intrepid EFL teacher abroad have to deal with those trivial, but sometimes grindingly tiresome, day-to-day problems, such as flat tyres, blocked drains, or the need to pay bills at post offices which have opening hours which coincide precisely with your own working hours, without the helping hands of family and old friends, but also the more gut-wrenching challenges of periods of intense stress, relationship issues, even ill-health or bereavement, or any one of those emotionally demanding life experiences that can make even the pluckiest of souls feel as if they're being put through the wringer. And all without your usual support network or the comfort of your most familiar environment.
Hermitic Holidays
Even the good times may turn out to be less joyous than they're supposed to be, when, for one reason or another, you're forced to spend Christmas, birthdays, national holidays, and so forth, far from your loved ones, and sometimes completely on your own.
"No man is an island," the old saying goes, but an EFL teacher abroad is forced, on occasion, to do the very best imitation of one that they can muster.
Old Friends Who Have Just Met
Of course, it's far from impossible to make new friends, but it takes some time to bond closely enough with near-strangers to be able to weep on their shoulders in a moment of sadness, confide in them about money worries, or to want to spend New Year's Eve with them, and they with you. This means, in practical terms, that you may well be obliged to face some of life's trials and tribulations relying only on your own emotional and psychological strengths, bringing a whole new world of meaning to the terms 'self-comfort' and 'self-sufficiency'. That doesn't mean, however, that the capacity to bond with new friends, and to collaborate and mutually support, is irrelevant to a TEFLer – they most definitely need this ability too, if they are not going to spend all of their overseas years in not-so-splendid isolation.
We Only Part To Meet Again
Let's not forget old friends – keeping established friendships alive and flourishing, despite distances and infrequency of reunions, is in itself rather challenging, and the regularly occurring farewells, to both friends and family, can be heart-wrenching affairs, however, there's no time to mope – an EFL teacher has to be back in their classroom with a smile on their face, a lesson plan in their brief-case, and all the patience and focus any good teacher is supposed to have in bucket-loads, just a few hours after having bid a tearful good-bye to elderly parents, siblings, or even their off-spring.
Hasty Home-Maker
A TEFLer also has to have the ability to nest-build at lightning speed. Especially when the housing is sub-standard or downright bleak, you need to be able to set up home as quickly as possible, at least with the bare minimum of elements which will prevent you from feeling as if you're living semi-permanently out of a suitcase, or in what looks and feels very much like a Chinese or Arab version of your old student digs.
Starting Over (And Over)
In a professional world in which permanent contracts are pretty much inexistent, and one- and two-year contracts are the norm, a TEFLer will have to become adept at integrating quickly into new work-places, accepting the role of the new boy or girl with as much grace as he or she can muster, since it will have to be played rather more frequently than in other professional fields. Very often, just as the ropes have been finally learned, it's time to move on again to pastures new and unfamiliar.
Culture Shock and Awe
If new work-places can present a long series of obstacles between arrival and full integration, then the challenges of integrating into a new culture can rise before you as insurmountable as Mount Everest; orientation workshops offered by employers rarely do more than scratch the surface of the complexity of a country and its customs, traditions, taboos, and laws, both written and unwritten.
Bewildering Bureaucracy
However complex they may be, it might well turn out to be that accurately deciphering the implications of your new country's laws, customs, and social and religious practices is actually less complicated than figuring out how to get a phone contract, or convert a driving licence, or even just getting utilities put in your name; local procedures for these apparently banal but essential operations can reveal themselves to be as perplexing as, well, the equivalent operations back home – the key difference being, you had a lifetime to pick up the know-how needed to function as a citizen back home, whereas now, you're going to have to crash-course your way to knowledge, mostly through a great deal of time-wasting trial and error.
Tough Ole TEFLers
So, the ability to read between lines, to collect information swiftly yet accurately, to multi-task and to have endless stamina, have to be added to extreme flexibility and self-containment, an adventurous spirit, great empathy, willingness to collaborate, and all the other character traits required to make a go of it.
I think it's more than fair to say that TEFLing isn't for everyone; perhaps it would also be fair to say that it isn't even for all those who are actually doing it – we've all seen colleagues who have struggled to cope with the multiple sources of stress which, in this kind of lifestyle, are pretty much unavoidable. So, although hordes of us do the job and survive, some even flourishing, there are some casualties to be counted. There's no shame in finding it all a bit overwhelming at times, nor in taking stock that it's not the job for you – for it really does take an extraordinarily high level of self-reliance and flexibility to do TEFLing for a long-term living.
And those who do manage it long-term, thriving and prospering as they go, cultivating and maintaining relationships and family bonds, moving from job to job, country to country, making the most of each and every experience, each and every encounter, emerging from it all enriched, fulfilled and smiling? In the words of the Baird's famous toast (but curtailing it before it gets to the morbid bit): "Here's tae ye! Wha's like ye? Damn few!"


text:
Craig S. Mullins
|Summer 1999
Mixing DB2 and Object Orientation?
With benefits like these it is no wonder that
object-oriented programming and development is being embraced by some IT
organizations. Historically, one of the biggest problems faced by IT is the
large project backlog that has accumulated. Some estimates show that more than
70% of the work done by IT organizations is maintenance, further exacerbating
the project backlog. In many cases end users are forced to wait for long periods
of time for their new applications because the backlog is so great and the
requisite talent needed to tackle so many new projects is not available.
Sometimes, this backlog can result in some unsavory phenomenon such as business
people attempting to build their own applications or purchasing of third party
packaged applications (and all of the potential administrative burdens that
packages carry). So, it is very clear why the siren song of object orientation
lures organizations.
But what is object oriented technology and how does it
differ from the relational world of DB2? Let's examine some of the key problem
areas. For definitions of the OO terminology used, please refer to the Sidebar
on OO terminology.
OO technology is fundamentally based upon, what else, but
the object. Objects are defined based on object classes that determine the
structure (variables) and behavior (methods) for the object. So, it can be seen
that true objects can not be easily represented using a relational database. In
the RDBMS, a logical entity is transformed into a physical representation of
that entity solely in terms of its data characteristics. In DB2, you create a
table that can store the data elements (in an underlying VSAM data file
represented by a table space). The table contains rows that represent the
current state of that entity. The table does not store all of the encapsulated
logic necessary to act upon that data. By contrast, an object would define an
entity in terms of both its state and its behavior. In other words, an object
encapsulates both the data (state) and the valid procedures that can be
performed upon the object's data (behavior).
Increasingly, RDBMSs are adding the capability to store
more logic in the database. With triggers and user-defined functions and stored
procedures, more behavior can be encapsulated in relational tables. Of course,
this is not the same type of encapsulation espoused by OO purists. One
difference is that user-defined functions and stored procedures are not limited
to acting upon data in only one table. Methods in OO parlance are created to
manipulate the state only of the object in which the method is encapsulated.
Triggers are closer to encapsulated methods in function, because they are
physically defined on a single table. However, triggers too are not limited in
the data that they can impact. For example, a trigger defined on TableA can
access data in TableB and TableC and modify data in TableD.
Realize, too, that there is more to object oriented
technology than we have discussed, so far. This discussion has been purposely
simplified to introduce the notion of encapsulation. The definition as stated
does, however, introduce the basic difference between OO and relational
A New Way of Thinking
Think for a moment in relational terms: many programs and
procedures are required to operate upon data in tables. Each procedure must
retrieve the data, operate upon it in some way, and possibly replace the data.
In the OO paradigm, messages are passed to objects invoking the
encapsulated methods. Because each object contains its own operations, or
methods, most of the procedural code is eliminated.
To truly be an object-oriented programmer, you must learn
to see the world in a different way. A traditional programmer using a 3GL
against a relational database sees the world in terms of verbs. My program does
this, then executes that iteratively, then writes those, updates these and
exits. An OO programmer sees the world in terms of nouns. Object bank account increment your balance
by $153.29. It is a different way of thinking and programming. To further
demonstrate, consider the following code fragment:
(shape in wind)
typeOf (shape)
drawCirc (shape)
rectang: drawRect
traingl: drawTrian
This pseudo code represents the traditional, procedural way of coding a program to draw geometric shapes. Based on the type of shape, a different procedure is invoked to draw the correct shape. Now let's look at the same code but using an object-oriented code fragment:
wind forEach: shape
shape drawYourself
You can see where this piece of code is simpler and easier to understand. The code is shorter, more comprehensive, and more stable. It need never change. When a new shape is introduced, the drawYourself method is part of the new object. This code continues to function. The code shown earlier would have to be changed for each new shape that is introduced.
The biggest problem with this new way of thinking and
programming is that it is anathema to developing efficient relational databases
and applications. Fundamentally, object-oriented tenets state that the methods
that impact the state of the variables of an object are encapsulated within the
object. In many cases, organizations try to implement object-oriented
programming with a relational, DB2 back-end to store the persistent data. One of
the guiding principles of OO is that methods—the procedures that give objects
their behavior—should be coded against just one object. Translated, this means
that each SQL statement should access one and only one table. This might
simplify the design and development process. It also fosters adherence to the
principle of encapsulation. However, it is the wrong way to write relational
A relational database has a relational optimizer. And DB2
has the best optimizer technology in the business. The relational optimizer
analyzes complex SQL and determines the most efficient way to access the data
based on the request, the database objects, and the environment. To best
optimize relational applications, you should code the data access using all of
the features and functionality available to you in SQL. This includes inner
joins, outer joins, unions, and subselects: all features that act upon multiple
tables and would not be allowed in most OO to DB2 implementation. If your
adherence to an OO philosophy, methodology, or language prohibits accessing more
than one table per SQL statement, you are building inefficient relational
Object-oriented programming potentially offers some phenomenal benefits in terms of reduced development and maintenance time. However, if you are using DB2 for your databases, before implementing an OO methodology or language at your shop, be sure to analyze the impact of any trade-offs you must make causing you to forsake good relational programming and development techniques. Unless your application is simple or performance doesn't matter (and when are either of these true), these trade-offs are probably detrimental to the performance of your DB2 applications.
Sidebar: OO Terminology
Data Type a data
type that is not defined into the programming language, but is defined by the
programmer; usually, ADTs are used to build high-level, complex structures
that model real world objects
refers to the way that an object functions and changes over time
a template for an object that defines the methods and variables for the
object; all objects of a specific class have the same structure and exhibit
the same behavior
Class Hierarchy
tree structure that defines relationships among classes; each class
hierarchy has a single top node and potentially many nodes under the top node,
along different branches; a child class on the hierarchy inherits the parent
class's variables and methods
the technique of combining data together with process in a single,
common area. This creates an
environment in which all of the operations for a given set of data are
organized and maintained in one place, thereby reducing confusion, eliminating
misuse, and simplifying maintenance.
the mechanism whereby classes can make use of the structure and methods
defined in all classes above them in the class hierarchy
a request to an object to perform a method
Method a process encapsulated within an object
a representation of a real world thing encapsulating the data and all
of its procedures (processes) within itself
the ability to send the same message to objects of different classes
and have each class perform a method in its own way
the "make up" of an object at a given point in time; the
actual values stored in the variables
© 1999 Mullins Consulting, Inc. All rights reserved.