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During heavy exercise, hyperventilation‐induced hypocapnia leads to cerebral vasoconstriction, resulting in a reduction in cerebral blood flow (CBF). A reduction in CBF would impair cerebral O2 delivery and potentially account for reduced exercise performance in hypoxia. We tested the hypothesis that end‐tidal Pco2 (PETCO2) clamping in hypoxic exercise would prevent the hypocapnia‐induced reduction in CBF during heavy exercise, thus improving exercise performance. We measured PETCO2, middle cerebral artery velocity (MCAv; index of CBF), prefrontal cerebral cortex oxygenation (cerebral O2Hb; index of cerebral oxygenation), cerebral O2 delivery (DO2), and leg muscle oxygenation (muscle O2Hb) in 10 healthy men (age 27 ± 7 years; VO2max 63.3 ± 6.6 mL/kg/min; mean ± SD) during simulated 15‐km time trial cycling (TT) in normoxia and hypoxia (FIO2 = 0.10) with and without CO2 clamping. During exercise, hypoxia elevated MCAv and lowered cerebral O2Hb, cerebral DO2, and muscle O2Hb (P < 0.001). CO2 clamping elevated PETCO2 and MCAv during exercise in both normoxic and hypoxic conditions (P < 0.001 and P = 0.024), but had no effect on either cerebral and muscle O2Hb (P = 0.118 and P = 0.124). Nevertheless, CO2 clamping elevated cerebral DO2 during TT in both normoxic and hypoxic conditions (P < 0.001). CO2 clamping restored cerebral DO2 to normoxic values during TT in hypoxia and tended to have a greater effect on TT performance in hypoxia compared to normoxia (P = 0.097). However, post hoc analysis revealed no effect of CO2 clamping on TT performance either in normoxia (P = 0.588) or in hypoxia (P = 0.108). Our findings confirm that the hyperventilation‐induced hypocapnia and the subsequent drop in cerebral oxygenation are unlikely to be the cause of the reduced endurance exercise performance in hypoxia.
- CO2 clamping
- exercise
- hypoxia
- ventilatory control
Altitude hypoxia represents a formidable environmental challenge to the human organism. Hypoxia limits oxygen transport from the air to the muscle mitochondria, which compromises aerobic capacity (Calbet and Lundby 2009). Exercise capacity is a vital determinant of a population's ability to thrive at high altitude (Curran et al. 1998), and permanent residence above 5000 m poses problems for mining and other human endeavor. Despite more than a century of research on the detrimental effects of hypoxia on exercise performance, the exact underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood [see (Amann and Kayser 2009; Verges et al. 2012) for reviews].
Even though the cessation of maximal exercise, or the reduction in exercise intensity, when fatiguing, imply reduced motor recruitment by the central nervous system, the mechanisms that lead to the derecruitment of active muscle remain elusive. During normoxia and moderate hypoxia, leg muscle afferents appear to play an important role (Amann 2006; Amann and Dempsey 2007; Amann et al. 2011), whereas cerebral tissue oxygenation may play a more pivotal role under severe hypoxic conditions (Kjaer et al. 1999; Amann et al. 2006; Amann and Dempsey 2007; Subudhi et al. 2007a, 2009; Rasmussen et al. 2010; Vogiatzis et al. 2011). At rest, the brain protects itself against hypoxia by increasing cerebral blood flow (CBF) to compensate for the decreased arterial oxygen tension (Cohen et al. 1967). But during high‐intensity exercise, hyperventilation‐induced hypocapnia leads to cerebral vasoconstriction, which counteracts the hypoxia‐induced vasodilation, thereby lowering CBF and cerebral oxygenation (Jorgensen et al. 1992a; Madsen et al. 1993; Ide et al. 1999; Subudhi et al. 2007b). As hypoxia per se enhances ventilatory drive, this would further exacerbate the hyperventilation‐induced hypocapnia during heavy exercise and further lower CBF and cerebral oxygenation. It was proposed that this reduction in cerebral oxygenation may account for the reduced performance during heavy exercise in severe hypoxia (Amann and Dempsey 2007; Nybo and Rasmussen 2007; Amann and Kayser 2009; Subudhi et al. 2009; Rasmussen et al. 2010). In support, reduced cerebral oxygenation has been shown to coincide with both reduced cortical motor output (Subudhi et al. 2009) and increased cerebral metabolism (Rasmussen et al. 2010).
Contrary to this hypothesis, Subudhi et al. (2011) recently found exercise capacity to be reduced when they prevented the normal hyperventilation‐induced hypocapnia with end‐tidal CO2 clamping during incremental cycling in hypobaric hypoxia (equivalent of 4875 m), despite elevated CBF and improved cerebral oxygenation. They attributed this finding to limiting factors such as increased respiratory muscle work and associated "steal" of blood flow, and an elevated perceived effort related to their experimental setup, which may have outweighed the benefits of elevated cerebral O2 delivery. Siebenmann et al. (2012) completed those observations by investigating, at a more moderate altitude (3454 m), the impact of clamping PETCO2 at 40 mmHg, on performance. Clamping increased middle cerebral artery velocity (MCAv), attenuated the decrease in cerebral oxygenation, but slightly decreased peak power output while it did not affect maximal oxygen uptake. Siebenmann et al. (2012) concluded that although hypocapnia decreases CBF and cerebral oxygenation, this does not limit maximum aerobic exercise capacity. In contrast, using a similar approach but in nonacclimatized subjects during incremental exercise to capacity in more severe hypoxia (equivalent of 5000 m), we were unable to improve CBF with inspired CO2, despite a greater degree of hypercapnia (Fan and Kayser 61). We attributed these discrepant findings to the different acclimatization states of the subjects in the different studies (389 m vs. 1600 m resident) and the type of hypoxia used (normobaric vs. hypobaric). However, all the aforementioned studies only looked at aerobic capacity using incremental exercise tests until voluntary exhaustion, which have limited ecological validity (Currell and Jeukendrup 2008). It thus remains unclear whether preventing a reduction in CBF and cerebral oxygenation associated with hyperventilation‐induced hypocapnia would improve performance during prolonged, submaximal exercise paradigms such as time trial cycling, which are more representative of usual human exercise behavior.
In this study, we therefore examined the effect of clamping partial pressure of end‐tidal CO2 (PETCO2) on CBF and performance during a 15‐km time trial cycling in severe normobaric hypoxia, as time trial protocols provide a more accurate simulation of physiological responses during actual competitions (Foster et al. 1993) and has been shown to correlate well with actual race performance (Palmer et al. 1996). We tested the hypothesis that by preventing hyperventilation‐induced hypocapnia, we would increase CBF and cerebral oxygen delivery without altering muscle tissue oxygenation during high‐intensity exercise, improving exercise performance during 15‐km time trial cycling at a simulated altitude of 5000 m in nonacclimatized low‐altitude residents.
A power calculation was employed using a difference worth detecting of a 5% improvement in 15‐km time trial cycling performance based upon previous findings by Jeukendrup et al. (2008), along with unpublished data from our laboratory. A sample size of nine control volunteers was sufficient to give a power of 0.80 and an α of 0.05. Ten healthy males with a mean age of 27 ± 7 year (mean ± SD), a body mass index of 22.3 ± 1.3 kg/m2, VO2max of 63.3 ± 6.6 mL/min/kg, and maximal power output of 385 ± 30 W participated in this study. Participants were nonsmokers, had no previous history of cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, or respiratory disease and were not taking any medication. All participants were informed regarding the procedures of this study, and informed consent was given prior to participation. All the participants were residents of Geneva, Switzerland (<500 m), and were trained cyclists. The study was approved by the Research Ethical Committee of the University Hospitals of Geneva and conformed to the standards set by the Declaration of Helsinki.
Experimental design
The participants visited the laboratory on five occasions. Following full familiarization, which included a VO2max test to assess the participant's aerobic fitness (visit one), the participants underwent four experimental trials (randomized, balanced order, and in single‐blind fashion) which consisted of the following conditions: (i) control normoxia (389 m); (ii) normoxia with CO2 clamping; (iii) control normobaric hypoxia (FIO2 = 0.10; simulated altitude of 5000 m); and (iv) normobaric hypoxia with CO2 clamping. Before each experimental session, the participants were asked to abstain from caffeine for 12 h, and heavy exercise and alcohol for 24 h. Each experimental testing session comprised of 20‐min instrumentation with the participants breathing room air while seated on a bicycle fitted to a Computrainer Pro Model trainer, calibrated according to the manufacturer's instructions (RacerMate, Seattle, WA). While breathing normal room air, 4‐min baseline data were collected (room air baseline), the participants then performed a 5‐min self‐selected warmup exercise (heart rate <120 bpm). They were then switched to breathe from a modified gas mixing system (Altitrainer, SMTec, Nyon, Switzerland) followed by an additional 4‐min resting baseline collection (condition baseline). The participants then did a 15‐km time trial cycling as fast as possible. They were free to shift gears during the time trials, and constant feedback regarding the distance covered, but not speed, was provided on a computer screen (Computrainer™ 3D software version 3.0; Racermate). To prevent excessive thermal stress during the time trial exercise, two ventilators were placed ~60 cm in front of the participants and wind velocity was adjusted according to cycling speed. Throughout each experimental session, the participants wore a nose clip and breathed through a mouthpiece attached to a low‐resistance one‐way nonrebreathing valve (Hans‐Rudolph 2700, Kansas City, MO). The simulated normobaric hypoxia and CO2 clamping were achieved using the gas mixing system, which was attached to the inspiratory valve of the mouthpiece using a piece of large‐bore low‐resistance tubing. The device consists of a reservoir in which air and experimental gases are mixed and from which the participant inspires. This setup enables bleeding additional CO2 into the inspired gas mixture, thereby increasing the fraction of inspired CO2 (FICO2) while keeping the fraction of inspired O2 (FIO2) constant at either 0.21 (as in ambient air) or 0.10 (in Geneva the equivalent of an altitude of ~5000 m) during normoxia and hypoxia conditions, respectively. PETCO2 clamping was achieved under feedback of on‐screen PETCO2 (LabChart 7.2; ADInstruments, Colorado Springs, CO), continuously adapting FICO2 keeping PETCO2 to its target value (45 mmHg). The participants breathed through the same circuit in all four conditions and were unaware to what gas mixture they were breathing and naive to the exact rationale of the study. For each participant, the experiments were carried out at the same time of day under consistent laboratory conditions (temperature 21 ± 1°C, humidity 32 ± 5%, barometric pressure 726 ± 6 mmHg).
Respiratory variables
Gas exchange was monitored on a breath‐by‐breath basis (Medgraphics CPX, Loma Linda, CA) measuring flow at the mouth with a Pitot tube and the fractions of inspired and expired O2 and CO2 with fast responding gas analyzers (infrared and paramagnetic) integrated in the system. Ventilation (V'E) was derived from the flow signal and expressed in body temperature, pressure, saturated and per minute. The partial pressures of end‐tidal O2 (PETO2) and CO2 (PETO2) were derived from the expired O2 and CO2 signals. Prior to each experimental session, the system was calibrated using a 3‐L syringe (M9474; Medikro Oy, Finland) and precision gas mixtures of known O2 and CO2 concentrations (Carbogas AG, Gümligen, Switzerland).
Cerebrovascular and cardiovascular variables
Middle cerebral artery velocity (as an index of CBF) was measured bilaterally in the middle cerebral arteries using a 2‐MHz pulsed Doppler ultrasound system (ST3; Spencer technology, Seattle, WA). The ultrasound probes were positioned over the temporal windows and held firmly in place with an adjustable headband (Marc 600 Head Frame; Spencer Technology). The signals were obtained by first locating the bifurcation of the middle and anterior cerebral artery; the angle and depth of insonation were then adjusted to obtain measurements from the MCA. The insonation depth and the velocity of MCA signals were recorded and compared to ensure within‐subject repeatability of MCAv measurements between trials. In our hands, day‐to‐day reproducibility of MCAv has a coefficient of variation of <10%. The bilateral MCAv was averaged to represent global CBF during rest and exercise. Cerebral O2 delivery (cerebral DO2) was calculated using the equation: cerebral DO2 = mean MCAv × arterial oxygen content (CaO2, see below). Cerebral DO2 was normalized to the room air baseline values prior to 5‐min warmup during each trial and expressed as %.
Cerebral oxygenation in the left prefrontal lobe was assessed by monitoring changes in oxy‐ (O2Hb), deoxy‐ (HHb), and delta (delta Hb: O2Hb–HHb) hemoglobin obtained with spatially resolved, continuous wave near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS; Artinis Oxymon, MKIII, Zetten, the Netherlands). Source detector spacing was set at 4.1 cm and data obtained from the optode were used to calculate changes in O2Hb and HHb with a differential pathlength factor (DPF) calculated using the formula: DPF = 4.99 + 0.067 × (age0.814) (Duncan et al. 1995). Muscle oxygenation in the left vastus lateralis (~15 cm proximal and 5 cm lateral to the superior border of the patella) was measured with an additional NIRS channel on the same instrument using a source detector spacing of 3.8 cm and DPF of 4.0 (Duncan et al. 1995). The cerebral and muscle O2Hb and HHb are expressed at absolute changes from room air baseline prior to the 5‐min warmup period. Beat‐to‐beat mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) was monitored using finger plethysmography (Finometer® MIDI, Finapress Medical Systems, Amsterdam, the Netherlands). Peripheral O2 saturation (SpO2) was measured using earlobe pulse oximetry (Radical‐7; Masimo Corporation, Irvine, CA).
Blood gas variables
Arterialized earlobe capillary blood samples were taken at rest and every 5 km during exercise (Mollard et al. 2010). Vasodilating cream was applied to the earlobe 5 min prior to the sampling (Decontractyl, Sanofi Aventis, France). A lancet was used to pierce the earlobe and 60‐μL capillary tubes (MultiCap; Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Inc, Tarrytown, UK) were used to collect the samples. All samples were analyzed immediately (<5 sec) using an arterial blood gas analyzing system (Rapidlab™ 248; Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Inc) for arterialized capillary pH, partial pressure of arterialized capillary O2 (PcO2) and CO2 (PcCO2), and arterialized O2 saturation (ScO2). Standard calibration was performed prior to each blood sample analysis. Arterialized hemoglobin concentration ([Hb]) was measured using an azidemethemoglobin double wavelength photometer method (HemoCue® Hb201+; HemoCue AB, Ängelholm, Sweden). Arterialized capillary O2 content (CcO2; index of CaO2) was calculated using the equation: 1.36 × [Hb] × ScO2/100) + 0.003 × PaO2.
Quadriceps electromyogram (EMG) was recorded from the right vastus lateralis during exercise using electrodes with full‐surface solid adhesive hydrogel. Following careful preparation of the skin (shaving, abrading, and cleaning with alcohol) to lower impedance <5 kΩ, pairs of circular silver chloride (recording diameter of 10 mm) surface electrodes (Medi‐Trace™ 100; Tyco Healthcare Group, Mansfield, UK) with an interelectrode distance (center‐to‐center) of 20 mm were placed along the line from the superior lateral side of the patella to the anterior superior iliac spine at ~100 mm from the patella as described by Rainoldi et al. (2004). The position of the electrodes was marked on the skin for identical placement between exercise sessions. To minimize movement artifacts, the electrodes and cables were secured to the participant's leg using elastic bandage and netting. The EMG signals were amplified (Bio Amp Powerlab 26T; ADInstruments, Bella Vista, Australia) and filtered using a band‐pass filter with low‐pass cutoff frequency of 10 Hz and a high‐pass cutoff frequency of 999 Hz (LabChart version 7.2; ADInstruments). The filtered EMG signals were sampled at 2 kHz by an analog‐to‐digital converter (PowerLab 26T; ADInstruments). As an index of motor drive, the EMG root mean square (RMS) was calculated for each single muscle contraction (LabChart version 7.2; ADInstruments).
Rate of perceived exertion (RPE)
During exercise, the participants were asked to score their RPE on the 0–10 Borg scale every 3 km (Borg 1982). The scale with descriptors was mounted in front of the subject at eye height. At regular intervals they were asked to activate a handle bar mounted switch, activating the appropriate led indicator next to the descriptor corresponding to their RPE, resulting in a corresponding voltage signal being fed into the analog‐to‐digital converter.
Data and statistical analysis
Resting values were obtained by averaging the data obtained in the last 30 sec of the 4 min resting period prior to exercise. During the time trial exercise, a single time‐weighted mean value for each variable was obtained by averaging the means of the last 20 sec of each km. The effects of hypoxia and CO2 clamping on cardiorespiratory, cerebrovascular, and blood gas responses at rest were assessed using a two‐way repeated measures ANOVA with α‐level of 0.05 (IBM SPSS Statistics version 20.0; IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY). Likewise, we performed two‐way repeated measures ANOVA to isolate the effect of hypoxia and CO2 clamping on the mean cardiorespiratory, cerebrovascular, and blood gas responses during the 15‐km time trial cycling with a α‐level of 0.05. Trends were considered when P < 0.10. For significant interactions between hypoxia and CO2 clamping, four pairwise comparisons (Bonferroni corrected) were performed to isolate the effect of hypoxia and inspired CO2 on the dependent measures within participants with a α level of 0.0125, indicated where appropriate with the superscript B. With the exception of RPE, which is reported as median and range, all data are reported as means ± SD.
With the exception of missing data at the end of exercise, which were replaced by repeated imputation using the missing data analysis function from the SPSS program, individual missing data points were replaced by values derived from a linear interpolation procedure.
All 10 participants completed the experimental protocol. Due to a technical problem, one participant could not complete the final 2 km during the CO2 clamping in hypoxia. Accordingly, comparison of exercise time was carried out in nine participants. Due to technical issues, blood sample analysis could not be carried out in all the participants (see Table 2 for details). No participants reported any side effects such as headache or dyspnea following the experiments.
Resting variables
Respiratory variables
CO2 clamping elevated resting V'E during normoxic and hypoxic conditions (P < 0.001) (Table 1). Meanwhile, acute hypoxia had a greater effect on V'E during the clamped condition compared to the unclamped condition (interaction: P = 0.028). Post hoc analysis showed that acute hypoxia elevated V'E during CO2 clamping (P = 0.001B vs. normoxia), but not during the unclamped control condition (P = 0.210B vs. normoxia). There was an interaction between the effect of hypoxia and CO2 clamping on both PETCO2 and SpO2 (interaction: P < 0.001 for both). As such, CO2 clamping elevated PETCO2 during both normoxic and hypoxic conditions (post hoc: P = 0.001B and P < 0.001B, respectively), whereas acute hypoxia lowered PETCO2 during the unclamped control condition (P < 0.001B) and only tended to lower it during the clamped condition (P = 0.098B). Post hoc analysis revealed that resting SpO2 was lowered by acute hypoxia during both control and clamped conditions (P < 0.001B vs. normoxia), whereas CO2 clamping selectively elevated SpO2 in hypoxia (P = 0.002B), but not during normoxia (P = 0.713B). Acute hypoxia lowered resting PETO2 (P < 0.001), whereas CO2 clamping elevated it (P < 0.001).
Cerebrovascular variables
Both acute exposure to hypoxia and CO2 clamping elevated resting MCAv (main effects: P = 0.014 and P < 0.001, respectively; interaction: P = 0.101). Hypoxia at rest lowered cerebral O2Hb (P = 0.003), whereas CO2 clamping had no effect (P = 0.222). Hypoxia enhanced the effect of CO2 clamping on resting cerebral HHb (interaction: P = 0.047). Post hoc tests showed that hypoxia elevated cerebral HHb during control and clamped condition (P < 0.001B and P = 0.001B, respectively), whereas CO2 clamp lowered resting cerebral HHb in hypoxia (P = 0.001B) but not in normoxia (P = 0.579B). Resting cerebral DO2 was unaltered with hypoxia (P = 0.227), whereas CO2 clamping elevated it (P < 0.001) with a trend for this increase to be greater in hypoxia compared to normoxia (interaction: P = 0.090). As a result, CO2 clamping in hypoxia restored resting cerebral DO2 to normoxic values (post hoc: P = 0.821B vs. normoxia).
Muscle oxygenation
Acute hypoxia lowered resting muscle O2Hb and elevated muscle HHb (hypoxia: P = 0.024 and P = 0.007, respectively), whereas no effect was observed with CO2 clamping (clamp: P = 0.301 and P = 0.602).
Cardiovascular variables
Resting HR was higher with acute hypoxia (P = 0.001) and lower with CO2 clamping (P = 0.050, interaction: P = 0.085), whereas no differences were observed in MAP with either hypoxia or CO2 clamping (main effects: P = 0.128 and P = 0.136, respectively).
Blood gas variables
No differences were observed in resting pH in hypoxia (P = 0.508), whereas there was an interaction between the effects of CO2 clamping and hypoxia on pH (interaction: P = 0.016) despite a lack of effect of CO2 clamp per se (P = 0.489). Post hoc analysis revealed that pH was lower with CO2 clamping in hypoxia (P < 0.001B vs. control), but not during normoxia (P = 0.112B). There was an interaction between hypoxia and CO2 clamp on PcCO2 (interaction: P = 0.018). Post hoc t‐tests showed that hypoxia lowered PcCO2 during the unclamped condition (P = 0.010B vs. normoxia) but not during the clamped condition (P = 0.630B), whereas CO2 clamping increased PcCO2 in hypoxia (P = 0.001B vs. control) but not in normoxia (P = 0.035B). Meanwhile, both resting PcO2 and ScO2 were lowered with hypoxia (P = 0.001). CO2 clamping elevated PcO2 during both normoxia and hypoxia (P < 0.002) and elevated ScO2 in hypoxia (post hoc: P = 0.016B), but not in normoxia (P = 0.115B, interaction: P = 0.024). Resting CcO2 was lower with hypoxia (P = 0.010), but unaffected with CO2 clamping (P = 0.221).
Time trial
Cycling performance
Exercise performance was impaired by 19 ± 7% in hypoxia (1899 ± 69 vs. 1584 ± 62 sec, hypoxia vs. normoxia, P < 0.001), while there was a nonsignificant trend for CO2 clamping to exert a greater effect on exercise time in hypoxia compared to normoxia (CO2: P = 0.262, interaction: P = 0.097). Nevertheless, post hoc analysis revealed no significant improvement in the exercise time with CO2 clamping in hypoxia (1875 ± 72 vs. 1924 ± 5 sec, CO2 clamp vs. control; P = 0.108B) or normoxia (1589 ± 62 vs. 1579 ± 66 sec; P = 0.586B). Hypoxia lowered mean power, speed, and cadence (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, and P = 0.004, respectively) compared to normoxia, whereas no difference was observed with CO2 clamping (P = 0.468, P = 0.0694, and P = 0.656).
Rate of perceived exertion
The participants' RPE during the time trial, as indicated by the Borg score, was higher in hypoxia (hypoxia: P = 0.009), but no difference was observed with CO2 clamping (clamp: P = 0.459).
Respiratory variables
V'E was elevated by both hypoxia and CO2 clamping (hypoxia: P = 0.048, clamp: P = 0.023), whereas PETO2 was lowered with hypoxia and elevated with CO2 clamping throughout the exercise (main effects: P < 0.001 for both) (Fig. 1). Meanwhile, PETCO2 was lower with hypoxia during control only (P < 0.001B), whereas CO2 clamping restored PETCO2 to the values observed in the normoxic clamped condition (P = 0.269B, interaction: P < 0.001). SpO2 was lower during exercise in hypoxia during both control and clamped conditions (P < 0.001B for both), whereas SpO2 was higher with CO2 clamping during exercise in hypoxia (P < 0.001B), but not normoxia (P = 0.713B, interaction: P < 0.001).
In normoxia, the participants began cycling at ~63% VO2max at the start of time trial, which progressively increased to 78% at the 14th km, before a final sprint reaching 85% VO2max at the end of exercise. In contrast, during hypoxic conditions, the participants began cycling at 46% (normoxic) VO2max, and progressively increased to 57% at the end of the time trial. Overall, both VO2 and VCO2 were lower in hypoxia (P < 0.001 for both), whereas CO2 clamping tended to elevate VCO2 but not VO2 (P = 0.064 and P = 0.603, respectively).
Cerebrovascular variables
Both hypoxia and CO2 clamping elevated MCAv during exercise (by 26% and 9%, respectively; hypoxia: P < 0.001, clamp: P = 0.024, interaction: P = 0.963) (Fig. 2 and Table 1). Hypoxia elevated cerebral HHb during exercise and lowered cerebral O2Hb and delta Hb (P < 0.001 for all). In contrast, CO2 clamping lowered HHb (P = 0.015) and elevated delta Hb during exercise (P = 0.047), whereas no difference was observed in O2Hb with clamping (P = 0.118). During the time trial cycling, cerebral DO2 was lower with hypoxia (P = 0.004) and elevated with CO2 clamping (P = 0.019, interaction: P = 0.911).
Cardiovascular variables
There was a nonsignificant trend for MAP to be higher with CO2 clamping (P = 0.062), whereas no effect was observed with hypoxia (P = 0.535). No differences were observed in HR with hypoxia (P = 0.206) or CO2 clamping (P = 0.196).
Muscle oxygenation
The effect of CO2 clamping on muscle O2Hb and delta Hb was greater in hypoxia compared to normoxia (interaction: P = 0.039 and P = 0.007, respectively) and tended to be greater for muscle HHb (interaction: P = 0.078) (Fig. 3). As a result, post hoc analysis revealed that hypoxia lowered muscle O2Hb and delta Hb during control condition (P < 0.001B vs. normoxia), and by a lesser extend during CO2 clamped condition for muscle delta Hb (P = 0.002B). Meanwhile hypoxia did not alter muscle O2Hb in the CO2 clamped condition (P = 0.033B vs. control). CO2 clamping did not alter muscle O2Hb in normoxia (P = 0.554B), but tended to elevate it in hypoxia (P = 0.013B). Hypoxia during exercise elevated muscle HHb in both control and clamped conditions (P = 0.001B and P = 0.008B vs. normoxia, respectively), whereas there was a tendency for CO2 clamping to elevate muscle HHb during normoxia (P = 0.067B vs. control) but not during hypoxia (P = 0.460B).
During exercise, EMG RMS increased slightly, in parallel with power output, showing a more pronounced increase during the end spurt (P < 0.001). EMG RMS was lower in hypoxia compared to normoxic exercise (P = 0.002), whereas no difference was observed with CO2 clamping (P = 0.628).
Blood gas variables
CO2 clamping during exercise elevated PcCO2 by a greater extent in hypoxia compared to normoxia (interaction: P < 0.001) (Table 2). Accordingly, post hoc analysis revealed that CO2 clamping elevated PcCO2 during both normoxia (P < 0.001B vs. control) and hypoxia (P = 0.004B), whereas hypoxia lowered PcCO2 during control (P = 0.001B vs. normoxia) but no difference was observed between clamped values of PcCO2 between normoxia and hypoxia (P = 0.526B). Hypoxia lowered PcO2 and CcO2 during exercise (hypoxia: P < 0.001 for both), whereas CO2 elevated PcO2 (P < 0.001) and tended to elevate CcO2 (P = 0.089). The effect of CO2 clamping on ScO2 was greater in hypoxia than normoxia (interaction: P = 0.006). Accordingly, hypoxia lowered ScO2 during both control and clamped conditions (post hoc: P < 0.001B vs. normoxia), whereas CO2 clamp elevated ScO2 during hypoxia (P = 0.005B vs. control) but not during normoxia (P = 0.754B). No changes were observed in pH with either hypoxia (P = 0.568) or CO2 clamping during exercise (P = 0.182).
The well‐documented detrimental effect of severe hypoxia on exercise performance is not fully understood. Several studies found a relationship between exercise capacity or performance and a reduction in cerebral oxygenation during various exercise modes in hypoxia, such as time trial cycling (Amann 2006; Amann et al. 2006), repeated sprints (Smith and Billaut 2010), incremental exercise (Subudhi et al. 2007a; Peltonen et al. 2009), and static maximal muscle contraction to exhaustion (Rasmussen et al. 2006; Rupp and Perrey 2009; Vogiatzis et al. 2011; Goodall et al. 2012). These observations led to the hypothesis that the hyperventilation‐induced hypocapnia and associated reduction in CBF and cerebral oxygenation may account for the impaired capacity and performance in hypoxia.
In this study, we tested the hypothesis that preventing the usual hyperventilation‐induced hypocapnia and associated reduction in CBF and cerebral tissue oxygenation would improve 15‐km time trial performance in severe normobaric hypoxia. Even though CBF was only increased by 9% during the hypoxic time trial with CO2 clamping, it resulted, with the concomitant 9% increase in SpO2 (Figs. 1–2), in significantly increased cerebral DO2 by 20% compared to the nonclamped control (Table 2). Importantly, this increase with CO2 clamping in hypoxia was sufficient to normalize cerebral DO2 to levels similar as observed during nonclamped normoxic exercise. As exercise performance in hypoxia was not significantly improved with clamping, it follows that the reduction in overall cerebral O2 delivery is not a prime reason for the reduced exercise performance in hypoxia.
Exercise in hypoxia
The detrimental effects of decreases in CaO2 on endurance capacity of large muscle groups are well documented (Adams and Welch 1980; Koskolou and McKenzie 1994; Peltonen et al. 1995; Amann 2006; Amann et al. 2006, 2007). In this study, we found a 9–29% reduction in exercise performance during 15‐km time trial cycling in severe hypoxia due to a decreased motor drive (~16% reduction in right vastus lateralis EMG RMS). In agreement with the results from Amann et al. (2006), we found that markedly different strategies were employed during time trial exercise in normoxia and hypoxia. Specifically, during the time trial in normoxia, the participants slightly increased their power output throughout the 15 km, reaching maximal power at the end of exercise in the form of an end spurt. In contrast, during the time trial in hypoxia, participants began cycling at a relatively high power output, slightly lowering work rate throughout the exercise test, only increasing power output again toward the end with a short sprint over the last 100 m. Interestingly, this progressive decline in central motor drive and power output occurred despite relatively stable CcO2, ScO2, and muscle [O2Hb] during the time trial in hypoxia (Table 2 and Fig. 3). Meanwhile, both cerebral [O2Hb] and cerebral DO2 remained relatively stable despite parallel increases in MCAv and cerebral [HHb] (Fig. 2 and Table 2). As this decline in power coincided with an increase in perceived exertion, we tentatively interpret these findings as supporting the role of inhibitory feedback of muscle afferents in limiting central motor drive during exercise in severe hypoxia (Amann et al. 2006).
CO2 clamping effects on CBF and prefrontal cerebral oxygenation
Our aim was to improve CBF during exercise by adding CO2 to the inspirate, clamping PETCO2 to 45 mmHg, preventing the normal hyperventilation‐induced hypocapnia and associated cerebral vasoconstriction, while not influencing muscle oxygen supply. As expected, CO2 clamping in normoxia prevented the development of hypocapnia during the second half of the time trial, thereby elevating CBF (Fig. 2). During CO2 clamping in hypoxia, we were successful in elevating and maintaining PETCO2 stable at levels similar to those in normoxia (Fig. 1), without any development of respiratory acidosis (Table 2). However, despite a relatively greater hypercapnic stimulus, we observed only modest elevations in MCAv during exercise with CO2 clamping in hypoxia (Fig. 2). In this study, MCAv increased despite relatively stable MAP, cardiac output (not reported), pH, and PcO2 during exercise in hypoxia (Fig. 2, Table 2). Therefore, it seems unlikely that changes in perfusion pressure or circulating systemic stimuli (such as arterial hypoxemia) could account for the progressive rise in CBF during time trial cycling observed in hypoxia. Instead, we suspect that the increase in CBF is likely driven by other factors such as increased neural activity and cerebral metabolic demand associated with prolonged aerobic exercise in normobaric hypoxia.
Control of CBF during hypoxic exercise
The entire capillary network of the brain is covered by extensions of astrocytes, which constitutes the blood–brain barrier (Secher et al. 2007). As such, O2 diffusion distance plays a vital role during increased neural activation and subsequent increased O2 consumption. As there is no capillary recruitment in the brain, greater CBF is required to elevate the O2 gradient (Secher et al. 2007). Acute hypoxic exposure at rest elevates right prefrontal cortex activity (Schneider and Strüder 2009), and enhances O2 extraction in the brain (Ho et al. 2008). Meanwhile, studies of dynamically exercising humans have found that the increases in regional MCAv (and CBF) are driven by increased cortical activation of sensorimotor areas associated with neural input from the working limbs (Friedman et al. 1991, 1992; Jorgensen et al. 1992a). These observations support earlier findings in exercising dogs, of CBF redistribution to sensorimotor cerebral cortex, spinal cord, and cerebellum – primarily in cortical layers (Gross et al. 1980). Accordingly, we attribute the higher MCAv observed in this study to greater sensorimotor cortex activation associated with exercise in hypoxia. Despite a considerably lower power output, we observed higher rates of perceived effort during exercise in hypoxia when compared to normoxia, thereby confirming reports of a direct effect of hypoxia on effort perception during exercise in severe hypoxia (Amann et al. 2007). Taken together, we postulate that elevated cerebral metabolism associated with greater sensorimotor cortex activation – as indicated by higher perceived effort – could account for the elevated CBF observed during exercise in severe hypoxia.
Cerebral oxygenation, oxygen delivery, and performance
Mass cerebral oxygen delivery is the product of CBF and CaO2. Therefore, it is important to consider the effect of CO2 clamping on CaO2. In this study, increased respiratory drive associated with CO2 clamping elevated PcO2 and ScO2, which in term tended to elevate CcO2 (P = 0.089, Table 2). Combined with modest elevations in MCAv during exercise (Fig. 2), we expected to see elevated mass O2 delivery to the brain with CO2 clamping in hypoxia. Instead, CO2 clamping in hypoxia normalized the cerebral DO2 to normoxic control values during time trial cycling (Table 2), which is supported by lower cerebral HHb and higher cerebral delta Hb (Fig. 2). Accordingly, we contend that we were successful in restoring cerebral DO2 during the time trial exercise in hypoxia with our CO2 clamping setup. Our data corroborate those of Subudhi et al. (2011), who found significant increases in cerebral oxygenation with CO2 clamping during incremental exercise to capacity in hypoxia. We also found muscle oxygenation to be elevated with CO2 clamping in hypoxia (Fig. 3) – presumably due to a higher SpO2 associated with increased ventilation (Fig. 1). As the restoration of cerebral DO2 with CO2 clamping in our study was not accompanied by improvements in exercise time, motor drive or mean power output, it appears that cerebral deoxygenation associated with hyperventilation‐induced hypocapnia cannot account for the impaired performance in hypoxia. Intriguingly, this lack of improvement was observed despite a tendency for improvement of muscle tissue oxygenation with CO2 clamping in hypoxia. This lack of effect of increased cerebral O2 delivery on performance may be attributed, at least in part, to increased cerebral nonoxidative glycolysis during exercise in hypoxia (Overgaard et al. 2012). Furthermore, it is important to acknowledge that changes in global cerebral DO2 may not be representative of changes in local arterial and/or capillary Po2 in the brain; therefore, it is possible that we were unable to restore oxygen diffusion drive to the mitochondria of especially active neuronal tissue with our CO2 clamping setup.
Methodological considerations
Some technical considerations should be acknowledged when interpreting our data. Prefrontal lobe oxygenation was used to represent global changes in cerebrocortical oxygenation. Subudhi et al. (2009) have reported good correlations in oxygenation measurements between prefrontal, premotor, and motor cortices during maximal exercise. Therefore, we considered prefrontal oxygenation as an appropriate index of global changes in cerebrocortical oxygenation. Another important issue associated with NIRS is the influence of extracerebral and fat layers on the brain and muscle measurements, respectively (Cooper et al. 2010). Cerebral [O2Hb] measurements may be influenced by external carotid blood flow (Li et al. 2011) and forehead skin blood flow (Takahashi et al. 2011) during rest or a verbal fluency task, respectively. Nevertheless, Subudhi et al. (2011) reported significant elevations in cerebral [O2Hb] and CBF with CO2 clamping during exercise in normoxia and hypoxia. Likewise, we found cerebral [HHb] to be lower with CO2 clamping, whereas cerebral [O2Hb] tended to be elevated in the last 5 km of exercise during CO2 clamping in normoxia and throughout exercise in hypoxia, coinciding with a higher MCAv (Fig. 2). Therefore, we contend that the NIRS methodology used in this study was sensitive enough to detect the changes in cerebral oxygenation associated with CO2 clamping.
An important limitation of this study, as of many other studies, is the assumption that MCAv represents global CBF changes. Four lines of evidence support the use of MCAv as an index of global CBF during exercise: (i) MCAv reflects change in internal carotid blood flow during dynamic exercise in both normoxia (Sato et al. 2011) and hypoxia (Huang et al. 1991); (ii) increases in MCAv are matched by increases in cortical CBF during dynamic exercise (Jorgensen et al. 1992a,b); (iii) whereas cortical representation of leg muscle can be served from measuring blood flow velocity of the anterior cerebral artery (van der Zwan and Hillen 1991), cortical representation of muscle involved in cycling is served dominantly by MCA (Jorgensen et al. 1992a); (iv) the cross‐sectional area of the MCA remains unchanged within a wide range of changes in PETCO2 (Bradac et al. 1976; Giller et al. 1993; Valdueza et al. 1997; Serrador et al. 2000); and (v) the diameter of MCA, as measured using TCD, remains relatively unchanged at 5300 m (5.23 mm) compared to sea level (5.30 mm) (Wilson et al. 2011). Accordingly, we contend that MCAv is a reasonable index of changes in global CBF during heavy exercise in hypoxia. Nevertheless, we acknowledge that changes in CBF and cerebral metabolic activity during exercise and with hypoxia are not homogeneous. In this study, the assessment of CBF and cerebral tissue oxygenation was limited to the MCA and the left prefrontal cortex, respectively, which were taken as global indices. However, it is likely that certain brain regions are more metabolically active and others regions are less active during exercise in hypoxia.
Another limitation of this study is that we clamped end‐tidal rather than arterial Pco2 during exercise. As the end‐tidal–arterial Pco2 gradient (Robbins et al. 1990) varies with exercise (Jones et al. 1979; Liu et al. 1995), it is possible that we did not clamp arterial Pco2 per se. In this study, we measured arterialized capillary blood samples, as a surrogate of arterial measurements, and were able to clamp and maintain capillary Pco2 within 1 mmHg throughout exercise under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. As Mollard et al. (2010) found good correlations between prewarmed capillary earlobe samples with radial artery measurements of Po2 (R2 = 0.99), Pco2 (R2 = 0.86), and SO2 (R2 = 0.99) during rest, submaximal, and near maximal exercise intensities, we are confident that our protocol was effective in clamping and maintaining arterial Pco2.
Finally, lack of power could potentially limit the interpretation of the tendency (P = 0.108) for performance to be improved with CO2 clamping in hypoxia. However, this seems unlikely as power calculation using Gaussian approximation revealed a power of 0.95 for our post hoc t‐test. Furthermore, given the results from the earlier studies using an incremental exercise paradigm (Subudhi et al. 2011; Siebenmann et al. 2012) and the rather small effect, if any, found in this study, the tested hypothesis should be refuted.
We were unable to improve exercise performance in severe hypoxia, despite a normalization of cerebral oxygen delivery to normoxia values and higher cerebral and muscle oxygenation. The hypothesis that the hyperventilation‐induced hypocapnia and the subsequent drop in cerebral oxygenation are the cause of the reduced endurance exercise performance in hypoxia is thus refuted. Our data demonstrate that CBF is progressively elevated during time trial cycling in normobaric hypoxia, which appears to be independent of changes in perfusion pressure, cardiac output, or partial pressure of arterial CO2 and O2. We speculate that this increase in CBF during prolonged submaximal exercise in hypoxia may be due to either greater somatosensory input, increased motor drive output, or both.
The authors are grateful for the technical assistance of Nicolas Place in the analysis of the EMG data.
Author Contributions
J.F. contributed to the data collection, and led the data analysis, data interpretation, and writing of the manuscript. B.K. led the conception and designed the experiment, contributed in data collection, the interpretation of the data, and manuscript revision. N.B. contributed to the data collection, data interpretation, and manuscript revision. All authors approved the final version of this manuscript.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Funding Information
This study was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation and the Fondation de Reuter.
- Manuscript Received: March 30, 2013.
- Manuscript Revised: July 25, 2013.
- Manuscript Accepted: July 29, 2013.
- © 2013 The Authors. Physiological Reports published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the American Physiological Society and The Physiological Society.
This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


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Add comfort and style to your sauna with our Sauna Seat Cushion. Made with superior fade and tear resistant marine grade polyester fabric, this cushion will give you years of durability as well as good looks. The neutral brown color fits naturally against the Hemlock or Cedar wood of your sauna. The foam core is mold and moisture resistant which is important when used in heat and around perspiration. For added convenience, the zippered cover is removable and can be machine washed. Increase the enjoyment of your sauna experience with the cozy charm of a sauna cushion today. Perfectly sized for a 2-person sauna - measures 43 in. x 16 in. x 3 in.
- Made with superior fade and tear resistant marine grade polyester fabric
- Mildew and moisture resistant foam - built-in protection from mold or fungus
- Durable high performance, fast-drying fabric
- Easy to clean machine washable cover with quality zipper
- Measures 43 in. L x 16 in. D x 3 in. H
- Available in brown

subset: commoncrawl


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Asset Tracking– Asset trackers have been used in many differing situations. Car companies have used them successfully to track vehicles that are at risk of being stolen. Health care companies have used them to track medical equipment. Schools have used them to track computer equipment and your business can use them to track your valuable assets. Our asset trackers have also been used on many occasions by private investigators who have been required to investigate corporate theft and fraud.
People Tracking – Personal GPS trackers for the elderly, children lone workers, delivery drivers, and more. You can be alerted when a person leaves or enters a restricted or concerning area. An SOS button means you will be alerted straight away if the individual is in need of help or assistance.
Vehicles – We're committed to providing cost-effective GPS vehicle tracking solutions that demonstrate high return on investment. The beauty of our vehicle tracking solution is that it can be easily tailored to your specific needs without the expense of creating a completely customized solution.
What are you looking for?
- Web based – no IT investment needed
- View current position and status of driver and vehicles via gps satellites
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- Real-time traffic updates
- Monitor excessive speeding
- Record out of hours/unauthorized vehicle use
- Geofencing allowing management of territories
- Alerts – customized and sent by email or text message
- Reports – tailored and emailed to your inbox
- Access using a web browser or on a phone/mobile device


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The vampiretmb_pc_ot3.zip file you have requested: Media / Videos and Trailers / Vampire Bloodlines Character Movie Trailer - 8.79mb is not available. Perhaps try browsing all files for the game Vampire: The Masquerade – Bloodlines and upload any files you want to share or are missing. This is the only information we could locate:
Vampire: the Masquerade - Bloodlines by Troika Games - characters movie trailer(320x240, 0:55, MPEG)
We recommend you return to the download list and browse the links from there. If the problem persists, contact us with the details.


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BAKWAN vegetables alone is pretty http://kokimganteng.blogspot.com/2015/06/resep-nasi-kebuli.html tempting if served hot, especially if added with shrimp. As Iftar dishes these days, you can make fried shrimp bakwan savory and ' shake up ' tongue.
This recipe is abstracted from the book Dishes Bakwan & Frikadeller, Lilly t. Erwin, Wednesday (1/1/2015). Learn the first recipe below and you can start http://kokimganteng.blogspot.com/2015/06/resep-roti-manis-enak-banget.html shopping for ingredients, whatever it takes. Good luck.
250 grams of flour is low in protein
200 ml water
75 gr of bean sprouts that have already been weeded root and part of his head.
50 Gr. of cauliflower or cabbage that is thin and soft diris
50 Gr. carrots, thinly sliced lengthwise
2 stalks green onions thinly sliced
3 pieces of celery, sliced
350 gr of small shrimp
Oil to taste
2 pieces chicken eggs
Subtle seasoning
3 pieces of garlic
½ TSP pepper
½ tsp salt
Seasoning (if you like)
How To Make A
1. Blend all the herbs using a blender. Then set aside;
2. Clean the shrimp clean up and discard the Peel;
3. Beat eggs and mix with seasoning already mashed;
4. put all of the vegetables and add the sifted flour and water, stirring until dough becomes one. Give water to taste not to be too dilute. After that, combine the spices already mixed with chicken eggs. Add a pinch of salt and stir until blended;
5. Preheat cooking oil, put the batter into the cooking oil of one or two tablespoons, and put the shrimp on it. Cook until it changes color and is cooked, lift, drain, and serve.


text: The price of first class stamps are going up again may 14 from its current price of 39 cents. The liberty forever stamped is priced at whatever the current value is but still can be used after the price hike...eg its now 42 cents, you brought it at 39 it still will be worth 42 cents so no more adding 3 one cents stamp after! I don't mail much but my mom does so I picked up 60 for her, if she didn't pick up any herself I think I will do 60 more just to be safe.


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Up river from the town of Jenner in Sonoma County is an Osprey nest. This year only one chick was born. Paul Brewer watched the nest for some hours several times of the past couple of weeks. Here's a photo of the newborn chick with its mother.
Paul had to wait quite a while last week to get some photos of the Dad bringing home the "bacon." Below the mother and chick are waiting...and waiting.
Below you will see the Dad arriving with dinner.
And here the young Osprey is about to be fed.
And Paul titled the photo below, "Open wide!"
Thanks to Paul for allowing me to share his great photos with you here. To see much more of Paul's photography, here's his website: http://www.capturingnatureswonders.com/


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Blogger Opp: Christmas Cheer Jewelry Candle Giveaway 1/4-1/18/13
Blogger Opp: Christmas Cheer Jewelry Candle Giveaway
Hosted By: Simply Southern Couponers & Sponsored By: Jewelry Candles
Event Details:
Date: 1/4/13-1/18/13
Open to US Residents
Must be 18+ to enter
Sign-ups close 1/2/13
*Prize* One Christmas Cheer Jewelry Candle
FREE Facebook or Twitter link with announcement post!
Additional links are $1
Link Options:
Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest
Daily Picket Fence Votes or Daily Klout are $3
If you choose to not post the announcement the cost is $5
Co-Host Spots available $5
*The blogger with the most referrals will receive the additional links at no cost*
Click HERE to sign up.
I am just helping promote this giveaway.


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NASHVILLE, Tenn. (WKRN) – A woman was arrested early Wednesday morning after she was driving the wrong way on Interstate 40.
According to Metro Nashville Police, several people called 911 around 2 a.m. and reported a driver heading west in the eastbound lanes around White Bridge Pike.
Police shut down the interstate at McCrory Lane in Bellevue, about 10 miles away from where she was first reported, and laid down a spike strip.
The woman, now identified as Faren Healey, hit the spike strip and finally stopped.
Metro Nashville Police took the driver into custody and she was given a field sobriety test.
According to an affidavit, Healey told police she did not remember getting to her car or where she had come from. She also said she drank several beers while bar hopping after the Predators game Tuesday night.
The affidavit said Healey repeatedly told officers, "I'm drunk. Take me to jail."


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Oct 122016
Taken in captivity at Te Anau, this little Morepork image has been processed to bring out the essence of these not often seen little NZ owls.
6 Responses to "Ruru – Graham Dainty"
Hi GD, I am very envious – I love these birds but have not managed to photograph one.
Beautiful image


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Look and Lease Specials
$150 OFF move in prorated rent when you move in until June 7th.
Ashmore at Horizon North
4300 Horizon N Pkwy Dallas, TX 75287
Community Amenities:
- Gated Access Community
- Covered Parking
- Garages Available
- Pets Welcome (Breed Restrictions Apply)
- Sparkling Swimming Pool
- Spa/Hot Tub
- Fitness Center with Cardio and Strength Training Equipment
- Picnic and Grill Area
- Basketball Court
- Racquetball Courts
- Business Center
- Brinker Elementary School
- Renner Middle School
- Shepton High School 9-10, Plano West Senior High 11-12
- Short Term Leases Available
Apartment Amenities:
- Stainless Steel Kitchen Appliances
- Ceiling Fans in All Rooms
- Alarm Systems Available
- Renovated Apartments
- Extra Storage Available
- Hardwood Style Flooring
- Self Cleaning Oven
- Washer & Dryer Connections
- Walk-in Closets
- Frost Free Refrigerators
Square footage displayed is approximate and may vary slightly. Rental rates, availability, deposits, apartment features and specials are subject to change without notice. These specials are published by the apartments complexes and Apartments Rent Rebate in is not responsible for these specials.


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Multi-Coloured Lord Ganesha Print Cross Body Bag
Brand: The House of Tara
Price: Rs. 899
Made up of a flex flap with a jute back, this Lord Ganesha print bag has colourful tasseled woolen balls and mini shankh with a brocade shoulder strap to add a unique touch to your look. It comes with a zipper fastening at the outer pocket to stack your coins and promises generous space inside to carry your daily essentials .Buy one now for all your wanderlust moments or carry it to college in style.


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Mutiny on the Bounty
1967 · New York
by NORDHOFF, Charles
New York: Pocket, 1967. Very Good. Rep. Very good. Browning. Please Note: This book has been transferred to Between the Covers from another database and might not be described to our usual standards. Please inquire for more detailed condition information. (Inventory #: 200693)


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Has anyone tried to contact the admin or site owners lately?
For those interested here is the whois information on the site.
(56 posts) (2 voices)
Has anyone tried to contact the admin or site owners lately?
For those interested here is the whois information on the site.
I tried to contact the company principles a couple of times using different email addresses I tracked down including the domain name administrator's email address. No response.
Give it a go and let us know if you are successful where we were not. We would all love a statement from the company about what happened to them for the last year. Hopefully the lost year was not due to a family tragedy. It seemed that the company principles were related.
After leaving message, I had a very nice gentlemen return my call and basically said he's been left in the same situation as all of us. He explained he had some dealings with them several years ago but hasn't been able to contact anyone either.
Apparently, everyone who's dealt with them has been left high and dry, like all of us....more questions than answers.
Did you email email@example.com or phone the contact number?
If so, you are the first to get a response from those contact details. Did you get the name of the person who answered? Is he the MSMW host administrator and if so is he continuing to renew the domain names and run the website forum until...when?
Just curious :-)
I apologize for the delay in replying. The successful contact I had was via the phone number listed and was not Chris, who is still apparently in the wind. The gentleman I spoke with had done business with them years ago but doesn't know why his phone number is still listed, as he hasn't been in contact with or even able to contact them in years. They apparently stopped communicating with lots of people and no one has been able to reach them to find out what happened. This gentleman has nothing to do with the site, it's hosting or it's domain name other than his phone number being listed.
Thanks Bryan. The reason I asked is that someone just paid to renew the mysitemyway.com domain name and the contact details for the domain name are unchanged. So if the guy you called is not associated with the site...I wonder who renewed the domain name and how they can continue to do so without updating the domain contact details.
It's just weird. Oh well...that's why I created BackStop themes...so we could leave the uncertainty behind :-)
You must log in to post.


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We made our reservations (online) about a week and half prior to our arrival. Check in was simple, the clerk at the front desk (sorry I forgot your name) was welcoming and friendly. Good customer service! The rooms are very comfortable and clean. The area was quiet which made for a pleasant stay. Wi-fi is reliable! (some hotels aren't!!) The breakfast was good, and check out (called from our room) was easy. We have stayed at many Best Westerns and this one ranks good. Recommend this BW Prescottonian.
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- True "Down Home" hospitality is the foundation of the Best Western Prescottonian and we are literally expecting company everyday and treat them like our family. We are constantly striving to improve our hotel and completed a total award-winning renovation of all our guestrooms and suites in 2007. Our central Prescott location is a safe harbor for the wayfaring stranger and our hallmark service will host their many returns as friends. Most of our guests enjoy an authentic, delicious Mexican meal at Plaza Bonita Family Mexican Restaurant located right on our premises. We provide a wide array of amenities and services to make your stay with us comfortable and convenient, like free high speed wireless internet access in all rooms so you can catch up on email with family and friends and there's always the chance the office needs a little of your time. Relaxing in our outdoor heated pool is one of the most popular activities. How about a perfect way to start your day? A Free Full Hot Breakfast Buffet, every morning from 6am to 9pm lets you choose what's best for you. The best breakfast deal in Prescott! ... more less
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Booking.com, Expedia, Hotels.com, Best Western, Priceline, TripOnline SA, getaroom.com and Cancelon so you can book your Best Western Prescottonian reservations with confidence. We help millions of travellers each month to find the perfect hotel for both holiday and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.
- Also Known As:
- Best Western Prescottonian Hotel Prescott
- Best Western Motel Prescottonian
- Prescott Best Western


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Ensuring quality education
Posted on March 27, 2017 under News
To ensure quality education, 20 computers were handed over to five community schools in Dhading last week. The programme was initiated to support the theme "Education in Information Technology," which falls under Nepal government's policy and programme.
Edunet Nepal provided 20 computers each to five schools namely Janjagriti Secondary School in Thakre VDC, Mahadev Besi, Dole Banjyang Secondary School in Pida VDC, Peepal Banjyang Secondary School in Mahadevsthan VDC, Gajuri Pida Secondary School in Pida VDC and Nilkantha Secondary School in Nilkantha Municipality.
The schools were selected in coordination with District Education Office. The plan in future is to provide computers to 15 more schools in Dhading.


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Here's the first of 7 Festive Tree Digital Stamps that I will be posting this week, I hope that you will be able to find something that you like amongst them.
I changed the colour of my digi and sentiment in photoshop, I turned them into a sandy shade which tones well with the gold in the card. I copy and pasted my trees to ensure that they were the exact size, added some brads and glittery matting. I embossed the white backgroud card stock with Fiskars snowflakes texture plate in the big shot, I cut my sentiment out with an oval punch added a scallop punch out and some high shine ribbon for a Christmas-ey feel and a ton of dimensional foam pads.
Here is your digi:
(click on the image to expand before saving to your computer)


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…in the chapter "Setting The Record Straight" of his memoir, Sen. Juan Ponce Enrile presents Eggie Apostol as an opportunistic social climber who curried his family's favor during the martial law years to protect and advance her own business interests.
Enrile says he has no monopoly of the truth, so it is conceivable that he may have fudged facts in his desire to steer public perception away from what he is more popularly known for: the architect of martial law.
that's from the first of three inquirer columns that butch hernandez, director of the eggie apostol foundation, devotes to a detailed response to enrile's allegations re eggie.


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define("as3/flashx/textLayout/formats/JustificationRule",["module","exports","as3-rt/AS3"], function($module,$exports,AS3) { AS3.compilationUnit($module,$exports,function($primaryDeclaration){/*package flashx.textLayout.formats { /** * Defines values for setting the justificationRule property of the TextLayoutFormat class. Default value is SPACE, which accomplishes justification by adding extra space to the space characters. When you use EAST_ASIAN, Japanese style leading is employed, which applies bottom-down as opposed to top-up, which is used in Roman text. The spacing of punctuation is also different. In the Roman version, the comma and Japanese periods take a full character's width but only half in East Asian. Additionally, the spacing between sequential punctuation marks becomes tighter, obeying traditional East Asian typographic conventions. Also note the leading, applied to the second line of the paragraphs in the example below. In the East Asian version, the last two lines push left. In the Roman version, the second and following lines push left. *

 * @see TextLayoutFormat#justificationRule * * / public final class JustificationRule { /** * Specifies East Asian justification rules. * / public static const EAST_ASIAN:String = "eastAsian"; /** * Specifies justification for Latin and other horizontal scripts that divide words using spaces. Use this value for everything except East Asian text. * / public static const SPACE:String = "space"; }*/function JustificationRule() {}/* } ============================================== Jangaroo part ==============================================*/ $primaryDeclaration(AS3.class_($module, { members: {constructor: JustificationRule}, staticMembers: { EAST_ASIAN: "eastAsian", SPACE: "space" } })); }); }); //# sourceMappingURL=JustificationRule.js.map


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New state stamp revealed at fair
The new Kansas postage stamp was revealed Friday at the Kansas State Fair. The stamp celebrates the state's 150th birthday and features an old windmill and new wind turbines.
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As per the Hvorslev method, water table level can also be located in a borehole used for soil investigation. That type of bore hole should have a casing to stabilize the sides. It uses almost the same technique, the rise in water level determines the water level locations. However, there is a slight difference. Unlike Casagrande piezometer method, this method consists of hailing the water out of the casing and observing the rate of rise of the water level in the casing at different intervals of time until the rise in Water level becomes negligible.
Figure 1 shows the rise of water level in the borehole at different time intervals. The height of water above the levels 0 – 0, 2 – 2 and 3 – 3 is calculated from the following equations.
Ho = Height above level 0 – 0 =
H2 = Height above level 2 – 2 =
H3 = Height above level 3 – 3 =
The depth of Water table is taken as the average of three levels given by heights H0, H2 and H3 i.e. level of the water table is given by


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Returnships in Engineering
Returnships in Engineering
Returnships are a relatively new concept in the UK, and such a simple but effective idea to help get women back onto the career ladder after an extended maternity break. If you haven't heard of them before, basically they are equivalent to internships - the Americanism for placements or short term contracts - in which the employee is given a fixed term contract and follows a programme of activity designed to bring them up to speed with the work of the company, move them around so that they gain a number of experiences, and monitor and support their career progression. Just as with internships, the employee may or may not be employed by the company at the end of the contract, depending on whether a suitable role exists, and also depending whether the employer is happy with the work of the employee.
The benefits that returnships have for women and for companies are:
- The offer a way of bringing a woman back into a company who may have valuable experience but be slightly uncertain of taking on a senior role immediately on her return from a career break
- They enable companies to target experienced females specifically, and offer them a bespoke retraining programme
- They are a stepping stone for women back to an experienced position in the sector
- They are a relatively risk free placement which allows both the employer and employee to tailor the path back to full employment
- They can offer a more flexible phased approach back to full time work
- The returner gets to grips with the practicalities of coming back to work without the pressure of a senior role
Goldman Sachs see their Returnships in the following way (and by the way, they own the term 'Returnship' so you can't use this term to describe your own programme unfortunately):
"In the same way that an internship offers a guided period of exploration, a "returnship" provides individuals with an opportunity to sharpen their skills in a work environment that may have changed significantly since their last experience as an employee. It also gives participants the ability to explore a new area of expertise and learn new skills. Whether it leads to a full-time career, or serves to sharpen the skills necessary to take the next step, the Goldman Sachs Returnship Program is a valuable experience for anyone who's ready to re-enter the workforce."
WES is keen to promote Returnships in the engineering sector, so if you already offer them, or would like to develop a programme to offer them then please get in touch with the WES CEO on email@example.com
Read More here:
- Thames Tideway Returners Scheme
- The Rise of Returnships to Combat the Female Brain Drain, Evening Standard 29 April 2014
- Goldman Sachs Returnship Programme
- Women Returners for Business
- A bridge back to work for women leaders, The Guardian April 2014
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By Odeisel
"Real journalism is publishing something someone else does not want published – the rest is just public relations."
-George Orwell
With so much drama in the world today in our communities on both macro and micro levels, it's always strange to see the news or people that claim to be journalists talking about all kinds of silly things and never what's going on. The Firing Squad is here to take aim at all that is wrong with the world, starting with our own communities. Three men of color with no censor and no objectives but truth, justice and common sense. Each episode will deal with hot-button issues with honesty, straight talk, and humor whenever possible . No personality is untouchable, and no one is spared the venom, or the praise whenever fit.
The format of the show is simple five topics a week with 5 minutes devoted to each topic, and a close by each individual member featuring a verbal shot of their own choosing.
This episode of the Firing squad features our ongoing update on the Mike Brown Jr. situation. From there we slip back to our normal grind and check out the beef between Jim Jones and Dame Dash. Is Dame as shiesty as Jim says or was it a business misunderstanding?
From there we take a look at the beef between Floyd Mayweather and 50 Cent. Is this is childish as things can get between two grown men? How important is literacy? Were their attacks below the belt?
We also take a look at the Ice Water challenge for ALS, and ponder when exactly you should eat your fries if you are taking them to go. All this, and much more, on the greatest show on Earth. The Firing Squad


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Tao is a software package for sound synthesis using physical models. It provides a virtual acoustic material constructed from masses and springs, which can be used as the basis for building quite complex virtual musical instruments. It comes with a synthesis language for creating and playing instruments and a C++ API for those who would like to use it as an object library.
Podget is a simple podcast aggregator optimized for running as a scheduled background job (i.e. cron). It features support for downloading podcasts from RSS and XML feeds, for sorting the podcasts into folders and categories, for importing podcast URLs from iTunes PCAST files and OPML lists, automatic M3U and ASX playlist creation, and automatic cleanup of old podcasts. It also features automatic UTF-16 conversion for podcasts hosted on Windows servers and includes the ability to handle authentication for premium podcasts.
libmistat is a library of statistical functions. It supports sorting and basic descriptive statistics. Data is sent to functions in the matrix/vector format found in the GSL Scientific Library. The statistical routines have been tested for accuracy using NIST data where available.
XMins is a distribution of the XWin server, a version of Xorg's X11 server that runs on Windows. It allows you to start an X server to access an XDMCP-enabled host or to launch remote applications. Its main advantage over the XWin server distributed by Cygwin is that it doesn't require the installation of Cygwin.
KildClient is a MUD client written with the GTK+ windowing toolkit. It supports many common features of other clients, such as triggers, gags, aliases, macros, timers, and much more. But its main feature is the built-in Perl interpreter. At any moment, the user can execute Perl statements and functions to do things much more powerful than simply sending text the the MUD. Perl statements can also be run, for example, as the action of a trigger, allowing you to do complex things.
galleryscr.pl is a script that fetches images from an online gallery or local directory structure and creates a random image collage. It features inclusion or exclusion of specific images, random or sequential selection of images, and various output options. It can be useful for creating images for a screensaver.
logmine.pl parses a Common Log Format (CLF) log file from a Web server and generates a report of the relationships between the countries, IP addresses, and URLs that were visited. Specific URLs and patterns may be specially excluded from the report. It also supports listing only hits from certain geographical locations.
A slider puzzle.
Implementation of XML Signature and XML Encryption standards.


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iOS 10 Features
Posted by FreedomNet
iOS 10 Features: Earlier this month, Apple announced its new series of smartphones, the iPhone 7, that featured the typical improvements that one would expect (better camera, faster processor, longer battery life, etc.) In additional to its new lineup of physical products, there was the long-awaited reveal of iOS 10 that many users will find relevant, even those that choose not to get the new iPhone. A few of the notable changes are:
- Removing default apps – That folder of unused apps you can't delete that is just sitting off to the side of your screen? You can now get rid of it permanently, or re-download it if you change you mind.
- Using Siri with 3rd party apps – Apple made iOS 10 available to 3rd party developers to integrate its voice communicated software with the applications that were previously unsupported (ex. LinkedIn, Slack, and Lyft)
- Manual read receipts – There are people in your life that you won't mind if they know when you read their messages, and some that you may wish to avoid giving anything away. You can tailor this specifically to individuals now.
- More options for notifications in the lock screen – In the past, users could only tap or swipe the notifications in the lock screen to unlock the phone and then interact with the app. Now some notifications will have additional options featured on the lock screen to expedite some simple features (ex. Cancelling an Uber ride without unlocking the phone.)
- Find your parked car – Maps can now track where users park their vehicle based on how fast they are going and dropping a pin where they get out to mark the location of the car itself.
- Deleting old songs – In the never-ending battle for more storage space, there's a new feature in iOS 10 that allows you to Optimize Storage by mass deleting old songs you haven't listened to in a long time.
- More emojis – Can never have enough emojis.
Downloads and support for iOS 10 require the use of an internet connection for optimal performance and FreedomNet Solutions wants to help you by providing Michigan's #1 wireless internet service that features speeds capable of streaming video, playing games online, and general internet-related activities.
If you are interested and would like to know more information about our point to multipoint wireless internet service, feel free to fill out a Contact Us form, or call our offices at 866.669.4737 ext. 2 and speak with a sales representative. We would be happy to answer any questions you may have.


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Book a Consultation
I would love for us to chat more about your social media and digital marketing. I offer consultations at the rate of $150USD/hour to discuss anything your heart desires, whether you would like to bounce some ideas off of me, or you would like help with learning the ins and outs of your networks. Calls are via Zoom (online or phone).


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Added to Cart
Cable and Gadget Organiser
Cable and Gadget Organiser
Protect and organise your electronics.
See delivery information
Qantas Points
Kogan.com has a direct partnership with Qantas
No more masses of tangled wires or lost charging cables.
- Organise and store your electronic accessories
- Easily locate them when needed
- Keeps small and easy-to-lose devices in one safe place
- Protect your data from dust and scratches
- Slim design fits easily into your laptop bag or satchel
From flash drives and memory cards to charging cables and adaptors, it can often be difficult to keep all your electronic accessories in order.
The Cable and Gadget Organiser has a soft inner lining to keep your prized electronics safe and scratch-free, and the durable cover protects your data drives from accidental damage.
Not only for keeping your valuables safe, the individual storage compartments also stop cables from getting tangled and let you locate the item you need instantly.
- Avoid the frustration of misplacing items
- Lightweight and easy to transport
- 16.5 × 2.0 × 22.5cm
This Product is offered and supplied by Kogan Australia Pty Ltd pursuant to the Terms and Conditions.
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Both Sides Win In Accenture-Guidewire Patent Fight
Judge Sue L. Robinson of the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware granted partial motions to dismiss lawsuits filed over the development and marketing of insurance claims management technology.
Accenture filed a lawsuit in December claiming that San Mateo, Calif.-based Guidewire's Insurance Suite software infringed upon...
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Available for over 20 years in Europe, and in clinical trials for 12 years in the United States, Allergan's highly cohesive gel breast implants are finally FDA approved. With this approval, there are now two new options available to American women: the Sientra high strength silicone gel implant, approved in 2012, and the Allergan Natrelle style 410. However, certain styles and sizes of the Allergan 410 will remain in clinical trials, available only through an approved investigator, for possibly a few more years.
As a clinical investigator, I received extensive training with these shaped implants, and have used them for over 8 years. They can produce beautiful long lasting results in breast augmentation, reconstruction, and select revision patients. With every new device there is a learning curve; the key to a good outcome is knowing when and how to use these newer implants.
Here are the key facts that you should consider when deciding between manufacturers, shapes, shells and fills:
- There is no one "right" implant for every patient
- Do your homework before you schedule an appointment with a board certified plastic surgeon and research all your options
- Not all gel implants contain highly cohesive or high strength silicone gel. Each manufacturer has developed an implant with unique shells, percentage of fill, cohesivity of fill, and a range of size options
- A thorough education will help you decide if you want them, careful patient selection by an experienced plastic surgeon


text: Hello Ladies!!!! How are things going this week? I'm still hitting the health club - water class four times a week and then just laps twice a week. I'm really enjoying it. I will hit the noon WW tomorrow for a poundage update, but I believe I've probably dropped another couple pounds the way my clothing feels. I hope you are keeping motivated by the warm weather and fresh produce available. It seems easier for me to stick with the program when it's hot. The dream is being more comfortable when the hot weather returns next summer!!!!!!! So, how you doing ladies????? Sharon


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1638 17th Trail, Texas Creek, Colorado
1638 17th Trail, Texas Creek, Colorado 81223 - Land for sale. 2.5 acres this lot and next lot also 2.5 acres. Total of 5.0 acres. Please call or text broker with any questions.2 lots for sale for a total of 5.0 acresTotal Price is $24,950Lot 1 SW4NW4SW4SE4-SEC 23-20-73 FLA-COLO ACRES TR-120 CONTIG TO 988-04-169 REF MANUF #93000-541Lot 2 SW4NW4SW4SE4-SEC 23-20-73 FLA-COLO ACRES TR-120 CONTIG TO 988-04-170
Listing Courtesy of Megastar Realty
"Bob Maiocco exceeded our expectations on every level. Not only does Bob have a very solid knowledge of the real estate market, his negotiating skills are second to none. Bob has a calm and even demeanor when dealing with sometimes stressful situations that can arise when buying or selling real estate. We could not have asked for a more strategic partner to help us navigate the process of making our largest financial purchase."


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Anggaran €8-30 EUR
Translation of small text (Portuguese to English). The project must be concluded within 3hrs.
Diberikan kepada:
Hello , I am certified bilingual and will translate from English to Spanish and vice versa. Translations are done manually and I always proofread before delivery. I also make sure that your documents are 100% conf Lagi
12 freelancer menawar dengan rata-rata €23 untuk pekerjaan ini
Hi there! We are a team of native linguists and translation professionals. All our translations are done by Native Speakers. The price includes proofreading that's done by another Native speaker. We always assign two Lagi
Are you looking for professional translations by native Portuguese to English speakers? You have come to the right place! Our translation team consists of highly skilled translators (all native speakers), therefore we Lagi
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Hello Sir,I can convert from Portuguese to English. I will complete this project in stipulated time and within your budget for sure.I have worked on similar projects you are looking for, and I am sure I can meet your Lagi


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Candy Coated
2011 December 7
Though the temperature in the Northeast has been hovering around 60 degrees, winter is on its way. I've been craving a bright winter coat to wear to cheer up the gloomy weather for the past few years, but have yet to find the perfect one. Until then, I'll stick to my basic brown puffy coat (boring, but warm), and daydream about these pretty ones:
Which one is your favorite? Do you have a colorful winter coat?
5 Responses Post a comment
December 7, 2011
This is so my bag right now! the only problem is what color to choose…
nancy durso permalinkDecember 10, 2011
i like the pink one!


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Intelligent Cell Balancing
The Orion BMS uses an intelligent approach to balancing that seeks to maintain and improve balance from cycle to cycle. Unlike lead-acid batteries, lithium ion batteries tend to stay in balance once initially balanced, as long as an intelligent approach is used to maintain the balance.
The Orion BMS uses passive balancing to remove charge from the most charged cells in order to maintain the balance of the pack. The passive shunt resistors dissipate up to 200mA per cell. While that amount may seem small, that current is more than sufficient for maintaining balance in very large battery packs. Difference in cell self-discharge rates are often measured in the tens to hundreds of uA (with a uA being 1/1000 of a mA.) Even with a very high difference in self-discharge rate of 1mA, the 200mA balancing current is still 200 times that of the discharge rate.


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1. It's the law. The Federal Humane Slaughter Act provides the minimum humane handling standards meat plants must follow.
Most meat plants adopt voluntary guidelines and use audits to exceed federal humane handling regulations.
2. 95 Percent of U.S. beef, pork, and lamb products are produced in plants that follow guidelines and a welfare audit authored by leading animal welfare expert Temple Grandin, Ph.D.
50 percent of beef and 20 percent of pork are also produced in facilities Grandin designed.
3. Animals that are handled calmly and humanely produce higher quality meat.
When an animal is stressed due to heat, anxiety, rough treatment, or environmental factors, dark spots in beef or pale soft spots in pork may appear. These parts of the meat must be trimmed away.
4. Livestock do not know they are being slaughtered and cannot feel pain at the time of slaughter.
Federal law requires all animals to be made insensible to pain prior to slaughter, with an exception for livestock processed under Kosher and Halal religious rules. Other procedures are followed in these instances to ensure good welfare.
5. Plants create calm, low-stress environments that work with, rather than against, animals' natural instincts.
Low-stress driving tools, like black plastic flags, are used to move animals through chutes and pens in ways that do not cause stress. Plants also strive to eliminate visual distractions that can frighten livestock, like dangling chains or hoses on the ground that can look like snakes to livestock.
6. Federal inspectors are present in meat plants at all times to supervise the humane treatment of livestock and ensure adherence to humane slaughter rules.
Inspectors have the authority to suspend operations if they observe violations of federal laws. No other sector of animal agriculture is regulated for animal handling practices as thoroughly as meat plants.
7. Livestock are transported to plants in specially designed trailers that keep them safe and secure.
These vehicles are equipped with vents to permit airflow.
8. Once livestock arrive at a plant, they are moved calmly and quietly to pens where they are given fresh water. Livestock held at plants for more than 24 hours - an unusual occurrence - must receive feed as well.
Animals kept in pens overnight must have plenty of room to lie down.
9. All meat is subject to federal humane handling regulations.
Some products bear additional animal welfare labels that signify that certain additional practices were used on farms.
10. Humane handling increases worker safety and improves employee morale.
Calm livestock reduce the chance that an employee will become injured.
11. Animal welfare is NOT synonymous with animal rights.
Animal welfare is concerned with the optimal care of animals and minimizing suffering. The animal rights philosophy rejects the use of animals for food, clothing, medical research, or entertainment.


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Deduction under Section 43B - Tribunal held that principal sum waived, is offered to tax, and as such, the disallowance is to be subsumed into offer on waiver of Principal, which is against the sum and substance of the scheme of allowing deduction under Section 43B which is based on actual payment of interest and recorded perverse finding - Held that:- If out of the total sum of ₹ 257.08 Lakhs which has been offered and subjected to tax by the assessee in its return, the amount of unpaid i .....
Extract - Part text onlyClick here to Access Full Contents
tax, would come to the same. If we accept the argument of learned counsel for the appellant - revenue, then it would amount to the department having the cake as well as eating it, which would mean subjecting the assessee to double jeopardy. This cannot be permitted. Either the interest amount has to be allowed for deduction under Section 43B or the sum offered for tax (as waived by the Bank) has to be reduced by the amount of interest paid.
Thus we do not find that any infirmity with .....
ng and trading of refined edible oil. The asseseee-Company had taken a loan from the Canara Bank which was to the tune of ₹ 387.82 Lakhs as term loan and ₹ 53.48 Lakhs as working capital loan, totaling to ₹ 441.30 Lakhs. Since there was default in payment of the loan amount by the assessee, the Bank declared the account of the assessee as non-performing asset (NPA). The total interest accrued in the said account of the assessee was ₹ 193.96 Lakhs i.e., the total outstandi .....
Bank which was paid and the account was thereafter closed. In the returns filed by the assessee, towards the total amount of ₹ 378.72 Lakhs paid to the Bank, the assessee provided for ₹ 193.96 Lakhs as interest paid and claimed deduction under Section 43B of the Income Tax Act, 1961 (hereafter referred to as the Act ). After deducting the said amount of interest of ₹ 193.96 Lakhs from ₹ 378.72 Lakhs the figure of ₹ 184.76 Lakhs was taken as repayment towards princi .....
f the assessee of adjusting the amount of ₹ 193.96 Lakhs towards interest and also its claim for benefit under Section 43B of the Act, and instead held that the entire amount of ₹ 378.72 Lakhs paid by the assessee as one time settlement with the Bank to be adjusted towards the principal amount of ₹ 441.30 Lakhs. Ultimately in the appeal filed by the assessee before the Tribunal, although the erroneous claim of the assessee in adjusting the amount of ₹ 193.96 Lakhs towards .....
ppeal has been filed by the revenue raising the following substantial question of law: "Whether on the facts and in the circumstances, the Tribunal was correct in holding that principal sum of ₹ 2,57,08,826/- waived, is offered to tax, and as such, the disallowance of ₹ 1,93,96,881/- is to be subsumed into offer of ₹ 2,57,08,826/- on waiver of Principal, which is against the sum and substance of the scheme of allowing deduction under Section 43B which is based on actual pa .....
subsumed into the offer of ₹ 257.08 Lakhs on waiver of principal amount. It is thus submitted that after the waiver of interest amount was disallowed, even though the amount of ₹ 257.08 Lakhs was subjected and offered to tax by the assessee, additional tax on the amount of interest (which had been disallowed) would have to be paid by the assessee. 6. In our view, the Tribunal has rightly held that the assessee cannot be subjected to double jeopardy i.e.., it could not be subjected to .....
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Through a glass, darklyBRILL 2000; US$ 74.00
The question this text addresses is whether our images of cultural tradition and modernity in East and West, in past and present, are so blurred that we look at them as through a glass, darkly? The contributors argue for greater understanding and communication between cultures. more...
An Essay on the Civilisations of India, China and JapanTaylor and Francis 2010; US$ 48.95
This volume presents an account of the author's travels during 1912-13 making particular note of the characteristics of Indian, Chinese and Japanese societies and the effect upon them of contact with the West. Although inevitably dated in some of its views, the volume nonetheless provides an excellent starting point for comparisons between East and... more...
Critical Zone 1Hong Kong University Press, HKU 2004; US$ 45.00
This book is a new series in cultural and literary studies jointly published by the Hong Kong University Press and Nanjing University Press. Based in Hong Kong and mainland China, Critical Zone aims to bring together scholars around the world and to improve cross-cultural and cross-regional understanding. more...
Critical Zone 3Hong Kong University Press, HKU 2008; US$ 40.00
Critical Zone is an established series in cultural and literary studies jointly published by the Hong Kong University Press and Nanjing University Press. This is the third number. Based in Hong Kong and mainland China, Critical Zone aims to bring together scholars around the world and to improve cross-cultural and cross-regional understanding. more...
Le Procès de l'EuropeLes Presses de l'Université d'Ottawa 2011; US$ 11.99 US$ 10.19
Une défense philosophique de la culture européenne par le philosophe renommé, Jean-François Mattéi. more...
Race in TranslationNYU Press 2012; US$ 28.00
While the term "culture wars" often designates the heated arguments in the English-speaking world spiraling around race, the canon, and affirmative action, in fact these discussions have raged in diverse sites and languages. Race in Translation charts the transatlantic traffic of the debates within and between three zones—the U.S., France, and Brazil.... more...
10 Books that Screwed Up the WorldRegnery Publishing 2008; US$ 29.99
You've heard of the "Great Books"? These are their evil opposites. From Machiavelli's The Prince to Karl Marx's The Communist Manifesto to Alfred Kinsey's Sexual Behavior in the Human Male, these "influential" books have led to war, genocide, totalitarian oppression, family breakdown, and disastrous social experiments. And yet these authors' bad ideas... more...
The Politically Incorrect Guide to Western CivilizationRegnery Publishing 2008; US$ 21.99
Everything you should know--but PC professors won't teach--about our Western heritage Western civilization is the envy of the globe. It has given to the world universally accepted understandings of human rights (rooted in Judeo-Christian principles), created standards for art, music, and literature that have never been equaled, and originated political... more...
The CeltsPalgrave Macmillan 1992; US$ 210.00
The Celts are commonly considered to be one of the great peoples of Europe, with continuous racial, cultural and linguistic genealogy from the Iron Age to the modern-day 'Celtic fringe'. This book shows, in contrast, that the Celts, as they have been known and understood over two thousand years, are simply the 'other' of the dominant cultural and political... more...
Great BooksSimon & Schuster 2013; US$ 13.99
THE NATIONAL BESTSELLER At the age of forty-eight, writer and film critic David Denby returned to Columbia University and re-enrolled in two core courses in Western civilization to confront the literary and philosophical masterpieces -- the "great books" -- that are now at the heart of the culture wars. In Great Books, he leads us on a glorious... more...


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May I say, ignoring the rushed plot at the beginning, ie the death of the Asgard, which ideally would've taken centre stage in Season 11, and the Deus Ex Machina ending, this episode is not too badly written. The character dialogue and team dynamic are sharp as ever, and the story is actually engaging and rather touching as we see long standing tensions (sexual and otherwise) boil over as the team are resigned to spend the rest of their lives on the Odyssey.
Where this episode fails is as a finale, it seems the show burned out its action and FX budget earlier in the season as we are left with a bottle episode with little or no scenes filmed outside existing sets, which gives what should have been an astounding finale a somewhat claustrophobic feel.
As an episode it was good, above average, but as a finale it fails, bringing a disappointing and boring end to the series, almost as if the producers still had one more epsiode to do but didn't want to start off any major plot threads and thus leave the movies open to casual viewers.


text: wonderfultrees Play via YouTube OPEN IN APP NSFW Safe Is this playlist safe for work? Inertia June 23, 2012 | 8 tracks | 130 5 | Stats Arcade Fire Eisley The Joy Formidable alternative rockindie rockprogressiveelectro pop Liked Collect Share Edit Liked! Share this mix with friends: Inertia Wrong video Collect Share Liked! Share this mix with friends: