text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Mar 1, 2005
|Filing date
|Oct 12, 2000
|Priority date
|Oct 14, 1994
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Ger Van den Engh
|Original Assignee
|University Of Washington
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (59), Non-Patent Citations (6), Referenced by (42), Classifications (17), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This is a divisional application of parent application Ser. No. 08/627,963, filed Apr. 16, 1996, issuing as U.S. Pat. No. 6,133,044. The parent application filed Apr. 16, 1996 was a File Wrapper Continuation (FWC) of the now abandoned original application, application Ser. No. 08/323,270, filed Oct. 14, 1994. The present application claims priority to, and incorporates by reference, each of the aforementioned applications.
Generally this invention relates to droplet flow cytometers such as are used for the analysis and sorting of substances contained within separate droplets. Specifically the invention relates to aspects of such systems which act to form regular droplets after exit from a nozzle orifice.
Droplet flow cytometers have been in clinical and research use for many years. Basically, the systems act to position small amounts of a substance within individual droplets of a sheath fluid. These droplets can be made uniform by utilizing an oscillator which emits a predominant frequency. These oscillations are usually applied to the nozzle container. Since droplet flow cytometry is heavily utilized in both research and clinical environments, such systems have been the subject of much refinement. One of the facets of these systems which has been particularly challenging, however, is the aspect of controlling the drop formation. As to this aspect it has not only been difficult to practically achieve processing rates of much more than 40 kilohertz, it has also been difficult to deal with the incidents of using relatively high power to drive the oscillators involved.
It should be noted that each of the challenges faced in the field of droplet formation for flow cytometers is largely unique to that field. Even seemingly similar fields such as those involving channel-type flow cytometers are not very analogous as they do not face such problems. Their operation as continuous flow devices rather than droplet formation devices makes much of the understandings available in that field inapplicable to the challenges and problems faced in flow cytometry droplet formation systems.
To some degree the challenges for droplet formation may be the result of the fact that although drop formation has been modeled with significant theoretical detail, in practice it still remains a somewhat empirical subject. While on one level exhaustive mathematical predictions are possible, in practice these predictions can be greatly tempered—and are often revised—by the fact that materials limitations, inherent substance variations, and the like contribute heavily to the end result. A number of "advances" in this field have even proved to be either unnecessary or unworkable in practice.
The level of oscillation energy required in order to achieve uniform droplet formation has, prior to the present invention, been very subject to empirical constraints. This power (often expressed as a voltage amplitude applied to a piezoelectric crystal oscillator) has previously been in the ten volt range. Unfortunately, this relatively high voltage not only results in a need for more robust circuitry, but it also has the undesirable practical consequence of resulting in undesirable electromagnetic emissions. These emissions can impact the sensitivity of the flow cytometer or other nearby equipment. Further, as the desire for higher processing frequencies is pursued, this problem is compounded. Although these problems have been know for years, prior to the present invention it has apparently been an accepted attitude that in order to achieve higher frequencies, still higher oscillation energies are a physical requirement. This invention proves this expectation to be untrue. An example of the extremes to which this rational had been applied is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,361,400 to Gray where droplet formation frequencies in the range of 300 to 800 kilohertz had been achieved. This design had required an oscillator powered by approximately 80 volts. The apparent physical requirement of higher powers in order to achieve higher droplet frequencies may have been one reason that most practical droplet flow cytometers operated only in the range of 10 to 50 kHz. The present invention shows that such a relationship is not a physical requirement and, in fact, shows that droplet formation speeds in the 100-200 kHz range are actually possible with only millivolts of power applied to an oscillator.
Yet another problem practically encountered in this field was the challenge of resonances existing within the nozzle assembly. Again, this appears to have simply been accepted as a necessary incident of workable systems and may have resulted in an attitude among those having ordinary skill in the art that it was not practical to vary frequency without unacceptable changes in the performance of the entire system. There also seems to have been some confusion as to the appropriate way to apply the droplet forming oscillations. U.S. Pat. No. 4,302,166 shows that the oscillations are applied to the nozzle container perpendicular to the fluid flow, whereas, U.S. Pat. No. 4,361,400 suggests applying the oscillations to the nozzle container parallel to the lines of flow. In fact, the present invention discloses that each of these systems are suboptimal in that they may even act to generate the resonances and variations in frequency response of the nozzle system.
An even more paradoxical situation exists with respect to the problem of maintaining laminar flow within the nozzle system of a droplet flow cytometer. Although those having ordinary skill in this field have known for years that maintaining laminar flow was desirable, until the present invention, practical systems utilizing replacement tips have not been optimally designed so as to achieve the goal of truly laminar flow. For instance, U.S. Pat. No. 4,361,400 as well as the 1992 publication by Springer Laboratory entitled "Flow Cytometry And Cell Sorting", each show replaceable nozzle tip designs in which laminar flow is disrupted at the junction between the nozzle body and the nozzle tip. Again, such designs seem to present almost a paradox in that they obviously are not optimum from perspective of a goal which has long been known as those having ordinary skill in the art. The present invention not only recognizes this goal but also demonstrates that a solution has been readily available.
Yet another problem encountered in this field is the need to vary parameters to optimize actual conditions encountered in processing. Again theory and practice did not mix well. While systems were usually designed for optimum conditions, in actual usage such conditions rarely existed. Thus, a U.S. Pat. No. 4,070,617 recognized, designs which allow variation of the substance output velocity within the sheath fluid were desirable. Although such systems permitted some variation, it was recognized that such variations necessarily made conditions within the flow cytometer suboptimal for the simple reason that there is a very definite physical relationship between the sheath substance and drop parameters which must be maintained. Since these parameters are well known to those having ordinary skill in the art (as also indicated in U.S. Pat. No. 4,302,166), the variations required in practice appear to have been accepted as a necessary evil. To some extent, the resulting reduced resolution appears to have been accepted without question. Again, the present invention realizes that approaches which moved conditions away from optimal were not a necessary incident of adapting to conditions practically encountered; it shows that solutions which allow for variation and yet maintain optimal flow conditions are possible.
As explained, most of the foregoing problems had long been recognized by those having ordinary skill in the art. Solutions, however, had either been perceived as unlikely or not been recognized even though the implementing elements had long been available. This may also have been due to the fact that those having ordinary skill in the art may not have fully appreciated the nature of the problem or may have been due to an actual misunderstanding of the physical mechanisms involved. These appear to have included the misunderstanding that actually moving the nozzle was the proper way to induce the droplet forming oscillations and the simple failure to realize that it was possible to coordinate the desire for replaceable nozzle tips with the desire for laminar flow within the flow cytometer nozzle assembly. Similarly, those skilled in the art had long attempted to achieve higher frequency systems which were practically implementable and had attempted to achieve variations which would to the largest extent possible maintain optimal conditions. Their attempts often led them away from the technical directions taken by the present invention and may even have resulted in the achievements of the present invention being considered an unexpected result of the approach taken.
The present invention involves a number of improvements which are applicable to a flow cytometer droplet system. These improvements each offer independent advantages and may be combined synergistically to produce a great increase in the performance of droplet flow cytometers. The preferred embodiment involves a piezoelectric oscillator contained within the sheath fluid above a continuously converging nozzle container. This nozzle container acts to amplify the oscillations which are directly and directionally coupled to the sheath fluid. Further, the location of the substance introduction tube may be adjusted within a convergence zone so as to vary the rate at which the substance is introduced relative to the rate at which the sheath fluid is introduced to maintain optimal conditions. In addition, a replaceable nozzle tip is fit within an edge insert and sealed on its outer surface so as to maintain laminar flow and enhance the amplification of the oscillation throughout the converging nozzle body. As a result of the combination of these various features, the present invention not only achieves practical processing at frequencies of many multiples of typical prior art devices, but it also achieves these processing rates at oscillation powers which are several orders of magnitude less than those typically utilized.
Accordingly, one of the objects of the invention is to provide for a low power system which allows high processing rates. In keeping with this object, one goal is to achieve direct coupling of the oscillations to the sheath fluid and thus minimize any losses associated with material interfaces. In keeping with this object, another goal is to provide for a system which actually amplifies the oscillations so as to produce acceptable fluid variations at the nozzle tip.
Yet another object of the invention is to minimize the impacts of resonance frequencies within the nozzle system. In keeping with this object, a goal is to directionally couple the oscillations to the sheath fluid. It is also a goal to isolate the oscillations from imparting upon the sheath fluid in more than the desired direction.
A further goal of the invention is to provide for a system which allows for the maintenance of laminar flow within the entire nozzle assembly while allowing for both replaceable nozzle tips and for internal variations. The present invention achieves the first object by providing a design which avoids the unnecessary impacts of a seal on the flow condition within the nozzle container. The second object is achieved by providing a system which varies the location at which a substance is introduced while still maintaining optimal, laminar conditions.
Still another object of the invention is to provide for a practically implementable system. In keeping with this object, one goal is to provide a system which can be easily cleaned and for which components can be easily replaced. A goal is also providing a design which can be relatively easily and inexpensively manufactured.
Naturally, further objects of the invention are disclosed throughout other areas of the specification and claims.
As mentioned, the present invention involves an improved flow cytometer droplet nozzle system which incorporates a variety of features. As shown in
Since the sheath fluid is typically an unreactive substance such as a saline fluid and is an analytically transparent, it has introduced within it some desirable substance such as cells or parts of cells or other items. This substance is maintained in substance reservoir (8) and is introduced to nozzle volume (3) through substance introduction port (9). Through hydrodynamic focusing, the substance flows and is separated into single cell units within the sheath fluid and exits at nozzle exit (6).
In order to form regular droplets, the preferred embodiment utilizes a piezoelectric crystal (10) to cause oscillations (11) within the sheath fluid. These oscillations are transmitted as pressure variations through to nozzle exit (6) and act to allow jet (12) to form regular droplets (13) through the action of surface tension. These processes are well understood and are further explained in a number of references including the 1992 reference entitled. "Flow Cytometry and Cell Sorting" by A. Radbruch (�Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg) and the 1985 reference entitled "Flow Cytometry: Instrumentation and Data Analysis" edited by Marvin A. Van Dilla, et al. (�Academic Press Inc. (London) Ltd.) each of which are incorporated by reference.
As shown in
As is well understood, by allowing sheath fluid and the substance to exit from nozzle container (2), cells or cell fragments may be isolated in singular fashion within separate droplets (13) for analysis by sensor (14) which feeds its information to analysis equipment (15). Analysis equipment (15) may provide the necessary data or may act to further process droplets (13) through some equipment such as an electrode in nozzle volume (3) in combination with sorting electrostatic field equipment (16) as is well known in the art. When electrostatic potentials are applied, they may be applied differentially to each droplet based upon the delay in droplet formation. This analysis equipment (15) may also include a separate laser which induces fluorescence and the like in specific cells to allow further sensing and facilitate conducting analysis as well.
As may be easily understood from
Another feature of the invention is how the oscillator couples to actually cause the formation of droplets (13). As shown in
As shown in
Both the direct coupling of oscillations (11) to the sheath fluid and the directional nature of the oscillations (11) contribute to the invention's ability to achieve droplet formation at power levels which are several orders of magnitude less than those of the prior art. As may be understood from
Referring to
In addition, as shown in
Referring again to
As mentioned, another aspect which helps the invention achieve its extraordinary reduction in oscillation drive power is the fact that the oscillator is directionally coupled to the sheath fluid. In order to avoid resonances and energy transmissions in other than the desired direction, the present invention recognizes that unidirectional coupling is desirable. In order to achieve this, as shown in
To further enhance the reduction in oscillation power achievable through the present invention, nozzle container 2 is also designed as a continuously converging nozzle container. This acts to not only maintain laminar flow throughout nozzle volume (3), but also to effectively amplify oscillations (11) as they travel in pressure waves through the sheath fluids from piezoelectric crystal (10) to nozzle exit (6). As may be understood from
Having a continuously converging nozzle container also helps in maintaining laminar flow up to nozzle exit (6). In this regard nozzle exit (6) should be understood to exist not only at the actual end location of the orifice but more accurately at the point at which there is a significant increase in the pressure gradient so as to make changes in the angle of convergence less important. Unlike the teachings of the prior art which frequently involve straight cylindrical sections within nozzle container (2), this aspect of the invention specifically avoids such possibilities. This is somewhat surprising and may be treated with skepticism by those of ordinary skill in the art because traditional theories provide that once laminar flow is established such flow should continue in most applications when the nozzle container does not expand sharply. In contrast, this aspect of the invention suggests otherwise. While these traditional laminar flow theories may be appropriate in some instances, the continuous convergence of the sheath fluid appears desirable in most droplet flow cytometers. To some extent this may be due to the fact that the required acceleration of the sheath fluid and pressure, and the resulting increase in the friction of the sheath fluid against nozzle container (2), each make a constant convergence desirable to avoid nonlaminar flow results. Basically it has been empirically found that through a continuously converging nozzle container optimal conditions for maintaining laminar flow can be created.
In addition to the aspect of maintaining laminar flow, the continuously converging nozzle container can provide amplification of the oscillations (11). Similar to horn and other designs, the continuous convergence combines with the principals of conservation of energy so that the amplitude of the oscillations actually increases as it passes from piezoelectric crystal (10) to nozzle exit (6). This amplification may be maximized not only by positioning the oscillator at or near the largest cross-sectional area but also by making oscillator surface (18) to have an area substantially as large as the largest cross-sectional area. In this regard by "substantially" it is meant that the oscillator should be as large as practically possible after consideration of the typical desire to introduce substance through the center axis of nozzle Volume (3) as well as this invention's unique desire to maintain oscillator side (21) spaced apart from nozzle container (2). The amplification may also be enhanced by providing for continuous convergence from sheath fluid port (4) through to nozzle exit (6). As mentioned earlier, each of the foregoing aspects also contribute to the present invention's extraordinary reduction in input power requirements.
To create oscillations (11), piezoelectric crystal (10) is powered through an alternating voltage source (22) as those skilled in the art can easily understand. Through the teachings of the present invention, alternating voltage source (22) my be configured to stimulate the oscillator with the voltage amplitude of less than 100 millivolts and thus represents orders of magnitude of reduction in the typical voltage applied to piezoelectric crystals in such systems. This voltage may be greater than 10 millivolts or so as that was a representative level at which droplet formation seems to occur. It should be understood, however, that this limitation should not be taken as a lower limit since the teachings of this invention may become refined and alternative designs may be developed which result in further reduction in power.
Yet another independent feature of the present invention is its design to allow the nozzle section to be easily replaced or cleaned while permitting laminar flow. Referring to
Unlike the designs shown in the prior art such as those shown in
Yet another independent aspect of the invention is the aspect of being able to adjust the location at which the substance is introduced. As mentioned earlier, those skilled in the art have long recognized the need to achieve variations in the entire process to accommodate variations in conditions practically experienced. As shown in
Further, since it may be desirable to maintain equal velocities at substance introduction port (9), and since substance tube (33) may be moved, it is possible to include a controller (34) which receives signals from some type of sensor (14) and which may act to control a movement mechanism (35) and thus automatically adjust the location of substance introduction port (9) within nozzle container (2). Further, controller (34) may act to additionally control the pressure of substance reservoir (8) and sheath reservoir (5) for automatic correlation of the various factors based upon location or other parameters sensed. Since the theoretical relationship between these factors is well known for optimal conditions and since the programming or wiring of such a design could be easily achieved by those skilled in the art, a variety of designs may be implemented to achieve this goal. Given the great variety of flow cytometer systems possible, it should be understood that a great variety of sensed values may be used ranging from concentration of the substance contained within substance reservoir (8), to the actual location of substance introduction port (9), to the pressure of the various sheath fluid or substance fluids, to some other property of the substance sensed by sensor (14). Each of these—or any combination of them and other factors—may be adjusted automatically to achieve desired relationships or to simply optimize results without regard to the actual predicted values. Naturally, in keeping with this broad concept should be understood that sensor (14) may not be just the sensor but may in fact be a host of different sensors positioned at various locations depending upon the particular condition existing within the flow cytometer desired to be sensed. While, of course, the sensor (14) will only ascertain specific values, these values can indicate results which may be used to more appropriately adjust the location of the substance introduction port.
Similarly, a host of different designs for the location adjuster (shown in
The foregoing discussion and the claims which follow describe the preferred embodiment of the present invention. Particularly with respect to the claims and the broad concept discussed, it should be understood that changes may be made without departing from the essence of this patented invention. It is intended that changes are permissible to accommodate varying applications and will still fall within the scope of this patent. It is simply not practical to describe and claim all possible revisions nor is it practical to claim all combinations of the varying features. To the extent revisions utilize the essence of the present invention, each would naturally fall within the breath or protection encompassed by this path. This is particularly true for the present invention since its basic concepts and understandings are fundamental in nature and can be broadly applied. It is also particularly true since the present invention involves a number of potentially independent features which may be combined in synergistic ways for particular applications.
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|Nozzle and method for flow cytometry
|U.S. Classification
|436/177, 436/180, 422/82.09, 436/149, 422/82.01, 436/164, 324/71.4, 422/82.08, 422/68.1, 436/63
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Sep 2, 2008
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Apr 28, 2009
|Certificate of correction
|Sep 4, 2012
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Oct 7, 2016
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Mar 1, 2017
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Apr 18, 2017
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20170301


text:
PLACENTIA – Mayor Joe Aguirre, newly-appointed this month, said continuing to build up the city's finances will be his central priority during the course of his term.
With the failed road-rail separation project OnTrac now a memory, city funds are still depleted, he said, and reserves need replenishing.
He cited as a success the near-completion of an agreement with the California Department of Transportation, which initially demanded a $36 million repayment in connection with OnTrac. The city is getting help from the Orange County Transportation Authority to make the payment of $5.5 million the agencies are settling on.
He also spoke about development issues.
Aguirre outlined his goals and agenda in an interview:
Q: In general, what are your goals and priorities during your time as mayor?
A: During the coming year, we still have some continuing issues with our city finances, so that's our first priority. We've resolved a lot with our financial issues, but we're continuing to do more. We've resolved the ($5.5 million) payment to CalTrans. That is nearly wrapped up, but there are some loose ends.
Other things we want to continue to make progress on is to make the Metrolink station a reality. We've been doing work with OCTA. We hope to adopt during the year a specific plan for the TOD (development near the Metrolink station) – the 109 acres south of the railroad tracks – at least have it in place for when the economy picks up.
In conjunction with the specific plan for the TOD, we need to continue to beautify and revitalize the original downtown part of Placentia and blend that whole part into the TOD.
We need to draw patrons and visitors from outside Placentia – the city has experienced a lot of leakage of retail sales.
All this will take many years to accomplish, but it's exciting that we're laying the foundation.
Q: What are you looking forward to most about your new move on council to wielding the gavel?
A: The position of mayor is largely ceremonial, but in the position you represent the city. I'm humbled that the rest of the council voted for me. It's an honor, it's something that I'm looking forward to over the coming year. We're at a critical time in the city's history.
Q: Anything else you'd like to tell the readers?
A: I just wanted to note a previous councilman, Alfred Aguirre. He was my uncle. He was on the council from 1958 to1962, and I'm glad to be following in his footsteps. Unfortunately, he passed away this year. He was the first Latino elected to City Council in Placentia.

subset: commoncrawl


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Where to Get Safe and Effective Liposuction in Philadelphia
If you live in Philadelphia and are considering one type of liposuction or the other, then you're surely wondering where to get it done. Choosing the right doctor for you can be a stressful and demanding process. To make this task a little easier, we will look at the top 3 places to get liposuction in Philadelphia. This list is sure to help you make the right choice and get a beautiful new look.
1) Dr. Bucky
Louis P. Bucky, MD, has been serving the Philadelphia area for well over a decade and has been named "Top Doc" 13 years in a row by Philadelphia Magazine. He has a large satisfied client list thanks to his many years of experience. With training from Harvard Medical School and many years of experience using cutting-edge liposuction techniques, you're sure to be happy with the results.
His liposuction offering includes a variety of services that can meet any patient's needs. But, he mainly focuses on traditional tumescent liposuction and CoolSculpting. Tumescent liposuction is an excellent choice for anyone who wants a large amount of fat removed throughout their body. CoolSculpting, on the other hand, is a less invasive option that provides long-lasting results, it's a great choice for anyone who wants to get rid of a few stubborn spots of fat. This means that if you choose Dr. Bucky you'll be able to choose from a variety of options instead of being stuck with one option.
If you're interested in learning more about Dr. Bucky and his services then please visit his website. There you will find helpful faqs, inspiring before-and-after photos and can even read over Dr. Bucky's resume. His site also contains an excellent blog that explains how the procedures are done. If you decide to take the next step and schedule a consultation, you can do so by calling or by visiting his offices in person. He and his friendly team will be happy to help you with your questions and concerns.
Contact Details:
230 W Washington Square #101 Philadelphia, PA
Phone:(215) 829-6320
Website: www.drbucky.com
2) Pennsylvania Centre for Plastic Surgery
The Pennsylvania Centre for Plastic Surgery is operated by Dr. Scott Brenman one of the leading liposuction specialists in Philadelphia. The Dr. started his practice in 1989 and over the years has helped many patients to achieve great results. His client list even includes famous sports figures like the US World Cup Women's Soccer Team. You can be sure that you're in good hands with Dr. Brenman.
One of his practice's main areas of focus is liposuction treatments for men and women. He mainly uses the tumescent liposuction technique to help patients lose large amounts of fat quickly and safely. Patients who are interested in less extensive work can opt for ultrasound-assisted lipoplasty, which can still achieve great results with much less trauma. Dr. Brenman's years' of experience will definitely help you to get a fantastic new look, with minimal worry and confusion.
To learn more about the Pennsylvania Centre for Plastic Surgery you can visit Dr. Brenman's website. There you will find a great deal of information about Dr. Brenman, his experience and the books that he has authored. Another nice feature of the site is a feed on the homepage with reviews from recent patients. This will give you a chance to see how other people feel about their results. If you decide that you are ready to move forward, then you can schedule a consultation by calling his office or alternatively, you can visit his hospital office or his meeting office.
Contact Details:
Hospital Office: 822 Pine Street, Suite 3B, Philadelphia, PA 19107
Meeting Office: 531 W. Germantown Pike, Suite #100, Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462
Phone:(267) 687-2180
Website: www.drbrenman.com
3) David A. Bottger, M.D.
Dr. Bottger is another leader in liposuction in Philadelphia, his services have helped many patients to completely transform themselves. He has over 20 years of experience in cosmetic surgery and his dual certification in general surgery and plastic surgery make him an excellent choice for any patient. With a focus on client education, he will help you to understand exactly what your options are and how each one could affect you. Then he will provide you with the cosmetic procedure that best fits your needs.
He offers a variety of liposuction options to patients, including: tumescent liposuction, ultrasound assisted liposuction, power assisted liposuction and suction assisted liposuction. By offering this wide range of services, he's able to adapt to each patient's circumstances and goals. So, if you need a flexible, experienced cosmetic surgeon then Dr. Bottger may just be the right choice for you.
If you would like to learn more about Dr. Bottger and his liposuction services in Philadelphia, then please visit his website. There you will be able to learn more about his specific experience and techniques. You'll also be able to read through his fascinating blog, check out reviews from past patients and learn more about what you can expect from your procedure. You can also schedule a consultation with Dr. Bottger by calling his office or by visiting his office. He and his staff will be glad to help you understand how liposuction can help you.
Contact Details:
3855 W. Chester Pike, Suite 230, Newtown Square, PA 19073
Phone:(610) 355-1929
Website: www.drbottger.com
Average Cost of Liposuction in Philadelphia
Before taking the step to schedule a consultation, you may be wondering how much liposuction treatments cost in Philadelphia . Well, it depends. The main determining factor is the type of procedure that you choose. Traditional invasive liposuction techniques tend to cost a few thousand dollars, whereas, less invasive techniques can cost as little as a few hundred dollars. To get the best bang for your buck, you should compare the prices and services that different cosmetic surgeons can offer you. This way you'll be able to choose the one that's right for you, your body and your bank account.
Liposuction that's Safe and Effective in Philadelphia
As we've seen, there are many options for liposuction in Philadelphia. So, if you've been on the fence about liposuction for a while, don't wait any longer! Start comparing today and find a great cosmetic surgeon in Philadelphia.
DISCLAIMER: This article is for your basic guidance only. Always consult with your Doctor or a Specialist on everything.


text: No moral--I simply felt compelled to estimate how much gasoline DRLs would use. I thought the 10% value given for drop in mileage with DRLs was too high. I also didn't want our DRL discussions to be using an inaccurate value for the drop in mileage. I guess my estimate could be used both ways. Those in favor of DRLs could say the drop is negligible. Those opposed to DRLs could say that even small drops, across millions of automobiles, adds up to a lot of gasoline and $. And certainly there are other costs to DRLs besides the additional gasoline consumed. At 10:55 PM 1/13/97 -0800, Meron wrote: >>Please let me know about any mistakes I've made. >So far, VERY good, and at a first glance, about right!!!! > >With gasoline supplying 115,000 BTUs per gallon >The above was my favorite part of the post! >Thank you! >What is the moral of the post? turn your DRL on? >Avid Merino >86 5Kcstq without DRL but maybe should rig some up, anybody knows how?


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"A family is a tyranny ruled by its weakest member." George Bernard Shaw nailed the truth with this quote, and no better example is the narcissist family.
The Narcissist Family Playbill
The narcissist family can be understood as a play with characters that serve the lead—the narcissist (usually a parent). The narcissist's most basic need is simple: to protect himself from his gaping sense of worthlessness by upholding his fun house illusion of perfection.
Narcissist families are uncannily similar, with the actors playing pretty much the same roles. If visible to the outside world, the performance would appear to be a tragically sick and cruel farce. To the family members burdened with their roles, often since birth, the act is their painful "normal."
The Narcissist Family Cast
Narcissist This is Mom or Dad, or both parents, and/or stepparents. The narcissist is the family tyrant, with everyone else revolving around her.
A person with Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) is believed to have suffered an emotionally mortal wounding (narcissist injury) early in life that she is continually overcompensating for with a constructed grandiose self and reactive rage. She is incapable of empathizing with others, including recognizing their perspective, needs, or independence. To support her house of cards, she does many and/or all of the following:
- criticizes
- competes
- violates boundaries
- manipulates
- terrorizes
- lies
- blames
- shames
- belittles
- denies
- projects
- gaslights
Enabler This is usually a spouse of the narcissist. The enabler supports the narcissist's larger-than-life persona, his extreme sense of entitlement, and his attitude and behavior toward others. The narcissist manipulates the enabler to do his bidding typically through alternating abuse and special treatment. The enabler is always avoiding attack while also seeking rewards such as affection, praise, or money. The enabler is often under the delusion that s/he is the only one who can truly understand the narcissist and meet his needs.
Flying Monkeys These are a type of enabler, often one or more children in the narcissist family. Like the flying monkeys in The Wizard of Oz, they mindlessly assist in the narcissist's dirty work. The most manipulable members of the family make the best flying monkeys.
Golden Child The golden child is the narcissist's can-do-no-wrong favorite, bestowed with special status. The narcissist lavishes her chosen one with attention, praise, and approval, even if s/he has done nothing in particular to "earn" it. The narcissist often projects what she wants to believe about herself onto her idealized offspring. If it suits the narcissist, she may shift her tactics and select a different one of her children for the golden child role.
Roles and rules in the narcissist family are fluid and changeable depending on the narcissist's motives at any given time.
Scapegoat The scapegoat, usually one of the narcissist's children, is the narcissist's chosen catch-all target for abuse. The scapegoat is to blame for the family's problems and is fair game for abuse from the enabler and flying monkeys too. Sometimes the narcissist scapegoats more than one child, or he may at some point select a different scapegoat.
The scapegoat is typically the strongest, most outspoken child, the one who stands up to the narcissist and questions the family system. Unlike the golden child, the scapegoat is least invested in supporting the family system because s/he benefits least from it.
The Narcissist Family Glossary of Terms
Narcissistic Injury Individuals with NPD are shaped by an acute emotional injury during their very early "narcissistic" developmental phase (ages two to three or four years old). A traumatic experience such as loss, deprivation, or shame involving the primary caregiver (usually the mother) is thought to be at the root of narcissistic injury. An example could be a child whose mother dies during his birth and father abandons him and who comes to experience terrible guilt and insecurity. In response, he develops a grandiose overcompensation for foundational feelings of worthlessness.
Narcissistic Rage The narcissistic personality reacts with rage if the painful feelings from his original injury are triggered, or if his fabricated "perfect" self is somehow threatened. Narcissistic rage is terrifying, sometimes physically violent, and far beyond normal anger. Narcissist rage nearly always follows from narcissistic injury.
Narcissistic Supply Like a parasite, the narcissist depends on others for life blood. She nourishes her false self at the expense of others by asserting her superiority over them and/or by manipulating them into serving her needs. Without others to use and draw energy from, she is a dry empty husk. Anyone she can manipulate—a partner, child or relative, employee, or "friend"—is a potential source of supply. If a source of supply pulls away, she may attempt to "hoover" them back, and/or she will look for other sources.
Hoovering Since narcissists are by nature pathologically self-centered and often stunningly cruel, they ultimately make those around them miserable and eventually drive many people away. If a source of "supply" pulls away or tries to go "no contact," the narcissist typically attempts to hoover (as in vacuum-suck) them back within his realm of control.
Projecting The narcissist has a big bag of tricks. One of her go-to abuses is projection, whereby she beams her words, actions, traits, and motives back onto others. If she lied, you are the liar; if she is childish, you are immature; if she insulted you, you are critical; if she demanded reassurance, you are insecure; if she ate food off your plate, you are a selfish piggy. Through projection, the narcissist blames the victim and denies all accountability.
Projection is an insidious form of lying that is especially traumatic for children, who internalize the belief that they are victimizing the person who is actually abusing them. This false reality produces a cognitive dissonance in which the child is told that what happened is the opposite of what she perceived—white is black. Politicians create cognitive dissonance all the time. A narcissist may also project her ideal beliefs about herself onto others, such as her golden child or someone she admires.
It is up for debate as to whether narcissists project consciously or unconsciously, but they do it with impeccable aim.
Gaslighting This is a form of psychological abuse in which the narcissist undermines another person's mental state by gradually leading them to question their perceptions of reality. Through diabolically methodical means, the narcissist uses lies and false information to erode his victim's belief in their own judgment and, ultimately, their sanity. The term comes from the 1944 Hollywood film Gaslight, a classic depiction of this kind of brainwashing.
Julia L. Hall is the author of the forthcoming memoir Carry You about life, and a few near deaths, in a narcissist family. Read excerpts. Her articles on narcissism regularly appear in The Huffington Post.
Related Articles by Julia L. Hall
- Horrid and Shocking Things Narcissists Say and Do
- The 'Overt' Versus 'Covert' Narcissist: Both Suck
- On Being a Narcissist Magnet and Developing a Fine-Tuned 'Nar-dar'
- The Dangerous Nihilism of President Narcissist and His 'PostTruth' America
- Caretaking My Narcissistic Mother Through Cancer
- Child of Narcissists Goes from 'Death Dealer' to Healer
- A Golden Child's Story of Guilt in the Narcissistic Family
- The Terrible Dilemma of the Golden Child in the Narcissistic Family
- Raised by Narcissists? Why You Can't Afford the Wrong Therapist
- Tolstoy Was Wrong: Narcissistic Unhappy Families Are Kind of All Alike
- Why I Hate the Word 'Narcissist'
- A Daughter's Story of One Hell of a Narcissist Mother
Goat image courtesy of Eva Rinaldi and kkirugi, CC.


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Lori Reiner
A leading provider of accounting and business advisory services
Lori Reiner is the Partner-in-Charge of EisnerAmper in Philadelphia. Founded in 1965, EisnerAmper has grown into one of the largest accounting firms in the US, with offices in Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, California, Florida, and the Cayman Islands. Today, the firm provides audit, advisory, bankruptcy, employee benefit, tax, and financial services clients in a variety of industries ranging from construction to real estate to sports and entertainment. Lori is a member of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) and Pennsylvania Institute of Certified Public Accountants (PICPA), and has earned honors from the Philadelphia community for her accounting expertise and leadership, including a "Best 50 Women in Business" award, a Small Business Administration "Woman in Business Advocate" award, and a Young Leadership Award from the Jewish Federation of Greater Philadelphia.
Lori Reiner spoke with citybizlist publisher Edwin Warfield for this interview.
EDWIN WARFIELD: Tell us about EisnerAmper. What kinds of clients does the firm serve, and what industries is it active in?
LORI REINER: EisnerAmper is one of the largest accounting firms in the nation. We have offices around the United States as well as around the globe, and we focus on providing accounting and advisory services to a wide range of businesses and individuals. Here in Philadelphia, we have about 165 colleagues in our Center City offices.
EisnerAmper has a very diverse client base. We service everything from startup companies to public companies, and everything in between. So, if you take a look at our client base what is that "in between"? It starts out with startup companies, closely held companies, privately owned - some of which are family owned, sometimes many generations of families. A lot of the private companies are private equity-backed. Even those that started out as private companies, they may have decided to be recapitalized so that they bring in outside investors. And then there are those that are portfolio companies for private equity. And then we have our private company clients as well. So, we really serve a wide range of companies, really from the very beginning of their life through to their ultimate exit.
EisnerAmper has always gone to market based on industry as well as our geographies in the markets in which we serve. The industries that we service here in Philadelphia are very similar to the industries that the firm services nationally - for example, financial services. We do over 1,400 hedge funds, private equity funds, broker-dealers, registered investment advisers - so very big in financial services. We do big real estate practice. Real estate is commercial real estate, home builders, so residential real estate, construction companies, management companies. We also have a big technology practice. Technology could be software, software-as-a-service, any of the techs - medtech, edtech, fintech, adtech - as well as life sciences: a lot of therapeutic companies, medical device companies, as well as drug development companies. So, in addition to financial services and real estate and technology, we also have a wide range of what I would call our "commercial practice" that is either manufacturing or distributing, services companies - a lot of them are B2B, so they may be professional services like lawyers and engineers and architects, and they may just be a company that's performing a service for another company.
Connect with Lori on LinkedIn
Newmark Grubb Knight Frank (NGKF) is one of the world's leading commercial real estate advisory firms. Together with London-based partner Knight Frank and independently-owned offices, NGKF's 12,800 professionals operate from more than 370 offices in established and emerging property markets on six continents.
With roots dating back to 1929, NGKF's strong foundation makes it one of the most trusted names in commercial real estate. NGKF's full-service platform comprises BGC's real estate services segment, offering commercial real estate tenants, landlords, investors and developers a wide range of services including leasing; capital markets services, including investment sales, debt placement, appraisal, and valuation services; commercial mortgage brokerage services; as well as corporate advisory services, consulting, project and development management, and property and corporate facilities management services. For further information, visit www.ngkf.com.
NGKF is a part of BGC Partners, Inc., a leading global brokerage company servicing the financial and real estate markets. BGC's common stock trades on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the ticker symbol (NASDAQ: BGCP). BGC also has an outstanding bond issuance of Senior Notes due June 15, 2042, which trade on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol (NYSE: BGCA). BGC Partners is led by Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Howard W. Lutnick. For more information, please visit www.bgcpartners.com.
Edwin Warfield, CEO of citybizlist, conducts the CEO Interviews.
If you're interested in reaching CEOs, please contact email@example.com
Connect on LinkedIn


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There is a secret to my Dancing Vampire series. My vampires aren't really vampires. They are baobhan sith (bah vawn shee) vampiric fey, who roam the Scottish highlands. All of them are women, no men. They are voluptuous and enticing beauties always garbed in green dresses. Also, they have talons, no fangs. Like other vampires, they drink human blood and they fry in the sunlight. Many call them dancing vampires as they look for young men coming from the pub at night. The baobhan sith dance with them until the men are exhausted then they transform their nails to talons.
The dancing grows rough as the baobhan sith rake their nails across their dance partner's back. They claw at the men's skin, draining their blood, so they can drink it.
My Dancing Vampire series is a modern take on the baobhan sith. Follow these dark fey as they discover the wild delights of romance with the men of their dreams. The books in the series are Dance Of The Vampires, Vampire Highland Fling, Ever So Bonnie A Vampire, and One Dance With A Vampire. Valkyrie Vampire Ball , the 5th novella in my Dancing Vampire series comes out November 28th. As the dark fey, the dancing vampires, are an aspect of the Celtic War and fertility goddess, Morrigan, I use her as a secondary character throughout the books. I find it interesting how much the Norse War and Fertility goddess, Freya is similar to Morrigan. I realized that the Valkyrie are also a lot like the baobhan sith. I have always been intrigued by the Viking roots of the Scottish Clan Gunn. So in Valkyrie Vampire Ball, the hero, Tor, is a Gunn. Both the valkyrie and the baobhan sith are after Tor as his ancient genealogy is both Scottish and Norse. I was able to have Morrigan and Freya face off against each other. This was a super fun book to write. I think the readers will find it a lot of fun and hot hot, hot.
Valkyrie Vampire Ball [Ebook]
Ellora's Cave Publishing Inc.
The baobhan sith—vampiric fey—Mordak and her sisters search the highlands for men to dance with and drink from. The moment Mordak spots Tor, she burns for his touch and yearns for the taste of his lips in a lingering kiss. Before she can sway her hips in a seductive dance to enchant Tor, three Valkyrie land in front of him. Mordak is not about to let the Norse blondes fly off with the man she chose.
Tor never expected to run into six gorgeous women on his way to the pub. It's the redhead, Mordak, who catches his eye. When she fights the Valkyrie and saves his life, he knows she's the woman for him. But Mordak lives in the fey realm where he can't go and she promised her sisters she'd never fall in love with a human. Can he escape the Valkyrie who want to slay him and win Mordak's love even though he's only human?
The last book in the series, Some Vampires Shimmy will be coming soon. http://www.ellorascave.com/series/dancing-vampires-1.html
To celebrate the new release, I'm giving away the first three eBooks of the series, Dance Of The Vampires, Vampire Highland Fling, and Ever So Bonnie A Vampire along with a deck of EC 2014 Hoedown Showdown playing cards. Please comment below to enter the contest and leave your email so I can reach you if you win.
Cornelia Amiri, who also writes under the name of Maeve Alpin, is the author of 24 Celtic and Steampunk romance books. She lives in Houston Texas as does her son and granddaughter and her cat, Severus. Severus is a writer's cat, he loves books. He likes to knock them off the bookshelf, sit on them, and sniff the open pages. He also uses the computer, he sits on it, lays on top of it, and walks across the key board almost constantly. You can visit Cornelia at her web site: http://CelticRomanceQueen.com and FB page: https://www.facebook.com/CelticRomanceQueen


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President Barack Obama and first lady Michelle Obama welcomed Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, and his wife Sophie Gregoire, on the Truman Balcony during an arrival ceremony on the South Lawn of the White House, March 10, 2016.


text: HomePoliticsPresident Niinistö flies to Munich to discuss the collapse of international order Tony Öhberg 02/06/2015 Politics President Sauli Niinistö met with members of the media on Thursday, February 5 before leaving to Munich for the security conference on Friday. Picture: Tony Öhberg for Finland Today President Sauli Niinistö will attend the Munich Security Conference on February 6-8 in Germany. This year, the theme of this annual conference is the collapse of the international order. The participants include the German chancellor, Angela Merkel, US secretary of state, John Kerry, and the Russian foreign minister, Sergey Lavrov. The implications for Europe's security Key topics will include the crisis in Ukraine and its implications for the European security, the situation in the Middle East and the fight against terrorism. In Munich, President Niinistö will also participate in a high-level discussion on the conflict in Ukraine and European security. The programme will also include bilateral meetings. Arranged since 1963, the Munich Security Conference is an independent forum dedicated to promoting peaceful conflict resolution and international cooperation and dialogue in dealing with today's and future security challenges. Over 400 foreign and security policy opinion-makers will attend the conference, including around 20 heads of state or government and 60 ministers. WE HELP YOU INTEGRATE. Join us : €7.95 EUR - monthly For more information about the benefits of a Premium Membership and other payment options, visit here. Contribute to the discussion Be the First to Comment! Notify of new follow-up comments new replies to my comments You must be logged in to post a comment. You must be logged in to post a comment.


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A Fundraiser that Celebrates Reading!
Wednesday, March 1st—Kick-off
Lunchtime, Monkton School Gym
í "Reading Around the World" Theme
Wednesday, March 1st—Start Reading and recording!
í Reading Logs are sent home with students
March 6-10th—D.E.A.R. (Drop Everything and read) Week
í Students take books with them and at random times each day, D.E.A.R. will be announced over the speaker.
Students and adults will drop everything and read for 10 minutes.
Wednesday, March 15th—"WEAR IN THE WORLD" day
í Students come with t-shirts from places they have visited or other cultural clothing and we
will place their name with location on map of where in the world they are from!
Tuesday, March 21st—Author Visit: JAN REYNOLDS
Time TBA, Monkton School Gym
í Jan Reynolds is a local author of many books that focus on vanishing cultures from around the world
March 27-31st—Mystery reader week
í A short passage from a book will be read during lunchtime and students will have the chance to guess
the book title and author
Monday, April 3rd—collect, tally & post final numbers
í Remember to bring in your reading log sheets AND sponsor pledge money!
Thursday, April 6th—closing ceremony
2:35pm, All School Meeting, Monkton School Gym
í Prizes for Top Readers & Top Reading Classrooms
í Raffle drawings for logs and pledge money turned in a time
í Teacher or staff member with most votes will do something "out of this world!"
Collect: All pledge money due on Monday, April 3rd


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What's Hot Today
There's good news for Gleeks everywhere. The kids from WMHS will go to Nationals with a two-hour episode.TVLine is reporting that the show will feature a number of twists and turns for New Directions as they ready for the big stage. The first of the oddities happens when Tina (Jenna Ushkowitz) bonks her head and starts to experience weird effects. In the second hour, the show will focus on the Nationals competition. Maybe they'll win it this year?The show has struggled in the ratings recently. In fact, the April 17 broadcast marked a series low for the show with just 6.2 million viewers. Perhaps a super-sized show will bump up those numbers?The show will air May 15 at 8 p.m. ET.... //blog.zap2it.com/frominsidethebox/2012/04/glee-season-finale-gets-super-sized.html
We literally freaked out when Brittany (Heather Morris) told Santana (Naya Rivera) about that "sex tape" in the promo for next week's Glee episode. Is there really a Brittana sex tape floating around out there? And could we possibly catch a glimpse of it in next week's Season 3, Episode 16: "Saturday Night Glee-ver"? Not so fast! According to new spoilers from E! Online, the sex tape in question may not turn out to be all that you are expecting. While E!... //feeds.wetpaint.com/~r/wetpaint/latest/excerpt/~3/Fxou24-t2z0/glee-spoilers-is-the-brittana-sex-tape-real-plus-new-scoop-on-quinns-love-life
The New Directions kids are reluctant when Mr. Schuester asks them to perform disco-infused dance numbers, while Santana is worried about a possible leaked sex tape of her and Brittany. //www.aceshowbiz.com/news/view/00049560.html
Glee "Saturday Night Fever" Season 3 Episode 16 airs Tuesday April 17 (8:00-9:00 PM ET/PT) on FOX. Episode Synopsis: The New Directions pay homage to the movie "Saturday Night Fever" by grooving to disco-infused dance numbers in the all-new "Saturday Night Glee-ver" episode of GLEE airing Tuesday, April 17 (8:00-9:00 PM ET/PT) on FOX. Read More... //www.tvequals.com/2012/04/17/glee-saturday-night-fever-season-3-episode-16/
Does Cory Monteith Think Finn and Rachel are "Fated Lovers?" — Spoiler Clip of "Glee: Inside The Actor's Studio" (VIDEO)
We have to say, we're loving the look that Cory Monteith (Finn) gives Lea Michele (Rachel) when he's asked if he thinks Finn and Rachel's relationship is a case of "keeping fated lovers apart." Plus, Ryan Murphy says that some of Finchel's relationship is modeled after Cory and Lea. No wonder these two hooked up in real life, too! Glee Inside the Actor's Studio airs on Monday, April 9 at 8pm on Bravo //feeds.wetpaint.com/~r/wetpaint/latest/excerpt/~3/BBmIMjN5VIg/does-cory-monteith-think-finn-and-rachel-are-fated-lovers-spoiler-clip-of-glee-inside-the-actors-studio-video
Chris Colfer: Kurt Hummel is "Very, Very Different" From Me — Spoiler Clip of "Glee: Inside The Actor's Studio" (VIDEO)
His Glee character has been through a lot over the years, and Chris Colfer (Kurt) could not be more proud. "It takes a lot of strength to be who he is — and to wear those tight pants." Still, does that mean that Chris and Kurt are exactly alike? Don't bet on it. The actor reveals, "He's very, very different from me, and I think that dissapoints a lot of people." Glee Inside the Actor's Studio airs on Monday, April 9 at 8pm on Bravo //feeds.wetpaint.com/~r/wetpaint/latest/excerpt/~3/GUwan1mT-jc/chris-colfer-kurt-hummel-is-very-very-different-from-me-spoiler-clip-of-glee-inside-the-actors-studio-video
Brotherly love isn't quite how we'd describe the relationship between Blaine ( Darren Criss ) and Cooper Anderson ( White Collar 's Matt Bomer ). But, like with any problem on Glee , the boys will attempt to work through their issues in... //www.tvguide.com/News/Glee-Video-Matt-Bomer-Darren-Criss-1045573.aspx?rss=breakingnews
Noah "Puck: Puckerman (Mark Salling) is about to head into unchartered territory when Glee's Season 3, Episode 18: "Choke," intros him to his long-lost father (played by Melrose alum Thomas Calabro). But there will be a hint of the familiar during the Puck-centric hour as well…Soap star Rebecca Staab told Soaps in Depth recently that she will be making a brief cameo on the show to – wait for it – play a cougar to Puck's impressionable young,... //feeds.wetpaint.com/~r/wetpaint/latest/excerpt/~3/TzXfGumRJIs/glee-season-3-spoilers-who-will-be-romancing-puck-in-episode-18-choke


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|PCT number
|Publication date
|Jan 30, 2007
|Filing date
|Feb 11, 2002
|Priority date
|Feb 9, 2001
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Toni Paila, Lin Xu
|Original Assignee
|Nokia Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (19), Referenced by (45), Classifications (25), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The invention relates to methods and equipment for service advertising and user authorization in a telecommunication system.
Two trends in telecommunications act as a driving force for the invention. One of the trends is the fact that distinctions between different communication technologies and terminal equipment will be increasingly blurred, and a single multi-mode terminal will be used to access a wide variety of different services, such as e-mail, web surfing, radio and TV programs, etc. Multimode terminals have several alternative access techniques, such as any combination of cellular radio (GSM, GPRS, UMTS, etc.), DAB, DVB, WLAN, etc. The other trend is that backbone networks are increasingly based on Internet Protocol (IP).
In a GSM environment, operator (network) selection is simple: a subscriber of a given network cannot normally select another operator in his/her home country. When roaming abroad, most mobile phones select the strongest carrier unless the user manually overrides the phone's automatic selection.
A first problem with multi-mode terminals is that a manual network selection is too cumbersome, and an automatic selection based on signal strength is not sufficient. Thus there is need for more advanced network selection. Such an advanced network selection in turn causes a second problem, namely the fact that a terminal (or its user) should be authenticated in several networks before the terminal can select a network. The multiple authentication in turn has a third problem which has not existed in earlier systems, namely a complete lack of trust between a network operator and roaming user. In conventional mobile networks, such as GSM, the network infrastructure is so expensive and extensive that a roaming user, seeing an operator's name on the display of the terminal, can automatically trust that the operator is what it claims to be. In other words, it is infeasible to set up a GSM network for fraudulent purposes, such as eavesdropping. In WLAN environments, for example, this assumption may not be valid. For example, it is possible for an eavesdropper to set up a WLAN system in places where important information can be obtained. If the eavesdropper's system offers WLAN services that seem more attractive than those of its competitors, a terminal may select an untrustworthy network, and data privacy will be lost. Thus a novel problem is that not only must a network operator authenticate a roaming user but the user must also be able to establish trust with the network operator.
An object of the invention is to provide a mechanism for solving the first and second problems stated above. In other words, an object of the invention is to provide a network access sequence in which a mobile node in a foreign domain can register to use the services of an optimal service provider.
This object is achieved with a method and equipment which are characterized by what is disclosed in the attached independent claims. Preferred embodiments of the invention are disclosed in the attached dependent claims.
A network access sequence according to the invention for providing services to a mobile node in one or more foreign domains can be implemented as follows. The foreign domains send service advertisement messages, each service advertisement message comprising 1) an identifier of the service advertisement message in question; 2) network address/identity information relating to the foreign domain in question; and 3) a detailed service offering. The mobile node receives and stores (at least temporarily) the detailed service offerings and selects a detailed service offering. The mobile node sends a service request message to the foreign domain which sent the selected service offering. The service request message indicates the selected service offering and the credentials of the mobile node. The foreign domain conveys the credentials of the mobile node to the mobile node's home domain for authentication and authorization. The foreign domain checks if the selected service offering can be supported on the basis of available communication resources, and if it can be supported, the foreign domain allocates communication resources for supporting the selected service offering and indicates to the mobile node the availability of the selected and requested service.
According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the foreign domain certifies each service advertisement message with a digital certificate and the mobile node verifies the digital certificate by opening it with the foreign domain's public key. In this way, the third problem above is solved and a two-way trust relationship is dynamically established between the mobile node and the foreign domain.
According to another preferred embodiment of the invention, the foreign domain performs the resource-checking step after it has conveyed the credentials of the mobile node to the mobile node's home domain for authentication and authorization. In this way the resource-checking and the authentication/authorization steps can be performed in parallel, which saves time.
The invention will be described in more detail by means of preferred embodiments with reference to the appended drawings in which:
Preferred embodiments of the invention will be described using the following terminology. Since the term "network" is somewhat vague, the term "domain" will be used instead. A domain is one or more portions of a telecommunication system under a common administration. A subscriber's home domain (network) is the domain with the operator of which the subscriber has a subscription. Other domains are foreign domains. The term "network" will be used in connection with well-established terms like "network access" , "network address" or "network element". In Mobile IP (Internet Protocol), the terms home agent and foreign agent are frequently used. The term "attendant", as used herein, is a close relative of a foreign agent known from the Mobile IP protocol (MIP). To be more precise, "foreign agent" is a term used in connection with the Mobile IP protocol, whereas "attendant" is commonly used in an AAA environment. An AAA attendant may constitute a part of a MIP foreign agent.
At the beginning of the registration process, the operator of the foreign domain FD cannot trust the mobile node MN, and the MN user cannot automatically trust the FD operator. But there is static (permanent) trust between the mobile node and its AAAH. Likewise, the foreign domain's AAAL has a static trust relationship to the attendant in the same FD. Between the domains HD and FD, a trust relationship can be negotiated, for example by exchanging digital certificates. In other words, there is a negotiable trust relationship between the HD and FD. A problem is that the mobile node cannot directly access its home domain (which it trusts) but only via the foreign domain's attendant, and there is a two-way lack of trust between the mobile node and the attendant. According to the invention, a dynamic trust relationship is established between the mobile node and the attendant, as will be shown in in more detail in connection with
In action A1, a local AAA server AAAL maintains a database (or table) of the services offered by it. The services are accompanied with other relevant parameters, for example cost, availability, etc. The AAAL is triggered to select periodically one or more services to be offered to mobile clients. After that, the AAAL prepares a service offering to be delivered for a mobile node or a group of mobile nodes.
Message M1 comprises the actual service offering by the AAAL. The format and the delivery technique of the service offering are not essential for the invention. Possible delivery techniques include a router advertisement, an on-request reply and broadcasting over some control channel. Only the information contained in the service offering is important. A service offering should contain at least items 1 through 4 of the following list, and optionally items 5 and/or 6:
It is interesting to note that prior art service/router advertisement messages are routinely called "advertisement messages". There is even a well-established session announcement protocol (SAP) that comprises such an advertisement message. But in the prior art, the service advertisement messages are used only to proclaim the existence of a network elements (a server or router). Prior art service advertisement messages have not been used to advertise services in the traditional meaning of the word "advertise". At best, the prior art service advertisement messages perform brand advertising ("I am here") but not detailed advertising ("I offer this QoS at that price"). In other words, a mobile node receiving prior art service advertisement messages from multiple foreign domains has no way of knowing which domain offers the best price/service ratio, such as the best price at a given quality of service (QoS) which is required for a given application. Alternatively, the mobile node may need to know which foreign domain offers the best QoS at a given price. Depending on the application type, the QoS may comprise factors like nominal bandwidth (data rate), minimum/maximum guaranteed bandwidth, packet delay and delay variability, guaranteed or worst-case error rate, packet loss probability, priority, etc. According to the invention, an advertisement message comprises not only an advertisement but an offer which is detailed enough to enable a meaningful comparison between service providers. A meaningful comparison requires not only knowledge of a service provider's existence (which is offered by the prior art service/router advertisement messages) but also price/tariff information and the quality of service to be delivered at the advertised price.
A traditional business model is that a client reacts to an advertisement by requesting a detailed offer, and the service provider responds to the request for offer by providing a detailed offer. The invention breaks this business model by sending a (sufficiently) detailed offer with the advertisement message, that is without an explicit request from the client.
Reference is again made to
In action A2, a mobile node receives one or more service offerings from one or more sources in foreign domains. Based on user needs, the mobile node selects one service offering. Details of the selection mechanism are beyond the scope of this invention. For example, the selection can be based on factors such as the offered price, bandwidth, maximum delay, error rate, etc.
If the service offering comprises a digital signature, the mobile node can use the signature to verify the service offering before trusting its sender and selecting the service offering. For example, the mobile node may use a pre-defined key to check incoming service offerings with signatures. Alternatively, it can dynamically use some external public key infrastructure for obtaining the sender's public key.
Message M2 comprises a service request (SR) from the mobile node. The mobile node constructs a service request on the basis of the information in the selected service offering. The MN then sends the SR to the attendant specified by the ATT-ADDR field of the service offering. Message M2 must also contain the necessary information content specified in [DIA mobile]. One way to convey the SR to the attendant is to include a Mobile IP version 4 (MIPv4) mobile node registration request in a new message type. MIPv4 will be the default case from now on. A service request SR contains at least the following items:
The MN_NAI and AAA_CRED are required in the procedure specified in [DIA mobile]. By incorporating or attaching the SO_ID to the service request SR, the AAAL may begin resource allocation while the mobile node's home domain completes the authentication and authorization process. Also, there is no need to authorize the MN in respect of services it is not requesting.
In action A3, the attendant ATT processes the SR transparently. The ATT extracts the information from message M2 as described in [DIA mobile] to construct a DIAMETER AMR (also described in [DIA mobile]). The attendant also includes the SR in the DIAMETER AMR as a new AVP (Attribute-Value Pair). According to the invention, the DIAMETER AMR also carries the mobile node's service request.
In message M3, the attendant ATT sends the newly-constructed DIAMETER AMR with the included SR to the local authority of the foreign domain. See [DIA mobile] for details.
In action A4, the AAAL checks the validity of the service offering and checks if the requested service can be supported. For user authentication and authorization, the AAAL relies on the home authority (AAAH) of the user like in [DIA mobile]. The checking step is relevant to the invention.
Messages M4 through M7 and actions A5 through A7 relate to authenticating the mobile node in its home domain. They are normal Diameter messages and actions, see [DIA mobile] for details.
Action A4 can be performed in any one of three alternative places in the chain of events shown in
In action A8, the AAAL receives an AMA (AA-Mobile-Node-Answer) from the AAAH. The result of the authentication may be success or failure. In case the authentication is successful, message M7 contains an MIPv4 registration reply (or MIPv6 binding reply). The AAAL constructs its own reply message M8 which is a normal DIAMETER AMA appended with the information content of service indication (SI). Adding the SI to the registration reply is an essential feature of the invention. The service indication contains at least items 1 and 2 of the following list, and optionally items 3 and/or 4:
If the authentication is successful, the AAAL sends message M8 to the attendant. M8 comprises a DIAMETER AMA with an included SI.
In action A9, the attendant obtains the session keys to be used for communicating with the mobile node (and the mobile node's home agent, in case MIPv4 is used). According to the service indication, the attendant grants resources to the mobile node. A simple implementation of resource granting is that the attendant merely allows the mobile node's traffic to pass the attendant from this moment on.
Message M9 delivers the service indication to the mobile node.
Action A10 completes the chain of events shown in
In the example shown in
In order to maintain the clarity of,
In action A2, the mobile node MN receives and collects (at least temporarily) the service offerings having the identifiers SO#1 through SO#15 sent by different mobile operators. At this stage, the mobile node can either present the service offerings to its user and receive the user's selection, or it can perform the selection automatically, on the basis of some pre-stored criteria, such as the lowest tariff among the services meeting some minimum requirements (bandwidth, error rate, delay, delay variance, etc.) In this example, the mobile node or its user selects service offering 62 from xyz.com. Next the mobile node MN sends message M2 to the attendant ATT. Message M2 comprises a service request SR which in turn comprises the FD_NAI (xyz.com) of the AAAL, the identifier of the selected service offering (SO#6), the MN user's network address in its home domain (firstname.lastname@example.com) and the mobile node's (or its user's) AAA credentials which is a digital certificate. The attendant conveys the contents of message M2 to the AAAL in message M3.
At this stage, the AAAL does not yet trust the mobile node MN. Therefore the AAAL sends the mobile node's credentials to the MN's home AAA server AAAH for authentication and authorization.
The fact that the mobile node MN receives and collects service offerings sent by different mobile operators has several alternative implementations. For example, the mobile node may collect service offerings until it appears to have all the available information; in other words, the MN receives repeated service offerings. After that, the MN or its user may select an optimal service offering. Alternatively, the mobile node may have a set of criteria for each application, such as a minimum bandwidth/maximum price, and as soon as a service offering fulfils the criteria, it is automatically selected. The actual selection process is not relevant to the invention. Also, the mobile node may select more than one service offering, such as one for voice calls and another for file downloads.
The above description is not tied to any specific protocol versions. Three different implementations with different protocols will be described next. The differences are limited to the over-the-air messages M1, M2 and M9. The three different protocols are Mobile IP version 4 (MIPv4), Mobile IP version 6 (MIPv6) and AAA version 6 (AAAv6).
In a MIPv4 implementation, message M1 can be transported in an ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) Router Advertisement. M1 may appear with a Mobility Agent Advertisement Extension [RFC 2002, 2.1.1]. The service offering identifier SO_ID and the service offering payload SO_PLD (fields 41 and 42 in
Message M2 can be transported in a MIPv4 registration request. The actual registration request (field 51 in
In an MIPv6 implementation, message M1 can be transported in an IPv6 Neighbour discovery message, see [RFC 2461]. M1 may appear with a modified Router Advertisement Message, see [MIPv6]. The service offering identifier SO_ID and the service offering payload SO_PLD (fields 41 and 42 in
Message M2 can be transported in a MIPv6 registration request. The actual registration request (field 51 in
The AAAv6 specifications do not list any specific ways of transporting message M1, but it can be transported in one of at least three ways, namely 1) in a MIPv4 router advertisement (in an MIPv4 implementation), 2) in a MIPv6 router advertisement option plus a new extension (MIPv4 implementation), or 3) as a new ICMPv6 message). All of the above fields 41, 42 and 44 through 47 can be implemented as new options to AAAv6. Message M2 can be transported in a MIPv6 registration request. The actual registration request (field 51 in
In some cases, message M1 can be described in session description protocol (SDP) and carried to the end user via session announcement protocol (SAP). In such cases, the service is most likely a multicast session. If the SDP protocol is extended, it will be possible to describe more abstract services.
Although the invention has been described in connection with some specific embodiments, it is not limited to these examples but it can be varied within the scope of the appended claims.
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|Nov 9, 2006
Owner name: NOKIA CORPORATION, FINLAND
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:PAILA, TONI;XU, LIN;REEL/FRAME:018592/0840;SIGNING DATESFROM 20030818 TO 20030825
|Jul 1, 2010
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jul 2, 2014
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|May 9, 2015
Owner name: NOKIA TECHNOLOGIES OY, FINLAND
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:NOKIA CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:035601/0919
Effective date: 20150116


text:
P0137 Diagnostic Trouble Code Discussion for March 2015
Heated Oxygen Sensor (Bank 1 Sensor 2) Circuit Low Voltage
Note: This is a professional automotive technician's resource.Vehicle Owners: If you are seeking an automotive repair professional to service your vehicle, visit the iATN Repair Shop Finder.
Trouble Ticket Help Requests for DTC P0137
|Help Request
|2014 Toyota RAV4 2.4L No Start
P0137: Oxy snsr crt. Low volt. Hi every one, i have a 2014 toyota rav 4 that has steering on right and it uses the 3ZR vvti engine. vehicle came in on tow truck with the complaint that it was driving okay then shut down and would not restart. we verified this and did a scan test and retreiv...
|March 25, 2015


text:
Chiefs, Fisher still negotiating rookie deal
ST. JOSEPH, Mo. — The Kansas City Chiefs are still talking with the agent for No. 1 overall pick Eric Fisher, but the right tackle has yet to sign a contract and has not reported to training camp.
Rookies, quarterbacks and injured players reported to the Chiefs' camp headquarters on the campus of Missouri Western on Monday, giving them a few days of extra work before the full squad reports on Thursday. The first full practice is Friday.
It's unclear when Fisher will join the mix, though coach Andy Reid said that GM John Dorsey and Fisher's agent, Joel Segal, were talking.
A rookie wage scale introduced in the latest collective-bargaining agreement took much of the drama out of rookie contract negotiations. Still, Reid said he's not surprised the negotiations with Fisher are ongoing.