text:
- Branch Name:Green Road
- Service Type:Full Service Office
- State & County:Arkansas - Sebastian
- City or Town:Fort Smith
- Zip Code:72903
- Phone Number:479-484-7000479-484-7000
Armstrong Bank Green Road branch is one of the 22 offices of the bank and has been serving the financial needs of their customers in Fort Smith, Sebastian county, Arkansas for over 13 years. Green Road office is located at 2930 Old Greenwood Road, Fort Smith. You can also contact the bank by calling the branch phone number at 479-484-7000
Armstrong Bank Green Road branch operates as a full service brick and mortar office. For lobby hours, drive-up hours and online banking services please visit the official website of the bank at www.armstrongbank.com. You can edit branch details by clicking here if you believe the information is incomplete, incorrect, out of date or misleading.
- ■ Monday:07:30 - 18:00
- ■ Tuesday:07:30 - 18:00
- ■ Wednesday:07:30 - 18:00
- ■ Thursday:07:30 - 18:00
- ■ Friday:07:30 - 18:00
- ■ Saturday:09:00 - 13:00
- ■ Sunday:Closed
Armstrong Bank Green Road is open Monday to Saturday and closed on Sundays. The branch opens at 07:30 in the morning. Working hours for Green Road branch are listed on the table above. Note that this data is based on regular opening and closing hours of Armstrong Bank and may also be subject to changes. Please call the branch at 479-484-7000 to verify hours before visiting.
- Bank Name:Armstrong Bank
- Bank Type:Federal Reserve Non-member Bank
- FDIC Insurance:Certificate #2315
- Routing Number:N/A
- Online Banking:armstrongbank.com
- Branch Count:22 Offices in 2 states
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Sheppard Air Force Base is located in north central Texas, north of Wichita Falls and close to the Oklahoma border.
On-base temporary lodging at Sheppard Air Force Base is in Sheppard Inn.
The closest off-base accommodations are just south of the Base near the junction of US 287 and US 277 in Wichita Falls.


text:
Theseus Drela TH-28A data
Hi guys
Can every one help me to find data file of the "Drela TH-28A" airfoil? It is the airfoil of the Theseus airplane.
Have you tried the Xfoil Yahoo group ? Last time I checked there were some papers and test cases posted by Drela himself (not sure, however, about your airfoil).
|All times are GMT -4. The time now is 00:16.


text: what is your method of maintaining a nice lawn with pine needles falling weekly? I have this one house where the grass is nice, but the pine tree over the whole lawn makes a mess. i must suck up alot, buti noticed it faded away alittle along the edges, and i have to blow small piles weekly. would lime help me here as well?


text:
This new trailer focuses on one of the fundamental differences between this RoboCop and the original -- Alex Murphy's identity. You'd barely know it was a remake, were it not for the verbatim Peter Weller quote "Dead or alive, you're coming with me." -- which I could have done without. I feel dirty hearing anyone else try it.
Comments Powered by Creators


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Seat height: 18″
On this evening's menu: these Jens Risom chairs. Modern mashups of hardwood and cotton webbing, they're the "chef's choice" design equivalent of a fine dining restaurant.
17.5″w x 21″d x 30″h
Seat height: 18″
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Local pickup available in Bridgeport, CT.


text:
CHICOPEE, Mass. (Mass Appeal) – It's October, and that means it's pumpkin season! Michael Kachadoorian, Author of Baking Naturally, showed us how to make Pumpkin Bread Pudding.
Pumpkin Bread Pudding
1 Challah Bread Loaf, day old and cut into thin slices
2 large eggs
5 egg yolks
1 ½ cups white sugar
1 cup heavy cream
1 cup half and half
15 ounces 100% pure pumpkin puree
2 teaspoons pure vanilla extract
1 tablespoon amaretto liquor
¼ teaspoon pink Himalayan salt
2 teaspoons pumpkin pie spice
¼ teaspoon Vietnamese cinnamon
¼ teaspoon allspice
¼ teaspoon freshly grated nutmeg
Preheat oven to 300° F. Butter a casserole dish of your choice, about 9x13x3
Slice Challah into slices about ½ inch thick and set aside to dry out or let sit out overnight.
In a large mixing bowl, whisk the eggs, egg yolks and sugar until thick and pale yellow. Add cream and half and half, pumpkin puree and mix well. Add vanilla, Amaretto, salt, pumpkin pie spice, cinnamon, allspice, and nutmeg and mix until fully combined.
Assemble the pudding:
In the casserole dish, add the cubes of Challah. Pour egg and cream mixture over the top and press. Let the bread and custard mixture sit at room temperature for 25 minutes. Cover with foil and place casserole dish into a larger vessel and add enough hot tap water to cover the casserole dish halfway. Place in the preheated oven for 40 minutes. Remove foil, and continue baking another 15 minutes. Shut oven off, let the pudding sit in oven another 10 minutes. Remove from oven and serve warm with homemade whipped cream, if desired.


text:
Talk:Compact Disc Digital Audio
|This is the talk page for discussing improvements to the Compact Disc Digital Audio article.
This is not a forum for general discussion of the article's subject.
Article policies
|This article is of interest to the following WikiProjects:
- 1 Range of values
- 2 Mastering formats
- 3 too technical
- 4 merge
- 5 De-facto vs. specified
- 6 16 bits per channel or 16 bits total?
- 7 "Text" logo
- 8 Standard?
- 9 Removed obsolescence section
- 10 Licensing confusion
- 11 Frequency response?
- 12 Kbps
- 13 Is the Red Book standard still being used?
- 14 Rename article to Compact Disc Digital Audio
- 15 Pre-emphasis
- 16 Unreliable sources
- 17 Formats greater than 16-bits
- 18 Files section
- 19 Data encoding section
- 20 Format deviations
- 21 Storage Capacity
- 23 External links modified
- 24 Storage Capacity and Playing Time
- 25 External links modified
Range of values[edit]
From the article, prior to my edit: "Sample values range from -32768 to +32767, which map from -1.0 to +1.0 when converting to float. (Is this correct? It may be that the lower bound is -32767)". The question at the end belongs in here, rather than out there. So now it is. --126.96.36.199 13:05, 20 July 2006 (UTC)
Don't know the answer myself, but this might help: It depends on the format in which the integer values are stored. A two's complement representation will range from -32768 to +32767, whereas a signed integer representation will have a lower bound of -32767 (the total number of integers is the same in any 16-bit representation, but signed integer has two zeros (+0 and -0), so two's complement allows one more number. --22.214.171.124 13:05, 20 July 2006 (UTC)
from dave:
Right that's my point exactly. What *is* the red book format stored on a standard CDDA disc? It makes life much easier if it really is -32767..+32767, that way you just divide by 32767 to get your float value. Else you have to do this:
valF = <integer val>; if (valF == 0) { valF = 0; } else if (valF > 0) { valF /= 32767.0f; } else { valF /= 32768.0f; }
Which is cumbersome. Also you can't perfectly cancel an integer signal (via subtracting it's negative) due to aliasing (since the ranges for positive and negative are actually different). There must be some red-book aware guru who can settle this matter? --davec 21:58, 31 July 2006 (UTC)
I don't understand what the relevance of interpreting the numbers as floating point actually is? The integer number representation represents a digital code value that is fed to a digital to analogue converter, which then converts the digital integer value into an output voltage or current. D-A converters do not - not that I have ever seen - take as input any kind of floating point numbers. They use either signed or unsigned integer numbers.
The only reason you might want to convert the integer form to floating point is if you wish to do some further processing such as the application of digital filtering algorithms.
And if you really do need to represent the sample value in floating point form, then you're only losing out one code value in the range of 65536 possible codes, and it's a maximum level value of 0dBFS, maximum volume level which hardly anybody mixes/masters the music at that level because it will end up being dangerously loud, so the small error in format conversion from integer to floating point is of little concern.
- I'm not asking for your opinion or your interpretation of it's relevance. I'm asking *what is the spec*. If you know, just say what it is, if you don't know, well, then you don't know. So I ask again, What is the spec? davec 23:11, 20 June 2007 (UTC)
- Look, just do the math. A sample has a depth of 16 bits. Therefore, there are possible levels of amplitude which can be represented. This makes it clear that the range cannot be only -32,727 to +32,767. Since the integer is two's complement signed, it represents values from to . Therefore, the range is -32,768 to +32,767. tgies 06:01, 22 June 2007 (UTC)
I don't know what this floating point stuff is about, but the data portion (the actual samples, 6 per frame) is PCM as in a WAV file and is (correctly stated here) as ranging from -32768 to 32767 (the sampleing order is interleaved but the samples are the same as WAV). jrg 17 July.
All of this talk about conversion to float is useful for certain kinds of processing of data after it is taken off the CDDA disc, however, there is no specification in the Red Book for such a conversion because the Red Book is not concerned with conversion to other formats, only with the native format of CDDA. It would be pointless for a specification such as the Red Book to spend time talking about conversions to other formats that are not used in CDDA. The proper conversion is to divide by 32768 for both positive and negative numbers. Don't worry that you cannot get precisely +1.0 with 32767/32768. The industry standard is to divide by 32768 because that does not create quantization noise, and because it is completely reversible without distortion. BrianWilloughby (talk) 07:50, 27 May 2009 (UTC)
Mastering formats[edit]
The Sony PAL format U-Matic 3/4" videotape was the original media for mastering Redbook Audio. The 44.1Khz sampling rate is directly related to this choice of media, not to any considerations about Nyquist Frequency or any of the other reasons given for why 48Khz was not chosen, which was the sample rate used for most other digital audio in the then new field.
A Sony 1610 or 1630 PCM digital audio converter for U-Matic tape can store 6 samples (3 for each stereo channel) per video line.
PAL video (as recorded by a U-Matic VTR) has 294 lines and 50 fields per second, which gives 44,100 samples/second.
NTSC can store more samples per second due to its higher frame/field rate, but its higher capacity wasn't used. The most likely reasons being that more countries use the PAL TV standard than the NTSC standard, which would make PAL U-Matic VTR machines more common, and that the higher rate attainable would allow fewer minutes of music to be stored on an Audio CD.
- NTSC recorders were not used - 60Hz monochrome units were. While 60Hz video has more frames/second, it has fewer lines/frame. According to John Watkinson in "an introduction to Digital Audio" (section 2.7) both 60Hz and 50Hz recorders give the same 44.1kHz figure. 60Hz video has 35 blanked lines while 50Hz video has 37. At 3 samples per video line, 3 x 60 x (525-35) / 2 = 3 x 50 x (625-37) / 2 = 44100 TheGiantHogweed 08:22, 18 July 2007 (UTC)
The 1610/1630 U-Matic (or Umatic) audio CD mastering format has held on until the past 2 to 4 years as the standard that CD mastering companies accepted above all others. As the U-Matic VTRs have gone out of service due to lack of replacement parts, other digital tape formats have become more popular for mastering. Yet even those are becoming less used due to the improvements in CD recorders "burn" quality at low speeds and the improvements in error checking at the mastering stage.
too technical[edit]
I'm adding the {{technical}} tag to this page. The meat of the article, describing the nature of the spec, needs some expansion I think. Perhaps a little about how the spec is used by manufacturers. I'm a relatively technical person and I was completely bewildered by the middle passage.Jasongetsdown 22:31, 15 November 2005 (UTC)
This article should be merged to Rainbow Books. Please comment at Talk:Rainbow Books. —Quarl (talk) 2006-01-15 11:42Z
- I think this is a bad idea. The Rainbow Books page has its own content, and serves as a nice index to the various Book pages (Red Book, Yellow Book, etc.). There is no reason to merge it in here, and doing so would undoubtedly cause a loss of information (contextual or otherwise) in the process. I am strongly against. --Kadin2048 18:10, 23 May 2006 (UTC)
- Copied comment (above) to Talk:Rainbow Books where discussion is held --H2g2bob 15:57, 22 June 2006 (UTC)
- rm. tag --H2g2bob 21:45, 25 June 2006 (UTC)
- Copied comment (above) to Talk:Rainbow Books where discussion is held --H2g2bob 15:57, 22 June 2006 (UTC)
- I agree with Kadin2048 - I did not know of the term 'Rainbow books', only of the 'red book' spec (and of the various books describing the postscript spec, but that's not related to audio, although it may be included in the 'Rainbow books' series..). At best, a redirect (preferably directly to a section, if that is possible with WikiMeda) from 'Red Book' to a section of the 'Rainbow Books' article should be maintained.
De-facto vs. specified[edit]
"It also specifies the form of digital audio encoding (2-channel 16-bit PCM clocked at 44100 Hz). These parameters have become something of a de-facto standard."
How can a standard be both specified and de-facto? Tgies 06:07, 20 February 2006 (UTC)
- I think what the author was trying to say may have been something like:
- "It (the Red book standard) also specifies the form of digital audio encoding for audio CDs (2 channel stereo 16-bit PCM encoding at a 44.1 kHz sampling rate). These parameters have become something of a de-facto standard for all digital audio." T3h933k 01:30, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
16 bits per channel or 16 bits total?[edit]
This article implies that CD audio uses 16 bits per channel (in the maths calculating the bit-rate)... However, the bit rate that they come up with would mean that 74 minutes of audio (before error correction codes) would require 783MB to store ( 1411.2 * 60 * 74 / 8 = 783216KB ). If it were 16 bits for the two channels, this would mean it would require only 392MB before error correction codes, which seems more realistic given that a 74 minute CD holds 650MB of data. Can anyone more knowledgable comment on this? Thanks. -- David Scarlett(Talk) 07:01, 28 April 2006 (UTC)
- Nevermind, apparently it is 16 bits per channel and you can fit more audio data than general data due to different error correction schemes, which would explain why the audio data can take up more than the generic data capacity of the disc. This article explains it. -- David Scarlett(Talk) 12:31, 28 April 2006 (UTC)
"Text" logo[edit]
Can someone add to the article what the "Text" caption means in the Compact Disc Digital Audio logo? (see right.) Tempshill 01:50, 19 June 2006 (UTC)
- Maybe it is "CD-Text" as describe at http://www.true-audio.com/Compact_disc --Joshtek 14:32, 20 July 2006 (UTC)
The Red Book is the informal name for the Compact Disc Digital Audio specification (more commonly known as CD-Audio). While the word "standard" is quite similar, it doesn't quite mean the same thing. Products such as CDs are produced to meet a specification. When they are tested, they either meet the specification or they don't. Specifications are specific. Standards can be something less specific (de-facto, etc.). I would suggest that this article be renamed Red Book (CD-Audio specification). Tvaughan1 13:36, 28 August 2006 (UTC)
Removed obsolescence section[edit]
I removed the section arguing that CDs are obsolete due to the popularity of iTunes/ iPod. This section cited no sources and seemed irrelevant to the topic of the blue book standard.
Licensing confusion[edit]
Is it really $5000 to license the standard itself? I am guessing it's $5000 for a manufacturer of audio CDs to implement the standard. Anyone can get the publication for $200. —mjb 23:01, 21 February 2007 (UTC)
Frequency response?[edit]
Does Red book indeed specify frequency response? It seems rather illogical.
The sampling frequency of 44 kHz implies a maximum sound frequency of 22 kHz. I have no idea where the lower limit comes from, but a lower could have been imposed to avoid damage to the user's equipment (Turritus 12:26, 24 April 2007 (UTC)).
22kHz is a theoretical upper bound for the frequency content, but practically, not acheived. The actual boundaries of the frequency response depend on the CD player and could be quite difficult to compute. Perfect reconstruction up to 22kHz would require the CD player to compute a large series of Sinc functions for every sample. See Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem for a full explanation. Sirhans 22:19, 2 May 2007 (UTC)
The 20Hz lower limit is likely not a technical limitation of the red book standard, but was simply added because it's the generally-accepted (and often-cited) lower limit of human hearing -- the point below which supposedly 50% of people cannot hear the sound.
- I certainly think frequency response is an incorrect choice of words for the concept... an electrical system has a frequency response, a set of data does not. A CD is a collection of data and therefore the latter.
By that analogy, so is a vinyl record or cassette. Irrespective if they contain data or not, they become part of an electrical system when played back. Therefore, frequency response of the CD format is absolutely a correct choice of words. Vinyl does not go down to 20hz, for example. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 188.8.131.52 (talk) 23:53, 29 September 2007 (UTC)
Just a little note: According to our article on Kbps (data unit, following the disambiguation), a Kbps = 1000 Kbps. This is the standard typically used for digital audio and storage, so I think we should follow it. I recalculated and changed the nominal bitrate in the article from Kbps == 1024 bps to Kbps = 1000 bps. 18.104.22.168 (talk) 20:03, 25 March 2008 (UTC)
- I notice the article likes to often use different units: kbits here, KiBs there. Please unify. Jidanni (talk) 00:52, 20 May 2008 (UTC)
- Let's back to basics. Uppercase "B" stands for "Byte" and lowercase "b" stands for "bit". 1 single Byte = 8 bits. In computers, one "Kilo" (2^10) stands for 1024 and not 1000. Then, 1 KB (Kilobyte) = 1024 Bytes. That said, 1KB = 8Kb. Allan Davidson (talk) 14:37, 3 April 2013 (UTC)
Is the Red Book standard still being used?[edit]
The article doesn't say something as simple as that. "Maximum playing time is 74 minutes (including pauses)", however music CDs today can have 80 minutes, can't they? This leads to anyone who doesn't know too much about it to understand the Red Book is an old standard.--Jim88Argentina (talk) 03:32, 3 February 2009 (UTC)
There seems to be some confusion, possibly because the web is much younger than the CDDA standard itself. Many online sources of information quote the CD-R limit of 74 minutes as if it is the limit for CD as well. The story of the origin of the play length has also been retold so many times that it seems impossible to reference an original source. I have edited the article to cite a 1987 book which documents 79.8 minutes as the actual limit of CD. I remember being disappointed that the first CD-R blanks would only hold 74.0 minutes when I already had discs in my collection as long as 79.5 minutes. Today's CD-R blanks stretch the specifications a little tighter to reach almost 100 minutes, but the CD glass master typically has the 79.8 minute limit. The time code format can refer to 99 minutes, 59 seconds, and 74 frames, but that is different than the physical track length. Part of the difficulty is that the Red Book gives the size of the disk, the size of the spiral track, where it starts, and its pitch, but not the actual total length. No number is mentioned anywhere. The math to calculate the actual limit based on the specified nominal values is actually quite complicated, but I'm sure it involves pi and some sort of integral. BrianWilloughby (talk) 11:07, 26 September 2009 (UTC)
I am not qualified to do the edit myself, but this figure (79.8 minutes) needs to be removed or clearly specified as Red Book first edition (1980) unless a corroborated 1999 source can be found. The lone source identified (in BrianWilloughby's footnote) is a 1987 document, although the number evidently dates from the 1980 first edition of Red Book: see http://www.diyaudio.com/forums/digital-source/199800-burning-cds-older-players-3.html. The article states elsewhere that the 1980 standard is wholly superseded by the 1999 second edition, so it seems essential that the latter alone should be cited. 700MB/80-minute disks had been introduced prior to 1999, so unless the second edition standards do reflect higher limits, the article should also make it clear that Red Book "standards" were established for 650MB disks and have never been updated for the present 700MB format. That at least might encourage mastering services to be less fearful about near-threshold audio-lengths. Meanwhile several sites claim 79:57 as Red Book-compliant, e.g.: http://www.about-audio-mastering-software.com/red-book.html and http://recording.org/mastering-engineers-forum/21816-red-book-audio-cd-help-urgent.html. The latter's "mastering-engineers-forum" moderator asserts that Red Book does not specify a limit. BrianWilloughby's statement above, "the CD glass master typically has the 79.8 minute limit", is similarly problematic, as greater lengths are routinely accommodated without apparent mishap (are there documentable playability issues on 1980s CD readers?).ChuckH2D (talk) 05:42, 9 February 2012 (UTC)
Rename article to Compact Disc Digital Audio[edit]
- The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.
No consensus to move. Vegaswikian (talk) 22:11, 20 April 2010 (UTC)
Red Book (audio Compact Disc standard) → Compact Disc Digital Audio — Relisting Ronhjones (Talk) 00:29, 3 April 2010 (UTC)
For reasons as discussed below. Ham Pastrami (talk) 02:37, 19 March 2010 (UTC)
In my opinion this article should not be called as Red Book. Red Book should have only a brief description of what does contain that book. The other articles of the Rainbow Books, contain a small description, and then, an article of the physical disc itself such as CD-ROM (yellow book) , CD Enhanced (blue book), etc. The physical disc is named "Compact Disc Digital Audio" not Red Book. --Juan D. (talk) 03:34, 14 February 2009 (UTC)
- Agreed. Red Book is technical jargon. The proper name of the medium is Compact Disc Digital Audio (CDDA). Supposedly the article is interested in all aspects of the format, including, and not limited to, the Red Book specs. This would also be an unambiguous name for the subject.Ham Pastrami (talk) 02:22, 19 March 2010 (UTC)
- Oppose this article is concerned with red book, CDDA is not necessarily red book compliant, and a larger article covering CDDA should be built, covering addition of data tracks, copy protection, etc. These discs still are allowed to the carry CDDA emblem, but are not red book. (there are also the discs that are not allowed to carry CDDA, like DualDisc, but are audio dics...) Further, the physical disc is the same for yellow book, blue book and red book, it is the CD, CD-R or CD-RW. The encoding standard is different. 220.127.116.11 (talk) 20:42, 27 March 2010 (UTC)
- Why should there be a "larger" article for CDDA when the red book spec is an obvious subtopic that can be included as part of the article? There is no cause for a split. DualDisc is neither red book (as stated in the article you linked to) nor CDDA so it's completely irrelevant to this discussion. Also, in spite of your claim to the contrary, the audio CDs that do not conform to red book are NOT allowed to use the CDDA logo, as with Copy Control. So do you have any evidence to support your rationale? Because so far a cursory examination disproves your claims. Ham Pastrami (talk) 07:03, 28 March 2010 (UTC)
- The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.
Some early CDs seem to have preemphasis applied to improve SNR, sometimes (but often not) signified by some flag in the TOC. Early CD players often had a light to show if preemphasis was present and would apply appropriate filtering, but I'm not sure if modern players do and most ripping solutions (except iTunes apparently) have no provisions for dealing with this. Is this part of the Red Book standard, and could someone provide more useful information regarding this? Found some discussions regarding this: [1], [2], [3], [4] --Zilog Jones (talk) 16:53, 7 April 2009 (UTC)
Unreliable sources[edit]
(discussion moved here from User talk:Mjb) Hello, you removed a reference to wiki.multimedia.cx on the Red Book (audio Compact Disc standard) article. You wrote: "the multimedia wiki is not a reliable source". Please, could you explain, why is it not a reliable source? MultimediaWiki is not open for any contributions. Any contributor must be approved. Mike Melason is the chief maintainer of MultimediaWiki. He monitors contributions/changes on that wiki. As far as I know, he is also the primary contributor to MultimediaWiki.--220.127.116.11 (talk) 06:47, 6 October 2010 (UTC)
- I don't have to. It's a wiki, which is a self-published source. WP:SPS is clear enough. But in case it isn't, here:
- The claim in question is that the Red Book "specifies the form of digital audio encoding: 2-channel signed 16-bit Linear PCM sampled at 44,100 Hz". The truthfulness of this claim is not the least bit in doubt, so it doesn't even need citations. The ones that were provided use lousy sources.
- MultimediaWiki is a semi-public wiki of multimedia software engineer Mike Melanson. He might vet his contributors and edit the content himself, but that's not particularly relevant because he's not an authority on the Red Book. He may know a lot about Flash Player and xine, but he's not an expert on the Red Book. He isn't an electrical engineer who builds CD players. He's just some guy who writes software. He might own a copy of the Red Book, but if he does, then he can simply give us a reference to the Red Book itself and then it won't be an issue. So it's up to you to show that it's not a violation of WP:SPS.
- Now look at the other references. The homepage of Kade "Archer" Hansson? How was that even up for consideration? It's more self-published material from a non-authority on the content of the Red Book.
- And lastly, the LPCM format info at digitalpreservation.gov, is promising as a source since it's essentially published by the Library of Congress. Well, it doesn't say what's in the Red Book other than "ISO/IEC 60908...covers the use of 16-bit LPCM in compact disks." All that tells us is that 16-bit LPCM can be used in compact discs and that the Red Book says how. That's close, but not really the same thing as the claim in question. There is a footnote there which goes on to say that according to Wikipedia, the Red Book defines the CDDA standard. Yes, it's true, but...they're getting their info from Wikipedia. This is far from an ideal source.
- So really, all three references are inappropriate. If you really want to keep them, it's up to you to justify them. But like I said, I don't think we even need them. It's not very important that the claim that CD audio is defined by the Red Book as 44.1 kHz 16-bit LPCM be cited at all. Is it really up for debate? Besides, if references are provided, certainly someone has the actual book and can just point to the page or section number. It seems like a no-brainer that a claim along the lines of "the Red Book says X Y and Z" should just cite the Red Book itself, not wikis, personal homepages, or poorly-worded sources that don't support the claim and that ultimately refer back to Wikipedia. —mjb (talk) 09:48, 6 October 2010 (UTC)
- Thank you for your answer and explanation. The references were added to the "LPCM" (linear PCM), because previously it was only "PCM" - see this change. I don't have Red Book specification and AFAIK it is not publicly available (for free). But I know CDDA uses Linear PCM. In my point of view it is questionable if we can trust someone who will add information such as "the information is on page 567 of Red Book" - directly on Wikipedia without any other reliable source. I think it is similar to adding "unreliable" sources, because most people cannot verify it.
- I understand your opinion about the sources. But in the case of missing public specification there is no other choice in some technical articles on Wikipedia. --18.104.22.168 (talk) 16:22, 6 October 2010 (UTC)
Formats greater than 16-bits[edit]
On some CDs, the packaging will mention 20-bit remastering, 24-bit, Super Bit Mapping or some such. (The mid- to late-1990s Impulse! Records catalog comes to mind.) If the Red Book standard is 16-bits at 44.1 kHz, do these other "formats"(?) have any real meaning or usefulness (i.e. what good is 24-bit, 96 kHz remastering, if the ultimate product is restricted to 16-bit 44.1 kHz)? Or are they in fact not compliant with Red Book standards? -- Gyrofrog (talk) 19:13, 18 February 2011 (UTC)
- That higher bit-depth, higher sample-rate marketing hype refers to the equipment and processing that was used before or during the final conversion to Red Book format. If you take an analog source, try to filter out frequencies above the Nyquist limit (22.05 kHz), and digitize the result directly to 16-bit, 44.1 kHz, then maybe do other signal processing, there can be some measurable (but not necessarily audible) noise introduced, for various reasons. You're more likely to get better results if you digitize to a higher bit depth and sample rate, do all your other processing in that domain, and convert to Red Book format at the very end. This usually involves some kind of dither and noise shaping (Super Bit Mapping is one such method).
- The Compact Disc article would be the place to mention this stuff, but the problem will be finding reliable sources. It's no problem finding "audiophile" publications that parrot press releases or make subjective claims of sound quality improvements offered by such technologies, but it's much harder to find any literature which says exactly how the technology works, what problems they're trying to solve, what their measurable effects on the audio are, and most importantly, whether any double-blind testing has proven people can actually hear the difference between identical, level-matched recordings that differ only by the use of these mastering techniques (if such things could ever be found, which I doubt). It's probably best to avoid the subject. —mjb (talk) 21:57, 18 February 2011 (UTC)
Files section[edit]
There were a couple items of reader feedback (see the link near the top of this page) which I attempted to address in a series of edits today.
- I want to know which of the files on a commercial CD a normal CD player reads.
- [I was looking for the] difference between mp3 and cd format.
I believe I got both of these taken care of by adding a "files" section which explains that there are no files on a CD, that operating systems like Windows may offer virtual files as a sort of abstraction of the CD TOC, and that the common audio file formats are actually the product of ripping.
This basically amounts to a difficult-to-source "what Red Book is not" section, which I don't particularly like having... but it doesn't really seem to be the kind of thing that the average reader can easily figure out otherwise. —mjb (talk) 07:34, 26 September 2012 (UTC)
When it all boils down, there are no files on any mass storage device. A 500GB disk is just a huge linear byte stream, starting at 0, and ending at 4999999999999. Data can only be retrieved in 512b (2048 these days) chunks. It is the filesystem, if any is written, that defines files and directories. Any linear byte stream can have a filesystem written on it. Because optical media are WORM, the best file system is of the linked list type. An unclosed CD can have more data added to the end of the linked list.184.108.40.206 (talk) 23:54, 17 March 2017 (UTC)
Data encoding section[edit]
The technical details really weren't all that detailed, nor did they really explain the relationship between the physical pits-and-lands and the LPCM audio data, which is a crucial element of the Red Book standard. I attempted to address this by adding a data encoding section, summarizing info from Ken Pohlmann's The Compact Disc Handbook, since I don't have access to the actual standard.
I also sought to clarify that the term sector comes from the CD-ROM/DAE/SCSI world and is not part of the Red Book standard, as far as I know.
This led me to the article's info about CD data rates, which I attempted to consolidate into its own section. I thought it would be interesting to add the raw data rates of CDDA, which get into the Mbps range. Again, this info comes from Pohlmann's book.
I would appreciate review of these additions, and please discuss or make corrections as needed. Thanks! —mjb (talk) 07:34, 26 September 2012 (UTC)
- Thanks for your additions. I'm not aware of factual issues with your additions, but I think some of the section's content would better be in Compact discs. As I understand it, the CD started with CDDA, so the physical details of CDs were once specific to CDDA. However, since this is no longer the case, I believe we should factorize the common parts of all CD variants (CDDA, CD-ROM, etc.) to Compact discs. For example, the 3 pictures on the left would be pertinent there. Even if they apply here, I believe we should avoid duplication and just move there. --Chealer (talk) 00:56, 7 March 2013 (UTC)
- Ok, I just moved two of those pictures to the CD article. I also tried expanding the data encoding sectiona bit, since it contained several abbreviations with no links and it was difficult to follow at first. I will also probably try to restructure sections a bit, since there seems to be duplication between the Data encoding and the Data structure sections, and the order of the sections currently does not follow any clear logic. Sega381 (talk) 14:03, 14 May 2013 (UTC)
- I tried to address some of the shortcomings by merging duplicated information, and by restructuring some sections. However, there is still some duplicated information and I am still not convinced of the logic for the ordering of the sections. We may still want to move some common information to the CD article. Sega381 (talk) 14:47, 14 May 2013 (UTC)
Format deviations[edit]
DVD Audio is not a format deviation but a rival successor format. If this is included so should SACD, which in its hybrid form is at least compatible with CDs. Also, if such details are included in this article I suggest a new heading of Successor Formats... but where do you end? MP3/Ogg/Blu Ray Audio/etc? I suggest removing DVD audio completely. But should we include hybrid SACD since it is compatible? Derekjc (talk) 17:21, 3 April 2013 (UTC)
Storage Capacity[edit]
Under the heading 'Storage Capacity and Playing Times' there is much discussion on the time restrictions of Audio CD's, but no data that I can find on the actual storage capacity in MB. I came here, specifically to find this information, and thought it would be a "given" in an article such as this. I can only assume that it was intended, due to the title of the section in question, but somehow was overlooked.
A remedy would be greatly appreciated. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 126.96.36.199 (talk) 07:39, 23 November 2013 (UTC)
- Heh, you're right. Unfortunately it's hard to talk about capacity when the technicalities of the data format haven't yet been explained. We also must avoid doing original research.
- A number is probably mentioned in some literature somewhere, and if we say anything in the article, that's what we should use. But since it goes hand-in-hand with maximum playing time, you can expect that different sources will have different numbers, and that's if they mention a data quantity (instead of just duration) at all.
- If we could do original research, we'd just multiply the 4.3218 Mbps rate (for the CIRC-encoded audio data + subcode) by the 82:34 (4954 seconds) playing time of the longest known CD (at least, the one mentioned in the article) and get a result of a little over 2.61 GB. That's how much data is represented by the pits and lands, as seen by the laser. But when you ask about storage capacity, you probably just want to know about how much audio data it holds. That's 4954 seconds of 16-bit (2-byte) 2-channel LPCM at 44.1 KHz, or 4954×(2×2×44100) = 873,885,600 bytes = 833.402 MB. —mjb (talk) 09:14, 23 November 2013 (UTC)
It would be nice if somebody could add a section on this, or remove the redirect link. It's not cool to have a redirect for SHM-CD to this page, and then have this page utterly silent about it.
-TMusgrove. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Tmusgrove (talk • contribs) 20:57, 25 February 2014 (UTC)
External links modified[edit]
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Storage Capacity and Playing Time[edit]
I would suggest removing the two longest CDs in this list. I suspect that they are CD-Rs, and it has long been possible to exceed Redbook standards by overturning with CD burning software. I don't think it's fair to list such CDs in the playing time section, at least not without proof that they are not pressed Cds.
Kirkmc (talk) 10:59, 12 May 2017 (UTC)
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In Matthew 16, Jesus famously told Peter, "Upon this rock, I will build My church." Yet people act as if Jesus had said, "You will build My church." Why do people take it upon themselves to build something that God says He will build? I don't know, but it's been a recurring challenge for God.
Unlike the aforementioned people, Peter did not misunderstand Jesus' words and did not take it upon himself to become a church administrator. Instead, he preached the gospel and let Jesus do the building.
Another great source of misunderstanding has been the very next verse where Jesus says to Peter, "I will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven." Note that Jesus did not say He would give to Peter the keys to the church, but rather to the kingdom. The church lived in anticipation of the kingdom. It, of course, was not the kingdom. It was God's means of preparing people for the kingdom.
Peter was not going to be able to use those keys himself because John 21 prophesied that he would not live until the coming of the kingdom and he affirmed this in 2 Peter 1. This was all the more reason, however, for him to make sure that he handed off those keys properly lest they be lost. The handoff had nothing to do with church administration. It had to do with the practice of moral excellence. He explained that this meant that individuals needed to grow in knowledge, self-control, perseverance, godliness, brotherly kindness, and love. Practicing these things, Peter assured his readers, would guarantee entrance into the kingdom. Therefore, in Peter's mind, the keys of the kingdom were qualities we associate with the nature of Jesus. Becoming like the Savior opened access to the kingdom.
The keys remain for us to use today because the kingdom came not too long after Peter's death. It's been here ever since. If we want to be inside the kingdom instead of outside it, we must practice those qualities that Peter counseled.
Let the church administrators argue among themselves about what these verses mean for governing the churches that they manage. (In other words, let the dead bury the dead.) You can see clearly that these verses show a path to the kingdom. Seek first the kingdom and His righteousness. Seek, and ye shall find.
The purpose of this blog is to praise Jesus Christ in biblical terms.


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BEIJING — A Tibetan herder in China's northwest Qinghai Province died on Friday after setting himself on fire to protest government policies in the region, according to exile groups and Radio Free Asia.
The herder, Tamdin Thar, who was thought to be in his early 60s, self-immolated in front of a police compound in Markethang, a county seat in the Huangnan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, according to the group Free Tibet. Radio Free Asia said security forces immediately extinguished the flames but the man died a short time later.
A crowd of several hundred people, including Buddhist monks and local residents, quickly gathered at center of town and demanded that the police hand over his body, according to Radio Free Asia and Free Tibet.
The authorities, they said, eventually complied, returning Tamdin Thar's body to his family, who then brought it to a nearby monastery in preparation for his funeral.
Since 2009, at least 38 Tibetans have set fire to themselves in a wave of protest that has defied an increasingly heavy police presence and Beijing's efforts to paint the self-immolators as terrorists. Of those, 29 have died, according to the International Campaign for Tibet, an advocacy group in Washington.
Protesters who have set themselves ablaze often shout slogans demanding the return of the Dalai Lama, the exiled spiritual leader; several have left notes or videotaped testimonials condemning government policies they say curtail Buddhist practices and favor the Mandarin language over Tibetan.
Once largely confined to Tibetan parts of Sichuan, Gansu and Qinghai Provinces, the self-immolations last month spread to Lhasa, the Tibetan capital, where two men set themselves on fire in front of Jokhang Temple, the holiest in Tibetan Buddhism.Continue reading the main story
Tsering Woeser, a Tibetan writer in Beijing, said the growing toll — and the government's refusal to scale back its harsh policies — was dispiriting. "If the human rights situation doesn't improve, such tragic incidents will keep happening," she said in a phone interview. "Many Tibetans think the pain of self-immolation is nothing compared to the pain of living without religious freedom."
An earlier version of this article incorrectly rendered Tamdin Thar's name as Tamdrinthar.


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If you need more reclaimed adventures, visit us on facebook!
Come visit our shop, 255 Dublin Pike, Perkasie PA 18944.
Our store is located near the corner of Rt 313 (Dublin Pike) and 5th Street in Perkasie. If you're traveling from the East or South, you can take 309 N to 113 N to 313 W. From the North or West, take 309 S to 313 E. We are right next to the road between 5th St and Branch Rd. Please call if you need additional assistance.


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Category Archives: Uncategorized
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At Theater Advice we don't compromise. We use only the best and most up to date technologies, and we can construct custom cabinetry to match your home trim. We go above and beyond customer satisfaction by creating the best home theater media room experience in the Dallas Fort Worth Area! Check out this impressive gallery, which show cases top end home media theater rooms with custom seating and cabinetry.
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Custom Home Theaters
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Home Theater Installation Dallas TX
Home media room installation. 120″ inch screen, with in-wall speakers by Paradigm. Hand painted speakers to match trim in the room. Fantastic media room make over in Garland, Texas. Custom bracket made for projector. Theater Advice never tells the customer no.
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Flat panel tv mounted on motorized tilt mount, controlled by remote control, the universal remote also turns on all the devices. 20 degree angle comfortable for viewing.
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Affordable Martin Logan Speakers
The new EM-ESL floorstanders from Martin Logan are here. These speakers just under $2000 are amazing and electrostat speakers for that price is unheard of. Call today to purchase your pair, installed locally in the DFW area or shipped anywhere in the US with instructions. Here is the information from Martin Logan on the speakers.
The ElectroMotion ESL represents a brave new direction for electrostatic loudspeaker design. Featuring a full-sized 34-inch tall curvilinear XStat™ electrostatic transducer and precision 8-inch high-excursion, audiophile grade, doped fiber cone woofer for balanced low-end bass performance.


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Unveiled: State Fair Announces $5.4 Million "Nebraska Building"
Nearly five years to the day after the Nebraska State Fair move became official, leaders unveil plans for a major expansion with a $5.4 million new building.Fair leaders say it's a testament to how far they've come in just a few short years. State Fair Director Joseph McDermott said, "It won't be ready for the 2013 Nebraska State Fair, but we'll start construction within the next 30 days and anticipate moving into the building the first of 2014."
The building was first proposed five years ago, but because of budget concerns, and uncertainty in the move to Grand Island, they put it on hold.
Fair board members confess they were hoping attendance would reach 200,000 a year. It surpassed 300,000 in 2010, and despite oppressive heat, hit nearly 340,000 in 2012.
Now, they say there's no doubt they've built a firm foundation in central Nebraska.
McDermott said, "The first three fairs have been fabulous. Had over one million visitors. Things are going very well and we just want to make sure we're able to continue to see progress each and every year."
It's hard to argue with success. They've got a waiting list from vendors wanting to be part of it.
Board President Jana Kruger said, "We're already almost running at capacity in terms of places for vendors to be."
Facilities Director Jaime Parr said, "The entries continue to be overwhelming. Our returning vendors are coming back very strong and we're hearing from lots of new vendors too who, word on the street is, they need to be at the Nebraska State Fair."
The 54,000 square foot "Nebraska Building" will house all the agricultural commodity groups, and Nebraska Department of Agriculture.
And it will see the return of an attraction that failed to make the move to Lincoln.
"We're very excited that Game and Parks will be coming back to the fair in 2014," McDermott said, saying they will bring back their shooting sports and aquarium
The two-story building will also create permanent fair offices plus a museum. McDermott said financing will come from Nebraska banks. He said they are still working on selecting a contractor.
The building will run north and south, in contrast to the other buildings that run east-west. McDerrmott promised it would be an attractive building, and would be visible as fairgoers enter the main gate.
They hope the addition conveys a message of growth and progress.
"Continue to look for other wow factors," McDermott said.
The new building won't be ready until 2014, but there are other changes in store. A new midway provider will arrive in 2013. Wade Shows is rated as one of the nation's best.
The fair is also paying to air condition the Fonner Concourse.


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Our Nest Is A Little Emptier & Our Hearts Are Too
Two days ago we lost our lovely brindle boxer, Brutus. He went suddenly, from an apparent heart attack right on the floor with us there to love him through it. He was 10 years and 4 months old and he... Continue reading →


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AW HELL NO - Computer Science - School
This post obviously doesn't speak for all computer science students in all schools, nor does it at my school. Just my personal observations written in a slightly humourous, slightly cynical manner (hopefully witty?)! I'm literally writing this while listening to TLC's "Waterfalls" in the background. Yeah, it's serious business.
The Keener
These guys and gals attend every lecture and write immaculate notes (probably in LaTeX). They really make it a godforsaken effort to study! While you're struggling the night before to finish Assignment 1, they're already half-way through Assignment 2. Ahhh goddamn keeners!
The Mooch
That person who only talks to you in order to get hints or even answers to assignments. The moment you bring up something unrelated to school, they are quick to leave. You vaguely remember this person's name…
The Gamer
That guy (some girls) who plays some of kind of mass multiplayer online game instead of doing school work. He's pretty much a slacker, but he manages to get by in school. This guy aspires to be a game developer of some sort. GG.
The Jock
This is an umbrella term for the person who isn't your typical CS nerd. They're actually pretty cool. You can actually talk about things other than school like food, sports, life, paint drying on the wall – you get the point.
The Hairy and Disheveled
It's the guys (I have not encountered girls yet) with unkempt Unix beards and greasy as fuck hair. Makes you wonder if there is still such a thing as personal hygiene. They are pretty friendly and harmless…AFK.
The CS Genius
These people excell at school without having to go into extreme keener mode. They probably learned C++ before they could talk. They're the people that actually engage in an intellectual discussion with the profs. Future grad students yo.
The Girl
Ah the rare, estrogen-filled specimen that ze girl. Whether you are the plainest Jane or most feminine girl, you will be hit on by male CS students at least once in your undergraduate career. Profs and TAs will be a lot nicer to you than they would with guys. Eventually, you'll befriend a bunch of CS guys and they'll be the Harajuku girls to your Gwen Stefani. Dayuummm gurrrrl.
Related Posts:
Handling the haters
Finding allies
An exercise in empathy


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US State Department Issues Amazing LGBT Video
The US State Department has followed up on Hillary Clinton's historic speech to the United Nations in Geneva with this video — one which could have been produced by an LGBT organization and actually has the same style as those produced by many working for international LGBT rights.
The video uses some of the most reported excerpts from the hour long speech she gave on the same day that the White House issued a memorandum ordering all agencies and departments to support LGBT rights internationally.
Related stories:
Obama Admin to 'Leverage' Foreign Aid for LGBT Rights
Hillary Clinton's Astonishing LGBT Rights Speech
Support Brave Sierra Leone LGBTI Activists
Image US State Department


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Monica Fairview: Regency Quintet Christmas Winners
♥ And the winners are ♥ Cheryl C Linda Thompson Congratulations and a Merry Christmas Chase to you!! And for all of you who left lovely comments, my (long) novella is available as part of the Regency Quintet here on Amazon. Linda and Cheryl, please let me know your e-mails so I can contact you. … Continue reading →


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Affordable & Professional Website Design in the Greater Spokane and Coeur d'Alene region
How can you create a professional website that is affordable, beautiful, and functional in Spokane, Coeur d'Alene or the Inland Northwest? How do you avoid a bad experience and find out in advance if a web company is reliable and trustworthy?
If you've had a bad experience with a web designer or Inbound marketing firm, I would like to apologize in the name of my industry. The good news is that, believe it or not, there are a few great companies and designers that create amazing work and provide professional customer service.
I decided to write this post to show my prospective clients the overall cost of building a website in the Spokane region and the Inland Northwest. Since I'm a small company, I can afford to reduce my website prices to stay competitive, especially in this economy, however you'll be amazed how much a website can cost around here.
If after reading this article you have any questions or would like to get a free quote for your business or organization please contact me by filling out my contact for: Let's Get Started
I offer competitive, affordable website prices but most importantly I'm reliable and professional.
So, what is the cost of building a website?
The cost of creating your website depends on these three factors:
- Your website's needs
- The experience that the company or designer has.
- The size of the web design firm
If you are a small business owner and need a website you should start small. Later, as your business grows you can expand and invest more in your site. For this reason be sure that your website has the appropriate structure to permit growth in the future otherwise when the time comes you'll have to start from scratch and you'll lose time and money.
Rule#1: Research before you commit!
It is very important that you do your research before committing to a web company or designer. Web design services should be transparent, open and clear to avoid unexpected charges. Please don't sign on the dotted line with the first company you find; research and see what's out there.
You're looking for the best combination of price, quality and value. Remember there's a difference between affordable and cheap. Your website is a valuable part of your business or organization. So invest your money wisely, don't throw it away.
Rule #2: Website prices are not a one time fee, so plan ahead!
Below you can find some of the main costs of building a website. These prices can vary from company to company but they can give you an overall idea of some of the costs of creating a site in the Inland Northwest area:
1. Domain Name: a domain name is a unique name that identifies your website in the Internet. The cost can vary between $9.00 to $15.00 USD a year depending where you buy it. I must say that in my experience I've seen many unsatisfied clients that had paid up to $160.00 USD for a standard domain name. So please be careful, unscrupulous people can take advantage of you.
2. Hosting: Web hosting is where your website is stored. A secure server is necessary to have a healthy website. Depending on your needs you can spend yearly anywhere from $60.00 USD for shared hosting to $500.00 USD for a dedicated server. $100.00 to $150.00 USD per year is the most common fee for a standard small business website.
3. Design and development: A small business website (8 to 16 Web pages) can cost in Spokane, Washington anywhere from $2,000 to $6,000 USD. The websites usually include: custom graphics, customized template, stock photos, contact forms, and search box. For enhanced functionalities like eCommerce, website prices can climb higher. If you're just getting started, those things can come later.
4. SEO: If you have a website and it doesn't generate any traffic you have wasted your time and money. It is important to invest in SEO or search engine optimization to ensure that customers will find you so you can make more profits. SEO packages from Spokane to Coeur d'Alene vary between $500.00 and $6,000.00 USD. Properly done, SEO takes time and sustained efforts. So SEO packages often last at least 3 months and up to a year or longer.
5. Website Maintenance: Once your website is up and running you must take care of it and maintain it. If your website was done with WordPress or Joomla you might be able to do some updates yourself; however unless you are a web developer you need to consider that technology always changes and this impacts your website directly. New browsers, updating technology and new developing languages demand that you stay on top of the game to make sure that your website performs properly. A small business can spend yearly around $500.00 to $3,000 USD in web maintenance, but if you find a good company it is totally worth it. You need to concentrate on running your business not learning HTML, PHP and CSS.
In conclusion, website prices can vary greatly depending upon the site's needs and the design firm, advertising agency, or freelancer creating the Web design. The most important thing is that you find someone that is honest and reliable. Paying for good service is totally worth it!
Please don't forget that if you have any questions or would like to get a free quote for your business or organization you can contact me by filling out my Let's Get Started form.


text: difficult child has been an absolute wonderful support for the past few days. He is being kind and considerate to both pcdaughter and me. He calls to check on me during the day. He tells me he loves me constantly. He'll stop and look in my room and ask "Are you really okay, mom." He gets himself up and to work everyday. He picks up extra shifts on weekend. His bosses are great. They have been slowly adding to his responsibilities. He is now in charge of all the ordering for the week. He keeps the invoices and controls the back of the kitchen. He is taking on a lot of MIT (Manager in training) duties. He, too, is a recovering addict. He told husband that he should have come to him earlier, he would have taken him to a meeting!!! Although he is hurt by husband's choices, he is not being negative and going off the deep end. He is looking to the future---he says I'm not sure where I'm going, but I know where I don't want to be. He's toying with the idea of culinary school. He is wanting to do his taxes so he can apply for next fall. It's so nice to see him move on to a different place--a better place. It is better than I dreamed it could be. I pictured him dead or in prison. Instead, he is happy, working, helpful.


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Carrom 3D APKDownloads: 474 Updated: October 17, 2016 Category : Board
by:Zagmoid Requires: Android 2.3.2 and upPrice:Free
(Click to Ratings)
Carrom 3D Description
provide Carrom 3D V 1.22 for Android 2.3.2+ Carrom 3D will give you the experience of playing with a real carrom board on your android phone and android tablet.
You can play with the automatic machine (with difficulty levels beginner, intermediate, or expert), or with a friend using the same phone or using another android phone/tablet as a network game through WIFI or Bluetooth.
For those who don't know carrom game, it is a strike and pocket game similar to billiards, pools, snooker and shuffleboard; Here in carrom (also known as karrom or carom) you will use the finger to shoot the pieces. (Reference: Wikipedia).
Controls are intuitive to any gamer. You will aim and shoot similar way you shoot in angry bird games. The game includes both a quick and a comprehensive tutorial to make you familiar with all the controls.
The game simulates the physics of the carrom accurately. You can try out any zig-zag shots you used to play in a carrom board.
At the start, you can play with a beginner machine, until you get familiar with the controls. Then try out the intermediate machine which is bit competitive (for me, may be not for you). The expert machine is there just to watch. Look at the video below for a classic carrom game between two expert machines.
Enjoy and have a great carrom season!!!
if there is any problem please let us know. Write your problem in comment box below.
Editors Notes
Very interesting game, I can spend a whole day to play, it is worth downloading, it is strongly recommended.
Download Carrom 3D APK File
Download Carrom 3D
- Price: Free
- Requires: Android 2.3.2 and up
- File Name: Carrom 3D.apk
- Downloads: 474
- Version : 1.22
- Category : Android Board Game
Old Versions Carrom 3D
- Carrom 3D 1.22 Apk File [Free] Date: 2016-10-17
- Carrom 3D V1.16 Apk File [free] Date: 2015-05-12
What's New in Carrom 3D
- bug fixes
DISCLAIMER: Carrom 3D is the property and trademark from , all rights reserved by Click on the above link to proceed to the apk file download page or app buy page.


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I stayed at the Vine for 4 nights (Tue to Sat) on my first visit to Madeira. I was looking for a centrally located hotel, and the Vine fitted the bill. If I had been after rest and relaxation, I would have chosen one of the resort hotels, but I wanted to sightsee. Having read TripAdvisor reviews I was prepared for the Vine's quirks and didn't encounter major problems with the many touch buttons which were thoroughly explained to me on arrival. However, it's best to memorise which button does what since the writing is beginning to fade. I didn't flood the shower, either, because I kept my showers short. However, in case of an emergency, there is an alarm string you can pull, just don't forget to throw on the bathrobe before help arrives. Make use of the slippers if your feet can't handle the pebbly floor. I liked the fact that shower, toilet and basin were all separate. The only thing missing was a bathtub. My fridge was stocked with about 20 complimentary bottles of beer, coke, water, juice and iced tea. This made up for the lack of tea and coffee making facilities I normally cherish. I found my room's grey/black/white colour scheme rather appealing, the huge bed was divine and the easy chair a treat. There was an extra-long writing desk but no separate table, which meant that if you had wanted to dine in you'd be facing the wall while eating. While I was there the hotel was fairly quiet, and I enjoyed bustle-free breakfasts that offered a wide choice of fruits, breads, cereals etc. as well as a la carte eggs or omelettes and pancakes. The Vine has free WiFi as well as two terminals and a printer which is handy for printing out your boarding pass. I liked the layout of the lobby with its comfortable chairs, and I liked the rooftop terrace with it sweeping views and lounge chairs even better. I didn't try out the pool, but it looked inviting. If you don't have a car and don't want to spend EUR30-35 on a taxi from/to the airport, there are two Aerobus stops a 10-minute cobble-stoned walk away, no. 4 is uphill and no. 6 is on the Marine Parade opposite the TAP office. Stop no. 5 which would be much more convenient, is temporarily (or maybe permanently) out of service. Buses are not very frequent, and the hotel gave me an out-of-date timetable, so it's best to check at the bus stop itself, remembering that the times given are those of departure from the terminus which is about 10 to 15 minutes away. The drive to the airport from stop no. 6 takes 25 to 30 minutes, and the current cost is EUR5. On the way in, the bus driver might drop you closer to the hotel, I arrived late and was the only passenger, so I got a lift to the entrance of the shopping centre inside which the Vine is located. Otherwise I might have had a problem finding the hotel in the dark. Would I stay again? Not if I came for a 1 or 2-week R & R holiday. But otherwise most definitely. A hotel like the Vine, with polite and helpful staff, does not come along every day.
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- A hotel with soul, just like a good wine. The Vine is sophisticated and luxurious. With a touch of simplicity and discretion, just the way you like it. A dip in the panoramic pool, a vino-therapy session in the spa or a gourmet dinner with a view over the city: these are just a few of the pleasures awaiting you at The Vine. ... more less
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Hotels.com, Priceline, Expedia, Booking.com, HostelWorld, Travelocity, TripOnline SA, Evoline ltd, Cancelon, getaroom.com and HotelQuickly so you can book your The Vine Hotel reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.
- Also Known As:
- The Vine, a Divine Hotel Hotel Funchal
- Vine a Divine Funchal
- The Vine Hotel Madeira/Funchal


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I am a sucker for anything yoga related. I drink it up. I eat it up. It nourishes my soul, it satisfies my need to be continually learning. I like to believe; but I love to be proven. I find (probably too much) humor when journals, books, magazines and internet blog sites post contradictory articles. I don't know why. It's almost as if I have missed my calling to be an editor. Ask my husband. I would be hard pressed to find a menu at a restaurant where I didn't find an error. But I digress, as I usually do.
Back to contradictory articles. One day it is "why alignment is king", the next day, "focus on how you feel and alignment comes into play secondary". In the world of yogic blogs on the internet, there is a plethora of information coming at us at lightning speed, and if you're anything like me…you eat it all up. You soak it. Become a die hard believer. Until someone else writes a completely contradictory article the next day. And our brains are swayed again.
So now I circle back to my purpose. Here is my "playing devils advocate" thought of the day. I've seen, read, been sucked into countless "we need to stop churning out yoga teacher" articles. And I do absolutely see some validity in their points. Studios who are barely open are offering yoga teacher trainings, "become certified in 21 days", we see it everywhere (rats, isn't that what I did? But I'm different, right? Insert sarcasm). Are fresh newbie teachers safe leading a class? It made me begin to really look at why I did a training.
The answer was simple. I love yoga, and I wanted to learn more. Isn't that what people do when they are interested in a subject? They read about it, take classes, practice it. So what is with all the yogis blogging about how we need to return to an at home practice…we need to stop churning out teachers and start reconnecting with our students. The list goes on and it resonated with me FOR SURE for quite a while. I was almost embarrassed I had taken a training. And then I stopped to think. Is this the "big sibling getting mad at the younger sibling for wanting to be involved in the game at the playground?" Hmmm.
Is it honest and true fear of poorly trained teachers taking on students and potentially hurting them? Or is this…something else. Do more teachers create more competition for seasoned yogis? Are more seasoned teachers playing the "we had to walk to school…both ways…in the snow.." card? I don't know. But…Here is a hint for the seasoned teachers. You are the reason we (us newbies) took a teacher training: you've inspired us. You've made us want to step out of our personal box of comfort and take a leap. So don't hate us out of fear. Teach us more. We show up at your classes. Know that you see us in your room…because we look up to you. Because we want to learn from you. Because you have that "thing" that we are so looking to have. And we want to impart on others. So don't be threatened by new teachers. Welcome them (us!!). Pass on your knowledge. Learn from each other. And know that YOU are the only you in the world, and regardless of how many new teachers there are…no one else is you. And your students show up to learn from you.
And furthermore, couldn't it be worse? A world, a society that we live in when TOO MANY people want to be a yoga teacher? Think back to what you learned in your training. Think back to how your judgements, for self and others, softened as a result. Think about the sense of community you built and the love you felt for others during and after training.
So rather than writing articles about why we need to stop cranking out teachers in teacher trainings…write articles about how us new teachers can benefit our students. Compliment us in class. Remember that we are still your student and we want to learn from you. So rather than making us feel lesser by reminding us we are new, or that "teacher training used to be different", take a moment to remember when you were us and then let it all go.
Here are some of the articles related to too many yoga teachers


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World Ranger Day commemorates rangers who have been injured or killed in the line of duty and celebrates the work rangers do to protect our resources. In honor of rangers worldwide, we're offering special programs and activities all day on July 31. See chimneyrockpark.com for more details closer to the event.
Chimney Rock at Chimney Rock State Park 431 Main St, Village of Chimney Rock Village, North Carolina 28720 View Map


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I don't have a lot to say today but I thought I would at least pop in and share a handy water saving tip with everyone. Many of us are concerned with issues like water conservation but oftentimes we forget that the little things can add up and make a big difference.
Today I'll be talking about toilet water. I know, I know… not everyone's favorite topic but you'll like this one. Most of use don't like to think about our toilets because when we do, it's usually because we have to clean them or unclog them. Don't worry; what I'm going to be talking about today doesn't have anything to do with those unpleasant chores.
Instead, I'll be talking about adjusting how much water our toilets use when we flush them. Virtually everyone on the planet has heard that standard household toilets use way more water than they need to use when we flush them.
Here's a little interesting trivia. Many of the toilets that are still in use in US homes use between 3 and 7 gallons of water each time they are flushed!!!! Can you believe that?
Let's do a little math. Let's assume that there are five people living in a home and they each flush the toilet in their home 3 times a day. Based on 3 gallons per flush that works out to 9 gallons of water per day or 3,285 gallons of water per year for one person just to flush the toilet. If every person in the house flushes three times a day, that works out to 45 gallons a day for the household or 16,425 gallons per year for nothing more than flushing the toilet!
Now let's do the math based on a toilet that's on the extreme end of the spectrum that uses 7 gallons per flush. That works out to 21 gallons per person per day or 7,665 gallons per year. For the entire family it works out to 105 gallons per day or 38,325 gallons per year! Can you believe that? Those numbers are staggering!!!
How To Conserve Water With Your Toilet
If you're sickened by these statistics there are some things that you can do to make a difference. The first is to replace your old toilet with a modern toilet that only consumes 1.6 gallons per flush. Toilets aren't really that expensive but you may be able to conserve water without forking over money to install a new low flow toilet. All you need to do is make a simple adjustment.
There's an easy experiment that you can do to find out exactly how much water your toilet really needs to flush. Look behind your toilet for the shut off valve and when you find it, close it so that when you flush the toilet it doesn't automatically fill back up. If you can't find it, just lift the top of the toilet tank off and take hold of the big round thing that floats in the tank that is used to shut your toilet off when it's full. You're going to want to gently lift up on this float so that when the water leaves the tank, it won't automatically fill back up.
Now, flush the toilet and let all of the water that is in the tank drain out. Next it's time to find out how much water your toilet really needs to flush properly. Start by pouring 2 gallons of water in the tank. It's probably easiest to just use an empty milk jug for this part of the experiment. If your toilet is old, it will probably take at least this much to flush so 2 gallons is a good starting point. Now that you have 2 gallons of water in the toilet try and flush it. If it flushes fine, you know that your toilet only needs to use 2 gallons when you flush it. You'll probably have to try this a couple of times to figure out just how much water needs to be in the tank for each flush.
If the float valve on your toilet is easy to adjust, the solution to your gluttonous toilet is to simply adjust it so that when the tank has 2 gallons in it, the float valve will shut off the water flow. Then put the lid back on the tank and your done! Every time you flush the toilet from then on, you'll be conserving water.
Another Toilet Water Conservation Trick
Another trick is to use something to displace the water in the tank. I've heard of people using large rocks and even bricks to do this. We prefer to take a plastic bottle and fill with gravel. Then we tighten the lid and set it in the tank. If you want to do this, you just have to make sure that the plastic container is sized appropriately so that it displaces the amount of water you want your toilet to conserve.
If you decide to put something in the tank that will displace water, make sure it's clean and that it's not something like a big piece of metal that will rust. Also be careful that whatever you put in the tank doesn't restrict the movement of any of the mechanisms like the flap or the float. The last thing you want to do is put something in your tank that will prevent the float from shutting off the water and end up flooding your entire house!
I hope this article was helpful to you. If it was, you can thank me by clicking on the Facebook Like button or the Tweet button to tell your friends about my website!


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CHADEMA vs CCM: Nani Mbabaishaji?
Discussion in 'Jukwaa la Siasa' started by Mpaka Kieleweke, Nov 27, 2007.
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Civic Week 2003
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Dirty Harry (Blondie Tribute) + Sods Law
Sat, 25th Feb 2017
Rubber Stamp Promotions and Weekend Revolution are delighted to announce the return once again of awesome Blondie tribute Dirty Harry to PJ Molloys Dunfermline on Saturday the 25th of February. Support comes from Midlothian based band Sods Law, who will be playing the venue for the first time. Tickets can be purchased in advance from PJ Molloys and Ticketweb at a cost of £10. This gig is aged 16+ and doors open at 7pm.


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German Artists in Exhibition Leonard Cohen – A Crack in Everything
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The Musée d'art contemporain has organised a multi-disciplinary exhibition inspired by the world of Leonard Cohen and the great themes of his life and work. This major exhibition is the first to be entirely devoted to the imagination and legacy of this great singer/songwriter from Montréal. Over 40 international artists are included, including two internationally well-known German artists, Candice Breitz and Thomas Demand.
I'm Your Man (A Portrait of Leonard Cohen) by Candice Breitz (Germany / South Africa)
I'm Your Man (A Portrait of Leonard Cohen), a new multi-channel video installation by Candice Breitz, brings together a community of ardent Leonard Cohen fans—each of whom has cherished Cohen's music for over half a century—to pay posthumous tribute to the late legend. Each of the eighteen individuals was offered the opportunity to perform and record his own version of Cohen's magnificent comeback album, I'm Your Man (1988), in a professional recording studio in old Montreal. Commissioned by the Musée d'art contemporain de Montréal, Breitz's I'm Your Man is a tender farewell to a recently lost poet and musician, as well as a poignant celebration of late masculinity.
Presented in collaboration with the Goethe-Institut.
Ampel / Stoplight by Thomas Demand (Germany)
Animation video, 5', stereo, sound Tyondai Braxton and Leonard Cohen
November 9, 2017, until April 9, 2018
Musée d'art contemporain de Montréal
185, rue Sainte-Catherine Ouest
Montréal (Québec) H2X 3X5
Goethe-Institut Montréal
For more information, please click here:


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I believe your right, which is why all the negative press. Any press is good press
in cricket they get 2 challenges, it might be a good idea to have it, wouldn't want to cost a team a title because of a wrong call
That one call didn't help bit I don't think it changes your whole season.
You made it as far as you always do
Casual fans should stick with golf...Check your stats , attendance is up across the board . Baseball is very popular and replay won't kill the game, the price of a beer at the stadium might!I'm with you in sentiment Fore, the human element and all but this is a necessary evil, IMO They still have to hit, throw and run. Everything will be fine.39 days and counting....
I guess you didn't bother to read all the replies. Myself , I'm a hardcore baseball fan and I don't like golf or jackass posters
While you have your opinion. The umpires have not been over turning calls for reprimand. They are a union and stick together. While I don't believe this is done intentionally if there is any doubt they err on the side with the ump that made the call. Long games are the lack of defense or lack of pitching.
This is why I don't like "hardcore baseball fans" around me when I'm watching a game.
I am not in favor of the replay and the newer rules. The homerun replaying has slowed the game a bit but has been for just cause. No toes have been stepped on I welcome all opinions and hope you stick around and visit us also at the chat room.


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Some Ford models weighed down the automaker's results, including the Edge and Flex CUVs, which recorded sales declines of 21.8% and 32.2%, respectively.
Fusion deliveries in July jumped 12.1%, marking the car's all-time monthly sales record.
Ford posted a healthy 5.3% sales increase in the U.S. in July to 207,408 units, but officials spend much of the time in a conference call with reporters and analysts answering questions about whether aggressive incentives are what is driving results.
Erich Merkle, Ford's top U.S. sales analyst, downplays suggestions incentives deserve most of the credit, noting although overall spending is up $200 per unit compared with like-2013, average transaction prices rose $800.
"What that would likely imply is there may be a richer mix out there for some of the products," he says. "The utility segment is doing well with tremendous pricing power, but some segments, like cars, demand is weaning, because the market is shifting toward utilities, particularly small utilities."
Passenger vehicles have fallen into a negative-pricing environment, with ATPs down $100 vs. year-ago, Merkle says. But ATPs for utilities are up $300, while pricing in the fullsize pickup segment is up $3,000.
Ford's incentive spend for July rose $400 from last year and $175 from June. ATPs dipped about $170, but most of that reduction came from having to incentivize cars to keep pace with the rest of the industry.
"It's very competitive in the car segment, and we're not any different," Merkle says. "We have to compete."
Fusion ATPs slid $1,000 from year-ago, but still remain at the upper level of the industry pricing band, he says. Fusion deliveries in July jumped 12.1% to 23,942, marking the car's all-time monthly sales record.
"Fusion retail sales were up in every region of the country," says John Felice, Ford vice president-U.S. Marketing, Sales and Service. "In the West, (retail deliveries) were up 24%, and in markets such as California they were up 26%, while in Seattle they were up 34%. Fusion continues to drive sales and conquests."
Despite flat incentive spends, Escape sales rose 14.2%, while Explorer and Expedition SUV deliveries soared 29.7% and 53.1%, respectively.
Felice says the shift away from cars to SUVs likely is the result of customers taking advantage of the rising fuel economy of utility vehicles.
Ford F-Series sales in July were up a scant 0.33% compared with like-2013 to 59,181. The flat sales result from carefully managed F-150 inventory as Ford makes the transition from the current model to the all-new aluminum-intensive '15 version debuting later this year.
"F-Series availability has tempered the sales pace, but we continue to see healthy demand," Felice says.
While many of Ford's top volume products recorded a solid July, some models weighed down the overall sale results. Edge deliveries toppled 21.8% to 8,564, while Flex sales crashed 32.2% to only 1,895 units.
Merkle does not address the poor performance of individual models, but notes Ford's overall July sales were tempered by an effort to reduce rental-fleet deliveries.
In July, Ford's overall fleet deliveries accounted for 24% of total sales, but just 4% of total deliveries were to daily rental companies. In comparison, in July 2013, total fleet sales were 22%, with 5% of total deliveries to rentals.
The Lincoln luxury division enjoyed a solid month, with July deliveries rising 9.3%. Sales of some key models declined, however, with the MKZ midsize sedan off 4.9% to 2,776 units, and the MKS fullsize sedan plunging 50.9% to 530.
Felice says Lincoln is in the early stages of its revival, and points to the 1,534 deliveries of the all-new MKC small CUV in July as a positive sign. The MKC remains in ramp-up mode with limited availability on dealer lots, and its marketing campaign is not scheduled to launch for another month.
"Early indications are the MKC is going to meet or exceed expectations," he says. "Dealers are excited about more stock because it is turning in just 11 days."
Ford ended July with 613,000 light vehicles in inventory, including 126,000 utility vehicles, 312,000 trucks and 175,000 cars, equating to 75 days' supply overall.


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Rough House connects individuals and communities through art that celebrates the weird things that make us unique, and the weirder things that bring us together.
We create theater that captures the heart through the eye. Our shows use puppetry, music, and human performance to tell stories that are intimate, strange, and sincere.
Rough House has headlined the National Puppetry Festival, the international Physical Festival Chicago, and Open Eye Figure Theater's Toy Theater After Dark Festival. The company has been a proud contributor to such Chicago institutions as Brain Frame and the Chicago International Puppet Theater Festival, of which it is a curatorial producing partner. Rough House has toured across the United States, performing in auditoriums, lotion factories, funeral homes, basements, bars, galleries, punk houses and even the woods of Appalachia.
Kay Kron (Company Member) is an actor and poet hailing from Colorado. Chicago credits include The Hammer Trinity, (The House Theatre of Chicago);Peter Pan (Lookingglass Theatre); A Snowy Day with Beatrix Potter (Chicago Children's Theatre); Hot Georgia Sunday (Haven Theatre, directed by Marti Lyons); Into the Uncanny Valley and Sad Songs for Bad People (Rough House); Or, (Caffeine Theatre, Theater on the Lake); and several Redmoon spectacle events. As a writer, she co-authored and devised Constance and the Perpetual Motion Machine (Rough House), Dis-Replacement, Winter Pageant 2013, Dia De Los Muertos Sinfonietta (at the CSO), and Devil's Cabaret(Redmoon). She holds a BFA in Acting from DePaul University where she is once again enrolled in pursuit of her Masters in Nonprofit Management.
Mike Oleon (Founding Artistic Director) is a puppeteer, director and designer from California. He studied musical theater at UCLA. He co-founded Rough House, and co-curates the Nasty Brutish & Short: A Puppet Cabaret at Links Hall for which he curated a whole lot of puppetry for the inaugural Chicago International Puppet Theater Festival. He has worked with Redmoon, Blair Thomas & Company, and the guy who plays Snuffleupagus. See his stuff at mikeo.net
Claire Saxe (Managing Artistic Director) used to live in a little house on an English hillside with a peacock named Tad. More recently, she's been spending her time in theaters and classrooms in and around Chicago. Prior to the tour of Sad Songs, Claire appeared as Lydia in the U.S. premier of Martyr (Steep Theater). Previous Chicago credits include Sylvia in Who Rowed Across Oceans (Lost Compass, Edinburgh Fringe Festival), Amy in The Cookie Play (Broken Nose's "Bechdel Fest"), Imogen in the world premier of Ephebophilia (The Phebe Project), Anne in The Diary of Anne Frank (Steppenwolf, 2007 Jeff Nominee), Nora in Constance and the Perpetual Motion Machine, and Puppytron in Into the Uncanny Valley (Rough House). In 2012, Claire received her MA in Directing and Actor Training from the University of Exeter, UK. When she's not teaching, making theatre or oggling puppets…never mind. She's pretty much always doing one of those three things.
Grace Needlman is a collaborative artist, educator, and curator. Her mask and puppet designs have appeared in Chicago productions at Chicago Children's Theatre, First Floor Theater, the Actor's Gymnasium, and Redmoon. She has exhibited across the US, UK, Finland, and India. As a teaching artist, Grace asks questions and designs experiences that explore art in society, participation and invitation, and the museum. She is an artist guide and the co-lead artist of the Teen Creative Agency (TCA) at the Museum of Contemporary Art Chicago. Grace graduated with a MA in Contemporary Art Theory from Goldsmiths, and a BA in fine art from Yale.
Maddy Low is performer, puppeteer, teaching artist, and costume craftsperson native to Chicagoland. Past Rough House credits include Sad Songs for Bad People (Debbie), Cicada Summer (workshop), and Ubu the King (costume designer). Her object performance work has been seen around the city at Salonathon, Mixtape, Nasty, Brutish and Short, many bars, and even some theaters. She is pleased as punch to a Rough House artistic associate and co-curator of Nasty, Brutish and Short!
Fletcher Pierson is a storymaker living in Chicago, IL, just getting started with puppetry. He has recently worked as the assistant director for Rough House's critically acclaimed Ubu the King and Beyond this Point's ?corporel, and is Rough House's apprentice. Fletcher has trained with Rough House, Walkabout, The Artistic Home, and Tara Branham. His current inspiration and creative goals stem from beast myths, ghost stories, and the human need to journey. Fletcher's upcoming projects include the workshopping of a living-room based puppet show and research for a site-unspecific puppet tour.


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In fight to retake Mosul, some fear Syrian refugee funding might fade as focus shifts to internally displaced Iraqis.
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BAGHDAD (Reuters) - Iraqi forces may face a big battle near Baghdad before they can try to retake the Islamic State stronghold of Mosul: Falluja, a long-time bastion of Sunni Muslim jihadists at the capital's western gates.
Even as battle plans are laid to retake the Iraqi city of Mosul from Islamic State militants, questions remain about what will come next. Continue reading ? The post U.S. sends more troops to Iraq to retake Mosul appeared first on P...
Baharka IDP camp, Iraq, holds over 1,000 displaced Iraqi families. However in one small section, 18 Palestinian refugee families currently reside. Their displacement began 67 years ago with the Nakba, and has continued to 2015 - all...
Iraqi Kurdish forces pause advance 30 km east of Mosul as Iraqi army presses ahead with next stage of operation.
Taking back Mosul could displace up to 1 million Iraqis, creating a new refugee crisis.


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what is robert frost's philosophy in the poem 'road not taken'?
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In "The Road Not Taken," Frost's philosophy is that the road he took has made all the difference. He did not take the other road. And while he may be telling his story with a sigh at not having taken the other road, he is satisfied with his choice, claiming it has made all the difference.
Frost took the road less traveled by. He chose to be a unique individual, a nonconformist. He took the road that was less popular. He chose to strike out on his own. He chose to be separate from the others. His philosophy is that he may have regrets, but all in all, he feels he made the right choice and claims that the road less traveled by has made all the difference in his life.
"Long [he] stood" at the place where "two roads diverged." And sorry that he could not take both roads, he took the other road.
Two roads diverged in a yellow wood,
And sorry I could not travel both
And be one traveler, long I stood
And looked down one as far as I could
To where it bent in the undergrowth;
Then, he took the road less traveled by. And though he shall be telling this with a sigh, he feels confident that he took the road that has made all the difference:
I shall be telling this with a sigh
Somewhere ages and ages hence:
Two roads diverged in a wood, and I,
I took the one less traveled by,
And that has made all the difference.
PHILOSOPHY----Human life is such a complex web of events and relationships that it becomes almost impossible to predict the far reaching consequences of our actions. A small change at one place in a complex system can have large effects elsewhere, says the butterfly effect. So, is it really possible for us to forsee what would have happened if we would have follwed the road not taken?
And if it is not really possible to anticipate the outcomes of the road, is it even worth our time to contemplate the possibilities?
Once the choice is made, it is made(unless we have an option to backout and start over). What then makes a difference is what we do on the road taken. As far as the "road not taken" is concerned, we'll never know...
Frost seems to be emphasizing that one should be aiming for something extraordinary, and that the decision that one makes can change their lives for the better. There's also a bit of carpe diem - seize the moment - as a theme in the poem. That if an opportunity is availed to you, do not fail to accept it and try to move on with your choice and discard all thoughts of regret.
Many people have the idea that The Road Not Taken is a nice poem about being different and taking the road that no one else takes. About nonconformity, about being unique. However, if one of these ignorant people took one close look at the title, they'd realise they're wrong. This poem is called The Road Not Taken. Not, meaning the person in this poem didn't take a road.


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First South Asian to run for LT Governor NYS
Thursday, September 11th, 2014 @ 12:35AM
Sapient Party's press conference and rally was held Monday, September 8th, 2014 in New York City at South Street Seaport aboard the ZEPHYR sponsored and supported by many celebrity athletes and Jack Brewer Foundation.
This rally was in support of the state wide candidates for the newly formed Sapient Party. Candidates for the Governor Steve Cohn and for Lt. Governor Bobby K. Kalotee for the State of New York arrived together at the venue, to meet and greet enthusiastic cheering supporters. Once they made their way through the crowd on the boat they were welcomed by volunteers, friends and family.
With many celebrities in attendance, the kickoff event started by the host Jack Brewer, who is a former NFL player for Giants, Viking and Eagles. Some of the stars who were present from the; NY JETS Jeff Cumberland and Jeremy Kerley, NY Knicks Tim Hardaway Jr., Denver Broncos Darrell Reid and Philadelphia 76ers John Askew.
He introduced his friend for last 10 years, and now Lt. Governor candidate Bobby K Kalotee by saying, I am here to support Bobby and Steve because they care for all the people irrespective of who they are or where they came from. Jack said, "I have worked with Bobby on many charitable missions such as taking doctors to Central America, Haiti or Malawi to treat the undeserved population. We had also provided relief in times of disasters such as the earthquake in Haiti and floods in El Salvador and Guatemala".
Bobby thanked Jack, for his kind introduction and friendship. He also thanked other celebrities, supporters and volunteers who worked very hard bringing the Sapient Party to this success of being on the Ballot. Bobby said, "this is history in the making". He then introduced his friend for over 20 years and now running mate for New York state; Gubernatorial candidate Steve Cohn. They jointly discussed the platform of the party and how they can better serve the state of New York. They spoke about Sapient Party's principles and stressed the importance of the true belief in America and Americans first. Steve said that this platform of the Sapient Party will ensure a better today than yesterday, and we will make tomorrow the best. He wants New Yorkers to be able to get a better job and achieve the American dream. This is only possible, if all the New Yorkers who care for better New York and better America, come out and vote on November 4th on Row H.
Bobby added, that the Sapient party will be the voice of the people because we are inclusive of all not exclusive of any. He also mentioned when a voter chooses a public servant he or she should not become a public boss, because of the trust New Yorkers bestowed in them. The reality is many of our public servants become public bosses. They forget they made a promise to serve as a public servant.
Bobby and Steve's closing remarks were, "let us all work together so that we can make a difference for a better tomorrow for the state of New York. "The Party of Wisdom" people first.
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