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5G-ENSURE sets out to become the 5G PPP reference project for 5G security, privacy and trust. The 5G-ENSURE Security and Privacy Enablers are the major building blocks to achieve this goal.
- AAA – 5G-ENSURE will advance secure functions to support 5G use cases. Impact: 5G support for IoT and satellite systems. Trust and liability levels.
- Privacy – 5G-ENSURE will increase users' assurance and confidence in 5G through enhanced user data protection implemented with solutions at several layers. Impact: Creation of services and business models on top of 5G.
- Trust – 5G-ENSURE will deliver tools using new trust models, including M2M interactions. Impact: Trustworthy dynamic 5G multi-stakeholder system.
- Security Monitoring – 5G-ENSURE will focus on security by operations, i.e., monitoring and auditing 5G security. Impact: Resilient 5G system to implement new services.
- Network Management & Virtualisation Isolation – 5G-ENSURE will focus on a secure network control plane including virtualised networks and network services. Impact: Mitigate security threats in SDN.
|Short Description
|Partner and contact for external use
|AAA: Internet of Things (IoT)
|The IoT Enabler provides new definitions of protocols for credential management and authentication of users and devices, such as sensors, actuators, and IoT devices in general. The Enabler will look at the authentication of USIM-less devices, BYOi scenarios and group authentication as means to build specific support for IoT devices. Guide
|AAA: Fine-grained authorisation
|The goal of the fine-grained authorisation enabler is to provide a secure fine-grained access control to resource constrained devices. Access control paradigm based on RBAC and ABAC are taken into account by different standards and are common today. This enabler proposes to reuse these existing technologies for services and interconnected resource access control, with the constraints of these resources in mind. Guide
Thales Alenia Space
|Privacy Enabler: Enhanced Identity Protection
|The enabler aims to provide long term identifiers (IMSI) protection basically by means of asymmetric encryption techniques and use of dynamic random or pseudorandom pseudonyms instead of IMSIs. Guide
|Privacy Enabler: Device Identifier Privacy
|The enabler aims to provide anonymisation techniques on the user's device, offering Privacy Enhanced Attachment (PEA), which provides protection against device identity (and possibly also user identity) disclosure and unauthorised device/user tracking. Guide
University of Oxford
|Trust Enabler: Trust Builder
|Provides a knowledge base of 5G assets, threats and controls and a user interface to define a system, assess threats and choose controls. Guide
|Trust Enabler: Trust Metric
|Aggregates network monitoring data (related to trust) into a single trustworthiness metric. Focus is on micro-segmentation. Guide
|Trust Enabler: VNF Certification Enabler
|Provides a Digital Trustworthiness Certificate (DTwC) to certtify trust aspects of a VNF. Guide
Thales Group (TCS)
|The main goal of this security enabler is to provide pseudo real-time monitoring and threat detection in 5G integrated satellite and terrestrial systems. Guide
Thales Alenia Space
|Security Monitoring Enabler: PulSAR (Proactive Security Assessment and Remediation)
|The purpose of PulSAR is to provide a clear view on cyber attack's progression though attack graphs. Guide
Thales Group (TS)
|Security Monitoring Enabler: Generic Collector Interface
|The enabler aims to enable the interoperability between events and logs, in order to allow FastData technologies to be deployed inside the 5G Network. The enabler provides a unique format of log and events. Guide
Security Monitoring Enabler: System Security State repository
|Captures the system state in a model that can be visualised and analysed to understand what threats are present and check compliance with the design. Guide
|Network Management and VIrtualisation Enabler: Access Control Mechanisms
|Enforcement of access control policies that account for the southbound API of an SDN controller. A policy specifies which network applications, which run on top of the SDN controller, are allowed to send which OpenFlow messages to which data plane components. Guide
|Network Management and Virtualisation Enabler: Component-interaction Audits
|Verification (during runtime or offline) of the interactions between multiple network components (e.g., network applications, controller, and switches) with respect to simple policies about the components' exchanged OpenFlow messages. Guide
|Network Management and Virtualisation Enabler: Bootstrapping Trust
|This enabler addresses impersonation attacks on network components by attesting the integrity of network edge prior to enrolling them into the SDN deployment. Guide
|Network Management and Virtualisation Enabler: Micro-segmentation
|Network management enabler for single and multi-domain software networks that will facilitate dynamic arrangement of micro-segmentation, i.e., creation deletion, merging, and splitting of micro-segments. With micro-segmentation it would be possible to create secure segments where more granular access controls and stricter security policies can be enforced. Guide


text: Of course there are thousands of different types of spots that you can get on your carpet and to address them all would be impossible here. Therefore, we will address some guidelines common for all spots. Note that these guidelines are for spots not stains which cannot be removed by conventional means.

subset: commoncrawl


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The PwrBlade+ connector is a next generation AC/DC power distribution connector system for demanding applications requiring higher linear current density and low power loss. It is capable of 192A/linear inch with eight adjacent high power contacts energized simultaneously and ≤ 0.7mΩ power contact resistance after environmental exposure.
The PwrBlade+ connector builds on the PwrBlade® connector's proven technology but includes enhancements to achieve increased performance and density. It is rated up to 75A per power contact without exceeding a 30°C temperature rise in still air. This product features an innovative high power contact design and housing that allows higher current carrying capability in a more compact package.
The high power contact features an optimized beam design and material property enhancements that significantly increase linear current density making it ideal for next generation 1U/2U servers, storage enclosures, telecommunications equipment and datacom/networking equipment.
The PwrBlade+ connector also features a highly vented, halogen-free housing design, a low power contact option for applications with multiple voltages and lower power requirements and half-bullet guides for a reduced connector footprint.


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The Five Principles of Right Living
I shall fully explain to you the Self-knowledge together with Self-realization after knowing that nothing more remains to be known in this world (B.G. 7:02).
Sri Gita Mata of Sharda Ma Seva Sangh in Kullu outlines the right way of living and action as follows:
1. The aim of life is to see God.
2. The purpose of life is to abide by the truth.
3. The religion of life is to serve all humanity.
4. The ideal of life is to give up all vasana.
5. The gist of life is to love all.
These succinct truths are shared as guides as man(The term "Man" and associated pronouns denote all human beings regardless of gender, color, and age.) scrambles to balance a hectic life of work, family, and social obligations. There is no time to reflect over the fine points of dharma or sva-dharma. In adopting these five principles in our daily living we lead a life free from stress and enjoy an easeful relationship with all. Peace of mind is the supreme wealth of man and the five principles restore it.
1. The aim of life is to see God.
All the Vedas in unison speak of the one and the same goal of life. The little boy Nachiketa, in Katha Upanisad, pesters the Lord of Death, Yama, to tell him the supreme goal of life. Yama tries to entice Nachiketa into accepting wealth, kingdoms, heaven, beautiful maidens, and long life instead. However, the little boy remains resolute in wanting to know That which would impart permanent bliss and freedom:
"I tell you briefly of that goal which all the Vedas with one voice propound, which all the austerities speak of, and wishing for which people practice Brahmacarya: it is this, viz Om." (Katha Up. I.ii.15)
Om is Brahman. The simple reason for human birth is to realize the non-dual Supreme Reality or Self (atman) called by various names. God may be worshipped as formless (nirguna) or in His infinite forms as visualized by the worshipper. However, they all lead to One. Sri Krishna in the Bhagavad Gita proclaims that no matter how He is remembered all worship reaches Him:
"Whoever desires to worship whatever deity (using whatever name, form, and method) with faith, I make their faith steady in that very deity." (B.G. 7:21)
God or Self-Realization is the ultimate goal of human birth. In this Kali Yuga, it is easier to see God than in Satya Yuga where thousands of years of sadhana were required. In this age, merely taking the name of God, any name of Param Pita Parmeshwar, suffices to enlighten man.
2. The purpose of life is to follow the truth.
The Ultimate Truth is none other than God or Self. The Upanisads, similarly, speak of Brahman as the ultimate truth. The Brhadaranyaka Upanisad calls God the Truth of truth:
"As a spider moves along the thread, and as from a fire tiny sparks fly in all directions, so from this Self emanate all organs, all worlds, all gods, and all beings. Its secret name is 'the Truth of truth.' The prana (vital force) is truth, and It (Self) is the Truth of that." (Br. Up. II.i.20)
Similarly, the Chandogya Upanisad speaks of Brahman as the eternal truth:
"Absorbed in the Self, the sage is freed from identity with the body and lives in blissful consciousness. The Self is the immortal, the fearless: the Self is Brahman. This Brahman is eternal truth." (Chandogya Up. VIII.iii.4)
The simple fact is that there is no joy in the finite. Man is dissatisfied with the small pleasures eked out of sense objects. The infinite is the source of all joy and the ultimate Truth.
"That which indeed is the Infinite, that is joy. There is no joy in the finite. The infinite alone is joy. But Infinite indeed has to be sought after." (Chandogya Up. VII.23.1)
Furthermore, negation of this eternal truth is disquieting for man.
"Anyone who utters a falsehood dries up root and all…(Prasna Up. VI.1)
The Prasna Upanisad warns that actively disaffirming existence of God or Self is a form of violence towards oneself. Negating the presence of God (whether with form or formless) produces disquiet and discord at the root of our inner core.
3. The Religion of life is to serve all humanity.
Swami Vivekananda calls renunciation and service as the twin ideals of India. He asks that we intensify her in those channels and the rest will take care of itself. (Complete Works Vol. V p. 228)
What is the best way to serve all? The essential condition is to give up personal desires associated with any work.
"…So work, says Vedanta, putting God in everything, and knowing Him to be everything. Work incessantly, holding life as something deified as God Himself… God is in everything, where else shall we go to find Him? He is already in every work, in every thought, in every feeling." (Works, vol. II p. 150)
We realize that when man serves others free from personal desires, he serves God purifying his own mind.
4. The ideal of life is to give up all vasana.
The ultimate moral ideal of the Upanisads is complete self-abnegation, the utter renunciation of all selfish and personal desires. Swami Vivekananda speaks of the importance of renunciation:
"The essential thing is renunciation. Without renunciation none can pour out his whole heart in working for others. The man of renunciation sees all with an equal eye and devotes himself to the service of all." (Works, vol.v. p. 382)
To one in such a state of inner purity, there is no longer thought of 'me' and 'mine.' Isa Upanisad provides this blunt perspective on attachment since all belongs to God which man claims as his own in ignorance:
"Om. (Know that) all this—whatsoever moves on the earth—is enveloped by God. Therefore, find your enjoyment in renunciation: do not covet what belongs to others." (Isa Up. 1)
Sri Krishna advises Arjuna in the Bhagavad Gita that peace is possible only when all desires are given up.
"One who abandons all desires and becomes free from longing and the feeling of 'I' and 'my' attains peace. O Arjuna, this is the Braahmee or superconscious state. Attaining this, one is no longer deluded. Gaining this state, even at the end of one's life, a person attains oneness with the Supreme." (B.G. 2:71, 72)
Sri Ramakrishna Paramhansa sums up the teaching of the Bhagavad Gita in one word: tyaga, tyaga, tyaga. The only way to know God is to give up all vasana. Man makes the mistake of collecting pebbles in lieu of infinite treasure of bliss. When all selfish desires are abandoned, man becomes fit for Self-realization.
5. The gist of life is to love all.
"Love is the struggle of a human soul to find its complement, its stable equilibrium, and its infinite rest." Swami Vivekananda
In the Brhadaranyaka Upanisad, Rishi Yajnavalkya when departing for sannyasa wishes to make a settlement of his estate between his two wives, Maitreyi and Katyayani. Maitreyi wants to know if the entire earth filled with wealth were hers; would she become immortal by that? The prompt reply by the Sage is "No." There is no hope of immortality through wealth. Maitreyi, a serious spiritual aspirant, begs her husband to instruct her.
"He said: Not indeed for the love of a husband is the husband dear. But, for the love of the self is the husband dear. Not indeed for the love of wife is wife dear. But, for the love of the self is wife dear. …Not indeed for the love of all is all dear. But, for the love of the self is all dear." (Br. Up. II, iv, 5)
Clearly, our love for others is really a love for Self. This Self or non-dual Reality is the One consciousness pervading all. In ignorance, man sees himself as a distinct being from others. However, there is no real separation. True love is to know the Self, to know the Atman, that indivisible consciousness present in all. Isa Upanisad vouches that love springs due to an absence of hatred in a realized man who perceives Self in all and all in Self:
"He who sees all being in the Self itself, and the Self in all beings, feels no hatred by virtue of that (realization)." (Isa Up. 6)
Hence, it becomes evident that love for all translates directly into love for God.
In essence, all the five principles expounded by Sri Gita Mata converge and bring us to the same goal. Her teaching is quite simple. To strive to know God is the sole mission of human birth and for leading a successful contented life. It is not required to follow all the five principles together at the same time. As guided by individual inclination, it suffices to take one principle and follow it earnestly; the other four principles follow automatically in its wake.
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Kili is the Tamil favourite pet ... could it be that they like this animal so much as Tamils like also parroting very loud to each other ?
This Kili was very social, not that particular to sit even on his head :).
maybe an idea as New Years present for your wife, then she doesn't have to repeat herself twice before you listen .... :)
Protected by © copyright ® registration


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~Who I am.Shy guy. emo
Before I was always afraid to make a mistake. Thinking about what to say or what to do, but end up not doing any of it because I was afraid I will mess up. You could say "Forever Alone." That's how I thought my entire life was going to be. I don't even have many peers.
Coming out of my shell. biggrin
Now I don't care what other people think. If they think I'm weird or crazy, then I'm weird and crazy. Its better than being a "normal" person. I'm not a follower, I do whatever I like to do. I play games a lot but I'm thinking of limiting that and meeting new people. I used to dance but ever since I moved, I stopped dancing. Its boring dancing without a friend.
So, I live in Florida(Sunshine State). Its an alright place. I always sneeze when I look up at the sun whee . Anyways, that's I want to talk about. Thanks for reading? Why are you reading this? How did you find my profile? Where am I? Who are you?!
~Victor Huy Kim. mrgreen
~~~~~~~The Weirdo


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Las Vegas, Nevada 89130
United States
|Areas of Practice
|1) Probate, 2) Estate Planning, 3) Business Planning, 4) Taxation, 5) Liquor Licensing, 6) Guardianships, 7) Estate Administration, 8) Estate Litigation, 9) Wills, 10) Contested Wills, 11) Inheritance, 12) Living Wills, 13) Missing Heir Searches, 14) Successions, 15) Trusts and Estates and 16) Contested Trusts a
|California State University, Northridge (B.A., Eco
|Most recent firm
|Goldsmith & Guymon, P.C.
A. Harrison Barnes is a well-known attorney throughout the United States. As a member of the Malibu community, Harrison is committed to serving the needs of Malibu residents and businesses in legal matters.
Barton W.S. Bassett is the leader of Morgan Lewis's Tax Practice. Mr. Bassett's practice focuses on international tax planning for both the outbound operations of U.S. multinationals and the inbound operations of foreign multinationals.


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The Techno-Industrial Complex
Tape my head and mike my brain, stick that needle in my vein.
In 1868 Christopher Latham Sholes of Milwaukee, WI invented a typewriter that could be mass-produced and pitched it to Remington Arms whose sales had been slumping since the end of the Civil War in 1865. This began the age of the discourse machine gun which led to the current flame-launching reality of the computer keyboard. The first pure digital thinking machine was invented by Alan Turing, a gay rogue mathematician, in the 40s to decipher mechanically encrypted Nazi FM radio broadcasts that telecommanded the tanks, submarines and divebombers of the Blitzkrieg. From 1943 on Allied victory was assured as Turing's proto-computer had cracked Nazi broadcast code. Technology is created for war and major innovations require an all-out world war. World War 2 ended with three innovations: Turing's proto-computer, the V-2 rocket and nuclear fission. The second two combined led directly to the InterContinental Ballistic Missile, and NASA. In order to assure military communication in the event of nuclear holocaust the Pentagon added the first to the mix and created Arpanet that became the Internet. As our collective nervous system is transferred to the Internet's data banks and op systems in the form of two-bit digital code -that is unreadable to the naked eye- and new-age gurus herald a microprocessed democratic revolution in Wired! and Mondo 2000, we stand gaping as we realize that the Man, while giving us free reign with top-end software like WordPerfect and Virtual 303, maintains strategic control of the overall system through keywords like user-interface, user-friendliness and data-protection which obscure access to hardware, much like Hitler's analog encryption system attempted to obscure FM radio broadcasts to Panzers and Stukas. Indeed, Nazi Germany did not allow the sale of FM receivers to civilian markets until their encryption system was in place. In an eerie "control of the means of production" parallel that would have made Marx groan and Stalin jump for joy, the corporate government holds the ace in the hole. You see, Turing's thinking machine was 100% accessible and made no distinction between RAM and ROM yet your computer's op system is "user protected". Hardware is all that matters in the reality where we live and breathe and our connection to it in the realm of the PC is opaque. Meanwhile, kids become more and more like machines as they objectify the most sensitive parts of their bodies with technologically innovative piercings and tattoos; jacking their systems like nitrous-boosted hot rods, and Ollie North's children play war games on virtual reality simulations that are conveyed on a video screen that employs rapid fire dots to communicate an image much like telegraphed Morse code, itself a military by-product of troop and supply movement. Adolf himself commissioned the Volkswagen company, envisioning a low-cost vehicle that would resemble a beetle providing transportation for the general populous and civilian infrastructure for the glory of the Third Reich. The only person he respected enough to mention by name in Mein Kampf was Henry Ford of Detroit, MI whose cross of the biological form with the mechanical form found fruition in the Ford Motor Company – which produced the Model T and engines for Nazi trucks. Detroit, MI is also famous for techno music in which computer generated tones are combined with a set of wheels driven by a DJ, or disc jockey, ideally spinning in a warehouse, creating a uniform and repeatable sound that is the ultimate expression of interchangeable parts and mass production processes whose glory is rivaled perhaps only by Wagner. We can only hope that our present-day trusted beloved oh-so-hip chauffeurs aren't asleep at the wheel as they carry us through the long night at events with names like Pedal to the Metal, Proceed, and don't forget that ride on the magic bus–Even Furthur. War is a game of competing technologies whose final end is the existence of one society to the exclusion of another. I contend that the underground rave movement, true to its gay black roots, is fighting for life and freedom to live with nothing so base as guns. We go right for the balls. Remember, before Elvis, you couldn't dance unless you knew how. We are all in Elvis' army and we have bigger sound systems and better guitars and we know how they work. The air to surface battle of 1991, in which American hardware destroyed Iraqi hardware, proved once and for all the purpose of the cyber-revolution. And just as the Internet on its off time provides stimulating entertainment, CNN broadcasts of Operation Desert Storm rivaled the Super Bowl. This makes sense as a good show diverts attention from what's really happening; just as the War on Drugs of the late 80s successfully diverted attention from the true crimes that were running rampant, namely the Savings & Loan Scandal–itself a product of information (mis)management. Similarly, as Turing's digital thinking machine yielded a mainline to Nazi intelligence, a stepped-up and much-ballyhooed conventional intelligence operation was assigned the credit -thus camouflaging the true battle that was raging between digital and analog information systems. And just as blood and guts can help to obscure the true front, the bleeding-hearted war protester chanting "Burn Baby Burn" while rioting on Mifflin Street can play right into the diversionary theatre. The Third World War is a war of ideas with no distinction between civilians and military personnel. The Vietnam War ended with Americans pondering Zen and Vietnamese craving the Pepsi experience. War is education. Artists surf the waves of technology, embracing change while others hide from it. As change painfully dislocates us from life as we knew it, artists express it. As technology accelerates, the pain intensifies and we get Gabber that makes acid rock and the blues look like a cake walk. As they confront and grapple with possible futures and variations on basic themes, the artist can be likened to Military High Command as it plots out imaginary scenarios on a symbolic map with little tanks, flags, troop chits, etc. General Curtis D. Schleher wrote in his Introduction to Electronic Warfare: "It is a universally accepted military principle that the victory in every future war will be on the side which can best control the electro-magnetical spectrum." David Byrne of the Talking Heads said, "This ain't no party…" P.L.U.R.,
Mark Joseph
Brain Farm
I am indebted to Marshall Mcluhan, Buckminster Fuller, and Friedrich Kittler for these ideas.


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Open and accountable. It's how I live my life, it's how I run the Secretary of State's office, and it's how I will serve you as Governor of our great state.
It's simple: West Virginia taxpayers have the right to know how their money is being spent. Every single penny of it. We West Virginians work hard to earn a living, and it's time we had a government that works as hard as we do. But how do we know what the return on the investment of our tax dollars really is unless we can see that money at work?
That's why, as Governor, I will put ALL state government spending on the Internet in plain language so that you can do just that. Just as you balance your checkbook at home and keep track of your family's spending, when I am Governor, you'll be able to go online and see how our state is doing the same thing.
To build a stronger West Virginia, we must focus on creating good jobs, diversifying our economy, and lowering taxes. As we tackle these challenges head-on, we have to make sure that we're spending your hard-earned tax dollars wisely, and meeting our goals. West Virginia has so much potential, and I have high expectations for all of us.
As Secretary of State, I've made government much more open and accessible to West Virginia's small business owners. As a result of my efforts, in 2010 alone, the number of online filings by our businesses nearly doubled to more than 16,000. By putting information on the Internet and cutting red tape, I have made it easier for our small business owners to do business. And that's just what West Virginia needs.
Just as I expect openness and accountability from our state government, I also expect it of myself. That's why I've put forward my jobs plan for West Virginia, Innovation and Accountability 2020. I hope you will visit the issues page of this website to learn more about my plan to build a stronger West Virginia for generations to come. And most of all, I hope that you will reach out and share your feedback with me. Because I am running for Governor to serve you; this is your government, and I invite everyone to participate.
Source: http://natalietennant.com/media/natalies-blog/open-and-accountable-government/


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KRVE Morning Show Catch Up With Lazy Blogger
August 4, 2006 at 1:00 PM (PT)
On WEDNESDAY (8/2), CLEAR CHANNEL AC KRVE/BATON ROUGE, LA's syndicated morning show MURPHY, SAM & JODI mentioned a story about a MYSPACE member who was fired from his job for posting a blog with a minute by minute breakdown of how he did virtually nothing at work and still got paid.
The blogger heard the story on the morning show's affiliate KCHX/MIDLAND/ODESSA, TX and called in to give his side of the story. Since he was fired, he has received a better job with a $23,000 a year pay raise. Hear his story and his interview at www.murphysamandjodi.com.


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Social Justice and History Book Club
This book club meets the third Saturday of each month at the Genealogy & Local History Library, 401 State Street.
Ferguson's Fault Lines: The Race Quake that Rocked a Nation edited by Kimberly Norwood
April 15 (11 a.m.–1 p.m.)
All Our Relations by Winona LaDuke
May 20 (11 a.m.–1 p.m.)
Arab America: Gender, Cultural Politics and Activism by Nadine Naber
June 17 (11 a.m.–1 p.m.)
Freaks and Revelations by Davida Wills Hurwin
July 15 (11 a.m.–1 p.m.)
The books will always be available to read at the Genealogy & Local History Library and can also be checked out through one of the other branches or through our library system. Please let a staff member know if you need help finding a copy! This is an open book club, so you can register for individual book discussions or the whole series. Please register at 1-800-613-3163.


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The Sword & Sorcery genre of fiction has been around for the best part of 100 years now. The term was first used by Michael Moorcock in 1961 to describe the kind of fiction being written by the creator of Conan the Barbarian, (Robert E Howard), in the 1930s and other authors after Howard who developed sword-swinging characters who battled the forces of evil. These days, George RR Martin's Game of Thrones occupies the forefront of the genre, trailing a long list of also-rans and wanna-be's.
As an offshoot, there's also a genre which has been described as Sword & Sandal. These fictionalised accounts of ancient or biblical history were notoriously filmed in po-faced Technicolor by Hollywood in the 1950s, but in recent years, with advances in special effects, the film industry has reinvented the genre. Russel Crowe slaughtered the Roman Empire in Gladiator, Gerard Butler led the Spartans, and there have been many more. Biblical epics have also been retold (with Christian Bale leading the Exodus, Russell Crowe [again] as Noah, and so forth). Similarly, the Percy Jackson films have re-imagined the gods of Olympus, while elsewhere, the Titans continue to stalk the earth and Thor gets all moody with his mallet, Mjolnir.
So: millions of people are interested in a mix of ancient, medieval or dystopian worlds, which are interlaced with magic and/or the power of the gods. Interestingly, stories with a Christian dimension, whether they are set in the past or the future, seem generally to be classified as Fantasy. It seems to me that there is a 'missing' fictional genre and the phrase: Sword & Spirituality seems to fit the bill.
This is the 'genre' of my experimental novel: Kaleb's Testimony. The story is set in a post-apocalyptic future where the central characters are motivated not only by the challenge of their surroundings but also by their Christian faith. If the purpose of fiction is to both entertain and explore the central issues of life, it seems bizarre that so much fiction is 'faith-free'. While most people (including me) shy away from fiction which is simply thinly-disguised evangelism, surely there's a place for honest faith-reflection in the fantasy arena? It may be that other authors are not mad enough to mix zombies with Christianity (!), but I suspect that the lack of such fiction is more likely because publishers, when pitched the idea, ask: "But what genre is it?" And, when there is no reply, the pitch ends there.
Thinking it through, any work of fiction begins with the postulation: "If life were like this… then people would react like that…" So: if the world was actually post-apocalyptic; (without power, where machinery no longer worked, and where the few remaining human beings had fled into communities); then what would these communities be like? They would probably be similar to medieval villages. Add to this an external threat which would keep them within their settlements, (in this case zombies outside the walls), and it's easy to imagine that these communities would quickly become insular. And, if the world was actually overtaken by this kind of cataclysm, how would Christians react? What would their hermeneutic be? Which passages of scripture would make sense to them? How would they continue to connect with God? This is the world occupied by the Christian Oblate Zombie Hunters. It is, of course, complete fiction – but the characters who live in this fantasy world come from a real-faith direction and it seems to me that the genre is: Sword & Spirituality!
Kaleb's Testimony is currently under review by Kindle Press.
David Robertson.
The Sponge on the Cross
When Jesus was crucified, and close to death, he was offered a drink of sour wine – which may or may not have contained a drug. We know this.
John records that a sponge was dipped in this wine, put on 'a branch of hyssop', and offered to Jesus. We are familiar with the significance of this (the blood of the Passover lambs was smeared on the door lintels with hyssop: Exodus 12:22).
Matthew & Mark, though, record that the sponge was on a stick (Matthew 27:48; Mark 15:36). Is this significant in any way or just a record of what happened?
A few months ago, I watched a documentary about the Romans. There was even a section about Roman lavatories! They were communal and people sat in a line with a running-water gully in front of their feet. When they had relieved themselves, they dipped a sponge into the water and cleaned themselves. Their 'toilet paper equivalent' looked like this:
So – here's the thing. Who was standing at the foot of the cross? Not the disciples, or Jesus' followers, they were either long gone or standing at a distance (Luke 23:49). The people at the foot of the cross were Roman soldiers – and all of them would have had a sponge on a stick in their packs.
Is the sponge on a stick significant? Absolutely! The last thing Jesus did, before he spoke his final words and died, was to drink from that sponge. According to Matthew & Mark, Jesus' final action was, in every sense, to suck up human filth.
Have a Blessed Easter.
David Robertson
How TV Killed Church Leadership
I guess that I, along with many Church leaders, have been grappling with the subject of Church Leadership for a long time. Many churches have experienced numerical decline, but the lack of leaders is not just a facet of fewer people in Church. Amongst those who do attend, there seems to be a growing reluctance to 'lead'. Why? Many will offer complex spiritual reasons for the shift but I, in a nutshell, think it's TV.
Let me explain. Those of us who are approaching 60 years of age, (or are already in our early 60s) are the first generation in history to be 'TV children'. That is to say: TV has been part of our lives for almost as long as we can remember and, for many of us, it has been a constant companion. Does this matter? I think it does…
For the sake of simplicity, let's say that church leadership is made up of three generations: the retired, those of middle years and the young. In the past, a large chunk of Church Leadership was undertaken by the newly retired and, for most of my ministry, that has meant that a great deal of Church Leadership was done by first, my grandparents' generation, and then my parents' generation. My grandparents and parents, though, were not TV generations; they were social-group generations. In their leisure time they joined clubs and societies and they enjoyed holding 'rank' within them. When they joined churches, they brought the same attitude with them – they joined, they contributed and they sought to attain 'rank'. Now we all know that the seeking after rank wasn't always healthy, but the church had leaders – even if it wasn't always for the right reason!
What of my generation; the first TV generation? In our leisure time, we like to watch; we don't join – we observe. We also expect the programs to be made for us by other people and, if we don't like what's on, we just change channel. We don't explain why we do this, or write letters about it or discuss how the program might be improved, we just change the channel. Interestingly, over the past 20 years, our TV watching has been refined because the program makers have increasingly invited us to criticise (ie vote). So now we criticise as well as changing channel! I won't bother joining the dots between this attitude to TV and our attitudes to church – it's so clear I don't think it needs any further explanation.
My wife, Gill, also pointed out to me that for the last 10-15 years, with the introduction of digital TV, we record programs and watch them when we want to, not when they are broadcast. Presumably, with the introduction of YouView (internet catch-up TV), this attitude to TV will increase. Of course, when this attitude is transferred to Church it gives rise to individuals wanting what they want, when they want it, regardless of what anyone else is doing.
So, until now, the church has been led by the generations before us: the generations who came from a culture of joining, social interaction, contribution and a desire to attain 'rank'. People of my generation, though, and of the two generations 'below' me are TV generations. We observe, criticise, vote with our feet and increasingly expect what we want when we want it.
And where does this cultural shift come from? TV!
So – is there a solution? I don't know, but I do think that there are 3 possible directions in which to find one:
1) Be pro-TV. Collude with the culture. Provide the best, most professional 'show' that you can and attract as many passive (paying) observers as you can.
2) Be anti-TV. Make a stand against the culture. In the same way that previous generations stood against certain cultural norms, call people to 'TV-abstinence'. Insist on Christians getting rid of TV altogether.
3) Be of-but-not-in the TV culture. When it comes to Church, be collaborative and encourage the 'viewers' to become 'program makers'.
I have no idea how this will playout in the years to come but, when it comes to the Church of England, of one thing I am certain. In the past, the C of E relied on retired clergy to 'fill the gaps and prop up the system'. Previous generations, with their attitude of joining etc were happy to do this. I suspect, however, that we are now on the foothills a new generation of retired clergy who won't want to do this. They will contribute, yes, but they will not regard it as their task to keep the Church propped up. It is not, after all, their (our) culture….
David Robertson


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Happy almost-Friday!
I'm in Helsinki through the weekend for a Finnair press briefing (more to come on that in the days ahead) and have a browser bursting with great green stories.
• DIY canning fresh foods for winter: Yes we can!
A lot of people are harvesting their summer gardens ahead of the coming autumn, and here's a great resource for learning how to preserve and can your extra fruits and veggies.
• Extinction countdown: Toxic avenger: One man's desperate idea to save the rhinos — poison their horns
Ed Hern, the owner of a wildlife preserve in South Africa, thinks he has found a solution to the problem of rhino poaching — he wants to inject cyanide into their horns. While this won't harm the rhino, it would seriously hurt or kill anyone ingesting the horn in the form of traditional Asian medicines. Too far or just far enough?
• Chiquita launches bioenergy enitiative in Costa Rica
Fruit giant Chiquita is investing in biodigesters in one of their Costa Rica subsidiaries that will turn the peels and rinds of 320 million pounds of fruit into methane that will be used to create electricity to power their operations.
• New study weighs in on organic vs. conventional debate
A recent study shows that organic farming is better for the soil, for farmers and field hands, and for the nutritional value of the food.
• Feds warn residents near Wyoming gas drilling sites not to drink their water
Wyoming residents are being warned by the federal government not to drink the water coming out of their taps because of contamination from natural gas drilling.
• Scientists find evidence discrediting theory that Amazon was virtually unlivable
Conventional thought held that the Amazon rain forest was an uninhabitable jungle incapable of supporting anything more than small bands of people. Now scientists from the University of Florida think that the Amazon held massive settlements made up of hundreds of thousands of people.
• China blacks out towns to meet energy goals
Only in China. Entire towns are being cut off from electricity so that officials can meet their energy savings goals.
• What happens when you hang 100 $1 bills in a tree?
In this case, money really does grow on trees.
• Picture of the day: I think you're going to need a bigger bowl
Biggest. Goldfish. Ever.
Are you on Twitter? Follow me (@sheagunther) there, I give good tweets.
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Presupposition in Semantics Essay
Presupposition in Semantics
IntroductionPresupposition is originated in the field of philosophy and it was proposed by German philosopher Ferge in 1892. In the 1960s, presupposition entered the area of linguistics and became a significant concept in semantics. Later in the 1970s, Keenan introduced presupposition to the pragmatics to describe a relation between a speaker and the appropriateness of a sentence in a context (Levinson: 177). Hence, presupposition can be distinguished into two categories: semantic presupposition and pragmatic presupposition. This thesis is mainly centered on the exploration of presupposition in semantics from the perspectives of features and problems of presupposition. For the sake of searching for the solutions to the problems, the writer also brings two pragmatic theories of presupposition into discussion.
Part I. Two Approaches to PresuppositionIn the linguistics, two approaches to presupposition are semantic and pragmatic. Semantic presupposition views the sentence relations in terms of truth relations while pragmatic presupposition describes sentences as an interaction between individuals.
A.Semantic PresuppositionIn ordinary language, of course, to presuppose something means to assume it, and the narrower technical use in semantics is related to this (Saeed: 93). In semantics, the meaning of a sentence is based on the sentence itself instead of something constructed by the participants. The semantic presupposition is only concerned about the truth value of the statements. For instance,a)John managed to stop in time.
b)John tried to stop in time. (Suo: 130)In the example, sentence a) presupposes sentence b), that is to say, if it is true that John managed to stop in time, it must be true that John tried to stop in time. Meanwhile, if this proposition is false, the presupposition that John tried to stop in time still exists. However, only the truth of sentence b) doesn't tell anything concerning the result whether he stopped in time or not. Based on the analysis, we can draw a truth table for this presupposition:a bT → TF → TT or F ← TThis table is an overt description of the truth relations between sentence a) and b). If sentence a) is true, then its presupposition b) is also true. If sentence a) is false, then the truth of b) still survives. While if sentence b) is true, sentence a) can be either true or false. The interpretation of presupposition in semantics is on the basis of truth relations.
B.Pragmatic PresuppositionCompared with semantic presupposition- a truth-relation approach, pragmatic presupposition is an interactional approach in interpreting the sentence relations.
Stalnaker argues that presupposition is essentially a pragmatic phenomenon: part of the set of assumptions is made by participants in a conversation, which he terms the common ground (Saeed: 101). This common ground is the mutual knowledge shared by both speaker and hearer. For example, "I am afraid my car broke down." The presupposition of this utterance is that the speaker has a car, which is known to the hearer. However, if the hearer originally doesn't know the fact, on hearing the utterance, s/he can take it as a common ground for a further conversation. By virtue of context, appropriate presupposition will help the hearer understand the utterance of the speaker. During the conversation, both speaker and hearer are doing the turn-taking and they can depend on the former utterances to conduct a smooth communication.
By comparison of semantic presupposition and pragmatic presupposition, we can gain a better understanding of this notion applied in the linguistics. However, the focus of this thesis is on the presupposition in the semantics. Thus, the following parts will be concentrated on the semantic presupposition.
Part II. Features of Semantic PresuppositionIn semantics, presupposition possesses unique features: being different from entailment, presupposition is stable under negation. It is produced not only by the definite description, but also by presupposition triggers.
A.StabilitySemantic presupposition relies on the meaning of words and grammatical structures to describe the truth relations between sentences and these aspects don't vary too much from context to context. Hence, presupposition is relatively stable and it remains constant under negation of the main sentence. This feature of semantic presupposition makes a distinction between entailment and presupposition. For example,a)I borrowed my friend's bike today.
b)I borrowed something today.
If sentence a) is true, it guarantees the truth of sentence b), to be more specific, a) entails b). However, if we negate a) to form a') then it no longer entails b), repeated as follows:a') I didn't borrow my friend's bike today.
b') I borrowed something today.
If it is false that I borrowed my friend's bike today, it can not tell whether I borrowed something today or not. It might be true that I borrowed something instead of my friend's bike, but we just don't know.
In contrast, the presupposing sentence is constant even under negation, for instance,
c)My sister got married last year.
d)I have a sister.
The pre-condition of sentence c) is d), if c) is true then d) must be taken as a fact. In other words, sentence c) has the presupposition in d) and the truth of c) makes sure the truth of d) as well. If negating c) as "My sister didn't get married last year." The presupposition that "I have a sister" also survives.
This is the difference between entailment and presupposition, namely, the negation of an entailing sentence leads to the failure of the entailment while negating a presupposing sentence allows the presupposition to survive.
B.Presupposition TriggersOn the one hand, the existence of presupposition can derive from the use of a name or definite description. On the other hand, it can be produced by particular words or sentence constructions, which are called presupposition triggers. Karttunen has collected thirty-one kinds of triggers but in the following section the writer will mainly focus on four types of these triggers: factive verbs, change of state verbs, temporal clauses and cleft sentences.
To begin with, verbs like "regret," "deplore," "know" and "agree" are under the category of factive verbs, for they presuppose the truth of the complement clause. For instance,a)Martha regrets/ doesn't regret drinking John's home brew.
b)Martha drank John's home brew. (Suo: 131)Whether Martha regrets drinking John's home brew or not, it is a known fact that Martha drank John's home brew. The sentence a) has the presupposition in b). By contrast, no such presupposition exists with the non-factive verb like "think." For example,c)Tom thought that John was late.
d)John was late.
Sentence c) indicates that it is only Tom' personal opinion of John's being late. Actually, John might not be late and the truth doesn't reveal from the sentence itself. Therefore, sentence c) doesn't have the presupposition in d) due to the non-factive verb "think."Secondly, the employments of verbs like "stop," "start," "begin" and "finish" imply the change of state. Hence, these lexical triggers are regarded as change of state verbs, which describe the new state and presuppose the former state as well. For instance,a)John stopped/ didn't stop beating his wife.
b)John had been beating his wife. (Suo: 131)The verb "stop" means making something end and here if John stopped beating his wife, which means that he makes the action of beating his wife end. But if he didn't stop, the occasion of beating will continue to happen in the future. No matter what the situation is, sentence a) presupposes the fact b) that John had been beating his wife as the former state.
What's more, not only the lexical words trigger the presupposition, but also clauses like temporal clauses may produce presupposition. For example,a)Linda went to the supermarket before she met her friends.
b)Linda met her friends.
The temporal clause marked by the conjunction "before" shows that Linda went to the supermarket first and then went to meet her friends. In effect, sentence a) states the fact that Linda really met her friends. It is this temporal clause that ensures the truth of sentence b) and also triggers the presupposition in b).
Last but not least, syntactic structure such as cleft sentence can also act as a trigger for the production of certain types of presupposition. For example,a)It was the noise that annoyed me.
b)What annoyed me was the noise.
c)Something annoyed me.
In the example, the cleft construction in a) and the pseudo-cleft in b) share the presupposition in c). No matter how the sentence structure changes, the essence of the sentence remains unchanged. What sentence a) and b) intend to stress is that there is something annoyed me.
By means of the features like stability and presupposition triggers, the real intention of the utterances can be investigated. If the speaker changes the predicate "has" to "hasn't," or "does" to "doesn't," the presupposition for the utterance is the same, for presupposition is of stability. Presupposition triggers can be used as a tool to present the essence of the sentence, no matter what lexical words and constructions are applied.
Part III. Problems of Semantic PresuppositionIn semantics, this truth-based approach gives rise to problems for the presupposition, such as, presupposition failure, the defeasibility of presupposition and the projection problem.
A.Presupposition FailureOn the basis of truth condition, it has been taken for granted that a name or definite description being used refers to the existent entity in the field of semantics. However, if the named or described entity doesn't exist, it causes problem for this truth-relation approach, which is known as presupposition failure. The following example is by now the most discussed one in this literature:a)The King of France is bald.
b)There is a King of France. (Saeed: 96)According to the criterion of truth relation, no doubt sentence a) presupposes sentence b), if it is true that there is a King of France. But if there is no King of France, that is to say, the sentence b) is false, the problem is aroused, for it is uncertain whether this presupposition survives or not. Are the sentences like a) true or false, or just in a gray area, neither true nor false? This dubious situation for truth-based approach results in the truth value gap.
For such a problem, Russell offers a famous solution to make an analysis of this definite description as three expressions as follows:The King of France is bald is true if and only if:a)at least one thing is the kingb)at most one thing is the kingc)whatever is the king is bald. (Saeed: 97)From the Russell's analysis, we know that if there is no King of France, it leads to the falsity of this proposition that the King of France is bald. Thus, there is no gray area between true or false, no truth value gap. However, it seems to be too complex to employ these preconditions for the explanation of one name and it may cost great efforts to analyze the preconditions whenever meet with such kind of statements.
In comparison with truth relation approach, it may be less problematic for an interactional approach. During the communication between the individuals, whenever an unfamiliar name or definite description occurs, the hearer can interrupt the speaker so as to signal the failure of the conversation. For instance, the speaker says to someone, "Mr. Hong will invite us to dinner next Friday." If the hearer doesn't know Mr. Hong, it may cause confusion. As the conversation continues, the hearer can ask the speaker who Mr. Hong is. As for the speaker, s/he can take an immediate response to clear up the misunderstanding.
The presupposition failure in semantics results from the narrow question of the truth value of statements about non-existent entities, while in pragmatics, the attention is paid to the more general question of what conventions license a speaker's referring use of name or definite description.
B.DefeasibilityOne of the peculiar things about presupposition is that it is sensitive to context, either immediate linguistic context or the less immediate discourse context, or in circumstances where contrary assumptions are made. In particular context, the presupposition is cancelled and this phenomenon is known as defeasibility. Two factors result in presupposition cancellation: one is the linguistic context and the other one is background assumption about the world.
One kind of presupposition defeasibility arises in certain types of linguistic context. For example,You say that someone in this room loves Mary. Well maybe so. But it certainly isn't Fred who loves Mary. And it certainly isn't John . . . (We continue in this way until we have enumerated all the people in the room). Therefore no one in this room loves Mary. (Suo: 135)In the example, each of the cleft sentences (it certainly isn't Fred, etc.) are supposed to presuppose that there is someone in this room who loves Mary, for presupposition is constant under negation. However, the speaker intends to persuade the hearer that there is no one in this room who loves Mary by ruling out the possibilities. Therefore, the presupposition that someone in this room loves Mary is defeated in this counterfactual assumption.
Here is another example of the same kind:a)John didn't manage to pass his exams.
b)John tried to pass his exams.
c)John didn't manage to pass his exams. In fact he didn't even try.
Sentence a) has the presupposition in b), but if put a) into such a statement as c), the prior presupposition is abandoned. Without knowing the real fact, if someone makes the utterance that John didn't manage to pass his exams, it may leave the hearer an impression that at least once he tried to pass his exams. On hearing the fact the hearer will know John's failure for the exams is due to his lack of efforts in his study. Thus, the presupposition can be cancelled within certain contexts.
The other kind of presupposition defeasibility is caused by our general knowledge of the world. For instance,a)She cried before she finished her thesis.
b)She finished her thesis. (Saeed: 187)As mentioned above, the temporal clause functions as a trigger for the presupposition. Sentence a) with before-clause presupposes that indeed she finished her thesis. However, if the verb in the main clause is changed to "die," the situation will be totally different. For instance,c)She died before she finished her thesis.
d)She finished her thesis. (Saeed: 187)Since her death preceded the event of finishing her thesis, it is certain that she never finished the thesis. It is common sense that people do not conduct things after they die. Even if sentence c) is expressed with before-clause, it doesn't have the presupposition in d). As a result of background belief in the real world, the previous presupposition that she finished her thesis is blocked in this context.
C.Projection ProblemLangendoen and Savin suggest that the set of presuppositions of the complex whole is the simple sum of the presuppositions of the parts, i.e. if S0 is a complex sentence containing sentences S1, S2, . . . Sn as constituents, then the presuppositions of S0 = the presuppositions of S1 + the presuppositions of S2 . . . + the presuppositions of Sn (Levinson: 191). For example,S0: John stopped accusing Mary of beating her husband.
S1: John accused Mary of beating her husband.
S1′: John judged that it was bad for Mary to beat her husband.
S2: John stopped doing it.
S2′: Before time T, John did it. (Suo: 136)In the example, sentence S0 is the complex sentence including two parts S1 and S2, to be more specific, from the statement that John stopped accusing Mary of beating her husband, two meanings can be interpreted: one is that John accused Mary of beating her husband and the other one is that John stopped doing it. The presupposition of S1 is S1′, namely, S1 presupposes that John judged that it was bad for Mary to beat her husband. While S2 has the presupposition in S2′, that is to say, S2 presupposes that before time T, John did it. Thus, the presuppositions of S0 are the presupposition of S1 plus the presupposition of S2.
As a matter of fact, this simple solution to the presuppositions of complex sentences is far from correct and it turns out to be impossible to take it as a formula. By using this solution, it is difficult to predict exactly which presuppositions of the parts survive in the whole presupposition of the complex sentences. This compositional problem is called the projection problem for the presuppositions.
The projection problem in the presuppositions has two aspects: on the one hand, presuppositions remain in the linguistic context while entailments disappear. On the other hand, presuppositions are cancelled in certain contexts where entailments survive.
The first aspect of the projection problem is the survival of presuppositions and cancellation of entailments in the same context. As mentioned above, negation is a typical example for the distinction between presupposition and entailment, for presupposition is stable under negation while entailment isn't. However, there are other situations in which presupposition remains and entailment disappears. For instance,a)Mr. Brown bought four books.
b)There is a Mr. Brown.
c)Mr. Brown bought three books.
d)It is possible that Mr. Brown bought four books.
e)Mr. Brown could have bought four books.
In this example, sentence a) presupposes sentence b) and entails sentence c). If it is true that Mr. Brown bought four books, the precondition for this proposition that there is a Mr. Brown must also be true. And if he already bought four books, he is supposed to have bought three books. However, when the modal operators or modal verbs are embedded in the original statement, the entailment of a) disappears while the presupposition b) still exists. Because modal operators like "possible," "probable" and modal verbs like "could," "should" are considered to be a kind of conjecture. The employments of them reveal speaker's uncertainty about his utterances.
Another situation of the same kind is the compound sentences formed by the connectives "and," "or," "if . . . then" and what not. For instance,a)The two students handed in the homework late again this Monday.
b)A student handed in the homework late this Monday.
c)The two students handed in the homework late before.
d)If the two students handed in the homework late again this Monday, their teacher will get angry.
The adverb "again" applied in the sentence a) presupposes that the two students handed in the homework late before. If two students handed in the homework late, it must entail that one of them handed in the homework late. Thus, sentence a) presupposes c) and also entails b). However, if sentence a) is embedded in a complex sentence like d), the utterance a) can only be regarded as an assumption in the complex whole. Hence, the former entailment is abandoned in the new compound sentence but the presupposition that they did before still survives.
The other aspect of the projection problem is that presupposition is blocked while entailment still exists in certain contexts. If the predicates of the utterances are the verbs of propositional attitude such as "want," "believe," "imagine," "dream" and the like, the blocking of presupposition appears to take place. For instance,a)Tom believes he's the president of America.
b)There is a present president of America.
In this example, sentence a) entails that Tom believes something, but it doesn't have the presupposition that there is a present president of America. The verb like "believe" is only a non-factive verb, which doesn't ensure the truth of its complement. Moreover, the employment of it will leave the hearer an impression that what the speaker says is just a personal opinion. Thus, the presupposition is blocked because of the verb "believe."Another example is given as follows:a)I dreamed that I was a German and that I regretted being a German.
b)I was a German.
In the sentence a), the speaker doesn't shoulder the responsibility of uttering it by employing the verb "dream." The application of "dream" indicates that this utterance can not be taken seriously as a fact. However, sentence a) still entails that "I dreamed something," but doesn't presuppose that "I was a German." In such a situation, the complex sentences with certain verbs of propositional attitude block their presuppositions but maintain the entailments.
By means of analyzing the problems of presupposition in the field of semantics, we can draw a conclusion that this truth relation approach is far from adequate to describe the relationships between presupposing and presupposed sentences. Admittedly, the issue of presupposition is not only being discussed in semantics but also in the pragmatics.
Part IV. Pragmatic Theories of PresuppositionAs for pragmatic presupposition, various theories have been put forward by linguists such as Stalnaker, Gazdar and what not. Among these theories, two of them are the most developed theories that deal with the defeasibility and the projection problems. Both theories assume that presuppositions are part of the conventional meaning of expressions, instead of semantic inference.
The first theory has been developed by Karttunen and Peters, which is expressed in the framework of Montague grammar. In the Montague grammar, clauses are built up from their constituents from the bottom up rather than from the top down as in transformational generative grammar (Levinson: 207). The basic idea in this theory is that sentences are built up from their components and the meanings conveyed in these sentences are subject to the words, clauses and so on, but in the presuppositions, meanings are associated with these triggers. According to Karttunen and Peters' theory, presuppositions are actually non-cancellable.
The meaning expressions that capture the presuppositional content of each presupposition-triggering item will be related with each constituent a heritage expression. If there is a predicate like propositional attitude verb, it will have a heritage expression that blocks the presuppositions ascending to be presupposition of the whole sentence. In such circumstances, presupposition isn't in fact cancelled, but it is blocked during the process of derivation by the heritage expression. For example,a)Bush thinks that Kerry's attitude about terrorism is dangerous.
b)Kerry has an attitude about terrorism.
The subordinate clause of sentence a) presupposes that Kerry has an attitude about terrorism. However, the verb "think" has the heritage expression which prevents this presupposition from being the presupposition of the whole.
The other theory is proposed by Gazdar, in which presuppositions are actually cancelled. At the early stage of derivation, the presuppositions of any complex sentence will consist of all the potential presuppositions of the parts. Then a canceling mechanism will begin to work and it only selects these presuppositions which are consistent with all the propositions already in the context. In this theory, the generations of presuppositions adhere to a special order: first the entailments of what are said are added to the context, then the conversational implicatures, and only finally the presupposition (Levinson: 213). In each step, these presuppositions that contradict the former propositions will be eliminated through selection and only the ones being consistent with them will survive. For example,a)If there is a King of France, the King of France doesn't any longer live in Versaills.
b)The speaker knows that there exists a King of France.
c)It is consistent with all the speaker knows that there is not a King of France. (Suo: 143)In the sentence a), the clause that "the King of France doesn't any longer live in Versaills" has the potential presupposition in b). However, the conditional sentence a) entails that there is not a King of France. Based on the special order in Gazdar's theory, this entailment enters into the context before the potential presupposition. Hence, this potential presupposition is cancelled without entering into the context.
Although the two theories are opposing to each other, both of them offer an explanation for the defeasibility of presupposition and projection problem. However, even in the field of pragmatics, adequate solution to the presupposition is not obtained, which needs further developments.
ConclusionIn the field of linguistics, we can probe into the presupposition from two perspectives, namely, semantic presupposition and pragmatic presupposition. This thesis mainly focuses on the interpretation of presupposition in semantics. The writer introduces the features of semantic presupposition like stability under negation and presupposition triggers and then makes an analysis of the problems aroused by this truth-based theory such as presupposition failure, defeasibility and projection problem. To solve these problems, two theories concerning the pragmatic presupposition are discussed. Although both of them offer the explanations for the problems of presupposition, they are not considered to be adequate solutions. The further developments of presupposition rely on the complex interactions between semantics and pragmatics.
Levinson, Stephen C. Pragmtics. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Researching Press, 2005.
Saeed, John I. Semantics. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Researching Press, 2005.
Subject: Linguistics, Truth,
University/College: University of Chicago
Type of paper: Thesis/Dissertation Chapter
Date: 16 July 2016
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text: Hey everyone my is Brian I'am a student in college. i have applied for a part time package handler position a week ago got the interview the next day. during the hr interview she asked if i was a student and told me that i would be seasonal and if i worked hard during peak season, because i am a student they could possibly call me after peak season ends for a permanent part time Package Handling position. she asked if i had any felonies which i do not, then looked for an opening during the hours i preferred she said they had a couple openings for the shift and hub I originally set out for. Interviewer then told me exactly what to expect while working, i have prior years of experience picking, packing and shipping, loading etc. she then gave me my drug screen form a paper with the hub names and hours, along with a paper she that scheduled me for a processing class for the following week and gave me a slip of paper with the time of the processing class and it stated i had to have my drug test done by the next day and to bring two forms of ids i brought that day back with me the day of the class. i took and passed my drug screen did my fingerprint scan, filled out my forms for taxes and several other papers and gave consent for the background check. My question is she asked if i had felonies once again which i do not, but she did not ask if i had a misdemeanor which i do from 8 years ago when i was 19 i wrote a bad check i took care of it but it says on my background cold checks 2004 dont write any checks. well this keep them from giving me a position when i show up to my processing class in a couple of days?


text: Steve Smith Director, Board of Directors Steve Smith joined our board of directors in January 2013. Mr. Smith is currently Chief Executive Officer, President, and member of the board of directors of Equinix, Inc., the global interconnection and data center company. Prior to joining Equinix in April 2007, Mr. Smith served as Senior Vice President at HP Services, a business segment of Hewlett-Packard Co., from January 2005 to October 2006. Prior to joining Hewlett-Packard Co., he served as Vice President of Global Professional and Managed Services at Lucent Technologies Inc. Mr. Smith also held various management and sales positions during his 17 years with Electronic Data Systems Corporation (EDS), a business and technology solutions company, including Chief Sales Officer, President of EDS Asia-Pacific, and President of EDS Western Region. Mr. Smith serves on the board of directors of Net App, a publicly traded company. He previously served as a director of Volterra Semiconductor Corporation and 3PAR, Inc. Mr. Smith graduated from the U.S. Military Academy at West Point and holds a B.S. in Engineering.


text:
Moody's Investors Service on Tuesday upgraded PJM's and PJM Settlement's issuer ratings to Aa2 from their previous Aa3.
Moody's said the upgrades were prompted by PJM's financial performance, which has been stronger than the other regional transmission operators it rated. Moody's also said it considered PJM's breadth, depth, and essential nature of its function, as the operator of one of the oldest and largest electric systems in the country.
"I think the stability of our membership and their agreement with PJM's commitment to repay debt as quickly as possible are key factors in this step higher in the investment grade credit ratings," said Suzanne Daugherty, senior vice president, chief financial officer and treasurer. "The rating also takes into account our risk management guidelines, which provide collateral protection for the members' transactions on the system."
The rating reflects the robust and predictable nature of cash flows that are generated via tariff rates approved by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. That cash flow provides timely cost recovery as well as the funding of PJM's financial reserve.
For the past few years, the analysis pointed out, PJM has demonstrated cash flow credit metrics that are stronger than its RTO peers.
PJM's current tariff structure has been in effect since 2006 and includes a separate component for cost recovery associated with its advanced second control center (AC2) which, in 2015, brought its total service fees to about 33 cents per megawatt hour. The AC2 rider is scheduled to expire in 2018.
PJM's Finance Committee and Members Committee are currently working on a future rate proposal that is projected to provide PJM the resources to serve its members' needs and is equitable for members. The committees expect to bring it to the September Members Committee meeting for a vote.
As a result, during the fourth quarter of 2016, PJM expects to file with the FERC to amend its tariff structure to combine recovery of ongoing AC2 operating costs into its base tariff rates and to provide for future cost increases.
Moody's cited the anticipated revised tariff's ability to support the maintenance of an operating reserve and credit metrics at or above their current levels as another reason for the upgrade.


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AAA – 1st Anniversary Live -3rd ATTACK 060913- (a J!-ENT Music DVD Review)
January 10, 2009 by Dennis Amith
"Energetic! Emotional! If you are a fan of Attack All Around, this '1st Anniversary Live' concert on DVD is probably my favorite live DVD featuring the group!"
ARTIST: AAA (Attack All Around)
TITLE: AAA – 1st Anniversary Live -3rd ATTACK 060913-
DURATION: Disc 1: Approx. 134 Minutes, Disc 2: Approx 13 minutes x 8 shots
DVD INFORMATION: 16:9 LB for concert, 4:3 for disc 2, Linear PCM Stereo, Dolby Digital 5.1 Ch, Region 2
Released on January 1, 2007
COMPANY: avex trax
1. BLOOD on FIRE
2. Friday Party
5. Bomb a HEAD!
7. Yume no kakera
8. Kireina Sora [Acoustic version]
9. Deai no Chikara
10. Soul Edge Boy
13. Kimono Jet Girl
14. Let it Beat!
15. Hurricane Lilly, Boston Mary
(Original Long version)
16. Hallelujah
17. Champagne Gold
18. Welcome to This World
19. Bokura no Te
Duration: 13 min. x 8 shots
4:3, Region 2
Note: Multi-angle shots which you can select one of the members and just watch them perform the following songs:
1. Friday Party
Directed by Ippei Morita (Saloon)
Director of Photography: Terukuni Ajisaka
Produced by Noriko Kuwabara (COULORFIELD, Inc.)
Takahiro Nishijima
Naoya Urata
Misako Uno
Mitsuhiro Hidaka
Shinjiro Atae
Yukari Goto
Shuta Sueyoshi
Chiaki Ito
Missile Invasion: Ryo Owatari (Guitar), Yoshiyasu Hayashi (Bass), Hisayoshi Hayashi (Drums)
Originally featured on a PDF review on J!-ENT back in 2007, Reposted for the Blog:
I have to admit that AAA (Attack All Around) has become my top pop group in Japan.
One of the original draws to their music had nothing to do with the members because to tell you the truth, all I knew about the group back in 2006 was that one of the members (Uno Misako) would be appearing in the US version of the film "The Grudge 2". Also, that they had done a cover of two songs that I pretty much enjoyed and grew up with which were TRF's "Crazy gonna Crazy" and m.c.AT's "Bomb a HEAD!".
But what really peaked my curiosity of the group was three things: The first being that all their CD singles are budget-priced and are either Y1,000 (CD+DVD) or Y500 Y(CD). Their music is easily one of the cheapest CD singles to find in Japan.
The second, Avex Group President Max Matsuura's passion with the group and his continued support of a group that really hadn't broken into the top 10 at all. (Note: As of spring 2007, AAA has broken the top 10 and also the top 5 on the Oricon charts)
And last after watching AAA's "1st Anniversary Live ~3rd ATTACK 060913~ at Nihon Budokan", I saw a potential of this eight member group.
A hybrid pop group that would bring together a boy band and a girl band together, it was definitely a fresh and unique direction that avex trax was going with this Attack All Around (AAA).
Each member of the group has had an interesting life before they became members of AAA. May it be performing as a dancer for pop artists such as Ami Suzuki or Ayumi Hamasaki, acting and even modeling but in one year's time after multiple CD single releases, the group had their first major concert. Their first anniversary which took place at Budokan on September 13, 2006.
The group performed a total of 19 songs starting off with their debut CD single "BLOOD on FIRE" (theme song for the live film "Initial D") and followed with a Togashi Akio (m.c.AT) written song "Friday Party". So, many awesome performances which include favorites such as "Hurrican Lilly, Boston Mari", "Q" and many others.
I was blown away immediately because the men and women can both sing and dance. There is a lot of energy and excitement in their performance and they really fed off the audience. They are not the typical group that are pieced together because of their looks, these eight young men and women have talent.
Also, another interesting thing that I saw was that the group performed with a live band and one of the guitarists for AAA (for this concert) was Ryo Owatari (member/guitarist of Do As Infinity) and his band Missle Invasion playing the music for AAA. So, for a dance group, rarely do you see live bands performing but in this case, a live band performed throughout the concert. Pretty awesome!
I was quite familiar with some of the members involvement in theater and film, so included is a 15-minute or so play featuring all members. What was very cool is when they asked the audience to take out their cell phones and via speaker phone everyone played the "Friday Party" ring tone. I have never seen that done in a concert before.
The group then came out with their covers of "Bomb a HEAD!" and "CRAZY GONNA CRAZY" which got the crowd dancing. Another highlight from the concert was when each member sat down and sung an acoustic version of "Kireina Sora".
For the performance of "Soul Edge Boy", you can definitely see the male members vocal range and to give credit, Nishijima "Nishi" Takahiro can definitely sing!
Uno Misako and the others can definitely sing as well. But both Nishi and Misako do a great job being the most audible of the eight. One of the things that I also enjoyed about the AAA concert is although the stage setup is not super elaborate compared to a Hamasaki Ayumi or Amuro concert, the group doesn't rely on lighting effects or stage props to put on an exciting concert.
The group successfully makes it all up with small things integrated into their performance that makes it more exciting to watch. For example, for "DRAGON FIRE", the three women came out doing a Chinese inspired dance before the performance of the song. Another example is during the performance of "Kimono Jet Girl". While the girls were performing, the guys went towards the audience and interacted with them.
This is a perfect example of how a concert can be well produced without having an uber expensive budget for stage production and how success can be accomplished by well-done performances and a continuous, persistent interaction with the audience.
AAA does this extremely well.
As for the DVD, there are two versions. A version with only the concert on a single disc and the other that comes with a second DVD which gives fans a chance to focus on a single member of AAA during their performance of "Friday Party", "Q" and "DRAGON FIRE".
The video is featured in 16:9 LB. Video quality was pretty good with this concert and what I enjoy the most was the interaction with the audience. You get a good number of cuts from different areas of the venue fortunately. Audio is presented in Linear PCM Stereo or Dolby Digital 5.1ch. For the special multi-angle shots, video is featured in 4:3 in Dolby Digital Stereo.
The DVD does not include any special features per se but it does include the second disc which is the "Multi-Angle -8 Shots- Disc".
The insert features photos of each individual member and shots from the concert, production credits, etc.
All in all, I really enjoyed this concert.
The whole vibe of the concert was full of energy between the group and the audience that the whole atmosphere and experience made it exciting and worthwhile to watch. It definitely was a special moment in the group's lives and it was quite emotional as well. (Note: For more on how emotional concert this was, please check out the "Channel a x AAA" DVD.
Want to experience AAA and their music performed live? I highly recommend checking out their "1st Anniversary Live ~3RD ATTACK 060913~ at Nihon Budokan" DVD.
General Disclaimer:
J!-ENT has not received any compensation from the company for this post. J!-ENT has no material connection to the brands, products, or services that are mentioned in this post.
For Product Reviews:
For product reviews, J!-ENT has purchased the above product for review purposes or may have received one or more of the products or services mentioned above for free by the company which in no way affects our reviews, may it be positive or negative. We only recommend products or services we have tested/reviewed and believe will be good for our readers.
For Advertising:
Some of the links in our posts are "affiliate links." This means if you click on the link and purchase the item, J!-ENT will receive an affiliate commission.
J!-ENT is disclosing this in accordance with the Federal Trade Commission's 16 CFR, Part 255: "Guides Concerning the Use of Endorsements and Testimonials in Advertising."


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Chander Pahar
2013 Film
Chander Pahar is a 2013 Bengali film directed by Kamaleshwar Mukherjee and produced by Mahendra Soni and Shrikant Mohta under the banner of their production house Shree Venkatesh Films. Wikipedia
Initial release: December 20, 2013
Director: Kamaleshwar Mukherjee
Music composed by: Indraadip Das Gupta
Story by: Bibhutibhushan Bandopadhyay
Languages: Hindi, Bengali, English
Archive for the 'Animation' Category
Chander PaharSunday, April 27th, 2014
Chander Pahar
ProloySunday, April 27th, 2014
2013 Film
Proloy is a 2013 Indian Bengali crime thriller film directed by Raj Chakraborty, produced by Shree Venkatesh Films and Raj Chakraborty Productions, starring Parambrata Chatterjee and Mimi Chakraborty. The film's music is by Indradeep Dasgupta. Wikipedia
Initial release: August 9, 2013
Director: Raj Chakraborty
Music composed by: Indraadip Das Gupta
Production company: Shree Venkatesh Films
Producers: Shrikant Mohta, Mahendra Soni
Khoka 420Sunday, April 27th, 2014
Khoka 420 is a Bengali romantic comedy directed by Rajib Biswas. This movie is a remake of Telugu movie Brindavanam. The film's title flows on Dev's popular song of Khokababu. The film stars Dev, Nusrat Jahan, Subhashree Ganguly, Rajatava Dutta, Tapas Paul and others. The film was a critical and commercial success. and has been dubbed into Hindi as "MERE USTAD 420"
Directed by Rajib Biswas
Produced by Ashok Dhanuka
Eskay Movies
Written by Shayak Ganguly
Story by Pele
Starring Dev
Nusrat Jahan
Subhashree Ganguly
Music by Rishi Chanda
Savvy Gupta
Cinematography Shrisha Roy
Editing by Mohammad Kalam Khan,Saikat Sengupta
Distributed by Eskay Movies
Release dates
14 June 2013
Running time 166 minutes
Country India
Language Bengali
Mishawr RawhoshyoSunday, April 27th, 2014
Mishawr Rawhoshyo
2013 Film
Mishawr Rohoshyo is a Bengali adventure thriller film directed by Srijit Mukherji, based on the fictional character by Sunil Gangopadhyay. Wikipedia
Initial release: October 11, 2013
Director: Srijit Mukherji
Running time: 140 minutes
Music composed by: Indraadip Das Gupta
Story by: Sunil Gangopadhyaya
Rio 2Saturday, April 26th, 2014
All Genres:
Animation, Adventure, Comedy, Family
Release Year: 2014
Country: USA
Runtime: 101 min
Languages: English | Portuguese
Director: Carlos Saldanha
Tagline: He's villainous, she's venomous.
Writers: Don Rhymer (story), Carlos Saldanha (story), 4 credits »
Cast: Jake T. Austin
Carlinhos Brown
Kristin Chenoweth
Jemaine Clement
Jim Conroy
Rachel Crow
Bernardo de Paula
Nola Donkin
Jesse Eisenberg
Miguel Ferrer
Jamie Foxx
Pierce Gagnon
Andy Garcia
Jeffrey Garcia
Bebel Gilberto
Plot: It's a jungle out there for Blu, Jewel and their three kids after they're hurtled Rio de Janeiro to the wilds of the Amazon. As Blu tries to fit in, he goes beak-to-beak with the vengeful Nigel, and meets the most fearsome adversary of all: his father-in-law. Written by TWENTIETH CENTURY FOX
The Pirates! Band of MisfitsWednesday, March 28th, 2012
All Genres:
Animation, Adventure, Family
Release Year: 2012
Country: UK | USA
Runtime: 88 min
Languages: English
Tagline: Laugh your booty off
Cast: Hugh Grant … The Pirate Captain (voice)
Martin Freeman … The Pirate with a Scarf (voice)
Imelda Staunton … Queen Victoria (voice)
David Tennant … Charles Darwin (voice)
Jeremy Piven … Black Bellamy (voice)
Salma Hayek … Cutlass Liz (voice)
Lenny Henry … Peg Leg Hastings (voice)
Brian Blessed … The Pirate King (voice)
Anton Yelchin … The Albino Pirate (voice)
Brendan Gleeson … The Pirate with Gout (voice)
Ashley Jensen … The Surprisingly Curvaceous Pirate (voice)
Al Roker … The Pirate Who Likes Sunsets and Kittens (voice)
Mike Cooper … Admiral Collingwood (voice)
David Schneider … Scarlett Morgan (voice)
Tom Doggart … Additional Voices (voice)
Plot: After years of humiliation and failed attempts to win the coveted Pirate of the Year Award, Pirate Captain and his oddball crew take on the cream of the pirating crop – Black Bellamy, Peg Leg Hastings and Cutlass Liz – in a race to pillage the most booty. They soon cross paths with lovelorn scientist Charles Darwin, who persuades the Captain that the crew's prized 'parrot', Polly, could be the answer to the 'untold riches' they are searching for. Their adventure takes them to Victorian London where they meet Darwin's sidekick 'man-panzee' Mister Bobo, and the notorious pirate-hating Queen Victoria herself. It soon unfolds that Darwin's motives for helping the crew are not what they seem, and the Queen has an evil hidden agenda of her own. The Pirate Captain must choose between basking in the glory of being crowned Pirate of the Year, or staying faithful to his trusted crew. Written by Tom Add Synopsis Plot Keywords: Pirate London Cutlass Queen Victoria Charles Darwin See »
Dr. Seuss' The LoraxThursday, March 1st, 2012
All Genres:
Animation, Family, Fantasy
Release Year: 2012
Country: USA
Runtime: 86 min
Languages: English
Writers: Ken Daurio (screenplay), Dr. Seuss (book)
Cast: Danny DeVito … The Lorax (voice)
Ed Helms … The Once-ler (voice)
Zac Efron … Ted (voice)
Taylor Swift … Audrey (voice)
Betty White … Grammy Norma (voice)
Rob Riggle … Mr. O'Hare (voice)
Jenny Slate … Ted's Mom (voice)
Nasim Pedrad … Once-ler's Mom (voice)
Joel Swetow … 1st Marketing Guy (voice)
Michael Beattie … 2nd Marketing Guy (voice)
Dave B. Mitchell … 1st Commercial Guy (voice)
Dempsey Pappion … 2nd Commercial Guy (voice)
Elmarie Wendel … Aunt Grizelda (voice)
Danny Cooksey … Brett / Chet (voice)
Stephen Tobolowsky … Uncle Ubb (voice)
Plot: In the walled city of Thneed-Ville, where everything is artificial and even the air is a commodity, a boy named Ted hopes to win the heart of his dream girl, Audrey. When he learns of her wish to see a real tree, Ted seeks out the Once-ler, a ruined old businessman outside of town in a stark wasteland. Upon hearing of how the hermit gave into his greed for profits and devastated the land over the protests of the Lorax, Ted is inspired to undo the disaster. However, the greedy Mayor of Thneed-Ville, Aloysius O'Hare, has made his fortune exploiting the environmental collapse and is determined to stop the boy from undermining his business. Written by Kenneth Chisholm (firstname.lastname@example.com) Plot Keywords: Tree Cutting Industry Walled City Urban Sprawl Reforestation See »
Alvin and the Chipmunks: ChipwreckedWednesday, December 14th, 2011
All Genres:
Animation, Comedy, Family, Fantasy, Music
Release Year: 2011
Country: USA
Runtime: 87 min
Languages: English
Director: Mike Mitchell
Writers: Jonathan Aibel, Glenn Berger
Cast: Jason Lee … Dave
David Cross … Ian
Jenny Slate … Zoe
Justin Long … Alvin (voice)
Matthew Gray Gubler … Simon (voice)
Jesse McCartney … Theodore (voice)
Amy Poehler … Eleanor (voice)
Anna Faris … Jeanette (voice)
Christina Applegate … Brittany (voice)
Alan Tudyk … Simone (voice)
Michael P. Northey … Hawaiian Shirt Guy (as Michael Northey)
Sophia Aguiar … Club Woman #1
Lauren Gottlieb … Club Woman #2
Tera Perez … Club Woman #3
Andy Buckley … Captain Correlli
Plot: Playing around while aboard a cruise ship, the Chipmunks and Chipettes accidentally go overboard and end up marooned in a tropical paradise. They discover their new turf is not as deserted as it seems. Add Full Plot Add Synopsis Plot Keywords: Group Name In Title Name In Title Character Name In Title
Happy Feet TwoThursday, November 17th, 2011
All Genres:
Animation, Comedy, Family, Music
Release Year: 2011
Country: Australia
Runtime: 100 min
Languages: English
Director: George Miller
Tagline: Every step counts.
Writers: George Miller, Gary Eck
Cast: Carlos Alazraqui … Nestor (voice)
Lombardo Boyar … Raul (voice)
Jeffrey Garcia … Rinaldo (voice)
Johnny A. Sanchez … Lombardo (voice) (as Johnny Sanchez III)
Sofía Vergara … Carmen (voice)
Robin Williams … Ramon / Lovelace (voice)
Elijah Wood … Mumble (voice)
Pink … Gloria (voice)
Ava Acres … Erik (voice)
Benjamin Flores Jr. … Atticus (voice) (as Benjamin 'Lil P-Nut' Flores, Jr.)
Common … Seymour (voice)
Magda Szubanski … Miss Viola (voice)
Hugo Weaving … Noah the Elder (voice)
Brad Pitt … Will the Krill (voice)
Matt Damon … Bill the Krill (voice)
Plot: Mumble the penguin has a problem: his son Erik, who is reluctant to dance, encounters The Mighty Sven, a penguin who can fly! Things get worse for Mumble when the world is shaken by powerful forces, causing him to brings together the penguin nations and their allies to set things right. Written by Anonymous Plot Keywords: Penguin Sequel Antarctica Krill 3D See »
Arthur ChristmasFriday, November 11th, 2011
All Genres:
Animation, Comedy, Drama, Family
Release Year: 2011
Country: UK | USA
Runtime: 97 min
Languages: English
Writers: Peter Baynham (screenplay), Sarah Smith (screenplay)
Cast: James McAvoy … Arthur (voice)
Hugh Laurie … Steve (voice)
Bill Nighy … Grandsanta (voice)
Jim Broadbent … Santa (voice)
Imelda Staunton … Mrs. Santa (voice)
Ashley Jensen … Bryony (voice)
Marc Wootton … Peter (voice)
Laura Linney … North Pole Computer (voice)
Eva Longoria … Chief De Silva (voice)
Ramona Marquez … Gwen (voice)
Michael Palin … Ernie Clicker (voice)
Sanjeev Bhaskar … Lead Elf (voice)
Robbie Coltrane … Lead Elf (voice)
Joan Cusack … Lead Elf (voice)
Rhys Darby … Lead Elf (voice)
Plot: Arthur Christmas reveals the incredible, never-before seen answer to every child's question: 'So how does Santa deliver all those presents in one night?' The answer: Santa's exhilarating, ultra-high-tech operation hidden beneath the North Pole. But at the center of the film is a story about a family in a state of comic dysfunction and an unlikely hero, Arthur, with an urgent mission that must be completed before Christmas morning dawns. Written by Sony Pictures Animation Plot Keywords: Christmas North Pole High Tech Christmas Tree Arrogance See »


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Tuesday, 14 October 2008
Knife killer boasted of crime
Jonathan Kean aged 23 was jailed for life yesterday in Glasgow, for the murder of disabled Martin Broadley. Kean shouted "I'm Jocky, I've been on the telly, I've just murdered some guy" to a group of youths as he ran from the scene.
Lord Turnbull ordered that he must serve at least 12 years before he can apply for parole.
The judge said "You have pled guilty to a despicable act of violence perpetrated on an innocent and vulnerable man who was a complete stranger to you and for no apparent reason."
Ashley Edwards, prosecuting, told the court that Kean had a number of convictions for violence and possession of a knife.
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Ultra Sleek Back G-String . Invisible Back -Ideal to wear under tight fitting outfits .
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Washing Instruction:
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|Scaling the sea of HD
|Posted by: Digg on Feb 17th, 2006 4:25 PM
|A really good piece on video scaling: what it is, how it works, etc. Although this is written by a marketing manager, the concepts he presents are accurate and most of all, unbiased. It's a good read for all you HD nuts out there!
Read More


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John Watt's testimonial season functions will commence on September 26th.
It will be a chance for all of our academy kids, younger supporters, and not so young supporters, to have their photograph taken with John and receive a 7x5 autographed copy of the photo. Photographs will cost £3 and will be taken from 6:30pm in the social club by club photographer Derek Simpson.
Later in the year the new FCFC players collectors card featuring John will be produced as a souvenir special edition and will be made available, in the first instance, to those holders of the autographed photograph. Distribution may not be restricted to under 11's.
John's home shirt, which has been allocated to his testimonial committee, will be raffled at a cost of £10, and tickets will be available from the Crusaders game on September 2nd. A limited number of tickets will be made available for this raffle. The draw will be on October 18th at the Glentoran match and the winners name will be added to the club programme for the remainder of the season under John's picture.
On October 31st a Halloween fancy dress disco will be held in the social club from 7.00-8.30 for children and from 9.30 for adults. There will be an entry charge of £2 for the kids disco and £5 for the adult function.
A poker classic evening to be arranged for a Friday evening in late November. Details to be advised later.
A John Watt life and times quiz hosted by Hunter McClelland in will be held in February 2015. Final date and venue to be confirmed most likely in the Social Club. This will be centred around John's Coleraine career to date.
A golf day at Portstewart Town course will hopefully be confirmed for March 2015.
Meanwhile, the Bannsiders are once again running their popular shirt sponsorship scheme for the 2014/15 season.
The scheme, which will be launched at 9.30am on Wednesday 10th September, offers supporters the chance to own an authentic match-worn shirt (home or away) from a first-team player of their choice. The scheme has been timed to allow finalizing of the squad following closure of the transfer window.
Shirt sponsors receive an invitation to an end-of-season presentation evening (including complimentary buffet) in the Coleraine FC Social Club, where they will be presented with their shirt by the sponsored player. In addition, they will have their name displayed in the club's official match day programme and on www.colerainefc.com throughout the season.
It costs £60 to sponsor a shirt and they can only be reserved by contacting the CFC General Manager via phone (028 70353655) during office hours (9.30am to 1pm) or email ( email@example.com from Wednesday 10th September to Friday 12th September. Where multiple requests for particular player shirts are received the applicants' names will be entered into an independent draw with successful shirt sponsors displayed on www.colerainefc.com from Saturday 13th September. From this point on available shirts will be allocated on a first-come first-served basis.
Payment may be made via the Coleraine FC Office or Club Shop and must be received by 5pm on Saturday 20th September (cheques made payable to Friends of Coleraine FC) in order to secure the shirt. If payment is not received prior to this deadline, the shirt will be made available to other fans.
The winning numbers in this week's lotto were 8, 13, 19 and 21. There was no winners. The £50 winner was J Wright, Coleraine. The £25 winner was Lisa Walch Portrush.
Tickets are still available for this Friday's Garth Brooks Tribute concert in the Social Club.


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By default Backblaze does not have any file size restrictions:
Backblaze prioritizes smaller files, and uploads larger files later. This might explain why it seems that Backblaze was uploading multiple files faster before, and now uploads less files slower. To avoid needlessly hogging your bandwidth Backblaze will only upload files larger than 30MB once every 48 hours.
Once a file has been uploaded, modifications to the file will be handled differently depending on the file size and structure.
- If a file is under 30MB, the whole file will be reuploaded when it is changed.
- If it is over 30MB, the file is broken into 10MB chunks to be uploaded.
- If the file simply has data added to the end of the file, only the last chunk will be reuploaded. If data is entered into the middle of the file, every chunk after that point will need to be reuploaded, because the data has been pushed back and each following block changed.
If you have extremely large files that are slowing down your backup, you may want to consider excluding the large files from backup.


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The Social Commerce Breakdown – Can Shares Drive Sales?
The real question is, can social media shares drive online sales? Looking at the latest study from AddShoppers proves the answer is yes; Social Commerce is a revenue driver.
They Analysed over £3M worth of eCommerce transactions influenced by their platform and showed some interesting results.
As you can see below, the average sharer is a male, aged between 25-34 who is based in the USA, using Facebook as their main networking platform. This share value is worth £1.34.
As some of you may know from my presentations at trade shows, I have talked about a Twitter share being worth £21.04 which is indeed, another fact. Don't be confused by the two numbers being so different, the higher share amount came from EventBrite whose users react differently online to AddShoppers. This proves how much social media is constantly changing and to keep up with the numbers, you need to look for companies who are analysing this data.
When we analyse social revenue as a whole, Facebook leads with 38.76%, Twitter in second with 20.22%, eMail with 16.28%, Pinterest with 12.64% and surprisingly, Google+ with only 6.55%. Google+ is driving more revenue than the likes of StumbleUpon, Tumblr and Polyvore but is a long way off from competing with the big social media players.
What business category is shared the most on Social Media? See below. Unsurprisingly, Apparel takes first place, with general stores (multi-products) coming in second and Electronics rounding out the top three. Although the least shared sector is Camera's, it doesn't mean their value per share is any lower… in fact, its the opposite. Regardless of being the least shared, when the camera industry receives shares, they are actually converting at £12.95 per share.
Finally, average order values. Leading the pack is Tumblr with an average order value of £131.17 with Google+ in second with £126.41, Twitter in third with £ 118.93, eMail in fourth with £117.11 and Pinterest in fifth with £116.51 followed by StumbleUpon, Facebook, Kaboodle, Wishpot and Polyvore.
The Social Commerce Breakdown – Can Shares Drive Sales?
There is no natural winner in the social commerce race as each network has its strengths and weaknesses. To see the full infographic, click here.
All figures have been converted from $ to £ at the current exchange rate.
If you want a deeper understanding about how Warren Knight thinks and works, or you would like to get in touch with him, feel free to do so here: firstname.lastname@example.com or visit his website – www.warrenknight.co.uk


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Are we really going to get a 'Carrie's got a good memory' scene at the start of every episode.
Fun episode - obvious twist, I caught it the second she walked into the hotel room.
BTW the 'memory retrieval' scenes aren't as good this season, I liked her looking around crime scenes again in her head and finding new clues. The little bits she does in this episode seem a little ordinary.
I hope this doesn't end up another boring cop procedural.


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Mugabe avunja safari sababu maiwaif wake kanyimwa visa!
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I'm considering upgrading from a phone + pda to a smartphone from ATT. I'm primarily interested in the phone and pda capabilities although I'm thinking about a data plan. I would want a full qwerty and a touch screen would be nice.
I've thought about the HTC Touch Pro/Fuze, but its price tag is pretty hefty right now. (Any idea how long before a price drop is likely?) Because of its low price, I'm also thinking about the Palm Centro, but I'm worried that the old Palm OS and the lack of 3G will be a major detractor in the future. Also, I like that the Fuze has built-in gps, but that's definitely not a dealbreaker for me with the Centro.
If any current users of the Centro or Fuze could chime in with their experiences about speed and features, it would be very helpful.
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