text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Publication date
|Jun 19, 1973
|Filing date
|Apr 28, 1970
|Priority date
|Apr 28, 1970
|Publication number
|Pfleger F
|Original Assignee
|Medical Electroscience & Pharm
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (7), Referenced by (53), Classifications (11)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
United States Patent 1 [111 3,739,779 Pileger June 19, 1973 HYPODERMIC SYRINGE AND NEEDLE Primary ExaminerRobert W. Michell CONSTRUCTION Inventor: Frederick W. Pileger, Cherry Hill,
Assignee: Medical Electroscience &
Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cherry Hill, NJ.
Filed: Apr. 28, 1970 Appl. No.: 32,547
[52] US. Cl .l 128/218 DA, 401/134 [51] Int. Cl. A61m 5/00 [58] Field of Search 128/218 NV, 218 D,
128/218 DA, 218 M; 401/134 [56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,483,825 10/1949 Goldberg 128/218 1,180,665 4/1916 McElroy... 128/218 3,187,749 6/1965 Sarnoff 128/218 1,767,304 6/1930 Morton 128/218 1,143,855 6/1915 Park 128/218 2,922,419 1/1960 Bednarz 128/218 3,158,155 11/1964 Mycrson et al. 128/218 Assistant Examiner-A. Heinz [57] ABSTRACT A hypodermic syringe and needle construction comprising threaded actuating means mounted on the end of a syringe ampule and adapted to provide a mechanical advantage for piercing a needle and needle holder unit through a piercable end closure. in another facet of the invention, a ball-type closure is provided in a disposable'ampule unit, the unit including threaded actuating means on the distal end of the ampule for moving the needle holder to dislodge the ball in the closure and permit fluid communication between the contents of the ampule and the lumen of the needle. A non-coring, discrete needle and holder construction, adapted to be stored as a separate unit from a syringe or ampule, has
5 Claims, 11 Drawing Figures Patented June 19, 1973 3,739,779
2 Sheets-Sheet 1 INVENTOR.
BY FEEDERKK PfLEjER HYPODERMIC SYRINGE AND NEEDLE CONSTRUCTION THE FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to disposable hypodermic syringes and ampules which are used in the administration of medicaments or injectable fluids to humans or animals. Particularly, the invention is directed to a syringe or ampule construction, and a needle and needle holder construction, which are designed to produce an optimum mechanical advantage for introducing the needle into the syringe or ampule through a resealable closure without creating any sudden release of fluid under pressure at the moment of insertion of the needle through the end closure. The disposable hypodermic syringes which exist are of two types. The first type is pre-sterilized empty disposable syringe, in which the person administering the medicament or injectable fluid transfers the required amount of that liquid from a bulk container to the syringe prior to injection, after which injection the entire syringe assembly is discarded. The second type of disposable syringe is that in which the medicament or injectable fluid is pre-filled in the syringe under production filling conditions. Another type of syringe is a reusable syringe, which is loaded with a disposable ampule which has been prefilled with medicament or injectable fluid, and which also utilizes a disposable needle. The two latter types of syringe have many advantages over the former, such as printing the identification of the medicament or fluid and dosage thereof in clear, identifiable language on the syringe or ampule, and the limiting of contamination of the contents of the syringe or ampule under production filling and handling techniques. These contrast with the increased likelihood of contamination which occurs when the person administering the liquid fills the syringe.
THE PRIOR ART It is necessary, in order to preserve the sterility of the contents of pre-filled syringes and ampules, and to preserve the sterility of the interior of non-pre-filled syringes, that the syringe or ampule be sealed in such a manner as to avoid any contact with the atmosphere. This is best accomplished by maintaining the needle as a separate unit from the syringe unit prior to use. This separation is also necessary because of the desirability of using various sizes of needles with different fluids, as a result of which it is more economical to separately produce and sell the syringes or ampules and the needle units. Furthermore, many injectable liquids have a corrosive reaction with the metal of which hypodermic needles are typically made, so that it is desirable to maintain the needle out of contact with the liquid for any prolonged period of time prior to administration of a medicament or other injectable.
It has long been recognized as being desirable to provide .a hypodermic needle which will pierce a piercable end closure of a syring or ampule, to provide convenient assembly of the needle onto a hypodermic syringe unit. Many prior art devices are known for achieving this result. For example, US. Pat. No. 3,380,449 discloses one such type of unit, in which the needle is manufactured as an integral portion of the ampule and closure assembly, and a conventional, double-pointed needle is used to pierce the necked-down section of an ampule stopper. U. S. Pat. No. 2,688,966 shows'a similar construction as part of a reusable syringe which uses disposable ampules, and in which the double-pointed needle is screwed on the syringe and has one end which penetrates the ampule stopple. Other types of devices, one example of which is shown in US. Pat. N 0. 3,115,136, entail the incorporation, as an integral part of the ampule unit, of a needle holder assembly which is designed to dislodge a ball which is mounted in the ampule closure, which closure is sometimes piercable. The former two types of constructions have the disadvantage of causing coring of the syringe or ampule closure, by the sharp, pointed end of the syringe, cutting a core from the closure as it passes therethrough. This core may obstruct the lumen of the needle, and therefore prevent administration of the medicament or injectable fluid, or alternatively, under the pressures of administration, might be forced through the needle into the patient with the attendant possibility of contamination, or of injury to the patient, such as by creating a venal or arterial obstruction. One disadvantage of the latter type of needle construction, involving the dislodging of a ball, is the possibility of pre-ejection of liquid at the moment that the ball seal is released, under the considerable forces necessary to dislodge the ball. This latter, ball-type construction is also much more expensive to manufacture than the other types constructions. because of the expense of the elements of the unit and of the assembly thereof. The ball-type units are also more subject to contamination than is a unit incorporating a one-piece end closure. In those constructions of prior art pre-filled syringes of the former type, there is also a possibility of pre-ejection of fluid at the moment of entry of the needle Into liquid communication with the ampule interior.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION AND AD- VANTAGES OVER THE PRIOR ART The hypodermic needle and syringe construction of this invention overcome the disadvantages of the prior art of possible contamination, expensive construction, coring, and pre-ejection of liquid, by providing a needle construction which is inexpensive, which will not core, which is not susceptible to contamination during manufacture, which need not be stored as an integral part of the syringe assembly, and which, in one embodiment of the invention, is provided with a substantial mechanical advantage such that communication between the needle lumen and ampule or syringe interior can be gradually achieved to avoid an abrupt, high-pressure communication and possible pre-ejection of liquid.
In one aspect of the invention, an ampule or a syringe is provided with a piercable end closure, and the ampule or syringe and needle may be pre-assembled as a single unit. The distal end of the ampule or syringe is provided with a sealing cap, having a threaded inner surface, which engages a mating threaded inner surface of the needle holder. The proximal end of the needle extends below the main surface of the needle holder, and the needle may be constructed to provide a noncoring, piercing penetration of the endclosure, or, alternatively, to dislodge a sealing ball mounted in the end closure. The needle unit may be pre-packaged as an integral part of the syringe or ampule unit, or may be screwed into the sealing cap immediately prior to its use. Communication between the needle lumen and syringe or ampule contents is achieved by rotating the I needle unit until communication is obtained. The mechanical advantage provided by the matingly threaded members facilitates gradual communication between the needle and the syringe or ampule contents, thereby avoiding the likelihood of pre-ejection of liquid therefrom. In one embodiment of the invention, the needle is provided with non-coring entry means at its proximal end for piercing the syringe or ampule piercable end closure, to provide an easy communication between the syringe or ampule interior and the needle, without coring, and without pre-ejection of liquid. In this embodiment, the needle holder and needle cap may be lockingly constructed, so that rotation of the cap will rotate the holder, for insertion of the needle into the ampule or syringe without contaminating the needle.
Another aspect of this invention resides in a needle construction which is adapted to be used with a disposable hypodermic syringe or ampule, which needle is of a design such that no coring is produced upon entry of the needle through the syringe or ampule end closure, and which, in one embodiment, allows the needle and needle holder to be constructed as a separate unit from the syringe or ampule which can readily be produced and stored in a variety of needle sizes, with a single size of holder which can be rigidly, sealingly secured to any suitable syringe or ampule. The needle unit of this invention is provided with a lumen which terminates inboard the proximal end of the needle unit, such that the needle unit has a solid end member which initially pierces the end closure of a syringe or ampule, to form a suitable aperture for passage of the needle, whereby no core is or can be produced during entry. In one embodiment of the invention, the needle has a closed proximal end, which may be formed by collapsing the normally open proximal end of a conventional needle and then sharpening the same to produce a piercing point. The fluid inlet near the proximal end of the needle is spaced from that point at the proximal end, and is formed by grinding an aperture through the side wall of the needle to the lumen. In another embodiment of the invention, a conventional needle having a lumen which extends from one end to the other, and having one or two pointed ends, is provided with a pointed piercing member formed integrally therewith, and extending about one-half inch beyond the proximal end of the needle. The piercing member is preferably of such size that it produces a slit, slightly wider than the outside diameter of the needle, which is large enough to permit convenient passage of the needle through the end closure, while maintaining an adequate tight seal around the needle to avoid leakage. The needle holder is of such design that, upon entry of the needle through the syringe or ampule end closure, the needle holder is tightly secured to the distal end of the syringe or ampule, to provide a firm unitary combination of the two at the time that the syringe or ampule is to be used for fluid administration.
Therefore, it is an object of this invention to provide a hypodermic needle construction which will not produce coring.
Another object of this invention is to provide a noncoring hypodermic needle and needle holder construction which may be manufactured and stored as separate units from the ampules or syringes with which they may subsequently be used, and which will, when assembled, provide a rigid, sealed assembly.
Yet another object of this invention is to provide a needle holder and syringe or ampule combination construction, which is provided with a considerable mechanical advantage, to facilitate gradual communication between a hypodermic needle lumen and a sealed ampule or syringe interior, to avoid pre-ejection of the contents of the ampule or syringe.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a pre-filled hypodermic syringe adapted for use with the needle and holder in this invention;
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a preferred embodiment of the non-coring needle and needle holder of this invention, adapted to be used with the syringe of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view, showing the needle holder of FIG. 2 seated on the end of the syringe of FIG. 1, with the needle inserted in fluid communication with the syringe interior;
FIG. 4 is a fragmentary side view of the proximal end of the non-coring needle of FIG. 1;
FIG. 5 is a fragmentary top plan view of the proximal end of a modified embodiment of non-coring needle, which may be used with the needle holder construction of FIG. 2;
FIG. 6 is an end view of the non-coring needle embodiment of FIG. 5;
FIG. 7 is a fragmentary top plan view of the proximal end of another embodiment of non-coring needle of this invention;
FIG. 8 is an end view of the non-coring needle embodiment of FIG. 7;
FIG. 9 is a fragmentary cross-sectional view of a preferred embodiment of a combined syringe and needle construction in accordance with this invention, showing the position of the needle prior to piercing the syringe end closure;
FIG. 10 is a fragmentary view, of the unit of FIG. 9, showing the needle in fluid communication with the contents of the syringe; and
FIG. 11 is a fragmentary cross-sectional view of another embodiment of the invention shown in FIG. 8, showing the position prior to displacing the ball out of the end closure.
As seen in FIG. 1, the syringe comprises a plastic or glass cartridge in which a liquid, which may be a medicament or other injectable fluid, is maintained in sealed condition. The proximal end of syringe 100 is sealed with a piston or plunger 111 which is made of rubber or a matching ground glass' surface, and which is attached at the end of a syringe plunger rod 1 15. The other end of syringe 100 is formed with a reinforced, reduced diameter, neck section 101, over the end of which resealable rubber diaphragm 112 is sealingly held by a sealing ring 113. Sealing ring 1 13 has an aperture 116 which provides access to the central outer surface of the rubber diaphragm 112 for entry of a hypodermic needle. Sealing ring 113 is provided with an annular groove 114, which engages the edge of diaphragm 112, and the purpose of which will be more fully discussed hereinafter. The general construction of the disposable syringe, insofar as the syringe material, the piston and syringe plunger construction, and the manner of fastening the rubber diaphragm 112 about the neck 101 of the syringe with an annular sealing ring 113, are well known in the art, and do not form any part of this invention.
As seen in FIG. 2, hollow needle 201 is mounted in a needle holder 202, in such manner that a substantial length 207 of the needle 201 projects in front of the needle holder 202, for insertion into a human or animal for administration of medicament or other injectable fluid. The needle holder 202, which is formed of moldable, slightly yieldable plastic material, such as is provided with a depending annular skirt 208 which extends slightly beyond the proximal, pointed end 206 of needle 201. The skirt 208 is provided, at its upper extremity, with an annular inwardly extending lip 205, which is designed to lockingly, sealingly seat in recessed portion 1 14 of annular ring 1 13. The interior diameter 204 of the annular skirt 208 is approximately the same as the outer diameter of annular ring 113, and the needle holder 202 is formed, as noted, of somewhat yieldable plastic material, such that the lip 205 will releasably, tightly seat in groove 114, and the skirt will snugly engage annular ring 1 13, when the needle holder is in the administering position shown in FIG. 3. Hypodermic needle 201 has a closed pointed end 206, and fluid communication with the fluid-receiving portion of the needle 201 is provided through side opening 210, which is preferably located at least one-quarter inch from the point on end 206, as best seen in FIG. 4.
One manner of forming needle 201 is by taking a conventional hypodermic needle which is pointed at both ends, or which has one flat end and collapsing the proximal end (the flat end in a needle having only one point) and grinding a point thereon, to provide a closed, pointed proximal end 206. An aperture 210 is then ground through the side wall of needle 201 to provide fluid communication between the needle exterior near the proximal end of the needle and the lumen 211 of the needle.
Prior to use, the needle and needle holder unit 201, 202 would preferably be stored in a sterilized package. Sterility of the needle 201 could be achieved by providing an end cap for the skirt portion 208 of the needle holder, and a needle cap which would sealingly seat around one of the annular surfaces 209 or 212 at the distal end of the needle holder. Needle caps and end closures of this sort are well known in the art, and form no part of this invention. Alternatively, sterility could be maintained by packaging sterilized needle and holder units 201, 202 in a pre-sterilized, sealed envelope in a manner which is well known in the art.
In use, the end cap and needle cover would be removed from the needle holder, and the exposed surface of syringe diaphragm 112 sterilized withalcohol. Alternatively, the diaphragm 112 could be provided with a suitable removable sealing cover, to protect the sterility of the outer diaphragm surface. The outer surface of the needle holder, such as surface 212, is grasped by the person assembling the unit, and the holder is slipped over the neck 101 of the syringe 100. As it thus slides over the neck 101, point 206 of the needle 201 pierces the rubber diaphragm 112 which closes the syringe. The needle holder skirt 208 is pushed down tightly over the syringe neck, a moderate amount of force being required to yield lip 205, so that it tightly engages annular groove 114, whereby a substantially rigid union is formed between the syringe and the needle holder.
Because of the closed, pointed construction of the proximal end 206 of needle 201, the needle presses through the rubber diaphragm 112, and cannot cut a core from the diaphragm, inasmuch as the lumen 211 of the needle 201 is closed at the pointed end 206.
Thus, the hypodermic needle construction of this invention readily avoids the coring problem so frequently associated with the prior art constructions. After pointed end 206 of needle 201 pierces diaphragm 1 12, the apertured portion of the needle enters the pierced diaphragm, to provide fluid communication between the needle lumen 211 and the interior of syringe 100. As a result of the tight fit between the needle holder skirt 208 and the annular ring 113 surrounding the rigid neck 101 of the syringe, when the needle, needle holder and syringe are in the position shown in FIG. 3, they form a substantially rigid unit for reliable utilization in the injection of medicaments and other injectable fluids into human beings and animals.
FIGS. 5 and 6 illustrate an alternative embodiment of the non-coring needle of this invention, which can be used as the proximal end construction for a non-coring needle mounted, for example, in the needle holder illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 3. The needle of FIGS. 5 and 6 constitutes a conventional hypodermic needle 501 which is pointed at both ends, and the lumen of which is in fluid communication with both pointed ends of the needle. A substantially semi-circular metal piercing member 502 has a pointed end extending about onefourth inch beyond the proximal point of needle 501. Piercing member 502 is preferably formed of rigid metal or plastic and is rigidly joined to needle 501, as by a high-stength adhesive or by welding. It is noted that the diameter of semi-circular member 502 is slightly greater than the outer diameter of the needle, so that the semi-circular cut which is made in rubber diaphragm 112 when the needle passes through the rubber diaphragm into the syringe is adequate to permit convenient, substantially liquid-tight access of needle 501 into the syringe interior. In the embodiment of FIGS. 5 and 6, the proximal end of hypodermic needle 501 could be blunt, rather than pointed, if desired.
FIGS. 7 and 8 illustrate an alternative non-coring needle construction, similar to that shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, with the exception that the piercing member is a planar member 702, which is fastened along the side of needle 701. Planar member 702 extends approximately one-fourth inch or more beyond the point of the proximal end of needle 701, and provides a slit-type opening through the rubber diaphragm 112, to permit non-coring passage of the needle 701 through the diaphragm into fluid communication with the syringe contents. In this embodiment, the proximal end of the needle does not have to be pointed, and may be blunt, if desired.
It will be appreciated that the needle and holder construction illustrated may be modified for use with a variety of needle sizes, and that these various needle sizes can be provided in a holder, the proximal end dimensions of which may be consistent, so that a single basic holder construction may be used to provide noncoring, rigid, fluid-tight communication between a variety of sizes of hypodermic needles, and a single size of hypodermic syringe or ampule units.
' It is also to be noted that, although a filled syringe is illustrated in the drawings, it is equally possible and useful to apply the article of this invention to use in an unfilled syringe construction, in which the medicament or injectable fluid to be administered is withdrawn from a bulk containerf,
Too, the principles of the invention may be used with ampules which are designed for insertion in reusable metal hypodermic syringe constructions, in which a pre-filled ampule or cartridge is inserted in a reusable administration unit comprising an ampule receptacle and an actuating plunger.
In the embodiment of the invention illustrated in FIGS. 9, 10, and 11, a hypodermic syringe and needle construction is provided which has a substantial mechanical advantage to facilitate gradual, non-preejecting communication between a pre-filled syringe or ampule and a hypodermic needle. Viewing FIG. 9, bypodermic needle 901 is shown as being of a type similar to that illustrated in FIGS. and 6, in that access through the syringe end closure is provided by the use of a rigid, pointed, semi-circular piercing member 941, having a point 940 for passing through the neckeddown portion 915 of a sealing rubber end closure member 911. The needle 901 is mounted in a needle holder 902, which comprises a solid body having a narrow pendulous section to which the piercing member 941 is fastened, as by an adhesive, and which section.905 has an opening for fluid communication with the proximal end 906 of hypodermic needle 901. The outer surface of needle holder member 902 is provided with surface threads 920 which rotatably matingly engage surface threads 921 on the inner face of sealing cap 913, which cap 913 is tightly fitted on the lip 917 of disposable syringe 910.
Syringe 910 is of a generally well-known construction, in that it comprises a rigid, elongated, liquidcontaining syringe body, one end of which is closed by piston 912, and the other end of which is closed by piercable rubber closure 911 having a central, neckeddown piercing section 915. The closure 911 has an outwardly extending flange 916 which overlies lip 917 of the syringe.
The distal end of the syringe has an outwardly extending lip 917 which is connected to a narrow neck 918 between that flange and the syringe body, and which seats the body of closure 911.
The sealing cap 913 has a downwardly extending skirt portion 919 terminating in an annular lip 914 which is seated below the lip 917 of the syringe in the narrow neck section 918. The sealing cap 913 has an inwardly extending threaded portion 922 which overlies the rubber closure member 911, so that the rubber closure member 911 is tightly, sealingly held by the sealing cap 913 between the lip 914 and the inwardly extending portion 922. Cap section 922 terminates inwardly in internal threads 921 which matingly engage the threads 920 of needle holder 904. The sealing cap is fixed on the neck of the syringe, and is not rotatable thereon.
Needle cover 903 overlies the distal end of needle 901 and the needle holder section 904. The needle cap 903 is provided with a downwardly extending projection 932 which engages in a detent 930 in the needle holder body, such that rotation of the needle cap 903 rotates the needle holder 902 through the engagement of projection 932, thereby gradually lowering the needle holder toward the syringe. As lowering occurs, the piercing point 940 of piercing member 941 engages the thin neck portion 915 of the syringe closure 911 and, as it rotates therein, cuts a flap 924 therefrom. FIG. 10 illustrates the final seated position of the needle holder 902 against the upper surface of the syringe closure member 911, so that there is a tight, liquid seal between the needle holder and the end closure, whereby liquid can flow through the aperture created by flap 924, and through the opening in the proximal end 906 of needle 901.
The embodiment of FIG. 11 differs from that shown in FIGS. 9 and 10 only in the use of a ball 1101, mounted in an aperture 1115 in rubber diaphragm 1 102, to seal the aperture. The ball is made of stainless steel or of plastic, and may be desired in certain embodiments of the invention, to provide for thorough mixing of the contents of the syringe prior to injection. Needle holder 1105 is substantially the same as needle holder 902, with the exception that the dependent projection 1104 of the needle holder is somewhat longer in the embodiment of FIG. 11, than its counterpart 905 in FIGS. 9 and 10, as the projection is used to dislodge the ball 1101. Also, the lower end of projection 1104 is formed with a hemispherical recess 1 107, to facilitate fluid communication between the contents of the syringe and the needle 1 106 in needle holder 1105. In the use of this embodiment, needle cap 1103, which lockingly engages needle holder 1105 by the action of projection 1132 in recess 1 is rotated to lower the needle holder assembly, dislodge ball 1101, and provide sealed fluid contact between the syringe and the needle, in the manner shown in FIG. 10.
It may be desired to seal the needle holder and cap assembly of the embodiment of FIGS. 9, 10 and 11, separately from the syringe or ampule and its end closure assembly, in order to permit a wide variety of needle sizes to be used with the syringe or ampule. In that case, a suitable closure is provided for sealing cap 913, to maintain the sterility of the upper surface of the syringe closure 911. Also, a suitable cap could be fabricated to cover the piercing point 941 of the needle holder assembly, to prevent its contamination. In that instance, a wide variety of needle sizes, fabricated with holders 904 and caps 903 as parts of the same unit, could be separately stored for use with a single size of syringe or ampule and sealing cap, depending upon the size of the needle needed for a particular purpose.
I claim:
1. A non-coring disposable hypodermic syringe comprising, a tubular body for holding fluids and having a first end and a second end, a movable plunger capable of being moved into said body and sealing said first end, a piercable end closure sealing said second end of said body, a needle holder with a non-coring hollow needle secured therein, said needle holder adapted to telescopically fit onto said second end of said body when the hypodermic syringe is assembled, said needle having an inner end adapted to protrude through said piercable end closure when the syringe is assembled and an outer end projecting outwardly of said needle holder,
'said hollow needle permitting fluid communication between the fluid within the tubular body and the otuer end of the needle for administering injectable fluids to humans or animals, said needle further including a piercing element secured to said needle between said inner end and said needle holder, said piercing element projecting longitudinally beyond said inner end of said needle and adapted to prepierce said piercable end closure so as to prevent a core cut from the piercable end closure from obstructing the passage of fluid through said needle when said needle holder is fitted onto said second end of said tubular body.
said piercing element is guided to pierce said piercable end closure on sliding said ring onto said retainer cap.
5. A non-coring disposable hypodermic syringe according to claim 1, including a retainer cap to secure said piercable end closure to said body, a threaded surface on said retainer cap, a matching threaded surface on said needle holder wherein rotation of said needle holder on said cap provides the rotational and axial movement to pierce said piercable end closure.
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|Fluid cartridges and partially implantable medical devices for use with same
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|Fluid cartridges including a power source and partially implantable medical devices for use with same
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|Adapter for injection appliance
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|Nanopass Technologies Ltd.
|Prefilled syringe devices employing microneedle interfaces for intradermal delivery
|U.S. Classification
|604/205, 604/241, 604/411, 604/274, 401/134
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


text:
Build Your Own 3120 Lumen LED Grow Light
Introduction: Build Your Own 3120 Lumen LED Grow Light
I started this journey after after testing several of the low cost grow lights being imported from China. Every one I tested was over hyped, low powered junk. By the time I got tired of fooling with the Chinese junk 3 watt LEDs had come out and I realized that with the right cooling a lot of these could be mounted in a very small space. You can read more about this project on our www.grow-sun.com web site.
Fast foreword 2 years and industry has finally released more affordable LED replacements for screw-in type light bulbs, including LED flood lights. And while in LOWES looking at LED light bulbs one day I wondered if my Grow Sun grow light had been out flanked by technology? I wondered of a lower cost LED based grow light could be put together out of production LED lights? Well, the answer is yes, you can put together your own high intensity LED grow light, and this article shows you how.
We decided to sell a fully assembled version of this grow light fixture. You can find more details HERE.
Step 1: Select the LED Flood Lights You Want to Use
I did a lot of shopping around the big box stores and picked out a LED flood light I liked. It's a SYLVANIA ULTRA LED flood light. The output is rated at 520 lumens at only 8 watts of power and because of the relative small size (2.5" across) I thought I could get 6 mounted to the housing I had in mind.
Step 2: Select the Housing
The housing I had in mind is manufactured by LMB HEEGER in California. It measures 7" X 5" X 2" and I was pretty sure I could mount 6 LED flood lights in the box.
Step 3: Select Your Light Sockets
The sockets I chose are the ceramic snap-in style & they are designed to mount in the same size hole you would punch in a box to mount 1" conduit. The hole is 1-1/8" diameter.
Step 4: Layout a Template
I used MS Word to layout a quick drill template. You can use paint, another drawing program, or hand draw something. regardless you need a template to make the project look sharp at the end.
Step 5: Tape Template to Box & Drill Pilot Holes
Any time I'm going to drill a hole in metal I start with a pilot hole. A pilot hole acts as a guide to larger drill bits and you end up with a much sharper project at the end.
Step 6: Drill Holes in Rear of Panel
I drilled the holes for the power cord, power switch, and grounding point. Because this is a metal box it's extremely important that you use a 3 wire power cord and properly bond the green safety ground to the box.
Step 7: Drill the Main Mounting Holes
Then I drilled the main mounting holes. See how stright they are? It's because I used a template then I started the large holes with pilot holes!
Step 8: Mount the Light Sockets
Once I completed the holes I mounted the light sockets and did a trial fit with the lights.
Hint: Because the aluminum chassis is flexible it's impossible to push the sockets in from the front. You have to put the socket in the hole, place the chassis on a table top face-down, then use a largish screwdriver to push the chassis into the socket.
Step 9: Wire the Chassis
Because this is a light fixture you are supposed to wire with high temperature wire. I used Teflon coated 22 gauge wire. Why so small? Because the entire fixture is only going to draw 48 Watts & that's only 0.4 Amps at 120 VAC. 22 gauge wire is rated at 5 Amps.
Step 10: Connect the Internal Wiring to the Power Switch
Connect the internal wiring to the power switch. I used a 2 pole, 2 throw switch because that's what I had. If you use only a single pole switch make sure it's wired to turn the black wire on & off.
Step 11: Wire in Power
Attach the power cord ground to the chassis. I used a 3/16" aluminum rivet and a backup washer.
Whe connecting power make sure the power cord black wire is routed through the power switch and then on-to the brass colored screws on the back of the light sockets.
Step 12:
Close the housing and test.
The lights on picture was taking under normal office light. Also, note that the lights run cool enough for me to hold them. Try that with a Sodium Vapor Lamp!!!
But does this fixture produce enough light?
For comparison, a typical 2 tube 24" florescent grow light fixture produces about 1300 lumens of light.
This fixture produces 3120 lumens of light and you can fit three of these fixtures in the same space that a 24" flouescent fixture fits in.
In other words, with three of these fixtures you can produce 9360 lumens of light - about 7 times more light than two 24" florescent tubes, and in the same space!
I think this fixture produces enough light!
What about red and blue spectrum light?
At these light levels who cares?
Thanks, Tom Hargrave
Step 13: Select Mounting Brackets
In a rush to get this instructable published I completely forgot about mounting, so I ran down to Home Depot and bought these mending plates for less than $3.00.
Step 14: Mount the Mounting Brackets
Then I marked the locating holes, drilled the holes, riveted in the mending plates in place, and now I have corner brackets that I can use to hang the fixture with chains and S hooks.
Step 15: Test Light Under Shelf
I can also attach the fixture to the bottom of a shelf with screws. Looks like I need to build two more....
Step 16: Select a CFL to Test
After reading some of the great feedback, I went shopping for some alternate bulbs. I found some 1190 Lumen 6500K "daylight" CFL bulbs at Wal-Mart that were not too expensive.
One complaint I have about these lights is they are not a spot light design and the light will transmit from the sides, so in theory if the fixture is above your plants in a open room your plants will not receive as much light from these as they would from a more focused source like a spot light. But if you are going to grow plants in a closed box like I did in this instructable it probably does not matter.
My second complaint is they draw considerably more power - 6 of these will draw 120 Watts where six of the others will only draw 48 watts.
Step 17: CFLs in Fixture
And here is what the lights look like on and off in my fixture.
Step 18: CFL Verses LED Light - Side by Side Comparison
I did a side by side comparison by first mixing three and three. You can see that my camera "sees" some color difference but not much, probably because the sensor is swamped with light.
Then I re-arranged the bulbs - I put thee of one type down one side of my fixture and three of the other type in the other side of my fixture. I separated the two sides with a heavy piece of cardboard and turned the light on in a darkened room. You'll notice the color difference right away - that's the difference between a 3000K and a 6500K light source. But you'll also notice that the brightness appears about the same even though the LED light is rated at about half the lumens. This is because the LED bulb is a spot light design and all of the light is pointed down. The CFL bulb is a non-spot design and the light is spreading everywhere.
We decided to sell a fully assembled version of this grow light fixture. You can find more details HERE.
Thanks, Tom
I read your full instructions AND all the comments with some interest. I have a PhD in physics and a new interest in grow lights. Specifically , I want to provide some extra light to a terrarium in a north facing spot in my house that receives only a small amount of indirect sunlight.
An important point here, often overlooked or sidelined, is that these lights produce a light that is more pleasing to the (human) eye. Whenever mentioned it has been a case of 'but the human eye is different to a plant's needs', but I am interested in simultaneously pleasing both my plants and my eyes! Sure, it must be true that by concentrating power output to the specific wavelengths that are used in the various photosynthetic processes must result both in better plant growth and lower operational cost, but such lights have the drawback of making the room look like aliens are visiting! That might be fine in a basement or cupboard for certain types of horticulture, but it is not going to cut it in my dining room!
The discussion here about LUX vs. Lumens is very true (i especially enjoyed the tangent about rays of sunlight being almost parallel by the distance of the Earth - something I assumed in so many problems I solved at uni!), but being a physicist, the photosynthetic response curves were completely new to me. Now I assume that the various elements of photosynthesis evolved long before the current variety of plants and these peaks in absorption (as indicated on the graph posted by 'Redbinary') are the same across the diversity of plant species? i.e. Algae, moss, flowers and vegetables all have very similar peak absorptions in the red and blue that are often quoted here and elsewhere.
From what I understand about photonics (e.g. from the photoelectric effect) is that so long as some of the photons are in the energy range needed for absorption (chlorophyll A & B absorption peaks), then the light will have some effect on the plants. Increasing the intensity of photons at these wavelengths will increase the effectiveness of the grow light but with the drawback that the emitted light becomes less aesthetically pleasing. However, if the intensity of the whole spectrum were boosted by the same amount, the intensity of PAR photons increase, yet the overall light remains white(ish) but gets brighter.
What is potentially of worth here then, is that it MAY be possible to deliver enough red and blue wavelength (PAR) photons to benefit the plant but where the other wavelengths, far from being useless, result in a light which isn't painful to look at! Given the low cost of LED lighting, I'd pay a bit extra for the light and room to look nice, especially since I have very limited space and only one 18 inch square terrarium to illuminate - my considerations for a nice room with healthy plants are very different to those of a commercial grower who wants maximum yield at minimum cost and it seems that many of the detractors on this post are in the latter category. Such disagreements are like comparing apples to oranges.
So, rather than saying this light is for reading or other tasks (as suggested in one comment), so long as these LED lights provide some photons at the wavelengths of interest, you could say it is a 'supplemental to natural light' grow light. Only experimentation will tell you whether or not the number of white LED fixtures necessary to noticeably boost growth would result in a set up so bright that your room looks like a floodlit stadium!
With the last comment being some months ago and it now being the height of summer, I hope that you have been able to test out these lights and that you may be able to let us know whether your set up provided a high enough intensity of photons at the key wavelengths to have an effect on your plants.
Hello, I too am like you I am learning about this process. What I have learned regarding the human spectrum and plant spectrum is regarding the PAR (Photosynthetically active radiation). Which is about the chlorophylls and carotenoid response to light waves, specifically measured in nm. I have found lots of research that indicates that the light plants need is hardly ever pleasing to people. If I understand it correctly our vision is much more blue and plants are non-flowering plants are red and green with a smattering of blue. Now to make even more confusing you have to worry about light heat temp and light irradiance. The heat part is hopefully obvious but you dont want to bake your plants. Get it bake. hehehe. Anyway, irradiance is the strength of each light wave group from the distance of the emitter, that says how much of each wave band will be however strong at a specific distance. My research indicates that lumen and watt are more relevant for human sight and less effective for grow lights. I could definitely be wrong but I have read all the research put out by Cornell http://www.greenhouse.cornell.edu/structures/facts... and they clearly say " (Don't use these units for referring to greenhouse lighting):"
Sadly it is next to impossible to carry around a spectrometer to measure light bulbs at Home Depot, and they go out of their way to not break down the light bands even for grow lights.
Hope this helps.
The output is rated at 520 lumens at only 8 watts.
..or 1560 lumen at 24 watts, or 65 lumen per watt
LED, $2.50 apiece if one buys four, 800 lumen at 8 watts or 100 lumen per watt
Fluorescent, $3.25 apiece if one buys four, 1600 lumen at 23 watts or 70 lumen per watt
You made a great project and I'm going to buy the stuff to do this today.
I've been reading the comments, and wow man. Chill out and maybe try the project before spouting all kinds of hate about full spectrum lights and raving about how useless all the wavelengths other than red and blue are. Apparently you're all scientists, so do some science. Maybe don't blindly follow online charts and papers, and perhaps do your own experiments? You know, science? Test your hypotheses.
If full spectrum LEDs work for the author, and they work for me, then the project is a success (Scientific Method, and all that...). If not, then I guess I'll have 6 more LED bulbs to make my place that much more efficient.
some plants need different spectrums for different stages like our 4 seasons when the sun closer and futher we are getting different spectrums as the 4 seasons so unless you want to waste time and money on house plants that dont produce and give back your normal house lighting is fine maybe open the blinds but brightness on single spectrum house/flood light isnt whats going to make a healthy plant and that set up would be too bright for normal house plants now on the smokeable kind of plants you would want high uv's with lots of blue white and purple specs for vegi stage and for flowering whites orange reds and about 3 weeks til harvest time you would also introduce med to high uv to increase potencey and thats opitional so check the specs and research the plants to see witch type of specs they like and at what lumination and for how long
man before any of yall go out and a bunch of flood lights from the hardware store do your research first those lights are only giving off one spectrum maybe 2 and some plants need sertian spectrums to be heathy or even to bloom flower or produce fruit yeah if you want to spend money
How exactly is this a grow light? It's 6 normal "Living room" LEDs as far as I see, you're basically wasting most energy on the green spectrum plants don't even need. If I just assume that each of the lamps above is $10 (which they for sure, if not much more), make your project at least $60 for the lamps PLUS the entire DIY work. Sorry, but then even a cheap 300W+ China LED grow light which can cost as little as $70 (6 Spectrum with 3W or 5W LEDs) seems a much better choice to me than your DIY project there. And might ironically even be cheaper ultimately.
Yes, it's a project based on normal living room LED lights but that was the plan all along - to build a grow light from material you can buy from LOWES. This is a "grow light" because of the high concentration of light from one source. You won't find a off the shelf light that produces as much light in such a small space.
Very creative i found only 2-3 sources over the net who suggest using simple LED bulb as a grow light.
are flood light and spot light are different ?
What are the different names for the LED flood light
What should one what out for before buying ?
Can you suggest more alternative buy (on the LED bulb ) with amazon uk / us ?
the product you made is sufficient for how many plants ?
We are in the middle of a LED light revolution, with light technology evolving so fast that even models introduces three months ago seem obsolete. My best advice is to limit your selection to floodlight style LED bulbs, then buy whatever produces the most lumens per watt, then set up as many lights as you can afford.
"How many plants" depends on what you are growing. The light I made grew two tomato plants just fine with some help from an outside window. The same type plants in the same window grew too tall too fast, so I know the lights made a difference. We don't grow pot here, it's still illegal in Alabama.
My name is Susana Barker, i am a housewife but I like the
high-tech very much. I want to find a best led to grow all tree in my garden. I
like this article very much, this article is very helpful for me, i will share
this post to all my friends. The best same site, I found at Google: http://ledgrowlightsguide.tk/. Thank
for shared!
Also, just as a side-note, LED technology, for growing but also for lights at home is fortunately progressing like crazy the last few years. I believe that today you can actually get "decent" LED grow lights without spending too much money. I constantly read about people warning about cheap "China LEDs"...but then I bet any money that pretty much ANY manufactured has them produced in China and uses the same parts and LEDs, saying that your $800 super-grow light might necessarily not be that different than the $100 "cheap" one, I mean ultimately most of this stuff is made in China...just rebranded and then you pay premium just for a name. My $0.02
Be careful when value shopping because but there are a lot of cheap grow lights on the market that don't produce much light and are grossly misrepresented.
Also, this article was written just before the bottom fell out of the consumer LED market. Right now you can buy a LED flushmount ceiling fixture from LOWES for about $36 that I believe would make a great grow light. I also believe that these are a better deal than any specialty grow light you can buy.
One advantage of building a fixture like the one in this article is with the right LED spot lights you can generate a lot of lumens (light concentration) from one spot and this would be important to some growers.
uhm NO
cheap closeout multisocket strips bathroom strips (those things u see over mirrors a lot) and/or 2:1 Yconnectors and/or 4:1 splitters
2015 prices paid:
$3 / 950 lumen LED bulb for COOL WHITE/DAYLIGHT 5000-6500K
$0.25-0.59 / 1200-2400 lumen CFL for SOFT WHITE (cfl deals too nice to go led for 2700-3000K, also cfl soft whites have 65-70 lumens/watt, which while nowhere near led 5000k's ~100, is just a hair worse if it all than the 60-80 lumens/watt out of common cheap soft white leds...plus fixtures and connectors are pricier than bulbs these days, and good CFLs sit in the 23-40w/1200-2400 lumen ranges vs led's 9-11w / 600-950 lumens, making mixing in some cfl good common sense)
$2.50 / Yconnector 2:1 splitters
$5/ closeout 3 bulb strip fixtures, even had a semblance of a reflector albeit bronze coloured
currently running clusters of hanging yconnects, havent installed the 3 socket strips yet. bulbs totalling ~200w, half LED half CFL by wattage, put out measured lows of 10,000k edges to average 30,000- 40,0000k lux AT FOLIAGE for most plants in a black and yellow aero tote. measurements supported by the most robust growth seen at the brightest spot.
no leaf burn. cheaaaaaap. and puts out the kind of foliage surface lux people look for out of MH and HPS (desirable range often stated as 25k-50k - my 30k-40k for most positions foliage fits right in with that), simply cuz led can be run point blank and cfl a mere 2 inches away or so, and thus their lumens actually deliver. while mh lumens dissipate since its temp requires running it from way far off..
Congratulations, that's a great find! But not everyone finds closeout items to fit their projects.
I don't think the LED Lights were a good choice. The lumens just don't matter alone. If you want a nice 200 gram steak, you won't be too happy with 2 kg sausage, would you? Like that, light with 3000 K does not have the right wavelengths of light that plants need. With normal fluorescent light tubes, you want to go as high as possible, like 4800K or 6400 K, which I use, or you can mix 2 6400 with 1 4800. But light tubes give off a whole mixture of wavelengths, that is well known. LEDs work completely different and no one knows which wavelengths your lamps have. That is why professional LED Grow Lights use red and blue LEDs in a certain mixture.
I put a tremendous amount of research into lighting and plant growth. I learned that plants are sensitive to all light wavelengths not just blue and red. I also learned by doing my research that the light sensitivity graphs that are scattered all over the net are somewhere between misrepresented data and outright lies. What I discovered through research is the graphs that show high sensitivity to red and blue light and almost no sensitivity to green light misleading. Find the real light sensitivity data and you will see that the bottom 2/3 of any graph that shows only red and blue has been cut-off and that plants are sensitive across the entire range of visible light with red and blue being the most sensitive areas.
Alas, but this is not so. Just 130 years ago a scientist Timiryazev studied this process. Important only the red and the blue part of the spectrum. Green indifferent. Sometimes add a little white. For the aesthetics of the human eye. But plants are indifferent. The white light is wasted much energy.
I successfully grow salad lamp 20W (15W red LED and 5W blue.). This is enough for the area of 40 x 40 cm
20w "daylight white 5000k" led, as long as pointed correctly, can output absolutely INSANE amounts pf lux at 40cm x 40cm
As in, you want to build one or you want me to loan you one so that you can use the light and report to the rest of us?
I had originally intended this to just be a project to share, but based on the initial interest in these instructions I wonder if we should start selling light kits?
I've seen this chart in many variants but what the publishers don't tell, or at least what the original publisher does not tell is the lower part of the chart is cut off and the range is re-scaled. Find the actual data and you'll see that plans sensitivity to green is not close to 0 as the chart leads you to believe, but plants are about 1/2 as sensitive to green as they are to red. The problem is this chart has been posted on the net and has gained traction and is now taken as "the gospel truth" for lack of a better term. I'm sure you've seen the insurance commercial - the one where the lady states "if it's posted on the internet, it must be true?"
Get away from the "light fixture marketers" and turn instead to sources hosted by educators (Universities & such) and you see the real plant light sensitivity curve. It took a few minutes to wade through the HPS, MH and LED marketing sites to get to university hosted sites but right away I found a chart of the actual plant light spectrum sensitivity. It's the second image I uploaded. The image shows a dip around green but the dip is no-where around 0!
Also, the human eye sensitivity to light bell chart in this graph is dead wrong. I added the correct graph that does show our eyes are more sensitive to green but is nothing like what's in the previous chart.
Not to pick nits, but since you infer that I'm gullible and only read marketing drivel: the scaling of the charts are different. Yours aren't really labeled well and contain no citations whatsoever. Regardless, it appears that in your second chart the black line is chlorophyll blue absorption wavelengths with the peaks at A and B just as in the one I've posted , while I have no idea what the green line is. You've also taken issue with "human eye sensitivity peak: perceived white light" in the chart I posted and then posted a chart showing almost identical sensitivity, just scaled differently.
As far as scholarly articles here's one of the several I looked at before posting: http://plantsinaction.science.uq.edu.au/edition1/?...
an excerpt of which is "Upper curves: Diethylether solutions of chlorophyll a (Chl a, solid line) and chlorophyll b (Chlb, dotted line) show distinct absorption peaks in blue and in red regions of the visible spectrum (redrawn from Zscheile and Comar's (1941) original data)." as well as "Leaves absorb visible light very effectively (>90% for all wavelengths combined; solid curve).Wavelengths corresponding to green light are absorbed less effectively (absorptance drops to c. 0.75). Beyond 700 nm (infrared band) absorptance drops to near zero, and forestalls leaf heating from this source of energy."
I did not intend to infer that you are gullible, my comments are for everyone to read & not just you. Unfortunately there is a lot of marketing hype on the net and I'm just stressing, or maybe over stressing that point.
Actually, I was replying to Costarus' comment. I'd like to see more about what he's using for the targeted wavelengths. After my comment I did a little looking around online and this appears to be the current "state of the art".
After my admittedly cursory reading around I am curious how much of the 425-465nm and 640-660nm spectrum is being emitted in the configuration you've used. I understand that your goal is to open up the area to less technical people, but I've found some of the red/blue LED grow lights online for around $20 each.
Buy them, use them, please let us know how well they work!
I bet when you get the lights in they will be powered by small power supplies that can't deliver any real power. These are the type lights I mentioned at the beginning of my article.
years ago, I was using exactly the same 1000 watts HPS lights that every other commercial grower is using, most growers were getting 0.5 pound ~ 1.1 pound of harvest per light, I was getting just over 2.0 pound per light, there's a lot more to growing than just lights. If you do it right on the entire process, simple HPS works just fine.
other way around.
ALL white leds emit significantly in the entire visible spectrum, with high blues and reds, and comparatively lowrr green and yellow. meanwhile, fluoros and cfls emit three HUGE NARROW SPIKES in R G B and barely anything else
Lumens can matter alone just fine. HPS or MH grow lights dont have nor need a perfect full spectrum to grow from seed to fruit because of the pure amount of lumens they output. If you're serious about growing, you switch between the two to simulate summer/fall sunlight though (spectrum as mentioned). The point is, lumens CAN cut it. However, I dont know how much you'll really grow with only 3000 of them.
Lumens are not the important number when it comes to growing. LUX is the correct identifier. Believe it or not, there is real science behind this. You need to provide plants the correct color ranges for photosynthesis and enough LUX to make it happen. Science says these are in the red and blue range. (see chart above from costarus)
It's hard to admit, but even if your light works for a grow light, there are MUCH better ways to do this.
Metal halide (predominately blue) and
high pressure sodium (predominately red) bulbs have been the standard
for indoor growing for how long? Neither of them give off a perfect
red/blue spectrum, yet you can grow from seed to fruit under either
because of the sheer amount of lumen output. As I pointed out in
another post, people that really want the best results start with metal halide bulbs and finish with high pressure sodium to simulate the change in seasons.
most reviews of red/blue LED's were for the longest time, poor. They
simply didn't provide the lumens even though they were the optimal
spectrum colors. They're definitely better as of late through
technology improvements (IE More juice!). But still, I stand by what
I've said that you'd be better off with true high power LED's like the
Cree cxa3050 (something I'm currently building with myself).
Of course, as long as the right wavelengths are at least there, you can just give off more light and it will eventually be sufficient at some point. But that is of course not the best way. To get back at my steak/sausage example, if I give you 2 kg meat of which 50 gr are the steak you want, of course I can just give you that four times so you have 200 gr steak. No problem.
Metal halide and sodium pressure lamps are just easy to get, and known technique.
If you would try to grow plants with a green laser, even 100000 Lumens would not be okay for your plant, it just would get quite hot. So if my lamps give off just the right spectrum, I can save energy because I don't have to emit the waste, the useless light.
So, with mixed spectrums, lumens can kill it, but that's not the clever way.
As I stated earlier and I will state again. Because one of the goals of this project is to make it build-able by
anyone with local hardware and you aren't going to find a 50w LED spot
light at your local Home Depot, Lowes or Menards store.
Also, the person most likely to build this project is looking at buying or building a "grow light" to grow a few plants indoors or start seedlings for his garden. The folks shopping for HPS or MH grow lights as well as those looking for high wattage red & blue LEDs is probably not going to be interested in building one of these lights.
I'm interested, but not for a grow light. We have a large torchier that we've owned for 20 years now, and has seen everything from a 300w T3 halogen, through a 150w PAR38 reflector, to a twin-circline T8 fluorescent fixture (there worst of the bunch in terms of light quality, thanks to the incomplete spectrum, but the best in terms of heat output). This idea might just work for me.
The trick will be to adapt a fixture to screw into your floor lamp. Maybe you can build something from a screw in base, a box and 4 sockets, kind of like a 1 to 4 adapter that you screw into your fixture?
In case you didn't figure it out, I did all of those adaptations. so, yes, it'll be something akin to yours. http://i.imgur.com/iyzaw0o.jpg is the fixture, except I pulled everything apart and flipped the base, to act as a reflector as well as allow it to sink into the fixture more. I'll likely use that plate, and see how an array of LEDs will work I'm guessing I need at least 4000-5000 lumens to make enough light, the 500w T3 worked great, but the heat output and power consumption don't make it worth it.
Interesting, that's a picture of an old Circle-line fixture. I'd like to know know things ultimately work out.
precisely. cost me $5 after my employee discount, the bulbs cost more than the fixture. I'll get pics of the fixture shortly.
Love this - very easy to follow, and you make it sound very doable.
I would still prefer LEDs over CFLs, since CFLs contain mercury and thus cannot be discarded in the trash. They must be taken to a hazardous waste collection site (Home Depot takes them here in PDX, and there is also a county collection site).
we don't need so much power, it's all about the angles, i have a 7W plant arm with no fan - no heat sink... check it out. you can attach these plant arms to any pot !
can be powered via USB, rechargable battery or solar even !
visit my profile; https://www.instructables.com/member/0bios0/
Aside from (or in addition to) Lumens and LUX, could someone add information about CRI ? It would seem that higher CRI would mean more balanced light. So to that end why not build up shop lights with high-CRI, high Lumen T8 bulbs that also use low power?
The higher the CRI rating the more natural color rendering appears to your eyes, with 100 being the same color rendering to your eyes as natural sunlight. But this does not mean the light is producing the same spectrum as the sun or that a high CRI rating is the best light for your plants. Here is a good article about CRI.
Thanks for the educational link. It doesn't seem to make sense to me, however, that if a light produces the same spectrum as the sun it may not be the best for one's plants unless plants actually prefer higher or lower K lighting (i.e., with either higher or lower visible wavelengths filtered out, respectively). Is that the case?
Science discovered a long time ago that plants process some light colors better than others. And if you have control of the brightness of different colors why not tune your light source to benefit your plants? Anyways, that's the theory and the reason you see oddly colored grow lights. This project is all about building a grow light from off-the-shelf lights and my theory is if you get the light bright enough the plants will grow well anyways.
This paper ( http://www.plantphysiol.org/content/46/1/1.full.pdf ) gives you the actual data in addition to the graph (on page 4). Although it's only for one type of plant (bean), it has a pretty good discussion and the concept is what's important. Note that it's based upon photons, not lumens. The curve measures how many photons are required to produce CO2 at each wavelength, not just what seems to be absorbed. Since this reaction and the production of ATP form the basis of the energy flow into the plant, it's what's really important. The long wavelength red is about 1/3 more efficient than green, so you're right that the curve doesn't drop to 10% as in the absorption spectrum, but the definition of lumens is so heavily weighted to the green that it makes the miscalculation even worse (as argued by Coffeinated, above).
If you add up the red, green, and blue in the chart you show for cone sensitivities in the retina, you end up with a curve that has an even more pronounced peak (because of the overlap with the red and blue sensitivity curves). That doesn't really matter though, because the lumens you're talking about are a measurement standard, not the actual response of your retina. That curve does have a peak in green, so light from bulbs intended for use as general purpose lighting get more "credit" for photons that have a wavelength that is not as useful to plants, as demonstrated by the photosynthetic action spectrum described in the paper.
Forgive my ignorance about light meters, because I haven't tested it yet. If I was to make 2 of these units and put a light meter under both of them lit up, does that mean I'll get 6240 lumens right beneath them or will it still be 3120. Ie, adding extra 520 lumen bulbs pumps up the lumens on the meter when tested? Are the bulbs additive in brightness, or will they each show just 520 lumens of light when tested at say 4 inches away under the centre of each light?
Total light produced will double and the brightness definitely will increase but measured lumens will depend on where you measure. Unlike sunlight where the light is pretty much a parallel beam because of our distance from the sun, lumens will decrease as you move away from any bulb.This is because with any light source but the sun, light spreads as you move further away from the source. Professionals who grow under artificial light understand this and they measure their light levels at the leaf level.
Tom is right on this one. The inverse square law requires that you measure from the source, not from some arbitrary point. In this case, the difference in intensity (L) at point b, 1 foot farther from the sun than point a, is something like L(b) = (93,000,000^2)/(93,000,000.0002^2)*L(a). For a lamp it's very different. In that case you're maybe 2 feet away, so one foot farther away the intensity would be L(b) = (2^2)/(3^2)*L(a)

subset: commoncrawl


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Upon arrest anywhere in Camden county, a person must be processed at the Camden county jail. To be released from jail, several steps must occur, including being "booked in" and posting bail. Once the bail bond amount is decided, a bail bond agent is sent to post the bond at the local jail. Now the release process begins and typically can take anywhere from one to two hours to complete. Although cash bonds are allowed, it is normally not commonly used due to financial limitations.
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Easily add your own background image to a customizable mousepad featuring a black 2017 calendar superimposed over a light blue background.
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Identity and web design for Association Duchamp Villon Crotti who is promoting the work of Marcel Duchamp's family:
— Jacques Villon— Raymond Duchamp-Villon— Suzanne Duchamp— Jean Crotti
visit website here ( → )
made during my internship at Violaine & Jérémy
coded by Ahmed Ghazi
Identity for Le Grand Huit, a dance festival organized by Honolulu, a dance studio in Nantes. I focused on the idea of movement, symbolized as a spiral, a clear and simple representation of "le grand huit" (roller coaster in english).
Honolulu website ( → )
format : 148,5 x 105 mm
printed in two pantone by Media Graphic in Rennes
Identity proposal for the cultural program of Pôle Étudiant, a cutural place for students in Nantes. The aim of this identity was to involve students in cultural life of their university by using imperfect shapes, showing them that you have to take risks to create.
Format: A3
unselected project
Charlène Guyon-Mathé is an artist using her dreams as a starting point to her work. Together, we built an online portfolio that fits to her practice. I added a simple interaction that allows the visitor to make new combinations between works in the overview page. Using colors and sketches from her, the identity I developed reflects the singularity of her work.
charleneguyonmathe.com ( → )
made with Lay Theme as a base
Stereolux asked me to do a visual for a succession of events about video games. The visual had to be simple, and talk in an abstract way about gamification, indie and blockbusters video games. Inspired by Op art, I created a serie of images that let enough place for imagination. People can relate these images to their own experience of video game.
Stereolux page for video game ( → )
Typolo is a fanzine of typologies, which invites illustrators and artists to experiment around a formal subject and a format constraint. For the first numero, I invited 15 people to make an illustration of a full body character. For the second numero, I invited 15 people to make of a vehicle.
visit the blog here ( → )
visit the Instagram here ( → )
visit the Facebook here ( → )
Format n°1 : A3 / 2
Format n°2 : A3 / 2
16 pages
Festival D is an annual event that promotes makers and DIY digital practices at Lieu Unique in Nantes. During a workshop of one week, we wrote and made a scenography which vulgarizes connected objects, and explain how they will transform our everyday life. As the signs were supposed to stay one weekend, we builded everything with cardboard and paper.
Festival D website ( → )
Data Mémo is a guide about personnal archivism. It's an answer to the fragility of digital data nowadays. I made an inventory of informations I have collected during my Bachelor project to help people to conserve in a better way their data. The guide explains the differents formats, documents, which could be digital or physical, and their conservation and lifespan.
Format : 200 x 200
18 pages
Read it here in french ( → )
4e T — Computer Girl
Electronic musician 4e T asked me to make her first EP cover. The EP called Computer Girl tells the story of a young lady stalking people on social networks.
Listen to the music of 4e T ( → )
My thesis about disconnection I made during my Master in Information Design. I studied the effects of social network's interfaces on procrastination and loss of time in front of our screens.
Format : 179 x 231
51 pages
You can read it here in french ( → )
— Italian Boyfriend + Dunkerque + Carton
Poster for a folk pop concert just before Spring !
Format : A3
— Maison Acid Party
A national day party at Le Mahout
— Pas Pire Pop
Poster for weird pop music concert
— Carton + Tutoriel
Poster for fictional music for video games
— Numéro 1 + Autostop
Handmade poster I made for a concert in Café Rouge Mécanique.
— Target
Target is a poster made to be shoot.
Format : A1
Chantal Voyance
Facebook covers I made for dj and friend Chantal Voyance for his events at Le Lieu Unique. Chantal is mixing disco, house, italo, funk and hi-nrj.
Listen to his mixes here ( → )
© 2016-2017 — Arnaud Aubry
✉ arnaud_aubry(a)hotmail.com
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text: Protection Feel Weight Battery Charge Charge Time Value 4.8Overall Score Reader Rating: (0 Votes)What's one of the fastest ways to ruin your long day? You're out doing your day, gym, work, lunch, errands, dinner with friends, etc., and your phone dies in the afternoon. The Jackery Leaf is a great solution to the mid-day drain, with a convenient two-in-one solution. The Leaf case is a slim protective case for all day use, small enough to know it's barely there. It adds just the right amount of protection though. It's not going to save your phone from a 15-foot fall onto concrete, but if you're like me and throw your phone onto the couch or desk, or into a bag, this is just perfect. I personally feel like the lip of the case that keeps the screen up when turned upside down could be a little taller (giving a little extra space between the glass and the table, for example), but others have said it's just fine. Now here's the best part! The slim protective case actually docks into the battery case, like a Transformer or part of Voltron. The protective case has a small opening on the back that a tab on the battery slips into and clicks into place. Once plugged in you can press the button on the back of the battery case to turn charging on or off. This is great for when you want the battery attached, but want to save it's extra charge for later. There's enough power in the battery for one full iPhone 5 or 5s charge, which takes about two hours from 0%. The battery part of the case doesn't add too much extra weight, and the curved back is very comfortable to hold. What you get : Two options of a protective case (matte orange finish or shiny white finish) were included. One battery pack case One headphone jack extender (The case is too thick for normal headphones to reach, so there's an included extender. Just leave it plugged into your headphones!) One Micro USB cable, to charge the battery case. What that'll cost you : $50 The Jackery Leaf is a great option for anyone looking for a battery pack or a case, but definitely those looking for both! The price is extremely reasonable for what you get, a full battery recharge and two color options for a protective case. It's a very flexible setup, that lets you have the battery attached only when you need it, and have a light phone thats protected the rest of the time. You can buy the Jackery Leaf at Amazon for $49.95. Leave a Reply Cancel Reply You must be logged in to post a comment.


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Fall isn't even officially here yet, but we have been getting a lot of fall like weather here. Call me suspicious, but I am afraid that this cold summer will also mean a cold winter. With that in mind, I am determined to enjoy the great outdoors as much as possible before the months of hibernation begin.
This weekend I went to Great Falls in Virginia. Just 20 or so minutes outside of DC, the Great Falls area has a few trails that you can hike as well as a big park ground and some amazing views. My friend and I decided to go the hiking route, so we parked about 4 miles from the most important part and started hiking.
The walk was beautiful, but my friend who had been there before thought that it didn't look too familiar. At that point we decided to take out the iPhone and drop a pin. Unfotunately, we discovered that we were going the wrong way on our first try. After going about a mile in the wrong direction we turned around and came back.
Then we actually set out to the falls.
The views on the walk are pretty spectacular, and you can even catch some adventurous people in the water. But those views are nothing like the payoff at the end:
Check that out for a minute.
It was truly breathtaking. Totally worth the effort of getting there. Of course that means we had to do the full 4 miles back, which was somewhat exhausting. We did have a few buddies to keep us company on the walk back to the car:
Friendliest deer ever. Didn't even care we were there. Totally worth the effort and now permanently on my list of places to visit and visit often. When that beauty is only 20 minutes away, there is really no excuse.


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Flower is the best gift to convey your deepest thoughts and emotions. So, if your thinking to send something unique to your loved ones in Dubai then this beautiful 10 lilies with seasonal fillers wrapped matching paper with a contrast ribbon are just great! Free shipping in Dubai and UAE!


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How To Play ?
Use the arrow keys for moove and use your mouse for throw the hawser on the wall.
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- Categories:Adventure,Jumping,Ninja Games,Platform
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Description:This is the final ninja, final ninja of the cosmos.This is the master who get jump and swing,.Actually the game is so complex and game play so hard.But interesting the others.At the game you are collecting the money for use powerfull magic the future.Let play the game.Is the best platform game it's catagories.
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Cruise inventory
RV Cefas Endeavour 09/12
Cruise summary report
|Cruise Info.
|Ship name (ship code)
|RV Cefas Endeavour (74E9)
|Cruise identifier
|Cruise period
|2012-06-14 — 2012-06-26
|Port of departure
|Portland Harbour, United Kingdom
|Port of return
|Portland Harbour, United Kingdom
1. To collect samples of fish for chemical analysis from the Irish Sea, Celtic Sea and Western English Channel in support of the Clean Seas Environmental Monitoring Programme (CSEMP).
2. To collect fish at CSEMP sites for fish disease assessments and sampling of tissues for biochemical marker analysis.
3. To sample representative CSEMP stations using Day Grab for trace metal contaminants, sediment particle size analysis, PAHs and benthic fauna.
4. To conduct marine litter surveys to identify quantities of marine litter (including micro-plastics) in the coastal and marine environment.
5. In support of potential biodiversity descriptor requirements sample Irish Sea Benthos stations.
RV Cefas Endeavour sailed from Portland on the afternoon of 14th June and proceeded into the Western English Channel. Sediment was collected at CSEMP stations Lyme Bay (CSEMP534) and Eddystone (CSEMP584). However, deteriorating weather excluded the collection of fish and the decision was made to steam around the Lizard Peninsular and into the Celtic Sea. On arrival at the West Lundy (CSEMP 604) sampling station the sea conditions were still to severe to fish so the Cefas Endeavour continued steaming around and into the shelter of Cardigan Bay. The sea state had improved and on the 16th - 17th June sampling was undertaken at the Cardigan Bay fishing stns (CSEMP 654 and 649). Over night on the 17th June, the ship sampled a series of benthic stations (Irish Sea Benthos IBS, see Annex 3) as she steamed around to fish Red Wharf Bay (CSEMP 776). Fishing continued throughout the 18th of June taking in additional fishing stations at Liverpool Bay (CSEMP 715) and the nearby chemistry trend site.
To facilitate a scientific staff transfer the Cefas Endeavour proceeded overnight to Morcecambe Bay (CSEMP 796) where fishing commenced on the morning of the 19th June. After a small boat transfer at Fleetwood the ship then proceeded south to fish at Burbo Bight (CSEMP 706). Additional sediment samples were collected at Burbo Bight for the analysis of brominated diphenyl ethers (BDE's) and flatfish liver samples were collected for EROD AQC. The Endeavour then steamed overnight to sample the South East Isle of Man station (CSEMP 805) on the morning of the 20th June. A series of IBS stations were also sampled before anchoring overnight at St Bees. Fishing at St Bees (CSEMP 769) was completed the following morning and a transit south planned via the West coast of the Isle of Man to incorporate additional ISB stations. However, poor weather caused a cancellation of grabbing early on the morning of the 22nd June. Work could not start again until the Cefas Endeavour had reached Carmarthen Bay (CSEMP 616) on the evening of the same day. The Cefas Endeavour then moved onto the West Lundy (CSEMP 604) and Celtic Deep (CSEMP 605) stations to undertaken additional biota and sediment sampling.
The Cefas Endeavour worked through the night collecting a series of IBS stations in the Celtic sea. This work continued through the 24th June as she steamed south and then east back towards Portland. On route, fish samples were collected at Eddystone (CSEMP 584) and Lyme Bay (CSEMP 534). The Cefas Endeavour arrived late on the 25th June and anchored in Weymouth Bay before docking on the morning 26th to disembark scientific crew and equipment.
|Chief scientist
|Brett P Lyons (Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science Lowestoft Laboratory)
|Cruise report
|Ocean/sea areas
|English Channel
Irish Sea and St. George's Channel
Celtic Sea
|Western English Channel, Lyme Bay, Eddystone, Lizard Peninsular, West Lundy, Cardigan Bay, Red Wharf Bay, Liverpool Bay, Morcecambe Bay, Burbo Bight, southeast Isle of Man, St Bees, Celtic Deep.
|Track charts


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|June 26, 2015
|Workshop: Become a Person of Influence
|The John Maxwell Team
|Collaborative Labs at SPC EpiCenter
|13805 58th Street North
Clearwater, FL 33760
|Click here to register.
Become a Person of Influence
"Lead others above, below and beside you in your organization"
Everyone influences others. You don't have to be in a high-profile position to be a leader; whenever your life connects with another person, you exert influence. Everything you do – at home, at work, or at play – has an impact on the lives around you.
Leadership is influence, nothing more, nothing less"
– Dr. John C. Maxwell
No matter what your goals are in life, you can achieve them faster, you can be more effective and the contribution you make can be longer lasting if you learn to develop your leadership. A person of influence:
- Has integrity with and faith in people
- Nurtures, listens and understands people
- Connects and empowers people
- Navigates for other people
- Enlarges people and reproduces other influencers
You can effectively lead people in your organization above, below and beside you by developing influence. You will achieve desired outcomes and lead with confidence!
About This Workshop
Kim D. Moore with The John Maxwell Team is pleased to present Become a Person of Influence. This workshop is based on the book "Becoming a Person of Influence" by New York Times best-selling author Dr. John C. Maxwell. Dr. Maxwell was identified as the #1 leader in business by the American Management Association® and the most influential leadership expert in the world by Business Insider and Inc. magazine in 2014.
Workshop Agenda:
8:30 – 9:00 Check-In
9:00 – 12:00 Morning Session
12:00 – 1:00 Lunch / Networking
1:00 – 4:00 Afternoon Session
What you will learn:
Simple, insightful ways to interact more positively with others that will make your personal and organizational success go off the charts! Learn to effectively lead your boss, peers and subordinates.
What is included?
Your investment includes all workshop materials, continental breakfast, and a copy of the book "Becoming a Person of Influence".
Who should attend?
Managers, supervisors, team leaders, project managers and team members who may soon be in a leadership role will benefit from this workshop.
Where is the venue?
Our workshop will take place from 9:00 AM – 4:00 PM at the Collaborative Labs located in the SPC EpiCenter, 13805 58th Street North, Clearwater, FL 33760.
Whatever your vocation or aspiration, you can increase your impact on others when you
Become a Person of Influence!
Develop influence, achieve desired outcomes and lead with confidence!
Early Bird Registration closes on June 11th!


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Best Auto of Longmont proudly services and repairs Lexus Sedans, Coupes, SUVs, and Hybrids. Why pay more at the dealership when you can have our ASE Certified auto technicians provide top quality Lexus service and repair for less. We understand that your Lexus is a valuable investment. We guarantee our services and our NAPA auto parts are backed by their National Warranty. We also offer superior customer service and always keep you up to date with the status of your Lexus repair or service. If we discover any unexpected issues with your Lexus during our state-of-the-art diagnostic analysis, we will contact you prior to making any repairs. Your complete satisfaction is our priority!
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Hopefully everyone is recovering from their Thanksgiving feasting. I know at our house most of the leftovers are long gone and we're enjoying a few days of normality as we kick into high gear for the holidays.
One of the bits of high gear for Cornabys is attendance at one of our favorite Christmas Festivals in Utah, the Dickens Festival! This festival happens the fist two weekends in December in St George, Utah from November 30 through December 3rd and in Salt Lake City, Utah from December 8 through December 10th. This is a great festival with productions of some of Dickens' famous plays, visits from St Nick, roasted chestnuts, music and lots of vendor booths where you can come and get those unique Christmas gifts you're still looking for.
Cornabys will have a both at both festivals where we'll be presenting our amazing jams, syrups and sauces, but we'll have some unique flavors (Cinnaberry! Blueberry Syrup! Apple! Raspberry Chipotle!) you've never seen before. As well we're introducing our Cowboy Candy – A sweet treat with a kick, and our Scorpion Blood sauce, which is a VERY hot pepper sauce that my college aged son loves. He says it's particularly good on Ramen noodles. Also look for the beauty of our hand dipped pretzel rods, dipped in Cornaby's Caramel and chocolate and don't forget the hand pulled Cornaby's suckers. Come by and see us! We can't wait.


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AutoBlaze is quick and instant integrated stove ignition system for wood burning stoves. Do away with paper or chemicallighters and the whole kindling process with this easy and convenient solution. To light your stove, load up your logs, close the stove door and press the start button manually or by remote control.
AutoBlaze is powered by mains electricity and comes pre-fitted to modern wood stoves. When you flick the AutoBlaze switch, the stove's rear vent opens and a highly efficient fan draws air into the stove. This air passes over a heating element and passes on to the logs at a temperature of over 500 degrees. It will take roughly three minutes for the fire to ignite. Once the fire is already burning, the rear vent closes automatically.
AutoBlaze is safe – you don't need to handle fuel or matches – and environmental friendly. It also works as a great solution against poor draught and 'cold flue' installations.


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The owner's manual says a good Tesla Model S long term parking strategy is to expect to lose about 1% of range for every day the car is parked without being recharged.
"Even when Model S is not being driven, its Battery discharges very slowly to power the onboard electronics. On average, the Battery discharges at a rate of 1% per day. Situations can arise in which you must leave Model S unplugged for an extended period of time (for example, at an airport when traveling). In these situations, keep the 1% in mind to ensure that you leave the Battery with a sufficient charge level. For example, over a two week period (14 days), the Battery discharges by approximately 14%."
You can minimize range loss by remembering to select the Energy Saving mode from your Power Management menu before leaving the car. But even if you do, frequent Teslarati blogger Rob M has found that range loss can be quite a bit higher than what the manual suggests. On a recent trip, his Model S showed 71% range remaining when he left the car in an airport parking lot but only 65% when he returned less than 3 days later. That's a daily loss of 2.3%, according to his calculations.
Rob acknowledges that the weather was cold during his trip – about 16 degrees F – and he thinks that had an effect on how much power the battery lost while he was away. He suggests Model S owners figure on a range loss of 3% a day to be on the safe side.
There are reports of owners who parked their cars with less than half the normal range available and came back after a long trip to find the battery in their car completely drained. On the other hand, other Model S drivers have left their cars at the airport for extended periods and found range loss was less than the 1% figure the company says to expect.
The lesson seems to be that range loss is greater in cold weather than in warm, so make your calculations based on local conditions and leave a margin of error in your computations. For longer periods of non-use, make sure your car is as close to fully charged as possible before you park it.


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Just two weeks are left for the grand finale of Bigg Boss season 10. All the contestants are leaving no stone unturned and giving 100% at every crucial stage. Now the Bigg Boss is introducing Ticket to finale task where two top contender of the task will have face off at a mall in Mumbai.
But before revealing names of the two contenders let me tell you what actually the task was. The task is introduced named as solar system. The entire garden turned as a solar system set up. The contestants have to hold a bowl with purple liquid and they have to rotate around the sun (which had ticket in it) starting with the first orbit. If the contestant water spills and goes down below the yellow mark or if it falls due to any reason then the contender will be dis-qualified from the game. The task will goes on until two contestants will survive till end.
In the last episode we have seen that Lopa secured number 1 position in ranking task so she got edge over other and she will only join the contestant when they reach the second orbit. Rohan was the sanchalak of the task.
The final round of fight out was among Manveer, Manu Punjabi and Bani judge but unfortunately water spills from Bani's bowl. Thus making Manu and Manveer qualify for the Ticket to Finale week round.
It would be fun to see both best friends in the final face off to Ticket to Finale week.
As per sources we exclusively reveal you that Manveer Gujjar has won the ticket to finale task beating Manu Punjabi by just few votes. Manveer Gujjar received 135 votes from fans in the mall where as Manu Punjabi got 132 votes.


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From: $10.00
Features include:
– Pendant key – with gem ($30) or without gem ($10)
– Ideal addition to all pendant key necklaces in the Elizabeth Collection and Nick & Nate Collection
– Key approx. 2″ x 1″
– Handmade in USA
*Note: Due to their vintage nature, all keys are unique. Size and shape may vary.
There are no reviews yet, would you like to submit yours?


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Book before 31 Jul 2017 & Enjoy 40% Discount off Contracted Room Rates
PLUS Complimentary Return Transfers by Speed Boat
PLUS 60 Minute Massage per person (30 Minute Massage & 30 Minute Relaxation Time)
Six Senses Resorts & Spas, a Resort & Spa Management and Development company with Properties in 06 Countires, Including Maldives opened its third Property in the Maldives.
Six senses Laamu is the First Resort Hotel to be opened in Laamu Atoll (Haddun'mathi Atoll) in the Maldives, the Resort island is of outstanding natural beauty, powder white sand, lush tropical vegetation and crystal clear waters. Its villas are eco-friendly yet luxurious in every way and sit on the beach or over the turquoise water of the lagoon. The bars and restaurants offer the best organic, fresh food, locally grown and caught, cocktails inspired by original 'tropical' recipes, over 400 wines kept in a climatically controlled towering glass wine 'cellar' and fun: live music, visiting DJ's, mixologists, chefs and winemakers. Service is second to none, with Six Senses GEMs (Guest Experience Makers)
We have Special OPENING PROMOTIONS available for this new exiting property, contact us on email@example.com for more information on these offers and how to get to this new Island Paradise.