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www.jiwaji.edu – Jiwaji University Time Table 2013 :
Jiwaji University has declared Jiwaji University Time Table 2013 of various courses of graduate and post graduate programmes for upcoming examination in academic session 2013-14 on its official website at www.jiwaji.edu.
Foundation stone of Jiwaji University has been laid by former president of India, Sarvapalli Radhakrishan and it was esatblished in 1964 in Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh which is fully accredited by the Central Government.
University is most famous known for it's higher education under various districts of the Madhya Pradesh State like Gwalior, Morena, Bhind, Guna, Shivpuri and Datia. First it started affiliting with 29 colleges and now it is affiliting with more than 400 colleges.
Time table for upcoming final term examination for Bachelor of Engineering courses and other courses and exam for these will be start commence in December 2013. Just for to inform time table has been published so that students can prepare well for exam.
University offers B.E., LLB., BDS, B.P.Ed., MA, B.A., B.Com., M.Com. and many other professional courses. You can access it from link provided below.
Contact Adress :
Jiwaji University
Gwalior (M.P.), India
Phone No.: +91 751 2442712
Fax No.: +91 751 2341768
Website : www.jiwaji.edu
Time Table :
B.E Vth Sem.(Electronics & Chemical) Exam
B.E.Vlllth Sem.(Electronics & Chemical) Exam
B.E.Vl Sem.(Electronics & Chemical) Exam
B.E. VIIth Sem. (Electronic & Chemical) Exam
B.E. IIlrd sem. (Electronics & chemical) Exam
B.E. I Sem.(Electronics,Chemical and Computer sc.) & IInd Sem (Back Paper) Exam
B.E lVth sem. (Electronics & Chemical) (Back Paper) Exam
Click here: Jiwaji University BE 2013 All Semester Timetable
Official Website : www.jiwaji.edu
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So we wish you all the best your bright future and if you have any query related to this then don't forget to share it with us through comment box below.


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It is common for people – both men and women – to suffer from acne related problems in their teenage years. While these problems decline significantly over time, they usually leave a mark on your face in the form of acne scars. Depending on the severity of the scarring, it can affect your looks and dent your confidence greatly. What causes acne scars and how do you deal with them? Let us find out.
What Causes Acne Scars?
When your skin pores get clogged with excess oil and dead skin cells, it can result in bacterial growth in the region. This could happen if you have acne-prone skin due to genetic reasons, if you do not cleanse your face regularly, or if you lead a stressful lifestyle, among other reasons.
When the bacteria multiply rapidly, the clogged pores tend to swell up and form acne lesions. When these lesions swell up too much, it results in a rupture in the follicle wall. The infected material within the lesions, which is usually white in color due to the presence of white blood cells, spills out. This is what happens when you pop a zit or if it ruptures on its own.
To repair the damage done to the outer layer due to the rupture, your skin produces collagen fibers. If your skin produces too little collagen, you are likely to have atrophic or pitted scars. If it produces too much collagen, you are likely to have hypertrophic or raised scars.
How to Treat Acne Scars?
Minor acne scars and the redness and brown spots that develop as a result of inflammation tend to fade away over time. Deep scars, however, change your skin's texture permanently and do not fade away. They also tend to become more noticeable as you age, since your skin gradually loses its capacity to produce new collagen fibers to keep your skin young and elastic.
The good news, however, is that there are cosmetic procedures available to treat acne scars successfully. One of the safest and most effective procedures is the CO2 laser resurfacing treatment.
How Does Laser Scar Removal Treatment Work?
The treatment uses laser beams to break down the skin tissues in the scarred region. The beams penetrate deep into your skin and destroy the molecular bonds of the skin cells in and around the scars. The overactive oil glands beneath the skin surface, which cause acne, are also destroyed in the process. The heat produced by the laser beams leads your skin to repair itself by producing more collagen fibers and replace the damaged skin tissues with new, healthy skin tissues. Once the healing process is over, the scars diminish greatly and the affected area looks smoother, healthier, and more even in texture.
What Does the Procedure Involve?
Prior to the treatment, the scarred regions on your face are marked out. Your face is then numbed with the help of local anesthesia. The treatment usually lasts 30 to 45 minutes. Once it is over, topical medications or ointments are applied and your face is wrapped in bandages. It is a good idea to bring someone with you, as you may need someone to take you home after the procedure.
Generally, four to six treatments are required for acne scar removal, but the number of laser treatments required differs from person to person, depending on the severity of the scars, your skin condition, and a number of other factors. Only a dermatologist can tell you exactly how many treatments you require and expected outcome of the same.
The recovery time for CO2 laser treatment can be anywhere from five to seven days. Again, it may differ from one person to another, depending on skin type, depth and extent of the scars, and other factors.
Choosing the Right Dermatologist
The success of a CO2 laser treatment greatly depends on the competence and experience of the dermatologist who performs it. So, it is very important to choose one who is qualified and experienced enough to perform the treatment safely and deliver the results.
One of the leading dermatologists in India today is Dr. Harmandeep Sidhu, who is the founder of Athena Skin & Laser Clinic in Chandigarh. Dr. Sidhu specializes in laser treatments and has treated a large number of local and international patients over the years successfully. The clinic has all the latest equipment and technologies and the support staff is qualified and courteous enough to handle patients from all walks of life. So, if you are looking for a dermatologist in Chandigarh who can offer a permanent solution to your acne scar problems, Dr. Sidhu is your best choice.

subset: commoncrawl


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If morality comes from God and the bible is God's word and the bible is
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If morality comes from God and the bible is God's word and the bible is
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Pingback: Patrick Aljord (patcito) 's status on Thursday, 05-Nov-09 04:19:46 UTC - Identi.ca
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text: Alright so this weekend was my grandparents' estate auction and it was a pretty difficult deal to go through. I carried my new black sig legacy shoulder bag with me to the auction. My whole family was there. I got several compliments on it. But that's not the funny part. I've told you guys before that my aunt has those horrible purse parties and sells fake LV, Prada, Balenciaga and Coach (for like $80-$100) and passes them off as real. She knows that I know they're fake, because I asked her where she got the Balenciaga she gave my grandma's housekeeper for christmas and-- GET THIS-- SHE TOLD ME SHE GOT THAT BALENCIAGA FROM JC PENNEY'S. Because, you know, all the hottest Balenciaga's are at JC Penney's. Anyway. She was eyebaling it pretty good, then made some snarky comment along the line of, "that's interesting; I've never seen that style before. I'd be concerned it isn't real." and started patting her obscenely fake LV Speedy while she was eyeballing it. I smiled and said "Oh, you can't get it anymore. It's called a Legacy bag. I picked it up at the Coach boutique in Rogers." And she kind of smirked and said, "Oh, so it's old! My Coach bags are all newer styles anyway." So that really irritated me, and I said casually, "oh, you mean the $80 fake bags you sell at your purse parties? Because this one retails at $400, and it's real." And she goes: "I'd never pay $400 for a bag. You need to get your priorities straight." So then I said "Yeah, it's obvious you'd never pay that for a bag, but at least I don't go to bed with a RASH every night from carrying those hideous knock-offs." I gave her fake LV bag the evil eye when I said this, and then I high-tailed it out of there before it ended up being Just had to share, I thought you Ladies would find it amusing. I know my mom did, and she thinks I'm crazy for liking Coach so much. Would you all have handled it differently? Because she's always around peddling her fake bags and enough is enough! I know maybe it seems shallow it just still chaps me that these country ladies don't know any better and are spending their savings on fake bags trying to be in style with no clue what they're buying and what they're supporting overseas.


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For over four decades, the family-owned Acton Bowladrome has been Acton's family entertainment center, featuring 16 state-of-the-art, synthetic candlepin bowling lanes, a large redemption arcade with hundreds of ever-changing prizes, and The Burgerdrome, the '50s-style burger and shake restaurant.
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Inventor Claims PC Makers Infringed Laptop Patent
Frances Morris and the Morris Family Trust filed the suit in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Texas against a list of defendants including Hewlett-Packard Co., Panasonic Corp. and Sony Electronics Inc. among others.
Morris accuses the companies of infringing on U.S. Patent Number RE39,989, a reissue of Patent...
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text:
In the previous article, we introduced the Nessus vulnerability scanner. In this article, we will discuss some of the additional Nessus features.
Nessus Features: Scripting Language, Integration with Other Tools, Smart Testing
To supplement the plug-in architecture, Nessus has its own scripting language called Nessus Attack Scripting Language (NASL), one of the more important Nessus features. This easy-to-learn utility language allows you to quickly and easily write your own custom security plug-ins without having to know C or all of the internal workings of the main program.
Nessus can be used by itself or with several other open source security tools. You can use Nmap, the best port scanner in the world, or the port scanning part of the job, rather than the built-in one. the Nesseus port scanner is faster and a little more efficient with memory, but Nmap allows for a lot more options and settings. Almost all the Nmap settings are configurable from within the Nessus client. Nessus also works with Nikto and Whisker, tools that run more complex tests on web servers; CGI programs; and Hydra, a tool for running brute-force password attacks against common services. The functionality of these tools is written right into Nessus, so you can make configuration changes from a single interface.
Another ability which you may find is one of the more useful Nessus features is that it can be set up so that it does not automatically run all of the vulnerability tests on every host. Based on the results of a port's scan or other input such as past vulnerability tests, Nessus will run only tests appropriate to that machine. So if the server is not running a web server, it won't run web server-related tests. Nessus is also smart in that it does not automatically assume that web servers will run on port 80, but rather checks all the possible ports for signs of a web server. Nessus will even find multiple instances of services running on different ports. This is especially important if you are inadvertently running a web server or other public service on an unusual port.
Nessus Features: Knowledge Base and Reporting
Another one of the more useful Nessus features is that it can save all scan results in a database called the Knowledge Base. This allows it to use the results of past scans to intelligently figure out what tests to run. You can use this to avoid doing a port scan every time you run Nessus, because it will remember what ports it found open last time on each host and test only those. It can also remember what hosts it saw last time and test only new hosts. You probably shouldn't do this every time, because you may miss new ports that open up on machines or new vulnerabilities that show up on previously scanned boxes. However, it can allow you to run scans more often with less bandwidth and processor power as long as you do a complete scan on a regular basis.
Nessus has some of the best reporting capabilities in the open source field. Although it is not perfect, it can output your scan data in just about any format. Basic HTML and HTML with pie charts and graphs are two of the more popular formats. These reports include summary data and are suitable for posting to an internal web site with little or no editing. Other report formats supported include XML, LaTeX, and plain text. The Windows client offers additional report formats. There are additional tools available that allow you to do further manipulation of the data.
Mailing Lists
Nessus has an extensive support network for getting help, both on basic installation and use as well as more complex programming and customization. there are no fewer than five Nessus mailing lists, each dedicated to a different area. There is an archive of all the past posts so you can check to see if your question has ever been answered. The following are the main Nessus mailing lists:
- nessus: A general discussion list about Nessus.
- nessus-devel: Talks about the development of the upcoming versions.
- nessus-cvs: Shows the CVS commits made on the Nessus tree.
- nessus-announce: A low-traffic moderated list that is dedicated to the announcements of the availability of new releases.
- plug-ins-writers: A list dedicated to the writing of new Nessus plug-ins. If you want to write your own security checks, you should subscribe to it.
Of the discussion lists, nessus is the most active, broadest in scope, and probably most useful to the average reader. Much of the traffic consists, of questions and answers rather than actual discussions, and topics include Nessus and NessusWX, the plugins, vulnerabilities themselves, third-party add-ons, and so forth. Nessus-devel tends to be more discussion oriented, with the focus on revisions to Nessus and the NASL language. Plugins-writers leans more toward questions and answers, generally how to accomplish something in NASL or whether plugins are properly testing for vulnerabilties. None of these lists has an actual charter, though, and in practice there's a fair amount of overlap among them.
To subscribe to any of the above lists, send an e-mail to firstname.lastname@example.com with the following text in the body of the e-mail:
Subscribe listname
Replace listname with the name of the list to which you want to subscribe. To unsubscribe, do the name but write Unsubscribe listname in the body.
Nessus has quite a bit of documentation on its web site, including detailed instructions on installation, basic operation and use of Nessus features, and tutorials on how to write your own security checks in NASL.
Now the we have covered some of the more important Nessus features, in the next article, we will cover installing Nessus in Linux.
External Links:
Nessus home page on www.tenable.com – Additional information on Nessus features can be found here


text: Fellow S-Heads, Anyone have a good link to color photo's that would help explain how to read the deposits on spark plugs? I used to have a nice print from an old Toyota service manual, but I can't find it. It was pretty useful in that it explained all the colors variations in color pictures. Audi content is that I've developed a stumble, burrrrp, under WOT (again- - - -sigh). Thanks. -Manny 95.5 urS6 Avant (mostly RS2'd)


text:
Four Novel Partial Deletions of LDL-Receptor Gene in Italian Patients With Familial Hypercholesterolemia
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Abstract In this study, we report four new partial deletions of the LDL-receptor (LDL-R) gene discovered during a survey of 326 Italian patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). All deletions were found in FH heterozygotes whose LDL-R activity in skin fibroblasts ranged from 52% to 43% of the values found in control cells. The size and boundaries of the deletions were defined by Southern blotting and, in some cases, by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of genomic DNA. The sequence of the deletion joint was performed after the reverse transcription and PCR amplification of the appropriate regions of LDL-R mRNA. FHMassa is a 12-kilobase deletion spanning from intron 2 to intron 10. RT-PCR showed that the mutant allele is transcribed into one major and two minor mRNAs. In the most abundant mRNA species, exon 2 joins exon 11, as expected from DNA analysis. In one minor mRNA, which was sequenced, exon 2 joins exon 13, with exons 11 and 12 skipped as a result of an alternative splicing. FHGenova is a 4-kb deletion spanning from intron 10 to intron 12 and eliminating exons 11 and 12. FHRoma is a 4.7-kb deletion spanning from the 5′ end of intron 12 to the middle of intron 14 and eliminating exons 13 and 14. This deletion differs in size from the previously described deletion (FHChieti/Macerata), which is located in the same region of the LDL-R gene but is smaller (3.7 kb). In both FHRoma and FHChieti/Macerata, the mutant LDL-R mRNA is present in a minute amount, suggesting that the deletion of exons 13 and 14 may increase mRNA degradation. FHPadova-2 is a 2-kb deletion spanning from intron 15 to intron 16 and eliminating the sole exon 16. All deletions except FHPadova-2 produce a shift in the reading frame, leading to either a very short peptide or a truncated protein. In FHPadova-2, elimination of exon 16 does not change the reading frame but is predicted to produce a receptor protein of 813 amino acids, lacking 18 amino acids of the O-linked sugar and 8 amino acids of the transmembrane domain. Ligand blot experiments with rabbit 125I-β VLDL indicate that half the amount of LDL-receptor is present in FHPadova-2 fibroblasts, suggesting that the in-frame deletion of 26 amino acids may disrupt the intracellular transport and/or the insertion of the receptor in the plasma membrane or may increase its degradation.
- Southern analysis
- polymerase chain reaction
- deletions
- LDL-receptor mRNA
- direct sequencing
- genetic screening
- Received July 27, 1994.
- Accepted October 31, 1994.
Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is an autosomal-dominant disorder characterized by an increased level of plasma LDL, which is frequently associated with the development of premature coronary artery disease.1 FH is caused by mutations of the gene encoding the cellular LDL-receptor (LDL-R), which allows the binding, cellular internalization, and degradation of plasma LDL.1 2 A large number of mutations of the LDL-R gene, both gross rearrangements and minute mutations, have been reported.3 4 These mutations disrupt the synthesis, intracellular transport, binding capacity, internalization, and recycling of the LDL-R.3 4 In genetically heterogeneous populations, gross rearrangements (mostly deletions involving more than 25 bp of LDL-R gene)4 account for less than 10% of all mutations.5 6 In a screening of LDL-R gene mutations in 326 Italian FH patients, we discovered four novel partial deletions in FH heterozygous patients. During this survey, we also found that some previously reported deletions were clustered in specific districts of Italy. Haplotype analysis performed in these latter cases indicated that patients bearing these deletions might have had a common ancestor.
FH Patients
Probands (see Table 1⇓ for details) were selected among 326 Italian subjects with the clinical and biochemical features of familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). Patients were selected according to previously reported criteria.7 8 In 130 individuals, the diagnosis of FH was confirmed by assay of LDL-R activity in cultured skin fibroblasts.9
Southern and Northern Blot Analyses
Southern blot analysis of DNA extracted from blood leukocytes was carried out as previously reported.8 10 Filters were hybridized with LDL-R cDNA probes as previously described.8
Total cellular RNA was extracted in guanidine-thiocyanate11 from cultured skin fibroblasts that had been maintained in lipoprotein-deficient serum for 15 hours.9 Northern blot analysis was performed as previously reported.8
Reverse Transcription and PCR Amplification
Cellular RNA (1 μg) was reverse-transcribed in a 20-μL reaction mixture containing 8 mmol/L MgCl2, 1 mmol/L of each dNTP, 1 U RNAsin, 100 pmol random hexamers, and 12 U avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV) reverse transcriptase in 1× PCR buffer (30 mmol/L KCl, 50 mmol/L Tris-HCl, pH 9).12 After the sample was heated at 95°C for 5 minutes, 80 μL of 1× polymerase chain reaction (PCR) buffer containing 20 pmol of each primer was added as well as 2.6 U Taq DNA polymerase. MgCl2 concentration in the reaction mixture ranged from 1.5 to 3.5 mmol/L. The following primers were used: (1) 5′ GCT GGA AAT TGC GCT GGA CCG TCG C 3′ (forward primer in exon 1); (2) 5′ CAT GAA CAG GAT CCA CCA C 3′ (reverse primer in exon 10); (3) 5′ ATG ACA CCG TCA TCA GCA GGG A 3′ (forward primer in exon 10); (4) 5′ GTT GTG GAA GAG GAC CAT ATC 3′ (reverse primer in exon 13); (5) 5′ ACC GGA AGA CCA TCT TGG AGG ATG A 3′ (forward primer in exon 12); (6) 5′ CTT GGT GAG ACA TTG TCA CTA TC 3′ (reverse in primer in exon 15); (7) 5′ GAG TGA ACT GGT GTG AGA G 3′ (forward primer in exon 14); and (8) 5′ CAA GGC CGG CGA GGT CTC AGG A 3′ (reverse primer in exon 18). The conditions were 95°C for 5 minutes, 55°C for 2 minutes, and 72°C for 3 minutes for the first time, and subsequently 94°C for 2 minutes, 55°C for 2 minutes, and 72°C for 3 minutes for 28 cycles. PCR products were separated by electrophoresis through a 1.5% agarose gel and sequenced directly with the fmol Sequencing System (Promega Co). Primers used in the sequencing reactions were exon 1 forward primer, exon 10 forward primer, exon 12 forward primer (as specified above), and exon 17 reverse primer (5′ TTC TTC CAT AGA AGG AAG ACC 3′).
PCR Amplification of Genomic DNA
To amplify the region of LDL-R gene encompassing the deletion joint in FHRoma, FHChieti/Macerata, and FHGenova, 1 μg of genomic DNA was amplified in a 100-μL mixture containing 0.2 mmol/L of each dNTP, 50 pmol of each primer, 2.5 U Taq DNA polymerase in 1× PCR buffer (see above), 1.5 to 5 mmol/L MgCl2. Exon 12 forward primer and exon 15 reverse primer (see above) were used for FHRoma and FHChieti/Macerata. Exon 10 forward primer (see above) and intron 13 reverse primer (5′ GTT TCC ACA AGG AGG TTT CAA GGTT 3′) were used for FHGenova. The conditions were 95°C for 5 minutes, 50°C for 90 seconds, 72°C for 120 seconds, and 95°C for 90 seconds for 30 cycles. PCR products were separated by 1% agarose gel electrophoresis after ethidium bromide staining. For FHRoma and FHChieti/Macerata, the appropriate fragments were excised and DNA was extracted from the gel with Quiaex (Diagen, GmbH). Approximately 100 ng of each fragment was digested with 10 UI of XbaI and ApaLI. The fragments obtained after digestion were separated by 1% agarose gel and stained with ethidium bromide.
Ligand Blotting
Ligand blotting experiments were performed in proband P.F. (FHPadova) by using protein extracted from cultured fibroblasts and either human 125I-LDL or rabbit 125I-β VLDL as ligands.13 14 Lipoprotein labeling was carried out according to a standard procedure.9 Membranes were subjected to autoradiography on Hyperfilm-MP (Amersham, UK) for 2 to 4 hours. Densitometric analysis of radiograph films was carried out with an LKB-XL laser densitometer (LKB, Bromma). The radioactive bands corresponding to LDL-R (130 kD) were excised from the membrane and counted directly in a Beckman 5000 gamma counter.
Table 1⇑ gives the clinical and biochemical features of all probands. In all cases, the level of LDL-R activity measured as 125I-LDL degradation by cultured skin fibroblasts was approximately half that found in control cells, indicating that the probands were FH heterozygotes.
Deletion of Exons 3 Through 10 (FHMassa)
Southern blot analysis of proband G.F. (Table 1⇑) DNA digested with several restriction enzymes and hybridized with cDNA probes complementary to exons 1 through 4, 5 through 7, 8 through 10, and 11 through 14 suggested the presence of a large deletion (12 kb) that spanned from the 3′ end of intron 2 to the 5′ end of intron 11 (Fig 1⇓). Northern blot analysis showed a reduced intensity of the normal LDL-R mRNA (5.3 kb) but failed to reveal the presence of mutant mRNA. RNA was reverse-transcribed and amplified by using exon 1 forward primer and exon 15 reverse primer (see "Methods"). Four fragments of approximately 2300, 900, 780, and 640 bp were detected in agarose gel (Fig 2⇓). The nucleotide sequence showed that (1) the 2300-bp fragment corresponded to the normal mRNA (exon 2-exon 3 junction) (Fig 3A⇓); (2) in the 900-bp fragment, exon 2 was followed by exon 11, as expected from the Southern blot results (Fig 3A⇓); (3) in the 640-bp fragment, exon 2 was followed by exon 13 (Fig 3A⇓). We could not obtain a sufficient amount of the 780-bp fragment for sequence analysis. The size of this fragment, however, suggests that it might derive from the joining of exon 2 to exon 12. Thus, the deletion-bearing allele of proband GF generates three mRNA species, the most abundant of which (900-bp fragment) encodes a peptide that contains the 42 amino acids of the NH2 terminal end of the LDL-R and 18 novel amino acids (indicated in italics in Table 2⇓) preceding a stop codon. The other abnormal mRNA species we sequenced (exon 2-exon 13) is expected to encode a protein that contains only 42 amino acids (Table 2⇓). The joining of exon 2 to exon 12 (the 780-bp fragment that was not sequenced) would produce a short receptor devoid of part of the ligand and of EGF precursor homology domains (Table 2⇓). This new deletion found in a single family living in the northwestern part of Tuscany (central Italy) has been designated FHMassa.
Deletion of Exons 11 and 12 (FHGenova)
Southern blot analysis of proband B.M. (Table 1⇑) DNA digested with several restriction enzymes and hybridized with exon 11 through 18 probe suggested the presence of a deletion of ≈4 kb spanning from the 5′ half of intron 10 to the 3′ end of intron 12 and eliminating exons 11 and 12 (Fig 1⇑). PCR amplification of proband genomic DNA obtained by using exon 10 forward primer and intron 13 reverse primer generated a fragment of 2800 bp (data not shown), the size of which was consistent with a 4-kb deletion (Fig 1⇑). Northern blot analysis showed the presence of a single band corresponding to the normal LDL-R mRNA (data not shown). Proband RNA was reverse-transcribed and amplified by using exon 10 forward primer and exon 13 reverse primer. Two fragments of 580 and 320 bp of comparable intensity (data not shown) were obtained and sequenced directly. In the larger fragment, corresponding to the normal mRNA, exon 10 continued with exon 11, whereas in the smaller fragment, exon 10 was followed by exon 13 (Fig 3A⇑). The junction between exon 10 (GG) and exon 13 (GAC) generates a new codon (GGG) that encodes the same amino acid (glycine) as the codon generated by the junction of exon 10 with exon 11 (GGC). However, the junction between exon 10 and exon 13 causes a shift in the reading frame, which produces a sequence of 48 novel amino acids preceding a stop codon (Table 2⇑). This new deletion was named FHGenova after the city of origin of the proband's family.
Deletions of Exons 13 and 14 (FHRoma and FHChieti/Macerata)
Southern blot analysis of proband M.S. (Table 1⇑) DNA suggested the presence of a deletion of approximately 5 kb downstream of exon 12 (Fig 1⇑). To define the boundaries of the deletion more precisely, we used the following strategies: (1) PCR amplification of genomic DNA using exon 12 forward primer and exon 13 reverse primer, followed by the digestion with ApaLI and Xba I; and (2) PCR amplification of genomic DNA using exon 12 forward primer and exon 15 reverse primer, followed by digestion with ApaLI15 16 (Fig 4⇓). Amplification of the exon 12–exon 15 region, which was possible only in proband DNA (in control DNA, this region is too large to be amenable to PCR amplification), produced a fragment with a size (1800 bp) compatible with a deletion of 4.7 kb (see Fig 4⇓ for details). Northern blot analysis of proband LDL-R mRNA showed the presence of the normal mRNA band with approximately half the intensity of that found in control cells (data not shown). Reverse transcription and amplification of proband RNA with exon 12 forward primer and exon 15 reverse primer produced only a normal fragment of ≈530 bp (data not shown). However, when amplification was performed using exon 10 forward primer/exon 15 reverse primer, we could detect besides the normal fragment (900 bp) a minute amount of an abnormal fragment (650 bp) (Fig 5⇓). The sequence of the latter showed that exon 12 joined exon 15 (Fig 3B⇑), as expected. This new deletion was named FHRoma after the city of origin of proband's family.
We previously reported this deletion in two members of a family living in the central districts of Italy (FHChieti)8 ; a group from Dallas, Tex, reported this deletion in a homozygous Canadian patient of Italian ancestry.17 The same mutation (see below) has recently been found in three other unrelated subjects (M.L., G.F., M.M.) (Table 1⇑) living in central Italy. Although this deletion eliminates exons 13 and 14, its size and boundaries are different from those defined in FHRoma (Fig 4⇑). More specifically, the PCR amplification of the exon 12–exon 15 region from genomic DNA, followed by digestion with ApaLI, showed that in the FHChieti/Macerata mutation, the deletion (3.7 kb) was smaller than that of FHRoma (Fig 4⇑). As found in FHRoma, reverse transcription of RNA and PCR amplification of the exon 10–exon 15 region produced a trace amount of a 650-bp fragment and the normal 900-bp fragment (Fig 5⇑). The size of the 650-bp fragment is consistent with the idea that the mutant mRNA in FHChieti/Macerata lacks exons 13 and 14. This was confirmed by the direct nucleotide sequence in Fig 3B⇑.
Analysis of the restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) of the LDL-R gene in the four patients found to be carriers of this deletion (Table 1⇑) revealed that the haplotype cosegregating with the mutant allele [Sph I (+), Stu I (+), HincII (+), ApaLI 5′ (+), Pvu II (−), Nco I (+), ApaLI 3′ (+)] was the same in all affected subjects. Comparison of this haplotype with that found in the Italian-Canadian patient [Bms I (+), Sph I (+), Stu (+), ApaLI 5′ (+), Pvu II (−), Nco I (+), ApaLI 3′ (+), H.H. Hobbs, personal communication, 1994] strongly suggests that all probands with FHChieti/Macerata deletion shared a common ancestor who had presumably come from the central-eastern districts of Italy, close to Chieti and Macerata.
The joining of exon 12 to exon 15 in mRNA encoded by either the FHRoma or FHChieti/Macerata allele produces a shift of the reading frame, leading to a sequence of 15 novel amino acids before a premature stop codon (Table 2⇑). The amount of this truncated receptor in proband cells is expected to be negligible in view of the fact that in both FHRoma and FHChieti/Macerata, the level of mutant LDL-R mRNA is very low (Fig 5⇑).
Deletion of Exon 16 (FHPadova-2)
Southern blot analysis of proband DNA (P.F.) (Table 1⇑) digested with several restriction enzymes and hybridized with various exon-specific cDNA probes suggested the presence of a 2-kb deletion spanning from the HindIII site in intron 15 to the KpnI site in intron 16 and eliminating the sole exon 16 (Fig 1⇑). Northern blot analysis of proband RNA showed the presence of the 5.3-kb band with an intensity comparable to that found in control cells (data not shown). Reverse transcription of proband mRNA and amplification of the exon 14–exon 18 region produced comparable amounts of two fragments of 600 and 520 bp (data not shown). The nucleotide sequence showed that the 600-bp fragment corresponded to the normal mRNA (exon 15–exon 16 junction), whereas the 520-bp fragment corresponded to the mutant mRNA (exon 15–exon 17 junction) (Fig 3B⇑). The joining of exon 15 with exon 17 does not change the reading frame (Table 2⇑). Thus, the mutant mRNA is translated into a receptor protein of 813 amino acids devoid of the last 18 amino acids downstream of the O-linked sugar domain and the first 8 amino acids of the transmembrane domain. Ligand blotting experiments using rabbit 125I-β VLDL (Fig 6⇓) and human 125I-LDL (data not shown) indicated that proband fibroblasts bound half the amount of both ligands compared with control cells. This new deletion has been designated FHPadova-2 after the city of origin of the proband's ancestors. A point mutation designated FHPadova (Asp200→Gly) was reported previously by Hobbs et al4 in an Italian-American FH patient. To avoid misunderstanding, we renamed this mutation FHPadova-1.
In the present study, we report four novel partial deletions of the LDL-R gene discovered during the screening of 326 Italian FH patients (living mostly in the northwestern and central districts of Italy). All patients had the clinical and biochemical features of FH; none was found to be a carrier of familial defective apoB-100 (Arg→Gln at codon 3500).18 These deletions, all found in heterozygous patients, were characterized by using a combination of techniques such as Southern blotting, PCR amplification of genomic DNA (whenever possible), Northern blot analysis, reverse transcription, and PCR amplification of LDL-R mRNA (RT-PCR) extracted from skin fibroblasts. In all cases, the use of RT-PCR allowed us to identify the mutant mRNAs even in those situations in which this mRNA had not been detected in Northern blot analysis because of either a small size difference with respect to its normal counterpart or its reduced content. From analysis of the RT-PCR products, three different situations emerged: (1) in FHGenova (deletion of exons 11 and 12) and FHPadova-2 (deletion of exon 16), the amount of the mutant mRNA was apparently identical to that of its normal counterpart; (2) in FHRoma and FHChieti/Macerata (deletion of exons 13 and 14), the mutant mRNA was present in trace amounts; and (3) in FHMassa (deletion of exons 2 through 10), the mutant mRNA consisted of one major and two minor forms (in the major form, exon 1 joined exon 11, as was expected from the genomic DNA analysis, whereas the size of the two minor forms was consistent with the skipping of either exon 11 or exon 12, caused by an alternative splicing). These findings lend further support to the general idea that the intracellular level of mutant LDL-R mRNA varies considerably in relation to both the type of mutation and the occurrence of alternative splicings.8 12
The sequence of the deletion joints shows that the deletion-bearing alleles encode either a very short peptide (FHMassa), a truncated receptor (FHGenova, FHRoma, and FHChieti/Macerata), or a receptor with an in-frame deletion of few amino acids (FHPadova-2) (Table 2⇑). Because it is conceivable that truncated receptors lacking several important domains are rapidly degraded intracellularly, the functional defects caused by these deletions belong to either class I or II.3 4 In FHPadova-2 (deletion of the sole exon 16), the expected mutant receptor protein is devoid of the last 18 amino acids downstream the O-linked region (ie, those amino acids immediately outside the plasma membrane) and the proximal 8 amino acids of the membrane spanning domain. Because the results of the ligand blot with rabbit 125I β-VLDL showed that in the proband fibroblasts there was half the amount of the normal receptor, it is most likely that this mutation reduces the amount of receptor protein available for ligand binding. The membrane spanning domain of the mutant receptor would theoretically contain 8 novel amino acids belonging either to the immediately extracellular region of the O-linked sugar or to the proximal region of the cytoplasmic domain. In this new configuration, the average hydropathy index19 of the novel membrane domain (1.93 to 1.51) would drop below the values usually found in the plasma membrane domain of LDL-R observed in several animal species,20 21 22 23 24 which ranges from 2.123 to 2.54.21 22 It is reasonable to assume that in FHPadova-2 the receptor protein may not be inserted in the plasma membrane, even though it is safely transported through the cytoplasm.
The fact that the deletion of exon 16 is a cause of FH is supported by a previous observation by some Dutch investigators who reported a deletion of this exon in a heterozygous FH patient with a 0.4-kb deletion spanning from intron 15 to the 5′-splice site of exon 16.25
It has not been the aim of this study to analyze the molecular mechanisms responsible for the deletions reported here. It is reasonable to assume, however, that Alu sequence recombinations might be the cause of at least three of the five deletions described: FHRoma, FHChieti/Macerata, and FHPadova-2. Alu sequences are indeed present in introns 12 and 14 (FHChieti/Macerata and FHRoma) and in introns 15 and 16 (FHPadova-2).26 27 28
We have taken advantage of the description of the four new deletions (FHMassa, FHGenova, FHRoma, FHPadova-2) to update the series of deletions found so far in Italian FH patients (Table 3⇓). In our series, large deletions account for approximately 7% of all mutations of LDL-R gene, a value fairly similar to that observed in other populations.5 6 During our survey, we confirmed that some deletions (eg, the previously reported FHChieti/Macerata and FHPavia)8 29 were clustered in specific areas of Italy (northwestern districts for FHPavia; central-eastern districts for FHChieti/Macerata). Thus, despite the genetic heterogeneity of the Italian population, clusters of identical mutations of LDL-R gene are not uncommon.
The small number of patients carrying the same mutation (Table 3⇑) does not allow us to draw firm conclusions on the genotype-phenotype relationship. However, it is of interest that among the probands carrying the FHChieti/Macerata mutation, subject M.M. is free of the typical clinical features of FH (tendon xanthoma, arcus cornealis, and coronary heart disease) despite a fairly high level of plasma LDL cholesterol. A possible explanation for this finding may be the sex and the relatively low Lp(a) level of proband M.M. A survey of the patients of our series confirmed that the clinical features of FH are much less severe and delayed in female FH patients compared with males. On the other hand, the level of Lp(a) in our patients shows a strong correlation with coronary heart disease and carotid atherosclerosis but not with tendon xanthomatosis or arcus cornealis (S.B., M.R., S.C., unpublished observations).
As a corollary to our study, we propose the use of nonradioactive procedures for the identification of some deletions in Table 3⇑. The systematic screening of three deletions (FHGenova, FHRoma, and FHChieti/Macerata) may be successfully performed by PCR amplification of genomic DNA, followed (if necessary) by the digestion of the amplified fragment with appropriate restriction enzymes, as illustrated in Fig 4⇑ for FHChieti/Macerata and FHRoma.
This work was supported in part by grants from Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Progetto Finalizzato Invecchiamento (S.B.), and from CNR, Progetto Finalizzato Ingegneria Genetica (S.C).
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- Four Novel Partial Deletions of LDL-Receptor Gene in Italian Patients With Familial HypercholesterolemiaS. Bertolini, R. Garuti, W. Lelli, M. Rolleri, R. M. Tiozzo, M. Ghisellini, M. L. Simone, P. Masturzo, N. C. Elicio, C. Stefanutti, D. Coviello, C. Carabbio, G. Orecchini and S. CalandraArteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 1995;15:81-88, originally published January 1, 1995https://doi.org/10.1161/01.ATV.15.1.81
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- Four Novel Partial Deletions of LDL-Receptor Gene in Italian Patients With Familial HypercholesterolemiaS. Bertolini, R. Garuti, W. Lelli, M. Rolleri, R. M. Tiozzo, M. Ghisellini, M. L. Simone, P. Masturzo, N. C. Elicio, C. Stefanutti, D. Coviello, C. Carabbio, G. Orecchini and S. CalandraArteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 1995;15:81-88, originally published January 1, 1995https://doi.org/10.1161/01.ATV.15.1.81Permalink:


text:
Tuesday, June 4, 2013
Evolving Game Speed and Style of Play
The Australian researchers analyzed the championship matches of the last 12 FIFA World Cup finals, from 1966 to 2010. They reviewed the broadcast video of each match and analyzed variables such as the number of passes attempted and various stoppages of play. They also utilized TrakPerformance software to calculate the ball speed and player movements and positioning.
The first key finding is that the number of stoppages was consistent across the 12 matches. On average, there were ~120 stops during each match. There were no major changes in the number of free kicks, corner kicks, goal kicks or throw-ins. However, the average time taken during these stoppages steadily increased by about 7 seconds. For example, while the number free kicks at the goal remained consistent, the amount of time spent setting up the set piece increased from 38 to 63 seconds.
Second, the increased stoppage time decreased in the average amount of play time between stoppages from 29 to 25 seconds. This in turn, reduced the percentage of the match spent with the ball in play, from about 70% to just a bit more than 52%.
Third, game speed, determined by both ball speed and the number of passes per minute increased from the 1966 match to 2010. Ball speed increased by about 15% while the number of passes attempted per minute increased by 35%.
Lastly, the researchers found that the game "density" has increased. That is, the number of players in the vicinity of the ball grew over the 44-year analysis period.
What does all of these results mean? Despite the amount of work pout into this study, it analyzed only 12 matches, played at the highest level. So, the results may or may not be applicable to other levels of play.
However, the authors raise some interesting ideas based on their results. The increased duration of stoppages has led to a change in the work-rest ratio during the match. Coupled with increased game speed, matches have evolved from one of continuous motion to one characterized by shorter intervals of high intense activity, followed by longer recovery periods (stoppages). Sprint speed also seems to be a premium. Whether trying to separate from a defender and create space or closing on an attacking player, high speed sprints with longer recovery periods is more commonplace today compared to the 1970s.
Increased game speed, ball speed and passes per minute coupled with greater player density emphasize an increasing need for technical skills and decision-making.
The authors also point to the emergence of "specialists", particularly for set pieces. Teams seem to spend more time setting up set pieces for set piece specialists, attempting to capitalize on an uncontested service.
All of this has important implications for training young players. First, in terms of fitness, emphasis should be placed on developing the ability to perform repeated sprints with short recovery intervals. While recent studies show that soccer has a major endurance component, the ability to execute high-intensity sprints and recovery quickly is increasingly important. Second, developing sprint speed is an increasing necessity. Third, technique and decision-making should be emphasized. The ability to play in and out of tight spaces is critical as is the ability for teams to quickly organize themselves in defending and attacking situations. Finally, set pieces are increasingly seen as scoring opportunities. The ability to create scoring chances and the ability to defend against set pieces can affect the match's outcome.
"Intelligence is the ability to adapt to change." (Stephen Hawking). Recognizing how the game has evolved is the first step in adapting. Seeing change as it is happening will help ensure that your team stays ahead of the game.
Wallace JL, Norton KI (2013) Evolution of World Cup soccer final games 1966-2010: Game structure, speed and play patterns. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2013..0.016


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|15 Jan 1985
|Filing date
|28 Sep 1982
|Priority date
|6 Apr 1982
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Robert Cassou, Maurice Cassou, Bertrand Cassou
|Original Assignee
|Robert Cassou, Maurice Cassou, Bertrand Cassou
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (30), Classifications (5), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates to cylindrical flexible and protective sheaths for use in cooperation with artificial insemination guns, in particular for bovines, of the type comprising a tubular body which is adapted to receive at one end a supply of semen in the form of a straw, and in which is slidably mounted a plunger-rod adapted to expel the semen from the straw, this body having at its other end a fixing portion which has external radial projections the height of which, as measured from the axis of the body, exceeds the inside radius of the fixing end portion of the unattached or free sheath, the flexible sheath having a constant thickness throughout its length and surrounding the assembly of the tubular body and the straw and being detachably maintained on said fixing portion of the body by an elastic gripping of the projections of the fixing portion, the sheath having at the other end a narrowed shape for supporting the free end of the straw acting as a supply of semen.
Sheaths of this type are known, for example from French Pat. No. 78 13 524, which are employed on guns and in which, in a particularly advantageous embodiment, the fixing portion has, in order to constitute said radial projections, one or more helical coils which project from the cylindrical surface of this fixing portion.
However, in these known guns, for purposes of machining, for example turning on automatic screw machines, in the case of said coils (operation which requires maintaining a minimum thickness for supporting the projections or coils to be formed), it is necessary to give to the whole of the cylindrical fixing portion a relatively large outside diameter which is in any case distinctly larger than that required by the other functions of the gun body: reception of the straw and the guiding of the plunger-rod. This fixing portion having radial projections is in particular constructed in the form of a hollow cylindrical member mounted around the tubular gun body proper. The sheaths employed heretofore were perfectly cylindrical, i.e. had a constant diameter throughout their length when not attached to the gun, and as a result of the aforementioned large dimensioning of the fixing portion of the body, this diameter of the sheath; which must only be slightly less than that of said fixing portion, on account of the degree of elasticity of the material normally employed for this sheath (usually polyvinyl chloride), is itself rather distinctly larger than that of the tubular body.
Consequently, users, generally inseminators, who are very numerous and have in stock large quantities of sheaths of an older model prior to the development of the arrangement disclosed in said patent and consequently having a distinctly smaller constant diameter, find that it is impossible to employ these older sheaths on the new model of the gun employing radial projections, such as coils, for fixing the sheath.
Now, in a large number of cases, these users are extremely desirous to employ sheaths of only a moderate diameter, since this facilitates the insertion of only the instrument in the genital passages of the animal and is even found to be absolutely essential in the case of young animals, such as heifers or young cows. Moreover, a second drawback resides in the manufacture of the sheaths by extrusion when their diameter is excessively large. Indeed, these sheaths must have at the end opposed to the fixing end a narrowed portion which imparts thereto a frustoconical shape which terminates in an inner ledge and which acts as a support for the end of the straw through which the semen must be expelled.
Now, in the machines employed for producing this narrow portion, an increase in the diameter of a few tenths of a millimeter is sufficient to require two successive strokes of the tool on the end of the sheath, since the larger amount of material corresponding to the considered increase in diameter is too large to enable the machine to produce, without difficulty (binding or corrugations) and in a single stroke the required shrinkage of the material, whereas this was possible in the construction of the sheaths of smaller diameter adapted to the gun model which existed before the construction including projections or coils taught in said Pat. No. 78 13 524. It will be recalled for information that in this prior model, for example conforming to French Pat. No. 2 358 136, the sheath had a relatively small diameter which was constant throughout its length and there was formed at its fixing end a slot which enabled it to be engaged on a frustoconical bearing portion of the gun body, this slotted portion being clamped against the bearing portion by a ring which was forced over the sheath.
Thus it will be understood that, although apparently unimportant to an inexperienced person, the aforementiond difference of a few tenths of a millimeter is well known to persons skilled in the artificial insemination art since the appearance of the new model of the gun according to Pat. No. 78 13 524, and that, since this time, no solution has been provided to the double problem involved in the use of a sheath of larger diameter, rendered necessary by the fixing by means of projections or coils, namely, on one hand, the resulting hinderance when inserting the gun in the genital passages of the animal and, on the other hand, the necessity of producing the required narrowing by two strokes.
This is why an object of the present invention is to provide a sheath which is adapted to be employed on a gun employing fixing means with projections or coils but which is also just as easy to insert as in the case of a gun of a previous model and which may be narrowed by a single stroke of a tool. The invention provides a cylindrical flexible protective sheath adapted to be employed with a gun of the type defined in the first paragraph of the present description, characterized in that its end portion which is adapted to be elastically clamped on the fixing portion of the gun body, and only this portion, has an inside diameter (when not attached to the gun) which is substantially larger than the constant inside diameter the sheath has throughout the remainder of its length which constitutes the major part and is adapted to surround the rest of the tubular body and the straw. With this arrangement, the setting of the end portion of narrowed shape can be produced in a single stroke and the user can achieve, much more easily with much less risk of harming the animal, the insertion of the major part of the instrument provided with its sheath in the genital passages since, according to the invention, the diameter thereof is the diameter of the conventional instruments and sheaths which existed prior to the Pat. No. 78 13 524.
According to a particularly advantageous embodiment of the invention, the fixing end of the sheath of larger diameter is formed by a portion produced by an expansion operation, such as a tube-expanding operation. It should be stressed in this respect, that, inasmuch as the sheaths are produced by extrusion, this type of forming operation results in slight variations of the diameter along the lenght of the sheath, with these variations remaining upon the cooling following this extrusion. Now, the tube-expanding type of operation here envisaged for producing the end portion of the sheath of larger diameter enables this portion to be given mechanically a perfectly precise inside diameter notwithstanding the initial variations due to the expansion, which results in a perfect adaptation of the end portion of the sheath on the fixing portion of the gun body and an excellent seal. Further, such a sheath may be produced on existing machines already employed for producing sheaths having a constant diameter throughout their length and slotted, such as previously taught by Pat. No. 78 13 524. Indeed, it is merely necessary to replace on such a machine the slotting tool by a rotating tube-expanding tool whereby it is possible to produce and conserve the end portion of larger diameter of the sheath.
Further features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the ensuing description which is given merely by way of example with reference to accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a partial sectional view of a gun provided with a sheath according to one embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a partial sectional view, to an enlarged scale, of the portion of the sheath fixed on the gun;
FIG. 3 is a sectional view of the protective sheath, with a part cut away in the centre in the direction of its length, it being understood that, at the scale at which it is represented, this length would be distinctly greater than the length of the drawing sheet. A similar cut-away portion is provided in FIG. 1 for the same reason and concerns not only the sheath but also the gun.
The gun shown in FIG. 1 comprises a tubular body 1 provided with a head 2 for fixing the sheath and holding the gun, a plunger-rod 3 and a protective sheath 4.
As shown in FIGS. 1 and 3, the tubular body 1 is a cylindrical member having a constant thickness throughout its length and having, on one hand, an end portion 1a (FIG. 3) for fixing the straw and an opposite end portion 1b for mounting the head 2. The latter is formed by a tubular attached member of short length which is fitted and secured on the end portion 1b of the body. At its outer end, this head has an annular radial plate portion 2a against which the fingers of the user bear. At its other end, extending toward the end 1a of the body, the outer cylindrical surface of this member 2 has a radial projection 2b in the form of a helical profile for example having the extent of two coils, the section of this projection being triangular and having a height in the radial direction of the order of a few tenths of a mm, e.g. 2/10 to 3/10 mm. This head 2 and the tubular body 1 are made from a rigid material such as stainless steel.
The protective sheath 4 is formed by a cylindrical sleeve produced, for example by extrusion from a flexible or semi-rigid material such as polyvinyl chloride. This sheath has a constant thickness throughout its length and this thickness is small as compared to the thickness of the body 1 and of the head 2 and is, for example, 2/10 mm, while the outside diameter of the cylindrical outer surface of the head 2 is for example of the order of 4 mm. This sheath has at one of its ends a short end portion 4a which is substantially a little longer than the region of the head carrying the spiral projection 2b, this end portion 4a having inside and outside diameters which are slightly larger than those of the body portion 4 of the sheath which is free from or unattached to the gun so that this portion 4a can be slipped without difficulty over the cylindrical surface of the member 2. This end portion 4a is advantageously a permanent set formed by a tube-expanding operation which imparts thereto a perfectly smooth inner surface. This end portion 4a is however narrow enough to enable it to grip radially the member 2 throughout the length of the spiral projection 2b.
Owing to this arrangement, i.e. the presence of this larger end portion, advantageously produced by a tube-expanding operation, the sheath 4 can be easily engaged on the fixing portion 2 of the gun by slightly giving in the radial direction to permit the embedding of the spiral projection 2b in its inner wall. Consequently, the body part 4 of the sheath has inside and outside diameters which are reduced by several tenths of a millimeter, for example of the order of 2/10 mm, thus affording an essential advantage over conventional sheaths which have throughout their length diameters which correspond to those of the presently described end portion 4a.
At its opposite end, the sheath 4 has a narrowed shape, for example produced by a setting or crimping operation which imparts thereto a frustoconical profile 4b which internally terminates in a folded-over ledge or flange 4c. The relatively small diameter of the body part 4 of the sheath permits the setting of this end portion 4b in a single stroke by means of conventional machines for producing sheaths by extrusion and setting designed for producing sheaths used on a type of gun which is quite different from that described hereinbefore and corresponds to constructions such as those of the French Pat. No. 2 358 136 in which there is no fixing of the sheath by means of a spiral projection on the head 2.
This set end portion 4b of the sheath provides for an end of a supply of semen or straw 5 the other end of which bears against an inner shoulder of the end portion 1a of the tubular body. There may also be provided in the known manner within the sheath 4 a small slidable sleeve 6 for reducing the diameter and providing a support for a thinner straw 5b shown in dot-dash lines and employed in some cases of insemination. This sleeve itself bears against the frustoconical portion 4b of the sheath when the straw is in the position of use. This sleeve is also shown in dot-dash lines in a standby position located in the vicinity of the end portion 4a of the sheath for receiving the straw of this type 5b when the latter is engaged in the sheath before the assembly comprising the sheath and the straw is fitted on the gun proper, constituted by the tubular body 1 and the plunger-rod 3.
The last-mentioned plunger-rod 3 is a solid rod which is slidably mounted in the tubular body 1 and has at its end, adjacent to the head 2, a small annular handling disc 3a which permits shifting the plunger-rod 3 by means of the thumb of the user, while at its opposite end it has a portion 3b of reduced diameter to enable it to be inserted in the straw 5 or 5b and thus act as an ejecting plunger for a piston-plug 7 normally provided inside the straw.
It will be observed that the shoulder 4d existing between the body part 4 of the sheath and its larger end portion 4a does not in fact bear against the front annular surface of the member 2, since, in practice, the inside diameter of this body part 4 may be slightly larger when unattached to the gun, by for example 2/10 mm, than the outside diameter of the cylindrical surface of the body 2, it being of course, on the other hand, less than the diameter of the crests of the coils 2b so as to allow the elastic gripping of the end portion 4a on these coils.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|3 Sep 1976
|25 Apr 1978
|Bordow Richard A
|Device and technique for minimizing risk of contamination by blood sample
|27 Sep 1979
|9 Dec 1980
|Sherwood Medical Industries Inc.
|Needle sheath
|14 Jan 1960
|23 Apr 1964
|Robert Cassou
|16 Dec 1966
|28 Nov 1968
|Cassou Robert
|Injektionspistole fuer die kuenstliche Besamung
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|8 Sep 1986
|28 Apr 1987
|Dombrowski Mitchell P
|Fetal blood sampling instrument
|6 Oct 1988
|31 Oct 1989
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|Tissue or mucus sampling device
|25 May 1993
|1 Nov 1994
|Chenette Philip E
|Methods for endometrial implantation of embryos
|11 Apr 2001
|13 Jan 2004
|Em Tools, Inc.
|Ai gun warmer
|4 Sep 2001
|6 Jun 2006
|Universiteit Gent
|Device and method for artificial insemination of bovines and other animals
|13 Oct 2004
|13 Mar 2007
|Sheng-Jui Chen
|Animal-use artificial inseminator
|10 May 2002
|10 Jul 2007
|Continental Plastic Corp.
|Dual use syringe
|28 Apr 2006
|18 Mar 2008
|Ainley Jr Frank
|Animal insemination sheath
|29 Dec 2006
|2 Sep 2008
|Ainley Jr Frank
|Animal insemination sheath-methods of use
|3 Dec 2002
|2 Dec 2008
|Imv Technologies
|Syringe for artificial insemination with lateral window
|25 Aug 2008
|23 Nov 2010
|Ainley Jr Frank
|Animal insemination sheath apparatus
|27 Jul 2007
|19 Jun 2012
|Stroud Brad K
|Artificial breeding techniques for bovines including semen diluents and AI apparatus
|4 Oct 2010
|4 Dec 2012
|Ainley Jr Frank
|Animal insemination sheath and methods of use
|21 Jul 2009
|6 Sep 2016
|Brad K. Stroud
|Artificial breeding techniques for bovines including semen diluents and AI apparatus
|10 Aug 2010
|31 Jan 2017
|Brad K. Stroud
|Method and apparatus to reduce the number of sperm used in artificial insemination of cattle
|10 May 2002
|13 Nov 2003
|Continental Plastic Corp.
|Dual use syringe
|4 Sep 2001
|7 Oct 2004
|Steven Verberckmoes
|Device and method for artifical insemination of bovines and other animals
|3 Dec 2002
|19 May 2005
|Bertrand Cassou
|Syringe for artificial insemination with lateral window
|13 Oct 2004
|13 Apr 2006
|Sheng-Jui Chen
|Animal-use artificial inseminator
|28 Apr 2006
|1 Nov 2007
|Ainley Frank Jr
|Animal insemination sheath and methods of use
|29 Dec 2006
|1 Nov 2007
|Frank Ainley
|Animal insemination sheath-methods of use
|25 Aug 2008
|22 Jan 2009
|Ainley Jr Frank
|Animal Insemination Sheath Apparatus
|27 Jul 2007
|29 Jan 2009
|Stroud Brad K
|Artificial breeding techniques for bovines including semen diluents and ai apparatus
|21 Jul 2009
|12 Nov 2009
|Stroud Brad K
|Artificial breeding techniques for bovines including semen diluents and ai apparatus
|4 Oct 2010
|27 Jan 2011
|Ainley Jr Frank
|Animal insemination sheath and methods of use
|5 Oct 2009
|31 May 2012
|Marco Antonio Hidalgo-Mendoza
|Enhanced device for the artificial insemination of sheep, goats, deer and/or domestic and wild animals
|28 May 2014
|9 Dec 2015
|Multi-tube insemination gun for insemination of horses and donkeys
|5 Sep 2000
|27 Mar 2002
|Universiteit Gent
|Device and method for artificial insemination of bovines and other animals
|4 Sep 2001
|14 Mar 2002
|Universiteit Gent
|Device and method for artificial insemination of bovines and other animals
|6 May 2003
|20 Nov 2003
|Continental Plastic Corp.
|Dual use syringe
|U.S. Classification
|600/35, 604/263
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|16 Jul 1985
|Certificate of correction
|16 Aug 1988
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|15 Jan 1989
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|4 Apr 1989
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 19880115


text:
The Air Force says that no pilots have died because of oxygen deprivation. But the family of Capt. Jeff Haney, who died in a 2010 crash in Alaska, has sued the plane's manufacturer, Lockheed Martin, for wrongful death, claiming that oxygen deprivation led to the crash. The Air Force says Haney was to blame.
In excerpts of the "60 Minutes" segment released Thursday evening, Capt. Josh Wilson describes his bout with hypoxia in the F-22, saying it took "immense concentration" to perform simple tasks.
He attempted to pull the plane's oxygen ring, but says, "I
couldn't find it. I couldn't remember what part of the aircraft it was in."
When Maj. Jeremy Gordon is asked whether the plane is safe to fly, he says, "I'm not comfortable answering that question."
Gen. Michael Hostage, commander of Air Combat Command, which runs the F-22 program, defends the fighter jet on "60 Minutes."
"I don't see a reason to stand the plane down," he said. "Ideally, I want the risk as low as possible. I'm not able to drive it as low in this airplane as I am with others because of this unknown circumstance, but I have driven it down to a level where we believe we can safely operate the airplane."


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Victor Laurenza Joins Key Private Bank as Vice President, Wealth Advisor in Pittsburgh and Erie Markets
PITTSBURGH and ERIE, PA, (March 9, 2017) — Key Private Bank, one of the premier private banks for affluent individuals and their families, has announced that Victor Laurenza joined the bank's team in Western Pennsylvania as Vice President, Wealth Advisor. Laurenza's role focuses on further development of the region's high net-worth investment management and fiduciary portfolio for Key Private Bank.
Laurenza brings more than 15 years of banking experience, including his most recent roles as a private banker in similar positions with Huntington Bank and PNC Bank. He also served as a retail branch manager and business banker at National City and PNC Bank.
He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in Business Administration, and completed a CFP®, Board Registered Program, both from Mercyhurst University in Erie, PA.
About Key Private Bank
Key Private Bank is a leading provider of wealth management solutions and advice to more than 24,000 high-net worth and ultra-high-net worth clients, including wealth advisory, investment management, trust administration, customized credit, family office and private banking services. Key's wealth management platform combines the market insights of advisors located in each local market with a national team of wealth and investment strategists to deliver proactive and personalized expertise and advice to clients. Advisors also leverage partnerships with Key's business banking and capital markets teams to build wealth plans tailored to meet each client's specific need. Key Private Bank's wealth management platform is delivered by more than 350 wealth advisors, located in 15 states across the United States. Key currently has $35.9 billion in AUM and $28.9 billion in AUA.
About KeyCorp
KeyCorp's roots trace back 190 years to Albany, New York. Headquartered in Cleveland, Ohio, Key is one of the nation's largest bank-based financial services companies with assets of approximately $136.5 billion at December 31, 2016. Key provides deposit, lending, cash management and investment services to individuals and small and mid-sized businesses in 15 states under the name KeyBank National Association and First Niagara Bank, National Association, through a network of more than 1,200 branches and more than 1,500 ATMs. Key also provides a broad range of sophisticated corporate and investment banking products, such as merger and acquisition advice, public and private debt and equity, syndications and derivatives to middle market companies in selected industries throughout the United States under the KeyBanc Capital Markets trade name. For more information, visit https://www.key.com/. KeyBank is Member FDIC.


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Just checked for updates in play store and found FoxFi is now 6.97. Curious if anyone has any alternative apps???
I will probably pay for it but just wanted to consider options first. Does anyone know if it will work with JellyBean once thats pushed out??? I have not rooted and loaded it. I was planning to wait for the OTA from VZW. Any opinions would be appreciated. Thank you.


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Business Insight, Data and Analytics
Delivering business intelligence and anticipating trends through insight, data and analytics
You want the insight and intelligence that will give you an advantage in the market. We have been working in this area longer than 'big data' has been a phrase and we will make your data work harder for your organisation.
big data and analytics
We will leverage data to innovate, compete and capture value that outperforms your peers
business intelligence
We will help you monitor and improve business performance by analysing the right data at the right time for the right reasons
data management
We will support you in creating, delivering and managing the right data-driven strategies
customer relationship management (crm)
We will improve your customer view, service and marketing management to drive sales and profitability
To find out more about our business insight, data and analytics capability, please contact Ben Culora using the details below.
ben culora - director
Tel: 01491 637072
Email: email@example.com
Linkedin: https://uk.linkedin.com/in/benculora
To arrange a discussion around change management, contact Practicus on +44 (0) 1491 637072 or email firstname.lastname@example.com.
The Four PromisesWe make four promises to all our clients
Quality Assurance+We go beyond the contract to exceed expectations
Flexible BenchOur structure gives us greater flexibility to deliver on your needs
Sharing riskAligning our fees with your success


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Are you wondering if your driver's license is valid in the United Arab Emirates? Here are some answers to your questions.
To be able to drive in the United Arab Emirates, you must be in possession of an international driving license or an Emirati driver's license. If you come from the following countries, you must obtain a translation of your driver's license or a certificate from your consulate: Australia, Austria, Bahrain, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Kuwait, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Oman, Poland, Qatar, Romania, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom and United States of America. In fact, you can convert your existing license.
Converting your driver's license
Foreign nationals holding a driver's licence issued in the following countries also have to produce a translation of their driver's licence or a letter issued by their home country's consulate :
Canada: a driver's licence authentication letter issued by the Canadian consulate in Dubai
Canada, Cyprus, Greece, Japan, South Korea, Turkey: a translation of the driver's licence issued by the relating consulate
To convert your foreign driver's licence, you are required to produce the following:
- your passport (original and copy)
- a copy of your resident permit (original and copy)
- your original driver's licence, an arabic translation or a letter issued by your home country's consulate
- 5 passport size identity photos
- confirmation from health authorities that you do not have any diseases or illnesses that impede yoru ability to drive
- a non objection letter (in English and Arabic) issued by your sponsor
- fees of 360 dirhams (to date)
Note however that your driver's license may not be recognized in some emirates. On the other hand, driver's licences issued by the Gulf Cooperation Councils (GCC) are still recognized by the United Arab Emirates.
Once you have obtained a translation of your driver's license and/or the letter issued by the consulate, you will have to undergo an eye test either at the hospital, or at a clinic or at a private optician. Make sure to specify that the requested eye test is intended for the conversion of your driver's license.
In general, the eye test may be free of charge or quite affordable. However, you will have to produce two passport-size identity photos. Once you have completed the eye test, you will have to fill in the required conversion form at the nearest Traffic Department Driving License Section. Fees will apply.
Procedures should last a few minutes only before your new driver's license is issued.
New driving licences will be issued for two years only, after which the renewal will be valid for 10 years for UAE citizens and five years for non-citizens.
Traffic regulations
The United Arab Emirates government has fixed heavy penalties against certain offenses the road, especially for dangerous driving under the influence of alcohol. You might have to pay fines and you can even be jailed if you are tested positive to breathalyser. Note that the use of mobile phones, dressing up and applying make-up while driving is also prohibited since some time.
If you are involved in an accident in which someone is injured, you will be automatically arrested. Also note that your driver's license may be suspended if you accumulate a number of offenses.
Recent changes to traffic regulations have added further safety-concsious rules:
- When driving in a residential area, near schools, or near hospitals, the speed limit will be 40km/h and you must drive in a safe fashion.
- You are obliged to stop 5 metres away from any bus or public vehicle disembarking passengers at an authorised stop
- Only children over the age of 10/ above 145cm in height may sit in the front seat, unless for certified health reasons.
Good to know:
To be eligible for a license driver's licence, you must be at least 18 years old. Some car rental companies may refuse to rent a car if you are less than 21 years old.
Useful Numbers:
Police: 999
Ambulance: 998
Firefighters: 997
Useful links:
Expat.com - Cars and Transportation in the United Arab Emirates Forum
Obtenir un permis de conduire à Abu Dhabi www.abudhabi.ae
Dubai Traffic Department www.dubaipolice.gov.ae
Police de Sharjah www.shjpolice.gov.ae


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Multicore Challenges and Benefits for High Performance Scientific Computing
Until recently, performance gains in processors were achieved largely by improvements in clock speeds and instruction level parallelism. Thus, applications could obtain performance increases with relatively minor changes by upgrading to the latest generation of computing hardware. Currently, however, processor performance improvements are realized by using multicore technology and hardware support for multiple threads within each core, and taking full advantage of this technology to improve the performance of applications requires exposure of extreme levels of software parallelism. We will here discuss the architecture of parallel computers constructed from many multicore chips as well as techniques for managing the complexity of programming such computers, including the hybrid message-passing/multi-threading programming model. We will illustrate these ideas with a hybrid distributed memory matrix multiply and a quantum chemistry algorithm for energy computation using Møller–Plesset perturbation theory.
- Publication Date:
- Grant/Contract Number:
- Type:
- Published Article
- Journal Name:
- Scientific Programming
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Volume: 16; Journal Issue: 4; Related Information: CHORUS Timestamp: 2016-08-23 05:43:14; Journal ID: ISSN 1058-9244
- Publisher:
- Hindawi Publishing Corporation
- Sponsoring Org:
- Country of Publication:
- Egypt
- Language:
- English
- 1197988


text:
Now Telemor provide new policy of recharge Pulsa $ 10 for all Telemor customers when recharge pulsa $10 will get free data 1GB for access internet, free on-net call within 48 hours start from time register. Customers can recharge pulsa anywhere and anytime will get big bonus of recharge pulsa $10.
For support please call to 188. Thank you so much.


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Germany's Dew-Scented, the product of sole remaining founding member, vocalist Leif Jensen, have always been a solid, dependable modern thrash/Death metal act since their 1996 debut album Immortelle.
Thrash Metal Band From Lanaudière, Quebec/Canada Formed in 2005 by Patrick Martin and Maxime Cormier.
Reanimator dug an important place in the Quebec Metal scene, offering an awesome Thrash Metal dotted with old-school and new school element, these guys are kicking asses worldwide.
Worlds Premiered Of Witches Of Doom from Italy Their New Single New Years Day On Metal Messiah Radio With The Vampire Internationally On The Metal Bloodhsed.
Greeks Sorrows Path with their unique mixture of doom metal with power, gothic, progressive and oriental elements was formed by Takis Drakopoulos (bass) and Kostas Salomidis (guitar) back in November 1993.
Both being inspired by bands like Memento Mori, Solitude Aeturnus and Candlemass and shortly after Angelos Ioannidis (vocals) and Kostas Farmakis (drums) joined them, the band began rehearsing and composing material.
Project Pain is a thrash metal band from Amersfoort The Netherlands, playing thrash influenced by Slayer, Testament, Exodus, Annihilator, Metallica and Kreator, great 80's thrash with melody like you want thrash to be.
Deadlysins was formed in 2000 by the guitarists Laurent K. and Laurent B. who played heavy metal at that time but in 2003 the line up was completed and the band decided to move on a different musical direction and became a old school thrash metal band.
the band recorded a first demo in 2004 and went on tour in France and you shared stage with bands like The Haunted, Municipal Waste, Mumakil or Death Angel.
Comaniac are a band from Aarau Switzerland that plays an old school form of thrash metal.
The Company of Maniacs started in 2010 with two metal heads: Cédric Iseli drums and Jonas Schmid vocals, guitar Raymond Weibel bass and Dominic Blum lead guitar joined Comaniac in summer 2012.
Jonas your main influences was Overkill - Sepultura - Coroner - Exodus And even Metallica among others.
You recorded your first demo called Cowshed demo at a friend recording studio in april of 2012 and In December 2012 Comaniac found themselves in a professional recording studio to record their second demo Tumor Troop was released in summer 2013 and recognized not only in the local but also the international press.
In early 2013 Venues and press started to give you recognition and noticed your passion for Heavy Metal music and the four maniacs from Aarau, Switzerland were soon ready to hit the stages.
By the end of 2013, Comaniac played in several cities and gathered a lot of live experience such as a Supporting Act for Thrash legends Coroner and Toxik.
Comaniac plays a style of thrash metal that is very heavy and old school sounding while also being very melodic at times, the production sounds very professional while the lyrics cover violent, hateful and real life themes.
Comaniac's debut album "Return to the Wasteland" continues to fuel the fire for thrash metal and was released on February 27th 2015.
This traditional thrash metal album brings all the must-haves of a good thrash album to the table and performed with aggression and "Return to the Wasteland" is an excellent sign that Comaniac will release more albums that will no doubt be amazing like this is.
Benighted understand what deathgrind is about, and nothing proves it better than this record. They sound excited and hungry, metal gods who will smash your face in if you so much as doubt there role in the scene. Benighted may very well be France's best deathgrind export and this record only helps to prove it.
Brutalive The Sick is the kind of live masterpiece that gives you a new appreciation for the band. Benighted have managed to pull together a live record that will leave you picking your jaw up from the floor, it's simply that good.
Brutalive The Sick is the kind of live masterpiece that gives you a new appreciation for the band. Benighted have managed to pull together a live record that will leave you picking your jaw up from the floor, it's simply that good.
FURYON raised on a diet of heavy metal, prog, and classic rock, FURYON mix all these components for a truly unique and contemporary sound.
On March 26 2010 on a low profile independently released on March 26 2010.
Classic Rock magazine loved the sound so much that they mounted 3 tracks from the album called the 'Underdog EP' on the magazine to a worldwide market.
Weeks later, Metal Hammer magazine chose the track 'Wasted on You' to be part of their cover mounted compilation CD
With the reputation of devastating stages at UK Rock & Metal festivals, such as BLOODSTOCK, HARD ROCK HELL, HAMMERFEST, and HIGH VOLTAGE, FURYON's live performances are continuously gathering momentum and fast gaining a reputation for being a 'Must See' band.
Led by the powerful but still melodic vocals of Matt Mitchell and the 2 new guys on guitar Luca Faraone and Tiago Rosado who produce a wall of taut muscular riffs.
The rhythm team of Lee Farmery on drums and Alex "Nickel "Bowen on bass are the rock it is all built on and with original guitarist Chris Green (Rubicon Cross,Tyketto) adding his quality on riffs and also solos this is top drawer heavy rock.
Lost Salvation " Released on February 23 via Dream Records in the UK and Cargo Records for the rest of Europe and With returning producer Rick Beato(Shinedown,Fozzy)
Old school death metal (OSDM) has become something of a catchphrase in recent years, a term descriptive of a relatively consistent onslaught of contemporary bands employing a sound and approach to the genre of death metal reminiscent of it's late 80's and early 90's pioneers in a more often than not genuine and authentic manner. As with any sub-genre experiencing a flood of popularity there comes a surge in the output of current bands alongside the formation of new blood and, with this, a hell of a lot of mediocre and forgettable material. Of course wherever there is shit, gems will shine. 2011 saw the releases of bands such as Mitochondrion, Sonne Adam, Necros Christos & Disma deservedly making plenty of well-respected end-of-year lists and forging through into 2012 the trend continued. Germany's Chapel of Disease released at the beginning of 2012 their debut recording, a demo under the title "Death Evoked" which was soon followed up by a split with fellow countrymen Lifeless and lastly, in the winter of the year, their debut full-length "Summoning Black Gods"; a thrashy, energetic and captivating affair. Chapel Of Disease are back and I'm proud to say that with this third listen of the record, they're even better than they were last time. I was exercising pretty heavily to this disc, which made it all the more endurable as The Mysterious Ways Of Repetitive Art because this sophomore opus is an absolute beast.


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Anchor Babes: I Lost It For A Moment There
I got caught up in my own confusion recently, reading through Twitter without clicking on any of the links to get the low down on each short message. What I read is not what was written, at least, not in the way that I thought it was. In other words, I gained a completely different impression of something and it threw me completely.
Apparently several of the Republican candidates for the office of President of the United States of America commented on the term 'Anchor Babies'. I caught it with The Donald's name mentioned – I haven't bothered checking to see whether he coined the phrase or whether it is a general GOP thing – and read the term as 'Anchor Babes'.
Photo Source: Augie Schwer – Creative Commons
Now, if you consider the run-in The Donald had with Megyn Kelly recently, you might already have figured out where I'm going. My first thought was that The Donald was sending out another of his attacks, aimed at Ms Kelly, and had used this belittling term to describe her. I suppose, as far as he is concerned, it could well fit: she is an anchor on the show and, for many, most certainly a Babe (capital B!). Coming from a man like The Donald, and many others of similar persuasion, this would be an insult, especially if he happens to be on the look-out for another trophy wife.
But no, what was meant was Anchor Babies, children born of immigrants – mostly termed either alien or illegal – who gain citizenship thanks to being born on US soil and, as a result, can 'adopt' their parents to stay with them. I have my thoughts about this, but they will not appear here today. Likewise I have my thoughts about The Donald's idea of packing eleven million people into trains and shipping them off somewhere, but that will also have to wait for another day. Right now I shall think about my Anchor Babes.
Before you ask, no, Megyn is not taking her holiday here with me… although, were it not for her political bent…
Love & Kisses, Viki.


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Impact of Therapist Qualities on Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
This paper describes the results of our review of the broad process literature as well as summarizing two studies examining the influence of the therapist in generating changes in treatment targets among sexual offenders. We conclude that displays of empathy and warmth by the therapist as well as the provision of rewards for progress and some degree of directiveness, maximize the benefits derived from the procedures employed in treating sexual offenders.
Dear Colleague,This month's issue explores the impact of the qualities of a therapist on the outcomes of treatment. Although this question has been studied in a variety of fields, this article is one of the first to identify the impact with traditional sex offender treatment. Read the NEARI Press summary to learn which four qualities emerge as most significant to effective treatment.
Joan Tabachnick and Steven Bengis
Beyond Manuals and Workbooks: Improving Clinical Outcomes with Adolescents who have Sexually Abused
This booklet focuses on the essential elements that every clinician can integrate into their current treatment to make it more effective.
While many treatment programs organize themselves around specific curricula, this booklet makes recommendations for specific skills for improving outcomes and therapeutic alliances, early identification of at-risk cases, motivational goal setting, and considerations for successfully moving clients into a healthier environment. Based upon the current research, this booklet outlines the core values and concrete steps towards developing a truly evidence-based practice.
Catalog Number: 9706
Cost: $3.75 + S&H
Impact of Therapist Qualities on Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
Do the qualities a therapist brings to a treatment group impact the outcome of cognitive-behavioral therapy?
The ResearchIn Marshall's 2005 article, he describes a process whereby he aggregated a listing of 28 therapist qualities and then trained raters to identify these qualities in observed therapist-to-client interactions. These raters then observed the presence/absence of those attributes in taped sessions supplied by the HM Prison Service in England of cognitive-behavioral therapy approaches with adult sex offenders.
The researchers concluded that there was a statistically significant difference in positive outcomes where therapists exhibited certain qualities and these therapist features exerted a positive influence over-and-above whatever influence the procedures specified in the treatment manual. Among the influential therapist behaviors identified in this study, the most important appear to be:
- Warmth,
- Empathy,
- Rewardingness (verbal encouragement to clients for small steps toward whatever goal was being sought) and
- Directiveness (the importance of being firm and challenging to encourage a client's responsibility for their behavior
Implications for Professionals
In some circles, these four characteristics (warmth, empathy, rewardingness, and directiveness) have become known by the acronym WERD. This can be a helpful way to remember them. Some professionals have noted that these characteristics share some similarities with the six "core conditions" originally described by Carl Rogers (e.g., empathy and genuineness). Following this original work, one can see how these characteristics could produce direct benefits such as a stronger therapeutic alliance as well as indirect benefits such as reductions in adverse termination from treatment. The client may find it easier to stay in treatment and benefit from it when he or she sees a therapist as empathic. Ultimately, evidence-based treatment curricula can only be as effective as the therapeutic alliance in which they occur.
If therapist qualities influence outcomes with adult offenders in highly structured manualized programs within a prison environment, we would hypothesize that these qualities have an even greater impact on treatment outcomes with children and adolescents. If we are seeking self-regulation, individual responsibility, accountability and altered behaviors, then who we are (bringing our qualities as a therapist) is as important as what we do (the techniques we employ). If we are striving for effective outcomes, the therapist qualities that the general literature indicates support successful treatment outcomes are critical to our work with children and adolescents who have sexually abused.
Implications for the FieldAs the field strives to coalesce around evidence-based best practices and consistency of procedures and techniques, we must not lose sight of the human factors that influence change. It is imperative that while we train clinicians to identify appropriate risk factors, provide appropriate treatment interventions, address diagnostically different clients and build safety plans and community-based safety nets, a therapy approach that also provides support, encouragement, humor, rewards, and directiveness must have an equal place at the training "table". What might be difficult for others outside of our field is the importance of these qualities with clients who have caused harm in others. Therefore, discussing these qualities within the context of taking responsibility for behaviors to create better outcomes is critical to greater acceptance of these principles.
Marshall , W. L. (2005). Therapist style in sexual offender treatment: Influence on indices of change. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research & Treatment, 17(2), 109-116.To print a pdf of this article, click NEARI NEWS.
Best Practices for Addressing Sexual Harm by Youth
The NEARI Press Training Center brings back a Five-Day training by Joann Schladale to be held on October 7-12 in Albany, NY.
Best Practices for Addressing Sexual Harm by Youth will provide participants with an overview of best practices with in-depth training covering the key research, skills to accurately assess and manage risk, consideration of a developmental approach for intervention and treatment across a full continuum of care that involves the youth, his or her family, and any available social supports.
Cost is $1,100 due by October 1.
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