text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jan 4, 2005
|Filing date
|Jun 27, 2002
|Priority date
|Jun 27, 2002
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|William D. Killen, Randy T. Pike
|Original Assignee
|Harris Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (27), Referenced by (2), Classifications (13), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Statement of the Technical Field
The inventive arrangements relate generally to methods and apparatus for providing increased design flexibility for RF circuits, and more particularly for optimization of dielectric circuit board materials for improved performance in quarter-wave transformers.
2. Description of the Related Art
RF circuits and quarter-wave transformers are commonly manufactured on specially designed substrate boards. For the purposes of RF circuits, it is important to maintain careful control over impedance characteristics. If the impedance of different parts of the circuit do not match, this can result in inefficient power transfer, unnecessary heating of components, and other problems. A specific type of transmission line often used to match the impedances of different parts of the circuit is a quarter-wave transformer. Hence, the performance of quarter-wave transformers in printed circuits can be a critical design factor.
As the name implies, a quarter-wave transformer typically has an electrical length precisely λ/4, where λ is the signal wavelength in the circuit. The proper characteristic impedance of a quarter-wave transformer is given by the formula Z0=√{square root over (Z1Z2)}, where Z0 is the desired characteristic impedance of the quarter-wave transformer, Z1 is the impedance of a first transmission line to be matched, and Z2 is the impedance of a second transmission line or load being matched to the first transmission line.
Printed quarter-wave transformers used in RF circuits can be formed in many different ways. One configuration known as microstrip, places the quarter-wave transformer on a board surface and provides a second conductive layer, commonly referred to as a ground plane. A second type of configuration known as buried microstrip is similar except that the quarter-wave transformer is covered with a dielectric substrate material. In a third configuration known as stripline, the quarter-wave transformer is sandwiched within substrate between two electrically conductive (ground) planes.
Two critical factors affecting the performance of a substrate material are permittivity (sometimes called the relative permittivity or εr) and the loss tangent (sometimes referred to as the dissipation factor). The relative permittivity determines the speed of the signal, and therefore the electrical length of transmission lines and other components implemented on the substrate. The loss tangent characterizes the amount of loss that occurs for signals traversing the substrate material. Accordingly, low loss materials become even more important with increasing frequency, particularly when designing receiver front ends and low noise amplifier circuits.
Ignoring loss, the characteristic impedance of a transmission line, such as stripline or microstrip, is equal to √{square root over (L1/C1)} where L1 is the inductance per unit length and C1 is the capacitance per unit length. The values of L1 and C1 are generally determined by the physical geometry and spacing of the line structure as well as the permittivity and permeability of the dielectric material(s) used to separate the transmission line structures. Conventional substrate materials typically have a relative permeability of approximately 1.0.
In conventional RF design, a substrate material is selected that has a relative permittivity value suitable for the design. Once the substrate material is selected, the line characteristic impedance value is exclusively adjusted by controlling the line geometry and physical structure.
The permittivity of the chosen substrate material for a transmission line, passive RF device, or radiating element influences the physical wavelength of RF energy at a given frequency for that line structure. One problem encountered when designing microelectronic RF circuitry is the selection of a dielectric board substrate material that is optimized for all of the various passive components, radiating elements and transmission line circuits to be formed on the board. In particular, the geometry of certain circuit elements may be physically large or miniaturized due to the unique electrical or impedance characteristics required for such elements. Similarly, the line widths required for exceptionally high or low characteristic impedance values can, in many instances, be too narrow or too wide respectively for practical implementation for a given substrate. Since the physical size of the microstrip or stripline is inversely related to the relative permittivity of the dielectric material, the dimensions of a transmission line can be affected greatly by the choice of substrate board material.
An inherent problem with the foregoing approach is that, at least with respect to the substrate material, the only control variable for line impedance is the relative permittivity, εr. This limitation highlights an important problem with conventional substrate materials, i.e. they fail to take advantage of the other factor that determines characteristic impedance, namely L1, the inductance per unit length of the transmission line.
Conventional circuit board substrates are generally formed by processes such as casting or spray coating which generally result in uniform substrate physical properties, including the permittivity. Accordingly, conventional dielectric substrate arrangements for RF circuits have proven to be a limitation in designing circuits that are optimal in regards to both electrical and physical size characteristics.
The present invention relates to a circuit for processing radio frequency signals. The circuit includes a circuit board that has at least one dielectric layer having a first set of substrate properties over a first region and a second set of substrate properties over a second region. The substrate properties can include a permittivity and a permeability.
The circuit also includes a quarter-wave transformer and a ground. At least a portion of the quarter-wave transformer can be coupled to the second region. The permittivity and/or permeability of the second region can be higher than those of the first region to reduce a size of the quarter-wave transformer. In one embodiment the first region can have a permeability of 1 and the second region can have a permeability between 1 and 10. The increased permittivities and/or permeabilities also can effect a change in at least one of an impedance, an inductance, a capacitance, a quality factor (Q) and a voltage associated with the quarter-wave transformer.
A quarter-wave transformer is a specialized transmission line that typically is used in radio frequency (RF) circuits and commonly implemented on printed circuit boards or substrates. Quarter-wave transformers typically have a transmission line section, an input port and an output port. The electrical length of the transmission line section is usually one-quarter of a wavelength of a selected frequency, but a quarter-wave transformer also can be any odd multiple (2n+1) of the one-quarter wavelength.
Low permittivity printed circuit board materials are ordinarily selected for RF circuit designs implementing quarter-wave transformers. For example, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) based composites such as RT/duroid � 6002 (permittivity of 2.94; loss tangent of 0.009) and RT/duroid� 5880 (permittivity of 2.2; loss tangent of 0.0007) are both available from Rogers Microwave Products, Advanced Circuit Materials Division, 100 S. Roosevelt Ave, Chandler, Ariz. 85226. Both of these materials are common board material choices. The above board materials provide dielectric layers having relatively low permittivities with accompanying low loss tangents.
However, use of conventional board materials can compromise the miniaturization of circuit elements and may also compromise some performance aspects of circuits that can benefit from high permittivity and/or permeability layers. A typical tradeoff in a communications circuit is between the physical size of a quarter-wave transformer versus operational frequency. By comparison, the present invention provides the circuit designer with an added level of flexibility by permitting use of a high permittivity dielectric layer region with magnetic properties optimized for reducing the size of a quarter-wave transformer for operation at a specific frequency. Further, the present invention also provides the circuit designer with means for controlling the quality factor (Q) of the quarter-wave transformer. This added flexibility enables improved performance and quarter-wave transformer density and performance not otherwise possible for RF circuits. As defined herein, RF means any frequency that can be used to propagate an electromagnetic wave.
Referring to
A quarter-wave transformer 106 can be mounted on the dielectric layer 100, connecting to a first transmission line 108 and a second transmission line 110. The quarter-wave transformer 106 and the second region 104 of the dielectric layer 100 can be configured so that at least a portion of the quarter-wave transformer 106 is positioned on the second region 104 as shown. In a preferred embodiment, at least a substantial region of the quarter-wave transformer 106 is positioned on the second region 104.
The propagation velocity of a signal traveling on the quarter-wave transformer is approximately inversely proportional to √{square root over (με)} Since propagation velocity is inversely proportion to relative permeability and relative permittivity, increasing the permeability and/or permittivity in the second region 104 decreases propagation velocity of the signal on the quarter-wave transformer 106, and thus the signal wavelength. Hence, the length of the quarter-wave transformer 106 can be reduced in size by increasing the permeability and/or permittivity of the second region 104. Further, an increase in permittivity increases the capacitive coupling between the quarter-wave transformer 106 and the ground 112. Thus, the quarter-wave transformer surface area also can be reduced by increasing the permittivity of the second region 104. Accordingly, the quarter-wave transformer 106 can be smaller, both in length and width, than would otherwise be required on a conventional circuit board.
The permittivity and/or permeability can be chosen to result in a desired characteristic impedance (Z0) for the quarter-wave transformer 106 as well, or to control inductance or resistance values associated with the quarter-wave transformer 106. For example, the permeability of the second region 104 can be increased to increase the inductance of the quarter-wave transformer 106.
In one embodiment of the invention the permeability of the dielectric layer 100 can be controlled to increase the inductance of all or part of the quarter-wave transformer 106. In another embodiment (not shown), the quarter-wave transformer can have its own individual ground plane 112 or return trace (such as in a twin line arrangement) configured so that current on the ground plane 112 or return trace flows in an opposite direction to current flowing in the quarter-wave transformer 106, thereby resulting in cancellation of magnetic flux associated with the quarter-wave transformer and lowering its inductance.
The permittivity and/or permeability can be differentially modified at selected regions of the dielectric layer to optimize quarter-wave transformer performance. In yet another arrangement, all dielectric layer regions can be modified by differentially modifying permittivity and/or permeability in all regions of the dielectric layer.
The term "differential modifying" as used herein refers to any modifications, including additions, to the dielectric layer 100 that result in at least one of the dielectric and magnetic properties being different at one region of the substrate as compared to another region. For example, the modification can be a selective modification where certain dielectric layer regions are modified to produce specific dielectric or magnetic properties, while other dielectric layer regions are left un-modified.
According to one embodiment, a supplemental dielectric layer can be added to dielectric layer 100. Techniques known in the art such as various spray technologies, spin-on technologies, various deposition technologies or sputtering can be used to apply the supplemental layer. Referring to
Notably, the second supplemental layer 304 can include particles 306 to change the relative permeability in the first and/or second regions 102 and 104. For example, diamagnetic or ferromagnetic particles can be added to either of the regions 102 and 104. Further, dielectric particles can be added to either of the regions 102 and 104 as well. Additionally, the first supplemental layer 302 and the second supplemental layer 304 can be provided in any circuit configuration, for example stripline, microstrip and buried microstrip.
A method for providing a size and performance optimized quarter-wave transformer is described with reference to the text below and the flow chart presented in FIG. 4. In step 410, board dielectric material is prepared for modification. As previously noted, the board material can include commercially available off the shelf board material or customized board material formed from a polymer material, or some combination thereof. The preparation process can be made dependent upon the type of board material selected.
In step 420, one or more dielectric layer regions, such as the first and second regions 102 and 104, can be differentially modified so that the permittivity and/or permeability differ between two or more portions of the regions. The differential modification can be accomplished in several different ways, as previously described. Referring to step 430, the metal layer then can be applied to the quarter-wave transformer using standard circuit board techniques known in the art.
Dielectric substrate boards having metamaterial regions providing localized and selectable magnetic and substrate properties can be prepared in the following manner. As defined herein, the term "metamaterials" refers to composite materials formed from the mixing or arrangement of two or more different materials at a very fine level, such as the molecular or nanometer level. Metamaterials allow tailoring of electromagnetic properties of the composite, which can be defined by effective electromagnetic parameters comprising effective electrical permittivity εeff (or permittivity) and the effective magnetic permeability μeff.
Appropriate bulk dielectric ceramic substrate materials can be obtained from commercial materials manufacturers, such as DuPont and Ferro. The unprocessed material, commonly called Green Tape™, can be cut into sized regions from a bulk dielectric tape, such as into 6 inch by 6 inch regions. For example, DuPont Microcircuit Materials provides Green Tape material systems, such as 951 Low-Temperature Cofire Dielectric Tape and Ferro Electronic Materials ULF28-30 Ultra Low Fire COG dielectric formulation. These substrate materials can be used to provide dielectric layers having relatively moderate permittivities with accompanying relatively low loss tangents for circuit operation at microwave frequencies once fired.
In the process of creating a microwave circuit using multiple sheets of dielectric substrate material, features such as vias, voids, holes, or cavities can be punched through one or more layers of tape. Voids can be defined using mechanical means (e.g. punch) or directed energy means (e.g., laser drilling, photolithography), but voids can also be defined using any other suitable method. Some vias can reach through the entire thickness of the sized substrate, while some voids can reach only through varying regions of the substrate thickness.
The vias can then be filled with metal or other dielectric or magnetic materials, or mixtures thereof, usually using stencils for precise placement of the backfill materials. The individual layers of tape can be stacked together in a conventional process to produce a complete, multi-layer substrate. Alternatively, individual layers of tape can be stacked together to produce an incomplete, multi-layer substrate generally referred to as a sub-stack.
Voided regions can also remain voids. If backfilled with selected materials, the selected materials preferably include metamaterials. The choice of a metamaterial composition can provide controllable effective dielectric constants over a relatively continuous range from less than 2 to at least 2650. Controllable magnetic properties are also available from certain metamaterials. For example, through choice of suitable materials the relative effective magnetic permeability generally can range from about 4 to 116 for most practical RF applications. However, the relative effective magnetic permeability can be as low as about 2 or reach into the thousands.
The term "differentially modified" as used herein refers to modifications, including dopants, to a dielectric substrate layer that result in at least one of the dielectric and magnetic properties being different at one region of the substrate as compared to another region. A differentially modified board substrate preferably includes one or more metamaterial containing regions.
For example, the modification can be selective modification where certain dielectric layer regions are modified to produce a first set of dielectric or magnetic properties, while other dielectric layer regions are modified differentially or left unmodified to provide dielectric and/or magnetic properties different from the first set of properties. Differential modification can be accomplished in a variety of different ways.
According to one embodiment, a supplemental dielectric layer can be added to the dielectric layer. Techniques known in the art such as various spray technologies, spin-on technologies, various deposition technologies or sputtering can be used to apply the supplemental dielectric layer. The supplemental dielectric layer can be selectively added in localized regions, including inside voids or holes, or over the entire existing dielectric layer. For example, a supplemental dielectric layer can be used for providing a substrate region having an increased effective dielectric constant. The dielectric material added as a supplemental layer can include various polymeric materials.
The differential modifying step can further include locally adding additional material to the dielectric layer or supplemental dielectric layer. The addition of material can be used to further control the effective dielectric constant or magnetic properties of the dielectric layer to achieve a given design objective.
The additional material can include a plurality of metallic and/or ceramic particles. Metal particles preferably include iron, tungsten, cobalt, vanadium, manganese, certain rare-earth metals, nickel or niobium particles. The particles are preferably nanosize particles, generally having sub-micron physical dimensions, hereafter referred to as nanoparticles.
The particles, such as nanoparticles, can preferably be organofunctionalized composite particles. For example, organofunctionalized composite particles can include particles having metallic cores with electrically insulating coatings or electrically insulating cores with a metallic coating.
Magnetic metamaterial particles that are generally suitable for controlling magnetic properties of dielectric layer for a variety of applications described herein include ferrite organoceramics (FexCyHz)-(Ca/Sr/Ba-Ceramic). These particles work well for applications in the frequency range of 8-40 GHz. Alternatively, or in addition thereto, niobium organoceramics (NbCyHz)-(Ca/Sr/Ba-Ceramic) are useful for the frequency range of 12-40 GHz. The materials designated for high frequency are also applicable to low frequency applications. These and other types of composite particles can be obtained commercially.
In general, coated particles are preferable for use with the present invention as they can aid in binding with a polymer matrix or side chain moiety. In addition to controlling the magnetic properties of the dielectric, the added particles can also be used to control the effective dielectric constant of the material. Using a fill ratio of composite particles from approximately 1 to 70%, it is possible to raise and possibly lower the dielectric constant of substrate dielectric layer and/or supplemental dielectric layer regions significantly. For example, adding organofunctionalized nanoparticles to a dielectric layer can be used to raise the dielectric constant of the modified dielectric layer regions.
Particles can be applied by a variety of techniques including polyblending, mixing and filling with agitation. For example, a dielectric constant may be raised from a value of 2 to as high as 10 by using a variety of particles with a fill ratio of up to about 70%. Metal oxides useful for this purpose can include aluminum oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, nickel oxide, zirconium oxide and niobium (II, IV and V) oxide. Lithium niobate (LiNbO3), and zirconates, such as calcium zirconate and magnesium zirconate, also may be used.
The selectable substrate properties can be localized to areas as small as about 10 nanometers, or cover large area regions, including the entire board substrate surface. Conventional techniques such as lithography and etching along with deposition processing can be used for localized dielectric and magnetic property manipulation.
Materials can be prepared mixed with other materials or including varying densities of voided regions (which generally introduce air) to produce effective dielectric constants in a substantially continuous range from 2 to about 2650, as well as other potentially desired substrate properties. For example, materials exhibiting a low dielectric constant (<2 to about 4) include silica with varying densities of voided regions. Alumina with varying densities of voided regions can provide a dielectric constant of about 4 to 9. Neither silica nor alumina have any significant magnetic permeability. However, magnetic particles can be added, such as up to 20 wt. %, to render these or any other material significantly magnetic. For example, magnetic properties may be tailored with organofunctionality. The impact on dielectric constant from adding magnetic materials generally results in an increase in the dielectric constant.
Medium dielectric constant materials have a dielectric constant generally in the range of 70 to 500+/−10%. As noted above these materials may be mixed with other materials or voids to provide desired effective dielectric constant values. These materials can include ferrite doped calcium titanate. Doping metals can include magnesium, strontium and niobium. These materials have a range of 45 to 600 in relative magnetic permeability.
For high dielectric constant applications, ferrite or niobium doped calcium or barium titanate zirconates can be used. These materials have a dielectric constant of about 2200 to 2650. Doping percentages for these materials are generally from about 1 to 10%. As noted with respect to other materials, these materials may be mixed with other materials or voids to provide desired effective dielectric constant values.
These materials can generally be modified through various molecular modification processing. Modification processing can include void creation followed by filling with materials such as carbon and fluorine based organofunctional materials, such as polytetrafluoroethylene PTFE.
Alternatively or in addition to organofunctional integration, processing can include solid freeform fabrication (SFF), photo, uv, x-ray, e-beam or ion-beam irradiation. Lithography can also be performed using photo, UV, x-ray, e-beam or ion-beam radiation.
Different materials, including metamaterials, can be applied to different areas on substrate layers (sub-stacks), so that a plurality of areas of the substrate layers (sub-stacks) have different dielectric and/or magnetic properties. The backfill materials, such as noted above, may be used in conjunction with one or more additional processing steps to attain desired, dielectric and/or magnetic properties, either locally or over a bulk substrate region.
A top layer conductor print is then generally applied to the modified substrate layer, sub-stack, or complete stack. Conductor traces can be provided using thin film techniques, thick film techniques, electroplating or any other suitable technique. The processes used to define the conductor pattern include, but are not limited to standard lithography and stencil.
A base plate is then generally obtained for collating and aligning a plurality of modified board substrates. Alignment holes through each of the plurality of substrate boards can be used for this purpose.
The plurality of layers of substrate, one or more sub-stacks, or combination of layers and sub-stacks can then be laminated (e.g. mechanically pressed) together using either isostatic pressure, which puts pressure on the material from all directions, or uniaxial pressure, which puts pressure on the material from only one direction. The laminate substrate is then is further processed as described above or placed into an oven to be fired to a temperature suitable for the processed substrate (approximately 850 C to 900 C for the materials cited above).
The plurality of ceramic tape layers and stacked sub-stacks of substrates can then be fired, using a suitable furnace that can be controlled to rise in temperature at a rate suitable for the substrate materials used. The process conditions used, such as the rate of increase in temperature, final temperature, cool down profile, and any necessary holds, are selected mindful of the substrate material and any material backfilled therein or deposited thereon. Following firing, stacked substrate boards, typically, are inspected for flaws using an optical microscope.
The stacked ceramic substrates can then be optionally diced into cingulated pieces as small as required to meet circuit functional requirements. Following final inspection, the cingulated substrate pieces can then be mounted to a test fixture for evaluation of their various characteristics, such as to assure that the dielectric, magnetic and/or electrical characteristics are within specified limits.
Thus, dielectric substrate materials can be provided with localized selected dielectric and/or magnetic characteristics for improving the density and performance of circuits, including those comprising quarter-wave transformers. The dielectric flexibility allows independent optimization of circuit elements.
While the preferred embodiments of the invention have been illustrated and described, it will be clear that the invention is not so limited. Numerous modifications, changes, variations, substitutions and equivalents will occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as described in the claims.
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|Citing Patent
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|U.S. Classification
|333/35, 333/32
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jun 27, 2002
Owner name: HARRIS CORPORATION, FLORIDA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:KILLEN, WILLIAM D.;PIKE, RANDY T.;REEL/FRAME:013063/0961
Effective date: 20020624
|Jul 7, 2008
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jul 14, 2008
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Jul 5, 2012
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Jul 5, 2016
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
13 April 2015 - The international community must urgently change its approach to Gaza and deliver on promises of reconstruction, 46 agencies said today in a new report on the lack of progress since last year's conflict.
Six months since donors pledged $3.5 billion towards Gaza's recovery, many people are worse off and not a single one of the 19,000 destroyed homes has been rebuilt. 100,000 people are still homeless and many are living in makeshift camps or schools.
The report, "Charting a New Course: Overcoming the stalemate in Gaza ," warns that further conflict is inevitable - and with it the cycle of destruction and donor-funded reconstruction - unless world leaders implement a new approach that addresses the underlying causes of the conflict. Donors must insist on a permanent ceasefire, accountability of all parties for ongoing violations of international law, and an end to the Israeli blockade that seals in 1.8 million Palestinians in Gaza and keeps them separated from the West Bank. Rather than challenging the blockade, the report found that most donors are accepting ways to work around it.
Winnie Byanyima, Executive Director of Oxfam, said: "The promising speeches at the donor conference have turned into empty words. There has been little rebuilding, no permanent ceasefire agreement and no plan to end the blockade. The international community is walking with eyes wide open into the next avoidable conflict, by upholding the status quo they themselves said must change."
William Bell of Christian Aid said: "We must ensure that this most recent and most devastating conflict was the last one. There must be consequences for continued violations. By facilitating a culture of impunity, the international community is committing itself to indefinitely picking up the pieces."
Only 26.8 percent of money pledged by donors six months ago has been released so far. Even when funded, many reconstruction projects have not yet begun due to restrictions on essential material under the blockade. Most of the 81 health clinics and hospitals that were damaged still lack funds for reconstruction, but the few that have funds do not have the material needed to proceed.
Tony Laurance, CEO of MAP UK, said: "The world is shutting its eyes and ears to the people of Gaza when they need it most. Reconstruction cannot happen without funds, but money alone will not be enough. With the blockade in place we are just reconstructing a life of misery, poverty and despair."
Since the temporary ceasefire, violence against civilians has continued, with more than 400 incidents of Israeli fire into Gaza and four rockets fired from Gaza into Israel. The report calls on all parties to immediately resume long-term ceasefire negotiations. It calls on Israel to end its blockade and policy of separating Gaza from the West Bank, and for Palestinian political actors to reconcile and prioritize reconstruction. It also calls on Egypt to open its border to allow humanitarian relief.
Recently, donors have managed to achieve some small increase in the flow of construction material, but not enough to meet needs and its impact is extremely limited while the blockade remains in place. The report sets out specific recommendations to the international community to break the cycle of conflict and destruction, including ways to:
•Speed up reconstruction, by delivering pledges and insisting on the entry of essential material in line with international law.
•Ensure all parties are held accountable for violations of international law, including by considering obligations under the Arms Trade Treaty (ATT) on weapons known to be used indiscriminately against civilians, and seeking compensation for destroyed aid projects.
•End the blockade and rehabilitate Gaza's shattered economy. The blockade has reduced Gaza to dependency on aid, with 80 percent of the population receiving international assistance and 63 percent of youth unemployed. Exports from Gaza are at less than two percent of pre-blockade levels with the movement of people and goods between Gaza and the West Bank practically non-existent.
•Support the development of a unified Palestinian government. Palestinian leadership on reconstruction has at times been weak and uncoordinated and is further complicated due to Israeli restrictions on government officials' travel. Keeping Gaza separated from the West Bank has entrenched the already problematic split between Fatah and Hamas, with enormous negative impact on the delivery of aid and services in Gaza.
Report signatories include:
1. ActionAid
2. Alianza por la Solidaridad
3. American Friends Service Committee (AFSC)
4. Asamblea de Cooperación por la Paz (ACPP)
5. CARE International
6. CCFD-Terre Solidaire
7. CCP Japan
8. Christian Aid
9. Church of Sweden
10. Council for Arab-British Understanding
11. Cooperazione per lo Sviluppo dei Paesi Emergenti (COSPE)
12. DanChurchAid (DCA)
13. Diakonia
15. Handicap International
16. Heinrich Böll Foundation
17. HelpAge International
18. Horyzon - Swiss Youth Development Organization
19. Japan International Volunteer Center (JVC)
20. KinderUSA
21. Medical Aid for Palestinians (Map – UK)
22. Medicos del Mundo MDM-Spain
23. Médecins du Monde France
24. Médecins du Monde Switzerland
25. Medicos del Mundo MDM-Spain
26. medico international
27. medico international schweiz
28. Mennonite Central Committee
29. Norwegian Church Aid (NCA)
30. Norwegian People's Aid (NPA)
31. Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC)
32. Overseas
33. Oxfam
34. Première Urgence – Aide Médicale Internationale
35. Quaker Council for European Affairs
36. Rebuilding Alliance
37. Save the Children
38. Secours Islamique France
39. Secours Catholique - Caritas France
40. Terre des hommes Foundation
41. Terre des Hommes Italy
42. The Carter Center
43. The Kvinna till Kvinna Foundation
44. The Lutheran World Federation
45. The Swedish Organisation for Individual Relief/ IM - Swedish Development Partner (SOIR)
46. United Civilians for Peace, Netherlands
If you would like further information or to arrange an interview please contact Jo Rogers on 0207 523 2460 and firstname.lastname@example.com 24 hour press duty phone – 07850 242950
1. Christian Aid works in some of the world's poorest communities in around 50 countries at any one time. We act where there is great need, regardless of religion, helping people to live a full life, free from poverty. We provide urgent, practical and effective assistance in tackling the root causes of poverty as well as its effects.
2. Christian Aid's core belief is that the world can and must be changed so that poverty is ended: this is what we stand for. Everything we do is about ending poverty and injustice: swiftly, effectively, sustainably. Our strategy document Partnership for Change explains how we set about this task.
3. Christian Aid is a member of the ACT Alliance, a global coalition of more than 130 churches and church-related organisations that work together in humanitarian assistance, advocacy and development. Further details at http://actalliance.org
4. Follow Christian Aid's newswire on Twitter: http://twitter.com/caid_newswire
5. For more information about the work of Christian Aid visit http://www.christianaid.org.uk
Want to speak to Christian Aid's press office? Here are all the contact details of our Media division.
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Follow Christian Aid's press office on Twitter: @caid_newswire
Clarifications, corrections and statements from Christian Aid.
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Christian Aid Ireland is a registered charity in the Republic of Ireland, Charity Registration no. 20014162 (CHY6998) and in Northern Ireland, Charity Registration no. NIC101631 (XR94639)
Christian Aid is a member of the

subset: commoncrawl


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It has always struck me as a bit strange how some things can catch an audience's imagination, while others imply fail to do so. Conan the Barbarian, for example, is a character that most people would probably be familiar with, even if don't consider themselves to be fans. But, a character like Solomon Kane would seem to be all but unknown outside of those with a particular fascination for the pulp fiction of the early 20th century. This is in spite of the fact that both characters were the creation of the same author.
Solomon Kane is a violent man. An English mercenary fighting his way across North Africa with a crew of similarly violent thugs. It is when he is leading his crew on an attack on a fortress that Solomon encounters the supernatural for the first time. After defeating the mortal defenders of the fortress, Solomon and his crew come inadvertently release demons that had been trapped in magic mirrors. The creatures slaughter Solomon's crew, while he escapes to the treasure room. While there, though, Solomon has a more personal encounter with a demon that has a particular interest in him. This demon, introducing itself by the impressive title 'The Devil's Reaper', informs Solomon that his actions have damned him to hell, and that it intends to take him there personally. Needless to say, Solomon isn't too eager to go along with this - he fights back against the demon, and is able to escape when he jumps out of a window and into the sea below.
Solomon turns up later, back in England and hiding out in a monastery. His encounter with the demon has clearly rattled him - and, now, he seems intent on reinventing himself as a 'man of peace'. Of course, things don't go according to plan, and Solomon is soon asked to leave the monastery. With no where else to go, Solomon sets off to return to the home of his family. He comes across a family of puritans, who invite him to travel with them - but, later, the family is ambushed. When Solomon refuses to fight the raiders, most of the family are killed and the daughter, Meredith, is kidnapped. Ashamed that his inaction resulted in the death of innocent people, Solomon sets out to rescue Meredith.
There's a jumbled and disjointed quality to the film, though, that really distracts the audience. It can't seem to decide whether it wants to be grim and serious or whether it wants to go for the cheerfully overblown action of your classic 'pop-corn' action film. So, at different points, it seems to want to try to be both. And, the contrast is jarring. One moment, you might have tense stand-offs, and tragic deaths, and the inner turmoil of a troubled man desperately seeking redemption. Then, another moment, you will have action sequences that seem intent on hitting all the traditional notes of your average Hollywood action film. At the same time, these exaggerated action scenes seem to clash with the dark and sombre tone that is established so well by the film's sets and locations.
It all leads up to a final confrontation which, quite literally, feels like it was pulled straight out of a video game. The sudden appearance of a massive CGI beast is jarring - especially when compared with the sombre and low-key tone that the film struggled had tried so hard to establish up to that point. There is CGI used in the film before this big reveal, of course. But, here, it just feel - and, it ends up feeling like you're suddenly watching the boss battle at the end of the game.
I'm being serious, here. You can almost picture it - a large beast and a room full of stone pillars to hide behind. You can imagine just how you would deal with it, too - you could hide behind a pillar until it attacks. It will probably stun itself running into the pillar trying to get to you, so you'll have a bit of time to jump out and get a few hits in. Then, you repeat the process until it's dead.
That's pretty much exactly what I was thinking when I was watching this particular scene, anyway. It was, needless to say, extremely distracting - and, just another sign of the film's unfortunate lack of a consistent identity. The appearance of a large beast that needed to be killed just seemed to come out of nowhere - which, I suppose, might be why my mind began to wander toward video games, rather than just accepting it as a part of the movie. I feel a bit bad for dwelling so long on what it, essentially, only a small part of the film. But, it was the end of the film - the climax that it was building toward. And, when we finally got there, it did a fairly good job of ruining the experience for me.
It's not all bad, though. Solomon Kane, himself (played by James Purefoy), makes for a genuinely fascinating figure. Purefoy manages to walk what must have been a difficult line with his performance - playing a character that is grim and menacing, yet still oddly sympathetic. His quest for redemption may have been motivated more by fear than genuine guilt, at least at first - but, that also becomes the focus of his development. We may start with a violent man terrified by his encounter with a real demon, and the threat of being taken to Hell, but it shouldn't come as any surprise that he eventually discovers better reasons to fight against evil. It may feel like a character arc that has been done often, before - but, it is done well, here.
The film is also often visually impressive. Sets and locations help to establish the sombre tone that the film is so clearly aiming for. The film's use of special effects are also impressive. CGI can easily go wrong in a film like this - but, here, the various supernatural creatures are brought to life effectively. Even the film's climax (which I have already said why too much about) is still a scene that is done well.
Solomon Kane is a film that could have, and really should have, been much better than it actually was. It seems pretty clear that this film was meant to kick-start a new franchise. Unfortunately, it also seems pretty clear that those plans didn't exactly work out. In the end, the best I could probably say about Solomon Kane is that is that it was about average. So, it probably shouldn't concern me too much that there is not likely to ever be another one. At the same time, though, the film's failure to impress means that we will likely never get the chance to see James Purefoy play this fascinating character again, in a (hopefully improved) sequel. And, that does feel like a shame.


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I have a confession…I am obsessed with the Happiest Baby on the Block DVD. It was my middle of the night lifesaver when I had my first little one. Dr. Harvey Karp is brilliant! He has come up with 5 easy and sure fire ways to calm a fussy baby. He even makes it easy to remember them all. The techniques are called The 5 S's. The theory is that human babies are born "prematurely" – being entirely dependent on the parent and still requiring/desiring a womb-like atmosphere. I'll paraphrase each S, but make sure you get the DVD or Instant Video to see the baby whisperer, Dr. Karp, in action!
- Swaddle – Dr. Karp's swaddling technique is called the DUDU (Down, Up, Down, Up). This is the miracle wrap that saved me as a parent. And you should see my hubby whip up the best baby burrito you've ever seen! The absolute best blankets for this tight swaddle are Swaddle Designs. They have a lot of darling patterns to choose from. Here are just a few of my favorites. [show_lookbook_widget id="195402″]
- Side/Stomach position – Babies should ALWAYS sleep on their back, but when calming an upset baby, a side or stomach position can be very soothing.
- Shush – A loud, rhythmic shhhh sound close to the infant's ear mimics the sound they hear in the womb and calms almost instantly. This sound machine does the work for you. Or I love this sound machine.
- Swing – A bit of a jiggly motion (imagine you're lightly bouncing on an exercise ball), will also mimic the feeling of the womb. You can also place the baby in an infant swing. Here are a few amazing swings. [show_lookbook_widget id="195405″]
- Suck – The sucking of pacifier or breast is extremely soothing for newborn babies. Make sure to get a dentist approved binkie if you plan to keep it past the first few months. I love these cute ones with fun sayings and symbols on them, plus they are the dentist approved shape and come with a protective cap!
There were times I felt like I was doing all 5 S's at once, but IT WORKED! I will forever be grateful for Dr. Karp and his brilliant soothing techniques. Have you tried the 5 S's? Did they work as well for you as they did for me?


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Susie Nicholson Kennedy, 68, died Tuesday, Oct. 5, 1999.
A native of Habersham County, Mrs. Kennedy was a daughter of the late Willie and Nancy Spivey Nicholson. She was a homemaker.
Services will be at 11 a.m. today at Whitfield Funeral Home, Demorest, with the Revs. Milton Harris and Nathan Nix officiating. Burial will be in Hills Crossing Baptist Church cemetery.
Survivors include two sons, Gary Kennedy, Cleveland, and Kevin Kennedy, Cornelia; a sister, Jeanie Free, Clarkesville; two brothers, Clyde Nicholson and Truett Nicholson, both of Clarkesville; and three grandchildren.
© 2018. All Rights Reserved. | Contact Us


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Saudi Aramco, Sumitomo Plot $7B Petrochemical Expansion
After closing out a feasibility study and preliminary engineering, the two will now move on to finalize pillars of the project plan, including procurement, construction and project financing. Neither company provided details as to where the funding would originate.
Dubbed Rabigh II, the new complex will include an expanded cracking facility to boost ethane...
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With the insurance enrollment period ending in mid-December, Healthcare.gov announced that 8.2 million Americans selected plans for 2016 in 38 states. The Administration is touting the 8.2 figure as a "success" by comparing it to the 6 million plan selections by the same time last year. There was no mention, however, of how the 8.2 million number falls exceedingly short of the 21 million projected to be Obamacare users.
One amusing point is how the Administration parsed its words. "Plan selection" is an important phrase in Obamacare-speak. It means that many people chose these plans, filled out the forms, and submitted them — but did not necessarily pay for them. This is why they didn't use the term "enroll" when describing the Obamacare figures. In order to be considered to be actually enrolled, one must pay the first month's premium. Not everyone will actually go ahead and pay their premium, and the federal Obamacare numbers will inevitably be even smaller because of it.
The current figure excludes the state insurance exchanges. When these are added to the federal numbers, the Obama Administration is hoping that will get them over the 10 million mark for this year — half of what was touted when Obamacare was passed. If they do hit that number, it still means that only about a million people were added to Obamacare this year, as last year's enrollment ended up being about 9.1 million users.
In the debates leading up to Obamacare, it was argued that Obamacare should be voted for because it would get eventually get 28 million of the uninsured 45 million Americans (15% of the 315 million population). At that projected target, the 28 million would only be covering 70% of the then-uninsured, which is decent but not excellent. It is clear now that NOBODY would have voted for Obamacare if they only expected to cover 10 million (or barely more than 20%) of the then-uninsured, which is where we currently are. That is the key, salient point that is now being lost in the discussions.
The ACA continues to be a disaster for all taxpayers.


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Damnation (ps3)
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Damnation for the PS3. For more than 20 years, the Coalition and the Nationalists fought their bloody war. With war comes technology, and it developed at an astonishing pace. The two armies fought each other with ever more powerful weapons, y


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Disney Movie Rewards is offering members a free Disney Enchanted Phone Call. I can only imagine how my Disney obsessed kids would react to getting a phone call from one of their favorite Disney characters. You can choose from 11 Disney characters and choose a theme for your call. Some of the options include Good Night, Birthday Greeting and Encouragement.
Just enter coupon code ENCHANTEDCALL into your Disney Movie Rewards account and you'll receive a code to redeem for the call. You must be 18 years or older to order a call, offer open to residents of the United States and Canada (excluding Quebec). Currently, calls are not available to residents of ID, WA, GA, KY, MS, NE, TN, and LA. Limited quantity, available only while supplies last, one per member.
Not a member of Disney Movie Rewards? It's free to sign up, and you can start collecting codes to redeem for rewards. Free codes seem to pop up fairly regularly, I'll share when I see them.
Thanks ingoodcents!


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Form and Content
(Critical Edition of Young Adult Fiction)
Soldier Doctor: The Story of William Gorgas follows the pattern of many works of author Clara Ingram Judson. Judson uses short vignettes from various time periods in the life of her subject to illustrate the character traits of the person. These brief stories are arranged in chronological order, and together, they give a cumulative impression of what the person was like. It is not the purpose of the author to recount all the events of her subject's life or even to explore the person's greatest accomplishments in detail. The highlights of the career of Gorgas are described, but they are of no greater importance than are his personality and character.
Judson points out that Gorgas, one of the great medical scientists in the history of the United States, was a person of great determination. This determination helped him to overcome the poverty of a boyhood in the South in the years immediately after the Civil War, to acquire an education, to achieve his goal of becoming an Army officer, and to accomplish the massive task of making Cuba, Panama, and the southern United States free of yellow fever.
Soldier Doctor begins with the fall of the Confederate capital, Richmond, Vir-ginia, to the Union army in April, 1865. At that time, Gorgas was ten years old. The story continues with his boyhood in Alabama and Tennessee, where he tried repeatedly to win an appointment to the United States Military Academy at West Point. As the son...
(The entire section is 465 words.)


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Tag Archives: Want
Within the early phases of being pregnant, the lady's physique produces excessive ranges of HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin). The manufacturing of HCG continues all through the being pregnant, however at significantly diminished ranges. Within the 1950s, Dr. D. T. W. Simeons studied pregnant girls in India and found that even malnourished Read more
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The flavan-3-ols are a group of powerful plant based nutrients that can be found in tea. Whilst they are not essential for human survival, they do support the human body in various ways. In this article I will be taking a deeper look at this topic and discussing 3 flavan-3-ol benefits. Main: The flavan-3-ols are [...] Read more
Category: Green Tea Benefits


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Cambridge Community College forum
Think about what career is best suited for you, and where you want to study. Request more information now.
Think about what career is best suited for you, and where you want to study. Request more information now.
Think about what career is best suited for you, and where you want to study. Request more information now.
Find information about Cambridge Community College forum, and registering for discussion sections and department seminars. As a student, your first stop should be the registrar's office, where you can pick up a free copy of both the academic calendar and course catalog, in order to find available credit classes that you may be interested in taking. In-person class registration has largely been replaced with online sign-up, and many schools offer mobile apps that streamline the course registration process. Finally, check with the admissions office for assistance with prerequisites, tuition payment deadlines, and Cambridge Community College continuing education information. Please use the form above to request admissions info for Cambridge Community College.
If you have a particular school in mind that is clearly your first choice, then early decision might work well for you. Please note that if you are accepted under early decision, you are making a commitment to attend that school, unless its financial aid package is inadequate. Usually, you can apply to only one school under the early decision program. If you're not accepted, you still have the option to apply to other schools later, during the regular application period.
Early action is similar to early decision, except that you aren't required to attend a school that accepts you. Some schools allow you to apply for early action while interested in other colleges, but some don't, so you need to request information from each school. Keep in mind that there is less incentive for an early action college to accept you because you aren't committing to attend the school. Beyond degree requirements such as Cambridge Community College class registration, you may consider West Valley College academic excellence for complementary electives to your primary course of study.
Admissions/Records Assistant I
Contra Costa Community College District
Contra Costa College. Contra Costa College is a dynamic, comprehensive community college with a diverse student population.
1 hour ago Technical Analyst
ZAP Solutions
Personal or professional experience with college admissions process and academia a plus. Works with school admissions and technical staff to collect information.
5 days ago Graduate School Advisor
Grand Canyon University
Serves as liaison to the admissions offices at medical/graduate schools to promote the College programs and to gather/disseminate up-to-date information on..
5 days ago Program Coordinator - Teacher Education
Pima Community College
Enforce College, Program, and arizona department of education rules, regulations, and standards. The Pima Community College Post-Degree Teacher Education..
4 days ago International Student And Scholar Advisor
UNC-Chapel Hill
Minimum of one year advising experience with international students and scholars in a college or university setting.
3 days ago


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Just after the Yankees were swept by the Detroit Tigers in the American League Championship Series, an embattled but defiant Alex Rodriguez said he would "be back" next season and had no plans to waive his trade clause.
Plans change, but ARod says he has no plans to waive no-trade clause. "That's correct. I will be back. I have a lot to prove."
— Peter Botte (@PeterBotte) October 19, 2012
Rodriguez struggled through an abysmal postseason, hitting just .111 through the two series. He was benched for Games 3 and 4 of the ALCS by Yankees manager Joe Girardi.so did trade possibilities involving Rodriguez


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German Upside Down Crazy House Open For Visitors
BISPINGEN, Germany ~ (Aol News/AP) ~ If you happen to be passing through Bispingen, then stop by and check out a new perspective on the world at a place called "The Crazy House" (Verrueckte Haus).
The topsy-turvy dwelling is the creation of builders Klaudiusz Golos and Sebastion Mikuciuk, who started erecting the structure last year in a right-side up configuration at a zoo in Gettorf. Later the house was moved to Bispingen, where it was then flipped by two cranes and set in its new, precarious position. Th house was made open to the general public on March 26th.
The official title of the project is 'The World Stands On Its Head'; Golos and Mikuciuk said they "didn't built the house for a reason, they just wanted to do something different." Similar houses with flipped designs have been built in the past in Poland and America, but this house not only features inverted exterior, but the interior rooms are also filled out and furnished in the same orientation. Visitors can tour the bedrooms, bathroom, kitchen and living room and see couches, beds, chairs, tables- complete with place settings, all firmly attached over their heads. And just to throw visitors off balance a little, the whole structure is tilted off axis by about 5º.
Photo credit: Associated Pressdown, germany, house, OPEN, upside, Weird News


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The Soup Spoon was founded in 2012 by husband and wife team Chhaya and Brianne. Both lovers of good food, we were inspired by Chhaya's mother's cooking, and we set out to share a taste of Cambodia with Rochester. The original Victor location opened its doors in April of 2012, and our second location opened in the new Collegetown development on Mt. Hope Ave in March 2014. We truly enjoy introducing people to new food and sharing our family's story with customers.
Although the first restaurant was opened in 2012, the real story beings over 30 years ago. Chhaya's family, originally from Battambong, Cambodia, was forced to flee their home during the communist regime of Pol Pot and relocated to Rochester after spending time in a refugee camp in Thailand. They were forced to leave everything behind, but were able to start over and build a life here.
Their story is truly amazing, and although they have been witness to unspeakable horrors, they continue to see the good in the world. Our restaurants serve as a tribute to our family, and we feel privileged to be able to share it with our customers!


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Colleen Johnson, Senior Interior Designer
Colleen Johnson is an interior designer who plays an integral role in bringing each project to life. Her extensive knowledge coupled with her outstanding attention to detail assures you that no detail in your project is overlooked. Trusting your designer to be updated on style trends, colors, and technology as well as possessing the extensive knowledge of the construction process can truly help you relax and enjoy the creative process.
During Colleen's 16-year career in the design-build industry, she has gained a thorough understanding of the construction process, learning the facets of interior planning from the ground up. Her experience in designing model homes, custom remodels, and semi-custom homes has helped Colleen bring depth and vision to every creative endeavor.
Colleen enjoys spending time with her family, music, cooking, and sports. Her favorite sport is basketball, and she is always looking forward to her son's next basketball game. She also loves to partake in outdoor activities such as hiking and walking on the beach where she can admire the beauty of the Southern California sunsets.
Dream Design Builders
11411 W. Bernardo Court
San Diego, CA 92127
Phone: 1.877.373.2677
Email: email@example.com
Web: DreamDesignBuilders.com


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The Frostburg Museum and Frostburg State UniversityŌĆÖs Center for Literary Arts are proud to announce ŌĆ£A Year in the Life of Frostburg: The Community Journal Project.ŌĆØ This interactive, yearlong activity will chronicle moments in the daily lives of Frostburg residents as told through their own words.
Frostburg businesses and organizations will receive 50 journals in late January to distribute to local residents. The journals will circulate around Frostburg throughout 2017. Participants are invited to document their daily lives during their possession of a journal before passing it along.
Whether by writing, painting, drawing or other forms of expression (even as simple as jotting down a grocery or to-do list), all are welcome and encouraged to share. Participation instructions will be found on the inside covers of the community journals.
After a full year, collected journals will be scanned, with their pages published to a blog on days corresponding with the previous yearŌĆÖs entries. The original journals will be housed at the Frostburg Museum for viewing by the public, preserving for future generations a slice of Frostburg life in the year 2017.
For more information about this project, call the Center for Literary Arts at (301) 687-4340.
FSU is committed to making all of its programs, services and activities accessible to persons with disabilities. To request accommodations through the ADA Compliance Office, call 301-687-4102 or use a Voice Relay Operator at 1-800-735-2258.


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Wiki Software
List of Wiki software / platforms
The following is a list of Wiki software / platforms. We only list products under active development that have had releases within the past year. If you are aware of a solution that you feel should be added to this list, please let us know.


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Download Meteorites Shooter apk free for Android smartphone
12 Dec
Meteorites Shooter
Travel through the galaxy!
Posted by KANGAROO in Casual | Dec. 12, 2012 | 0 Comments
Apk file size: 0 bytes
Travel through the galaxy!
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Aircraft with laser and petrol.
Move slow to fast.
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KANGAROO part of our Casual and have average installs from 50 to 100. Last Update Dec. 12, 2012. Google play rating is 70.0. Current verison is None. Actual size 0 bytes.


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Shop Christian Books, Bibles, Jewelry, Church Supplies, Homeschool Curriculum & More!
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Do you know that just beneath your feet are deep wells of revival? Are you aware that you are standing on bottomless geysers and founts of the anointing and mandates of our spiritual forefathers and mothers that are just waiting be released afresh to you?
God is calling us as instruments today to unstop the wells and reclaim the spiritual inheritance of our nation. This same God who visited America in the Great Awakening, the Azusa Street Revival, the Jesus Movement, the Charismatic Outpouring, and more, wants to again honor His eternal convenants with the men and women of faith who have gone before us. God is ready to loose revival fires and miracles to the spiritual descendants of people like Jonathan Edwards, Henrietta Mears, Aimee Semple McPherson, Charles Finney, William Seymour, and Frank Bartleman. But who will contend for the mantle they wore? Will you?
As America stands on the brink of the judgement of God for her sins, revival is our most glorious hope. This book is a prophetic call from the heart of a pastor in Los Angeles who calls his city, his country, and you to renew covenant with God, reclaim our glorious roots, and believe for the greatest revival the world has ever known. Are you ready to dig the wells?
Publishers Description
God is calling us today to unstop the wells and reclaim the spiritual inheritance of our nation, declares Lou Engle. As part of the pastoral staff at Harvest Rock Church and founder of its "24-Hour House of Prayer", he has experienced first-hand the importance of knowing and praying over our spiritual heritage.
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Translucent light green, darker green, charcoal, honey and "hong" red veins represent Five Elements of Earth for healing and wellness. Size is 60mm inside diameter, 17mm wide. Super high polish brings out the best of all the color. One of our most pretty Chinese jade bangle bracelets, genuine and natural color from the minerals where the jade is mined.
Our jade carver purchases the rough jade stone and makes them exclusively for Ying Yu Jade. Each jade bangle bracelet is one of a kind.


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Whether you're looking to mount your TV on a wall or hang a picture, you'll need stud finders to get the job done professionally.
So, what should a good stud finder be (or not be)?
With so many brand options available on the market, the journey of picking the perfect one has become even more difficult. But it doesn't have to be like that forever.
We review some of the best stud finders on the market and examine the value they offer.
CH Hanson 03040 Magnetic Stud Finder
Inexpensive, simple and reliable; this is one of the best stud finders around for people who want to save time and some money too. CH Hanson 03040 Magnetic Stud Finder normally uses very powerful rare earth magnets to be able to locate the exact location of nails or screws in a stud.
Therefore, you don't need to worry about replacing batteries. To use this stud finder, just place it on the wall and then sweep in an "S" pattern and you will be able to locate any metal fastener around. So never again will you wonder if there is a stud behind the well, using this stud finder you'll know for sure.
CH Hanson 03040 Magnetic Stud Finder
The Stud 4 Sure is a stud finder that uses powerful rare earth magnets to pinpoint the exact location of screws or nails in a stud. The tool doesn
- Boasts two-way level that conveniently helps you accurately mark up the wall for your specific project.
- Measuring 4.6 inches by 1.5 inches by 7.5 inches while weighing 3.2 pounds only, this is one of the best compact and lightweight stud finders.
- Great ergonomic shape along with soft grip hence fits comfortably in your hand.
- Clings to the wall via a strong magnetic force once it detects metals.
- Nicely fits in a pocket or any tool pouch
- Guaranteed to last long
- Easy to use
- Doesn't find all studs
Review of CH Hanson Magnetic Stud Finder
Zircon e50-FFP Stud Sensor e50 Edge Finding Electronic Stud Finder
While there are many affordable stud finders on the market, finding a reliable tool that is right for the job can be a challenge. That is why we bring you this Zircon e50-FFP Stud Sensor e50.
This stud finder offers many great features and boasts a great body design thereby allowing you to hold it comfortably by hand at any angle. Being electronic, it is highly accurate hence chances of normal scanning errors are very minimal. It also features rubber over-molded grip to give you a more secure hold while using it.
Zircon StudSensor e50 Electronic Stud Finder
Zircon's new line of stud finders features updated electronics in an amazing new form that's easy to hold at any angle. Two scanning modes find the edges of wood or metal studs or joists up to ...
- Small LCD screen that is easy to read and requires a fully charged 9V battery to run smoothly. It shows you the position of the edges of studs.
- Can locate the edges of metal or wood studs of up to 19 mm deep when in stud scan mode and up to 1.5″ deep when in deep scan mode.
- Boasts patented spotlight pointer technology that normally shines an arrow-shaped light on the wall in order to mark the target.
- Equipped with a wire-warning detection that shows the presence of any live-wire up to 2-inches deep.
- Patented-trucal technology to show exactly when the tool has been calibrated and when ready for scanning.
- Certified to be frustration free
- Affordable and works as advertised
- Runs smoothly compared to other Stud finders in the same price range
- The package does not include a 9V battery, you buy it separately
How to Use a Zircon StudSensor e50 Stud Finder to Find Wall Studs
ProSensor 710 Franklin Sensors ProSensor 710 Precision Stud Finder
If you want dependable stud finders, something that should last you for a very long period of time and which won't frustrate you at all, then this Franklin Sensors ProSensor 710 is your tool.
It offers remarkable stud finding quality and can work equally great for both professionals or ambitious DIYers. It merges two types of stud finding into one tool for your convenience. It works by identifying the width of the hidden objects so that you not only know their position but also their size.
ProSensor 710 Franklin Sensors ProSensor 710 Precision Stud Finder Yellow
The ProSensor 710 incorporates innovative stud sensing technology that instantly finds hidden studs. No sliding is required. This patent-pending detector senses the wall in thirteen locations ...
- Uses an array of bright LEDs lights to show you the presence of an object behind the wall. This allows you to quickly visualize the location of the studs.
- Offers deep scanning giving you the ability to punch through thicker walls up to 1.5 inches to be able to locate studs.
- Uses advanced multi-sense technology that is able to identify the position of multiple studs simultaneously by sensing the wall in thirteen different locations.
- These stud finders are powered by two AA batteries.
- Very accurate compared to most stud finders
- Easy to use and faster
- Well-built and reliable
- The ergonomic soft-plastic handle does not offer comfortable grip
Review of Franklin Sensors 710 Stud Finder
Studpop Magnetic Stud Finder
This is one of the most affordable and unique stud finders on the market today. Measuring 6 inches by 4 inches by 1.7 inches while weighing 0.8 ounces, Studpop Magnetic Stud Finder is pocket-size and lightweight and hence easy to use.
Its round design, on the other hand, makes this tool easy to hold and slide around a wall. To find your studs, run this stud finder along the wall and once it senses any stud, it will just pop out.
Studpop Magnetic Stud Finder
Studpop® magnetic stud finder. Unique popper indicates when it finds the metal fasteners in studs. Invented by a contractor. Works on sheetrock, plaster, lath, tile. No batteries. Makes stud finding ...
- You can use it on tile, sheetrock, lath and plaster and produces accurate results every time.
- It is made in the USA and is available in a variety of colors to choose from.
- Boasts unique popper that shows once it locates the metal fasteners in studs.
- Does not require batteries.
- Takes up very little room in your toolbox
- Works great thereby making stud-finding fun
- User friendly
- It may leave a few scratches behind if you use it on a textured wall
Black & Decker SF100 Wood Stud Finder
This is yet another solid stud finder that stands up to tough project conditions without failing and is ideal for ambitious homeowners or even for greater professional installation.
Made in China, this stud finder comes with two AA alkaline batteries for long lasting performance. Black & Decker SF100 Wood Stud Finder boasts a compact design hence it is easy to use and hold. On the other hand, it works by moving over the surface of the wall.
- Includes a stud sensor with LED indicators that allows you locate the studs accurately.
- Capable of detecting wood studs of up to 3/4 inch thick and is made of plastic material.
- Its sensor normally lights and even beeps once a stud is detected.
- Being one of the best stud finders in this review, it boasts a design that usually delivers high-availability as well as scalability and for maximum performance and flexibility.
- Simple and affordable
- Easy to use and maintain
- Efficient and well built
- Sometimes it is not accurate in finding studs
Bosch GMS120 Digital Multi-Scanner
Frequently mentioned among stud finders that offer consistent material coverage and deep detection, GMS120 comes across as a well built and technologically advanced tool.
It features multi-mode detection for metal objects, live wiring, and wood studs with its illuminated graphical LCD display indicating the detection strength. The level of detection is simply astounding even when you use it on steel surfaces where it penetrates up to 4-3/4 inches deep.
To enable this Bosch machine to meet this high level of performance is am an intuitive German-made operating system that allows one to explore across 3 selection modes namely: metal, AC wiring and wood mode.
Bosch GMS120 Digital Multi-Scanner
Multi wall scanner, detects wood studs, metal objects including rebar, studs, steel
- Thanks to its 3 consistent modes alongside a digital multi-scanner, this tool fares pretty well on wooden as well as metallic surfaces.
- High degree of precise automatic calibration making it easier to use while pinpointing the center of the spot that has been detected.
- This is one of the stud finders that provide an illuminated ring which indicates the detection status complete with an audible signal for improved user experience.
- Comes with a carrying pouch and 9-volt battery.
- User-friendly
- Offers deep detection – up to 120mm in cured concrete
- Protected by 2-year warranty
- Accuracy decreases on plaster
Bosch GMS120 Digital Multi-Scanner
StudBoss Digital LCD Stud Finder DIY Tool
This single dielectric tool is one of the stud finders that have made their impact known on the market for many years. On the surface, it may look like a simple DIY toy – but a closer look reveals just how advanced it is technologically.
First, its outer casing is strong and diligent to protect the delicate inner parts in case of an accident. Inside the stud is the latest finding technology available on the market. Powered by a 9-volt battery, StudBoss Digital LCD Stud Finder is ready to use as soon as you receive it.
StudBoss Digital LCD Stud Finder - Easy To Use - Bonus Video...
Enter your model number to make sure this fits.; PERFECT for the Home Renovator or Decorator! Hanging Tvs ? Picture Frames ?; 3 MODE SELECTION locates Wall Studs, Metal Pipes
- Offers advanced 3 mode capability which transcends metal, wood, and even concrete surfaces.
- Has a clear LCD window which alerts you in case the battery is running low or in case there are variations in the signal.
- For easy handling, its durable outer layer is further enhanced by the presence of an ergonomic grip. This minimizes chances of falling accidentally.
- Protected by a 1-year warranty and can be fully returned within the first 30 days of using it if it doesn't meet expectations.
- 30-day money back guarantee
- Solid exterior finish
- Advanced center finding technology
- The screen doesn't light up. This is one of the stud finders that are tricky to use in dark areas.
Stanley 47-400 Magnetic Stud Finder
Of all the stud finders reviewed in this write-up, this is one of the few of its kinds. To begin with, Stanley 47-400 Magnetic Stud Finder is a magnetic stud measuring just about 35x35x32mm.
Its methodology of working is pretty simple and straight to the point. The magnet locates steel nails and screws providing dependable detection of wall studs. Its base is notched for convenient marking once studs are pin-pointed.
Its dome and harness are fixed under a black plastic browsing sled with a smooth bottom allowing you to scoot easily across wallboards. The magnet has a specific affection for the nail-heads hidden beneath hard-to-reach surfaces with the toggle quivering with interest whenever you steer it over some nails.
Stanley 47-400 Magnetic Stud Finder
Stanley 47-400 This Magnetic Stud Finder is 1-3/8" x 1-3/8" x 1-1/4"(35mm x 35mm x 32mm). Provides dependable detection of wall studs. Magnet works by locating steel nails and screws used to hold ...
- Offers a cheaper alternative that doesn't disappoint as far as providing dependable detection of wall studs is concerned.
- Its method of operation is relatively straightforward making it pretty easy to use.
- Weighing just about 1.6 ounces and spanning 35x35x32mm, this tool is easy to hold on the palm meaning that its secure and chances of accidental falls are minimal.
- Covered by limited lifetime warranty.
- Deep detection of wall studs
- Notched base for convenient marking
- Simple design
- Easy to use
- Performs poorly on imperfect wallboard
Diamond Resource 10129-ST Stud Thud Finder
Lauded as one of the most professional stud finders in the industry, 10129-ST provides two magnets which are pretty effective at locating studs in ceilings and walls. It is a relatively inexpensive way to eliminate guesswork in identifying positions behind different surface thicknesses or internal materials in your home.
It's correct to call it a professional-use stud, but a closer look at it reveals that it can actually be used by any DIY enthusiast – thanks to its simplicity. And what about accuracy? It's highly accurate compared to other stud finders.
Diamond Resource 10129-ST Stud Thud Magnetic Stud Finder
Finding studs has never been this easy on sheetrock, tile, plaster, lath and plaster, floors or ceilings. An extremely powerful moving magnet makes finding the studs in the walls, ceilings and trim ...
- Optimized for professional work making it one of the most effective tools available out there.
- Highly sensitive and super strong offering superior detection.
- Works effectively on all types of surfaces be they walls or even ceilings.
- Affordable
- Easy to operate
- Great precision
- Excellent detection
- Its top cap is delicate and it easily comes off in the case of a fall
Precision Sensors Stud Finder (Profinder 5000)
Profinder 5000 looks a tad different from other stud finders. First, instead of detecting studs in a single sensor window, it scans the wall along its entire 7-inch width thus increasing its scope and making locating of studs much easier and faster.
Once the hidden studs are detected, a series of LEDs light up. Another difference from other stud finders is that Profinder 5000 can detect multiple studs at the same time.
Precision Sensors Stud Finder Professional Deep Scanning LED Profinder 5000
The Profinder 5000 has innovative stud-sensing technology that instantly finds hidden studs. No sliding is required. This advanced stud finder senses the wall in thirteen locations simultaneously, ...
- Seamless detection of metal, wood, and other hidden items.
- It's very easy to operate as you only need to hold one button down to switch on.
- Boasts an intuitive LED display which showcases the location of hidden objects.
- Has a wider sensor pad area making detection more accurate even in places with difficult features.
- Can easily be initialized on any position along any surface.
- Soft and comfortable grip
- Advanced technology
- Intuitive LED
- Simultaneous detection of multiple objects
- Complicated framing
|Product Name
|Overall Rating
|CH Hanson 03040 Magnetic Stud Finder
|Check price
|Zircon e50-FFP Stud Sensor e50 Edge Finding Electronic Stud Finder
|Check price
|ProSensor 710 Franklin Sensors ProSensor 710 Precision Stud Finder
|Check price
|Studpop Magnetic Stud Finder
|Check price
|Black & Decker SF100 Wood Stud Finder
|Check price
|Bosch GMS120 Digital Multi-Scanner
|Check price
|StudBoss Digital LCD Stud Finder DIY Tool
|Check price
|Stanley 47-400 Magnetic Stud Finder
|Check price
|Diamond Resource 10129-ST Stud Thud Finder
|Check price
|Precision Sensors Stud Finder (Profinder 5000)
|Check price
Do I Need a Stud Finder?
If you handle any home or office improvement tasks, you need to have a stud finder. Whether you are planning to embark on some heavy hanging artwork or you are just looking to install a new chandelier from the ceiling – stud finders can be your best bets.
Otherwise, you could end up banging the entire wall and leaving marks all over the surface as you try to locate studs. Using these cute tools makes the whole job much easier and helps you save a lot of time.
Competition for the top spot was pretty stiff especially with the likes of Profinder 5000 and Bosch GMS120 in play. The overall top position, however, goes to Zircon e50-FFP which is renowned for its accuracy, great grip and above all the patented spotlight pointer technology.


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Tom Hanks Does NOT Have "Secret Health Crisis," Despite Report
Tom Hanks does not have a "secret health crisis," despite a new tabloid report. Gossip Cop can exclusively correct this falsehood. We're told the story is "total BS."
According to the repeatedly refuted In Touch, Hanks, who has Type 2 diabetes, is stricken with a debilitating mystery "illness." A so-called "source close to the two-time Oscar winner" tells the tabloid, "He's suffering from prostate flare-ups and other blood sugar problems." The seemingly made-up "source" adds, "He's in a ton of pain and it's not allowing him to walk and function the way he wants."
As a result, claims the outlet's questionable "insider," Hanks now "spends many days in his home office" because he "doesn't want the public to see him at less than his best." Behind closed doors, says the publication, Hanks "struggles" terribly with his illness. The magazine continues about how he purportedly tries to pretend there's nothing is wrong, but "he's in pain."
To handle his supposed "health crisis," alleges the tabloid, "Tom must take multiple pills." His wife, Rita Wilson, "lays out all of his pills… every morning and night. She labels everything with a time and date," claims the outlet, which quotes its highly suspect "source" as saying, "Tom isn't a pill, never has been, and that's part of the problem."
Actually, the "problem" here is In Touch, which either wholly fabricated this tale about a "secret health crisis" or relied again on an unreliable "source." For starters, Gossip Cop can assure you no one who's "close to the two-time Oscar winner" spoke to the tabloid, as it claimed. Mind you, this story is coming from the same magazine that Gossip Cop exclusively corrected when it falsely reported in 2014 that Hanks and Wilson had "separated."
In any event, Gossip Cop looked into this latest claim, and there is no truth to it either. He's not suffering from a "secret health crisis, nor does he have "prostate flare-ups," pain, or problems walking. A rep for Hanks exclusively tells Gossip Cop all the allegations are "total BS."


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Timney Triggers AR-15 Skeletonized 3-Pound Trigger (661-S)
8 in stock
Specifications of the Timney AR-15 Trigger
Skeletonized Trigger Bow
~3-Pound trigger pull
Small Pin size (0.152-0.157)
The Timney AR trigger is primarily designed to fit in AR-15 lower receivers with Mil-Spec internal dimensions.
Some Timney triggers can be used in 22 LR conversions. However, it is recommended that you use the 4-pound trigger for these applications. The 4-pound Timney trigger will work in the Smith & Wesson M&P 15-22.
Timney triggers can be installed into polymer and carbon AR-15 lowers. However, it is recommended that a thin piece of sheet metal be plated between the bottom of the lower and the Timney trigger. If you have a polymer lower, you can call Timney to request a special plate to put between the lower and the trigger group.
Built to Last
The Timney AR-15 triggers are built with the intention of going through hard use. The metals used in the trigger mating surfaces are Teflon nickel plated. What this means to you is that no lubrication is necessary to ensure optimal functioning. However, you should keep the surfaces clean.
This Timney AR trigger is non-adjustable. All of the settings are permanently set. This increases reliability, as there are no set screws that could back out or other potential points of failure.
Easy Installation
The Timney Skeletonized Trigger comes as a pre-assembled unit. This unit can be easily installed into your AR-15 lower in a matter of minutes.
Additional information
|0.1875 lbs
|Part #
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Made it to Texas
Friona Travel Blog› entry 20 of 40 › view all entries
We stopped in the little town of Friona. Ryan is car crazy and maybe getting sick again, Liam is wide awake, and my eyes are dried up. But the hotel is nice and has good internet. I will get caught up with this.
We pushed a bit to make it Texas. But the name of the first town was Bovina. Really. Now, I recall that Bovine means cow, and upon seeing the massive amounts of cattle, we decided to keep moving. So we stopped at Friona. A safe 12 or 15 miles further down the road. Turns out Friona translates into "Never under estimate the power of that west wind". Or maybe it means "Ha - and you thought Bovina stunk". At 4:00am, Eva got up to turn the air conditioner on, and, well there was just getting back to sleep. ave
Time to turn the coffee on. We brought our own coffee maker and excellent roast beans, and have been brewing our own coffee in the mornings, rather than drink the hotel coffee. We are also making most of our meals. Cooking rice and REI dehydrated food, we have been bringing breakfast cereal and making sandwiches. Of course, we also brought a kettle and some oatmeal for Liam. On a related note, Liam is eating very well. We are doing all of this to try and eat healthy, avoid dumping tons of money at fast food crappy places. It is, for the most part working. It is a bit more work - I do dishes every morning - but seems worth it.


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Contact: Georganna Gillette
Apollo Boulevard will be extended .865 miles to intersect with Eau Gallie Boulevard. In addition, the section from Sarno Road to Eau Gallie Boulevard will be widened. A new bridge will be constructed over the Eau Gallie River, connecting Eau Gallie Boulevard and Sarno Road by way of Apollo Boulevard. Construction began in April 2014 and is anticipated to be completed in the fall of 2015.
Learn more by visiting the project website.


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The success of Kate Middleton's weight loss
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