text:
Who has the right to impose 'rights' on others?
Published 12:00 am, Thursday, September 24, 2015
For a vacation rental, we used AirBnB to rent an high-rise apartment in Chicago from man of Islamic faith. In addition to the formal rental agreement, the man left a list of instructions for us to follow.
Just below the direction as to where to dispose of household recyclables, was an instruction to not drink alcoholic beverages in the apartment. We pondered this. I understand the tenent of the Muslim faith to not consume alcohol and respect those who adhere to this belief. But it is not my belief and I like an occasional glass of wine while on vacation.
On a more extreme front, ISIS imposes it's interpretation of Sharia on all those it can. ISIS is known to cruelly punish or execute non-believers for not adhering to its interpretation of Sharia. Is enforcing one's beliefs on others exercising religious freedom?
And now a government official in Kentucky, who does not believe in same sex marriage, refused to issue same sex couples marriage licenses. Is this an example of the official exercising religious freedom or is it one of imposing one's religion on another? To read the press, to listen to Huckabee and other presidential hopefuls, the government official's religious rights are under attack. I am confused.


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Democratic National Committee (DNC) Chairwoman Debbie Wasserman-Schultz (D-Fla.) called Republican Iowa Senate candidate Joni ErnstJoni Kay ErnstPence praises Trump CIA pick Trump tariffs create uncertainty for Pentagon Overnight Defense: Trump agrees to meet North Korea's Kim | Senators worry tariffs could hurt national security | State announces arms sale to Qatar, UAE MORE an "onion of crazy" as the race there tightens.
Speaking at the Iowa State Fair on Saturday, Wasserman-Schultz sought to tout Rep. Bruce BraleyBruce Lowell BraleyOPINION | Tax reform, not Trump-McConnell feuds, will make 2018 a win for GOP Ten years later, House Dems reunite and look forward Trump: Ernst wanted 'more seasoning' before entertaining VP offer MORE (D-Iowa), whose support has falling dropping in the polls, and portray Ernst as extreme.
She pointed to Ernst's suggestion in January that President Obama should face "removal from office or impeachment," a comment that Ernst has sought to walk back.
Wasserman-Schultz then called out Ernst's May comment, "I do have reason to believe there were weapons of mass destruction in Iraq," which Ernst has also walked back.
In an interview with The Des Moines Register, though, Wasserman-Schultz acknowledged that Braley has faced some setbacks.
"Look, this is a campaign," she said. "There are going to be ups and downs in campaigns."
She said Iowa voters would ultimately choose Braley because of the "dramatic contrast" with Ernst.
Braley has been battling a Republican portrayal as an out-of-touch trial lawyer. The GOP has seized on a comment that surfaced in a video in March, when Braley told a group of lawyers in Texas that Sen. Chuck Grassley (R) is "a farmer from Iowa who never went to law school."
In another twist, Republicans are saying Braley threatened to sue his neighbor over chickens wandering into his yard, which Braley denies.
In recent months, Braley has dropped from a lead in the polls to be tied or slightly behind Ernst.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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Having problems with your Toshiba Tecra A3 Notebook ?
Hi my name is Lyudmil,I lost recovery disk and now have windows xp without any Toshiba Tecra A3 extra..(batery meter e.c....may helm me,
Answers :
Hello there:
\015\012you can contact toshiba technical support and they can get you the cd mine costed about 25.00 but well worth it. ok?
\015\012best regards mike
\015\012you can contact toshiba technical support and they can get you the cd mine costed about 25.00 but well worth it. ok?
\015\012best regards mike
Repair Help & Product Troubleshooting for Toshiba Tecra A3 Notebook
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Hi my name is Lyudmil,I lost recovery disk and now have windows xp without any Toshiba Tecra A3 extra..(batery meter e.c....may helm me,
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text:
Italy Budget Scrutiny Hits Close to Rome
Amid Austerity Push, Politicians' Own Belts Need Tightening, Italians Say; Haircuts, Country Club for Lawmakers
ROME—Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi's drive to cut public spending is turning the spotlight on some of Italy's most profligate spenders—its political class.
Despite many belt-tightening measures imposed on Italians over the past few years, the paychecks and benefits of Parliament members have been left largely untouched. Rome's lawmakers are among Europe's highest-paid: In 2010, members of the lower house earned an average gross...


text:
Results 1 to 3 of 3
Thread: trying to connect to wifi
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01-16-2007 #1
- Join Date
- Jan 2007
- Posts
- 2
trying to connect to wifi
After going through the frustration of loading mandiva on my faulty computer, i finally got it working ok, except for one thing: my wifi card.
First and foremost, i have verified that my wifi card is compatible with Mandriva. Mandriva recognizes my card, however it tells me i need to alter some firmware.I went to the suggested URL and tracked down the required firmware. I downloaded it using my home (windows) computer, then transfered it over to my my Mandriva laptop.
I put the firmware into the correct location, inside the Firmware folder of the lib section of the Computer directory.
Now when i try to set up my wifi card, it gives me a different error message:
"Unable to find network interface for selected device (using acx-pci driver)."
I assume this means it couldnt read the firmware file for whatever reason, but im not sure what to do. Ive tried things such as changing the file extension, but that dosent seem to help.
Once again, i would like to thank you for your help and suggestions and also your patience with this humble n00b....
01-16-2007 #2
- Join Date
- Sep 2004
- Location
- Aberdeen, Scotland
- Posts
- 204
Here's some info re acx firmware, naming and locations - http://acx100.sourceforge.net/wiki/FirmwareElive,kanotix-mini,pclinuxos super gamer,xp, sidux
01-22-2007 #3
- Join Date
- Jan 2007
- Posts
- 2
Thank you for your help beagle, i managed to solve my problem.
Feel free to lock this thread


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Mohini aka Pratyusha Banerjee to end her life in Sasural Simar Ka?
Sasural Simar Ka's upcoming twist is said to have Mohini, Pratyusha Banerjee, trying to kill herself. The show which has been keeping the viewers hooked to the small screens, will have them get shocked very soon.
We know Mohini (Pratyusha Banerjee) from Sasural Simar Ka (Rashmi Sharma Telefilms) on Colors is one character whom we all love to hate. And we are pretty sure that you won't like her stint to end so soon.
So, just take a deep breath and read on the entire piece.
Simar will be seen trying her best in disguise to reveal Mohini's true intentions but will fail repeatedly. Mohini will be seen pretending to kill herself by hanging to trick the family members, says the report.
But the twist in the tale will be after Simar's repeated attempt to reveal Mohini's true intentions, Mohini will hang herself.
The upcoming track of Sasural Simar Ka will have Simar entering the Bhardwaj house disguised as a maid. It will be interesting to see how she manages to keep Sid and Roli safe and catch Mohini.
Our source also revealed that Mohini will not kill herself in reality she will only pretend to take such extreme step in order to trick the members of Bhardwaj house.
Don't you think that this will be a striking sequence to witness readers? Shout out loud your thoughts in the comment section below.
Agent Raghav to see Aahana Kumra to play crime branch officer in it.
Neil and Ragini to get married for the sake of Nishi in Sony TV's Itna Karo Na Mujhe Pyar


text:
Public Notice's file
Public Notice and its Public Notice Research & Education Fund advocate on economic issues and the federal government. Public Notice does not disclose its donors. Public Notice's executive director, Gretchen Hamel, is a former spokesman for the House Republican Conference.
The PolitiFact scorecard
- True0(0)
- Mostly True1 (%)(1)
- Half True0(0)
- Mostly False0(0)
- False0(0)
- Pants on Fire0(0)


text:
hot boys found dead in the field, the street or in bed
hot boys found dead in the field, the street or in bed
Hot Fantasia, beautiful finds:) Thanks Herry.
Sweet Death becomes you!
what a way to go for those lads
this cutie shot himself, what a waste!!
construction worker fell and broke his neck, what a waste!!
All of these are right up my a
I like guys who are soooo acquiescent about everything.
thanks HERRY
number 1 and 2 died after overstretched sport performance, number 3 and 4 died in their sleep, and number 5 was poisoned by eating an apple
keeping watch over the corpse of his beloved friend, who died with a rockstiff cock
doctor establishes death of young dude who died of heart failure:sm (34):
Tag em. Bag em. Load em into my truck. I'll do the rest. :)
There are currently 1 users browsing this thread. (0 members and 1 guests)


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Hegi, Dunlap reappointed to Cotton Board
Published 6:00 am, Sunday, January 1, 2012
Tom Hegi of Petersburg and John Dunlap of Floydada have been reappointed producer members to the Cotton Board, it was announced by Plains Cotton Growers, Inc., in a recent newsletter.
Based in Memphis, Tenn., the Cotton Board is the oversight and administrative arm of the Cotton Research and Promotion Program, representing U.S. Upland cotton.
Appointments are made by U.S. Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack. Nineteen members, 19 alternates and one consumer advisor were announced.
All appointees will serve 3-year terms beginning Jan. 1, 2012.
Hegi and Dunlap both had been alternates on the board.
Other area residents appointed were Bryan Patterson of Amherst and Sigifredo Valverde of Shallowater, both newly-appointed producer alternate members.


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Located above Billingsgate Market in London's DocklandsContact Us (our location)
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We offer the Level 2 Food Safety qualification as a taught course to groups of more than 10 students. The course involves 6 hours of classroom tuition followed by a 30 question, multiple choice exam.
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Everyone involved in the Food Industry has a responsibility to safeguard the health of consumers and ensure the food they sell is safe to eat. The Chartered Institute of Environmental Health (CIEH) Level 2 certificate in Food Safety have been developed to address the growing need to make learning more relevant to specific business environments and meet the National Occupational Standards. As a group booking this course is delivered over a six hour training day in a classroom environment. The course tutors use their knowledge of the fish and food industry to engage with students making the session interesting and relevant to their place of work.
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Thank you for your interest in NCTM's Illuminations. Beginning in mid-April, all Illuminations content will be moving to nctm.org/illuminations. Interactives will remain openly available and NCTM members will have access to all Illuminations lessons with new filtering and search options. We hope you will continue to utilize and enjoy these resources on nctm.org.
Students use virtual pattern blocks to problem solve and reason with fractions. They investigate relationships between parts and wholes using another representation of a region model, virtual fractions. Students use conversation to explain their understandings in order to extend and clarify their mathematical content knowledge.
Explain to students that they will the Patch Tool to model part-whole relationships. The directions for using the
tool should be reviewed prior to this lesson. The students may need to
be guided in how to drag the pattern blocks to the work area. When
making comparisons, the students can drag one pattern block on top of
another one to compare the area of the region. If your technological
resources are limited, you can also create and print pattern block
activity sheets using the Dynamic Paper Tool. Pattern blocks can be found under the Shapes tab.
Patch Tool
Dynamic Paper
Have students work in pairs using the Web-based pattern blocks
to explore relationships among the four shapes. Use the same Guiding
Questions found in Lesson One. This will facilitate exploration with a
new tool, help the students focus on the mathematical concepts
demonstrated with this region model, and reinforce the content of the
previous lesson, Investigating with Pattern Blocks.
The students should use the virtual pattern blocks to answer the questions. Provide students with a new, blank copy of the Region Relationships 1 Activity Sheet and ask them to complete it.
Region Relationships 1 Activity Sheet
Encourage students to discuss various options with their
partner. This allows students to articulate their understandings,
making them available for discussion, clarification, and extension.
Assessment Option
At this stage of the unit, it is important to know whether the students can do the following:
Understand that a fraction is part of a whole
State the relationship between the pattern block shapes [e.g., that there are three triangles in one red trapezoid]
The students' recordings can be used to make instructional
decisions about their understanding of fraction relationships. Because
this entire unit deals with relationships, areas needing additional
work can be developed during subsequent lessons. You may choose to use
the Class Notes
recording sheet to make anecdotal notes about the students'
understanding and use those notes to guide your instructional planning.
Move on to the next lesson, Pattern Block Fractions.
Questions for Students
1. Is there a way to represent the red trapezoid using blue and green pattern blocks? Can you cover the red trapezoid using only one color? What does this tell us about the relationship between the blue rhombus and the green triangle?
[The trapezoid can be covered with one green triangle and one blue rhombus, or it can be covered with three green triangles. Consequently, there are two green triangles in one blue rhombus.]
2. Are there other ways to represent various pattern blocks (for example, the yellow hexagon) using more than one color pattern block?
[The students should be lead in a discussion of the relationships inherent in these representations.]
Teacher Reflection
Students will:
Grade 3, Num & Ops Fractions
Grade 3, Geometry
Grade 4, Num & Ops Fractions
Grade 5, Num & Ops Fractions
If you would like to rate this lesson, then please register. Riuscipisci bla feummod
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text:
Far Cry 4 Xbox 360 Cheats
- Game: Far Cry 4
- Game Description: Insane despot Pagan Min reigns over the Himalayan wilderness called Kryat. You are Ajay Ghale, and your return to Kryat embroils you in a civil war. Conquer fortresses with a wide range of weapons, ride elephants, fly a gyrocopter, and more. This FPS delivers an immersive adventure in an exotic location, building on the success of the previous Far Cry games. Explore the open world environment with your friends, but don't forget to return to Far Cry 4's single player campaign to shape the fate of Kryat through your decisions.
Alternate Ending #1 cheat for Far Cry 4 on Xbox 360
For one alternate ending, at the beginning of the game, after Pagan Min kidnaps you and another prisoner, takes you to his palace, stabs the other prisoner and excuses himself from the table, instead of leaving, stay at the table for about 13 minutes. Pagan Min returns and takes you by helicopter to a shrine to place your mothers ashes there.
Game Name: Far Cry 4
Cheat Name: Alternate Ending #1
Submited by: blinky on Sat, 29th November 2014 07:44 PM
- 55 Masks of Yalung Guide
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- Save the Hostages Quests
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- Unlockable Weapons Guide


text:
You seen the Young Jeezy video popping 103 bottles for his 34th birthday celebration at Club Vanquish in Atlanta last night now check out the pics. Jeezy didn't arrive to the party with Jasmine Sanders who was Chris Brown's ex and Rob Kardahsians old bust down.
Jeezy and Alex Gidewon
Jonathan Koon Jeezy's business partner (He was a millionaire at 16)
Jeezy's business partner, Demetrius "Kinky B" Ellerbee (CTE) and Jonathan Koon.
Photos by exclusiveaccess.net


text:
Ramen Noodles. Oh how I've missed you. In college you got me through many a late nights studying and cramming for my exams. But when I was diagnosed with a gluten intolerance in 2009 I had to stop eating ramen. I knew I would never eat ramen noodles again. Those deliciously, unhealthy, super cheap, readily available, and easy to make noodles were never to be a part of my life again. Or so I thought.
Ramen is no longer out of bounds for those of us on gluten free diets! Lotus Foods, a California based company that specializes in exotic rice, has introduced a rice-based gluten free ramen.
Traditionally, ramen, a Japanese-style noodle, is made from wheat, but Lotus Foods has found a way to make this noddle from rice instead.
The Rice Ramen is:
- Gluten Free
- Organic
- Non-GMO
- Whole Grain
- No Sodium
- Kosher
- Vegan
- Low Fat
- And Ready in 4 minutes!
Rice Ramen is available in three flavors: Forbidden Rice® Ramen; Jade Pearl Rice™ Ramen; and Millet & Brown Rice Ramen. You have a choice of buying individual ramen cakes with savory reduced-sodium miso soup flavor packets to make an instant bowl of nourishing noodle soup, or a package of four ramen noodle cakes packaged together without any flavor packets. The later is great for making your own soup. Try adding shrimp, scallions and sweet onions to vegetable broth to make a satisfying soup, or top ramen noodles with Asian styled stir fried vegetables and chicken.
Not only are the noodles easy to make, and in 4 minutes no less, but they provide a convenient bowl of flavorful and nourishing soup. Lotus Foods Rice Ramen is much healthier than the leading brands of ramen you typically see on store shelves. With less fat and sodium, and more nutritious, they are enjoyable even for those who do not have to avoid gluten.
The Forbidden Rice® Ramen is made from heirloom black rice. In addition to being gluten free, Forbidden Rice® is one of the most nutritious ancient grains, and a good source of antioxidants.
The noodles are very dark purple, almost black in color and have a delicious nutty and earthy flavor. This is one of my favorite varietals of rice.
The broth was a very light white miso with mushrooms and tamari, and 33% less sodium than regular Ramen soups. The rice gave the broth strong purple hues.
The Jade Pearl is a green organic ramen infused with chlorophyll-rich bamboo extract. The main ingredient is Jade Pearl rice. I didn't know anything about this rice, but according to Lotus Foods,
"When cooked, this beautiful jade-colored rice produces the aroma of a bamboo forest, a light vanilla taste, and an explosion of health-giving nutrients. Our Organic Jade Pearl Rice makes an especially pretty plate presentation, sushi, Asian style risotto and dessert pudding."
The noodles are really interesting with an earthy flavor and great texture.
Millet and brown rice are two if the most nutritious and easily digestible grains. The Millet and Brown Rice Ramen comes with a savory red miso broth packet. The noodles, on their own, have a wholesome nutty taste.
For a complete meal, add your favorite vegetables and proteins to any of the miso soups.
Since 1995, Lotus Foods has been sourcing fair-trade ingredients from small family farmers around the world who are growing rice sustainably and preserving heirloom and specialty rices. The company's objective is not only to help rice farmers earn a living wage but to bring healthier rice choices to consumers. Lotus Foods line of products include nine organic rice varieties, whole grain rice, heat and eat rice bowls, cookbooks, rice cookers, and more.
The Rice Ramen Miso Soup retails for $2.29 ( 2.8 oz. pouch) or a 10 pack for $19.90. The Rice Ramen noodles retail for $6.59 (10 oz. bag) or $35.54 for a 6 pack. Available online and in most natural food and co-op stores, gourmet/specialty markets, and chain grocery stores. I have seen some of their products at the Whole Foods Charles River Plaza location.
Stay tuned for more delicious rice products from Lotus Foods coming soon!
Disclaimer: I received these products for free to sample and review for my blog. I was not paid for my review and all opinions are my own.


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Bible Studies
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THE BOOK OF GENESIS There is a growing movement within the Christian church towards a belief in an old earth which they say has been proven by science. They support the theory that God created a big bang millions of years ago and from this life in the universe evolved. The Biblical account as given in Genesis is no longer considered factual but has been consigned to that of a parable, a story based on a fable for minds that did not have the knowledge we have today. Who wrote Genesis? Moses is credited with writing the book of Genesis. The question is, why would God, who spoke face to face with Moses, instruct him to write a story that had no basis in fact? From Where or Whom Did Death Come? If man came from a primeval swamp evolving from previous creatures, then Adam and Eve could not have come into existence as written in the Bible? The Bible accredits God as the author of life and Satan as the author of death. By removing the creation account then God alone becomes the author of both life and death! Big Bang Theory. Some Christians believe that God created the world with a big bang, setting it in motion to evolve its inhabitants through natural selection, but at some stage in the process of evolution, He then decided to create man in a special garden. Outside of this garden, known as Paradise, where everything was beautiful and perfect, animals were killing and being killed in the process of survival of the fittest. After the fall from grace by Adam and Eve, they were cast out into this wild world and had to survive by killing and eating animals. However, according to the Bible, when Adam and Eve sinned, the atmosphere changed and the processes of birth and death, which had not existed prior to the fall, began. (Romans 5:14 'Death reigned from the time of Adam…." It did not come before Adam stood upon the earth? (See also 1 Tim 2:13). When God expelled Adam and Eve out of the Garden, he switched off certain parts of their DNA cells to ensure they would not live forever as sinful human beings. Through disobedience to God's explicit command, death came upon all that God had created. Fact or Fiction. If Adam and Eve are just fictional characters, then there can be no original sin, which according to the Bible is the transgression of the law of God. Romans 4:15. As a consequence, because man 'evolved' he is not responsible for any form of disobedience to God because he is a product of chance. Therefore he has no need of a saviour to come and rescue him from his disobedience, therefore Jesus sacrifice was pointless. The whole blood sacrifice started by Adam and carried through into and by the Jewish nation until the time of Jesus would therefore be unnecessary. The 10 Commandments. In particular, the 4th Commandment, written by God's own finger saying….in 6 days God made the heavens and the earth….. should be erased by Christian evolutionists from Exodus 20: 2-17 and Deuteronomy 5: 6-21. Pauls Reference to Eve. In 2 Cor 11:3 – Paul states:"but I am afraid that just as Eve was deceived by the serpent's cunning……. Paul knew his scripture and used many references from the Jewish scriptures (Christian Old Testament), to preach the Word of God to his hearers. According to some Christian evolutionists, Paul would not have had the knowledge we have today so he was therefore speaking with the knowledge he had at the time. As Jesus spoke to Paul on the way to Damascus, isn't it possible that Jesus would have enlightened Paul on the theme of creation, if the book of Genesis was just a parable? (See also 1 Corinthians 15:45-47& Hebrews 11:4). Jesus's Reference to Abel's Blood. Christian evolutionists must also disregard the words of Jesus in Matthew 23:35 when he speaks of the righteous blood that has been shed on earth from the blood of righteous Abel…….. Luke 11:51 and Heb 12.24 should also be removed. Not once in the New Testament does Jesus change what is written in the Jewish scriptures. Time. Because the Bible states that with God one day is as a thousand years, (2 Peter 3:8) many use this analogy by Paul to interpret the days in Genesis. In doing this they do not realise that on the third day, God created vegetation; plants and trees and it was not until the fourth day that He created the Sun and the Moon. If there was a 1000 years in-between the creation of each day, how did the vegetation, plants and trees survive without sunshine? The second thing they do not consider is that each of the months, seasons and years can be plotted by the Sun and Moon, but 7 days of 24 hrs making one week comes directly from God. If this was not the case, then the 7 days we have now would each last 1000 years. God is outside time. He created time for humanity and to fulfill the plan of salvation which He had already in His mind before Adam and Eve were even created. And the third thing Christian evolutionists do not consider is the memorial of His creation. God set His seal upon the 7th day of the week by incorporating it directly into the centre of the 10 Commandments, which he wrote with His own finger on tablets of stone – twice. This period of time was to be holy time for humanity. It was to be set apart to remember who created the heavens and the earth. This day was carried forward from creation through Adam's lineage to the Jewish nation, only to be presumptuously changed by Christians; not by God's authority but by their own authority. They have removed any reference to the creation and set their own seal of authority on their day of worship. This has opened up an avenue of thought for many Christians to embrace the idea that the teachings of evolution are compatible with the Bible. Conclusion. What Christian evolutionists imply is the Bible is flawed and cannot be trusted as the explicit and infallible Word of God! Ultimately they are saying that God cannot be trusted. He is incapable of telling the truth to his prophets and He has deceived mankind by telling them a story which has no basis in fact. Can anyone who knows God see who is behind the destruction of His Word? Unconverted hearts who profess to know Jesus - those who sit at the table with Him are, like Judas, ready to betray Him to gain favour with the world. Only those who trust and obey God's Word are His true followers and will receive a crown of life when He returns to claim this world as His own. A world He created in 6 literal days just over 6000 years ago. Below are just a few more samples of the many passages in scripture that would need to be removed to accommodate the theory of evolution. Psalm 96:13 _...they will sing before the Lord for he comes, he comes to judge the earth. He will judge the world in righteousness and the peoples in His truth. (If mankind did not fall, then why will God judge the world? Note that when He does judge, He will judge those who did not keep true to His Word) Matthew 13;35: But I tell you that men will have to give account on the day of judgment for every careless word they have spoken. (Those who promote lies, denying God's existence will be judged by their own words) Matthew 25:34: ….take your inheritance, the kingdom prepared from you since the creation of the world. (Those who are true to the Word of God will inherit an eternal world which will never see death or decay). Mark 10:6: But at the beginning God made them male and female. (The theory of evolution cannot explain why there are two sexes or when procreation by the sex act occurred.) John 17:24: …because you loved me before the creation of the world. (Jesus Himself states He was with the Father before the Earth was created.) Romans 1:20: For since the creation of the world, God's invisible qualities- his eternal power and divine nature……. (God is always present in the world. He sustains it in its heavenly course and preserves it until the day of destruction) Romans 8:19,20: The creation waits in eager expectation for the sons of God to be revealed. For the creation was subjected to frustration, not by its own choice, but by the will of the one who subjected it, in hope that the creation itself will be liberated from its bondage to decay and brought into the glorious freedom of the children of God. (Until sin is eradicated from this planet, all created things will continue to decay and die). Ralph Jackson 2012
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Elvis Presley
By: Anderw G.
Indiana, Age 9
Elvis was a super famous musician for his unique voice, his amazing clothes,and his awesome dance moves. Elvis was born on January 1, 1935. He was very poor as a child. He got his 1st guitar on his 14th birthday. Elviss' most famous songs are Hound Dog, Don't be Cruel, Love me Tender, and Any way you want me. Elvis was the Beatles idol. On January 16, 1977 Elvis played his last concert in Indiana. Elvis died on August 16,1977 from too much drugs and alcohol. Elvis changed Rock'n Roll by his unique voice.


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|Fluoropolymer gum of vinylidene fluoride, hexafluoropropene, and bromodifluoroethylene
|Process for preparing a propylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer
|Ukihashi et al.
|Vulcanizable blend of bromine-containing fluoropolymer and fluorosilicone gums
|Co-crosslinkable blend composition comprising iodine-containing fluoroelastomer
|Tatemoto et al.
|Co-crosslinkable blend composition comprising iodine-containing fluoroelastomer
|Tomoda et al.
|Cross linkable fluorine-containing polymer and its production
|Tatemoto et al.
|Fluoropolymer containing a small amount of bromine-containing olefin units
|Apotheker et al.
|Crosslinkable polymers formed from iodine-containing perfluoroalkyl vinyl ethers
|Fluorinated elastomeric copolymers
|Honn et al.
|Curable copolymers of tetrafluoroethylene
|Copolymer elastomer of vinylidenefluoride and hexafluoropropene
|Elastomeric terpolymers
|Perfluoro(2-bromoethylvinyl ether).
This invention relates to fluorocarbon elastomrs and their preparation and use. In another aspect, it relates to peroxide-curable fluorocarbon elastomers having interpolymerized units derived from a cure site monomer containing bromine or iodine, and to the preparation of such fluorocarbon elastomers.
Fluorocarbon elastomers are premium materials for demanding service applications in harsh environments where extremes in temperature and aggressive chemicals are encountered, namely, applications in the automotive, petroleum, and energy-related industries. It is their generally high temperature stability, low compression set, and chemical and fluid resistance which enables fluorocarbon elastomers to have a variety of uses, such as seals, gaskets, and linings, in these areas; see West, A. C. and Holcomb, A. G., "Fluorinated Elastomers", Kirk-Othmer, "Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology", Vol. 8, 3rd Ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 500-515 (1979).
The commercial fluorocarbon elastomers are principally those made by polymerizing vinylidene fluoride with one or two other terminally unsaturated fluorine-containing comonomers, such as hexafluoropropene, 1-hydropentafluoropropene, chlorotrifluoroethylene, perfluoro(methyl vinyl ether), and tetrafluoroethylene. Another commercial type is the copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene with propylene or perfluoro(methyl vinyl ether).
The cure systems for converting the fluorocarbon elastomer gums into insoluble elastomers are basically of three types: diamine, dihydroxyaromatic, and free radical or peroxide systems. They have their relative merits, though the dihydroxyaromatic cure system is most widely used and recently the enhanced peroxide curing of fluorocarbon elastomers made with cure site monomers containing bromine or iodine has received increasing commercial attention; see Albin, L. D., Kosmala, J. L., and Stoskopf, A. H., "Rubber & Plastic News," pp. 28-30, Nov. 9, 1981, and Apotheker, D., Finlay, J. B., Krusic, P. J., and Logothetis, A. L., "Rubber Chemistry and Technology," 55 pp. 1004-18 (1982).
Prior art disclosures of fluoropolymers made with bromine- or iodine-containing materials include U.S. Pat. No. 3,351,619 (Warnell) which discloses use of a vinyl ether containing a fluoroalkyl iodide group; U.S. Pat. No. 3,306,879 (Pattison) which discloses the use of such compounds as 2-bromoethyl vinyl ether and 2-iodoethyl vinyl ether; U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,035,565 (Apotheker et al) and 4,263,414 (West) which disclose the use of bromine-containing olefins, such as bromotrifluoroethylene, 1-bromo-2,2-difluoroethylene, and vinyl bromide; U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,251,399 (Tomoda et al), 4,243,770 (Tatemoto et al), and 4,260,698 (Tatemoto et al) which disclose the use of iodinated compounds such as I(CF2 CF2)2 I; and European Patent Application No. 0 079 555 (Kojima et al) published May 25, 1983, which discloses the use of perfluoro(2-bromoethyl vinyl ether).
Briefly, in one aspect of this invention, fluorocarbon elastomer gums are prepared by copolymerizing with the principal monomers normally used in preparing fluorocarbon elastomers, e.g. vinylidene fluoride, hexafluoropropene, and (optionally) tetrafluoroethylene, a small amount of a novel cure site monomer which is a vinyl ether in which at least one of the two vinylic (or double-bonded) carbon atoms thereof is bonded to at least one bromine or iodine atom. Such bromine- or iodine-containing cure site monomers, e.g., CF3 CH2 OCFCFBr, thus provide in the backbone of the fluoropolymer along with the principal interpolymerized units, e.g., --CH2 CF2 --, --CF2 CF(CF3)--, and --CF2 CF2 --, derived from the principal monomers, additional interpolymerized units, e.g., --CF(OCH2 CF3)CFBr--, containing bromine or iodine atoms directly bonded to catenary (or backbone) carbon atoms as reactive sites for reaction with organic peroxide curing agents which are blended with the fluorocarbon elastomer gum. The fluoropolymer when heated with the peroxide (and optional co-curing agents such as triallylisocyanurate) provides catenary cure sites between which crosslinking is believed to be effected and a crosslinked or cured, insoluble, fluoropolymer results.
The cured fluorocarbon elastomers of this invention have useful properties normally associated with fluorocarbon elastomers, such as acid resistance, thermal stability, and high tensile strength. These properties, particularly the tensile strength of many of the cured fluorocarbon elastomers of this invention (e.g., those where vinylidene fluoride and hexafluoropropene are used as principal monomers), depending upon their particular composition and polymerization conditions used in their preparation, are not significantly or adversely affected upon exposure or shaped articles made therefrom to high temperatures for extended periods.
A broad class of the bromine- or iodine-containing vinyl ethers used as cure site monomers in accordance with this invention can be expressed by the formula ROCXCYZ, where one or two of the X, Y and Z substituents are selected from bromine and iodine atoms, and the remainder of the substituents are independently hydrogen, fluorine, or (less preferably) chlorine atoms. Preferably, the halogen substituent(s) is either bromine or less preferably iodine and is bonded to the terminal carbon atom of the vinyl group, X thus being hydrogen, fluorine, or (less preferably) chlorine atoms. R in said formula is either a saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched chain or cyclic alkyl or alkenyl radical, an aryl radical, or combinations of such radicals, such as an alkaryl radical, which radicals do not interfere with the function of the vinyl ether as a cure site monomer. The hydrogen atoms of R may be replaced with chlorine or fluorine substituents, and R may contain catenary hetero-atom such as nitrogen or oxygen. R is preferably an aliphatic group, e.g., with 1 to about 6 carbon atoms, particularly an alkyl radical which is bonded to the ether oxygen atom through a methylene group.
A particularly useful class of the vinyl ether cure site monomers of this invention are the bromine-containing vinyl ethers of the formula R'OCFCFBr, where R' is a lower alkyl or alkenyl group, having, for example, one or two carbon atoms, or an aryl radical such as phenyl. Particularly useful members of this class are CF3 CH2 OCFCFBr, C2 H5 OCFCFBr, C6 H5 OCFCFBr, and CH3 OCFCFBr.
The bromine- or iodine-containing vinyl ethers used in this invention may be prepared by known methods, for example, see Spears, L., Szur, A. J., and Terell, R. C., Jour. of Medicinal Chemistry, 15, pp. 606-608 (1972). The bromine-containing vinyl ethers may be prepared conveniently and in high yield by a two-step process. The first step is a base-catalyzed addition of a hydroxy-containing material of the formula ROH, where R is as defined above, to a bromine- or iodine-containing fluoroolefin of the formula CR1 R2 CR3 Br or CR1 R2 CR3 I where at least one of R1, R2, and R3 is a fluorine atom and the remainder are independently hydrogen or halogen atoms. Representative bromine- and iodine-containing fluoroolefins useful as starting materials in the reaction include bromotrifluoroethylene, 1-bromo-2,2-difluoroethylene, 1,1-dibromodifluoroethylene, and iodotrifluoroethylene. Optionally, an aprotic solvent, such as N,N-dimethylformamide, may be used in this reaction; for examples, see U.S. Pat. No. 3,666,864 (Terrell); Demiel, A., J. of Organic Chemistry, 25, pp. 993-6, (1960 ); and Park, J. D., Cummings, H. L. and Locher, J. R., J. of Organic Chemistry, 23, pp. 1785-6 (1958). The second step consists of the treatment of the reaction product of the first step with a strong base such as potassium hydroxide to effect the elimination of hydrogen halide and yield the desired bromine- or iodine-containing vinyl ether (for related example, see Corley, R. S., Lal, J., and Kane, M. W., J. of American Chem. Soc., 78, pp. 3489-3493 (1956)). Examples of bromine-containing vinyl ethers which can be prepared by this method include CH3 OCFCFBr and CF3 CH2 OCFCFBr. The overall reaction scheme using bromotrifluoroethylene as the fluoroolefin is: ##STR1## Other methods of preparation include the following reaction sequence: ##STR2## For preparation of ROCHCF2 see Wheaton, G. A. and Burton, D. J., J. of Organic Chemistry, 48, pp. 917-927 (1983).
The amount of the cure site monomers to be copolymerized with the main monomers or comonomers of the fluorocarbon elastomers of this invention will be, functionally speaking, an amount sufficient to provide cure sites or reactive sites so as to obtain the desired degree or state of cure when the resulting fluoropolymer gum containing such cure sites is compounded with the peroxide curing agent and the shaped article of the formulation is heated to effect cure or vulcanization. Generally, sufficient cure site monomer will be less than about 5 mole percent and preferably in the range of 0.1 to 1.5 mole percent, based on the total moles of the cure site monomer used and the principal monomers used to form the fluorocarbon elastomer gum. Those amounts of cure site monomer generally will provide at least about 0.05 weight percent bromine or iodine in the fluoropolymer.
Among the fluorocarbon elastomers which can be made or in a sense modified by incorporating a small amount of the bromine- or iodine-containing vinyl ether cure site monomers are the elastomeric copolymers of vinylidene fluoride with at least one terminally unsaturated comonomer containing at least one fluorine atom substituent on each vinylic or double-bonded carbon atom, each carbon atom of said comonomer being substituted only with fluorine, chlorine, hydrogen, lower fluoroalkyl radical, or lower fluoroalkoxy radical, particularly hexafluoropropene, tetrafluoroethylene, chlorotrifluoroethylene, perfluoromethyl perfluorovinyl ether, and 1-hydropentafluoropropene. Tetrafluoroethylene may also be copolymerized with the cure site monomer and olefinic hydrocarbon compounds such as ethylene or propylene and optionally also vinylidene fluoride. Another class of fluorocarbon elastomers of this invention are those made by copolymerizing the cure site monomers with tetrafluoroethylene and a perfluoroalkyl perfluorovinyl ether such as perfluoromethyl perfluorovinyl ether. Particular fluorinated elastomers which can be modified by incorporating the vinyl ether cure site monomer are those produced by copolymerizing vinylidene fluoride with a fluorine-containing olefin and optionally perfluoroalkyl perfluorovinyl ether, such as the vinylidene fluoride/hexafluoropropene copolymer described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,051,677 (Rexford) and 3,318,854 (Honn et al). Other fluorocarbon elastomers that can be modified are those copolymers produced by copolymerizing vinylidene fluoride, hexafluoropropene, and tetrafluoroethylene as described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,968,649 (Pailthorp et al), and those copolymers produced by copolymerizing tetrafluoroethylene with propylene as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,277,586 (Ukihashi et al).
In one preferred embodiment, the fluorocarbon elastomers of this invention are copolymers whose interpolymerized units comprise, consist, or consist essentially of 50 to 85 mole percent of units derived from vinylidene fluoride, 10 to 50 mole percent of units derived from hexafluoropropylene, 0 to 30 mole percent of units derived from other highly fluorinated monomers, such as tetrafluoroethylene, and 0.15 to 1.5 mole percent of units derived from said bromine-containing or iodine-containing vinyl ether cure site monomers. Another embodiment is a copolymer with 35 to 70 mole percent of units derived from tetrafluoroethylene, 30 to 65 mole percent of units derived from propene or butene, and 0.15 to 1.5 mole percent of units derived from the cure site monomer.
The fluoropolymers of this invention can be prepared by known high pressure, free-radical polymerization techniques generally used to prepare fluorocarbon elastomers such as vinylidene fluoride/hexafluoropropene polymers, for example, those techniques described by West and Holcomb, supra, and in said U.S. Pat. No. 4,035,565. Briefly, the fluoropolymers are prepared by charging a pressure reactor with reaction diluent, pH buffer, emulsifier, initiator, and the cure site monomer and principal comonomers; carrying out the emulsion polymerization of the charge at constant elevated temperature, e.g. 35° to 125° C., and pressure, e.g. 0.5 to 10 MPa, with agitation; coagulating the resulting latex; and filtering, washing, and drying the resulting fluorocarbon elastomer gum.
Though any of the conventional "free-radical" generating cure initiators can be used in the vulcanization or curing of the fluoropolymer gum of this invention, such as actinic radiation, electron beam, and organic or inorganic peroxides, organic peroxides are preferred. Suitable peroxides include benzoyl peroxide, bis(2,4 dichlorobenzoyl)peroxide, dicumyl peroxide, t-butylhydroperoxide, di-t-butyl peroxide, t-butylperoxy benzoate, and lauroyl peroxide. Particularly useful commercially available peroxides are 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-bis(t-butylperoxy)hexane and 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-bis(t-butylperoxy)hexyne-3 which are the active ingredients of products sold as "Luperco" 101XL and 130XL, respectively. The amount of peroxide curing agent to be mixed with the fluorocarbon elastomer gum, e.g. on a two-roll mill, in a Banbury mixer, or in a mixing extruder, generally will be 0.1 to 10, preferably 1 to 5, parts per 100 parts of the fluoropolymer gum.
Along with the peroxide curing agent it will generally be desirable to incorporate in or compound with the gum a cocuring agent (or coagent), such as are commonly used in peroxide vulcanization of fluorocarbon elastomers to obtain a tighter or faster cure or better compression set. Such cocuring agents generally will be used in amounts of 0.1 to 10, preferably 1 to 5, parts per 100 parts of the fluoropolymer gum. Cocuring agents which can be used include triallylcyanurate, diallylphthalate, allylmethacrylate and, particularly, triallylisocyanurate.
In many cases, for optimum vulcanizate physical properties, such as tensile strength, it will be desirable to include in the compounding formulation a reinforcing filler such as carbon black, silica, iron oxide, or zinc oxide, e.g. 5 to 60 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the fluoropolymer gum. Acid acceptors, such as magnesium oxide and calcium hydroxide, pigments, plasticizers, and processing aids which are compatible with the gum can be mixed therewith.
For some applications it may be desirable to blend or combine the fluorocarbon elastomer gum (containing the bromine or iodine cure sites derived from the vinyl ether cure site monomers) with other peroxide-curable elastomers, such as fluorosilicone gums (as described in said U.S. Pat. No. 4,263,414). The fluorocarbon elastomer gum can be first banded on a two-roll mill and then the other gums, if any, blended in until uniform, or the gums can be banded together, and the balance of compounding adjuvants can then be milled in as a mixture.
In making the shaped articles, generally the compounded, vulcanizable mixture or fluorocarbon elastomer gumstock is extruded or molded in a cavity or transfer mold at a temperature in the range of 125° to 250° C. for 1 to 50 minutes or more at about 5 to 10 MPa. The extruded or press-cured article is then transferred to a circulating air oven and post-cured at about 170° to 260° C. for about 2 to 24 hours, preferably at about 230° C. for 16 hours, yielding cured (that is, crosslinked or vulcanized) shaped articles which are elastomeric (i.e., materials which, when slowly stretched at room temperature to at least twice their original length and released, return rapidly to essentially their original length).
The curable fluorocarbon elastomer compositions of this invention can be employed in making molded or extruded articles of manufacture, such as gaskets, O-rings, diaphragms, tubing, ducting, carburetor fuel tips, fuel pump cups, shaft seals, and other molded goods. The particular application will usually be determined by the properties of the cured polymer, the requirements of such applications being well known and described, for example, in the prior art publications described hereinbefore.
Objects and advantages of this invention are illustrated in the following examples. Cure characteristics of compounded gum were measured according to ASTM-D2084-75 with an oscillating disc rheometer and reported as "ODR". The press-cured sheets, 150 mm33 150 mm×2 mm sheets, and O-rings, 15 mm diameter, 3.5 mm thick, were pressed at about 7 MPa for 15 minutes at 177° C. The post-cured sheets were those removed from the press and placed for 16 hours in a circulating air oven having a temperature maintained at 232° C. The accelerated aging was carried out according to ASTM D 573-78, the samples being exposed for the indicated time at the indicated temperature. Compression set was determined in accordance with ASTM D 395-78 (Method B) using 15 mm diameter O-rings 3.5 mm thick compressed to 2.6 mm under the indicated conditions. Tensile strength, elongation at break, and modulus at 100 percent elongation were measured in accordance with ASTM D 412-80, using Die D. Hardness was measured in accordance with ASTM D 2240-75, using Durometer A and taking readings 2 seconds after the presser foot came into contact with the specimen.
To a 500 ml 3-neck, magnetically stirred flask, fitted with a thermometer, water-cooled condenser, and a gas dispersion tube, was added 150 ml N,N-dimethylformamide, 119 g (1.19 mole) 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol, and 4.5 g (0.11 mole) sodium hydroxide and the system was purged with nitrogen. The system was then placed under a slight positive nitrogen pressure and bromotrifluoroethylene (192 g, 1.19 mole) was slowly added via the gas dispersion tube over a period of one hour while the stirred flask was cooled with an ice/water bath to maintain a temperature of 35°-40° C. in the flask. After the reaction was complete, the reaction mixture was poured into 500 ml water. The lower layer was separated and washed twice with 500 ml water. The crude product was distilled using a 40 cm Vigreux column. The fraction distilling at 93°-94° C., weighing 255 g, was collected and identified as CF3 CH2 OCF2 CFBrH by H- and F-NMR analyses. Purity was found to be 99.9% by gas-liquid chromatography.
A 500 ml magnetically stirred 3-neck flask was fitted with a thermometer, addition funnel, and a distillation head attached to a water-cooled condenser connected to a receiving flask cooled with an ice/water bath. Solid 85% potassium hydroxide (549 g) was added to the flask and the system was purged with nitrogen. The reaction flask was then heated to fuse the KOH and the temperature was maintained at 140° C. with stirring. A slow nitrogen flow was maintained through the system while the above-prepared CF3 CH2 OCF2 CFBrH (255 g, 0.98 mole) was slowly added over a 3-hour period. During this time, 222 g of a clear, colorless liquid was collected in the receiving flask. This material was analyzed by H- and F-NMR and found to correspond to "Composition A" in Table 1.
By a procedure similar to that of the above paragraph, similarly prepared CF3 CH2 OCF2 CFBrH (69 g, 0.26 mole) and 206 g of "Composition A" were reacted with 677 g of 85% KOH at 155°-170° C. to give 245 g of material designated as "Composition B" in Table 1.
|Composition (mole %) Compound "A" "B"
CF3 CH2 OCF CFBr
71.4 79.3
CF2 CHOCF CFBr
3.1 8.3
CF3 CH2 OCF2 CFBrH
25.5 12.4
CH3 OCF2 CFBrH was prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,666,864 (Terrell). By a procedure similar to that described in Example 1, 351 g of CH3 OCF2 CFBrH (1.82 mole) was reacted with 649 g of 85% KOH at 175° C. to give 277 g of a material designated "Composition C" in Table 2.
By a procedure similar to that described in Example 1, 269 g of "Composition C" was reacted with 700 g of 85% KOH at 200° C. to give 231 g of a material designated "Composition D" in Table 2.
By a procedure similar to that described in Example 1, 1345 g CH3 OCF2 CFBrH was reacted with 2290 g of 91% KOH at 170° C. to give 1030 g of a clear, colorless liquid. This reaction was repeated three times on a similar scale and the reaction products of the four runs were combined. The combined product mixture was distilled using a 40 cm Vigreux column and 3907 g of a fraction having a boiling range of 69°-84° C. was collected and is designated "E" in Table 2.
|Composition (mole %) Compound "C" "D" "E"
CH3 OCF=CFBr
55.9 85.7 82.4
44.1 14.3 17.6
Two fluoroelastomers of the present invention were prepared by the following general procedure, with specific charges and reaction conditions being listed in Table 3.
A stirred reactor was charged and the reaction mixture was polymerized under pressure at elevated temperature and with agitation. A portion of the resulting latex was coagulated by adding dropwise to a stirred aqueous solution containing MgCl2 and 1-butanol, with a typical coagulation recipe as follows:
|Parts by weight
latex 2500
magnesium chloride
1-butanol 25
deionized water 830
After coagulation was complete, the raw gum was washed 5 times with hot deionized water (about 60° C.). Excess water was removed and the raw gum was dried overnight at about 105° C.
The raw gum was compounded on a two-roll water-cooled mill by adding a mixture of the compounding ingredients to the banded fluorocarbon elastomer gum. The compounding recipe was as follows:
|Parts by weight
fluoroelastomer gum 100
medium thermal carbon black (N-990)
calcium hydroxide 3
"Luperco" 101XL* 2.5
triallylisocyanurate 2.5
*45% 2,5dimethyl-2,5-bis(t-butylperoxy)hexane on an inert filler
Press cured sheets and O-rings were prepared and post-cured. Their properties are listed in Table 4.
|Fluoroelastomer Preparation Runs 1 2
Cure site monomer composition
Monomer blend, wt. %
vinylidene fluoride 59.87 59.86
hexafluoropropene 39.41 39.31
cure site monomer 0.72 0.83
Charge, parts by weight
deionized water 3000 3000
2.64 7.0
0 0.6
12.6 0
hexafluoropropene precharge
25 25
monomer blend 1150 1150
Reactor stirrer speed, rpm
750 750
Reaction temperature, °C.
68 68
Reaction pressure, MPa
1.3 1.3
Reaction time, hours 22 14
Mooney viscosity, 93 53
Gum analysis, wt. %
Br 0.22 0.26
Gum composition, mole %
vinylidene fluoride 75.37 72.37
hexafluoropropene 24.39 27.35
cure site monomer 0.24 0.28
|Cure and Physical Properties of Compounded Fluoroelastomer Runs 1 2
ODR, 3° arc. 100 cpm, 177° C.
minimum torque, N m
2.5 1.4
time to 0.1 N m rise, min.
3.5 2.8
time to 3.4 N m torque, min.
3.9 4.4
time to 5.7 N m torque, min.
7.0 7.7
maximum torque at 12 min., N m
6.6 6.1
Press cure properties
tensile strength, MPa 9.2 10.7
elongation at break, % 385 307
100% Modulus, MPa 2.2 2.5
hardness, Shore A 63 65
Post cure properties
tensile strength, MPa 13.4 15.6
elongation at break, % 272 166
100% Modulus, MPa 3.0 3.3
hardness, Shore A 66 67
Heat aged properties, 70 hours 275° C.
tensile strength, MPa 7.3 7.2
elongation at break, % 290 236
100% Modulus, MPa 2.1 2.5
hardness, Shore A 63 66
Compression set,
70 hrs. 200° C., %
41 36
As the data of Tables 3 and 4 show, the cured fluorocarbon elastomers of this invention had useful press cure and post cure properties. Those properties were retained after heat aging, making such fluoropolymers useful in applications where the effects of elevated temperatures are important, e.g., O-ring applications. In a comparison run, using CF2 CFOCF2 CF2 Br as a cure site monomer, though useful press cure and post cure properties were obtained, they were not retained well after heat aging.
Another fluorocarbon elastomer, particularly useful in such applications as shaft seals, of this invention was prepared, compounded, and tested, using the procedure of Example 3 but employing different principal monomers. This work is summarized in Tables 5 and 6.
|Fluoroelastomer Preparation Cure site monomer composition "E"
Monomer blend, wt. %
vinylidene fluoride 32.68
hexafluoropropene 43.00
tetrafluoroethylene 23.65
cure site monomer 0.67
Charge, parts by weight
deionized water 3410
hexafluoropropene precharge
monomer blend 1340
Reactor stirrer speed, rpm
Reaction temperature, °C.
Reaction pressure, MPa 1.0
Reaction time, hours 8.5
Mooney viscosity, ML 1 + 10 121° C.
Gum analysis, wt. %
Br 0.23
Gum Composition, mole %
vinylidene fluoride 49.98
hexafluoropropene 26.84
tetrafluoroethylene 22.90
cure site monomer 0.28
|Cure and Physical Properties of Compounded Fluoroelastomer ODR, 3° arc. 100 cpm, 17° C. minimum torque, N m 2.5 time to 0.1 N m rise, min. 3.3 time to 3.4 N m torque, min. 4.2 time to 5.6 N m torque, min. 10.0 maximum torque at 12 min., N m 5.8 Press cure properties tensile strength, MPa 7.4 elongation at break, % 357 100% Modulus, MPa 2.4 hardness, Shore A 66 Post cure properties tensile strength, MPa 13.0 elongation at break, % 354 100% Modulus, MPa 2.8 hardness, Shore A 69
Various modifications and alterations of this invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of this invention.


text:
March 29, 2009
Amateur rapper accused of brandishing gun
An amateur rapper pulled a handgun on a crowd of nearly 100 people at the University of South Florida following a talent show, police allege.
Police said 26-year-old David Joseph Thornton allegedly brandished a loaded .357 Magnum outside of Russell M. Cooper Hall at the Tampa, Fla., university, The St. Petersburg (Fla.) Times reported Friday.USF junior Morgan Byron said Thursday's incident occurred after Thornton, who is not a student at the university, was booed off stage during a rap performance at the Phi Beta Sigma fraternity's Blu Pollo talent show.
After his on-stage embarrassment, Thornton refused to leave the auditorium and began smoking indoors, Byron alleged.
The Times said the firearm incident occurred after event organizers had all audience members leave the auditorium. Thornton is now facing charges of improper display of a firearm, possession of a firearm on school property, grand theft of a firearm, carrying a concealed weapon and aggravated assault.


text:
Having problems with your HP Pavilion s7320n (EP140AA) PC Desktop ?
I have a hp pavillion slime line s7320n pc. It is telling me that i am missing the realtek audio bus drive. I have downloaded alot of fix's, but none of them have worked. I'm running window xp on a new installation. please help.
Answers :
that link is for the original realtek driver.
the second is the chipset driver, i suggest trying both:
that link is for the original realtek driver.
the second is the chipset driver, i suggest trying both:
Repair Help & Product Troubleshooting for HP Pavilion s7320n (EP140AA) PC Desktop
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Fort Bend County Clerk participates in the Texas Electronic Registrar (TER) system for filing birth and death records.
To apply for a certified copy of a birth or death certificate, click the link below and follow the instructions therein.
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To obtain a birth or death certificate by mail, complete the application form and sworn, notarized statement (attached within), include a legible copy of the applicant's valid driver's license or other valid picture identification along with a cashier's check or money order payable to FORT BEND COUNTY CLERK. Please provide a legible return address and daytime telephone number (if available).
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text:
Can Vitamin D Cause Constipation?
Vitamin D ingested in excessive amounts can cause constipation.
Excessive Vitamin D
Excessive amounts of Vitamin D can cause nausea, weakness, fatigue, poor appetite, and weight loss as well as constipation. In higher amounts, excess intake of vitamin D has the potential to cause heart rhythm abnormalities, confusion, and can increase the body's blood calcium level, which can lead to kidney stones.
Vitamin D a Fat-Soluble Vitamin
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin, which by definition means the body will store the vitamin until it is needed by the body. Generally, a fat-soluble vitamin carries more of overdose than a water-soluble vitamin because it compounds over time. Vitamin D can be obtained through food and exposure to sunlight.
Excessive Vitamin D Intake from Food
It is highly unlikely that the body can get too much vitamin D from food alone. Because very few food sources contain vitamin D naturally, many foods such as milk and cereal are fortified with vitamin D. Even with the addition of vitamin D, only 29% of adult American men and 17% of adult American women get the recommended daily intake of Vitamin D through food sources.
Excessive Vitamin D Intake from Sun Exposure
Most people receive an adequate intake of vitamin D through sun exposure. Excessive intake of vitamin D from sun exposure is thought to be unlikely as the constant heat on the skin photodegrades the vitamin.
Excessive Vitamin D Intake from Supplements
The most likely way to ingest excessive amounts of vitamin D is through supplementation. The recommended daily intake for both adult men and women, ages 19-50 is 5mg/200IU. But according to recent studies, the body can handle ingesting far more vitamin D safely, the upper limits of which have been tested safely at 10,000 IU for healthy adults.
Moshfegh A, Goldman J, Ahuja J, Rhodes D, LaComb R. 2009. What We Eat in America, NHANES 2005-2006: Usual Nutrient Intakes from Food and Water Compared to 1997 Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin D, Calcium, Phosphorus, and Magnesium. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. [http://www.ars.usda.gov/ba/bhnrc/fsrg]
"Dietary Supplement Fact Sheet: Vitamin D." Office of Dietary Supplements – HOME. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Oct. 2010. http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/vitamind.asp.
Byrdwell WC, DeVries J, Exler J, Harnly JM, Holden JM, Holick MF, et al. Analyzing vitamin D in foods and supplements: methodologic challenges. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;88:554S-7S.
Holick MF. Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med 2007;357:266-81


text:
« April 2006 | Main | August 2006 »
Archives for July 2006
Iconfactory Gets Busted by W3C Inspector
Watch out! if your Web site is not clean and standard the W3C QA Boys will come to inspect your Web site. It just happened to Iconfactory (direct link to the movie Day 1). Switch smoothly to Web Standards....
Filed by Karl Dubost on July 25, 2006 6:26 AM in Opinions and Editorial
| Permalink | Comments (4) | TrackBacks (0)
A Peaceful Ear
Jeffrey Zeldman has written a weblog entry An angry fix about Björn Hörmann's message on his reasons for leaving the group doing the development of W3C validators. He made a few points in his message which will be certainly discussed...
Filed by Karl Dubost on July 19, 2006 7:09 AM in Opinions and Editorial
| Permalink | Comments (11) | TrackBacks (0)
Meet the Unicorn
Why should we have to use ten different tools to check the quality of a single web page? We think there should be a tool to gather observations made on a single document by various validators and quality checkers, and summarize all of that neatly for the user. Do you think we are dreaming? Meet our unicorn.
Filed by olivier Théreaux on July 5, 2006 7:53 AM in Tools
| Permalink | Comments (4) | TrackBacks (0)
Combining XHTML and SVG (and MathML) (and XForms) (and...)
A reader asked us recently whether there existed a profile to easily combine XHTML and SVG. The short answer is, yes, there is. The slightly longer answer is that indeed, in 2002, the W3C SVG and HTML working groups got...
Filed by olivier Théreaux on July 5, 2006 6:45 AM in HTML
| Permalink | Comments (1) | TrackBacks (0)


text:
Asia › Azerbaijan › Baku › Baku Things To Do
Yanar Dag
Baku, Azerbaijan
Yanar Dag Baku Reviews
42 reviews
An Eternal Flame? Yanar Dag May 25, 2008
In 1958, seeping subterranean gases were accidentally caught on fire and continued to burn day and night. Fifty years later and the fire still burns.
When Eric and I headed out to Yanar Dag, I had Metallica's Jump in the Fire and the Bangles' "Eternal Flame" playing in my head. Needless to say my head is a weird place to be. Still, i was looking forward to seeing this place. Our driver missed where it was but turning around we soon found it. It is not clearly marked. Most guide books talk about how the eternally burning flames are behind the Yanar Dag Tea House, but the tea house is no longer open. Actually it looks like the teahouse might have caught on fire ironically.
Upon first seeing the flames, there is a truly surreal feeling. There are just these flames burning on a side of a hill. They are not spreading they merely are. in fact these flames have been on the Earth longer than I have.
On the other hand, I had to resist the urge to do my best Beavis imitation and start screaming, "FIRE! FIRE! FIRE!"
There are some steps to side that allow for a decent view of the surrounding Absheron Peninsula. I would like to return here in the late evening sometime as i think that it would be a little freaky with the quiet surroundings and also when it is raining.
While Yanar Dag is not a reason in and of itself to visit Azerbaijan, if you are already here it is worth the short trip from Baku to visit it if you are exploring Absheron.
Part of the An American in Azerbaijan travel blog
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Countries, cities and other places of interest I've been to:Belarus: Minsk, Vitebsk, Polatsk, Ruzhany, Hrodzyenskaya voblast, Silichi, Slonim, Khatyn, Mir, NesvizhRussia: Stavropol, Tuapse, mount Elb…Baku, Yanar Dag Germany (2011): Berlin Italy (2011): Venice, Verona, Bologna, Milan, Genoa Poland (2011): Lodz Holland (2011): Amsterdam, The Hagu…


text:
Sir Salman Rushdie has a new novel out and SAJA
is hosting hosted a live webcast with him on Monday, June 30, 2-3 pm NY time. Please use the comments section below to post a question or comment that we can use for the discussion.
He'll discuss his latest novel, "The Enchantress of Florence." He will be live with us via phone for 30 minutes for a discussion with arts writer Vibhuti Patel. For the remaining part of the hour, Patel will discuss Rushdie's work and his place in world literature. Your questions and comments will be used throughout the event.
The discussion will be broadcast live using BlogTalkRadio at this link (you can go and set an e-mail reminder there right now).
The timing:
Monday, June 30
2-3 p.m. NYC/DC time (Sir Salman will be calling into a NYC number from DC).
To see local time in your city, go to this link.
See more about "The Enchantress of Florence" at Amazon, where it is a "Best of the Month" selection for June:
Trying to describe a Salman Rushdie novel is like trying to describe music to someone who has never heard it--you can fumble with a plot summary but you won't be able to convey the wonder of his dazzling prose or the imaginative complexity of his vision. At its heart, The Enchantress of Florence is about the power of story--whether it is the imagined life of a Mughal queen, or the devastating secret held by a silver-tongued Florentine. Make no mistake, it is Rushdie who is the true "enchanter" of this story, conjuring readers into his gilded fairy tale from the very first sentence: "In the day's last light the glowing lake below the palace-city looked like a sea of molten gold." At once bawdy, gorgeous, gory, and hilarious, The Enchantress of Florence is a study in contradiction, highlighted in its barbarian philosopher-king who detests his bloodthirsty heritage even while he carries it out. Full of rich sentences running nearly the length of a page, Rushdie's 10th novel blends fact and fable into a challenging but satisfying read. --Daphne Durham
Please post your questions and comments for Sir Salman below.
Listen to SAJA's 20+ webcasts at BlogTalkRadio.com/saja
Earlier on SAJAforum:
- AWARDS: Salman Rushdie awarded knighthood (June 2007)
- INTOLERANCE: Salman Rushdie's visit prompts boycott threat in India (January 2008)
PHOTO: Jay Mandal/On Assigment - Salman Rushdie receiving the India Abroad Lifetime Achievement Award in March 2007.
Here is a video of a recent appreance on Comedy Central's "The Colbert Report":
Please post your questions and comments for Sir Salman below.


text:
Recruiting: Irish re-enter RB market after Hood decommits
Mike Monaco | Wednesday, August 28, 2013
With six talented and capable running backs jockeying for playing time in 2013, there is plenty of uncertainty in the Irish backfield. After elite running back Elijah Hood de-committed from Notre Dame on Aug. 20, that uncertainty carried over to recruiting.
According to Irish recruiting expert Mike Frank, Notre Dame will be forced to reopen its recruitment of ball carriers.
"Obviously the first order of business is to find a running back," said Frank, who runs the ESPN-affiliated Irish Sports Daily. "Notre Dame hasn't been recruiting a lot of running backs because they had Elijah Hood. He had a change of heart and now you're going to have to go look at some other possibilities. And I don't know exactly where they're going to go with that because they had Hood locked up and they weren't planning on taking another running back."
According to ESPN, Hood is ranked as the No. 47 player in the nation and the seventh-best running back. Frank predicted Notre Dame would start targeting other high-end backs, including Sony Michel, Donte Thomas-Williams and Joe Mixon. ESPN ranks those three as the second-, eighth- and ninth-best running backs in the nation, respectively.
Hood, who hails from Charlotte, N.C., released a statement shortly after reports of his de-commitment surfaced. In part, the statement read that Hood's decision had nothing to do with football or academics but had everything to do with his family. Hood committed to nearby North Carolina on Tuesday.
Aside from the running back position, Frank said he expects the Irish to focus on securing an elite cornerback, an interior defensive lineman, a speed receiver who could play in the slot and an inside linebacker.
Frank highlighted Nick Watkins as the possible answer at cornerback. Watkins, the 62nd-best player in the nation according to ESPN, has already visited Notre Dame unofficially and is expected to make an official visit.
As far as nose guard-type players, Frank said he believes the Irish have narrowed down their wish list to three players: Anthony Moten, Thomas Holley and Matt Elam. Moten and Holley are both ranked in ESPN's top 150, while the 6-foot-6, 350-pound Elam checks in as the 37th-best defensive tackle in the nation.
Behind the defensive line, Frank said he thinks the Irish would love to have another inside linebacker, especially considering graduate student inside linebackers Carlo Calabrese and Dan Fox are in their final seasons of eligibility.
"They don't have a lot of heir apparents right now to the inside linebacker position," Frank said. "That's going to be a big question mark heading into the season. Who's going to be that guy?"
Fort Wayne, Ind., native Drue Tranquill could be in the mix to fill that void. Tranquill committed to Purdue on July 23 and received an offer from Notre Dame soon thereafter. Frank said Tranquill's fit on the Irish defense is likely holding up what would otherwise be the 17th commitment in Notre Dame's class of 2014.
"If he's going to commit to Notre Dame, I think he'd be the next most likely guy to pull the trigger because I think he'll try to get this out of the way fairly soon," Frank said. "But I think the battle Notre Dame has with him right now is he may believe he's a safety and Notre Dame likes him at linebacker, probably more specifically at inside linebacker."
For more on Notre Dame recruiting, check out Mike Frank's irishsportsdaily.com
Email Mike at [email protected] and tell him The Observer sent you.
Contact Mike Monaco at [email protected]


text:
Australian Education Assessment Services (AEAS) has been providing comprehensive testing for international primary and secondary school students applying to study in Australia since 1985. The AEAS assessment includes English language proficiency, general ability and mathematical reasoning and takes students approximately 3 hours to complete under supervision.
The AEAS Report provides an accurate assessment of the student's English language proficiency and the number of weeks intensive English language program that should be undertaken by the student before he or she enters the Australian classroom. Analysis can be made as to the student's capability to manage with the year he or she intends to enter and the areas the student may need support with.
The AEAS Report provides a far wider range of information than any other available test and may be used when applying for a place at many first class Australian schools.
Many students who have completed an AEAS assessment have successfully applied to some of the most prestigious schools in Australia. These students have then completed their secondary school studies with excellent results and gone on to study at some of the premier universities in Australia such as the University of Melbourne, University of New South Wales, University of Sydney, Monash University, University of Adelaide and the University of Queensland.