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Health leaders from across Milton Keynes met on Wednesday evening (July 23) for the latest update on the review of local healthcare.
60 GPs and practice managers were at the Christian Centre in Oldbrook to hear the latest update on the five possible models for in-hospital care in Milton Keynes and Bedford. The review, which is costing £3.2million, is expected to result in a "major downgrade" of A&E at either Milton Keynes or Bedford Hospital.
Wednesday's meeting discussed how GP surgeries in Milton Keynes could work together more closely.
Dr Nicola Smith, chair lead clinician at Milton Keynes Clinical Commissioning Group (CCG) which oversees local healthcare and is leading the review, said: "The latest meeting has come at a good time as we look to gather feedback before the completion of the healthcare review progress report in August – a document that will set out a summary of evaluation before a period of formal public consultation.
"Working alongside local clinicians has been hugely important to gathering essential feedback into the review.
"We had a great panel of speakers for the day, with some real insights into the reasons behind the need for change and how we can work together to improve services in Milton Keynes."
For more information on the healthcare review, visit www.shapingmkhealth.co.uk


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Hello. Does anybody know if I need planning permission for a living screen (fedge), possibly ivy.
Does it have the same pp status as a traditional hedge or is it treated as a fence?
Garden Law is for general information only and does not constitute professional advice. You MUST read the disclaimer (below) BEFORE using the forum.
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subset: commoncrawl


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People on the MoveDecember 2, 2015 – In The News
Pittsburgh Business Times
David A. Jaffe was featured in the Pittsburgh Business Times post, "People on the Move." Full text can be found in the December 2, 2015, issue, but a synopsis is below.
Fox Rothschild's David A. Jaffe, partner in the firm's Pittsburgh office, has been elected secretary of the Association of Corporate Growth, Pittsburgh (ACG). Jaffe, who was elected to ACG's board of directors in May 2012, is serving a year-long term in this new role.


text: On Fri, Dec 16, 2011 at 12:19 AM, Ashish Jangam<email@example.com> wrote:>>> -----Original Message-----> From: firstname.lastname@example.com [mailto:firstname.lastname@example.com] On Behalf Of Grant Likely> Sent: Thursday, December 15, 2011 11:55 PM> To: Ashish Jangam> Cc: Stephen Rothwell; firstname.lastname@example.com; firstname.lastname@example.com; Mark Brown; Dajun> Subject: Re: linux-next: build failure after merge of the regmap tree>> On Thu, Dec 15, 2011 at 2:25 AM, Ashish Jangam> <email@example.com> wrote:>> Fixes DA9052 GPIO errors.>>>> This patch is functionally tested on Samsung SMDKV6410.>>>> Signed-off-by: David Dajun Chen <email@example.com>>> Signed-off-by: Ashish Jangam <email@example.com>>> --->> drivers/gpio/gpio-da9052.c | 37 ++++-------------------------->> include/linux/mfd/da9052/gpio.h | 48 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++>> gpio-da9052.c is the only users of mfd/da9052/gpio.h. Why is this> include file needed? The #defines can simply stay in the .c file.> I've picked up the patch, but modified it to keep the header defines> in the .c file. If there is a reason this won't work, then please let> me know.>> This header file is shared between GPIO and LED module. I have already> posted this LED long back got ACK but did not got merged due to its> dependency on MFD module.Are the LEDs attached to GPIOs? If so, then is there a reason thatthe leds-gpio driver can't be used?g.--To unsubscribe from this list: send the line "unsubscribe linux-kernel" inthe body of a message to firstname.lastname@example.com majordomo info at http://vger.kernel.org/majordomo-info.htmlPlease read the FAQ at http://www.tux.org/lkml/


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America's number one annual
Impatiens are one of best annuals you can find for shady areas. They start blooming within 3 months from seed, flaunting colors from bold oranges to soft pinks and pure whites to deep burgundies. Easy care and continuous blooming make Impatiens perfect for pots, hanging baskets, and containers (both indoors and out!). They???re also lovely in the garden, lighting up any shady or semi-shady bed or border with a profusion of sparkling colors.
Viewing 1 - 14
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Welcome to Innertown Apartments, Stromness Orkney - 4 STAR Self Catering
For a unique experience, visit the lush and green Islands of Orkney, with their stunning scenery, astounding archaeology, warm welcoming hospitality and stay at Innertown Apartments for luxury comfort, cleanliness, location and value, whether on holiday or business.
Innertown Apartment's stylish Orkney accommodation is tucked away in its own secluded grounds, on the edge of the historic town of Stromness. Stromness is situated on the south west of the Orkney mainland, where the Northlink Ferry, "Hamnavoe" docks and is steeped in history and has a character of its own. Wander along the cobbled street and browse through the shops full of Orkney hand made crafts - jewellery, pottery, designer knitwear and interior accessories, tapestry, artwork and lots more.
Three new luxury, modern, purpose-built Orkney apartments. Immaculate, spacious, stylish and beautifully finished Orkney holiday accommodation, situated in a quiet and peaceful location with all the comforts of home while away on holiday or business, with enough room to bring friends, family or colleagues together, in a choice of three apartments with one or two bedrooms, some en-suite.
A minute's drive from your Stromness self-catering apartment, or stroll down the many lanes to the harbour and town centre, for fresh baked bread daily from the local baker and Orkney meat from a "real" butcher. Visit the award winning Pier Arts Centre and museum, or treat yourself to a special meal in one of the many restaurants and café bars that use locally sourced ingredients from the land and sea. There is so much to see and do, right on your doorstep.
Innertown Self-catering offers close proximity (10mins by car) to other areas of interest, such as world famous Maeshowe, Ring of Brodgar, Neolithic village of Skara Brae, Standing Stones of Stenness and the newly discovered Ness of Brodgar – dated 800 years older than Stonehenge! Or take a trip to visit, "The Old Man of Hoy" standing at 137m, makes it Europe's tallest sea stack. Be amazed at the extensive species of birds including puffins, corncrakes and hen harriers and superb free trout fishing, with a choice of a different loch around every corner. Innertown's Orkney self catering makes a perfect base from which to switch off, wind down, and experience the quieter pace of life that an Orkney self-catering holiday offers.
With spotless beaches on your doorstep, wildlife, clean air and ever changing views:
you will definitely enjoy your time with us in Stromness on the beautiful Island of Orkney.
- Apartments are on the flat each with their own entrance (only one step up to the door) and ample private parking.
- Bright and airy with views down Scapa Flow, over Orphir hills or over farm land.
- Free Wi-Fi
- Chic fully fitted cream gloss kitchens, modern appliances, Denby crockery and co-ordinated tableware.
- TV, Freeview, DVD, CD, iPod docking station, clock radio.
- Oak or glass tables with leather chairs for dining.
- Open plan living room with cosy cream sofa and leather chairs, scattered cushions.
- Underfloor central heating throughout and cosy cream wool carpets in the bedrooms.
- En-suite bedrooms.
- Bathroom and en-suites all have power showers, tiled floors, sharp white and chrome sanitary wear and heated towel rails.
- Large open area garden grass with trees and farmland around, washing line.
- Sit and relax in the evening with a glass of wine or one of Orkney's famous malt whiskys in the secluded 'suntrap' paved area.
- All to a high standard with oak doors, finishings and ambient lighting to help you relax and enjoy the peace and quiet in an ideal location.
- And only a short walk to the Harbour, Restaurants, Cafe Bar, Shops, Pubs, Pier Arts Centre, Museum, Bus and Ferry Terminal.
- Luxury 4 star, perfect location and value.
- Each Stromness apartment have all or most of the above. Please refer to each individual apartment's page for details.
From as little as £65.00 per night
This tranquil location and immaculate Orkney accommodation will make any holiday or business trip more pleasurable.


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Rick Warren's son killed himself with unregistered gun he bought online
Controversial megachurch pastor Rick Warren revealed via Twitter on Thursday that his 27-year-old son Matthew committed suicide with an unregistered weapon that he had purchased online. According to the Daily Mail, Warren, who has been tweeting regular updates about his grieving process, said that he forgives whoever sold his son the weapon.
"Someone on the internet sold Matthew an unregistered gun," the pastor tweeted. "I pray he seeks God's forgiveness. I forgive him. #MATTHEW 6:15." Warren paraphrased the cited verse in a following tweet, "If you forgive men when they sin against you, your Heavenly Father will forgive you. But if you don't…"
Orange County Sheriff's Department spokesperson Jim Amormino confirmed that the gun's serial number has been scratched off, a crime under California law, as is selling a firearm without performing a background check.
Warren's church, the Saddleback Valley Community Church, released a statement on Saturday saying that Matthew Warren had committed suicide after experiencing "a momentary wave of despair at home." Matthew, who was Pastor Warren's youngest child, had wrestled with depression and mental illness for many years.
Warren's bestselling book, The Purpose-Driven Life, has sold more than 32 million copies since its release in 2002. The pastor was a vocal supporter of Proposition 8, the 2008 California voter initiative that defined marriage as being between a man and a woman, although he later denied any involvement.
[image by Steve Jurvetson, via Flickr, Creative Commons licensed]


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Product Description
Flour sack Hand Towels are eco-friendly, lint free, extremely absorbent and launder amazingly well. They are wonderful multi-purpose towels and truly get better with every use. Any imperfections are unique characteristics of this handmade towel. Made in the U.S.A.
Measure- 27″ x 24″
CARE: Wash in warm or cold water with light weight fabrics. Bleach NOT recommended.
Due To Limited Quantities This Is Not Available For Wholesale Purchase.


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Newcastle United FC is an English professional soccer club based in Newcastle England. NUFC was founded in 1892 and has been a consistent member of the Premier League, the top division in English Professional soccer. Newcastle United has never dropped below the Football League Championship (English soccer's 2nd tier) in over 100 years of play. The club is known for their iconic black and white stripe univerms, from which they get the nickname the Magpies. Newcastle United has won the FA Cup more than 5 times, and were First Division (now the Premier League) champions 3 from 1904-1910. The Magpies were also successful in the middle to late 1990's, when Newcastle United finished runners up in the First Division two years in a row. Newcastle United is one of the most followed teams in the world and has a fanbase that ranges across the globe. Notable former Newcastle United players includes Peter Beardsley, Hughie Gallacher, Jackie Milburn, Alan Shearer, and Andy Cole.
1. Scan through the 2018 Newcastle United Schedule and select the game that you would like to attend, or use the opponent or date filters beside the Newcastle United ticket listings to find the perfect matchup. 2. Click "Select" to reveal all available Newcastle United tickets, the St. James' Park interactive seating chart, ticket quantity, and ticket price filters. Use the ticket price filter, and ticket quantity filter to quickly refine your search to the available Newcastle United tickets that are in your price range. You can also utilize the "eTickets Only" filter to find all Newcastle United tickets that will be delivered electronically. The St. James' Park interactive map can be employed to reveal all tickets available for a preferred section. Select the perfect tickets and click "Go" to proceed to checkout. 3. Review the checkout page to ensure that the Newcastle United tickets have been selected, and read through any ticket notes or delivery information. If everything looks correct, fill out the checkout information, and purchase your Newcastle United Tickets!
Our Sales are Service team is available 7 days a week at 1-800-918-2612.
Newcastle United plays their home games at James' Park in Newcastle, England. St. James' Park has been the home of Newcastle United since 1892 and can seat over 52,000 fans. The stadium has been used for soccer since the early 1880's and is one of the oldest in the world. Due to constraints from the surrounding area, St. James' Park has a distinctive lop-sided appearance, with half of the stand containing considerably more seats. St. James' Park has been used for many international events, including the Olympics, international rugby, and concerts.
Known as the Wear and Tyne, or the Tyne and Wear derby, the rivalry between Newcastle United and Sunderland is the biggest for both clubs. The towns of Newcastle and Sunderland are only approximately 10 miles apart in North East England, and supporters for both teams often come from similar neighborhoods. Newcastle United and Sunderland first met on the soccer field in 1883, and have played over 150 times in their history. The Tyne and Wear derby has been incredibly tight, with about a third of the games ending in draws.
Usually everyone who enters St. James' Park for Newcastle United Games will be required to have a ticket.
TicketCity offers a large selection of Newcastle United tickets which includes some of the lowest priced seats on the market. Newcastle United ticket prices fluctuate based on demand for specific teams. Bigger matchups and more top ranked Premier League teams typically push demand higher & ticket prices. The opposite can happen if the Newcastle United matchups are less intriguing. Marquee teams like Sunderland, Manchester United, and Arsenal can drive up Newcastle United ticket prices.
*TicketCity is not associated with Newcastle United or St. James Park'


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Specializing in woodsgrown root
v Products
Great Lakes Ginseng farm is located in remote hardwood forests near the shores of Lake Superior in Northern Michigan. By growing our ginseng under the natural canopy of hardwood forests, the root takes on the characteristics of wild ginseng. Each year the root remains in the ground increases its wild properties and medicinal effects.
In fall 2015 we harvested 8-year-old woodsgrown ginseng and have sold all the mixed-grade root as well as most of the low-grade root from this harvest. We do have a small amount of low-grade root and some powder available for purchase. We plan to harvest 8- and 9-year-old ginseng in fall 2016.
Owned and operated by:
n Dr. Grace V. Malicky, Ph.D. Education, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
© Great Lakes Wild Woodland Ginseng Limited Partnership. Last updated March 2016.


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Fo me, what marks the arrival of Spring more than anything else in Connecticut are the daffodils at Hubbard Park in Meriden. I didn't make it to the Daffodil Festival this year, but Mish and I went for a walk in Hubbard Park on Saturday — the view of over 600,000 daffodils throughout the park is simply magical.
It was the perfect opportunity to show off my new dress — I've dubbed it my "May Flowers Dress" — from Pink Basis. And they're so sweet, they're giving away a $50 gift card to one lucky Poor & Pretty reader!
To enter, visit Pink Basis, then leave a comment on this blog post telling me what you think you'll splurge the gift card on. Strappy new sandals? A form-fitting body-con dress? Or maybe you're in dire need of a new bikini?
Entries must be posted by Monday, May 11th, at 11:59 p.m. EST, and one winner will be chosen at random. The giveaway is open to U.S. residents only. Winner will be contacted by email on Tuesday, May 12th, and announced at the bottom of this post soon after. This contest is closed – thank you for entering! Congrats to winner Emily S!
Outfit Details: May Flowers Dress: courtesy of Pink Basis. Mustard Cardigan: Charter School Cardigan in Honey, ModCloth, $35. Pink Bow Belt: Forever 21, $5 (similar). Green Tights: Marshalls, $5. White Crochet TOMS: White Crochet Women's Classics, $59.
Disclosure: This post contains affiliate links which may generate a revenue for Poor & Pretty when a purchase is made. You can read more about my affiliate link policies here.


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Galaxy S2: More Ice Cream Sandwich ROMs Hit Web
(Picture:Android Effect)
The first Galaxy S2 Android 4.0 ROM leaked to the web two weeks ago and now two more pre-release versions of the latest Android OS are ready to download for Samsung devices. But unlike some of the custom ROMs we already got a taste of, these distributions are official Samsung ROMs. Of course the caveat here, is that ROMs aren't ready for their official debut just yet. But they'll have to due until the official ICS update for the Galaxy S2 launches in Q1 of 2012.
Both ROMs are ready for download and use by anyone willing to flash the new distribution on their phone. If you're ready to take the risk, we'd recommend the version from December 30 (see video) as it's based on Android 4.0.3. As with all early release ROMs you have to assume that there are still going to be a couple of bugs in the system. Follow the link for more information about how to flash ICS custom ROMs on your Samsung Galaxy S2.
Related Custom ROM News:
- Ice Cream For Everyone: A List Of All Available Custom ROMs
- CM9 Releasing Ahead Of Schedule– Frist Alpha Builds For Nexus S and S1 Live
- [Video] First Android 4.0 Alpha Online For Sony Ericsson Devices
Source: Android Schweitz
8 comments
hey by the way..I've been noticing my rom is pretty full...I even do maint on it and eliminate what I can.what do u recommend I do to solve this.....any more maint. tips or flash more memory to it? thanks again
thanks aaron!!!!
My sgs2 is a non G model, can it be upgraded to version 4.0.3? Do i have to root it first in order to do so? Im a new user, still learning..
Yes it is supposedly: http://forums.androidcentral.com/samsung-stratosphere/128539-kernel-guide-root-your-stratosphere.html
But do your researche before you try to root your phone!
n e one know if stratospheres are rootable...got one w android2.3.5 .....first smartphone and still learnin...lol...
waddup pit........anyone know if my stratusphere SCH-I405 w android 23.5 is rootable? first smartphone and I've only had it 2 or 3 mos.....still learnin...keep it real y'all.
I have been testing it all day. The KP8. It is OK. needs a bit of tuning, but not bad.
wow it looks great.


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From Yo-Yo Dieting to Self-Care
Redefine the Problem (It's NOT Weight)
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Statistics: Posted by guy — Sat Aug 15, 2009 7:14 pm
towy71 wrote:Please complete the following lame joke:
"'i4i' stands for 'irony for i....'"
Statistics: Posted by towy71 — Fri Aug 14, 2009 11:57 am
Statistics: Posted by ollie — Fri Aug 14, 2009 11:37 am
Statistics: Posted by guy — Thu Aug 13, 2009 9:12 pm
Statistics: Posted by Dutch_Master — Thu Aug 13, 2009 11:44 am
Statistics: Posted by linuxgirlie — Thu Aug 13, 2009 9:03 am
Statistics: Posted by AndyBaxman — Thu Aug 13, 2009 8:31 am
Statistics: Posted by nordle — Wed Aug 12, 2009 10:29 pm
Statistics: Posted by towy71 — Wed Aug 12, 2009 8:32 pm
U.S. patent law and enforcement has become a disgrace, and each such 'victory' drives up the cost of technology for all of us and makes real innovation ever harder to achieve.
That is from one of their own websites
Microsoft Corp. has reached a patenting milestone by logging its 5,000th patent granted in the United States.
Statistics: Posted by towy71 — Wed Aug 12, 2009 8:21 pm
Microsoft had been sued by i4i, a collaborative content solution and technology company....
On May 20th 2009, Judge Davis and his court's jury ruled that Microsoft owed i4i a $200 million patent infringement verdict for having infringed on i4i's "A system and method for the separate manipulation of the architecture and content of a document, particularly for data representation and transformations,"...
Microsoft didn't settle.
on August 11, he signed the order that blocks Microsoft from selling Word. According to the document, "This injunction becomes effective 60 days from the date of this order." So, on or about October 12th, Word, and Microsoft Office since all versions contain it, will go off store shelves.
Statistics: Posted by LeeNukes — Wed Aug 12, 2009 8:06 pm


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LinuxWorld Summit New York City: A Wrap-Up Report
If you hold a LinuxWorld but there are no community exhibits on hand or distro CDs to pick up, what do you have? On May 25-26, IDG World Expo held a first-of-its-kind LinuxWorld Summit in New York City with that sort of dynamic. And for those two days, the answer to the question was "business focus."
Designed to attract attendees from corporate managerial strata (read: big time suits) rather than function as a general penguin fest, the LinuxWorld Summit opened with daily keynote panels before featuring a three-track conference: "The Business of Linux and Open Source", "Data Center and Virtualization" and "Security: Inside and Out."
The CIO Magazine Keynote Panel opened the event. Featuring three notable panelists, it was no surprise that each brought an enthusiastic message of positive results deploying Linux. For business, the financial bottom line is an imposing factor in decision-making policy. Thus, as would be expected, large cost savings were reported by each panelist. Each reported additional technical good news beyond cost savings-- improved scalability, reliability, uptime and so on--but given the responsibilities of C-level management, the cost savings was the headline.
I must confess that given the sometimes rancorous debate over what constitutes proper TCO accounting on the desktop, I was not surprised that each panelist detailed successful projects that reside in the data center rather than sweeping Linux-on-the-desktop initiatives. Within the data center, there is intense focus on the mission-critical task at hand and considerably less opportunity for lateral feature exploration. Given the possible range of options, one can imagine that Linux-on-the-desktop initiatives easily can be waylaid in no time.
The second day opened with the ambitiously titled "The Evolving World of Linux and Open Source Keynote Panel." Although flanked by two corporate panelists with solid messages, the star of this panel was Eben Moglen. As General Counsel to the Free Software Foundation, he gets to say such things as his "I make freedom" introductory statement. However, Moglen did much more than drop packaged hype to a crowd used to wading through sensational messages. He presented cogent analysis of why free software is the future and never strayed from point--"Free Software is not product. Free Software is knowledge"--even when handling questions during the Q & A that followed his talk.
"The Business of Linux and Open Source" conference track generally focused on resenting positive news to decision makers. The early adopters of Linux and open source are leading successfully, but quite a large number of more risk-averse managers still are on the sidelines, awaiting the results. Thus, this was an important track for this conference.
Although not exclusively about legal and licensing concerns, "The Business of Linux and Open Source" track did feature packed presentations about these important issues. Given the various FUD public relations efforts both directly issued from Microsoft and indirectly staged through partners targeting precisely these people, their attention to the legal issues was not surprising.
The "Data Center and Virtualization" track was weighted heavily with vendor presentations about Linux in the data center. This content dovetailed quite nicely with the Wednesday morning keynote panelist presentations. Virtualization is a hot topic, and AMD was among the vendors presenting (Xen for AMD) within this track.
"Security: Inside and Out" featured a range of presentations about Linux security in a corporate setting. I have to confess that the initial thought of having to reassure managers currently running massive Windows deployments about the quality of Linux security seemed like nonsense. How could they not know this? However, after reflecting on the high level of managerially targeted Microsoft FUD, especially the dubious accusations about Linux vulnerabilities and patching efforts, I had to agree with the inclusion and importance of this track.
Outside of the planned events, the big news at the LinuxWorld Summit was made by Nokia. At a press conference immediately following the CIO Magazine Keynote Panel, the Nokia 770 Internet Tablet handheld device and the maemo.org development site were unveiled and the formal pledge not to use patents against the Linux kernel was stated.
As big an announcement as the patent pledge was--Eben Moglen acknowledged its importance when answering questions about Linux patent concerns the following day--the 770 easily overshadowed it throughout the two day event. How could it not? A handheld device featuring multiple forms of input and wireless connectivity, the 770 also is designed as an open development platform. To encourage developers, Nokia unveiled the maemo Web site, which is dedicated to supporting 770 development. The Nokia table was constantly busy the rest of the show, as everyone in attendance had to witness the 770 up close. I was able to speak with a Nokia representative about the announcement; see An Interview with Dr. Ari Jaaksi of Nokia.
The substitution of Summit for Expo in the title of this conference hinted at an event designed not to be a comprehensive vendor exposition. Thus, there were no enormous partner booths teeming with marketing types loaded with piles of printed materials. Instead, a diverse set of partners--headlined by Nokia, IBM, Novell and Sybase--staffed table-sized displays. Despite the reduced size, the vendor area seemed no less intense than at a typical exposition.
Among vendor representatives I spoke with, the mood was positive. Some admitted that there had been concerns about LinuxWorld Summit. Fear of low attendance given the reduced size of the event was a common theme. Despite these concerns and because of the quality and focus of the audience, exhibiting was considered to be worthwhile.
The IDG organizers I spoke with considered this inaugural LinuxWorld Summit a success. Although audience numbers were not available prior to this report, the early indications are that the attendance level was good, especially for a new event with such a focused theme.
In closing, I have to share a couple of stories about my two favorite attendees at this event. One was a gentleman who showed up after lunch on Thursday desperately looking for Linux CDs only to go away disappointed. Probably due to the upcoming event in New Orleans, Red Hat was nowhere to be found in New York--not even a box of Fedora media. Novell, the only exhibiting partner with a distribution to offer, was not giving away corporate evaluation CD kits either. As this fellow learned, the event was not about individuals and distributions; rather, the focus was the enterprise and strategy.
The other was a Microsoft attendee who sat quietly through each presentation taking it all in. I openly wondered to an acquaintance how long it would take for "our slides to become their slides." My cynicism about Microsoft aside, if one accepts the presentation content at the LinuxWorld Summit as an informal state of the rising tide of Linux adoption in the enterprise, one wonders what the folks from Redmond are thinking they can do to stem this particular tide.
Combating Major Diseases for Happy Life
On behalf of World High Technology Society (WHTS), I cordially invite you to join us at the 4th Annual Congress of International Drug Discovery Science and Technology (IDDST), which will be held during May 25-29 2006, Dalian, and May 30-June 1, Xian, China. This year's congress will emphasize more business opportunities on the late stage development and CRO, Tech Transfer, Venture Capitals for biopharmaceuticals, policy and IP issues.
We provide the platforms for: introduction of small and medium enterprises, venture capital, technology exchange, project deal making, technology and product exhibition, new product release and representative/distributive partnership. Here you can meet the collaborators at special topics, promote your enterprise and products by luncheon showcase, extend your market to desired regions, talk with your goal partners face to face, learn the most promising drug discovery research projects being undertaken around the world. You can benefit from submitting a free paper abstract and a free poster. Also, you have chance to visit ancient civilization and history relic of China.
Therefore, this year's congress will be more practical than the last three ones. Don't miss the opportunity! Join us!


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|Oleopneumatic suspension.
|Two cylinder shock absorber system
|Suspension system for a motor vehicle
|Hydropneumatic suspension system
Hydro-pnenstic shock absorber with separate tank for sus- pensions, in particular for engine powered means of trans- portation provided with two or three wheels The fundamental element utilized in a suspension, that is to say the group of parts "hose task it is to connect el astically the wheels of a vehicle to the supporting struct- ure thereof, is certainly constituted by the shock absor- ber, in other words the device designed to limit and dam pen oscillation phenomena that has got into the said el astic system.
Amongst the various types of shock absorbers already in existence, reference is made in particular herein to fluid friction shock absorbers schematically constituted by a double cylinder and by a piston which, stressed by the im- pact effected, forces a fluid iass (oil) to pass through very narrow apertures and thereby generate friction thus the kinetic compression energy is converted, through friction, into heat.
Recently what are called hydro-pneumatic shock absorbers have come on the market and these, based virtually on the principle outlined above, are provided, inside the chamber filled with oil, with an;additional small second chamber, separated from the former by a diaphragm, in which gas under pressure is contained : in this way it is possible to absorb variations in volume as a consequence of rod oscillations and volume variations due to the thermal ef- fect of the oil.
In order not to lessen, compatibly with the dimensions of the shock absorber, the volume of the liquid, and consequently its characteristics and efficiency, the said sec- ond chamber has been transferred, illa later version of the said hydro-pneumatic shock absorbers, from the inside to the outside thereof, housed in a lateral and piece.
This method has caused increases in the overall dimensions of the shock absorbers that are not always suited to the spaces available, and this is particularly so in the case of the wore sophisticated types of engine powered means of transportation provided with two or three wheels.
On account of the foregoing, the said second chamber has recently been made separate frog the body of the shock ab- sorber, connected thereto by aeazls of a flexible tube, so that it be possible to position the said tank wherever most suitable.
The problem with this niethod is that since it is vainly used on vehicles where the shock absorber undergoes heavy, troublesome stress, due to the oil contained tank being heated very greatly, the characteristics of the fluid deteriorate all of a sudden until, within a very short space of tine, the shock absorber loses its efficiency complete ly on account of the effect the high temperature has on the viscosity of the oil and the precocious ageing of the components utilized that are not made of metal, The cause can certainly be attributed to the high tempe- ature that the shock absorber is not able to dissipate since the separate tank gives no help at all because of there being between it and the body of the shock absorber,
an oil connection only able to absorb variations in volume, not oil circulation.
A further problem arises because of the aforementioned diaphragm genarally being in the form of a cloged "pudding basin" subjected to constant oscilation, in which breakage phenomena can occur.
The essential object of the invention consists, therefore, in making available a shock absorber of the hydro-pneumatic type having a separate tank for containing the chamber in which the gas is present, which maintains constant its characteristics and efficiency even in the presence of high, critical conditions of operation by virtue of the temperature of the oil being kept within limited and controlled values.
Another object consists in making available a diaphragm for separating the liquid from the gas so shaped as to reduce to a iinii the possibility of breakage point init- iation and thus consequentially to increase the life span of the shock absorber.
These and other objects too are all attained with the hydro-neumstic shock absorber according to the invention, constituted by a rod with piston able to slide guided in the inside of a corresponding cylinder filled with liquid, and provided with a separate tank divided, by means of a suitable diaphragm, into two parts, namely a lower part in which the said liquid is contained, and an upper part in which pressurized gas is contained, wherein there are two separate pipes for connecting the said lower chamber of the said tank with the said cylinder, that is to say, one pipe for supplying and one pipe for returning the said liquid,
with non-return valves being placed in the said pipes so as to determine the circulation of the said li- quid in me single direction.
Further characteristics and advantages of the shock ab- sorber forming the subject of the invention will become wore apparent from the detailed description that follows, illustrated purely as an unlimited example on the aocompanying drawings, in which - Figure 1 shows a view of the shock absorber in quest- ion with its component parts; Figures 2 and 3 show, in an enlarged scale, details of the non-return valves utilized in the connection pipes; - Figure 4 shows, in a plan view, the tank separation diaphragm; - Figure 5 shows, in a lateral view from A in Figure 1, the tank with certain parts removed in order that others say become more apparent.
With reference to the accompanying figures, ghom globally at 1 is the shock absorber element that virtually eonsists of a rod 2 at one extremity of which there is a first ele- vent 3 for fastening it to a novable part of the suspen sion, and at the other, a piston 4 that slides hernetical- ly in the inside of a cylinder or body 5 of a kno@n type, filled with oil 6, the passing of which through the out flow ports provided determines a damping effect on the os- cillations generated by an elastic element 7 that exerts an effect between the rod and the body, the latter being connected, through a second fastening element 8,
to the fixed part of the suspension (or vice versa). At 10 is shown a tank for the oil, separate from the shock absorber 1, which is constituted (see Figure 5) by two halves of a box, 11 and 12, respectively, of shell conformation, the internal volume of which is centrally divided, in the region of the plane of symmetry, by a diaphragm 14 that acts as an element for separating the lower chamber Ci, filled with oil, from the upper chamber C2, filled with pressur- ized gas.
The lower amber of the said tank 10 is then placed in communication with the body 5 of the shock absorber 1 via two separate pipes, namely a pipe 15 for supplying oil from the body of the shock absorber, and a pipe 16 for returning the oil thereto. For this to be achieved, that is to say in order that the circulation of the liquid in one single direction be possible, two non-return valves, 15' in Figure 2 and 16' in Figure 3, of a known type provided with a ball S and a spring X, are placed along the said' pipes, in particular at the inlet to and at the out let from the said tank.
As stated, the upper chamber C2 is placed under pressure through the insertion of gas (generally air) therein by leans of a valve V of a known type. In this connection, the diaphrag@ is shaped in an opportune fashion, as shown in Figure 5, 50 that the air intake be kept separate frol the oil inlet and outlet ports.
This method thus enables the oil to circulate along the circuit formed by the said shock absorber 1, the separate tank 10, the supply pipe 15 and the return pipe 16, the said circulation being realized by the oscillations of the rod 2, that is to say through the constant "pumping" effect of the piston 4 on the oil 6 inside the body 5.
In cidentally, in order that the oil arriving inside the body 5 be not sent immediately towards the outgoing pipe 15, it is good policy to place inside the said body one or sore baffles, the purpose of which is to guarantee a con stant (and possibly total) change of oil inside the said body. This calls for continuous cooling of the oil all the part of the tank 10 which, suitably finned, in this way acts not only as a separate oil-gas surge chamber but also as a heat elimination radiator,
which is a hilly im- portant finiction since by keeping the oil within acceptable temperatures, the characteristics of viscosity of the oil are maintained (and thus so are the operating characteris- tics of the shock absorber). Likewise, the characteris- tics are conserved of the non-metal parts (gaskets, etoet era) that are liable to suddenly deteriorate at high tem- peratures and are thus responsible for the factions of the entire shock absorber undergoing a complete loss of efficiency.
Above all, the tank 10 maintains the surge chamber funct- ion without having necessarily to be in the vicinity of the shock absorber body.
One fttther observation is in respect of the particular flat shape of the diaphragm which, in virtue of the considerable area thereof, permits the diaphragm to oscillate very briefly and, above all, prevents the initiation of breakage points due to deformation concentrations.
In the practical embodinent thereof, the invention can al so adopt forms that differ from that outlined above and, in particular, numerous modifications of a practical nature may be nade thereto without any deviation from the framework of protection afforded to the invention.


text:
This is Kiku. Kiku made us ROFL, but has been jailed for the same. Support Kiku! Be like Kiku!
Comedy Nights actor and Comedian Kiku Sharada has been arrested for mimicking a self-styled Godman, Sant Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh ji and has been sent to 14 days of police custody. He was arrested from Mumbai by Harayana Police. Oh, I guess we don't have


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Photo Credit: Katherine Macnaughton
As a self-proclaimed foodie, I strive to eat good food, but does that mean I have to compromise on certain ethical beliefs about where the food comes from and how it is caught, especially fish? Chris and I are both biologists, focused on the ecological impacts that industry or people have on freshwater systems. As a result, we are well aware of all the research supporting sustainable fisheries and how shifting to such practices is a win-win situation for the health of our oceans, the socio-economic standing of local fishing communities, and overall human health. We are however, always questioning the ever-changing state of certain fisheries and are continually asking ourselves how best to implement smarter choices in everyday life. If we have problems making these decisions, we are surely not alone!
Continue reading


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The Stairway
( Originally Published 1916 )
IN the house of life is a great stairway that runs from the cellar to the roof.
And I saw a hog enter the cellar and go up the stairs. As he went up he squealed and grunted, and looked for refuse to devour, but ever as he ascended his squeals turned to laughter and his grunts to sighs, and he sought bread and not filth to eat. His form also changed, so that when he had come to the upper floors he was a man, and when he reached the roof he was an angel and flew away.
And I saw also a poisonous snake, and an unclean goat, and a cruel wolf, and a surly bear, and a fierce lion, and a snarling dog, and a sneaking rat, and a wild horse, and a stupid donkey, and all manner of inhuman beasts go up, one by one, along the stairs, and at every rising step each one lost some animality and gained some humanity, and each one as he came to the top became an angel, as a chrysalis breaks into a butterfly, and flew into the sky.
And I asked : "What is this stairway of Metamorphosis that begins with the brute and ends with the superman?"
And the interpreter answered and said : "The name of this stair, by which men climb to God, is WOMAN." The most significant thing that enters the life of man or woman is the sex feeling.
"The sex passion makes or breaks the soul.
"For ages men considered the sex lure as a device of the devil to destroy mankind. They seemed to have grounds for their belief. Thousands wallow in the bog of uncleanness, self-loathing, despair, and crime, because this powerful instinct in them is perverted. The life of the pervert is like a sixty-horsepower motor driven by a drunken chauffeur.
"Dante, with his Beatrice, showed us a better way. So also Tennyson and all the nobler poets.
"The art of nobleness consists in changing what is coarse into that which is fine, making what is common to be beautiful and strange; this can only be done by the spirit in man.
"When eating becomes communion, when washing becomes baptism, and when man-woman love becomes marriage, then they are sacraments, and life becomes sacramental and is raised from animality to high and divine level.
"Where there is nothing any more that is sacrament to man, then life sinks to the stage in which it was in the days of Augustus in Rome, which Matthew Arnold described:
"On that hard pagan world disgust


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text: Hi, I just played around with mirror, and found the following: In the dirstructure I'm replicating are some dirs that are very large, and I will not be able to get it all on one filesystem, so I have created for two dirs two symlinks to another filesystem. But, everytime I start to mirror, those two dirs are fetched completely. I suspect it has something to do with those symlinks and mirror thinking it's different, cos on the remote system these are just plain dirs. Is there a solution/flag/option to change this behaviour? Maarten _______________________________________________________________________ | Maarten Boekhold, Faculty of Electrical Engineering TU Delft, NL | | firstname.lastname@example.com firstname.lastname@example.com | | Take life as a party! | -----------------------------------------------------------------------


text: Without a doubt, sleep is the biggest issue for homeless people. Surprised? Well yeah, homeless advocates are always focused on what are believed to be the root causes of homelessness, and providing the basics of food shelter and clothing to those who do without. And although those things are important in their own way, they don't affect homeless people with the intensity that sleep does (or the lack thereof). Sure, I'll explain why. (I knew you'd ask). When advocating for the homeless, the advocates are expected to talk about certain subjects in a certain way, otherwise they people they are talking to, the general public, will either not accept or understand, what is being said to them. The general pubic has certain ideas, prejudices really, (borne from ignorance) about the homeless, which advocates must address, and address in a certain way, so to gain the trust and respect of the general public, so that when all is said and done, the public supports, (financially and otherwise) the work of the advocates for the homeless. Sad but true, people are more often supporting the work of advocates by giving what they want to give, instead of giving what is actually needed. For the majority of the public, their experience with homeless people is limited to encounters with drunken panhandlers. Because of this most donations given to homeless service providers, and the majority of resources available to advocates are geared towards dealing with homeless people who are alcoholics that panhandle. The reality is that these alcoholic panhandlers are a minority of the total homeless population. "Do something about these drunks" "Do something about all these bums panhandling" "Do something about homeless people defecating in the alleys" "do something about these lazy vagrants" "Do something about these people asking for money for food." "These people smell." I have yet to hear anyone from the general public ask, "do the homeless people get enough sleep?" Now, you may think "that's ridiculous. All I ever see is homeless people sitting about, or even lying down. If anything they are getting too much rest." I understand that such comes from your particular perspective, but you are not seeing the whole picture of homelessness, you don't know the full story. The importance of sleep is often talked about in the media, often focused on the problems that a lack of sleep causes people. F Mental and physical problems quickly mount for people suffering from sleep deprivation, depression grows, work productivity falls off, etc. This problem affects the homeless the same way. Odd as it may seem, the homeless are people too. For nearly everyone, their homeless experience begins with sleep deprivation. They lose their home, and don't really know where to go, once their homelessness begins. If they still own a car, they will try spending a few nights sleeping in their not-quite-enough-room automobile. It is very difficult to sleep in a car just because of its design. Then you have all sorts of other issues to contend with, depending on where the car is parked. The police who patrol at night keep an eye out for people sleeping in cars, and even if sleeping in your car isn't illegal (in more an more cities, car sleeping is being made illegal) they will often "check on your welfare" about 3am, just to make sure you are ok – and ruining any chance you'll have of getting a decent night's sleep. Parking in urban areas is just as problematic as paranoid residents easily spot unusual activity on their street and will quickly call the cops. If the newly homeless people doesn't have a car, their first nights are often spent on bus benches or up against business doorways or in alleys. There, they are exposed to the elements of rain, wind, extreme temperatures, and to all the predators that roam the city at night – mostly of the human variety. Homeless people often have their personal possessions stolen from them as they sleep, but more often they are pestered by both homeless and non-homeless people who happen upon. Just because you are sleeping is no guarantee that people will leave you alone. Even if they mean you no harm, they may still wake you just to ask for a cigarette, or other unimportant thing. Then, of course is the difficulty of just trying to sleep in a new environment. So, after a few days of this, you become weary of it, and decide to look for help, for food, a place to shower, and a real mattress to sleep on. You check in to a a homeless shelter, and hope for the best. But the "best" is not offered at shelters, not by a long shot. After a long period of processing and standing in lines, and possibly being required to listen to some inane religious preaching, you'll finally be assigned a bed. You'll find this bed is located in a large warehouse type room with many other beds – more than likely they will be bunk beds, or army cots, (ever try to sleep on an army cot?) You will be in a room with anywhere from 25 to 150 other homeless people, and not all of them will be ready to go to sleep. They will be talking, laughing or yelling, getting into fights (verbal and physical) making noises, the mentally ill will be trying to wind down from their constant hallucinations. As is practiced in many shelters, you'll be required to undress, give your clothes over to shelter personnel to be placed in a closet, you'll have to wear hospital scrubs. You'll be given one thin blanket, regardless of the temperature, you may, or may not be issued a pillow. If you like the cold, you'll sleep well, if not, you could have problems. Me, I can't sleep when I'm cold. Shelters in Nashville are always cold, regardless of the time of year. After a couple hours, most everyone has settled in to sleep, and you'll get some sleep. But then you'll be awaked, sometimes rudely, at 5am at most shelters. 5am every single morning. Well, in religious shelters they might allow you to sleep in until 5:30am on Sundays. You will be required (forced if necessary) to leave the dormitory and usually the entire property, immediately. You'll do your actually waking up out on the sidewalk. There are no opportunities for homeless people to actually rest up, nap, relax in their daily routine. Shelters don't offer day sleeping opportunities, weekends are treated the same as weekdays. What looks like laziness to the casual bypasser is actually sleep deprivation. Suffering from a lack of sleep, just how is a homeless person supposed to do all the things necessary for overcoming their homelessness?


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Nov 29 – Video Games - Posted By SomeGuy
Resident Evil Creator Won't Play Five
Resident Evil Creator Shinji Mikami, the man behind the previous games, says he won't play the upcoming Resident Evil 5 game (which he did not work on), citing it would "just cause him stress" if he did. Honest feelings about a game he didn't work on or sour grapes? Source Link


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Tevet 5, 5765
It's ironic that the
reelection of George W. Bush as president of the United States has
triggered a new round of debate in the American Jewish community over the
appropriate role of religion in the American public square. Ironic,
because last week President Bush again hosted an event that he initiated -
an official White House Hanukkah party - which is emblematic of his
religiously inclusive approach.
Several presidents prior to Mr. Bush officially marked Hanukkah in some way, with the typical format being a small group of Jewish schoolchildren visiting the Oval Office for a menorah-lighting ceremony. But George W. Bush placed Hannukah on the already packed social calendar of the White House in December, where "holiday parties" are held throughout the month, and the president and first lady meet and greet nearly 6,500 guests.
Moreover, in another annual practice begun in his administration, Mr. Bush spent more than an hour prior to the party meeting with a group of American rabbis from across the denominational spectrum for a freewheeling discussion of issues. The rabbis discussed American policy toward Israel with the president as well as Mr. Bush's drive to plant democracy in the broader Middle East and the war on terrorism.
On the domestic front, the president and the rabbis discussed the role of religious values in shaping public policy in America, and it was here that the post-election debate again surfaced. Mr. Bush noted that exit polling indicated that his reelection was, in part, due to the support of many Americans who put a high priority upon what has become known as "moral values" and the sense that these traditional values are under siege in modern America. One rabbi pointed out to the president that such a statement might be perceived as intolerant by those who did not support Mr. Bush and who might see it as implying that they were unconcerned with moral values; an implication Mr. Bush firmly stated he did not intend to convey.
Despite depictions to the contrary, a religiously inclusive approach has been a hallmark of the Bush presidency. Mr. Bush has consistently mentioned synagogues and mosques alongside churches in relevant speeches. Rabbis and clerics of other faiths have participated in relevant official events alongside Christian clergy. But most importantly - on the policy level - the Bush administration has assiduously promoted the equal participation and presence of people of faith, and their institutions, in government programs and political discussions.
Despite this evenhandedness, there is suspicion in much of the Jewish community toward the president, his political party and its agenda. While on the surface the divide seems to be defined by those committed to political liberalism versus conservatism, that only explains part of the story.
In the presidential campaign waged four years ago, many liberals - including Jewish liberals - voiced concerns over the public use of religious rhetoric by the Democratic Party's vice-presidential nominee. Joe Lieberman was roundly criticized for publicly linking moral values to religious faith. Today, as was the case four years ago, the divide is not only between liberal and conservative Jews, but between public-square secularists and integrationists.
The secularists in this debate, who may practice Judaism in their private lives, believe neither Judaism nor any other faith-informed values system ought to be allowed into public debate. They demand that the religious believer "check those beliefs at the door" and only make arguments in the political arena that are grounded in secular reasoning and thought. Religion is, in other words, a purely private matter and public debate - especially when it is often about a vision of the "good" or "just" society - must be held on faith-neutral terms.
The integrationists, who may be politically liberal or conservative, believe, first, that it is impossible for a person deeply committed to Judaism (or any other faith) to isolate and suppress that aspect of one's personality. Second, to demand this only of religious believers, the integrationists hold, while allowing those just as deeply committed to any other set of beliefs, so long as they are deemed secular, to bring their values into the public square, is discriminatory against religion and demeaning to its adherents.
Of course, in the real world, each of these positions is rarely found in its pure form. Many secularists recognize that there are some venues in which a public role for religion is appropriate, and many integrationists realize that even religiously informed beliefs must often be translated into broadly accessible terms if they are to be considered seriously by a pluralistic polity. But recognition of this distinction is critical to this debate in the Jewish community, where it is easily obscured by the profile of the partisan-ideological divide.
Committed Jews of all political stripes ought to recognize that Judaism stands for an integrationist view. There are too many passages in the Torah and Talmud that speak to the nature of a good and just society for us Jews to mute ourselves on this key element of our national heritage and character. Jews of all political persuasions ought to be comfortable taking inspiration and direction from our heritage of learning and law, to inform us as we engage in the life of the remarkable democracy which welcomes us to do so on those very terms. To do otherwise is to live in the shadow of fear cast by centuries of Jewish oppression. This historic fear may be understandable, but it is no way to shape the direction of the United States and, thereby, the world.
Nathan J. Diament is director of public policy at the Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America.


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This does not bode well for Vertigo.
Having successfully ruined both Watchmen and the New 52, Dan Didio announced that there were plans to turn his all-seeing eye upon the struggling Vertigo imprint later this year.
During the DC All Access Panel at Kapow, Didio mentioned that there would be several Vertigo projects launching in 2013, including two Unwritten spinoffs (presumably) written by Mike Carey.
Vertigo has struggled as of late, with a number of cancellations and several lackluster debuts in 2012 alone. When approached for comment about the imprint's well-documented struggles, Didio stated that "like a Phoenix, Vertigo must die." Regardless, this does not bode well for Vertigo.
Source: CBR
Written or Contributed by: ThanosCopter


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Follow-up on the discussion of the Report of
the Director-General to the 85th Session (1997)
of the International Labour Conference
(a) Inclusion on the agenda of the 86th Session (1998) of the
International Labour Conference of an item concerning a
Declaration on workers' fundamental rights
1. At its 269th Session (June 1997), the Governing Body decided to place on the agenda of its 270th Session (November 1997) an item concerning follow-up on the discussion of the Report of the Director-General to the 85th Session (1997) of the International Labour Conference. Under this item it will consider the possibility of including on the agenda of the 86th Session of the Conference in 1998 -- the year that will mark the 50th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and of the ILO's Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention, 1948 (No. 87) -- an additional item relating to a Declaration on fundamental rights, including a follow-up mechanism.
2. The different views on the Declaration and its follow-up presented at the Conference are summarized in a separate document submitted to the Governing Body.(1) Since the 85th Session of the Conference and the 269th Session of the Governing Body consultations have taken place involving ILO constituents and the Office. This document draws on the various points made in those consultations, particularly where there has been a degree of convergence of views. It covers the following questions:
A. Why a Declaration?
B. Which fundamental rights?
C. What follow-up?
D. By which bodies?
3. This document contains two appendices: a technical note on article 19 procedures, and a summary of the existing supervisory mechanism.
4. There is no attempt to make one single proposal on the two central issues of the contents of and follow-up on a Declaration. Rather, this paper aims at identifying the building blocks for both which can be further elaborated, if the Governing Body wishes to go ahead, for its 271st Session in March 1998. These building blocks should contain sufficient substance to allow the Governing Body to decide that an item relating to a Declaration and its follow-up mechanism can be put on the agenda of the 86th Session of the Conference. In this case, a draft Declaration would be prepared for the Governing Body's 271st Session (March 1998) through a careful process of consultations, and the details of the follow-up mechanism could be decided upon at the same session.
5. The documentation for the 271st Session of the Governing Body will be prepared in close consultation with all constituents, with full account being taken of their views and observations.
A. Why a Declaration?
6. The purpose of a Declaration on fundamental rights is to recognize explicitly, through a solemn statement approved by the International Labour Conference, the consensus which the international community has reached regarding the special significance of a number of fundamental rights in the present global context, and to express the commitment of its constituents to strengthening their universal application by the ILO.
7. The focus of a Declaration would accordingly be on reaffirming, in the light of developments since the Declaration of Philadelphia, the meaning and scope of the commitments to which all ILO member States have subscribed when freely accepting the ILO Constitution. It would recognize that the basic values set out in the Constitution and the Declaration of Philadelphia give rise to a commitment on the part of Members to strive towards achieving them. Even where Members are not yet ready to ratify the specific Conventions adopted by the International Labour Conference in which these rights are developed, they would acknowledge in a Declaration their commitment to eliminate progressively situations that are incompatible with their principles, in line with their abilities and resources.
8. The term "Declaration" reflects this intention. According to an authoritative source, a declaration in international law is a "formal and solemn instrument suitable for rare occasions when principles of lasting importance are being enunciated".(2)
9. It should be recalled in particular that the World Summit for Social Development, held in Copenhagen in March 1995, made two authoritative statements that are relevant to the discussion on a Declaration and follow-up action. Commitment 3(I) of the Summit to which the Heads of State and Government subscribed, reads as follows:
[We commit ourselves to promoting the goal of full employment as a basic priority of our economic and social policies, and to enabling all men and women to attain secure and sustainable livelihoods through freely chosen productive employment and work.
To this end, at the national level, we will:]
[(a) ... (g)]
(i) Pursue the goal of ensuring quality jobs, and safeguard the basic rights and interests of workers and to this end, freely promote respect for relevant International Labour Organization conventions, including those on the prohibition of forced and child labour, the freedom of association, the right to organize and bargain collectively, and the principle of non-discrimination.
Paragraph 54(b) of the Programme of Action adopted by the Summit states that governments should enhance the quality of work and employment by --
(b) Safeguarding and promoting respect for basic workers' rights, including the prohibition of forced labour and child labour, freedom of association and the right to organize and bargain collectively, equal remuneration for men and women for work of equal value, and non-discrimination in employment, fully implementing the conventions of the International Labour Organization (ILO) in the case of States parties to those conventions, and taking into account the principles embodied in those conventions in the case of those countries that are not States parties to thus achieve truly sustained economic growth and sustainable development".
10. It must be made clear that there can be no question of making the obligations under core Conventions binding on States that have not ratified them. In his reply to the discussion of his Report at the 85th Session of the Conference, the Director-General emphasized --
that it is in no way a question of imposing, through such a declaration, new obligations on member States against their will. The declaration is aimed at reaffirming the logic of the commitments and the values to which States have already freely subscribed in joining the ILO. ... nobody could reproach the Organization for inviting its Members to take seriously such commitments by making them more explicit.
11. This reaffirmation of the constitutional commitment of member States would have two aspects which should be regarded as inseparable: on the one hand, their commitment to promote respect for those principles; and on the other, a commitment by the Organization to help them through the various means at its disposal, including in particular advice and technical cooperation. One should particularly bear in mind the unique ability of the ILO to rely upon its tripartite constituents throughout this process.
12. As the rationale would be to promote and evaluate endeavours -- that is, the progress towards implementing basic principles -- and not to control the conformity of national law and practice with substantive provisions of the relevant Conventions, it would therefore not be necessary to define precisely the contents of those principles in a Declaration (as would be the case with instruments establishing concrete obligations once they have been ratified). The principles should be set out in such a way that trends can be evaluated.
B. Which fundamental rights?
(a) The basis and scope of the distinction between fundamental and other rights
13. The ILO Constitution has always recognized that the way in which effect is given to certain rights may vary depending on the level of economic development but that there are rights or principles which are essential to the objectives of the Organization. Thus, in article 41 of the original Constitution, frequently referred to in the recent debates, the High Contracting Parties ...
... recognize that differences of climate, habits and customs, of economic opportunity and industrial tradition, make strict conformity in the conditions of labour difficult of immediate attainment.
However, they also stated that --
... labour should not be regarded merely as an article of commerce ... there are methods and principles for regulating labour conditions which all industrial communities should endeavour to apply, so far as their special circumstances will permit.
14. The Parties affirmed that "among these methods and principles" some seemed to be "of special and urgent importance". The first of them was the principle that labour should not be regarded as a commodity or article of commerce.
15. The distinction concerning basic principles is reiterated in the Declaration of Philadelphia, which reaffirms (in section I) "the fundamental principles on which the Organization is based", which first and foremost include: (a) the principle that labour is not a commodity, and (b) the statement that freedom of expression and association are essential to sustained progress.
16. The reasons for regarding certain rights as indeed being fundamental, irrespective of levels of development, has become clearer as a result of the debate that has resulted from the increasing interdependence of economies and societies. Those rights are in a sense a precondition for all the others in that they provide for the necessary implements to strive freely for the improvement of individual and collective conditions of work, account being taken of the circumstances of the countries concerned.
(b) The specific implications of the distinction
17. The rights covered by the above criteria are now the subject of a consensus reaching even beyond the ILO. Mention in this connection need only be made of the Declaration adopted by the Copenhagen Summit, referred to in paragraph 9 above. The principles on the prohibition of forced labour and child labour, freedom of association and the right to organize and bargain collectively, equal remuneration for men and women for work of equal value, and non-discrimination in employment have been developed by the International Labour Conference in the specific provisions of seven "core" Conventions, which are the subject of an ongoing ratification campaign (without prejudice to the possible inclusion of a new instrument on the most intolerable forms of child labour in this list). The Conventions are --
18. All the provisions embodied in these Conventions correspond to principles that figure either in the Preamble to the Constitution, or in article 41 of the pre-war Constitution or in the Declaration of Philadelphia. Although the prohibition of forced labour is not expressly mentioned in any constitutional text, it would seem necessarily to follow from the values and principles enunciated in them.(3) It can, for instance, be derived from Article II(a) of the Declaration of Philadelphia, which says that --
All human beings, irrespective of race, creed or sex, have the right to pursue both their material well-being and their spiritual development in conditions of freedom and dignity, of economic security and equal opportunity.
19. There is thus a firm constitutional basis for the inclusion of these four sets of principles in the Declaration. While other principles covered by ILO standards are important, it would seem to be inadvisable to extend the list beyond the existing agreement on what constitutes fundamental rights. In addition, the debate at the 85th Session of the International Labour Conference confirmed the view that the four sets of rights on which there is agreement are instrumental in securing the conditions for development in situations compatible with human dignity.
(c) Possible elements of a Declaration
20. The building blocks of a Declaration could consist of a short preamble, referring to the overriding principle of labour not being a commodity. It could spell out that the aim of the Declaration is not, and cannot be, to increase the legal obligations of the Members, but to solemnly reaffirm that they recognize that by virtue of their adherence to the ILO Constitution they have accepted to work in good faith towards the elimination of situations which are incompatible with the fundamental rights mentioned in the Declaration, even though they may not yet be in a position to ratify the Conventions concerned.
21. It could also contain a reference to different levels of economic development and strength, in line with the original Constitution quoted in paragraph 13 above or the Declaration of Philadelphia, which says --
while the manner of their application must be determined with due regard to the stage of social and economic development reached by each people, their progressive application to peoples who are still dependent, as well as to those who have already achieved self-government, is a matter of concern for the whole civilized world.
These texts obviously cannot be used as such, but they could form the basis of drafting.
22. The way in which the principles underlying these four sets of rights might be expressed could either take the original Constitution or the Declaration of Philadelphia as a starting-point, or they could be aligned to the objectives expressed in the seven core Conventions without going into any detailed coverage of these instruments. An example on child labour could illustrate this. The original Constitution contains the following principle:
The abolition of child labour and the imposition of such limitations on the labour of young persons as shall permit the continuation of their education and assure their proper physical development.
The Minimum Age Convention states, in Article 1, that each Member ...
... undertakes to pursue a national policy designed to ensure the effective abolition of child labour and to raise progressively the minimum age for admission to employment or work to a level consistent with the fullest physical and mental development of young persons.
23. The other relevant Conventions also contain statements of basic objectives, such as Article 2 of Convention No. 87; Article 1(1) of Convention No. 98; Article 2 of Convention No. 111; Article 2(1) of Convention No. 100; Article 1(1) of Convention No. 29; and Article 2 of Convention No. 105. These provisions might provide elements for drafting the principles in the Declaration.
24. Other issues to be covered could include the commitment to the follow-up mechanism, which would complement the ILO's existing supervisory mechanism. The detail in which the mechanism would be spelled out in the text of the Declaration itself needs to be agreed upon.
C. What follow-up?
25. As the Declaration would reaffirm the will of member States to promote the principles contained in it, the concomitant obligation of the Organization would be to design the most suitable and effective promotional procedure for assisting Members in attaining this objective. In so far as Members have committed themselves to give effect to the principles to be contained in the Declaration by ratifying the corresponding core Conventions, the existing supervisory mechanism is available. In addition, the Governing Body's Committee on Freedom of Association also covers countries that have not ratified the relevant Conventions. Consequently, the question is of a promotional mechanism covering situations where the core Conventions related to non-discrimination and the abolition of forced and child labour are not ratified.
26. In this respect, the discussions in the Governing Body and the Conference have brought out a clear majority view that this promotional mechanism should not take the form of a system of complaints such as that of the Committee on Freedom of Association. It has been made equally clear that the existing procedures on freedom of association should remain unaffected by the adoption of the Declaration and the follow-up mechanism associated with it.
27. Emphasis has been given to another important consideration. The implementation mechanism should be based to the extent possible on existing mechanisms, and it should be clearly rooted in the Constitution of the ILO. This suggests a solution that has frequently been mentioned in previous discussions and in the consultative process: the use of article 19, paragraph 5(e) of the Constitution. This provision reads as follows:
If the Member does not obtain the consent of the authority or authorities within whose competence the matter lies, no further obligations shall rest upon the Member except that it shall report to the Director-General of the International Labour Office, at appropriate intervals as requested by the Governing Body, the position of its law and practice in regard to the matters dealt with in the Convention, showing the extent to which effect has been given, or is proposed to be given, to any of the provisions of the Convention by legislation, administrative action, collective agreement or otherwise and stating the difficulties which prevent or delay the ratification of such Convention.
28. Although some observations have been made, particularly by the Workers' group, that this may not be the only possible basis for a procedure, as it is not in the case of the Committee on Freedom of Association, it is fair to conclude that a consensus on the new promotional mechanism could be reached only on the basis of article 19, paragraph 5(e). It has also been the clear understanding that the new follow-up mechanism would apply only -- as indeed is implied by the reliance on this paragraph of the Constitution -- to Members which have not ratified the relevant Conventions.
29. One significant advantage of this approach is that the legal basis of the system would not need to be further discussed. All member States that have not ratified the Conventions concerned are required to respond to requests that the Governing Body may decide to make to them at intervals that it considers appropriate, in a form requested by the Governing Body.
30. Although this approach therefore appears to be dictated by legal and practical considerations, care must be taken not to modify its object. The idea would not be to compromise the discretionary nature of the decision to ratify or not to ratify, but simply to make use of the information that could be gathered through this procedure in order to assess the situations and trends in this regard and, where applicable, to consider what practical means of assistance could be offered.
31. If it is agreed that article 19, paragraph 5(e) should provide the basis for the follow-up mechanism, this does not necessarily mean that the procedure presently followed under this provision (described in Appendix II) -- which is not laid down in the Constitution but is based on Governing Body decisions -- would be followed also in this regard, as it would not appear to correspond to the same objectives as those of the proposed Declaration. The way in which article 19, paragraph 5(e) is followed up at present would remain unaffected for the general surveys and the four-yearly special reports introduced in 1995; but this could be supplemented by another approach using somewhat different methods. For the purposes of the present discussion, it might be sufficient to indicate that information on national situations relevant to the fundamental rights and principles would be gathered through reports requested under article 19, paragraph 5(e) in an appropriate manner. The Governing Body could then discuss further details at its March 1998 session when it discusses the contents of a draft Declaration.
32. One further point should however be made clear to ensure that it will be possible to obtain an objective picture of the efforts being undertaken or, where applicable, of problems or abuses. As indicated in the attached technical note on article 19 (Appendix II), the information provided by governments may in any case be complemented or corrected by information submitted by employers' and workers' organizations under article 23(2) of the Constitution, as is already the case. The Governing Body should, where necessary, take care to specify the way in which these organizations might contribute to the replies and to the evaluation of efforts.
D. By which bodies?
33. As indicated in the attached documentation, the reports provided under the present procedure by which article 19 is implemented follow a well-established itinerary through the Committee of Experts and the Conference Committee on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations. However, the way in which this procedure is applied in practice would not allow sufficient time or provide an adequate framework for an evaluation or discussion of the information gathered for the purposes discussed here, and would not adequately correspond to the objectives of the proposed Declaration. The existing procedure is oriented only toward evaluating obstacles or difficulties with respect to specific provisions of Conventions, and not to evaluating trends in relation to fundamental principles. Article 19 allows the Governing Body to request information, and then leaves it free to provide for its examination in the way it sees most fit. Both the procedure and the bodies concerned could thus be different from those used at present, so as to ensure proper and effective follow-up on the proposed Declaration.
34. In this regard, it appears to be the consensus that the objectives of the procedure under the proposed Declaration would be to allow a regular assessment of significant developments and trends in individual countries relating to the fundamental principles, and to devise ways of assisting governments to work towards the implementation of the principles of the Declaration. As suggested above, one way this might be advanced would be to request each year simplified supplementary reports, on the basis of a standard form, thus bringing article 23(2) into play on an annual basis and allowing comments to be made by employers' and workers' organizations. Once this is agreed, it would then appear possible to determine which body would be best placed to carry out this review with sufficient time and care. There seems to be agreement that to achieve this objective the Governing Body would have to have a role. Further reflection can take place on whether the mechanism would be entirely in the Governing Body, or in the Conference, or a combination of the two. The question of whether the Committee of Experts, which has responsibility for the four-yearly reports, should also be associated with the examination of the yearly simplified reports, taking account of the different scope and objective of the proposed procedure, would also have to be addressed.
E. Points for decision
35. In the light of the above, it would appear that the Governing Body could decide to place the item on the Conference agenda, it being understood that agreement would have to reached at the March 1998 session, after full consultation, on the contents of the Declaration to be submitted to the Conference, as well as on the details of the follow-up mechanism. This item might be entitled "Possible consideration and adoption by the Conference of an ILO Declaration on fundamental rights, and its follow-up".
36. The Governing body is invited --
(a) to take a decision on placing on the agenda of the 86th Session (1998) of the International Labour Conference an additional item relating to the possible consideration and adoption of an ILO Declaration on fundamental rights and its follow-up;
(b) to instruct the Office to prepare, in close consultation with ILO constituents, a draft Declaration for submission to the Governing Body at its 271st Session (March 1998);
(c) to instruct the Office to prepare, in close consultation with constituents, detailed proposals on the follow-up mechanism, for discussion by the Governing Body's Committee on Legal Issues and Labour Standards at its 271st Session (March 1998).
Geneva, 15 October 1997.
Point for decision: Paragraph 36.
Appendix I
Existing ILO supervisory machinery (4)
The ILO's existing machinery has evolved over time from the foundations laid down in the Constitution, and from the functions assigned by the Conference and the Governing Body. The various bodies and functions outlined below form a unified whole.
1. Submission to the competent authorities
Under article 19 of the Constitution, all member States are required, within one year of the adoption of a Convention or a Recommendation, or 18 months for federal States and in exceptional cases, to bring the instrument "before the authority or authorities within whose competence the matter lies, for the enactment of legislation or other action" (paragraph 5(b) for Conventions, and 6(b) for Recommendations). No further obligations exist as to unratified Conventions, except in regard to reports on unratified Conventions and Recommendations (see below).
2. Reports on ratified Conventions
When a Convention has been ratified, a State is required under article 22 of the Constitution to submit periodic reports on its law and practice under the Convention. Reporting periods have been modified on several occasions, and reports are now due at intervals of two or five years, though reports can be requested more frequently if necessary. General reports are due annually. Note that there are now more than 6,400 ratifications, resulting in nearly 2,000 reports each year.
In the case of non-metropolitan territories (NMTs), States are required under article 35 of the Constitution to report, as under article 22, on the application of Conventions that they have declared applicable to these territories. There are around 1,000 declarations of application to NMTs now in force.
States are required under article 23, paragraph 2, of the Constitution to communicate copies of their reports to the most representative organizations of employers and workers in their countries, and these organizations may comment on these reports. An obligation also exists under Article 5(d) of the Tripartite Consultation (International Labour Standards) Convention, 1976 (No. 144) to hold regular consultations with these organizations on "questions arising out of reports to be made to the International Labour Office under article 22 of the Constitution".
3. Reports on unratified Conventions and on Recommendations
Under article 19(5)(e) and (6)(d) of the Constitution, the Governing Body may request reports from each member State on "the position of its law and practice in regard to the matters dealt with in the (Convention or Recommendation), showing the extent to which effect is given, or is proposed to be given, to any of the provisions of the (Convention or Recommendation)". In the case of Conventions, the State shall also indicate "the difficulties which prevent or delay the ratification of such Convention". These reports are examined by the Committee of Experts on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations (see below), and form the subject of a "General Survey" which is examined each year by the Conference.
In addition, under the procedure adopted in 1996 by the Governing Body, States which have not ratified one or more of the ILO's fundamental Conventions (Nos. 29 and 105 on forced labour, Nos. 87 and 98 on freedom of association, Nos. 100 and 111 on discrimination, and No. 138 on minimum age for employment or work) are asked under article 19 of the Constitution to report at four-yearly intervals on the obstacles to ratification. These reports are also examined by the Committee of Experts, whose evaluation of them forms part of its annual report.
4. Committee of Experts on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations
The Committee of Experts was created in 1926 by the International Labour Conference, holding its first meeting in 1927, to examine the reports submitted by governments and by employers' and workers' organizations under articles 19, 22 and 35 of the Constitution. It is a body of 20 independent legal experts, appointed by the Governing Body on the nomination of the Director-General, which meets once a year in Geneva. It issues a report which consists of:
The Committee of Experts also adopts direct requests, which for reasons of economy are sent direct to governments but are not put before the Conference. The observations and direct requests are published in the annually updated ILOLEX database on CD-ROM (and soon available on line), and it is planned also to include the General Surveys in future editions of ILOLEX.
5. The Conference Committee on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations
One of the standing committees of the International Labour Conference at its annual session is the tripartite Committee on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations. It discusses the report of the Committee of Experts, and usually calls before it the representatives of some governments whose situation is mentioned in the experts' report in order to examine their situation more closely.
6. Representations under article 24 of the Constitution
The Constitution provides for a "representation" to be made "by an industrial association of employers or of workers that any of the Members has failed to secure in any respect the effective observance within its jurisdiction of any Convention to which it is a party". If it considers that the representation is receivable, the Governing Body usually establishes a tripartite committee from among its members to examine the representation and to make any recommendations it may consider appropriate. The conclusions of these examinations are followed up by the Committee of Experts.
7. Complaints under article 26 of the Constitution
The Constitution also provides, in article 26, that "Any of the Members shall have the right to file a complaint with the International Labour Office if it is not satisfied that any other Member is securing the effective observance of any Convention which both have ratified". The Governing Body may, if it thinks fit, refer complaints to a Commission of Inquiry, usually composed of three independent persons. "The Governing Body may adopt the same procedure either of its own motion or on receipt of a complaint from a delegate to the Conference." Commissions of Inquiry usually hold hearings and make on-the-spot investigations before making their conclusions and recommendations. The conclusions of these examinations are followed up by the Committee of Experts.
8. Special procedures on freedom of association
The Committee on Freedom of Association is a tripartite committee of the Governing Body, established by agreement with the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) in 1950. It may examine complaints from workers' and employers' organizations that member States of the ILO are not respecting basic principles of freedom of association. These complaints may be examined whether or not the country concerned has ratified the ILO's Conventions on the subject, as the procedure is based on constitutional principles. If the country has ratified the Conventions, the Committee's conclusions receive follow-up from the Committee of Experts.
The Fact-Finding and Conciliation Commission on Freedom of Association was also created by agreement with ECOSOC, at the same time as the Committee on Freedom of Association. It may examine the same kind of complaints as the CFA, but to do so requires the consent of the government concerned. It may also examine complaints of violations of freedom of association against non-member States of the ILO -- and has done so on several occasions -- when such complaints are forwarded to it by the United Nations and the country consents. Panels of the Commission are formed of three independent experts appointed by the Governing Body.
9. Direct contacts
Under a procedure adopted in 1964, a country may request direct contacts to discuss questions raised by the supervisory bodies. In such cases, the Director-General appoints a representative -- who may be an official of the Office or an independent person -- to discuss the situation with the government concerned and with the tripartite partners in the country. In such cases, the operation of the supervisory system is suspended for one year to allow a solution to the difficulty to be found.
10. Special studies on discrimination
In 1973 the Governing Body adopted a procedure for special studies on discrimination, which has not yet been used successfully. Under this procedure, a request for a special study may be submitted by a member State or by an organization of employers or of workers on specific questions that concern them. If the government concerned agrees to such a study, the Director-General is to examine with it the arrangements for carrying it out. It is not confined to countries having ratified any particular ILO Conventions.
11. Multinational enterprises
A special "Procedure for the examination of disputes concerning the application of the Tripartite Declaration of Principles concerning Multinational Enterprises and Social Policy" was adopted in 1980 and updated in 1986. It provides for requests for interpretations of the Declaration by the Governing Body's Subcommittee on Multinational Enterprises. This procedure is not for the examination of the application of standards, but to examine the Declaration itself.
12. Ad hoc procedures
The ILO has, from time to time, also carried out various ad hoc procedures. These include the long series of the Director-General's Reports on the effect given to the Declaration concerning Action against Apartheid (no longer prepared), and on the situation of workers in the occupied Arab territories; both were, or are, submitted direct to the Conference for discussion. Other procedures, including various kinds of special studies, have been used on various occasions.
13. Assistance by the International Labour Office
The International Labour Office provides considerable assistance to its constituents to apply international labour standards. This is most often done through the multidisciplinary advisory teams, either in response to requests from governments or from employers' or workers' organizations, or as part of the routine work of the Office in advising member States. All technical cooperation and assistance provided by the Office should be in harmony with standards, and one of its important objectives is always to facilitate the ratification or application of ILO standards. The advisory and assistance work of the Office is closely integrated with the supervisory machinery.
Appendix II
Article 19 procedures
1. Article 19 of the Constitution provides at paragraph 5(e):
if the Member does not obtain the consent (for ratification) of the authority or authorities within whose competence the matter lies, no further obligation shall rest upon the Member except that it shall report to the Director-General of the International Labour Office, at appropriate intervals as requested by the Governing Body, the position of its law and practice in regard to the matters dealt with in the Convention, showing the extent to which effect has been given, or is proposed to be given, to any of the provisions of the Convention by legislation, administrative action, collective agreement or otherwise and stating the difficulties which prevent or delay the ratification of such Convention.(5)
2. This provision is used in two separate but similar ways.
General surveys
3. For many years, the Governing Body has chosen a specified Convention and Recommendation, or groups of Conventions and Recommendations on given subjects, for article 19 reports each year. In accordance with the practice established by the Governing Body, the Committee of Experts on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations carries out a general survey on the selected instruments. The Committee relies on the information contained in governments' reports, on the reports submitted to the ILO by employers' and workers' organizations (see below) and -- as stated in each general survey -- also on other information available to the Office such as legislation and other official documents. These general surveys form part of the Committee of Experts' report (Report III (Part 1B) since the numbering system was changed in 1997) to the Conference. The Conference Committee on the Application of Standards then devotes a day or so to discussing the general survey each year.
Special reports
4. The Governing Body decided at its 264th Session (November 1995) that governments of all States that have not ratified the Conventions concerning forced labour, freedom of association, discrimination and child labour, should be asked to submit reports under article 19, following a simplified report form adopted by the Governing Body, in an additional procedure. This procedure is being applied for the first time for the Committee of Experts' session in 1997. The information supplied will be analysed by the Committee and its findings included in its General Report, which thus will also be discussed by the Conference Committee at its annual sessions. In this case also, any information received from employers' and workers' organizations will be taken into account. This was indeed one of the key points on which the Committee on Legal Issues and International Labour Standards of the Governing Body insisted when proposing to the Governing Body that it adopt this procedure.
Information from employers' and workers' organizations
5. Under article 23(2) of the Constitution, copies of the reports made by governments under articles 19 and 22 must be sent to the representative organizations of employers and workers specified in article 3 of the Constitution, i.e., national organizations. As stated in the Handbook of Procedures, "Those or any other employers' or workers' organizations may make any observations they wish on the subjects in question."
6. The Committee of Experts carried out a detailed examination of this question in its 1986 report.(6) It recalled there that the Tripartite Consultation (International Labour Standards) Convention, 1976 (No. 144) also provided for consultations with the tripartite partners on a number of matters, including the re-examination at intervals of unratified Conventions and of Recommendations to consider their "implementation and ratification as appropriate".
7. As concerns the legal basis for comments by employers' and workers' organizations, the Committee of Experts noted that both the requirements on reporting under article 19 on unratified Conventions and paragraph 2 of article 23 were added by a constitutional amendment in 1946. The Governing Body then decided to add questions to the report forms on article 19 and 22 reports in this regard. The Committee of Experts specified (para. 86) that
although article 23, paragraph 2, of the Constitution provides for the very useful possibility of bringing the reports of the governments to the attention of certain organisations, namely the most representative, it is not the basis of the question in the report form relating to the comments submitted by employers' and workers' organisations, which must be distinguished from the question relating to the communication of reports to the representative organisations, and it does not restrict the scope of this question to the most representative organisations.
Characteristics of reporting under article 19
8. From the examination above, it can be seen that the treatment of reports received under article 19 of the Constitution is determined as a result of decisions by the Governing Body within the framework of the Constitution's requirements. The characteristics are as follows.
2. Memorandum of the United Nations Office of Legal Affairs, E/CN.4/L.610, 2 April 1962.
3. This was developed in some detail in document GB.267/LILS/5, paragraphs 18 and 19.
4. This text was previously issued as an appendix to GB.268/LILS/6, and has been slightly amended to bring it up to date and provide more detailed information in certain respects.
5. A similar provision as regards Recommendations exists at paragraph 6(d) of article 19, but of course without reference to ratification.
6. International Labour Conference, 72nd Session, 1986: Report of the Committee of Experts, Report III (Part 4A), paragraphs 80-108.