text:
May 7, 2012
Utah State 2012 WAC Outdoor Track & Field Notes
LOGAN, Utah - Utah State's men and women's track and field teams will travel to Moscow, Idaho to compete at the Dan O'Brien Track & Field Complex for the 2012 Western Athletic Conference Outdoor Track and Field Championships, Tuesday through Friday, May 8-11, hosted by the University of Idaho. The Aggie women will be looking to sweep the 2012 track and field championships after winning the 2012 WAC Indoor title earlier this year, while the USU men are set to defend their 2011 WAC Outdoor Championship.
The Utah State women are trying to sweep the 2012 track and field championships. If they can accomplish the feat, it would be the fifth-straight year that the conference indoor and outdoor titles were won by the same team after Louisiana Tech won both team championships from 2008-11.
USU's indoor title was the first WAC Track and Field Championship for the Aggie women as well as the first conference indoor title since winning the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation title in 1994. The Utah State men are set to defend their 2011 WAC Outdoor Championship as they have won three-straight titles and four over the past five years.
The championships get underway on Tuesday at 2 p.m. (MT) with the women's heptathlon and men's decathlon, as the multi-events wrap up on Wednesday. Field event finals, along with running event preliminaries and finals begin on Thursday with the meet set to conclude Friday evening. Championship details, including a meet schedule are available at www.wacsports.com. Live results will be available for fans to follow each event by clicking on the "live results" link on www.utahstateaggies.com or by going to http://wac.org/public/otf/2012/index.htm.
"We always feel like we have a chance to win and obviously that is why we run the meet, to compete and prove that we can win it," said Aggie veteran head coach Gregg Gensel. "I think we are up to the task. Our women are motivated because they won indoors and I think that gave all of us some motivation to go after the title outdoors. Louisiana Tech is looking a lot better than they did in indoors and Idaho is going to be after us. The same can be said on the men's side, we just won three in a row so Idaho is throwing everything in the fire to come after us because they beat us in indoors and they still think they can beat in outdoors. So, we are going to see if we have something to say about that."
Returning to defend his 2011 WAC Outdoor 400m hurdles title is sophomore AJ Boully, while seniors Joe Canavan (shot put, 2010), Chio Lopez (5,000m, 2008) and Brian McKenna (10,000m, 2009) will look to win their second WAC Outdoor title. Sophomore Chari Hawkins won the heptathlon at the 2011 WAC Outdoor Championships while senior Ruth Hilton won the 3,000m steeplechase, however both athletes suffered injuries and have not competed during the outdoor season.
"We are going to have to have individuals step up into those roles," Gensel said. "Who those are, we will find out, that is why we run the meet. That is what I like about championships, it usually brings out the best in people and as they say, 'the cream rises to the top.' We have some athletes that will be poised to do that."
Senior thrower Lindsey Spencer highlighted the 2012 outdoor season as she set Utah State records in the discus and hammer events with marks of 54.48m (178-09) and 61.04m (200-03), respectively. Overall, USU won 42 event titles during the outdoor season, with the Aggie women capturing 25 and the men collecting 17.
Those who qualify will continue their season at the first round of the 2012 NCAA Outdoor Track & Field Championships in Austin, Texas on May 24-26. The finals for the 2012 NCAA Outdoor Track & Field Championships will be held on June 6-9 at Drake Stadium in Des Moines, Iowa.
Fans can follow Utah State Athletics, including USU track & field and cross country, at http://twitter.com/USUAthletics or on Facebook at Utah State University Athletics.
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Silicon Valley
|Silicon Valley
Silicon Valley, as seen from over north San Jose, facing southward towards Downtown San Jose, in June 2014
Bay Area within California
|United States
|San Francisco Bay Area
|Time zone
|Pacific (UTC−8)
|• Summer (DST)
Silicon Valley is a nickname for the southern portion of the San Francisco Bay Area in the northern part of the U.S. state of California. The "valley" in its name refers to the Santa Clara Valley in Santa Clara County, which includes the city of San Jose and surrounding cities and towns, where the region has been traditionally centered. The region has expanded to include the southern end of Santa Clara County down to Gilroy and southern portions of the East Bay in Alameda County.
The word "silicon" originally referred to the large number of silicon chip innovators and manufacturers in the region, but the area is now the home to many of the world's largest high-tech corporations, including the headquarters of 39 businesses in the Fortune 1000, and thousands of startup companies. Silicon Valley also accounts for one-third of all of the venture capital investment in the United States, which has helped it to become a leading hub and startup ecosystem for high-tech innovation and scientific development. It was in the Valley that the silicon-based integrated circuit, the microprocessor, and the microcomputer, among other key technologies, were developed. As of 2013, the region employed about a quarter of a million information technology workers.[1]
As more high-tech companies were established across San Jose and the Santa Clara Valley, and then north towards the Bay Area's two other major cities, San Francisco and Oakland, the "Silicon Valley" has come to have two definitions: a geographic one, referring to Santa Clara County, and a metonymical one, referring to all high-tech businesses in the Bay Area or even in the United States. The term is now generally used as a synecdoche for the American high-technology economic sector. The name also became a global synonym for leading high-tech research and enterprises, and thus inspired similar named locations, as well as research parks and technology centers with a comparable structure all around the world.
- 1 Origin of the term
- 2 History (before 1970s)
- 3 History (1971 and later)
- 4 Economy
- 5 Demographics
- 6 Municipalities
- 7 Universities, colleges, and trade schools
- 8 Art galleries and museums
- 9 Media outlets
- 10 Cultural references
- 11 See also
- 12 References
- 13 Further reading
- 14 External links
Origin of the term[edit]
Perhaps the strongest thread that runs through the Valley's past and present is the drive to "play" with novel technology, which, when bolstered by an advanced engineering degree and channeled by astute management, has done much to create the industrial powerhouse we see in the Valley today.— Timothy J. Sturgeon[2]:44
The first published use of Silicon Valley is credited to Don Hoefler, a friend of local entrepreneur Ralph Vaerst's who suggested the phrase to him. Hoefler used the phrase as the title of a series of articles in the weekly trade newspaper Electronic News.[3] The series, titled "Silicon Valley in the USA", began in the paper's January 11, 1971, issue. The term gained widespread use in the early 1980s, at the time of the introduction of the IBM PC and numerous related hardware and software products to the consumer market. The silicon part of the name refers to the high concentration of companies involved in the making of semiconductors (silicon is used to create most semiconductors commercially) and computer industries that were concentrated in the area. These firms slowly replaced the orchards and the fruits which gave the area its initial nickname—the "Valley of Heart's Delight".[citation needed]
History (before 1970s)[edit]
Silicon Valley was born through several contributing factors intersecting, including a skilled STEM research base housed in area universities, plentiful venture capital, and steady U.S. Department of Defense spending. Stanford University leadership was especially important in the valley's early development. Together these elements formed the basis of its growth and success.[4]
Roots in telegraph, radio, commercial and military technology[edit]
On August 23, 1899, the first ship-to-shore wireless telegraph message to be received in the US was from the San Francisco lightship outside the Golden Gate, signaling the return of the American fleet from the Philippines after their victory in the Spanish–American War.[when?][5] The ship had been outfitted with a wireless telegraph transmitter by a local newspaper, so that they could prepare a celebration on the return of the American sailors.[6] Local historian Clyde Arbuckle states in Clyde Arbuckle's History of San Jose[7] that "California first heard the click of a telegraph key on September 11, 1853. It marked completion of an enterprise begun by a couple of San Francisco Merchants' Exchange members named George Sweeney and Theodore E. Baugh…" He says, "In 1849, the gentleman established a wigwag telegraph station a top a high hill overlooking Portsmouth Squares for signaling arriving ships… The operator at the first station caught these signals by telescope and relayed them to the Merchant's Exchange for the waiting business community." Arbuckle points to the historic significance the Merchants Exchange Building (San Francisco) and Telegraph Hill, San Francisco when he goes on to say "The first station gave the name Telegraph to the hill on which it was located. It was known as the Inner Station; the second, as the Outer Station. Both used their primitive mode of communication until Messrs. Sweeney and Baugh connected the Outer Station directly with the Merchants's Exchange by electric telegraph Wire."
According to Arbuckle (p. 380–381) Sweeney and Baugh's line was strictly an intra-city, San Francisco-based service; that is until California State Telegraph Company enfranchised on May 3, 1852; whereas, O.E. Allen and C. Burnham led the way to "build a line from San Francisco to Marysville via San Jose, Stockton, and Sacramento." Delays to construction occurred until September 1853; but, "…San Jose became the first station on the line when the wire arrived here on October 15. The line was completed when [James] Gamble's northbound crew met a similar crew working southward from Marysville on October 24."
The Bay Area had long been a major site of United States Navy research and technology. In 1909, Charles Herrold started the first radio station in the United States with regularly scheduled programming in San Jose. Later that year, Stanford University graduate Cyril Elwell purchased the U.S. patents for Poulsen arc radio transmission technology and founded the Federal Telegraph Corporation (FTC) in Palo Alto. Over the next decade, the FTC created the world's first global radio communication system, and signed a contract with the Navy in 1912.[2]
In 1933, Air Base Sunnyvale, California, was commissioned by the United States Government for use as a Naval Air Station (NAS) to house the airship USS Macon in Hangar One. The station was renamed NAS Moffett Field, and between 1933 and 1947, U.S. Navy blimps were based there.[8] A number of technology firms had set up shop in the area around Moffett Field to serve the Navy. When the Navy gave up its airship ambitions and moved most of its west coast operations to San Diego, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA, forerunner of NASA) took over portions of Moffett Field for aeronautics research. Many of the original companies stayed, while new ones moved in. The immediate area was soon filled with aerospace firms, such as Lockheed.
Ham radio[edit]
The Bay Area was an early center of ham radio with about 10% of the operators in the United States. William Eitel, Jack McCullough, and Charles Litton, who together pioneered vacuum tube manufacturing in the Bay Area, were hobbyists with training in technology gained locally who participated in development of shortwave radio by the ham radio hobby. High frequency, and especially, Very high frequency, VHF, transmission in the 10 meter band, required higher quality power tubes than were manufactured by the consortium of RCA, Western Electric, General Electric, Westinghouse which controlled vacuum tube manufacture. Litton, founder of Litton Industries, pioneered manufacturing techniques which resulted in award of wartime contracts to manufacture transmitting tubes for radar to Eitel-McCullough, a San Bruno firm, which manufactured power-grid tubes for radio amateurs and aircraft radio equipment.[9]
Welfare capitalism[edit]
A union organizing drive in 1939–40 at Eitel-McCullough by the strong Bay Area labor movement was fought off by adoption of a strategy of welfare capitalism which included pensions and other generous benefits, profit sharing, and such extras as a medical clinic and a cafeteria. An atmosphere of cooperation and collaboration was established.[10] Successes have been few and far between[11] for union organizing drives by UE and others in subsequent years.[12]
U.S. response to Sputnik[edit]
On October 4, 1957 the Soviet Union launched the first space satellite, Sputnik, which sparked fear that the Soviet Union was pulling ahead technologically. After President Eisenhower signed the National Aeronautics and Space Act (NASA), he turned to Fairchild Semiconductor, then the only company in the world that was able to make transistors. The president funded Fairchild's project, which was highly successful.[13]
Stanford University[edit]
Stanford University, its affiliates, and graduates have played a major role in the development of this area.[14] Some examples include the work of Lee De Forest with his invention of a pioneering vacuum tube called the Audion and the oscilloscopes of Hewlett-Packard.
A very powerful sense of regional solidarity accompanied the rise of Silicon Valley. From the 1890s, Stanford University's leaders saw its mission as service to the West and shaped the school accordingly. At the same time, the perceived exploitation of the West at the hands of eastern interests fueled booster-like attempts to build self-sufficient indigenous local industry. Thus, regionalism helped align Stanford's interests with those of the area's high-tech firms for the first fifty years of Silicon Valley's development.[15]
During the 1940s and 1950s, Frederick Terman, as Stanford's dean of engineering and provost, encouraged faculty and graduates to start their own companies. He is credited with nurturing Hewlett-Packard, Varian Associates, and other high-tech firms, until what would become Silicon Valley grew up around the Stanford campus. Terman is often called "the father of Silicon Valley".[16]
In 1956, William Shockley, the creator of the transistor, moved from New Jersey to Mountain View, California, to start Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory to live closer to his ailing mother in Palo Alto. Shockley's work served as the basis for many electronic developments for decades.[17][18]
During 1955–85, solid state technology research and development at Stanford University followed three waves of industrial innovation made possible by support from private corporations, mainly Bell Telephone Laboratories, Shockley Semiconductor, Fairchild Semiconductor, and Xerox PARC. In 1969, the Stanford Research Institute (now SRI International), operated one of the four original nodes that comprised ARPANET, predecessor to the Internet.[19]
Stanford Industrial Park[edit]
After World War II, universities were experiencing enormous demand due to returning students. To address the financial demands of Stanford's growth requirements, and to provide local employment opportunities for graduating students, Frederick Terman proposed the leasing of Stanford's lands for use as an office park, named the Stanford Industrial Park (later Stanford Research Park) in the year 1951. Leases were limited to high technology companies. Its first tenant was Varian Associates, founded by Stanford alumni in the 1930s to build military radar components. However, Terman also found venture capital for civilian technology start-ups. One of the major success stories was Hewlett-Packard. Founded in Packard's garage by Stanford graduates William Hewlett and David Packard, Hewlett-Packard moved its offices into the Stanford Research Park shortly after 1953. In 1954, Stanford created the Honors Cooperative Program to allow full-time employees of the companies to pursue graduate degrees from the University on a part-time basis. The initial companies signed five-year agreements in which they would pay double the tuition for each student in order to cover the costs. Hewlett-Packard has become the largest personal computer manufacturer in the world, and transformed the home printing market when it released the first thermal drop-on-demand ink jet printer in 1984.[20] Other early tenants included Eastman Kodak, General Electric, and Lockheed.[21]
The silicon transistor[edit]
In 1953, William Shockley left Bell Labs in a disagreement over the handling of the invention of the transistor. After returning to California Institute of Technology for a short while, Shockley moved to Mountain View, California, in 1956, and founded Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory. Unlike many other researchers who used germanium as the semiconductor material, Shockley believed that silicon was the better material for making transistors. Shockley intended to replace the current transistor with a new three-element design (today known as the Shockley diode), but the design was considerably more difficult to build than the "simple" transistor. In 1957, Shockley decided to end research on the silicon transistor. As a result of Shockley's abusive management style, eight engineers left the company to form Fairchild Semiconductor; Shockley referred to them as the "traitorous eight". Two of the original employees of Fairchild Semiconductor, Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore, would go on to found Intel.[22][23]
Computer networking[edit]
April 23, 1963 J.C.R. Licklider, the first director of the Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO) at The Pentagon's ARPA issued an office memorandum rescheduling a meeting in Palo Alto addressed to "Members and Affiliates of the Intergalactic Computer Network".[24][25] regarding his vision of a computer network which he "imagined as an electronic commons open to all, 'the main and essential medium of informational interaction for governments, institutions, corporations, and individuals.'"[26][27] As head of IPTO from 1962 to 1964, "Licklider initiated three of the most important developments in information technology: the creation of computer science departments at several major universities, time-sharing, and networking."[27] By the late 1960s, his promotion of the concept had inspired a primitive version of his vision called ARPANET, which expanded into a network of networks in the 1970s that became the Internet.[26]
Immigration reform[edit]
The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 and other factors such as the mass exodus by Vietnamese boat people resulted in significant immigration, particularly by Asians, Latinos, and Portuguese, to Silicon Valley where they contributed to both the high-tech and production workforce.[28] The Asian-American population in Santa Clara County rose from 43,000 in 1970 to 430,000 in 2000. During the same period the Latino population grew to 24% in the county and 30% in San Jose. The African-American population in the county remained steady but grew slightly to about 5%.[29] Expansion of the H-1B visa in 1990 also played a role.[30]
History (1971 and later)[edit]
Computer chips[edit]
In April 1974, Intel released the Intel 8080,[31] a "computer on a chip", "the first truly usable microprocessor". A microprocessor incorporates the functions of a computer's central processing unit (CPU) on a single integrated circuit (IC).[32]
Homebrew Computer Club[edit]
The Homebrew Computer Club was an informal group of electronic enthusiasts and technically minded hobbyists who gathered to trade parts, circuits, and information pertaining to DIY construction of computing devices.[33] It was started by Gordon French and Fred Moore who met at the Community Computer Center in Menlo Park. They both were interested in maintaining a regular, open forum for people to get together to work on making computers more accessible to everyone.[34]
The first meeting was held as of March 1975 at French's garage in Menlo Park, San Mateo County, California; which was on occasion of the arrival of the MITS Altair microcomputer, the first unit sent to the area for review by People's Computer Company. Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs credit that first meeting with inspiring them to design the original Apple I and (successor) Apple II computers. As a result, the first preview of the Apple I was given at the Homebrew Computer Club.[35] Subsequent meetings were held at an auditorium at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center.[36]
Venture capital firms[edit]
By the early 1970s, there were many semiconductor companies in the area, computer firms using their devices, and programming and service companies serving both. Industrial space was plentiful and housing was still inexpensive. The growth was fueled by the emergence of the venture capital industry on Sand Hill Road, beginning with Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers and Sequoia Capital in 1972; the availability of venture capital exploded after the successful $1.3 billion IPO of Apple Computer in December 1980.
In 1980, Intelligent Machines Journal -a hobbyist journal- changed its name to InfoWorld, and, with offices in Palo Alto, began covering the explosive emergence of the microcomputer industry in the valley.[37]
Although semiconductors are still a major component of the area's economy, Silicon Valley has been most famous in recent years for innovations in software and Internet services. Silicon Valley has significantly influenced computer operating systems, software, and user interfaces.
Using money from NASA, the US Air Force, and ARPA, Doug Engelbart invented the mouse and hypertext-based collaboration tools in the mid-1960s and 1970s while at Stanford Research Institute (now SRI International), first publicly demonstrated in 1968 in what is now known as The Mother of All Demos. Engelbart's Augmentation Research Center at SRI was also involved in launching the ARPANET (precursor to the Internet) and starting the Network Information Center (now InterNIC). Xerox hired some of Engelbart's best researchers beginning in the early 1970s. In turn, in the 1970s and 1980s, Xerox's Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) played a pivotal role in object-oriented programming, graphical user interfaces (GUIs), Ethernet, PostScript, and laser printers.
While Xerox marketed equipment using its technologies, for the most part its technologies flourished elsewhere. The diaspora of Xerox inventions led directly to 3Com and Adobe Systems, and indirectly to Cisco, Apple Computer, and Microsoft. Apple's Macintosh GUI was largely a result of Steve Jobs' visit to PARC and the subsequent hiring of key personnel.[38] Cisco's impetus stemmed from the need to route a variety of protocols over Stanford's campus Ethernet.
The Internet[edit]
Commercial use of the Internet became practical and grew slowly throughout the early 1990s.
In 1995, commercial use of the Internet grew substantially and the initial wave of internet startups, Amazon.com, eBay, and the predecessor to Craigslist began operations.[39]
Internet bubble[edit]
Silicon Valley is generally considered to have been the center of the dot-com bubble, which started in the mid-1990s and collapsed after the NASDAQ stock market began to decline dramatically in April 2000. During the bubble era, real estate prices reached unprecedented levels. For a brief time, Sand Hill Road was home to the most expensive commercial real estate in the world, and the booming economy resulted in severe traffic congestion.
Early 21st century[edit]
After the dot-com crash, Silicon Valley continues to maintain its status as one of the top research and development centers in the world. A 2006 The Wall Street Journal story found that 12 of the 20 most inventive towns in America were in California, and 10 of those were in Silicon Valley.[40] San Jose led the list with 3,867 utility patents filed in 2005, and number two was Sunnyvale, at 1,881 utility patents.[41] Silicon Valley is also home to a significant number of "Unicorn" ventures, referring to startup companies whose valuation has exceeded $1 billion dollars.[42]
Silicon Valley has a social and business ethos that supports innovation and entrepreneurship. Attempts to create "Silicon Valleys" in environments where disruptive innovation does not go over well have a poor track record.[43]
According to a 2008 study by AeA in 2006, Silicon Valley was the third largest high-tech center (cybercity) in the United States, behind the New York metropolitan area and Washington metropolitan area, with 225,300 high-tech jobs. The Bay Area as a whole however, of which Silicon Valley is a part, would rank first with 387,000 high-tech jobs. Silicon Valley has the highest concentration of high-tech workers of any metropolitan area, with 285.9 out of every 1,000 private-sector workers. Silicon Valley has the highest average high-tech salary at $144,800.[44] Largely a result of the high technology sector, the San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area has the most millionaires and the most billionaires in the United States per capita.[45]
The region is the biggest high-tech manufacturing center in the United States.[46][47] The unemployment rate of the region was 9.4% in January 2009, up from 7.8% in the previous month.[48] Silicon Valley received 41% of all U.S. venture investment in 2011, and 46% in 2012.[49] More traditional industries also recognize the potential of high-tech development, and several car manufacturers have opened offices in Silicon Valley to capitalize on its entrepreneurial ecosystem.[50]
Manufacture of transistors is, or was, the core industry in Silicon Valley. The production workforce[51] was for the most part composed of Asian and Latina immigrants who were paid low wages and worked in hazardous conditions due to the chemicals used in the manufacture of integrated circuits. Technical, engineering, design, and administrative staffs were in large part [52] well compensated.[53]
Silicon Valley has a severe housing shortage, caused by the market imbalance between jobs created and housing units built: from 2010 to 2015, many more jobs have been created than housing units built. (400,000 jobs, 60,000 housing units)[54] This shortage has driven home prices extremely high, far out of the range of production workers.[55] As of 2016 a two-bedroom apartment rented for about $2,500 while the median home price was about $1 million.[54] The Financial Post called Silicon Valley the most expensive U.S. housing region.[56] Homelessness is a problem with housing beyond the reach of middle-income residents; there is little shelter space other than in San Jose which, as of 2015, was making an effort to develop shelters by renovating old hotels.[57]
Notable companies[edit]
Thousands of high technology companies are headquartered in Silicon Valley. Among those, the following 39 are in the Fortune 1000:
- Adobe Systems
- Advanced Micro Devices (AMD)
- Agilent Technologies
- Alphabet Inc. (formerly Google Inc.)
- Apple Inc.
- Applied Materials
- Brocade Communications Systems
- Cisco Systems
- eBay
- Electronic Arts
- Hewlett Packard Enterprise
- HP Inc.
- Intel
- Intuit
- Juniper Networks
- KLA Tencor
- Lam Research
- LSI Logic
- Marvell Semiconductors
- Maxim Integrated Products
- National Semiconductor
- NetApp
- Netflix
- Nvidia
- Oracle Corporation
- Riverbed Technology
- Salesforce.com
- SanDisk
- Sanmina-SCI
- Symantec
- Tesla, Inc.
- Visa Inc.
- VMware
- Western Digital Corporation
- Xilinx
- Yahoo!
Additional notable companies headquartered (or with a significant presence) in Silicon Valley include (some defunct or subsumed):
- 3Com (acquired by Hewlett-Packard)
- 8x8
- Actel
- Actuate Corporation
- Adaptec
- Aeria Games and Entertainment
- Akamai Technologies (HQ in Cambridge, Massachusetts)
- Altera
- Amazon.com's A9.com
- Amazon.com's Lab126.com
- Amdahl
- Anritsu
- AstraQom
- Asus (headquartered in Taipei, Taiwan)
- Atari
- Atmel
- Broadcom (headquartered in Irvine, California)
- BEA Systems (acquired by Oracle Corporation)
- Cadence Design Systems
- Cypress Semiconductor
- Dell (headquartered in Round Rock, Texas)
- EMC Corporation (headquartered in Hopkinton, Massachusetts)
- Extreme Networks
- E*TRADE (headquartered in New York, NY)
- Fairchild Semiconductor
- Flex (formally Flextronics)
- Foundry Networks
- Fujitsu (headquartered in Tokyo, Japan)
- Geeknet (Slashdot)
- GoPro
- Groupon (headquartered in Chicago, IL)
- Harmonic, Inc.
- HCL Technologies (headquartered in Noida, India)
- Hitachi Data Systems
- Hitachi Global Storage Technologies
- IBM Almaden Research Center (headquartered in Armonk, New York)
- Infosys (headquartered in Bangalore, India)
- Informatica
- Intuitive Surgical
- LinkedIn (acquired by Microsoft)
- Logitech
- Lucasfilm
- Maxtor (acquired by Seagate)
- McAfee (acquired by Intel)
- Memorex (acquired by Imation and moved to Cerritos, California)
- MetricStream
- Micron Technology (headquartered in Boise, Idaho)
- Microsoft (headquartered in Redmond, Washington)
- Mozilla Foundation
- Move, Inc.
- Nokia (headquartered in Espoo, Finland)
- Nokia Solutions and Networks (headquartered in Espoo, Finland)
- NXP Semiconductors
- Nook (subsidiary of Barnes & Noble)
- Olivetti (headquartered in Ivrea, Italy)
- Opera Software (headquartered in Oslo, Norway)
- Palm, Inc. (acquired by Hewlett-Packard)
- Panasonic (headquartered in Osaka, Japan)
- PayPal (it has been demerged from eBay)
- Pixar
- Playdom
- PlayPhone
- Qualcomm, Inc. (HQ in San Diego, CA)
- Quanta Computer
- Quantcast
- Quora
- Rambus
- Roku, Inc.
- RSA Security (acquired by EMC)
- Samsung Electronics (headquartered in Suwon, South Korea)
- Samsung Research America (headquartered in Suwon, South Korea)
- SAP SE (headquartered in Walldorf, Germany)
- Siemens (headquartered in Berlin and Munich, Germany)
- SolarCity
- Sony (headquartered in Tokyo, Japan)
- Sony Mobile Communications
- Sony Interactive Entertainment
- Square, Inc.
- SRI International
- Sun Microsystems (acquired by Oracle Corporation)
- SunPower
- SurveyMonkey
- Synopsys Inc.
- Tata Consultancy Services (headquartered in Mumbai, India)
- Tibco Software
- TiVo
- Uber
- Verifone
- VeriSign
- Veritas Software (split off from Symantec)
- VMware
- WebEx (acquired by Cisco Systems)
- @WalmartLabs
- YouTube (acquired by Google)
- Yelp, Inc.
- Zynga
Silicon Valley is also home to the high-tech superstore retail chain Fry's Electronics.
Notable government facilities[edit]
- Moffett Federal Airfield
- NASA Ames Research Center (Located inside Moffett)
- Onizuka Air Force Station
Depending on what geographic regions are included in the meaning of the term, the population of Silicon Valley is between 3.5 and 4 million. A 1999 study by AnnaLee Saxenian for the Public Policy Institute of California reported that a third of Silicon Valley scientists and engineers were immigrants and that nearly a quarter of Silicon Valley's high-technology firms since 1980 were run by Chinese (17 percent) or Indian CEOs (7 percent).[58] There is a stratum of well-compensated technical employees and managers, including 10s of thousands of "single-digit millionaires." This income and range of assets will support a middle-class lifestyle in Silicon Valley.[59]
In November 2006, the University of California, Davis released a report analyzing business leadership by women within the state.[60] The report showed that although 103 of the 400 largest public companies headquartered in California were located in Santa Clara County (the most of all counties), only 8.8% of Silicon Valley companies had women CEOs.[61]:4,7 This was the lowest percentage in the state.[62] (San Francisco County had 19.2% and Marin County had 18.5%.)[61]
Silicon Valley tech leadership positions are occupied almost exclusively by men.[63] This is also represented in the number of new companies founded by women as well as the number of women-lead startups that receive venture capital funding. Wadhwa said he believes that a contributing factor is a lack of parental encouragement to study science and engineering.[64] He also cited a lack of women role models and noted that most famous tech leaders—like Bill Gates, Steve Jobs, and Mark Zuckerberg—are men.[63]
In 2014, tech companies Google, Yahoo!, Facebook, Apple, and others, released corporate transparency reports that offered detailed employee breakdowns. In May, Google said 17% of its tech employees worldwide were women, and, in the U.S., 1% of its tech workers were black and 2% were Hispanic.[65] June 2014 brought reports from Yahoo! and Facebook. Yahoo! said that 15% of its tech jobs were held by women, 2% of its tech employees were black and 4% Hispanic.[66] Facebook reported that 15% of its tech workforce was female, and 3% was Hispanic and 1% was black.[67] In August, Apple reported that 80% of its global tech staff was male and that, in the U.S., 54% of its tech jobs were staffed by Caucasians and 23% by Asians.[68] Soon after, USA Today published an article about Silicon Valley's lack of tech-industry diversity, pointing out that it is largely white or Asian, and male. "Blacks and Hispanics are largely absent," it reported, "and women are underrepresented in Silicon Valley—from giant companies to start-ups to venture capital firms."[69] Civil rights activist Jesse Jackson said of improving diversity in the tech industry, "This is the next step in the civil rights movement"[70] while T.J. Rodgers has argued against Jackson's assertions.
As of October 2014, some high-profile Silicon Valley firms were working actively to prepare and recruit women. Bloomberg reported that Apple, Facebook, Google, and Microsoft attended the 20th annual Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing conference to actively recruit and potentially hire female engineers and technology experts.[71] The same month, the second annual Platform Summit was held to discuss increasing racial and gender diversity in tech.[72] As of April 2015 experienced women were engaged in creation of venture capital firms which leveraged women's perspectives in funding of startups.[73]
After UC Davis published its Study of California Women Business Leaders in November 2006,[61] some San Jose Mercury News readers dismissed the possibility that sexism contributed in making Silicon Valley's leadership gender gap the highest in the state. A January 2015 issue of Newsweek magazine featured an article detailing reports of sexism and misogyny in Silicon Valley.[74] The article's author, Nina Burleigh, asked, "Where were all these offended people when women like Heidi Roizen published accounts of having a venture capitalist stick her hand in his pants under a table while a deal was being discussed?"[75]
Silicon Valley firms' board of directors are composed of 15.7% women compared with 20.9% in the S&P 100.[76]
The 2012 lawsuit Pao v. Kleiner Perkins was filed in San Francisco County Superior Court by executive Ellen Pao for gender discrimination against her employer, Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers.[77] The case went to trial in February 2015. On March 27, 2015 the jury found in favor of Kleiner Perkins on all counts.[78] Nevertheless, the case, which had wide press coverage, resulted in major advances in consciousness of gender discrimination on the part of venture capital and technology firms and their women employees.[79][80] Two other cases have been filed against Facebook and Twitter.[81]
Funding for public schools in upscale Silicon Valley communities such as Woodside, California is often supplemented by grants from private foundations set up for that purpose and funded by local residents. Schools in less favorable demographics such as East Palo Alto, California must depend on state funding.[82]
The following Santa Clara County cities are actually located in the Santa Clara Valley and based on that status are traditionally considered to be in Silicon Valley (in alphabetical order):[citation needed]
In 2015, MIT researchers developed a novel method for measuring which towns are home to startups with higher growth potential. This defines Silicon Valley to center on the municipalities of Menlo Park, Mountain View, Palo Alto, and Sunnyvale.[83][84]
The following Bay Area cities are (or were) home to various high-tech companies (or related firms like venture capital firms) and have thereby become associated with Silicon Valley:[citation needed]
- Belmont
- Burlingame
- East Palo Alto
- Foster City
- Menlo Park
- Millbrae
- Redwood City
- San Bruno
- San Carlos
- San Mateo
- South San Francisco
Universities, colleges, and trade schools[edit]
- The Art Institute of California – Sunnyvale
- California College of the Arts
- Carnegie Mellon University (Silicon Valley campus)
- California State University, East Bay, Hayward
- Cañada College
- Chabot College
- Cogswell Polytechnical College
- College of San Mateo
- De Anza College
- DeVry University
- Draper University
- Evergreen Valley College
- Foothill College
- Gavilan College
- Golden Gate University (Silicon Valley Campus)
- Hult International Business School
- International Culinary Center
- International Technological University
- John F. Kennedy University (Campbell Campus)
- Lincoln Law School of San Jose
- Menlo College
- Mills College
- Minerva Schools at KGI
- Mission College
- National University San Jose Campus
- Northwestern Polytechnic University (Fremont)
- Notre Dame de Namur University
- Ohlone College
- Peralta Colleges
- Saint Mary's College of California
- San Jose City College
- San José State University
- San Francisco State University
- Santa Clara University
- Silicon Valley University
- Singularity University
- Skyline College
- Stanford University
- University of California, Berkeley
- University of California, Santa Cruz, Silicon Valley Campus
- University of California, San Francisco
- University of San Francisco South Bay Campus
- West Valley College
Art galleries and museums[edit]
Silicon Valley's first internationally known art gallery, Pace Art and Technology Gallery in Menlo Park, opened on February 6, 2016.[85]
In 1928, the Allied Arts Guild was formed in Menlo Park and is a complex of artist studios, shops, restaurant, and gardens.[86][87]
Some museums in Silicon Valley include;
- Burlingame Museum of PEZ Memorabilia,
- Computer History Museum,
- Children's Discovery Museum of San Jose,
- CuriOdyssey,
- De Saisset Museum at Santa Clara University,
- Filoli Estate,
- Forbes Mill,
- Hiller Aviation Museum,
- the HP Garage,[88]
- the Intel Museum,[88]
- Iris & B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts at Stanford University,[88]
- Japanese American Museum of San Jose,
- Los Altos History Museum,
- Moffett Field Historical Society Museum,
- Museum of American Heritage,
- Palo Alto Art Center,
- Palo Alto Junior Museum and Zoo,
- Portuguese Historical Museum,
- Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum,
- San Mateo County History Museum,
- San Jose Museum of Art,
- San Jose Museum of Quilts & Textiles
- Sunnyvale Heritage Park Museum,
- The Tech Museum of Innovation,
- Viet Museum,
- Winchester Mystery House,
Media outlets[edit]
Local and national media cover Silicon Valley and its companies. CNN, The Wall Street Journal, and Bloomberg News operate Silicon Valley bureaus out of Palo Alto. Public broadcaster KQED (TV) and KQED-FM, as well as the Bay Area's local ABC station KGO-TV, operate bureaus in San Jose. KNTV, NBC's local Bay Area affiliate "NBC Bay Area", is located in San Jose. Produced from this location is the nationally distributed TV Show "Tech Now" as well as the CNBC Silicon Valley bureau. San Jose-based media serving Silicon Valley include the San Jose Mercury News daily and the Metro Silicon Valley weekly. Specialty media include El Observador and the San Jose / Silicon Valley Business Journal. Most of the Bay Area's other major TV stations, newspapers, and media operate in San Francisco or Oakland. Patch.com operates various web portals, providing local news, discussion and events for residents of Silicon Valley. Mountain View has a public nonprofit station, KMVT-15. KMVT-15's shows include Silicon Valley Education News (EdNews)-Edward Tico Producer.
Cultural references[edit]
- Appearances in media, in order by release date.
- The Maltese Falcon—1941 movie starring Humphrey Bogart and Mary Astor, she visits Sam Spade's office in Burlingame[89]
- A View to a Kill—1985 James Bond movie
- Dangerous Minds—1995 movie about a retired U.S. Marine LouAnne Johnson, who took up a teaching position at Carlmont High School in Belmont, California[90]
- Triumph of the Nerds: The Rise of Accidental Empires — 1996 documentary
- Felicity—1998–2002 TV series, Felicity Porter grows up in Palo Alto
- Pirates of Silicon Valley—1999 movie
- House of Sand and Fog—2003 movie, an unclear Bay Area coastal location in movie, filmed in San Mateo County[91]
- Knight Rider—2008 made-for-television movie
- Haunting of Winchester House—2009 movie
- The Social Network—2010 movie
- Startups Silicon Valley—reality TV series, debuted 2012 on Bravo[92]
- Silicon Valley Education News (EdNews)-KMVT-15 (Producer Edward Tico)—debuted 2015
- Betas—TV series, debuted 2013 on Amazon Video[93]
- Jobs—2013 movie
- The Internship—2013 film about working at Google
- Silicon Valley—2014 American sitcom from HBO
- Watch Dogs 2—2016 video game developed by Ubisoft
See also[edit]
- BioValley
- List of attractions in Silicon Valley
- List of places with "Silicon" names around the world
- List of research parks around the world
- List of technology centers around the world
- Mega-Site, a type of land development by private developers, universities, or governments to promote business clusters
- Silicon Hills
- STEM fields
- Tech Valley
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Further reading[edit]
- Books
- Bronson, Po (2013). The Nudist On The Lateshift: and Other Tales of Silicon Valley. Random House. ISBN 978-1-4481-8964-9.
- Cringely, Robert X. (1996) [1992]. Accidental Empires: How the boys of Silicon Valley make their millions, battle foreign competition, and still can't get a date. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-88730-855-0.
- English-Lueck, June Anne (2002). Cultures@Silicon Valley. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-4429-4.
- Hayes, Dennis (1990) [1989]. Behind the Silicon Curtain: The Seductions of Work in a Lonely Era. Black Rose Books. ISBN 978-0-921689-62-1.
- Kaplan, David A. (2000). The Silicon Boys: And Their Valleys Of Dreams. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-688-17906-9.
- Koepp, Rob. Clusters of Creativity: Enduring Lessons on Innovation and Entrepreneurship from Silicon Valley and Europe's Silicon Fen. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-85566-9.
- Lécuyer, Christophe Lécuyer (2006) [2005]. Making Silicon Valley: Innovation and the Growth of High Tech, 1930–1970. Chemical Heritage Foundation. ISBN 978-0-262-12281-8.
- Levy, Steven (2014) [1984]. Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution. O'Reilly Media. ISBN 978-1-4493-8839-3.
- O'Mara, Margaret Pugh (2015) [2004]. Cities of Knowledge: Cold War Science and the Search for the Next Silicon Valley: Cold War Science and the Search for the Next Silicon Valley. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-6688-5.
- Pellow, David N; Park, Lisa Sun-Hee (2002). The Silicon Valley of Dreams: Environmental Injustice, Immigrant Workers, and the High-tech Global Economy. New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-6710-8.
- Saxenian, AnnaLee (1996). Regional Advantage: Culture and Competition in Silicon Valley and Route 128. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-75340-2.
- Scoville, Thomas (2001). Silicon Follies (Fiction). Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7434-1945-1.
- Whiteley, Carol; McLaughlin, John (2002). Technology, Entrepreneurs and Silicon Valley. Silicon Valley Historical Association. ISBN 0-9649217-1-5.
- Journals and newspapers
- Kantor, Jodi (December 23, 2014). "A Brand New World In Which Men Ruled". New York Times.
- Koenig, Neil (February 9, 2014). "Next Silicon Valleys: How did California get it so right?". BBC News.
- Malone, Michael S. (January 30, 2015). "The Purpose of Silicon Valley". MIT Technology Review.
- Norr, Henry (December 27, 1999). "Growth of a Silicon Empire". San Francisco Chronicle.
- Palmer, Barbara (February 4, 2004). "Red tile roofs in Bangalore: Stanford's look copied in Silicon Valley and beyond". Stanford Report.
- Schulz, Thomas (March 4, 2015). "Tomorrowland: How Silicon Valley Shapes Our Future". Der Spiegel.
- Sturgeon, Timothy J. (December 2000). "Chapter Two: How Silicon Valley Came to Be" (PDF). Industrial Performance Center. Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
- Williams, James C. (December 2013). "From White Gold to Silicon Chips: Hydraulic Technology, Electric Power and Silicon Valley". Social Science Information (Abstract). Sage Publications. 52 (4): 558–574. (Subscription required for full text.)
- Audiovisual
- Silicon Valley: A Five Part Series (DVD). Narrated by Leonard Nimoy. Silicon Valley Historical Association. 2012.
- "A Weekend in Silicon Valley". New York Times (Slideshow). August 27, 2010.
- Silicon Valley: A Five Part Series (DVD). Narrated by Leonard Nimoy. Silicon Valley Historical Association. 2012.
External links[edit]
|Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Silicon Valley.
- Santa Clara County: California's Historic Silicon Valley—A National Park Service website
- Silicon Valley—An American Experience documentary broadcast in 2013
- Silicon Valley Cultures Project at the Wayback Machine (archived December 20, 2007) from San Jose State University
- Silicon Valley Historical Association
- The Birth of Silicon Valley

subset: commoncrawl


text:
'Revolution' and 'dissent' resonate across cultures and through time. They are represented in responses from writers, artists, politicians, theologians, historians, philosophers, economists – thinkers of every sort. 500 years ago, Martin Luther nailed his 95 Theses to a church door in Wittenberg; 100 years ago French troops on the Western Front mutinied and the Bolsheviks toppled the Tsar in the Russian Revolution, and 50 years ago the Sexual Offenses Act decriminalised homosexuality in the UK. In 2017, the British government invoked Article 50 and began the process of Brexit and Donald Trump became the 45th President of the USA: are these dissenting and revolutionary events?
The Staton Essay Prize is an interdisciplinary essay competition open to all students currently studying in Year 12 anywhere in the UK (or its equivalent in the EU and internationally).
The interdisciplinary character of the competition reflects our specialism at Regent's Park College, in teaching and research across the Humanities and Social Sciences, and the success of our students on joint degree programmes.
The aim of the competition is to give school pupils the opportunity to explore connections between the subjects they study or are interested in, to develop their independent research skills, and to encourage them to consider interdisciplinary courses at university.
The closing date for entries will be Friday 28 July; all will be acknowledged by letter in the autumn and entrants whose work is commended by the judges will receive certificates. One top prize will be awarded in each of three categories (contemporary worlds, historical worlds, and literary worlds); £250 for the best essay overall, and a further two £150 prizes. The three prize-winners will be invited to a special awards dinner in College, to which they may bring guests, which usually takes place at the end of October.
In NO MORE than 2000 words, answer ONE question from this list:
Contemporary Worlds category:
In this category, entrants could combine subjects like contemporary history (1980s onwards), economics, philosophy, religious studies, and politics.
(1) 'The revolution will not be televised' (Gil Scott-Heron). How important is the media in revolution and protest?
(2) Is dissent a sign of a healthy democracy?
(3) Do you agree that 'poverty is the parent of revolution and crime' (Aristotle)?
Historical Worlds category:
In this category, entrants could combine subjects like ancient history, archaeology, classical literature, history (from the fall of Rome to 1979), philosophy, and religious studies.
(4) Do protest movements gain momentum because of a unifying ideology or charismatic leadership?
(5) Do revolutions always end in disappointment?
(6) Is protest more effective if it is underpinned with violence?
Literary Worlds category:
In this category, entrants could combine subjects like classical literature, English language, English literature, history (any period), philosophy, and religious studies.
(7) 'The World Turned-Upside-Down' (title of a pamphlet from the English Civil War). Do you think that works of literature turn worlds upside down or stabilize them?
(8) 'Voldemort himself created his worst enemy, just as tyrants everywhere do! Have you any idea how much tyrants fear the people they oppress?' (J. K. Rowling, Harry Potter & the Half-Blood Prince). Do you agree?
(9) In what ways do revolutions spur literary creativity?
Your essay must bring together two or more subjects OR combine a subject you are studying with a personal interest.
Include a list of all the sources (including online resources and websites) that you have used to research and write your essay. This list is not included in the word count.
The competition will be judged by College tutors in the relevant disciplines; unfortunately, essays will not be returned and the judges cannot provide feedback (written or verbal) to entrants.
The judges will reward sophistication in the level of engagement between disciplines, clarity of thought and expression, and the careful choice of examples.
The judges' decisions are final, and they reserve the right not to award a prize in any category if they consider that none of the entries reach the required standard.
Submit your essay as a Word document, with a completed title page, to: firstname.lastname@example.com.
Please ensure that ONLY your initials and date of birth appear on EACH PAGE of the essay.
To download a title page for your essay, click here.
The College cannot accept faxed entries.
Winners will be announced in the week beginning Monday 25 September


text:
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text:
How long does it take for the sockets to close up so that food doesn't keep getting back there and also so it doesn't hurt when I drink cold soda? Also I have been getting it packed with the olive oil treatment, does this make the healing take longer?
Ooops. I meant clove oil(Eugenol). Don't know why I typed olive oil. haha
Tagged with: clove • clove oil • cold soda • olive oil treatment • sockets
Filed under: Natural Remedies


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Three dog mess fines 'insufficient'
Dublin City Council has confirmed that three people were fined in the capital this year for failing to clean up after their dogs.
The figure was revealed as a new survey showed that 10% of dog owners admitted to rarely or never doing the messy deed.
The survey also found that dog mess was considered one of the capital's biggest litter problems ahead of cigarettes, gum or graffiti - with the majority of people complaining that fines were not enforced sufficiently.
Hugh Coughlan, of the council's waste management services, said: "The survey confirms what many people probably think - dog litter is perceived to be one of the city's most significant litter problems and not enough dog owners are taking responsibility for it.
"Things can only improve when attitudes change.
"Our message is that not cleaning up after your dog is unacceptable and is a health hazard.
"Your dog is your responsibility so clean up after it."
According to the survey, conducted by Milward Brown between August and September, 66% of Dubliners think dog litter is a problem in the city.
Almost nine in 10 believe that dog owners should clean up their mess, while 49% said the dog litter problem in the capital was getting worse.
Some 30% of the 400 people polled, which included 136 dog owners, said more education and awareness would improve the problem, while 57% said they felt fines were not sufficiently enforced.
Only three fines were issued in 2012.
Press Association


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WASHINGTON — When the Senate Democratic Policy Committee asked the head of a business organization advocating an overhaul of Social Security to testify at a hearing last week, the members expected him to take the White House line.
They didn't know he would also take the White House editing.
In e-mailing his testimony to the Democratic panel, the organization's chief, Derrick A. Max, inadvertently included editing comments made by an associate commissioner of Social Security on loan to the White House.
Democrats, crying foul, have asked for an investigation. Max has responded that the Social Security official, Andrew G. Biggs, is one of his closest friends and that the changes he made were largely grammatical and technical.
"The real scandal here is that after 15 years of using Microsoft Word, I don't know how to turn off 'track changes,' " Max said.


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Who we work with - Austin Bergstrom Airport
Austin Bergstrom Airport serves as the main international airport for Austin. Located about 5 miles south east of downtown Austin, hiring a car is a good way to begin exploring Austin and Texas.
Sightseeing in Austin
Some of the main tourist attractions include the Austin Zoo and Animal Sanctuary, home to over 300 animals. Take a tour of the Texas State Capitol building and view the numerous monuments located here. Head over to the Ann W. Richards Congress Avenue Bridge around dusk and watch as close to a million bats emerge, creating a stunning display.
Austin is also a great destination for sports fans. With the Circuit of the Americas close by, visit during a Formula One race or maybe even catch a basketball or football game here.
Austin also has a number of parks including McKinney Falls State Park. It is located on the south eastern edge of Austin and features several designated hiking trails along with an array of flora and fauna.
Visit the George Washington Carver Museum and Cultural Centre which is a museum in east Austin. Why not also explore the Blanton Museum of Art or the Bullock Texas State History Museum?
Do some fishing at Lake Austin which is considered to have an excellent stock of large-mouth bass. Alternatively, head out on the lake for a boating or sailing trip or go for a swim to cool off at Barton Springs Pool, a man-made recreational swimming pool located in the grounds of Zilker Park.
Go for a scenic drive in the nearby countryside from Austin to Wimberley. Drive through rural Texas Hill Country, with its limestone outcroppings and gnarled old live oak trees.
Explore Texas
Take your hire car south following Interstate 35 to San Antonio. Amble along the River Walk which is a network of walkways along the banks of the San Antonio River. Visit Six Flags Fiesta Texas, which is a theme park located on approximately 200 acres of land in San Antonio.
Why not travel to Fort Worth? With attractions that include the Fort Worth Zoo, which was once home to just a lion, two bear cubs, an alligator, a coyote, a peacock and a few rabbits. Now it houses more than 5,000 native and exotic animals.
Dallas, the third largest city in Texas is home to attractions that include the Dallas World Aquarium, Arboretum and Botanical Gardens as well as Reunion Tower.Book now


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Chennai shutdown in protest over Sri Lankan Tamil issueOctober 31st, 2008 - 4:28 pm ICT by ANI
Chennai, Oct 31 (ANI): Shops and other business establishments observed a 12-hour shutdown in Chennai today to protest against the ongoing conflict in Tamil dominated area of Sri Lanka.
City''s major markets including vegetable and fruit markets observed a shutdown over the issue.
The protesting traders said, they would continue to lend support to the Tamils in Sri Lanka.
"It is our demand that Sri Lanka should put a stop to the war against the Tamils. We will continue to provide support for the Tamils and raise our voices against the atrocities and we are also ready to face any challenge that will come in our way," said Komagan, Secretary, Koyambedu Vegetable Market, Chennai.
The shutdown called by the Tamil Nadu traders Association has been supported by the residents, who welcomed the initiative.
We welcome the protest. Many of our brothers are struggling there. It is a good step.," said Kankaraj, a resident.
The escalating war in Sri Lanka has roiled Indian politics and prompted heated diplomatic exchanges between the neighbouring states. (ANI)
Tags: atrocities, business establishments, conflict, fruit markets, indian politics, initiative, neighbouring states, oct 31, protest, sri lankan tamil, tamils, traders association, vegetable market, voices, war in sri lanka


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United States, Appellee
David MAY, Sergeant Major
U.S. Marine Corps, Appellant
No. 96-0841
Crim. App. No. 94-2027
United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces
Argued December 2, 1997
Decided March 12, 1998
This opinion is subject to editorial correction before final publication.
For Appellant: Lieutenant Estela I. Velez, JAGC, USNR (argued); Major R. K. Stutzel, USMC.
For Appellee: Lieutenant Commander Nancy
Blankenship Jones, JAGC, USN (argued); Colonel Charles Wm. Dorman,
USMC, and Commander D. H. Myers, JAGC, USN (on brief).
Military Judge: E. D. Clark
Opinion of the Court
GIERKE, Judge:
A general court-martial composed of officer and enlisted members convicted appellant, contrary to his pleas, of carnal knowledge, in violation of Article 120, Uniform Code of Military Justice, 10 USC § 920. The adjudged and approved sentence provides for a bad-conduct discharge and reduction to the lowest enlisted grade. The Court of Criminal Appeals affirmed the findings and sentence in an unpublished opinion. This Court granted review of the following issues:
In addition, this Court specified the following issue:
Factual Background
The facts are not in dispute. At the time of his court-martial, appellant was a Sergeant Major in the United States Marine Corps. He had served honorably for 26 years and was eligible for military retirement.
After the trial, Mr. Kevin McDermott, the civilian defense counsel who had represented appellant at the court-martial, prepared a recitation of legal errors. Major (Maj) Sean Freeman, USMC, who was detailed military counsel for post-trial matters, submitted Mr. McDermott's allegations of legal errors, as well as a clemency petition, in accordance with RCM 1105, Manual for Courts-Martial, United States (1995 ed.). The alleged legal errors were (1) that prosecution was barred by the statute of limitations; (2) that trial counsel improperly commented on appellant's failure to present evidence after that evidence had been excluded because of prosecution objections; and (3) insufficiency of the evidence. The clemency petition recited appellant's lengthy military service and requested that the bad-conduct discharge be suspended and that appellant be allowed to retire as a Gunnery Sergeant (E-7). The convening authority approved the findings and sentence as adjudged.
The case was docketed with the Court of Criminal Appeals on January 13, 1995. Lieutenant (LT) D. Jacques Smith, JAGC, USNR, was assigned as appellate defense counsel for appellant in accordance with Article 70, UCMJ, 10 USC § 870. In addition, appellant retained Mr. George Kripner to represent him before the Court of Criminal Appeals and paid him a retainer of $2,500. Appellant informed LT Smith that he wanted Mr. Kripner to act as lead appellate counsel and to file the brief on his behalf.
On September 7, 1995, appellant sent Mr. Kripner an additional $3,000. In early October 1995, LT Smith informed appellant that he had experienced difficulty contacting Mr. Kripner since August and that he was prepared to file a brief on appellant's behalf by mid-November if he had not heard from appellant or Mr. Kripner. In October, Mr. Kripner called appellant and LT Smith and told them that the brief was being prepared. Before October 1995, LT Smith had filed six requests for enlargement of time to file appellant's brief. He filed a seventh request for enlargement on October 6, 1995, and the due date for the defense brief was extended to November 10. On November 7, 1995, LT Smith requested an eighth enlargement of time to file. The court granted this request, extended the filing date to December 10, and ordered military counsel to "notify the civilian counsel by certified mail that further enlargements will not be favorably received, absent extraordinary circumstances." The court also ordered military counsel to "prepare to file assignments of error with this court by 10 December 1995 independent of any assistance or guidance by civilian counsel."
In November LT Smith informed appellant that he was being transferred and that Maj Stutzel would be the new appellate counsel. LT Smith was reassigned on November 30, 1995.
In early December Maj Stutzel told appellant that he had been unable to contact Mr. Kripner and that he would be unable to familiarize himself with the case and file a brief by December 10. Appellant informed Maj Stutzel that he still wanted Mr. Kripner to file the brief because he had already paid him to do so. Appellant contacted Mr. Kripner, who said that he needed more time.
On December 8, 1995, Maj Stutzel was informed that Mr. Kripner had contacted Colonel (Col) Oullette, the Assistant Judge Advocate General for Military Justice, and requested an additional 10 days to file a brief. Col Oulette informed both government and defense appellate counsel of the request and told them to handle it. Maj Stutzel prepared another request for enlargement, the ninth, until December 29. This request declared, "No further enlargements will be requested." It was signed and submitted by Commander Cooper, Chief, Appellate Defense Division.1
Maj Stutzel went on leave between Christmas and New Years Day, but he designated another military lawyer, LT Ahmad, as a point of contact and informed Mr. Kripner. On December 29, LT Ahmad called Maj Stutzel and informed him that Mr. Kripner had contacted him and said he needed more time. CDR Cooper submitted another request for enlargement, the tenth, requesting that the filing date be extended until January 5, 1996, the date when Mr. Kripner had indicated that he would be able to file the brief. This request for enlargement was denied on January 2, 1996.
Maj Stutzel called Mr. Kripner's office on January 3 and 4 and left messages. On January 5, Mr. Kripner returned Maj Stutzel's call and said that he was having trouble getting the brief typed and that he would send the brief via facsimile around January 10, along with a motion to file out of time. Maj Stutzel told appellant what Mr. Kripner had said. Maj Stutzel called Mr. Kripner repeatedly after January 5, but none of his calls were returned. No brief from Mr. Kripner or military appellate defense counsel was ever filed.
On March 5, 1996, the court decided appellant's case without any defense briefs, resolving all issues against appellant and affirming the findings and sentence. No petition for reconsideration or other pleadings were filed on appellant's behalf before the Court of Criminal Appeals after its decision on March 5. A petition for review by this Court was filed on May 7, 1996, and was granted on February 7, 1997.
Article 70 requires the Judge Advocate General to designate "one or more commissioned officers" who are qualified under Article 27(b)(1)2 as appellate defense counsel. In addition, an appellant has the right to be represented by "civilian counsel if provided by him." Art. 70(d). If, as in this case, appellant retains civilian counsel and designates that counsel as lead counsel, then military appellate counsel perform duties as assigned by lead counsel. See United States v. Tavolilla, 17 USCMA 395, 38 CMR 193 (1968) (describing authority of chief defense counsel to designate duties of assistants). The standards for measuring the performance of appellate defense counsel are the same as those for trial defense counsel. United States v. Hullum, 15 MJ 261, 267 (CMA 1983). Where an appellant is represented by both civilian counsel and detailed military counsel, the performance of counsel is measured by the combined efforts of the defense team as a whole. United States v. Boone, 42 MJ 308, 313 (1995).
In United States v. Grostefon, 12 MJ 431, 436 (CMA 1982), this Court established a requirement "that when the accused specifies error in his request for appellate representation or in some other form, the appellate defense counsel will, at a minimum, invite the attention of the Court of Military Review to those issues." (Emphasis added.) The Grostefon requirement is not based on the Sixth Amendment right to counsel, but instead is based on Articles 66 and 70.3 United States v. Arroyo, 17 MJ 224, 226 (CMA 1984). Where an appellant tells appellate defense counsel that the conviction is not supported by the evidence, Grostefon requires that that assertion be brought to the attention of the court. United States v. Tyler, 34 MJ 293 (CMA 1992).
Although Courts of Criminal Appeals have a broad mandate to review the record unconstrained by an appellant's assignments of error, that broad mandate does not reduce the importance of adequate representation. As we said in United States v. Ortiz, 24 MJ 323, 325 (CMA 1987), independent review is not the same as competent appellate representation. An appellant who is denied counsel is forced to proceed "without a champion on appeal." Douglas v. California, 372 U.S. 353, 356 (1963). Denial of appellate counsel is presumptively prejudicial. Penson v. Ohio, 488 U.S. 75, 88 (1988).
In some cases, the facts of the case and the appellant's service record may require a conclusion that failure to challenge the appropriateness of the sentence before the Court of Criminal Appeals constituted ineffective assistance of counsel. Compare Hullum, 15 MJ at 267-68 (counsel ineffective) with United States v. Baker, 28 MJ 121, 123 (CMA 1989) (counsel not ineffective).
Where, as in this case, appellate counsel do nothing, an appellant has been effectively deprived of counsel, and prejudice is presumed. Where individual civilian counsel's failure to act is working to the detriment of an appellant, military appellate counsel may not stand by idly, because they remain responsible for protecting the interests of their client.
Several things went wrong in this case. Most obviously, civilian counsel failed to act. Appellant understandably continued to insist that Mr. Kripner file a brief. Appellant had paid for an appellate brief and expected to get what he paid for.
The court below recognized what was happening and directed military appellate counsel to notify Mr. Kripner in writing that further enlargements probably would not be granted. There is nothing in the record showing compliance with this order.
The court below also ordered military counsel to prepare to file assignments of error by December 10, 1995. Neither CDR Cooper nor Maj Stutzel filed anything except another request for enlargement.
Although Maj Stutzel communicated with appellant, it appears that communication was limited to Mr. Kripner's timetable for filing a pleading. The affidavits reflect no communication with appellant about complying with the court order, and no discussion or decision about what Maj Stutzel, CDR Cooper, or appellant would do if Mr. Kripner failed to file a pleading by December 10.
Para. 1c of Enclosure 4 to JAGINST 5803.1A (13 July 92) prescribes certain actions to be taken by military counsel when civilian counsel is deficient, derelict, or unethical.4 The record does not reflect that the JAGINST was followed in this case.
The record reflects no disagreement among appellant and his counsel about issues to be presented to the appellate courts. Appellant had identified three legal issues and challenged the appropriateness of his sentence in his submissions to the convening authority. The only question was who would present the appellate issues to the court. The record reflects no desire by appellant to excuse his military appellate counsel, but only his desire that Mr. Kripner be lead counsel. Thus, if Mr. Kripner failed to file his brief on time, the options were:
(1) A pro se pleading filed by appellant, with the assistance of military appellate counsel unless appellant rejected such assistance; and a pleading filed by military appellate counsel explaining why a pro se pleading was being filed;
(2) A pro se pleading filed by appellant without assistance of military counsel; and a pleading filed by military appellate counsel explaining why a pro se pleading was being filed;
(3) A pleading filed by military appellate counsel in compliance with the court order, with the consent of appellant; or
(4) A pleading filed by military appellate counsel over appellant's objection, reciting appellant's objection to the pleading and stating whether appellant desired military appellate counsel to continue his representation.
As officers of the court as well as appellate defense counsel, military counsel had an obligation to comply with court orders and protect the interests of their client. The order of the court below clearly contemplated that someone would file assignments of error in the absence of a pleading from Mr. Kripner, notwithstanding appellant's desire to have Mr. Kripner prepare and file a brief.
Inexplicably, the court below did nothing to enforce its order. When the court denied the tenth request for enlargement, it made no reference to its previous directive that military appellate counsel be prepared to file assignments of error by December 10, independent of civilian counsel's assistance or guidance. The court did not insist on compliance with Grostefon, even though appellant had raised three legal errors and challenged the appropriateness of his sentence in post-trial submissions. Instead, the court below simply decided the case without assistance of counsel. This was error.
We hold that appellant has been denied the assistance of counsel guaranteed by Article 70 and the plenary review contemplated by Article 66. Accordingly, a remand is required.
The decision of the United States Navy-Marine
Corps Court of Criminal Appeals is set aside. The record of trial is returned
to the Judge Advocate General of the Navy for remand to that court for
plenary review, with assistance of counsel under Article 70, UCMJ. Thereafter,
Article 675 will apply.
Chief Judge COX and Judges SULLIVAN, CRAWFORD, and EFFRON concur.
1 Filing a pleading constituted a notice of appearance under Rule 13, Courts of Criminal Appeals Rules of Practice and Procedure. See 22 MJ at CXXXIII and 44 MJ at LXVIII.
2 UCMJ, 10 USC § 827(b)(1).
3 UCMJ, 10 USC §§ 866 and 870.
4 Para. 1c, Enclosure 4, JAGINST 5803.1A, provides as follows:
If civilian counsel has, in the opinion of the DON [Department of the Navy] attorney, acted contrary to the Rules, the matter should first be discussed with civilian counsel. If not resolved between counsel, the client must be informed of the matter by the DON attorney. If, after being apprised of possible misconduct, the client approves of the questioned conduct, the judge advocate shall attempt to withdraw from the case in accordance with Rule 1.16. The client shall be informed of such intent to withdraw prior to action by the judge advocate.


text:
Original URL: https://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/11/08/ukube_1_design_approved/
UK Space Agency OKs teeny-tiny satellite
Liftoff expected late 2012
Posted in Science, 8th November 2011 10:42 GMT
The UK Space Agency has approved the design of UKube-1, the UK's first CubeSat mission.
Last week, a team of engineers from Clyde Space, a microspacecraft maker, submitted their design for the UKube-1 to be reviewed by a team of experts, who concluded that the design was sound.
The chosen design is the first step on the mission that will eventually lead to UKube-1's launch on a Russian Dnepr rocket, which has been converted for small satellite launches, towards the end of next year.
A CubeSat is a type of mini-satellite for space research that usually has a volume of a litre, a mass of around 1.3kg and typically uses off-the-shelf components.
The advantage of building a spaceship like this is that it's cheap and it can be launched quickly, so a CubeSat programme yields "more launches, more science and more terrestrial applications", according to the UK Space Agency.
"A number of current CubeSat missions, operated by other countries, are targeted at science applications and especially at studies that can be carried out at low-Earth orbits such as space weather studies, atmospheric science, energetic particle studies and spacecraft damage studies," the agency said when it announced the plan for the first CubeSat.
The UKube-1 is being built to allow Britain to "test cutting-edge new technologies in space", according to its mission outline.
After a competition to decide what experiments would get to go up on UKube-1, a space imager, a "FUNCube" educational subsystem, a random number generator using single event upsets, TOPCAT, a GPS receiver to measure ionosphere and plasmasphere and myPocketQub, another education-linked experiment, will all be going up.
You can find out more about these experiments here. ®


text:
Publisher: 2K Games
Developer: Irrational Games
Release Date: 2007
Easily the creepiest thing we've ever seen, the disturbing mood of BioShock is hammered into your skull by the unsettling and leaky underwater environment, as well as by the haunting 1930s melodies warbling from the speakers. The nightmare factor gets ratcheted up once you encounter your enemies, because as BioShock's developer describes, "We weren't scared by the monsters we created, but then we realized that the most frightening things were people... gone wrong in the head."
For the record, we completely agree... the crazies in BioShock had us freaking out throughout the entire demo. It was an effort to maintain bladder control, which is the main reason we're looking forward to getting our hands on this title in the privacy of our own homes, where bedpans are more readily available. Yeah, it's that scary.
For more on BioShock, gohere.


text:
Programme for government- Town and Village Renewal
"The renewal of towns and villages will be a top priority for the new Minister for [Regional Development and Rural Affairs] as a way to revitalise rural Ireland. To deliver on this goal the new Minister will develop a new and improved Town and Village Renewal Scheme with input from the Oireachtas in time for Budget 2017. As part of this scheme we will propose to commit additional funding to support the development of rural towns and villages, as a key priority for revitalising rural Ireland.
The central aim of supporting the revitalisation of towns and villages is to improve the living and working environment of local communities and to increase their potential to support increased economic activity into the future. The focus for improvements will extend to the enhancement of villages, small towns and the surrounding countryside."


text:
Colowyo Coal Mine (Permit No. C-1981-019),
August 20, 2011
The Colorado Division of Reclamation, Mining and Safety proposes to Approve Technical Revision Application No. 91 (TR-91) for the Colowyo Coal Mine (Permit No. C-1981-019), submitted by Colowyo Coal Company L.P.. Colowyo Coal Company is proposing to terminate piezemeter monitoring on the streeter fill. The streeter fill is located in an area Colowyo Coal Company has requested to be final bond released.
The Colowyo Coal Mine is a surface coal mine located in Moffat County, approximately 28 miles south of Craig, Colorado. Coal interest is Federal, and the surface affected is Federal, state and private land. The permit area encompasses approximately 12,250.95 acres.
This proposed decision is based on a finding that the proposed operation will comply with all requirements of the Colorado Surface Coal Mining Reclamation Act, Section 34 33 101, et seq., C.R.S., and the regulations promulgated thereunder.
Copies of the proposed decision, including stipulations, are on file for public inspection at the Colorado Division of Reclamation, Mining and Safety, Room 215, Centennial Building, 1313 Sherman Street, Denver, Colorado 80203. Persons with an interest that may be adversely affected by the proposed decision may request a formal hearing before the Mined Land Reclamation Board on the proposed decision. Such request must be made within ten (10) days of the initial publication of this notice, must be in writing, and must state with reasonable specificity the reasons for the request and the objections to the proposed decision.
Recommended Stories For You
Published in the Craig Daily Press
Publication Date: August 15, 2011


text:
From OpenWetWare
TO DO: *Maxi & Mini of J37024 (11/9) *Mini T9002, (J37019) *Biosensor Testing (Enzyme Activity) & J37016 for this *J37015 & J37015RS Testing *Ligation & Electroporation of J37022, J37025 & Cre/Lox into plasmid *(Culture J37024 from 12/9 for maxi, mini & storage)
Testing of J37015 & J37015 RS
- Measuring OD of culture every hour in order to establish growth curve
- Diluting cultures every 2 hrs in order to keep LuxR levels low, so that the positive feedback loop is not kicked off yet
Miniprep of T9002 and J37024(Ligation from Dr. Mann)
- PROBLEM: The gel did not seem to be correctly made as it did not appear to be smooth, rather, there were bits of solidified agarose visible after is was run.
- Miniprep results do not show expected parts but this might be due to above problem.
Ligation of J37024 with new stop codon
- J37024 = J37023 + 1A or J37024 = J37023 + 1G
- NOTE: Maxiprep of 1A and 1G were done straight from the plasmid DNA from the Registry's plate
- Maxiprep Gel: