text:
Freud and Darwin II
|October 16, 2009
|Posted by Steve Fuller under Biology, Darwinism, Human evolution, Psychology, Science
I was originally going to post this as a response to David Coppedge's post, but it got too long.
The relationship between Freud and Darwin – both intellectually and institutionally – is more complicated than has been suggested here.
Although Freud had top-notch academic credentials, his career was always that of an outsider, whose main constituency was in the larger public intellectual culture and well-educated middle class people who were his client base. (Freud's books won literary prizes, not scientific ones.) One way you can see Freud's outsider status is that he was never granted a professorship even though he tried several times. While his theories were somewhat embraced by medical schools (peaking in the US in the 1950s), experimental psychologists, while of course familiar with his claims, generally kept their distance. In fact, Freud's fall from grace has been really from psychiatry, which is the only field within striking distance of natural science in which he was ever held in grace.
However, it's only been since the 1970s that Freud has been shunned specifically because his theories and treatments don't work. Before that time, he was shunned because of what we would now regard as the interdisciplinary character of his work: He borrowed things from a lot of disciplines, and so it was always hard to test anything he said. For example, already in the 1920s Karl Popper was talking about psychoanalysis as 'unfalsifiable' rather than simply false. Nowadays people are more comfortable saying Freud is false.
As for Darwin, he certainly influenced Freud. But more to the point, until 1920s or possibly even 1930s, Darwin's and Freud's theories were subject to roughly the same degree of (dis)approval – in both cases, questions were asked whether their rather 'big picture' explanations could ever be tested properly, or whether they were even necessary for the conduct of empirical work in, respectively, biology and psychology. However, by the 1940s, Darwin's theory had come to be embraced by leading biologists (outside the USSR and possibly France) as providing a valid explanatory framework. Why Darwin managed to achieve that status, while Freud never did is the interesting comparative question to ask.
Let me suggest the following: The people originally behind the Neo-Darwinian synthesis in the 1930s, whatever their (typically pro-) views about eugenics, downplayed, if not outright denied, Darwinism's significance for explaining human behaviour. In fact, this strategy worked well for about 40 years – until E.O. Wilson published Sociobiology and Richard Dawkins published The Selfish Gene. Not surprisingly, Darwinism has come to attract an increasing amount suspicion and scepticism, once its implications for the human condition have become clearer. In contrast, Freud could never hide that his theory was about the human condition, and so accordingly it has always been under a cloud.
In short, if you want to turn Darwin into the next Freud, evolutionary psychologists should keep on coming up with the back-of-the-envelope 'my reptilian brain made me do it' explanations that Denyse O'Leary regularly skewers on this blog. Freudians were skewered by similar means in their day.
40 Responses to Freud and Darwin II
1NakashimaOctober 16, 2009 at 6:00 pm
Dr Fuller,
Here, here to skewering tomfoolery. But could you document more clearly the influence you think Darwin had on Freud?
I found, by the power of GreyskullGoogle, this in a review of a book trying to make that connection
In publications and letters Freud referred to Darwin about 20 times, generally with respect, but did not endorse the idea of natural selection.
I would be interested in other opinions. I feel we are edging further away from Mr Coppedge's "largely influenced".
2O'LearyOctober 16, 2009 at 8:40 pm
Steve, help yourself to another skewer and load it up. There's plenty in the kitchen.
The problem with evolutionary psychology is that it is a discipline without a subject.
Old Stone Age man lived and died without leaving a memoire.
We know only a very little about him. He often buried his dead in the hope of rising again (tucked into a fetal position, with grave gifts). But he never wrote a theological tract.
As for pre-humans, we know nothing at all. I can't understand dogs or cats in the present day very well, so once we have defined something as "not human", you are telling me I can't understand it. So I just don't know, and bet no one else does very well either.
I remember a vet confessing to me, in despair, "The trouble is, I cannot ask him what is happening."
Why I didn't believe Freudians decades ago:
Occultism. = A charge once levelled at me: "You say that because you hate your mother." All the external evidence is against that view. Freud is for it. Who to believe?
You don't need to believe either Freud or me, but you might want to look at the external evidence before coming to a reasonable conclusion.
Oh wait. According to Ivy League's Steve Pinker, our brains are shaped for fitness, not for truth, so what is reasonable does not matter anyway.
And where does THAT leave you?
Well then, fast forward to evolutionary psychology.
Now the beauty with evolutionary psychology is, as noted above, that it moves the whole story beyond any reach of disconfirmation.
No one knows what was fit for Old Stone Age man, beyond the reach of common sense, which you don't need an expensive education or a degree to figure out.
Like, it was better to hunt and fish than whine and loaf, and it was better to have two legs than one, but … I should get a degree for realizing this fact?
See, that was Freud's big problem. Live people can disprove and disclaim stupid opinions by the witness of their own lives.
But long dead people can't similarly blow it all out of the water.
So evolutionary psychology is, in some ways, a much better racket than Freud.
But it is a racket.
Once you have loaded up your skewer, put it on the grill and turn it every 60 seconds.
3Frost122585October 16, 2009 at 8:47 pm
I always think of Frued, anologically, as a kind of intellectual magician. He creates an alluszion that has the weak minded masses convinced- though nobody really banks on his magic being 100% true reality.
There is somthing obviously missing between the translation of one's fear of spiders and their sexual difficulties regarding the relationships with their mother or wemon in general.
Meanwhile Darwin plays his charade by getting you to focus on his right hand which holds a picture representing a system of statistical chance- while his other hand slips in complex positive genetic changes.
I think the Platonist have it right when they see language as objective nothing more than an allusion of the mind. Perhaps Popper is right that it is the lack of falsifiability in both instances (DE and PA) that prevents them from attaining the reality of true theories like general relativity.
If the question is whether Darwinism and Fruedianism is false or just merely unfalsifiable doctrines- I would hold the position that they are neither false nor unfalsifiable doctrines but in fact analogical allusions.
Belive in Fruedianism while the pschiatrist pciks your pocket- and belive in evolution while the fittness landscapes cannot be purchased within the theory.
Oh, and btw, believe in Marx while the government taxes you into oblivion.
We can all be happy, equally poor, disabled, bi-polar schizophrenic atheists, if we would just listen to and accept the intellectual consensus on all of this.
We might even be able to stop global warming.
And certainly this would all be for the benefit of humanity- and not for the government, the medical industry, and public sector's teacher's unions.
Watch the left hand. Pay no attention to the right.
4David CoppedgeOctober 16, 2009 at 10:44 pm
Dr Fuller–thank you for the clarifications graciously stated.
I put forth several quotes about Freud in Mr. Coppedge's post. It took all of 20secs to find.
Maybe you doubt the source I list. But it is not a conservative site.
Freud was an atheist and was disgusted by religion. He would naturally look to Darwin's evolution.
Are you denying Freud was influenced by Darwin?
Here is another story about Freud from Jewish World Review…
"A great amount of scholars have discussed and criticized Freud's theory. Clearly, Freud was influenced by Darwin and Robertson Smith, two dominating figures in the 19th century who initiated the "primal horde" theory. Modern anthropologists have rejected this theory. (See H.L. Phillip, Freud and Religious belief, London, Rocklif, 1956.)"
I guess, what you're saying is many people are wrong to connect Freud to Darwin?
More quotes from books on Freud…
Freud, Biologist of the Mind—whose subtitle is Beyond the Psychoanalytic Legend—is thus as much an attack on the hagiographic proclivities of traditional scholarship on Freud as it is a revisionist interpretation of the psychoanalytic revolution. Freud's ideas, Sulloway insists, are simply an offshoot of the Darwinian paradigm that has dominated biological thought from the late nineteenth century to the present.
More from Freud and his Critics:
Sulloway's placing of Freud between Darwin and Wilson suggests a more general tactic of his reinterpretation. He is eager to disabuse us of the notion that Freud conceived his ideas in intellectual isolation. The legend, Sulloway contends, has greatly overstated Freud's independence and originality. Not only did Freud enjoy the sustaining inspiration of Darwin, but he also made his critical discoveries within a rich context of contemporary intellectual influences. Wilhelm Fliess, to whose relationship with Freud Sulloway devotes his two central chapters, was only the most prominent among those influences. Whether by way of personal and professional association (as with Fliess, Jean Martin Charcot, and Josef Breuer) or by way of books and correspondence (as with the sexologists Havelock Ellis and Albert Moll), Freud developed his ideas not through courageous and lonely self-examination but through the familiar vehicle of intellectual dialogue. Sulloway argues, in particular, that the figures who influenced Freud most profoundly shared the evolutionary assumptions and modes of reasoning that constitute the "hidden rationality" of psychoanalysis.
book link:
Darwin query search
It does not appear to be a controversial issue given Freud's atheism and the times. And the circles of people and influences in his life.
continued from Freud and His Crtics…
The author here is critical of Freud's critic – Sulloway:
"The unconscious, after all, belongs uncompromisingly to the realm of the psychological. Accordingly, it is neglected. I hardly need add that this neglect stands in stark contrast to Freud's own assessment of its significance. The unconscious was for him his single most important contribution, an idea of truly epochal consequence, whose discovery he compared, in a famous passage, to the revolutions in thought brought about by Copernicus and Darwin before him."
So, Freud himself was comparing himself to Darwin's momentous "revolution" as well as Copernicus. So we establish not just Freud's awareness of Darwin, but of his thoughts of Darwin as one of the most important revolutions in science of the three – including arrogantly his own.
"Just as Copernicus had removed humanity from the center of the universe and Darwin denied it any special place in the hierarchy of nature, so Freud himself, he boasted, had delivered an even more devastating insult to mankind's self-confidence."
Well, well… and thus he see's himself as an equal with Darwin in removing man from his high place. You'd think Freud would know about the fallen state of Adam, but I'd be digressing.
""Human megalomania will have suffered its third and most wounding blow from the psychological research of the present time which seeks to prove to the ego that it is not even master in its own house, but must content itself with scanty information of what is going on unconsciously in its mind."[4]"
We are meaninglessly placed in an obscure darkness of a far flung universe, made up of Darwin's evolutionary tales over billions of years and we cannot trust our own minds to tell us the truth.
Does that sum it up well? Here is Freud making the argument for all theist today. Thank you kindly Sigmund.
"In Sulloway's interpretation, this "Freudian revolution" effectively collapses."
Yes, but it supports the argument that atheist can't have a clue. Whereas theist do.
Do you require more information about Freud's thoughts on Darwin?
11NakashimaOctober 16, 2009 at 11:17 pm
Mr DATCG,
Thank you, but in Sulloway and 'Freud and His Critics' we are already at a second and third remove from Freud himself. What I can see in the quotes from Freud brought so far, Freud was quite aware of Darwin. Yes, who couldn't be at that time and place in intellectual history! But as in th equote about religion brought by Mr Tribune7, Freud shows he is willing to borrow the vocabulary of 'evolution' that was current in order to justify by analogy a theory of mind that was not itself derived from evolutionary ideas.
For example, where in Freud is common descent? Natural selection? The development of the human mind from the needs of more primitive life?
As a doctor, not a 'scientist' in the modern sense, Freud built and revised his theory on the fly. It doesn't seem to have a stable foundation in anything beyond Freud's personal experiences. IMHO!
12David CoppedgeOctober 16, 2009 at 11:30 pm
DATCG: Thanks for the quote research. Did you run across any quotes in the other direction? i.e., hinting that Darwin approved of evolutionary psychology? It appears Freud's work did not get rolling till after Darwin's death (1882), but materialistic psycho-physiologies were kicking around in Germany in the 1870s and Darwin in his old age may have heard of proponents. If Darwin knew about these approaches and approved of them, it satisfies the other side of the equation. (This, of course, would be in addition to Darwin's own suggestions in The Descent of Man and The Expression of Emotions.)
Freud studied under some of these "Darwinian" physiologists in medical school. They would have viewed the human mind as another physical trait subject to natural laws of evolution. Whether they attributed evolution to natural selection (strict Darwinism) or not is a red herring; the Darwin-Freud influence would have consisted of seeking to explain all aspects of life (in this case the human mind) as products of descent from lower organisms via unguided natural laws and chance.
Thank you for your humble opinion!
Sulloway disagrees with you and makes the connections with Fleiss. However, if you read carefully my book link, you'll see the author disagrees with Sulloway and agrees with you.
I'll leave it to readers to determine if they think Sulloway made the case or not about Freud's psycho-biologist renderings.
Frankly, I agree with you that Freud's foundations are unstable.
Still, will you answer the straight question put forward to you.
Do you think Freud was influenced by Darwin? The quote by Freud himself is quite enlightening and certainly being an atheist and approving of Darwin as 1 of 3 revolutions in science(including his own), then he'd be aware that evolution plays a role in the human brain.
Correct? Or, are you now saying Freud could not add 2+2?
Even with as unstable of a foundation as you state Freud had IYHO!, certainly you do not deny the simple deduction of Darwin's evolution upon the human brain?
And thus that Freud would recognize Darwin's theory on the brain? Are you saying Freud a complete fool? That he could simultaneously understand Darwin's theory as a revolution, but could not understand the relation to humans of such a theory?
First, thank you for all you do on your web site.
I only searched quickly the one direction.
Although a quick search turns up… Allen MacNeill, which is gosh darn funny:
On Evolutionary Psychology quoting Allen…
"Finally, Darwin asserted that much of animal and human behavior is the result of "the direct action of the excited nervous system…independent of the will, and independently…of habit." In essence, this is an argument against the idea that human behavior is the result of "free will" or conscious intent. Freudian psychology caused a firestorm of controversy in western culture because Freud also suggested that most of human behavior was motivated by drives that were largely unconscious, and therefore not the result of "free will." Despite a century of research into animal and human behavior, this idea – that our actions are largely not the result of "free will" – is still hugely controversial, even among evolutionary biologists."
Now, I'm not sure exactly how Mr. MacNeill will respond, but I suspect he'll side with the very humble opinion(!) of Mr. Nakashima.
Besides, I miss Allen.
What I sought to do was show that indeed this is not limited to you or others here at UD. That there are other scholarly looks at the subject.
I think the quote by Freud himself is most telling for several reasons. One, Freuds own EGO. Two, He recognized Darwin's substantial influence on ALL of science which included his own. Three, he concurred with Darwin's reasoning to some degree. And I'd argue quite strongly as a result of his atheistic beliefs.
As you say, a verbatum quote of natural selection is a red herring. The key is whether or not he agreed and was influenced by Darwin revolution in science. It is obvious by the one single quote that he did. Otherwise, he would have been critical of Darwin, not flattering.
I find it awkward, if not disturbing to think Freud would not understand Darwin's link to his own thoughts on the brain, or that Darwin's evolution theory would not be applicable in part.
Calling it a night. Good to see you again.
16Steve FullerOctober 17, 2009 at 4:24 am
Nakashima's response to this post illustrates a curious asymmetry in how people generally deal with intellectual history – especially when it concerns an iconic figure like Darwin.
On the one hand, if it is claimed that Darwin has influenced something 'bad' (e.g. Freud, Nazism), then an enormous burden of proof is demanded, such that it becomes easy to dismiss quite obvious references to Darwin as merely semantic window dressing. On the other hand, if it is claimed that Darwin has influenced something 'good' (i.e. basically anything in biology today), then the slightest reference to 'evolution' will suffice to accord Darwin credit.
Freud was just as scientifically competent as any highly trained medical doctor of his day, and his use of Darwin was not peculiar. After all, what exactly do you suppose Darwinism was circa 1900 – before it was fully integrated with modern genetics, let alone molecular biology (none of which existed)? Because the mechanism of heredity had not been clearly established, it was quite normal for scientific thinkers to slide between what we would now as quite distinct evolutionary positions. If Freud was a charlatan, his use of Darwin would be one of the LAST places I'd look for evidence.
What distinguished Freud was his independent-mindedness: He was not one to let the academic establishment discourage his pursuit of some interesting ideas. Here we might think of Freud as having established a separate power base for psychoanalysis by turning it into a self-sustaining business of fee-paying customers. Unlike other academics, he didn't need state grants to keep his research afloat – his subjects paid to see him! Freud's success and growing non-academic influence clearly rankled academics who could not see the scientific basis for his success.
The take home point here for our understanding of Darwinism in all this is that it would be a mistake to suppose that Darwinism circa 1900 was somehow destined to become the Neo-Darwinian synthesis which is now spearheaded by the latest breakthroughs in molecular biology. In fact, Darwinism could have become more like Marxism – a general explanatory framework and political ideology – a notion still retained in what we now call 'Social Darwinism'. Had that happened, Freud's use of Darwin would be completely unproblematic.
But as it turned out, biology was gradually colonised by a physics-based mentality, culminating in the quite explicit infusion of physicists and chemists by the Rockefeller Foundation in the 1930s and 1940s to tackle the molecular bases of life, culminating in the discovery of DNA's genetic significance. These people didn't spend a lot of time thinking or talking about Darwin – they didn't need to, and they still don't need to. Here Stephen Meyer's 'Signature in the Cell' strikes the right note, because just as Darwinism circa 1900 need not have led to today's molecular biology, today's molecular biology need not be beholden to Darwinism of any period.
17NakashimaOctober 17, 2009 at 9:19 am
Dr Fuller,
Since you've called out my response by name, I feel somewhat compelled to respond.
If someone says "the theories of X (largely based on Darwinism)…" there is a burden of proof on them. That would be true if X is Freud or Jonas Salk or Velikovsky.
As a completely historical question, there are many ways to go about researching it. How many books of Darwin were in Freud's surviving library? Were they read and marked in any way? As we discussed last month, the relation of Darwin and Mendel can be documented in this way.
Turning to the writings a person we can lok for quotations from Darwin, and references to Darwin. But these can't be weighed as evidence in isolation. We need to see who else was quoted and referenced in order to assign some relative value of influence.
As helpful as all that evidence would be, we eventually have to locate ideas in the theories of one man traceable to "Darwinism" not Darwin. What could Freud have understood Darwinism to be? Common descent and natural selection.
For example, Darwin himself in "Expression of Emotion" sets down a pattern of argument used by evo-psych ever since – document some characteristic as universal in humans and reason that it is therefore hereditary, not learned, and therefore the product of selection in evolution, and relatable to similar characteristics in our close relative species.
Does Freud ever do that? Well, his theories certainly assume that there are universals – that his theories are applicable to all human minds, not just bourgeois Viennese. But the assumption of commonality across all humans is not a unique feature of Darwinism, it is a very common assumption of our culture.
I think if you look at Frued's theories, he is much more interested in how the idiosyncratic experience of each person needs to be explicated, not that the universality of the Oedipus complex means there is a similar complex in chimpanzees. Penis envy among bonobos doesn't motivate his theory, nor does he argue that anal and oral stages were selected for in our ancestors.
If he did make such arguments, I think it would be clear that he was largely influenced by Darwinism. As it is, I haven't seen such evidence adduced. So it is only in this alternate universe constructed by Dr Fuller that Mr Coppedge's attribution makes sense.
18NakashimaOctober 17, 2009 at 9:38 am
Mr DATCG,
I think it is clear that Freud wanted to be ranked with Darwin, and in his own mind his theories overtopped Darwin in the "wounds" they caused.
To your question, I do think there was influence from Darwin to Freud, but it was not great, and Mr Coppedge's "largely" is unjustified.
If Freud had indeed been largely influenced by Darwin, the mind in his theories would have been a remarkable early example of what Richad Dawkins called the extended phenotype. But it seems that Freud abandoned the brain for the mind early in his career.
19tragic mishapOctober 17, 2009 at 11:27 am
If we are examining the influence Darwin had on Freud, then I am with Nakashima on this one. However, Coppedge are merely comparing the two. I don't see either of them anywhere making a strong case for a Darwinian influence on Freudian theories. I don't see them saying anywhere that Freud was necessarily and greatly influenced by Darwin.
Coppedge frames his question by comparing three modern thinkers: Marx, Darwin and Freud. Freud has already gone down. Marxism is still alive though I think we have sufficient evidence to conclude he was wrong about almost everything. An atheist professor I had in college suggested that Marx may have been right about revolutions in agriculturalized societies like Russia instead of the industrialized societies Marx had envisioned. So if anything Marxism is a refuge of the backward, not the future of humanity.
And then there's Darwin.
20tragic mishapOctober 17, 2009 at 11:27 am
sorry, "Coppedge and Fuller are merely comparing"
Hi Steve,
I really appreciate your scholarly analysis. It is top notch.
"Why Darwin managed to achieve that status, while Freud never did is the interesting comparative question to ask."
Isn't the answer to this question rather obvious. There is no alternate materialistic explanation to evolution. It is either Darwinism or nothing. Since the status of biologists is dependent on their claim to knowledge evolution is the only game in town. It will most likely never be rejected by the "scientific" establishment of biologists. To reject evolution would mean the acceptance of creationism.
22Steve FullerOctober 17, 2009 at 11:47 pm
While much of what you say about Freud is literally true, you seem to miss the overall point of his work. Yes, Freud is focused on human universals that distinguish us from the animals, but those universals turn out to be mechanisms for repressing our animal nature. Indeed, we all end up becoming neurotic because civilised humanity is such an uphill struggle. This view is not so different from TH Huxley's view that the human condition is organized resistance against natural selection. You don't see things that way unless you already accept Darwinian naturalism as the baseline view.
Now, it's true that Freud blended this Darwinism with other philosophies, theologies and mythologies that stressed our struggle against our animal nature. So he's certainly not an unalloyed Darwinist (but then who is?). Indeed, purer Darwinists (e.g. the anthropologist Edward Westermarck) contested one of Freud's signature theories – the incest taboo – by showing that the taboo was not unique to humans but occurred in other primates. The nature of the debate indicated that Freud was trying to define what was unique about humans in terms that Darwinists might recognise. Today we'd say he didn't succeed.
Freud is focused on human universals that distinguish us from the animals, but those universals turn out to be mechanisms for repressing our animal nature. Indeed, we all end up becoming neurotic because civilised humanity is such an uphill struggle. This view is not so different from TH Huxley's view that the human condition is organized resistance against natural selection. You don't see things that way unless you already accept Darwinian naturalism as the baseline view.
Would Darwin himself have agreed with Huxley on this?
Even if we do accept Huxley's view as Darwinian – surely the idea that human civilisation struggles to suppress its animal nature is a lot older than Darwin? It only becomes distinctively Darwinian if you see that animal nature as the product of natural selection and there is nothing in Freud that I am aware of that discusses how those animal instincts arose.
There is no alternate materialistic explanation to evolution. It is either Darwinism or nothing.
Depends how you define evolution and Darwinism. There are plenty of alternatives to RM+NS, some of which have been accepted by biologists, others rejected, and some still under debate. E.g genetic drift, epigenetics, Larmarckism, endosymbiosis.
25NakashimaOctober 18, 2009 at 7:04 am
Dr Fuller,
You don't see things that way unless you already accept Darwinian naturalism as the baseline view.
I think many traditional religions would disagree.
I'm going to take it as read that the "largely" in Mr Coppedge's original OP was unjustified.
26Steve FullerOctober 18, 2009 at 10:30 am
Mark Frank and Nakashima,
It's fascinating to watch you try to save Darwin's honour, even though I'm not exactly sure why it would be so bad to admit that Freud was influenced by Darwin — however much or little.
And yes, Huxley and Darwin did not see eye to eye on what makes us human. Huxley always had an eye on reasserting the distinctiveness of the human within naturalism, whereas Darwin was much less bothered by the problem.
And of course, the great world religions discuss, to varying degrees, the repression of our animal nature. But Freud was not one of their believers.
As for Freud not being a Darwinian because he doesn't cite natural selection, well, even if that were true, it's not clear that 'natural selection' in 1900 meant anything very clear beyond a certain pattern of species survival over geological time. Darwinism back then was just as much associated with the 'struggle for survival' and 'survival of the fittest'. Yes, I know this is really Spencer, not Darwin, but the difference between the two only becomes clear once modern genetics kicks in.
The same exercise can be run on someone like Nietzsche, who thought he was influenced by Darwin but then on closer inspection what he claims to have derived from Darwin isn't very Darwinian by our lights.
Here's an interesting tidbit: Carl Woese, the microbiologist who has made a big deal about horizontal gene transfer, also wants to call himself as 'Darwinian' and so he writes papers pointing out that Darwin himself regarded common descent as merely a hypothesis. This is an insurance policy for the time when biologists come to believe that the transfer of genes between generations of members of the same species is not as significant as it has been traditionally held to be. Yet, we can still all be 'Darwinians' because common descent will by then no longer be seen as a necessary condition for being Darwinian. Ain't the rewriting of history grand!
It's fascinating to watch you try to save Darwin's honour, even though I'm not exactly sure why it would be so bad to admit that Freud was influenced by Darwin — however much or little.
I wasn't thinking about Darwin's honour. Just querying some facts – queries which I think you have accepted.
28NakashimaOctober 18, 2009 at 12:05 pm
Dr Fuller,
I've already agreed (in a response to Mr DATCG) that Freud was influenced by Darwin. My complete interest in this conversation has been whether Mr Coppedge's term "largely" was justified, or not. We seem to have arrived at – not.
I don't think Woese needs to write himself insurance policies against the day his own ideas are successful. Beside, for those who care, he has a prooftext, the phrase 'one or a few' in the famous 'endless forms most beautiful' sentence. HGT doesn't threaten common descent. it just makes it harder to trace back into an age of genetic promiscuity. Given the number of retroviruses cluttering our genome, we have obviously inherited from virii as well as our larger, more visible parents.
29Steve FullerOctober 18, 2009 at 2:54 pm
Right you are! But once the general intellectual public (including non-biologist academics) get wind of the prevalence of HGT, the dogma of common descent (and I say 'dogma' because of the rhetorical role this played in the Dover ID trial) will force a respecification of Darwin's contribution to biology. Again, there is nothing especially wrong with this. My point is that one should always consider what is 'Darwinian' in light of not only what the man actually said but also the interests who would use him to underwrite their science.
Nice to read that someone misses me! (is there an online equivalent to having your ears itch when someone is talking about you?) I've been incredibly busy this semester, teaching three courses at Cornell (including an honors section in our evolution course on "design" in nature), plus writing an introductory evolution text for Wiley, plus putting the finishing touches on a series of videos on the history of evolutionary biology since Darwin (coming soon as "The Darwinian Revolutions" at http://cybertower.cornell.edu/), plus being a good husband and a father to my four kids (one of whom — Draco — is deep into his "terrible twos").
That said, I commend Prof. Fuller, Nakashima, and the other commentators on this thread for a thoroughly interesting discussion of the (relatively paltry) influences of Darwin on Freud. I agree with Fuller and Nakashima: while there were influences, they were not unusual (given the time and the Zeitgeist), and not of much interest to either historians of evolutionary biology nor psychology.
If asked, I would neither designate myself as a "Freudian" nor a "Darwinian", any more than a modern physicist would willingly take on the mantle of a "Gallilean" or a "Newtonian". Evolutionary biology, like physics, has come a very long way since the mid 19th century, and while I find the history and philosophy of evolutionary biology fascinating, I would hope that I would never conflate them with current theory. Indeed, current evolutionary biology bears only a passing resemblance to the "modern evolutionary synthesis" (also referred to as "neo-darwinism") of the mid 20th century, much less the intellectual confusion of the fin de siécle.
One of the truly fascinating aspects of following most of the discussions on this website is the general lack of understanding of even the most basic concepts of modern evolutionary theory and its history, much less a nuanced understanding of its fine points. For example, I find it quite telling that virtually none of the discussions I have read here have mentioned (much less discussed) Sergei Chetverikov, Ivan Pavlov, R. A. Fisher, J. B. S. Haldane, Sewall Wright, E. B. Ford, Theodosious Dobzhansky, G. Evelyn Hutchinson, George Gaylord Simpson, G. Ledyard Stebbins, Ernst Mayr, William D. Hamilton, Robert L. Trivers, George R. Price, Robert MacArthur, Edward O. Wilson, Lynn Margulis, Robert H. Whitaker, Carl Woese, Konrad Lorenz, Niko Tinbergen, Karl von Frisch, Erenhaus Eibl-Eibesfeld, or the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Law, much less Otto Schindewolf, Richard Goldschmidt, or C. H. Waddington. Anyone familiar with the general outlines of evolutionary biology would instantly recognize most or all of these names, and would associate them with various important aspects of evolutionary biology as it has evolved over the past century. Not recognizing them or discussing their contributions to modern evolutionary biology is equivalent to not recognizing or discussing the contributions of Rutherford, Bohr, Schroedinger, Heisenberg, Michaelson & Morley, Einstein, Feinman, Gell-Mann, Weinberg, or Guth to modern physics.
In other words, with the very rare exception of discussion threads like this one, most of what passes for "discussion" of evolutionary biology on this website is the pummeling of pitiful and ridiculous straw dogs and disputations over the fine points of Christian fundamentalist dogma, sometimes disguised (badly) as "science".
But such an assessment on my part might be somewhat uncharitable. Go ahead, prove me wrong: start a rational and nuanced discussion of the relevance of Fisher's Fundamental Theorem of Natural Selection to current ideas of microevolution, or the relevance of Goldschmidt's "hopeful monster" hypothesis to modern theories of evo-devo. This website might actually become interesting for a change, not as the intellectual equivalent of rubbernecking at a motor vehicle accident, but as a forum for intelligent discussion.
Oops, for some reason the parenthesis got included in the URL for the Cornell CyberTower website in the previous post. Here it is, sans parenthesis:
I've signed off on the final edit of the video series, and it should be launched very soon. Our intention was to get it up in time for the 150th anniversary of the publication of the Origin of Species (24 November 1859, by John Murray; 1,000 copies sold out in an afternoon – if you have one, it's now worth a cool quarter $million).
Perhaps someone (Dr. Fuller?) would like to view the series and fisk it here? I'd be game to defending it (and critiquing it) myself. It's a lightning survey of the history of evolutionary biology since 1809, and an even more cursory peek into the philosophical and scientific basis for excluding teleology from the mechanisms of evolution (both micro- and macro-). Could be fun, enlightening, and even (dare I say it?) educational…
32Clive HaydenOctober 19, 2009 at 1:39 am
One of the truly fascinating aspects of following most of the discussions on this website is the general lack of understanding of even the most basic concepts of modern evolutionary theory and its history, much less a nuanced understanding of its fine points.
Of course, as the moderator of this site (following all threads and all comments), I know that this isn't at all true. And most if not all of the folks you brought up are discussed regularly. And I have to ask, even based on your anecdotal and partial knowledge of what's posted here, even if what you said were true, why would you find it truly fascinating? What would be fascinating about it? Did you evolve an odd fascination complex? And did others evolve a perspective to consider it mundane? I really would like to know how you could discern what should or shouldn't be fascinating given that both reactions are evolved traits, and why you would consider this one to be "truly" fascinating (as if an evolved emotion were "true")? How could it be true, except as a personal fancy?
33Steve FullerOctober 19, 2009 at 1:39 am
Let me know when your video series comes out and I'll have a look at it and say something about it here.
Meanwhile I'm soon off to London to teach 650 secondary students about the contemporary relevance of 'Inherit the Wind', which Kevin Spacey is currently staging at the Old Vic Theatre. Don't worry — Darwinists will be plenty in attendance!
34Clive HaydenOctober 19, 2009 at 2:07 am
This website might actually become interesting for a change, not as the intellectual equivalent of rubbernecking at a motor vehicle accident, but as a forum for intelligent discussion.
I distinctly remember you turning tail and running from Timaeus.
You also avoided discussing the evolution of morality with me. Do you consider that to be an amusing wreck to be observed on this blog? I do. It's the only sort of thing I can see that is worthy of rubber-necking at this site, folks like you avoiding the argument.
Allen_MacNeill wrote in 31:
Our intention was to get it up in time for the 150th anniversary of the publication of the Origin of Species (24 November 1859, by John Murray; 1,000 copies sold out in an afternoon – if you have one, it's now worth a cool quarter $million).
History tells us that these 1,000 copies were sold in a wholesale fashion to retailers not 1,000 individuals.
The Origin of Species sold just 39,000 copies from 1859-1890. See The Origin of Species – A Variorum Text, edited by Morse Peckham, p. 24. The population of Great Britain at that time? Around 30,000.000 people. With those numbers in perspective, can we call this a best-seller? A book that revolutionized the world of science?
The current population of the USA is over 300 million (304,059,724 this morning at 09:58 EDT: see http://www.google.com/publicda.....ion+of+usa ). To reach the NYT best seller list (the standard against which all others are judged; see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N.....est_Seller ), a book must sell around 100,000 copies. For example, Freakonomics, by Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner (the most widely reviewed non-fiction book at Amazon.com), sold 697,848 copies in 2006 (the year it was published). In that same year, the population of the USA was approximately 300 million (see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.....ted_States ). This means that the most widely read and reviewed non-fiction book of 2006 had total sales that corresponded to 0.23% of the population of the USA (this percentage does not take into account sales to book clubs, distributors, etc.).
By contrast (using the numbers provided by Enezio E. De Almeida Filho in post #35), The Origin of Species was bought by 0.13% of the population of Great Britain. In other words, sales of the Origin of Species (widely recognized as the most influential non-fiction book of the 19th century, by both admirers and detractors) were surprisingly similar in order of magnitude to hottest selling non-fiction book of 2006. So, yes, the Origin of Species was (and still is) a "best-seller". And, judging by the fact that we are still debating a book that is 150 years old next month (24 November, to be exact), the Origin of Species not only revolutionized the world of science, it has probably had more impact on society as a whole than any other book published in the 19th century (and probably the 20th century as well).
Just what point were you trying to make here, anyway?
Steve Fuller:
Thank you for your offer; I'll be looking forward to your analysis!
As to why I "turned tail and ran" from Timaeus, I actually have a life and a career (not to mention a family). If Timaeus would like to restate his query, I would be happy to address it.
As to Clive Hayden's question on the subject of the evolution of morality, I have repeatedly stated that I agree with G. E. Moore that questions of morality are not addressable using naturalistic terms. To do so would be to commit what is widely known as the "naturalistic fallacy". Indeed, I taught an entire course on this subject last summer at Cornell.
So, who's avoiding the argument? I have clearly stated my position on the subject of the metaethical justification for moral prescriptions, and did so in response to Clive's queries in earlier threads. The fact that he and I apparently disagreed does not qualify as evidence that I avoided the issue, whereas the fact that he has chosen to ignore (or to cover up) the fact that I did indeed respond to his query indicates to me that he, not I, is avoiding rational discussion of these issues.
39Clive HaydenOctober 20, 2009 at 3:11 am
As to why I "turned tail and ran" from Timaeus, I actually have a life and a career (not to mention a family). If Timaeus would like to restate his query, I would be happy to address it.
That's very convenient for you now that he's no longer engaging you in the topic (of which he tried repeatedly to do when you avoided him).
And as for me, if you believe that humans are a result of evolution, then that includes everything that humans do, including moralizing. You have no qualms of speaking and writing of the evolution of religion, so why not morality? I would love to start this discussion up again if you promise not to run this time.
40uncljoedocSeptember 7, 2013 at 2:23 pm
I haven't had a chance to read all the fine responses but I get the
gist from what I have read that Darwin was outmoded and now so should
Freud be. I think that would be a bad thing. Freud in APHASIE
describes how he was so non-plussed at the hopelessness of aphasics
that he resisted and began to work on the problem. Basically a good
guy and a a good neurologist. But above all he recognized the genuine
category of the psychogenic. The patient is not a bag of bones-or
molecules, but an individual with a psyche (the closest science can
get to a soul I guess). Now Darwin introduced a type of explanation
which utilized Fundamental ideas of Time and Space. Co-adaptations are
in space; modifications are in time. He calls for the single clear
insight of the means of co-adaptation and modification (Origin
Introduction, 1859) Fundamental Ideas of Space and Time came from
Whewell the Anglican minister and educator.
Leave a Reply Cancel reply
You must be logged in to post a comment.


text:
Belmont Stakes (gr. I) winner Ruler On Ice has been retired from racing and is scheduled to ship to owner George and Lori Hall's Kentucky farm early during the week of July 7.
Stabled at Monmouth Park, the 6-year-old gelding will take one more spin around the paddock at the Jersey shore track July 5 before leading the field over for the Long Branch Stakes.
"It's been a great five years with him," said trainer Kelly Breen, who has had the son of Haskell Invitational (gr. I) winner Roman Ruler since he was a 2-year-old. "He's had some minor leg issues that would prevent him from competing at the top of the game. He's given us some great thrills and for me personally, the biggest win of my career. He'll be missed around the barn."
Ruler On Ice debuted on Sept. 19, 2010 at Monmouth, finishing fifth in a maiden special weight event. Following his upset win in the 2011 Belmont Stakes over a sloppy track at odds of 24-1, Ruler On Ice went on that year to finish third in the Haskell, fourth in the Travers (gr. I), second in the Pennsylvania Derby (gr. II), and third in the Breeders' Cup Classic (gr. I).
From a career that spanned 23 races, the Kentucky-bred gelding earned $1,709,566 with a lifetime mark of 4-5-3. He started once this year, finishing fifth in the Mountainview Handicap at Penn National Race Course.
Liberation Farm and Brandywine Farm bred Ruler On Ice in Kentucky. The chestnut is out of the graded stakes-placed Saratoga Six mare Champagne Glow. The Halls purchased Ruler On Ice for $100,000 as a yearling in the 2009 Keeneland September sale.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
The surprisingly superficial endorsement (editorial, 10-10) by The News Tribune in the race for Tacoma City Council District 1 did a disservice to both candidates and their campaigns.
I know both campaigns and know them both to be effective and dedicated. I am 70 years old and have lots of life experience (the main criterion for political office apparently, according to the endorsement) and my life experience tells me to look at the record.
Anders Ibsen ran a successful campaign for Pierce County Conservation District supervisor. He co-founded four new neighborhood block watch groups in our community. He worked collaboratively with the city, the school district, the North End Neighborhood Council and parents to get matching funds for a flashing crosswalk at Mason Middle School. He served on the board of the Tacoma Opera. The list is long.
Check the complete list and see the clarity of his goals for our city at www.andersibsen.com.


text:
Apple Inc. (NASDAQ: AAPL) is in trouble on its stock charts. Its stock has now fallen five days in a row, a feat not seen in months. Pure technical analysis does not care about the fundamental side of the equation. A pure technician will likely only opine, "who knows why and who cares why, it is what it is."
A very detailed chart review from this last weekend broke down many of the possible reasons behind the move, but the added weakness yesterday came from this surprising NASDAQ 100 Index rebalancing. In our weekend review, we detailed each of the possibilities for the reason behind the drop were as follows: making new hot products obsolete too fast for customers, Japan and supply chain woes, growth slowing at key OEMs, smartphone competition and maturity, a slowing of PC sales and the trade-down effect of tablets, health of Steve Jobs, a peak in digital music sales, its mega-cap status as the second largest stock in America, and more. Each of these were broken down in detail in our first chart review.
The only real analyst downgrade came last month from JMP Securities, and that may have helped do more psychological damage than anything as this was the first real analyst downgrade in this entire up-cycle. That move effectively took shares down from $345 to $330 before a brief recovery.
All that being said, we want to revisit the chart situation with this StockCharts.com chart. Things have gone from bad to worse. Last Friday marked the violation of Apple's 50-day moving average. What you don't want to hear if you are an Apple-bull or a fanboy is that this was actually the second 50-day moving average violation seen. The other issue is this steady pace of lower-highs each time Apple's stock has rallied.
If you look back to February, March, and now April, you'll see these moves and peaks with a last blow-off top peaking around $365 in February. We noted over this last weekend that technicians would start calling for blood if the stock chart did not rectify itself. It has not been rectified and the chart has gone from cautionary to bad.
Apple's Bollinger Bands have turned even worse as well and now the bottom band has also turned downward and the peak and floor indications have crept down to $358.19 and $330.29 respectively. Apple's RSI and MACD levels are starting to approach oversold territory but these are certainly not signaling any major oversold reading yet.


text:
Originally posted on NFL Trade Rumors | Last updated 1/26/13
ESPN's Adam Schefter reports that former Saints defensive coordinator Gregg Williams is on the "verge" of becoming the assistant head coach of the Tennessee Titans pending Williams' reinstatement to the league from his Bountygate suspension. Filed to ESPN: Suspended former Saints DC Gregg Williams already has met with Titans and is on verge of becoming Tennessee's assistant HC. — Adam Schefter (@AdamSchefter) January 26, 2013 CBS's Jason LaCanfora writes that Williams, and the NFL commissioner Roger Goodell are expected to meet sometime next week to discuss Williams's reinstatement. The Rams recently fired Williams, who was hired prior the 2012 season, after missing all of the season because of the Bountygate suspension. Williams is very familiar in the Titans organization, as he worked for them from 1997 to 2000 as their defensive coordinator. The post Report: Titans Close To Hire Gregg Williams As Their Assistant Head Coach appeared first on NFL Trade Rumors -.
PLAYERS: Gregg Williams, Adam Schefter, Jason La Canfora, Roger Goodell
TEAMS: Tennessee Titans
TEAMS: Tennessee Titans
Titans News
Delivered to your inbox
You'll also receive Yardbarker's daily Top 10, featuring the best sports stories from around the web. Customize your newsletter to get articles on your favorite sports and teams. And the best part? It's free!
Follow us on Twitter
|Best of Yardbarker
|NFL News
|MLB News
|NBA News
|NHL News
For Publishers
Company Info
Follow Yardbarker
|© 2018 YB Media, LLC. All rights reserved. Use of this website (including any and all parts and components) constitutes your acceptance of these Terms of Service and Privacy Policy.


text:
06/29/2017 13:55 to 01/01/2018 17:00 Important Message! Effective July 1, 2017 the State Board of Equalization has been restructured to better serve taxpayers. Learn more about the restructuring
Sales & Use Tax
Property Taxes
Special Taxes & Fees Returns
Filing Resources
Frequently Asked Questions
Sales & Use Tax
Property Taxes
Special Taxes & Fees
List of All Tax & Fee Programs
Sales & Use Tax
Property Taxes
Special Taxes & Fees
Register for a Permit, License or Account
Close a Permit, License or Account
Guide for New Permit and License Holders
Special Taxes and Fees Registration & Renewals
BTLG Table of Contents > Motor Vehicle Fuel Tax Law > Chapter 11 > Section 8406
8406. Limitation period. Any prosecution for violation of any of the penal provisions of this part shall be instituted within three years after the commission of the offense, or within two years after the violation is discovered, whichever is later.
1Added by Stats. 2000, Ch. 1053 (AB 2114), operative January 1, 2002.
Share it with us in the text boxes below!
Please keep in mind that you will not receive a response upon sharing your feedback with us.
If you need help with tax questions, online services, or payment please call the BOE Customer Service Center at 1-800-400-7115.
For your security, please do not include any private information such as social security numbers or contact information when submitting this form.
Thank you for helping us improve the California taxpayers' experience on boe.ca.gov.
Thank you for your help.


text:
10 Slow Cooker Recipe Ideas for your Super Bowl Party
What game? We're all about the food (and the commercials)! Finger Lickin Ribs, to Delicious Dips, to Mouthwatering Meatballs, these slow cooker recipes will make watching the big game delicious. Best part is the food stays warm in the crock while you're cheering on your favorite team! Victory!
Buffalo Chicken Dip
Bacon Wrapped Smokies
My Crock O Ribs
Faith's Dip
Spinach Artichoke Dip
Sweet and Sour Meatballs
BBQ Chicken Sliders
Crab Dip
Frito Pie
Pizza Dip
Leave a Comment
You must be logged in to post a comment.


text:
Colts edge Bills
Peyton Manning threw for 236 yards with a touchdown Sunday to lead the Indiapolis Colts past the Buffalo Bills 17-16.
The Colts had been faovred by 12-points in the game and were unable to cover the spread. The combined score fell UNDER the posted over/under total (45).
Joseph Addai rushed for 78 yards on 13 carries with a touchdown for the Colts, while Reggie Wayne caught four passes for 42 yards with a touchdown.
Bills' quarterback J.P. Losman completed 9-of-13 passes for 83 yards with no touchdowns and no interceptions. Anthony Thomas rushed for 109 yards on 28 carries.


text:
To benefit from the products a forest creates and to help keep forests healthy over time, we need to harvest trees. There are many ways we can do this, like partial harvesting or clear-cutting, depending on what's best for that forest and for its renewal.
Our Forests Have Deep Roots
Our forests are important to all Canadians and generations of us have built our lives around them. The people who look after our forests, like the researchers, innovators and foresters in government and industry, take great care in managing this resource in a safe and effective way.
How are our forests managed?


text:
It takes all sorts, but I used to find that the sound of Peel favourites Truman's Water turned up nice and loud would send me off to the land of nod pronto. Perhaps something to do with sensory overload and the brain wishing to shut down; bizarrely a similar thing happens quite often when I'm present at a mixing session with various shades of kick-drum EQ battering my eardrums. But for today, for the last ever School of Rock, we're going to stick with analysing the more conventional lullaby.
The celesta
The celesta, or its percussion sound-alike the Glockenspiel, is the star of the lullaby. Literally: this twinkling instrument offers shimmering pinpoints in the dark blanket of nighty-night time. In the conventional lullaby there is no escaping the gleaming tones of the celesta. Ultimate comfort blankets from the universal Brahms Lullaby (here crooned creamily by Dean Martin), through classics like All the Pretty Little Horses to modern Randy Newman soundtracks, to Roald Dahl, all agree that the stock way to arrange a bedtime coo is the celesta atop a warm blanket of strings.
Only for You
The intimacy of a single person playing just for you can be equally effective at providing the comfort for a catnap. One of the best ways to do this is with the acoustic guitar, or the Chigley-effect as a friend terms it. Something for the generation who equate the finger-picked folksiness of the acoustic guitar with our 1970s childhoods, when children's TV was overrun with strange, bearded hippies with mice and seagulls on the ends of their fingers. The late John Martyn provides us with a perfect example of the more personal send-off to slumber in Fairytale Lullaby.
The Voice
Of course, if your aim is to sing your charge to sleep, the voice is our central concern. The human voice provides the sound of those you love and trust watching over you as you drift into your most vulnerable state. But keep it lower in pitch and volume than you might if you were in the shower, as the best lullabies have a soothing rumble or a mellow drift, not a keening wail. The only higher-pitched voices allowed are those shimmering 1940s choruses that everyone is familiar with from Disney films, employed to good effect on the ever-so-slightly queasy Beatles' lullaby Goodnight. Ringo also shows us that you don't need the best voice in the world to pull this off. Proponents of the even gruffer approach include Tom Waits' Lullaby and Queens of the Stone Age's This Lullaby with Mark Lanegan, which also seems to borrow its octave-and-a-minor-third guitar figure from Metallica's anti-lullaby Enter Sandman.
There is also a tradition of sending kids to sleep with something sinister surreptitiously slipped into their thoughts. The Cure demonstrate the beautifully nightmarish world of childhood scares with their eponymous Lullaby, as Bob Smith whispers "Don't struggle like that or I will only love you more", as he is eaten "by a thousand million shivering furry holes". But for sheer bloody-mindedness, and taking the sinister persuasion as far as a child might manage, is Tom Waits (again) with his Children's Story. Not strictly a lullaby, as it is really just spoken word with a mournful accordion backing, but this story of the last child on Earth, when "everything was dead", travelling to the moon, sun and stars to find nothing but deadwood, a wilted sunflower and dead flies is fantastically twisted. The child returns to Earth only to find it is "an overturned piss-pot", and is still there crying alone to this day. "OK – there's your story. Night, night," says Waits with a final chuckle. Sleep tight.


text:
Author has written 12 stories for Horror, General, General, Humor, Life, and Sci-Fi.
This is a profile page...or is it?
one of my stories is called 'bonsai tree' i went to this thing called the bonsai tree story generator and submitted a bunch of my stories for it to mix up. im trying to post the web address here, since it wouldnt let me post it on the actual story.
anyway,clicket on this! " target="new">
drop me a line, I'll be happy to read what you came up with!
Last night upon the stair
I saw a little man that wasn't there
He wasn't there again today
Oh how I wish he'd go away!Thank you and enjoy! And the cheese nip laughed.


text:
Cecilia Bobrovskaya
Twenty Years in Underground Russia: Memoirs of a Rank-and-File Bolshevik
IN the early days of April, I decided to stop work for a while and take a rest at my mother's home (my father had died) where I hoped to become legalized. After the October amnesty which pardoned all my former sins I had not had time to go through all the formalities and re-establish my rights.
At home I expected to obtain a passport in my own name, but nothing came of it.
By the spring of 1906 our provincial authorities had forgotten the tsarist manifesto issued on October 17, 1905. I spent the first two days after my arrival in perfect safety. But on the third day when I had just registered at the house, a squad of policemen led by one called Sider came to my home. I knew Sidor from early childhood--mothers used to frighten naughty children with his name. At the head of the police squad was a bewhiskered, dandified and extremely gallant police officer. They came for me at eleven o'clock. Making no search, they politely invited me to "please" go with them to the police headquarters which were situated, as one could expect, in the market-place.
My poor mother in despair, cried out that I had brought disgrace upon her, that everyone would point at her as the mother of a convict, etc. But this did not prevent her from running to the market to buy a chicken which she especially prepared for me, evidently assuming that I was so shaken by my arrest that I needed immediate nourishment.
At any rate, about two hours after my arrest, while pacing the locked room in the police headquarters and awaiting the police officer who was to explain to me what it was all about, I heard some heated words behind the door between the bewhiskered officer, who had just recently been so gallant to me, and a woman's voice which, to my horror, I recognized as my mother's. They were shouting at her and pushing her away. I began to beat my fists upon the door, and when it was finally opened, I saw my tear-stained mother holding a pot with the precious chicken, and the infuriated face of the policeman, who pleasantly smirking at my appearance, muttered, "Oh, excuse me, so this woman came to see you! I would never have believed that such a young lady could have such a plaguing mother".
I answered that my mother was just wonderful, that before they had time to lock me up properly she was already on the spot with a cooked dinner. Seeing that I was perfectly well, my mother calmed down, particularly after I ate and praised the chicken she had prepared and assured her that nothing serious threatened me.
An hour later the police official came and he quietly explained to me that my arrest was simply a misunderstanding, that he had "forgotten" about the amnesty, that the instructions to detain me if I returned to my native town related to bygone days. These instructions were completely annulled by the amnesty of 1905 and I was free to return home.
After this incident I had reasons to fear that the provincial officer might suddenly not only forget the amnesty but recall something else, or get news from another city about my activities. I therefore decided to leave home, especially as my arrest had affected my mother so much that it was impossible to rest in the house; I also dropped all thought of becoming legalized, realizing that it would be most unsuitable for me to continue work under my real name which had been so compromised by past arrests. I decided to live and work once more on a borrowed passport and not to creep out of my habitual illegal skin.
I stayed with my mother a few days, long enough to prepare her for the news of my departure, and then set out for the Kostroma province to my old acquaintance, Elizaveta Kolodeznikova, to my "estate," as all of us who ever had to hide at the Kolodeznikovs called the estate in Zhiroslavka. This estate for a number of years served as a sanatorium for underground Party workers. I do not believe a more hospitable corner in the world has ever existed than the one that was always ready for us in Zhiroslavka. Nevertheless I did not stay there long. The Kostroma comrades were in very great need of workers and, learning that I was nearby, they demanded that I come immediately to work in Kostroma.


text:
North American manufacturers will underbuild their schedules for the third consecutive month in February, although the bottom line for the month's results is that production remains strong (see data p.7). The estimated output also means a downward revision to the inventory projection for domestically made vehicles for Feb. 29 (see Ward's Automotive Reports — Feb. 14, '00, p.1), but still leaves them at long-time high levels. Ward's estimates February production will total 1.580 million ...
Premium Content (PAID Subscription Required)
"North American Manufacturers Set for February Underbuild, But Output Up 8%" is part of the paid WardsAuto Premium content. You must log in with Premium credentials in order to access this article. Premium paid subscribers also gain access to:
All of WardsAuto's reliable, in-depth industry reporting and analysis
Hundreds of downloadable data tables including:
• Global sales and production data by country
• U.S. model-line inventory data
• Engine and equipment installation rates
• WardsAuto's North America Plant by Platform forecast
• Product Cycle chart
• Interrelationships among major OEMs
• Medium- and heavy-duty truck volumes
• Historical data and much more!
For WardsAuto.com pricing and subscription information please contact
Lisa Williamson by email: firstname.lastname@example.com or phone: (248) 799-2642
Current subscribers, please login or CLICK for support information.


text:
MILWAUKEE—Milwaukee police say an off-duty detective shot at a suspect who was burglarizing his house.
The detective arrived home on Milwaukee's south side Monday evening and found a side door to his house was open. The officer took cover and called for help. Police say a suspect looked out the front door and then retreated. A second suspect, armed with a handgun, looked out a side door.
The officer says when the second suspect raised a gun, he fired, but did not strike him.
Police say two suspects are in custody and a third remains at large.
The detective remains on duty.


text:
A transsexual serving life for manslaughter and attempted rape committed while she was a man is to be moved to a women's jail after the high court ruled that holding her in a male prison was a violation of her human rights.
The 27-year-old prisoner, who can be identified only as A, was described by her lawyer as "a woman trapped inside a man's body". She is serving an automatic "two strikes" life sentence after being convicted of the manslaughter of her male partner in 2001, and of the attempted rape of a female stranger five days after her release from her five-year manslaughter sentence.
According to her legal team, the attempted rape was linked to her frustration at the authorities' refusal to help her qualify for full gender reassignment surgery. Her life sentence tariff – the minimum period she must serve before being considered for parole – expired in 2007.
Three years ago A was granted a certificate under the 2004 Gender Recognition Act which requires her to be recognised as a woman "for all purposes". A, who describes her birth as a boy as "a mistake", has developed breasts after hormone treatment and had the hair on her face and legs permanently removed by laser.
But her efforts to undergo full gender reassignment surgery have been left "in limbo" because the Ministry of Justice and the prison authorities have refused to move her to a female jail, saying it would be too expensive and would leave her equally isolated. The gender identity clinic treating A will not approve surgery until she has spent time living as a woman in a female prison.
Yesterday Deputy Judge David Elvin QC overturned a decision by the justice secretary, Jack Straw, to continue detaining A in a male prison. He said: "Her continued detention in a male prison is in breach of her rights under Article 8 (right to private and family life) under the European Convention on Human Rights".
In a 30-page ruling, the judge noted that A lived her daily life on the vulnerable prisoners' wing as a female and "presents convincingly as a woman". He went on: "She lives as a woman, is treated as a female and is provided with guaranteed single cell accommodation."
The judge said that "a written compact" existed between A and the Prison Service detailing what clothes and make-up she could wear, and when. "The restrictions placed on the claimant exceed those which would apply if she were resident in the female prison estate."
"It follows that, so long as the claimant remains within the male prison estate she is unable to progress towards the surgery which is her objective."
In evidence to the court A said that no one could take her female status away now. "Till the day I die I will be a woman. For me it is simply a reflection of how it should have been from the start."
A, who has wanted to become a woman since she was 10, had accused the Prison Service of having confused attitudes. She said: "They will not consider me as a female until I have my penis removed – not withstanding my gender recognition certificate. Yet they resist moving me to the female (prison) estate which would enable the surgery to be arranged."
The Ministry of Justice and the prison authorities had argued that A would be no more likely to be accepted by inmates at a female prison and that, if moved, she would have to spend long periods in segregation at an extra cost of £80,000 a year.
They said that a move to a female jail might have a serious impact on her mental health and make it more difficult for her to win early release.
But the judge ruled that decision to keep A in a male prison interfered "with her personal autonomy in a manner which goes beyond that which imprisonment is intended to do".
He said there was no evidence that Straw had taken into account "the consequences of the frustration" of A's progress and the costs if she were kept in a male prison, adding: "It goes to the heart of her identity. It appears to be closely related to her offending behaviour."
The judge was told that steps were already being put in place to transfer A to a female prison "as soon as possible".
Her barrister, Phillipa Kaufman, told the judge that A had served her minimum jail term but had been told by the Parole Board that she remained an unacceptable risk to the public, still had "a great deal of work to do" and was "nowhere near release".
A Prison Service spokesperson said: "We are disappointed at the judgment. We … will consider whether to appeal."


text: On Sat, 2012-07-07 at 21:03 -0500, Larry Finger wrote:> Realtek driver rtl_92ce_92se_92de_linux_mac80211_0004.0816.2011 introduced new> versions of the firmware for rtl8192se, and rtl8192de. It also adds new> firmware for new cuts of the RTL8192CE chips.[...]> --- a/WHENCE> +++ b/WHENCE> @@ -1589,6 +1589,8 @@ Licence: Redistributable. See LICENCE.rtlwifi_firmware.txt for details.> Driver: rtl8192ce - Realtek 802.11n WLAN driver for RTL8192CE> > File: rtlwifi/rtl8192cfw.bin> +File: rtlwifi/rtl8192cfwU.bin - Driver for newer A cut chip> +File: rtlwifi/rtl8192cfwU_B.bin - Driver for newer B cut chip[...]Whatever gave you the idea that you could put free text after afilename? Add an Info field if you must.Ben.-- Ben HutchingsLife would be so much easier if we could look at the source code.[unhandled content-type:application/pgp-signature]


text:
Reporting from Portland, Ore. — It's no longer surprising when the Lakers lose up here. It's now a tradition.
The only difference Thursday was the Lakers actually leading at halftime before being buried by the Portland Trail Blazers, 107-96, at the Rose Garden.
They are five-time NBA champions since Kobe Bryant started his career but are 6-24 in Portland in the regular season since 1996.
Equally appalling to Lakers followers: their team's 2-10 record here since drafting Andrew Bynum in 2005.
The "Beat L.A." chant started on the heels of the national anthem, which wasn't surprising, considering how much Portland fans cared about this game.


text:
Robbie Caponetto; Rex Perry
A sofa, covered in easy-care fabric, is grouped with two comfortable chairs to create a cozy seating arrangement in the combined living and dining area. A narrow table doubles as a work surface and dining table. The bench tucks under the table to save space.
Around The Web
More from kanancash
Bold Style Calendar
Make a playful statement in your dining room by painting your table and chairs with a bold color... » See Full Calendar
Most Popular Features
- Instant Makeover
Transform your home with quick, budget-friendly ideas from across our network of sites.
- Same Closet, More Space
- 5 Cheap Craigslist Finds Transformed
- 25 Ways to Create an Outdoor Oasis
- Our 50 Favorite Built-In Storage Ideas


text:
accessibility & help
Women and children are particularly at risk of losing their lives in cyclones, but the reasons are more complex than just lack of knowledge about what to do when disaster strikes.
During Cyclone Sidr in 2007, hundreds of children and women died simply because the men weren't at home to give them permission to leave the house and seek safety in a cyclone shelter.
To address this issue, the Bangladesh Red Crescent, supported by the British Red Cross, set up women's forums to provide training on how to respond to cyclones, but also to create a safe space where women could talk, share information and build their confidence.
© InfoIn each forum, women were taught how to respond to cyclone warnings. This includes protecting their family assets and going to a cyclone shelter. They were also given a 'preparing for cyclones' flip chart so they can share the information with friends and neighbours.
Sokanur, 25, from Badurtala community, says: "During Cyclone Sidr, we lost our home, ducks, chickens and fish from our pond. Recovering was really hard, especially in the days after when we had no food or drinking water.
"In 2009, I joined the women's forum. Now, when there's a cyclone warning, I put important documents, some money, dried food and drinking water in a plastic bucket and bury it in a deep hole. The bucket is attached to a rope and at the other end a plastic bottle, which is left above ground so we can find it after the cyclone passes."
Throughout the five-year programme (2006-2011), our team worked with religious leaders, who are influential in community life, particularly on what is considered socially acceptable behaviour. Over the course of the programme, there was a profound shift in attitude towards women being seen in public unaccompanied by a male relative.
Abdullah Manna, a mullah in Badurtala community, says: "I think it's good that women can now visit each other, have meetings in their courtyards, and share important information about cyclones."
In addition, some women were trained in first aid, and search and rescue, and women are increasingly playing an active role in their communities.
Sokanur says: "In the past, I didn't think to go to the shelter, but during Cyclone Aila in 2009, I knew what to do. I even put a net over the pond so I didn't lose the fish.
"I use the Red Crescent flip chart to explain all these things to my neighbours. Now we know how to take initiative and reduce our losses."
Read Farjana's story: sharing vital information
The British Red Cross has launched an urgent appeal to help people affected by violence in Myanmar.
The British Red Cross has launched an appeal for those affected by Hurricane Irma, the most powerful hurricane ever recorded in the Atlantic Ocean.
Music student Rami fled Syria with just his violin. Now his first album will help support us to reach others like him.
© British Red Cross 2018
All images © British Red Cross 2018
unless otherwise stated
British Red Cross, UK Office, 44 Moorfields, London EC2Y 9AL Phone: 0344 871 11 11. Fax: 020 7562 2000.
The British Red Cross Society, incorporated by Royal Charter 1908, is a charity registered in England and Wales (220949), Scotland (SC037738) and Isle of Man (0752).
Print this page


text:
In Caleb's interview at the FLOM4 web site he says (these aren't exact quotes, you'll have to read the article--if you care :ohno):
"Rachel's giving up the million dollars was a nice gesture." (Gesture? I'll say. Rather stupid and not all that well thought out, too.)
"I guess I forgot to tell her that I'm a major commitment-phobe." (Yeah, that might have been an important piece of information to share.)
"We've realized that we're better off being just friends." (No offense, but if you forgot to share that information with me and I lost a million dollars over it, I wouldn't exactly consider you major friend material.)
Oh, and P.S., he figured the odds were pretty great that he didn't have a million dollar mystery check, he had watched both FLOM1 and 2 and he assumed that she was playing for money, and he was expecting that if she chose him and he chose her over the money they'd get to split the million dollars (or however much she was playing for).:rofl
Turns out good old Caleb was more slimey than we ever thought Rachel was.


text:
Bacolod City, Jan 19 – The Office of the Presidential Adviser on the Peace Process (OPAPP) continues to stress that convergence plays a key role in the forging of a closure pact with the Tabara-Paduano Group (TPG) of the Rebolusyonaryong Partido ng Manggagawa-Pilipinas-Revolutionary Proletarian Army-Alex Boncayao Brigade (RPMP-RPA-ABB).
The closure pact, which is set to be signed within the first quarter of 2012, will mark the transformation of the RPMP-RPA-ABB from an armed group into a socio-political organization.
As 2011 came to a close, OPAPP officials met with key local government officials, the military and civil society groups in Negros and Panay islands to discuss prospects for convergence as the closure pact draft nears completion.
In November, OPAPP Secretary Teresita Quintos-Deles met with some of the municipal chief executives of Negros Occidental to personally brief them on the status of the RPMP-RPA-ABB peace track.
She underscored the importance of putting a closure to the decade-old peace pact with the group. "It's time that the RPMP-RPA-ABB fully reintegrate themselves into mainstream society as citizens contributing to enhance the peace and development conditions in their communities. With the signing of the closure pact, they will no longer be called an armed group, but a legally-recognized organization."
Forged in 2000 during the term of President Joseph Estrada, the RPMP-RPA-ABB claims that most of the provisions stipulated in the agreement remain unimplemented. In 2007, RPMP-RPA-ABB split into two factions, the Tabara-Paduano Group and the Nilo Dela Cruz Group or NDLCG. . By the start of the P-Noy Administration in July, 2010, the GPH-RPMP/RPA/ABB peace agreement was being implemented with two sets of leadership – the Tabara-Paduano tandem and Nilo dela Cruz. Under the closure track, the Government agreed to engage both leaders and their members separately. Thus a separate negotiating table with the NDCG is also underway, with the assistance of NAPC Secretary Eliseo Rocamora.
OPAPP Undersecretary Luisito Montalbo also mentioned convergence as a strategy during a planning workshop with officials of Negros Island held January 12 in this city. "Engagement of the local governments is key in ensuring smooth implementation of the envisioned closure pact," he said.
Montalbo has met with regional line agencies, representatives from the business sector, military officers, the Peace Advocates of Negros (PAN), and other civil society leaders.
OPAPP Director Alexander Umpar of OPAPP's Peace Accord Monitoring Secretariat has also been consulting with key leaders and technical staff as the secretariat prepares for the closure pact.
Formalizing convergence
OPAPP recently signed separate agreements with the Provincial Local Government Units (PLGUs) of Negros Occidental and Negros Oriental to formalize convergence efforts for the forthcoming RPMP-RPA-ABB deal.
OPAPP is set to provide policy guidance and directions as it helps PLGUs identify projects and interventions in communities affected by armed conflict. Technical working groups composed of officials from the province, municipalities, cities and barangays have started to convene to determine gaps and needs of target communities.
Funds will be for projects and interventions under PAMANA or Payapa at Masaganang Pamayanan (Peaceful and Resilient Communities), the government's program and framework for peace and development. None of the funds will go directly to individual RPMP-RPA-ABB members.
Both memoranda of agreements underscore the importance of convergence. As stated in the documents, OPAPP and the respective PLGUs recognize the "imperatives of building critical partnership, collaboration, and cooperation in carrying out the PAMANA program in support of the peace process."


text:
Ice jam near Stanley begins to move
An ice jam that was blocking parts of the Nashwaak River near Stanley, N.B., is flowing freely again.
The community was flooded a couple of weeks ago, and people in the area have been bracing for another hit.
For the last week, a thick layer of ice sat about 40 kilometres north of Fredericton.
"The ice has started to deteriorate and it's started to channel through, so it is moving," said Fire Chief Shawn Sampson.
"It's not moving very fast but it is moving and not backing up. The ice is not building up which is a great thing. Now we're just waiting for it to finalize its trip right down the river."
The town's fire hall was badly damaged during the March flood and volunteers spent the weekend cleaning out the building.
Sampson said he estimates the damage is around $300,000.


text:
On March 1st CONELRAD, the website devoted to Cold War popular culture, launched a campaign to get the 1951 Civil Defense film "Duck and Cover"into the Library of Congress's National Film Registry. The deadline is March 30th. "Duck and Cover" features animator Lars Calonius's (now deceased) cartoon creation "Bert the Turtle," a character that has become synonymous with the Atomic Age.
In this time of "Homeland Security", what could be more appropriate?
So check out this website for more information – and learn why Mia Farrow is the "Duck & Cover Girl"!


text:
Co 6 47 Ark Cav
Civil War Confederate
September 18, 1845-August 18, 1906
Section Confederate Site 765
Photo Provided By ArkansasTies.com
Contributed on 3/3/09
Record #: 162696
On this site you can upload gravestone photos, locate ancestors and perform genealogy research. If you have a relative buried in Arkansas, we encourage you to upload a digital image using our Submit a Photo page. Contributing to this genealogy archive helps family historians and genealogy researchers locate their relatives and complete their family tree.
Submitted: 3/3/09 • Approved: 3/17/09 • Last Updated: 8/10/12 • R162696-G0-S3


text:
In the past several months, we have been developing a novel ultrafast photorealistic rendering application and we're almost ready to unleash our beast onto the world. In our humble opinion, we think our innovative, pioneering and revolutionary tech is going to be groundbreaking, earth-shaking, paradigm-shifting, status quo defying, industry-disrupting and transmogrifying, and be greater than the Second Coming of Sliced Bread! In short, we think it's going to be rather good.
We're currently looking for some outstanding beta-testers who have extensive experience with one of the following 3d modeling packages:
- 3ds Max
- Maya
- Cinema 4D
- Modo
- Blender
- LightWave 3D
- SketchUp
and a ray tracing based rendering engine like V-Ray, Corona, Cycles or similar.
The perfect candidate has also won or been nominated for a Montgomery Burns Award for Outstanding Achievement in the Field of Excellence.
To apply, send an email with a link to your artist portfolio to email@example.com (people with low frustration tolerance need not apply).
UPDATE: Applications are now closed. Thanks to all who have applied.
UPDATE: Applications are now closed. Thanks to all who have applied.


text:
I have to integrate a Yahoo modal dialog box in my webpage, in that web page there are 4 frames, i used a yahoo modal dialog box in one frame, it works well in the particular frame, it blocks control of a single frame while the dialog box is active.
I need to block all the frames while i am using the modal dialog box in the single frame in my html page, i increased the z-index in the container.css file but it doesnt work.
I need to block all the contents of the page while using the particular modal dialog box....
tell me any solution for my problem


text: Just a quick heads up that the Shock One & M&F remix of "Fallin" is available on digital download through 3Beat Blue label on DNBA. Will have a proper release info soon for you guys as we are releasing these on vinyl via Viper Recordings. Agent X feat. Mutaya & Ultra - Fallin' (Shock One RMX / Matrix & Futurebound RMX) Both have shot up in the Top 10 Downloads Chart, and the Shock One RMX is currently sitting at #1. http://download.breakbeat.co.uk/lps...linshockonemixfallinmatrixfutureboundmix.aspx


text:
We may be one step closer to knowing who was behind the security breach at Target that compromised 40 million customer records.
Brian Krebs, the security blogger who first broke the news that the Minneapolis-based retailer was breached, said he believed he has identified a Ukrainian man who he said was behind one of the primary black market sites selling Target customers' credit and debit card information for as much as $100 a piece.
Krebs lays out evidence that the man, Andrew Hodirevski, may be in touch with the criminals supplying Target's credit card data. There is no evidence that Hodirevski himself is behind the Target breach.
Through Internet sleuthing, Krebs said he had tracked Hodirevski to Rescator, the online alias for the person behind Rescator.la, an underground website that is selling Target's stolen credit card data. (Other sites, including Kaddafi.hk, Octavian.su and cheapdumps.org, are also selling this information.)
After tying the alias Rescator to Rescator.la, Krebs said, he found a now deleted comment from Rescator in an August 2011 forum in which he introduces himself as "Hel," one of the three founders of darklife.ws, a now-defunct hacker forum.
After Hel and two other founders of that forum hacked a well-respected Russian hacking forum, its founders suffered a retaliatory counterattack in which hackers posted photos of Darklife's founders — including one they identified as "Helkern"– online.
Krebs found an instant messaging name, email address and several postings by the alias Helkern online, including one posted to a Russian gaming forum, in which Helkern identifies his location as Odessa, Ukraine.
Further snooping revealed that Helkern's Web address was registered to Andrew Hodirevski in Odessa, Ukraine. Other online profile pictures for an Andrew Hodirevski in Odessa matched the pictures exposed in the counterattack.
Krebs uncovered a now-defunct 2010 profile for Hodirevski in which he lists his personal goals as getting married to his girlfriend, buying a $20,000 Toyota Solara, moving to Helsinki and world domination.
"I have no idea if Rescator/Helkern/Andrew was involved in hacking Target, but it's a good bet that he at least knows who was," Krebs said.
An email to Hodirevski requesting comment on Krebs' post was not returned.
Krebs tried to reach Hodirevski and received one email reply from an individual who said he could relay Krebs' questions to Hodirevski. When Krebs did not receive a response to his original questions, he pinged the individual again Tuesday. This time, the person offered Krebs $10,000 not to post his article.
"Obviously, I did not take him up on his offer," Krebs wrote.
A Target spokeswoman said in an email Tuesday that the retailer was still working with the Secret Service and Department of Justice in the forensic and criminal investigation into its breach.


text:
About GAMBRILLS EQUIPMENT COMPANY - Severn, MD
Gambrills Equipment Co. was established in 1972! Started by George S. Pusloskie, submersible pumps were the main product sold and serviced. The company has endured many changes over the years, from pumps to chainsaws to zero-turn radius mowers, but philosophy and business practices have not! We are one of Maryland''s oldest Stihl dealers. The line was started in 1973. We are also among ten of the first GOLD servicing dealers in the U.S., and among the first to become Stihl ELITE dealers. We have also just added a second GOLD level mechanic to the company as of January. Stihl is our largest line and continues to grow thanks to our many loyal customers and some of the largest tree experts in the state. Today George Jr. handles the day to day operations, while George Sr. is semi-retired he continues to help anyway he can. Hannelore Pusloskie continues to handle the book-keeping and receives help from Dawn Takemori. Joe Kemp is our full time service technician and just received his Stihl gold certification as of January 2009. Through the years we have based our business on a few fundamental ideas. We believe in selling the best equipment the market has to bear. Giving our customers the best service that is available. And always keeping the products and parts you need in stock so when you need it, it''s here. We have continued to grow over the years and have added a few more lines to better serve you. Dixie Chopper ZTR''S, Ferris ZTR''S and Walkbehinds, Kohler, Kawasaki, and Honda engines, and Lawnboy Mowers are among todays lineup. We look forward to serving all your Outdoor Power Equipment needs!
Serving the areas of:
Annapolis Junction, Baltimore, Brooklyn, Burtonsville, Catonsville, Columbia, Curtis Bay, Dundalk, Elkridge, Ellicott City, Fort George G Meade, Fulton, Glen Burnie, Gwynn Oak, Halethorpe, Hanover, Harmans, Jessup, Laurel, Linthicum Heights, Millersville, Pasadena, Savage, Severn, Severna Park, Sparrows Point, Windsor Mill


text:
Former Rep. Jesse Jackson Jr. was sentenced to two and a half years in prison Wednesday after pleading guilty to scheming to spend $750,000 in campaign funds on personal items.
Jackson, the 48-year-old son of civil rights leader Jesse Jackson, had been a Democratic congressman from Illinois from 1995 until he resigned last November. In an emotional speech to the judge during which he got choked up and used tissues to blow his nose, he apologized and said he wanted to "take responsibility for my actions."
"I misled the American people," he said.
According to court papers in the case, Jackson used campaign money to buy items including a $43,350 gold-plated men's Rolex watch.
U.S. District Court Judge Amy Berman Jackson said that as a public official Jackson was expected to "live up to a higher standard of ethics and integrity."
Jackson's wife, Sandra Jackson, also was to be sentenced Wednesday for filing joint federal income tax returns that understated the couple's income. She spent $5,150 in campaign funds on fur capes and parkas, court docu*ents show.
Jesse Jackson Jr. had pleaded guilty to the criminal charges back in February. He admitted that he and his wife used campaign credit cards to buy 3,100 personal items worth $582,772 from 2005 through April of last year — including $60,857 for personal expenditures at restaurants, nightclubs and lounges; $16,058 for personal expenditures at sports clubs and lounges; $5,814 for alcohol and $14,513 for dry cleaning.
Individual campaign credit card purchases included a $466 dinner for two of "a personal nature" at a restaurant; a washer, dryer, range and refrigerator for the Jacksons' Chicago home; multiple flat-screen televisions, Blu-Ray DVD players and DVDs for their Washington, D.C., home; and a five-day health retreat for one of Mrs. Jackson's relatives.
Jackson told another judge when he entered his plea that "for years I lived in my campaign."


text:
Saints vs. Eagles: Live Game Grades and Analysis for PhiladelphiaJanuary 5, 2014
The New Orleans Saints collected their first-ever postseason victory on the road, beating the Philadelphia Eagles on a walkoff field goal. They will travel to Seattle to play the Seahawks in the divisional round.
For the Eagles, it's a disappointing ending to a very successful (and surprising) first season under Chip Kelly.
Final Score: New Orleans 26, Philadelphia 24
|Philadelphia Eagles' Game Grades
|Position Unit
|First-Half Grades
|Final Grade
|Run Offense
|Pass Offense
|Run Defense
|Pass Defense
|Special Teams
|Bleacher Report
Final Analysis for the Philadelphia Eagles
Pass Offense: Nick Foles passed the test in his postseason game. He wasn't great but he was solid. He led a touchdown on a do-or-die drive late in the fourth quarter and he threw two touchdown passes without an interception.
Run Offense: LeSean McCoy didn't break off any big plays and that really killed the Eagles. He finished the game with just 77 yards on 21 carries. He did score a huge fourth-down touchdown but he didn't provide the spark the Eagles desperately needed in the fourth quarter.
Pass Defense: Drew Brees played much better in the second half and he really killed the Eagles on quarterback sneaks. He threw two early interceptions but led the Saints to 20 points in the second half, enough to win the game.
Run Defense: The Saints gashed the Eagles, even without Pierre Thomas. The combination of Mark Ingram, Darren Sproles, Khiry Robinson and even Drew Brees combined for 184 rushing yards, more than five yards per run.
Special Teams: The difference in the game was probably Alex Henery's porous kicking. He was unable to reach the end zone on kickoffs and his missed field goal early in the game was extremely costly, considering the Eagles' two-point loss.
Coaching: Chip Kelly was outcoached in his first postseason game. That was obvious. The Saints completely took LeSean McCoy and DeSean Jackson, minus one big catch, out of the game. It was a magical season for the Eagles but it didn't end the way most expected.
First-Half Analysis for the Philadelphia Eagles
Pass Offense: Nick Foles made the biggest play of the night, hitting Riley Cooper in the back of the end zone for the Eagles' only touchdown. But he also took a brutal sack and hasn't played nearly as well as his numbers.
Run Offense: LeSean McCoy has been bottled up all game. He's carried 10 times but he has just 32 rushing yards with no run longer than eight yards. He did convert on a huge fourth down play though.
Pass Defense: The Eagles have done a tremendous job against Drew Brees, intercepting him twice and pressuring him into several poor throws. He's thrown for just 98 yards.
Run Defense: Even without Pierre Thomas, the Saints have managed to establish the running game, carrying 16 times for 94 yards. Mark Ingram, Darren Sproles and Khiry Robinson have all carried at least three times.
Special Teams: Roc Carmichael cost the Eagles 19 yards of field position when he accidentally kicked a perfectly downed punt inside the end zone and Alex Henery missed a long field goal. Donnie Jones has made some great punts, as usual.
Coaching: Billy Davis's defense has done a tremendous job against Drew Brees but Chip Kelly hasn't gotten the offense clicking yet. Give him credit for taking a lead into halftime of his first postseason game but the Eagles need to score more points to win.