text:
+Reweave (4)
: Return target Aura card from your graveyard to the battlefield attached to Hakim, Loreweaver. Activate this ability only during your upkeep and only if Hakim isn't enchanted.
, : Destroy all Auras attached to Hakim.
: Kitsune Loreweaver gets +0/+X until end of turn, where X is the number of cards in your hand.
Whenever an artifact enters the battlefield under your control, Reckless Fireweaver deals 1 damage to each opponent.
Target permanent's controller sacrifices it. If he or she does, that player reveals cards from the top of his or her library until he or she reveals a permanent card that shares a card type with the sacrificed permanent, puts that card onto the battlefield, then shuffles his or her library.
Splice onto Arcane (As you cast an Arcane spell, you may reveal this card from your hand and pay its splice cost. If you do, add this card's effects to that spell.)


text:
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Palmers Lodge Swiss Cottage provides award-winning budget accommodation in a beautiful Victorian Grade II listed building. The Lodge offers a bar and free Wi-Fi access in public areas, just 2 miles from the West End. Free continental breakfasts are served in the dining room. Both the dormitory and individual guest rooms have quality furnishings. Guests can socialise in the common room and the Chapel bar serves drinks every night. Both the lounge and the bar have a flat-screen TV. Laundry facilities are available and there is a 24-hour reception. Swiss Cottage Tube Station is 0.3 miles away, providing 10-minute links to the historic attractions of Westminster. Camden's vibrant market is 1.5 miles' walk from the Lodge.
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text:
Kyrgios tennis identity or legend in the making?
Nick Kyrgios' decidely rude comment to Stan Wawrinka earlier this summer set an already electric personality afire. Add his 'behavior' in his recent US Open match vs. Andy Murray and the man is a raging blaze of controversy. Is he a legend in the making?
'Bad boys' grow up. McEnroe and Jimmy Connors were absolutely shocking in their time. People say that it was even a little embarrassing to watch them – it was THAT raw.
We have a few clips from those matches but most behavior went unrecorded or wasn't distributed. It was bad – screaming at umps, climbing fences, smashing racquets and water coolers, swearing, yelling at opponents; it, as they say today, got very real – and fans loved it. Without social media however, antics became anecdotes and over time the bratty, braggadocios boys grew up, got themselves under control and became legends.
Kyrgios is not completely unlike McEnroe and Connors – with striking looks, mohawk, cocksure stride and a profound love for the camera, he grabs eyeballs like a magnet. I don't know Nick but guess that the 20 year old talent feels trapped in a structured world that many young players say is tough to bear.
If Kyrgios hadn't lost to Murray I'd bet you big money that the number of viewers tuned to his next match would have been double or triple. No he's not a role model, neither was McEnroe, but he is a talent that needs to get a hold of his emotions and channel his energies into playing high level tennis.
"…[Kyrgios'] ability to play points is unbelievable….but doing that for a game or two isn't going to win you a match. …Hopefully a coach or his or mentor can get to him and keep him applying all the way through a match." – Rod Laver
If Kyrgios wants to be, he could be a force, maybe even a legend.
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P.S. – Since when is putting your head back on a chair stranger than covering your head with a towel?


text:
Want more from Genius Kitchen?
Watch on your Apple TV, Roku, or Fire TV and your iOS, Fire, or Android device.Learn More
"Found in "Australian Healthy Food Guide" magazine. Simple, tasty biriyani which can also be made with brown rice (although this makes it even further from authentic biriyani). Serve with yoghurt and flat bread."
Lamb Biriyani
0 recipe photos
READY IN:30mins
Ingredients Nutrition
- 300 g lamb, diced small
- 1 onion, sliced thinly
- 1 tablespoon vegetable oil
- 2 garlic cloves, crushed
- 1 tablespoon ginger, grated
- 1 tablespoon curry powder
- 1 teaspoon cinnamon
- 1 cup basmati rice, rinsed
- 3 cups vegetable stock
- 3⁄4 cup frozen peas
- 1⁄3 cup flat leaf parsley, chopped
- 4 tablespoons plain yogurt, to serve
- Combine lamb and onion in a bowl and pour oil over. Mix well to combine.
- Heat saucepan over moderate heat and add lamb and onion mix. Stir 2-3 minutes or until browned.
- Add garlic, ginger, curry powder and cinnamon, and stir to combine.
- Add rice and stir until combined.
- Add stock, stir, and bring to the boil.
- Reduce heat to low and cook, covered, for 10 minutes (20 mins for brown rice).
- Remove from heat, stir in peas, cover and stand for 5 minutes.
- Top with parsley and yoghurt to serve.
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text:
WHEN Mr Liberat Mfumukeko was elected the new East African Community (EAC) Secretary General, I remember him to have reiterated his determination to cut down expenditure in that regional organisation.
Some of us with special interest in EAC success can say that Mfumekeko has managed to save substantially from travel expenses, now targeting procurement as another area in which the EAC can cut down cost immensely.
Mr Mfumukeko's dream is to save six million US dollars in the current financial year, which is commendable thing, given that the regional body's budget is largely dependent on donors. Indeed, kudos to you brother. Being cost conscious would impress donors and they would for sure be more committed, for they would see that what they give is well spent.
We all remember that the regional body was established to serve as a vehicle to bring together East African people, and in that regard, any initiative taken by the secretariat or other EAC organ should aim to ensure this goal is achieved. Making the EAC people-centred is the best way to ensure we have a strong and vibrant regional bloc.
If the EAC citizens feel attached to their organisation, it won't require much effort wooing them to wholly support it.
It is under this particular aim that I see the role of EAC in managing and keeping all the polling kits which could be used when a particular member state holds its general election, as it is the case for Kenya this year.
I remember few days prior to the 2015 General Election, The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) promised to assist Tanzania to upgrade its voter registration system. A visiting UNDP Administrator Helen Clark was quoted saying that his organization understood that the national electoral body had computerised some things but the technology they were using was outdated, and that is why UNDP wanted the electoral commission to do - obtain modern technology.
I think UNDP could have gone a step further, and establish a system that could allow polling kits procurement system that could be applicable to all EAC member countries Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi and Southern Sudan.
If most of us remember well, the 2015 elections in Tanzania, the Biometric Voter Registration (BVR) kits did cost 196bn/-, and after that exercise, those materials are safely preserved somewhere, waiting for the 2020 polls.
These same kits could be owned by the EAC that could have the task of establishing a friendly lending system for the member states. My argument is- if these kits were managed and preserved by the EAC it could be easier to lend them to Kenya during their August polls, instead of using billions of money to buy goods which could easily be obtained from a neighbour country.
Last week, the electoral commission of Kenya was advised to lease voting equipment from some countries, instead of buying some new ones.
Leaders at different stages say given the time taken and cost of procuring the equipment, it was easy to have a government-to-government arrangement that would see the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission (IEBC) hire the kits. Siaya Senator James Orengo said the IEBC could lease the equipment from countries such as India, Nigeria or Ghana, which had concluded their elections not so long ago.
The procurement of equipment is one of the things likely to complicate the elections in Kenya, given the few days remaining. For the time being, I think Kenya could lease from a country like India, which had over 800 million voters cast the ballot and thousands of the kits are now lying idle.
That option would allow Kenya election Body some time to concentrate on other issues away from procurement of the equipment, like ensuring the electronic voter identification and transmission of results do not fail.
We may remember that the equipments used in Venezuela and Argentina were leased from Brazil and they performed just well.
So there is no point for Kenya to amend the electoral law for fear that the kits would fail, and what the electoral body would now need to do is reconfigure the equipment once they are hired, and that is all. In fact, the hiring of equipment in Kenya is the most viable option, given the time remaining before the August General Election.
By hiring from countries like Nigeria or Ghana though a government-to-government arrangement, the IEBC will have saved all the time for procurement, a process that would include advertising for tender, evaluation and picking of the firm.
I do not think there is any much mathematics, especially when it is a government-to-government deal. At the bottom line, my today's call is to let EAC think aloud, and establish a system that can purchase polling for member states during election, and that could really reduce uncalled for expenses.


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From the Bird's Nest: Five Keys to Beating FAU
Three in a row.
But the Cajuns have done that before.
In fact, this group of seniors has had a four game winning streak before, in 2008.
And, they're favored to make it four this weekend.
But it won't happen just by throwing a Ragin' Cajuns helmet onto the field and saying, "Look who we are."
Here are five things the Cajuns need to do in order to insure their fourth straight win:
- 1
Avoid The Trap
And, this is most assuredly an ambush game. You're coming off a win over one of the defending champs. You have a game next week against the other one. You're playing a winless team in the middle.....a winless team that will come to Cajun Field believing they can win. The Cajuns aren't Florida, Michigan State or Auburn. Mental focus is absolutely the biggest key for this team, this week.
- 2
Slow Down Morris And Stinson
FAU is one of the few teams that will run the fullback, and Stinson has hurt the Cajuns in the past. Morris, meanwhile, was the league rushing champion two years ago and he's been a thorn in the Cajuns' side the last two meetings. Coach Mark Hudspeth always talks about stopping the run. It's paramount this week.
- 3
Get After Wilbert And Kooi
Neither quarterback plays with confidence. FAU will roll them out to avoid pressure. You may not sack them a bunch, but the defense needs to let the two quarterbacks know they're there. Hit 'em...regularly
- 4
Cover The Kickoffs
Yeah, I know. There's been way too much attention paid to Hunter Stover's kickoffs (by the fans, not the coaches) and not enough paid to the real problem...staying in lanes and tackling. Hud has made some personnel moves in that area. It's the only thing not special about special teams. If the Cajuns shore up in that department, FAU may have some long fields to traverse, and their offense isn't designed for that.
- 5
Protect The Potato
Although they don't have a fumble recovery this year, the Owls have forced ten fumbles in three games. The Cajuns must hold on to the football, regardless of who is holding it. Louisiana made it without a turnover last week. If they duplicate that feat, they win.


text: Hi Avi,On Mon, Jul 25, 2011 at 10:36 AM, Avi Kivity <email@example.com> wrote:>> Are you talking about Documentation/lguest/lguest.c? How would you>> suggest we unify our code with that?>> It should be easy to have tools/kvm drive lguest - they're both virtio> based. All you need to do is provide yet another ops structure to drive the> two ABIs.Right, we could do that. But for what purpose? I thought Lguest ABIwas mostly for educational and testing purposes.On Mon, Jul 25, 2011 at 10:36 AM, Avi Kivity <email@example.com> wrote:> I guess lguest.c has to remain, as point of lguest was a simple teaching aid> for virtualization (which doesn't work very well, as the techniques it uses> are obsolete).Yup, I don't see point in merging lguest.c with tools/kvm. Pekka--To unsubscribe from this list: send the line "unsubscribe linux-kernel" inthe body of a message to email@example.com majordomo info at http://vger.kernel.org/majordomo-info.htmlPlease read the FAQ at http://www.tux.org/lkml/


text:
Bride Makeover
Zync Studio
- November 5, 2016
( 372)
On this day two weddings taking place in our city. And both brides come to our salon beauty because it is the best in town and here everyone is happy. We must deal with these brides them a bath, cuff them and help them to dress as nice. We can not do this alone, so we have to find a right person to do this. In this game you have to be the person that will give us a hand, so please follow the instructions and clues that will give your boss. For starters bride must apply a layer of shampoo, after which we washed and we give a moisturizer on your face. Then you have to delete all well and eliminates pimples on the face, with tweezers. Next you have to makeup, powdered his face with any makeup we have to choose several colors that you like and apply them on the skin of the bride. After that have to do with lipstick, let them paint the eyebrows, to do eye pencil, and to apply a very fine layer of powder that will make your face shine. All that's left is dressing, so please help us find them a dress this gorgeous girls hair to make them and to seek some accessories that match the dress chosen. Thank you for choosing this game and invite you to choose and other bride games and games for girls online to test your skills further.
Instructions: Use your fingers to play
Instructions: Use your fingers to play
Have not download yet but can somebody tell me what it is about before i download
I mean its OK but cant make what color hair you want and you can't make a hair style you want.
Dis game is like so stupid like who would eva download dis booty game like juss gone sum were if u like dis game juss stay a way from mhe like fr if u gave dis game more dan 2 * cuz dis game retarted
I mean it's ok But you can't do the hair color how you want it buttttt it's still coo
N like it Vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv bad
No bogey is so hopefully OK :-[
Help to Indian girl for her Wedding to look beautiful with new fashion style


text:
     Hi there! I too have seen a significant increase in business recently. It occurred basically the day of or the day after Ancestry stopped providing the Expert Connect service. Several clients have stated that they found me through the Ancestry website's link to APG. I hope they'll keep the link there. :)
Elaine Turk Nell
Winston-Salem, NC


text:
in his first year of eligibility michael jordan was inducted into the naismith basketball hall of fame. michael jordan retired in 2003 for good after 15 seasons in the nba. jordan won 6 nba championships and was a 5 time mvp and a 14 time all-star. jordan went to college at north carolina where he led the tar heels to the ncaa championship during his freshman year. jordan is considered by most basketball fans as the best ever.
along with jordan, other 2009 inductees include jerry sloan, david robinson, john stockton and c. vivian stringer. congratulations to them all.
Tags: basketball, hall of fame, michael jordan, nba


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[3/23/2016] Kyosuke Takagi suspended for a year
by Gen on Mar.24, 2016 @ 3:13 am, under NPB
Tags: Kyosuke Takagi, Yomiuri Giants
The NPB's Investigation Committee released their gambling punishment proposal for Kyosuke Takagi on March 22. They felt a one-year suspension was fitting because he bet on fewer games over a short period of time, turned down other opportunities, and ultimately cooperated with investigations. Their proposal also included a five million yen fine for the Yomiuri Giants.
NPB commissioner Katsuhiko Kumazaki reviewed the proposal and agreed with the punishment.
Source: Sponichi 3/22 @ 15:10, Nikkan Sports 3/22 @ 15:19, Sponichi 3/22 @ 18:01, Tokyo Sports 3/22 @ 18:53, Sponichi 3/23 @ 05:30
The Giants held a press conference at a hotel in Tokyo on March 22 and announced that they decided to release K. Takagi. They also released findings from their recent internal investigation:
- They interviewed 299 personnel (players, coaches, staff) and discovered that fourteen bet on mahjong, forty-two on golf, and twenty-three on cards.
- K. Takagi admitted that he visited an underground slot machine facility multiple times between 2013 and 2014. The organization issued a stern warning to an unnamed player that accompanied him.
- Eight people, not including Shoki Kasahara, Satoshi Fukuda, Ryuya Matsumoto, and K. Takagi, knew Man B after they visited a restaurant he operated. Five met Man B outside of his restaurant. Three admitted to betting on golf with Man B. One coach met Man A during a meal.
Source: Nikkan Sports 3/22 @ 20:13, Tokyo Sports 3/22 @ 21:32, Sponichi 3/22 @ 22:55, Daily Sports 3/22, Sponichi 3/23 @ 05:35


text: Em Fri, Jan 29, 2010 at 10:55:13AM -0800, john smith escreveu:> Problem1: > > > Well, you could reduce the number of samples collected by> > asking perf record to> > include only kernel samples by fiddling with these> > perf_event_attr fields:> > > > exclude_user : 1, /* don't count user */> > exclude_kernel : 1, /* ditto kernel */> > exclude_hv : 1, /* ditto hypervisor */> > exclude_idle : 1, /* don't count when idle */> > > > I.e. setting exclude_user, exclude_hv and exclude_idle to> > 1, but this requires> > a patch for tools/perf/builtin-record.c as this is not> > exposed yet.> I did setup attr->exclude_hv, exclude_idle, exclude_user = 1 in> create_counter() just before "try_again:" label, no difference in> results, on a 2.6.31 (too old? "perf buildid-list" is not available)> kernel version:> # perf record -f -e cycles fio fio_script> (for more than a minute, I increased the sample frequency with> different -c values, some locked the machine - expectedly)> and> # perf report --verbose --dso=/my_module_path/my_module.ko> (--verbose doesn't provide any more info)This isn't going to work, you need to do:perf report --verbose --dso='[my_module]'I.e. as it appear on /proc/modules + brackets. Arguably we need to getit to work also with both 'my_module.ko' and the full path.> return the same "# Samples: 0":> > "> # dso: /my_module_path/my_module.ko> # Samples: 0> #...> "> > > [root@doppio linux-2.6-tip]# perf report --dsos '[e1000e]'> > # dso: [e1000e]> > # Samples: 110518812> > 'e1000e' module may be be sampled more often than the scsi modules but ...> > > > not sure why that is, /proc/kallsyms does seem to> > > include some iwlagn symbols.> /proc/kallsyms includes all syms I need, so is a problem not finding> the symbols, does this (Samples: 0) make sens?> "perf report --sort comm,dso,symbol" report has my module symbols.See above on how to specify the module name, its just that it is findingno samples for the module name as specified, it seems.> Problem2: > If I try "perf annotate -l -k /my_module_path/my_module.ko my_symbol"> has all the percentages "0.00" where I would expect a % breakdown> (considering the total function counter 100%), even if the function> represents a small overall counter % compared to the others, any> ideas?I actually never tried doing annotation with a module, will try.- Arnaldo


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L4L hosts a Live Chat with the KmyMoney folks
Come one, come all! On 27 June, 2005 at 9:30 pm CST, Lobby4Linux is proud to sponsor a Live Chat with some of the DevTeam of KmyMoney. This personal finance application is quickly becoming the "Quicken Killer" for Linux. We at Lobby4Linux have used this application extensively and find it to be not only complete, but pretty to look at not at all difficult to use. The DevTeam of KmyMoney deserve a rousing round of applause for their hard work. Lobby4Linux is happy to host these gentlemen and give them a chance to give us a peek under the hood and behind the curtain of this wonderful application. Please take the time to register at Lobby4Linux.com so you don't have to wait in line come Monday. We expect a large turnout and we hope to see you there. Remember, this Monday, 9:30 PM CST at Lobby4Linux.com. The chat board is powered by X7 Chat and can accomodate everyone who is interested.
IMPORTANT NOTE: Due to a technical glitch within our PHP page, the confirmation email you receive when you register will have a blank "from" line. Many email clients see this and immediately deposit it in the junk or trash folder. If you do not see a confirmation email from L4L upon registration, check these folders. We are working to get this fixed as fast as possible.
I would also like to take this time to announce a new staff member of Lobby4Linux.com. Mr Tracy Kuhlman, AKA "Okie" has assumed the duties as Linux Technical Representative. Okie's broad knowledge of Linux and his ability to communicate on the new user level make him a valuable asset to Lobby4Linux and we are proud to call him a TeamMember. If you get a chance, email him, Okie at Lobby4Linux dottt kom and say hi. Pardon the spam-trap email address. It's a sad state of affairs when one must butcher the language in order to make a point. Wait a minute…I do that several times a week in writing my blog. Never mind.
Please take the time and drop by Monday night for our Live Chat with the DevGuys from KmyMoney and give Okie a shout when you get time. Both of those things will be appreciated.
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text:
The preglacial lower Mohawk River — Changes of the Ice Age in the lower valley — Outlets of the postglacial Mohawk into Lake Albany — The geology of Cohoes Falls — The Cohoes Mastodon and Pleistocene animals of the Mohawk Valley.
The Preglacial Lower Mohawk
The Mohawk Valley below Schenectady forms an interesting study of conditions before and after the coming of the glacier. The Valley, west of Schenectady, has all the signs of an old river valley, while, eastward from that city, the course of the river and its watershed has a decidedly modern character. The natural conclusion is that the Mohawk, from Schenectady westward, generally follows its ancient preglacial course while the present lower Mohawk channel is comparatively recent, as geological time is reckoned.
The Mohawk River and its watershed is peculiar in that a great part of its upper basin (from Little Falls westward) and its lower section (from Schenectady to Cohoes) are developments of glacial action and have been added to the main central Valley since preglacial times. Moreover the main eastward flowing river, by glacial action, has annexed a westward flowing upper stream ("Rome River," from Little Falls to Rome) and changed its course from west to east, a fact which gives the Mohawk's history a further and particular interest in connection with the story of the great glacier which overspread our Valley for thousands of years. In preglacial times this Rome River was one of the upper headwaters of the Dundas River, corresponding to the Mississippi of today. There are few existing streams which have undergone such peculiar changes as those here described in connection with the history of the Mohawk River.
The location of the buried channel of the preglacial Mohawk, eastward from near Schenectady, has not been definitely determined. The United States Board of Engineers of Deep Waterways in 1899, surveyed the Mohawk River to ascertain its availability as a ship canal channel. Borings made during this survey show that "near South Schenectady, the bedrock stands at an elevation of 320 and then abruptly falls off to 210 feet beneath the valley of the Poentic Kill, a southern tributary to the Mohawk basin about three-fourths of a mile north, beyond which rock was not reached." The borings were made only to 190 feet sea level. Along a line extending from the bank of the river, at a point three-fifths of a mile west of the Schenectady waterworks to a point near South Schenectady, no rock was struck. These borings indicate that there is a depression in the bedrock in the locality north of South Schenectady. It is possible that the preglacial Mohawk flowed in this direction and found its outlet following, in a general way, the channel of the present Normanskill. It is this route that was favored by the Deep Waterways Survey, as the ship channel course from the Mohawk above South Schenectady to the Hudson River on the southern limits of Albany. If such a channel existed in preglacial times, a large part of the present site of Albany then lay in the Mohawk watershed, just as a considerable portion of the city of Cohoes, at the present outlet of the stream, is in the Mohawk's drainage basin.
The Preglacial Hudson
Geological evidences point to a preglacial stream flowing southward from the Ballston Lake channel into the Mohawk at about the present site of Schenectady. In the same period, a southward flowing stream drained the Saratoga-Round Lake depression which marks an ancient channel of the Hudson, as shown in the accompanying map. The foregoing conditions were those pertaining to the lower Mohawk River course during preglacial times.
[Series of 6 maps illustrating drainage along the Mohawk River in various periods.]
The Postglacial Lower Mohawk Channel
The development of the stages of the lower postglacial Mohawk channel is clearly shown by the accompanying maps. Together with this condensed description, they are taken from the "Glacial Geology of the Schenectady Quadrangle" (New York State Museum Bulletin 154) and "Glacial Geology of the Cohoes Quadrangle" (New York State Museum Bulletin 215-216) by James H. Slotter.
Following the withdrawal of the southern edge of the ice sheet, the waters of Lake Albany spread over the region from the present Hudson to and west of Schenectady, flooding the lower Mohawk River channel. The flooded Mohawk then began to build up the present delta between Schenectady and Albany, now known as the "sand plains." It may have been at this time that the preglacial Mohawk channel was filled up or the channel may have been previously obstructed by glacial drift as was the case with the Sacandaga River at Northampton and the West Canada Creek at Prospect. The size and character of these Mohawk delta deposits on the bed of Lake Albany show that this lake existed for a long period of geologic time, as did the great Iroquois-Mohawk or Iromohawk which carried the waters of the Great Lakes basin eastward to Lake Albany. The large volume of water and its accompanying silt, then carried by the great Iromohawk, also accounts for this great delta then laid down by our river's ancient waters. This condition is shown in the first of the maps showing the postglacial outlet of the Mohawk into Lake Albany.
Subsidence of Lake Albany
The time came when Lake Albany's waters began to subside by the lowering of the outlet southward to the sea. The delta southeast of Schenectady then emerged as a land surface and the Mohawk's current became confined within a channel conforming with the basin near Schenectady. This basin exists today in the present broad river channel there filled with islands (of which Van Slyck's is the largest) and now crossed by the Great Western Gateway Bridge. From there the Mohawk had two channels to Lake Albany. It was then that the river found a spillway eastward across the rocks below Aqueduct and the eroding of the present lower channel of the Mohawk River began. The greatest flow of the waters of the then great Mohawk at first found their main outlet northward through the Ballston channel and discharged into the lowered Lake Albany near East Line. The present lower Mohawk, because of its narrow channel at Aqueduct, lowered its bed more rapidly than the wider Ballston channel. This greater flow of water through the Aqueduct channel cut out the present gorge east of that place and the flooded waters thence swept eastward in a broad path through the Lake Albany deposits. Thus was formed the broad depression extending southeastward, from Crescent to the islands in the mouth of the Mohawk.
As the waters of Lake Albany fell, the lake, greatly narrowed, began to take on the character of a broad river and the strong currents from the north and the Iromohawk (which then still had its upper channel into the Hudson at present Mechanicsville) cut deeply into the sediments still filling the midportion of the general Hudson valley. As Lake Albany waters continued to fall and as the Mohawk deepened its channel through the rock barrier at Aqueduct, the river's bed was scoured out to a point below the elevation of the Ballston channel and the divide was then formed between the Mohawk and Ballston Lake. All the Mohawk's waters then passing through its present lower channel, the stream cut a broad path through the deposits southeast of Crescent, laying bare the rock floor of the preglacial Hudson valley. Where the Mohawk flowed over the rock slope, which marked the rim of the ancient valley, a falls developed which, through recession, formed the present falls and gorge of the Mohawk at Cohoes.
Cohoes Falls
The previous description of the geology of the lower channel of the Mohawk shows that the Cohoes Falls are comparatively modern as reckoned in geological time, being postglacial in their origin and history. While Niagara Falls, another postglacial cataract, has receded seven miles since its beginning the falls of Cohoes have cut back a distance of only about 2,000 feet. This is due to the fact that only a part of the postglacial greater Mohawk's waters came through the present channel for a long period of time and also because of the character of the rock bed of the river in the region of the falls.
Says Stoller:
"The Mohawk River, from near Crescent to its mouth, has its bed on rock and, in the last three miles of its course, occupies a rock gorge marked by the falls at Cohoes. A dam has been built across the upper portion of the gorge in order to supply power for the industries of Cohoes. The level of the water in the dam is 156 feet. From the dam to the falls the river has the character of a rapids descending 20 feet in the distance of three-fourths of a mile. It then falls 70 feet over a precipice of rock. The water does not descend abruptly as a vertical sheet but flows over the steeply inclined rock declivity. This slope corresponds in general to the dip of the rocks but, in the middle portion of the falls, the rocks have been worn and broken so that the angle of the fall is less than that of the dip and the falling water has the character of a cascade. At about one-third of the width of the river, from the left (north) bank, there is a projecting mass of smoothed rock over which very little water passes. At the inner side of this mass the volume of falling water is greater than elsewhere and, at the base, there is a deep pool of water occupying a depression worn in the rocks.
"Below the falls the river flows on a bed of jagged rock but with slower current, descending, in the course of a mile, from the level of 60 feet at the foot of the falls to 51 feet at the head of the lower rapids, where the river divides into three streams (popularly called the Sprouts of the Mohawk), forming the islands on the floor of the Hudson Valley. In the summer, when the river is low, most of the water below the falls is confined to a deepwater channel, which extends from the deepwater pool at the falls."
The slow recession of the falls is explained by the fact that the bed of the stream consists of indurated shales and sandstone dipping steeply eastward. The direction of flow follows the dip and the water wear, on the rocks at the front of the falls precipice, is over the surface of their bedding planes. At the summit of the falls, the water flows over the edges of the rock and here the wear is naturally more rapid. Due to this more rapid erosion of the rock strata on their upper ends than on their faces the angle of curve of the rock face of the falls is greater than that of the dip of the strata. This greater wear at the summit and at the base, due to the force of the falling waters, gives the Cohoes Falls their unusual and characteristic rounded appearance. This is fully shown when the rock structure of the falls is largely uncovered during the low water of summer. The great postglacial Mohawk, as well as the smaller stream of the later Quaternary period, has. drilled a number of potholes in the rock bed of the stream, both above and below the present cataract.
The Cohoes Falls is both interesting and picturesque. When viewed, at high water, from the south bank at the base of the gorge, the cataract is truly impressive and justifies the somewhat sensational tales of early travelers concerning Cohoes.
In the general public consideration of Mohawk Valley geology, the point of view seems to have been largely sectional and not one embracing the Valley as a whole, which is the intent of this chapter. For the trifling reason that the falls of Cohoes lie outside of the imaginary lines which are supposed to define the six Mohawk Valley Counties, these interesting great falls of the Mohawk have had little attention in works written for the people of the middle and upper sections of the Mohawk Valley. Naturally the Cohoes Falls region is of equal importance with all other areas of the watershed of the Mohawk and this picturesque cataract and its interesting geological history give the lower Mohawk channel unusual interest.
* * *
Cohoes Mastodon
Probably the two most famous deceased animals of New York State are two representatives of the elephant family — Barnum's famous Jumbo, the skeleton of which stands in the Museum of Natural History in New York City, and the Cohoes mastodon, which makes its present home in the midst of the fine collections of the New York State Museum in the Education Building at Albany. This celebrated Mastodon Americanus rivals the famous Devonian tree trunks of Gilboa, the oldest in the world, as an attraction to students of geology and paleontology visiting the Museum. Both have brought fame to the Mohawk Valley as being products of our world-noted region. Here, too, we can see our old-time four-legged citizen both with his clothes off and on — making an imposing exhibit as a mastodonic skeleton, while his lifelike counterpart, standing nearby arrayed in his shaggy coat of fur, presents a most formidable appearance. To the Eskimo, who paddled the glacial lakes of the Mohawk Valley, thousands of years ago, such a vision as this meant food and raiment for an entire long postglacial winter.
The name mastodon is a word derived from the Greek and means "nipple teeth" from the peculiar nipples on the molars of the mastodon, seven of which were on each side of the upper and lower jaw. The character of these teeth is midway between those of herbivorous animals and those of the mammoth and its descendant, the elephant. Bones of the mammoth have been found with those of the mastodon in New York State. This mammoth Elephas Americanus is a different specie from the Asiatic and European mammoth Elephas primigenius, which is closely allied to the Indian elephant. The American mammoth's remains are much scarcer than those of the mastodon. The food of both species probably principally consisted of the leaves and branches of pine, willows, birches and other hardy trees. They roamed America and Europe in herds, much like the buffalo herds of the plains, prior to 1870. The stone age men of Europe hunted them and pictured them on bone surfaces and on the walls of their caves. Doubtless the Eskimo people, who here followed the retreating ice sheet at the close of the Ice Age, hunted them in the woods, swamps, lake and river borders of postglacial North America. Both the mastodon and the mammoth were heavily built creatures, having twice the weight of the modern elephant. We associate the word mammoth with colossal objects, because of this extinct creature's heavy, stocky bulk. The name, however, comes from the Tartar word "mamma", meaning earth, as this people thought the animals burrowed in the earth, because of their long tusks and from the fact that their fossil bones were brought to light below the surface of the ground.
The Cohoes mastodon is probably the most noted of his species in America, as this was one of the first specimens in which the skeleton was found largely intact and because it was one of the earliest mounted specimens. The incidents of its discovery also gave it wide publicity as it was uncovered in one of the deepest potholes ever excavated in the Mohawk River bed. The site of this pothole is shown on the relief model sketch of the Cohoes Falls neighborhood, which locates it on the upper rock level of the ancient Iroquois-Mohawk River, which site must date back to a period when the Mohawk first began to cut back its present falls, thus assuring the Cohoes mastodon a very respectable antiquity.
In September, 1866, workmen were excavating for a foundation for an addition to the Harmony Mills at Cohoes. In these digging operations the men came upon the lower jaw and single foot bone lying on a ledge of rock at the side of a filled-in pothole. Further excavation, to a depth of fifty feet, brought to light the principal parts of the skeleton lying on a bed of clay and broken slate above a layer of waterworn pebbles, with which the powerful water currents had drilled this great pothole. This lower layer was ten feet thick and showed that the pothole was old before the mastodon was here entombed. The fill in the pothole above these bones consisted of fifty feet of muck, peaty soil, fragments of tree limbs, rotten beaver-gnawed wood, washed here by the flood of the great Iromohawk. On top of this was a layer of artificial fill, the work of modern man.
The Cohoes mastodon is the only actual specimen found within the limits of the Mohawk Valley and its location was on its very eastern edge. There is reason to believe, however, that these animals ranged the more level parts of our Valley just as they did other parts of the State.
The remains of contemporary Pleistocene mammals are frequently found mingled with those of the mastodon and mammoth in New York State. From a list of the following, thus found, we can form some idea of the animals which roamed the shores of the postglacial Mohawk: fossil bear of the character of the grizzly; black bear; fox; seal; fossil giant beaver "Castoroides", an animal with the bulk of a modern black bear and the proportions of a modern beaver, with which remains it is frequently associated; fossil peccary; deer; elk, "fossil stag"; caribou; moose; American bison, which probably roamed a great part of the present State; fossil horse, of a type larger than our domesticated animal.
Some of these animals may have belonged to the period of the Eskimo-like people, whose remains are found in our State and Valley, and probably were hunted by these first of our known aborigines.


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