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On April 23, 2010, Arizona Governor Jan Brewer signed the Support Our Law Enforcement and Safe Neighborhoods Act into law, following the bill's quick approval in both the Arizona House and Senate. More commonly referred to as SB 1070, proponents argued that the legislation was aimed at combating illegal immigration in the state by requiring all resident aliens in Arizona to register their presence in the US with the government within 30 days of entering the country. It also requires law enforcement officials to inquire into the immigration status of anyone that they make "lawful contact with" if they have a "reasonable suspicion" that the person may be in the country illegally. To this end, SB 1070 criminalized the failure to provide documentation proving lawful immigration status, and granted state law enforcement expanded powers of investigation, detention and transportation. The law also criminalized attempts to employ or transport undocumented immigrants within the state, targeting traditional "day laborer" arrangements.
The bill's passage was met with harsh criticism from both domestic and international sources. US President Barack Obama criticized the bill the day before its passage, saying its enforcement would "threaten to undermine basic notions of fairness that we cherish as Americans, as well as the trust between police and their communities that is so crucial to keeping us safe." Nationwide rallies protesting SB 1070 were held in May 2010 and the US Conference of Mayors passed two resolutions opposing the law and supporting alternative federal immigration reform. The UN suggested that Arizona's enforcement scheme might violate binding international human rights standards. Four days after Brewer signed the bill into law, JURIST Guest Columnist Marjorie Cohn wrote that SB 1070 effectively "criminalizes 'walking while brown' in Arizona" and ignores the many social contributions made by undocumented immigrants: "Instead of expressing gratitude for the back-breaking work migrant laborers contribute to our society, [this] is an increasingly virulent strain of racism that targets non-citizens."
The Arizona legislature responded to this outcry by quickly passing an amendment to SB 1070, which was signed by Brewer on May 1, 2010. The amendment strengthened restrictions against using race or ethnicity as the basis for questioning immigration status and specified that law enforcement can only question the immigration status of suspects stopped pursuant to the enforcement of another law. JURIST Guest Columnist William G. Ross stressed in May 2010 that Arizona must be scrupulously careful to avoid even the appearance of any kind of discrimination against Latinos, arguing that the amendment is a step in the right direction:
Although some opponents of the status have alleged that it would permit random detention of any person suspected of being an illegal alien and therefore could subject legal aliens or U.S. citizens of Hispanic heritage to harassment and abuse or could discourage them from reporting crimes to law enforcement officials, the "lawful contact" language indicates that the statute requires a predicate for any inquiry into one's citizenship status.Despite this legislative change, numerous legal challenges have been filed to prevent the enforcement of SB 1070 or invalidate it outright. Two intial lawsuits were filed by the National Coalition of Latino Clergy and Christian Leaders and Arizona police officer Martin Escobar challenging the constitutionality of SB 1070. Escobar's suit was dismissed for lack of standing by the US District Court for the District of Arizona in September 2010, which was subsequently upheld in a decision from the US Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. However, the state of Arizona's motion to dismiss the second class action lawsuit was denied in October 2010. Federal Judge Susan Bolton heard arguments in that case in August 2012 and upheld the provision that requires law enforcement officials to check the immigration status of persons they stop or arrest if they reasonably suspect those persons of being undocumented immigrants. Following the Supreme Court's decision in Arizona v. United States, Judge Bolton declined to issue an injunction against the law, a decision which was upheld by the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit following appeal.
The US Department of Justice (DOJ) filed its challenge to the law in July 2010, alleging that SB 1070 is preempted by federal immigration law under the Supremacy Clause of the US Constitution. In response, the US District Court for the District of Arizona issued a preliminary injunction against enforcement of several provisions in the law before it went into effect. Despite this initial success, many legal minds remained unconvinced of the legal soundness of the DOJ argument. JURIST Guest Columnist Jon Feere argued in November 2011 that preemption was "not an issue" in the case:
Like many states, Arizona is experiencing the fallout of the federal government's failure to sufficiently enforce immigration laws. At least 25 states may follow Arizona's lead. This is in addition to the many other states that have already passed legislation to make their jurisdictions less welcoming to those who violate immigration laws, both illegal aliens and their employers. It will be up to the Supreme Court to clarify the scope of preemption in immigration matters, but Arizona has a greater likelihood of success than most media outlets are predicting.Arizona appealed the preliminary injunction and sought expedited review from the US Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, which was denied. In response, Brewer filed a countersuit against the US government in February 2011, alleging violations of the Secure Fence Act of 2006 and other pieces of federal immigration law. However, Arizona's counterclaim was dismissed by the district court on the grounds of claim preclusion.
The Ninth Circuit issued its opinion in Arizona's appeal in April 2011, upholding the preliminary injunction issued by the district court. Arizona appealed the Ninth Circuit's decision to the US Supreme Court in August 2011. The Supreme Court granted certiorari in December 2011, despite urging from the DOJ to deny the application. Oral arguments in the case of Arizona v. United States took place on April 25, 2012. On June 25, 2012, the Court struck down several portions of the law while upholding the controversial provision allowing police to arrest anyone they suspect of being an undocumented immigrant. Following the decision, Brewer expressed confidence that the enforcement of SB 1070 will not violate the Constitution and a realization that domestic and international eyes will be on Arizona as the law goes into effect within the state.
In an unrelated lawsuit challenging SB 1070, the US District Court for the District of Arizona has ruled that Arizona residents have standing to challenge the law's constitutionality. The court in that case also considered arguments as to whether the citizens challenging the immigration law should be certified as a class.
'Copycat' Legislation
Arizona's SB 1070 was not the first state-sanctioned piece of legislation seeking to curb the issue of illegal immigration in recent years. The Oklahoma Taxpayer and Citizen Protection Act of 2007 was struck down by the US Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit in February 2010, and is just one example of many state attempts to legislate the issue of undocumented immigrants. However, the aftermath of SB 1070 has inspired a number of state legislatures to enact individual solutions to immigration problems. In the months following the adoption of Arizona's controversial immigration policies, the state legislatures of South Carolina, Oklahoma, Utah, Indiana, Georgia, Mississippi and Alabama approved legislation similar to SB 1070. In some cases, the laws were even directly modeled on the language of Arizona's legislation.
Following the adoption of these so-called "copycat" bills, various legal challenges were filed to prevent their enforcement in both state and federal courts. Alabama has been at the center of particular legal controversy since its restrictions on undocumented immigrants were decried as the most severe in the country. The Beason-Hammon Alabama Taxpayer and Citizen Protection Act, commonly referred to as HB 56, has been the subject of three different lawsuits with plaintiffs including the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC), the National Immigration Law Center (NILC), the DOJ, and various religious organizations. The consolidated lawsuits have drawn supporting briefs from 16 foreign countries. Alabama Governor Robert Bentley later signed revisions to HB 56 that clarify the types of documents that can be used for identification, ease measures against subcontractors that hire undocumented immigrants and contain exceptions for religious purposes.
The US Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit issued an injunction preventing the enforcement of HB 56 in October 2011. However, a controversial element of HB 56 requiring public schools to check the immigration status of their students has continued to provoke conflict between state and federal officials. JURIST Guest Columnist Kevin Johnson argues that this back-and-forth between state and federal officials over the legitimacy of HB 56 underscores the need for federal immigration reform, and invokes the era of civil rights:
Oddly out of touch with US civil rights history, Alabama Attorney General Luther Strange has questioned Perez's authority to ask for basic enrollment information from the school districts. Such objections highlight for the nation the civil rights implications of the Alabama immigration law and remind people of the parallels between HB 56 and Alabama's strident -- at times, violent -- stand against African Americans seeking to desegregate the public school system in the 1950s and 1960s. Unfortunately, until Congress enacts some kind of comprehensive immigration reform or the Supreme Court makes clear what role the states have, if any, in immigration enforcement, the nation can expect state legislatures to continue to pass immigration enforcement laws like Alabama's.Following the injunction from the Eleventh Circuit, the DOJ has filed a new action to strike down HB 56 in its entirety. This has prompted efforts within the state to revise the law. On April 20, 2012, the Alabama House of Representatives adopted amendments to HB 56, which distinguished some of the more controversial elements of the bill in anticipation of the state's legal defense of the law.
In August 2012, the US Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit struck down provisions of HB 56 as well as Georgia's "copycat" immigration law, HB 87. Following the opinion [PDF], Alabama state officials requested a rehearing; the Eleventh Circuit court twice denied these requests. Alabama Attorney General Strange then appealed the ruling to the Supreme Court in January 2013; the appeal was denied in April 2013. Following the Eleventh Circuit striking down provisions of Georgia's HB 87, the US District Court for the Northern District of Georgia lifted a preliminary injunction on the upheld provisions of the Georgia law and subsequently permanently banned enforcement of its provision prohibiting knowingly transporting or harboring an illegal immigrant during the course of a crime. The Georgia General Assembly reacted to these rulings by passing an expanded version of the bill requiring stricter enforcement.
In February 2013, the ACLU filed another lawsuit specifically challenging a portion of Alabama's law that requires law enforcement to publish a list of immigrants who may be undocumented, which the organization decried as an immigrant "black list."
The US District Court for the Southern District of Indiana issued an opinion [PDF] in March 2013 striking down provisions of Indiana's strict immigration law that allowed police to arrest non-citizens without a warrant and prohibited the use of consular IDs as forms of identification.
Driver's Licenses
In the past decade, one prevalent issue surrounding immigration laws has been the issuance of driver's licenses to illegal immigrants. States such as Connecticut, Illinois, New Mexico, Utah and Washington allow illegal immigrants driving privileges through driver's licenses. Some of the arguments in favor of the licenses include: promotion of road safety, allowance of immigrants to drive to work to support their families and reduction of unlicensed drivers on the road. Those opposed to the licenses being issued are concerned with fraud, national security and the encouragement of employment of illegal immigrants over US citizens. States such as Ohio, Georgia, and Arizona allowed driver's licenses for illegal immigrants before revoking them, citing reasons such as identity fraud, drawing illegal immigrants from other states, taking jobs away from US citizens and political pressure.
In Illinois, Governor Pat Quinn signed a bill in January 2013 that permitted immigrants to obtain temporary driver's licenses if they could provide proof of one-year state residence. These licenses could not be used for voting, purchasing firearms or boarding airplanes. In California, Governor Jerry Brown signed a bill that would allow certain illegal immigrants who came to the US as children, including those who do not have social security numbers, to obtain state driver's licenses. The bill also contained provisions that would allow those who entered the US as children under the age of 16 and are currently under the age of 30 to obtain work permits. On March 25, 2013, the Maryland Senate approved a bill that would increase the availability of driver's licenses for illegal immigrants as long as they could show proof that they have filed Maryland state income taxes. These licenses would not be able to be used as federally accepted identification.
The Supremacy Clause
The legal debate over SB 1070 concerned the ability of Arizona to create strict immigration reforms, despite the federal government traditionally holding sole constitutional power to set immigration law. The key constitutional language at issue was the Supremacy Clause, Article VI, Clause 2, which states that in all cases where there is a contradiction between federal and state law, the courts must enforce the federal law:
This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof; and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land; and the judges in every state shall be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding.SB 1070 contains several provisions which implicate the potential application of this preemption doctrine. The key provisions contested gave state law enforcement permission to determine the immigration status of any individual who arouses "reasonable suspicion," criminalized the hiring of undocumented immigrants for day labor, and allowed citizens to sue local governments if they believed the policy was not being enforced properly. The federal government argued that these provisions were unenforceable because federal law preempts them, whereas proponents of SB 1070 and Arizona officials countered that the provisions amounted to concurrent enforcement of federal laws already in place.
This argument of concurrent enforcement has been touted by Brewer as the primary motivation behind the law's adoption. On February 6, 2012, Brewer filed a brief with the US Supreme Court asking that the Ninth Circuit's injunction be lifted as soon as possible, arguing that there is an urgent need for such state law enforcement capacities:
The result [of lax federal enforcement] has been the funneling of an increasing tide of illegal border crossings into Arizona. Indeed, over the past decade, over a third of the nation's illegal border crossings occurred in Arizona. ... This flood of unlawful cross-border traffic, and the accompanying influx of illegal drugs, dangerous criminals and highly vulnerable persons, have resulted in massive problems for Arizona's citizens and government, leaving them to bear a seriously disproportionate share of the burden of an already urgent national problem.Some have claimed that Supreme Court precedent under De Canas v. Bica support this interpretation. However, legal challenges to SB 1070 maintained that the issue of preemption should have led the Supreme Court to strike the entire law down as unconstitutional a view clearly stated by the DOJ lawsuit filed in July 2010: "The Constitution and the federal immigration laws do not permit the development of a patchwork of state and local immigration policies throughout the country."
Legal scholars have also spoken out against the bill due to its potential for inflicting unnecessary costs on municipalities. JURIST Guest Columnist Marjorie Cohn argues that, in addition to running afoul of preemption doctrine, the costs of enforcing SB 1070 will quickly eclipse its potential benefits:
By establishing a separate state crime for anyone who violates federal immigration law, the new Arizona law contravenes the Supremacy Clause of the Constitution, which grants the federal government exclusive power to regulate U.S. borders ... SB 1070 creates a cause of action for any person to sue a city, town or county if he or she feels the police are not stopping enough undocumented immigrants. Even if a municipality is innocent, it will still be forced to rack up exorbitant legal fees to defend itself against frivolous lawsuits.
The First Amendment
SB 1070 has also implicated the First Amendment through legal challenges specifically seeking to strike down portions of SB 1070 that target day laborers and employers. Filed in January 2011, the petition alleged that the provisions of SB 1070 which prevent employers from soliciting day laborers should be struck down for infringing on constitutional protections for commercial speech. Following the law's passage, Brewer contended that the portions of the legislation related to day laborers was a "necessary traffic safety measure" meant to address the compelling government interest of traffic safety. However, the plaintiffs of the lawsuit claimed that the law's effect was directed at limiting speech, not promoting safety on the roads:
The First Amendment guarantees all members of society the right to free expression. Solicitation speech is expression entitled to full protection under the First Amendment. Sections 13-2928 (A) and (B) of the Arizona Revised Statutes are content-based speech restrictions because they impose statewide criminal liability on motorists and individuals based on individuals' employment solicitation speech.In March 2012, the US District Court for the District of Arizona issued a preliminary injunction preventing the enforcement of the provisions of SB 1070 dealing with day laborers, citing a potential violation of the First Amendment:
The Court finds that [Arizona has] not shown that [the] content-based restrictions of speech are drawn to achieve the substantial governmental interest in traffic safety. As an initial matter, because the regulation is content-based and applies only to solicitation of employment, not other types of solicitation, it appears to be structured to target particular speech rather than a broader traffic problem. The adoption of a content-based ban on speech indicates that the legislature did not draft these provisions after careful evaluation of the burden on free speech.
The US Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit issued an opinion [PDF] affirming the preliminary injunction preventing enforcement of the day laborer provision in March 2013.
Racial Discrimination
Corollary to these arguments is the prevalent concern that SB 1070 will lead to racial discrimination by law enforcement. A brief filed by the Mexican American Legal Defense and Education Fund (MALDEF) and the National Coalition of Latino Christian Clergy contends that the bill opens up the possibility of racial discrimination by creating a set of immigration laws separate from the federal government:
One significant measure of SB 1070's patent illegality is that it seeks to implement Arizona's own scheme of immigration regulation separate and in conflict with federal government policy when our Constitution envisions a unified nation under one federal set of immigration regulations to be adopted by Congress and implemented by the President. By rejecting that constitutional plan, Arizona's enactment of SB 1070 is tantamount to a declaration of secession. In response, the federal government must act to preserve our united nation by clearly stating that it will not cooperate in any way with the implementation of SB 1070 that it will not adjust or alter its immigration enforcement priorities to the detriment of other states simply to accommodate Arizona's most recent exercise in racial demagoguery.However, scholars have expressed the fear that SB 1070's discriminatory effect has already been felt. JURIST Forum Guest Columnist David Harris has argued that SB 1070 operates as a thinly veiled attempt to legislate racial discrimination:
The Supreme Court will answer whether the federal law on immigration "preempts" a state from regulating immigration. But in reality, the case is about something else: whether state law in the US can be used to force police to act on the basis of racial or ethnic appearance. ... We should begin with a clear understanding of the goal of the Arizona law, which is not to assure compliance with the federal immigration law. Rather, it is to intimidate and cause fear among Latino people. The idea is to use this fear to terrify and to disturb the Latino population enough that they leave Arizona. This is what the leading Republican candidate for president this year euphemistically called "self-deportation." The drafters of the law were much more blunt. What they wanted was stated in the law itself: "attrition through enforcement." In other words, by enforcing, or threatening to enforce, the provision of the Arizona law, they hoped to push out people they do not want.
Prior to 1882, there were few restrictions placed on the ability of immigrants to enter the US. This began to change with the Chinese Exclusion Act, which suspended immigration to the US by people of Chinese descent. Another significant change occurred in the 1920s with the advent of national quotas which dictated the number of immigrants that could enter the US from each country around the world. This national origins formula would endure in some form until the 1960s. However, the beginning of the modern immigration regime truly begins with the Nationality Act of 1940, which was created to make a more complete nationality code. The act clarified the status of individuals residing in US territories, and identified those groups that were ineligible for citizenship. Some qualifications that were listed in the act that could be considered for eligibility of nationalization were: race/ethnicity, basic verbal English proficiency and residency. The only factors listed as being ineligible for consideration were gender and marital status.
Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952
The next development in federal immigration law came in 1952 with the passage of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 [PDF], also known as the McCarran-Walter Act. This act further prohibited race from being used as a factor when considering an individual's eligibility for nationalization. The act also created three immigrant classifications: (1) those with special skills or relatives in the US, (2) average immigrants whose country of origin had not exceeded its "quota" for the year, and (3) refugees. The act also allowed for the denial of entry to immigrants who were seen as potentially dangerous or associated with the Communist Party. This was thought necessary to ensure that the US only allowed entry to immigrants of good moral character who would abide by the principles of the US Constitution.
Immigration and Nationality Services Act of 1965
The Immigration and Nationality Services Act of 1965 is most significantly known for abolishing the national origins formula that had been in place in the US since 1924. This was the most radical change in immigration policy to date at the time. The act increased the number of immigrants coming into the country especially from Latin America and Asia in hopes of taking advantage of the opportunities that the US had to offer. The focus for approving immigrants entrance to the US was shifted to evaluate an immigrant's employment skills and family relationships with people already in the country.
Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986
There was little change in federal immigration policy until the passage of the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986, which was aimed at curbing widespread illegal immigration. The main points of the act included requiring employers to verify their employees' immigration status and making it a crime to knowingly hire or recruit any unauthorized immigrants. The act also gave legal status to certain undocumented immigrants doing seasonal agriculture and to undocumented immigrants who entered the US before January 1, 1982, and had lived in the country continuously. The parts dealing with employers instituted the I-9 form, which requires documents of legal eligibility to accept employment.
Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996
Ten years later, the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (IIRIRA) was passed. This legislation was seen as a more comprehensive act, and it instituted many new regulations regarding the inadmissibility of aliens for reasons including missing previous removal proceedings, violating other sections of the act, violating the terms and conditions of visas given, and those who were already "unlawfully present" in the US. Other pertinent regulations stated that aliens convicted of felonies were permanently ineligible for entrance, and dictated that removal proceedings would now cover all violations dealing with the IIRIRA. The act also addressed many of the issues that are currently being legislated and litigated today such as border patrols and interior enforcement.
REAL ID Act of 2005
One of the more recently passed pieces of federal legislation dealing with immigration was the REAL ID Act of 2005. This act had the purpose of creating a more uniform system of identification by creating more stringent minimum standards for state issued driver's licenses and identification cards. The states were given a five-year period to adjust their standards originally, but this time frame was expanded in 2011 to extend until January 15, 2013. Some of the minimum requirements were: a photograph, a person's date of birth, the person's driver's license number/identification number, the person's address, the person's signature, and a scanning barcode that holds the information. The act has been the object of criticism and resistance at both the state and federal levels due to its controversial nature, although proponents have argued that it is justified as a necessary element of national security in the aftermath of September 11, 2001.
Secure Fence Act of 2006
The Bush administration passed the most recent federal legislation dealing explicitly with immigration the Secure Fence Act of 2006. The stated goal of this act was to help secure US borders in order to decrease illegal entry, drug trafficking and other security threats by building physical barriers along the US-Mexico border. The hope was that cutting off vehicle routes available to undocumented immigrants wishing to enter the country would decrease illegal immigration. However, the creation of the fence was decried as both an "embarrassment" to US international relations and "inhumane." By April 2009, the US Department of Homeland Security had already constructed 613 miles of fencing and vehicle barriers along the border of the US and Mexico from California to Texas. Proponents of the legislation stated that while it may not be an infallible obstacle in the way of undocumented immigrants wishing to cross the border, the hope is that it would increase apprehension in attempting to cross the southern border and interfere greatly in the operations of drug traffickers.
Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act
The Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act was first proposed in 2007, although it was also reintroduced in October 2010. The legislation would have provided citizenship to approximately 12 to 20 million undocumented immigrants residing in the US. The bill also included increases in border enforcement and a revision of the criteria used in granting visas to focus more strongly on allowing highly skilled workers entrance. However, despite support in the US House of Representatives, the bill has repeatedly failed to pass the US Senate.
The DREAM Act came as a response to the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (IIRIRA). The IIRIRA restricted post-secondary education to undocumented immigrants by providing that schools could only offer in-state tuition to undocumented state residents if it provided the same in-state tuition to all students, regardless of their state residence. In almost every session of Congress since then, both the House and the Senate have introduced legislation to repeal the IIRIRA provision regarding tuition for undocumented students. Although education is not a fundamental right guaranteed by the US Constitution, the US Supreme Court ruled in Plyler v. Doe that undocumented immigrants have the right to public education because a denial of access would be a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment.
In 2005, the DREAM Act failed again as both a stand-alone bill and as part of a comprehensive immigration bill. In September 2007, Senator Dick Durbin proposed passing the DREAM Act as an amendment to the Department of Defense Authorization Bill of 2008. Although the bill received support from the military, the amended version ultimately failed to pass.
President Obama endorsed the legislation in July 2010. As a senator, President Obama had been a strong supporter of comprehensive immigration reform and stressed the need for bipartisanship:
I'm ready to move forward; the majority of Democrats are ready to move forward; and I believe the majority of Americans are ready to move forward. But the fact is, without bipartisan support, as we had just a few years ago, we cannot solve this problem. Reform that brings accountability to our immigration system cannot pass without Republican votes. That is the political and mathematical reality. The only way to reduce the risk that this effort will again falter because of politics is if members of both parties are willing to take responsibility for solving this problem once and for all.In January 2012, President Obama urged lawmakers in his State of the Union Address to approve the DREAM Act, which passed the House of Representatives in December 2010 but failed in the Senate by a 55-41 vote. The
Overview of the 2010 DREAM Act
On September 29, 2010 Senators Robert Menendez and Patrick Leahy introduced the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2010. The bill incorporated previously proposed immigration legislation, including the DREAM Act.
The 2010 DREAM Act provides a path to citizenship for select undocumented immigrant students in three phases, resulting in naturalization after a minimum of 13 years. The first phase is a grant of conditional non-immigrant status for a period of 10 years, subject to termination if a number of conditions are violated, including criminal conduct and other disqualifiers under the Immigrant and Nationality Act (INA). The second phase provides for an adjustment of status to "alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence" after nine years of conditional non-immigrant status, if the immigrant has completed two years at an institution of higher education or two years of military service in good standing. An immigrant may complete naturalization upon fulfillment with all relevant provisions of the INA, and after three years of residence in the US as a legal permanent resident.
The bill limits its retroactive application by requiring that any potential applicant must be under the age of 30 at the time of the bill's enactment in order to benefit from the legislation. The act also contains many other limitations, including the requirement that the applicant be of "good moral character," although many of these requirements are left undefined by the text of the act. However, critics have argued that this lack of definition gives the legislation the potential to have too broad of an effect. The legislation's "waiver" provision is also seen as one of multiple legislative "loopholes" within the act.
In addition to meeting these standards, the act also imposes a number of procedural standards, including a charge of $525 per application and any other necessary fees. Applicants also must submit data to be used in conducting background checks and medical examinations. Thus, supporters of the bill argue, the stringent standards will eliminate any possibility of admitting those who may be a threat to national security.
The DREAM Act's provision of public education funding for undocumented immigrants has been one of the more controversial aspects of the bill. An alien who is granted conditional non-immigrant status, or lawful permanent resident status, would become eligible for certain limited federal education assistance, including student loan programs and work-study programs.
State Reactions
States have begun implementing their own immigrations laws, in light of the failure to pass federal legislation. In 2001, Texas enacted the first law in response to federal restrictions on undocumented student access to in-state tuition, enabling certain immigrant students to obtain "residency" for the purpose of obtaining eligibility for in-state tuition in the state's public universities. By 2010, 10 states allowed undocumented students to qualify for in-state tuition. The Supreme Court has rejected challenges to the validity of statutes granting undocumented students residency for the purpose of in-state tuition rates. The Supreme Court of California upheld the state's version of the legislation finding that because it was not based on formal legal residency it did not violate any federal provision. The US Supreme Court denied certiorari in the case, Martinez v. Regents of the University of California. Maryland and New York also introduced legislation that would permit undocumented immigrants to pay in-state tuition.
Other states, like South Carolina, have passed legislation banning undocumented students from attending its public universities. Similar legislation has been passed in Mississippi, Georgia and Arizona.
JURIST Guest Columnist Victor Romero of Pennsylvania State University Dickinson School of Law argues that these state laws cannot possibly capture the nuances of the federal system:
[W]hile these state laws purport to rely on existing federal immigration laws, they cannot possibly capture the nuance and complexity of such laws, especially as applied to individual cases. A state trespass law based on one's federal undocumented status may well end up complicating matters rather than simplifying them, given state officers' unfamiliarity with immigration law. And if every state passes a slightly different trespass law, with different state law enforcement officers struggling to enforce it fairly, we may find ourselves in an even more complicated situation than we have currently.Although federal law may be necessary to resolve the issue, comprehensive immigration reform has yet to reach the federal level.
Although initial investigations of alleged immigration violations are under the purview of DHS, the Department of Justice (DOJ) Executive Office for Immigration Review (EOIR) is responsible for adjudicating all such cases. The EOIR is responsible for determining if defendants should be removed from the US or permitted to remain. The immigration courts handling these cases are composed of over 2,400 judges in 59 Immigration Courts across the country. Removal proceedings begin when DHS serves an individual with a charging document, requiring them to appear before an EOIR immigration court. After a hearing is scheduled, a DHS attorney argues on behalf of the government and defendants are provided the opportunity to present representation at their own expense.
Immigration courts also hear a variety of other proceedings, including asylum hearings, claimed status reviews and credible fear hearings. Any initial immigration ruling is subject to appeal before the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA). BIA rulings may also be appealed before the appropriate federal court of appeals. However, if any court determines that an individual should be removed from the US, the DHS is responsible for effecting removal.
Bush Administration Policy
As a former Texas governor, President George W. Bush made immigration reform a major issue during his election campaign in 2000 and, once in office, focused federal policies on border security, temporary worker programs and citizenship application reform. During his presidency, deportations averaged 200,000 annually. In August 2004, the Bush administration announced new deportation policies that expanded the scope of "expedited removal" proceedings and circumvented portions of the hearing procedures. A statement issued by DHS explained the rationale behind the "expedited removal" policy:
When a person is apprehended and placed in expedited removal proceedings by a Border Patrol agent, he or she generally will be detained and removed to his or her country of origin as soon as circumstances allow. They will not be released into the U.S. in most cases, and is not provided a hearing before an Immigration Judge unless he or she is determined to have a credible fear of return to his or her country.Previously the policy was only available in the cases of individuals caught illegally trying to enter the country at airports and border checkpoints. The policy change altered the policy to include undocumented immigrants caught anywhere within 100 miles of the border who have been in the US for 14 days or less.
Any person who expresses an intention to apply for asylum, or a fear of persecution or torture, or a fear of return to his or her home country will be referred to a U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (CIS) asylum officer for a "credible fear" interview. If the person is found to have a credible fear, he or she will be removed from the expedited removal process and may seek protection in a removal hearing before an Immigration Judge.
During his second term of office, Bush requested over $410 million to bolster DHS deportation efforts. DHS Inspector General Richard Skinner claimed that the DHS needed additional funding in order to better implement the "catch and return" policy for dangerous undocumented immigrants. Following this, and other immigration policy changes, the US Commission on International Religious Freedom (CIRF) conducted an investigation and recommended changes. In February 2007 they criticized the policies of the Bush administration, particularly the expansion of "expedited removal," for "[placing] vulnerable asylum seekers at risk."
During the last year of the Bush administration, DHS attempted to implement "Operation Scheduled Departure." The program was to begin in five cities and would allow immigrants with outstanding removal orders to report to ICE to make arrangements to voluntarily leave the US. The program allowed individuals up to 90 days to make arrangements before leaving. However, the program was seen as a failure after only 8 people volunteered to participate and it was suspended indefinitely in August 2008. JURIST Guest Columnnist Michele Waslin argued in 2008 that the failure of Operation Scheduled Departure underscored the larger shortcomings of US immigration policy:
The failure of Operation Scheduled Departure serves to highlight the realities of our broken immigration system. The U.S. cannot expect to deport its way out of its current problems, and it cannot expect immigrants to simply choose to leave.
Obama Administration Policy
President Obama entered office on a platform of comprehensive immigration reform, including a path to legalization for undocumented workers. However, in the face of a divided Congress, President Obama has primarily chosen to use discretionary powers through DHS to reform deportation and immigration policy. Exercising prosecutorial discretion, the administration has focused its deportation enforcement efforts on convicted criminals. A June 2011 memo from ICE Director John Morton outlined some of the policy differences between Bush and Obama administration enforcement policies. Under President Obama, the ICE considers criminal backgrounds, the department considers many factors such as an individual health, military service, total time in the US, ties to the community and likelihood of successful deportation in evaluating individual cases. Despite focusing its enforcement efforts on undocumented immigrants with criminal backgrounds, deportations have increased annually at an average of seven percent under President Obama. Between September 2010 and September 2011, over 400,000 individuals were deported.
Beginning in 2012, the President Obama administration introduced a new test program in Colorado. They ordered an extensive docket review for the approximately 7,900 cases currently before the Colorado immigration courts. At least 1,300 were identified as posing no risk and will be allowed to remain in the US. If similar proceedings occurred nationwide, an estimated 39,000 immigration cases could be closed.
On June 15, 2012, the Obama administration announced that the Department of Homeland Security would stop deporting young undocumented immigrants that came to the US as young children. Shortly after the announcement, Iowa Congressman Steve King issued a statement that he plans to sue the Obama administration in order to delay the implementation of this policy. Mississippi Governor Phil Bryant joined this lawsuit challenging the policy directive. On June 20, 2012, Congressman Ben Quayle introduced a bill designed to block enforcement of the policy.
In the wake of DOJ criticism of immigration courts' inefficiency as well as President Obama's reelection, eight US Senators from both parties revealed a plan for comprehensive immigration reform in January 2013. The plan [PDF] rests on four "pillars": creating a path to citizenship for undocumented immigrants, reforming the existing immigration system in order to ease the way for immigrants who would bolster the US economy or are joining families in the US, creating a new employment verification system in order to check immigration status, and allowing immigrants to legally imigrate to the US for low-skilled labor if it is available and American workers have refused the work.
In April 2013, a bipartisan Senate group announced that they had settled disputes between labor and business and agreed upon a plan for immigration reform. The plan was unveiled in the form of an immigration reform bill introduced in the Senate that would remove the threat of deportation for millions of immigrants living in the US and create a path to citizenship for undocumented immigrants. The Senate passed an immigration reform bill in June 2013.
6/28/2013: Federal appeals court affirmed city law denying housing to undocumented immigrants
6/27/2013: US Senate approved immigration reform bill
6/18/2013: Ninth Circuit upheld Arizona law denying bail for undocumented immigrants
6/10/2013: ACLU challenged Nebraska order denying driver's licenses to certain immigrants
6/6/2013: Arizona judge refused to reconsider order denying driver's licenses to immigrants
5/30/2013: ACLU challenged US deportation practices
5/30/2013: Connecticut senate approved driver's licenses for undocumented immigrants...[more]


text: On Wed, 2011-11-09 at 16:00 +0000, annie li wrote:> Maybe addr or gnttab_addr?IMHO the gnttab_ bit belongs in either (or both) the struct name or thevariable names referencing the struct, rather than the fieldsthemselves. It should be obvious from the context that this member issomething to do with gnttab. e.g. I think gnttab_shared->addr would befine, as would shared->addr in the context of gnttab.c etc.Ian.

subset: commoncrawl


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Name: Joan Villadelprat
Nationality: Spain
Formula 1 motor racing is an international business and so it is not really a surprise that Spanish-born Joan Villadelprat has been a top manager in Tyrrell, Benetton and Prost Grand Prix - despite the fact that Spain is not one of the mainstream nations in Grand Prix racing.
Born in Barcelona, Joan Villadelprat was a racing fan from his childhood. His family ran a small trucking business near Barcelona and he spent many happy hours in his youth hanging out with the truck mechanics.
In April 1971 Villadelprat - then 16 - watched the Formula 1 cars around the dramatic sweeps of Montjuich Park, a race won by Jackie Stewart, and decided that he wanted to become a Formula 1 mechanic. He began working in the garage shortly afterwards and then began to dabble in local Spanish racing. It was not until the late 1970s that he decided to make the move to England, which even then was the center of the motor racing industry. He got a job in 1979 with Ron Dennis's Project Four Racing Ltd. in Woking. At the time Dennis was running a pair of ICI-sponsored March-BMWs in F2 for Derek Daly and Stephen South and an F3 March for Chico Serra in the British series.
The following year the F2 and F3 programs continued, but Dennis's aim was to build an F1 car and enter F1 the following year. As things turned out Marlboro - which was backing Project Four in both F2 and F3 - engineered a merger between Project Four and McLaren Racing and McLaren International was founded.
Villadelprat became a F1 McLaren mechanic. He was to stay with the team for the next six seasons as the McLaren-TAG combination won three straight Drivers' titles with Niki Lauda and Alain Prost.
In 1987, however, he was lured to Ferrari to be chief mechanic by former McLaren technical director John Barnard, working with Gerhard Berger, Michele Alboreto and Nigel Mansell. When Barnard quit Ferrari to join Benetton, Villadelprat climbed the F1 ladder by landing a job as team manager of Tyrrell. The 1990 season was a good one for Tyrrell with Jean Alesi making his name in the revolutionary 019 chassis. The following year was a disappointment and Villadelprat moved on to become factory manager at Benetton - working alongside team manager Gordon Message. When Message left the team at the end of 1993 it was Villadelprat who took over as Operations Director, seeing Michael Schumacher through to two World Championship titles in 1994 and 95.
He eventually quit Benetton and later moved to Prost Grand Prix as managing director. After the closure of Prost he disappeared from F1.


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Thread: Talk to me about bicycles
1/28/2013 9:41am, #11
If it's clearly obvious that you're not some pavement bike warrior who's looking at his every opportunity to pull tricks, that you're wearing the right kit and ride a half decent bike, then it's more than likely you'll get away with it however, look like, sound like and act like a dick on a bike, expect the outcome to be different (regardless of how justified you feel in your actions.)"To sin by silence when one should protest makes cowards out of men".
~Ella Wheeler
1/28/2013 9:54am, #12
1/28/2013 10:45am, #13
1/28/2013 11:18am, #14
I've also done a tad of downhilling.
But nowadays I just stick to cross-country
This is another of my earlier cannondale - Raven
Normally around the Derbyshire Peak District
Attachment 14415.
Last edited by Rock Ape; 1/28/2013 12:10pm at ."To sin by silence when one should protest makes cowards out of men".
~Ella Wheeler
1/28/2013 11:20am, #15
Yes mate.
When this fucking site server stops arsing about I'll upload some images. I'm sick to the back teeth of time-outs"To sin by silence when one should protest makes cowards out of men".
~Ella Wheeler
1/28/2013 11:20am, #16
Yes mate.
When this fucking site server stops arsing about I'll upload some images. I'm sick to the back teeth of time-outs"To sin by silence when one should protest makes cowards out of men".
~Ella Wheeler
1/28/2013 12:00pm, #17
Great advice by RA. (Nice bike too, but that "fork"?! My eyes!!!!)
Only thing i'll add is NEVER box yourself into traffic; that is always have at least 2 escape lines available.
1/28/2013 12:36pm, #18
Also, learn how to do an endo/stoppie.
You front brake is your friend and knowing exactly how much pressure you can apply will certainly pay off.
1/28/2013 12:54pm, #19
- Join Date
- Nov 2012
- Location
- San Diego
- Posts
- 14,465
- Style
- street paddleboarding
I used to ride 10 miles to and from work on my bike, but its been cold and I've decided I'd rather do bagwork and jumprope in the morning. Anyway, here's my bikes:
This one's my commuter, and my nicer bike. Stuff I like about it over bikes in the past:
-Road bike tires (the skinny ones) are the **** if you get good ones. They're so much more efficient than others. It might seem like you're more likely to pop them, but if you think about it its actually a little less likely
-rear rack to accomodate panniers/bike bag: makes carrying **** way easier, and keeps your back from getting all sweaty from wearing a backpack
-I use Gatorskin tires with Mr Tuffy kevlar liners, because flat tires really suck. Some bikes have harder-to-remove tires than others.
More general notes:
-get a good floor pump for your tires. Keeping tires well inflated makes biking easier, prolongs tire life, and protects you from getting flats. With a good pump, you can do this comfortably before each ride.
-be overly cautious about being visible. My bike has 2 bright headlights, a multi-colored rear light, and four spoke lights- I look like a party going by at night. In the event that you are hit by a car, all of your visibility precautions will probably work in your favor if you go to court.
-wear a dang helmet.
-some gloves are a good investment. Riding many miles can be hard on the hands.
-get at least one lock. I recommend a decent U lock since they're harder to cut through than a cable lock. I actually carry both on my bike though. The cable lock is useful if I can't find a pole to U-lock to, or if I just want some extra protection. If you have both, I think its best to U lock the frame to a pole and have the cable go through both wheels.
-If you get into a yelling match and someone says they'll kick your ass, tell them they'd better pack a lunch.
-don't be afraid to navigate like a car. Since most people learn to bike when they're kids, they stick to a lot of habits like staying off to the right of the road then using the crosswalk, instead of getting in the left turn lane. A lot of times, trying to stay separate from the cars can get you not noticed, and that's when bad stuff happens. Don't be afraid to be that douchey cyclist yelling "on your left!" and "Share the road, asshole!"
-regarding flat tires, I recommend carrying a spare inner tube, a patch kit and an inflation device. I use a C02 inflator, which I hear will leak out faster than hand-pumped air because its a smaller molecule, but its just so much easier. Anyway, a spare tube is the easiest way to fix a flat, since instead of looking for the puncture, buffing it, gluing the patch, standing on it, and hoping it works, you could just throw a new one in. The patch kit is just in case the new one gets popped too.
-unrelated note: used road bike inner tubes make decent grips for rattan fighting sticks when cut into short lengths.
1/28/2013 2:01pm, #20
Perma, have you tried any of the Armadillo tires from Specialized?
I like those way better than Gatorskin + Tuffy and they will cost you about the same as the Gatorskins.
Schwalbe makes a really puncture resistant line too.


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Josephine Fesperman of Brickeys, Arkansas passed away May 22, 2012 at age 72.She was born on December 28, 1939 in Bearden, Arkansas to Arvel and Essie (Chandler) Jones. Josephine and Dan Fesperman were married on May 25, 1957, and they made their home in the Brickeys area. She was a loving Mother and Nanny who loved working on the farm. She was also a retired teacher�s aide; having worked in the Lee County School District for eighteen years. She was a member of First Baptist Church in Brickeys.Loved ones left to remember and celebrate her life are daughters Jody Arnold and husband Don of Hughes, AR; and Lisa Lampkin and husband Marty, also of Hughes; grandchildren Lyndsey Burgess and husband Mark of Heber Springs, AR, and Hannah Arnold of Hughes; great-grandson Evan Burgess; sister Earlene Webb and husband Toney of Marianna; brother Arvel Jones, Jr. of Smackover, AR; two special caregivers, Terri Fesperman and Joyce Gist; other relatives and many friends.Josephine was preceded in death by her parents, her husband of 52 years, Dan Fesperman; son Kenny Fesperman, and granddaughter Megan Arnold.Services will be held at 10:00 a.m. on Friday, May 25, at Roller-Citizens Chapel in Marianna, with Brother Charles Bradley officiating. Burial follows in Marianna Memorial Park. Visitation is Thursday evening from 6:00 to 8:00 p.m. at the Funeral Home. Memorials may be made to the Megan Arnold Camp Scholarship Fund at First Baptist Church, P.O. Box 25, Hughes, AR 72348.
Josephine Fesperman
Return to Obituaries
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text:
Hi All, I revised the Guide Doc on GL 2.5 L3 SC1. The changes are: - Remove all placeholder text. - Delete "Situation C" from "Techniques for addressing 2.5 L3 SC1" (It described same words or letter combinations in a list) - Delete "b." from "Examples of 2.5 L3 SC1" (Note that "c." becomes "b." now.) - Add "mouse operation" to the second one of the "Benefits". Michael, would you make sure if I followed your feedback you gave me after this week team C call? When I started my work, I reviewed the Techniques harvest.[1] But I thought most of techniques are not suitable for text input assistance. So I didn't mention about the followings as they won't be applied to this SC. - Confirmation window opens to show user action has completed. I thought this is not a technique for text input assistance. - Tooltips using title Tooltips on the browser window are the user agent issue. - Help bubbles This can be a technique for text input assistance. However I don't know if we can provide "Help bubbles" in an accessible way. - (annoying) assistant in the corner of the page Does this mean an avatar or something? These things cannot be accessible without the alternative. However I might have misunderstood what these techniques are. Please let me know if you have a suggestion to add these technique to my document. And I don't have any "Technology-Independent techniques" and "Technology-Specific Techniques" on my document. Is this OK?? [1] http://www.w3.org/WAI/GL/2005/06/30-tech-harvest.html Cheers, Makoto
This archive was generated by hypermail 2.3.1 : Tuesday, 6 January 2015 20:02:33 UTC


text:
August 4, 2008
Additional Oil Would Be a Huge Help
By TONY MOSCHETTI
Your Ideas section July 27 focused on the energy debate. As usual, we were told by an anti-drilling "expert" that we are not going to be able to drill our way out of the energy crisis. This is the same mind-set that told us in 1978 that the world had 10 years of oil left and that drilling at Prudhoe Bay would destroy the environment, destroy the caribou herd, and provide oil for six months. Those "experts" were wrong then, and history tells us they are likely wrong now.From 1968 to 1988 we produced an average of 8.85 million barrels a day domestically, peaking at 9.6 million barrels. In 2007 we produced 5 million barrels. In May '08 we imported from our top five suppliers -- Canada, Mexico, Venezuela, Saudi Arabia and Nigeria -- 6.3 million barrels per day. If we merely matched that production today, it would wipe out all but 800,000 barrels that we import from our major suppliers. What would that do to the price of oil?
Then the renewable forms would likely make up the difference, further reducing or eliminating the need to send $400 billion to $600 billion a year out of the country. That would put a major dent in our trade deficit and create thousands of those high-paying jobs that the Democrats say they want.
None of this will assuage the radical environmentalists who want to destroy our capitalist society because they believe it is not "fair" that some should have more than others. This is not about "saving" the planet. They will continue to tell us of the danger to the environment, despite the fact that a recently released study by the Institute for Energy Research says that only 1 percent of spills come from offshore drilling, 63 percent from natural seepage, and 4 percent from transport. Offshore drilling is obviously the most environmentally safe method of getting our oil, and it appears that nature poses the most "danger" to the environment! A Coast Guard report says that the amount of oil spilled in the oceans has plummeted since 1970.
Ask yourselves why we are the only country in the world whose leaders refuse to permit us to extract our own resources, thereby forcing us to pay nearly $4 per gallon for gas? Start asking them now!
The writer lives in High Point.
(c) 2008 Greensboro News Record. Provided by ProQuest Information and Learning. All rights Reserved.


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|Reviews for Layers Within Layers, That One
| Beautiful Tenshi chapter 1 . 7/11/2010
Perfect perfect perfect! You capture the characters so well! I especially loved the french lines, that is definitely something Alva would say. :) I'm almost done watching the show, so this fanfic is an additional joy! Keep up the great work!
| theMoriarty chapter 1 . 11/23/2008
Really nice piece, I have to say.
just recently got hooked on Miracles, and now trying to get all what i missed.
too bad the show was canceled...
| curlybean chapter 1 . 6/5/2008
Wow! Great story. Thanks so much for sharing. I truly hope you write more. The story of Miracles has so many possibilities.


text:
|Along Came Mary lyrics
|Death And A Zoo lyrics
|Desert Love lyrics
|Don't You Want To Get High lyrics
|Every Trick In The Book lyrics
|For Every Man lyrics
|Give A Little Bit-R.O.P. lyrics
|Give Me Love, Give Me Life lyrics
|Had A Dream (Sleeping With The Enemy) lyrics
|Hai Hai lyrics
|Hooked On A Problem lyrics
|House On The Corner lyrics
|Hungry lyrics
|I'm Not Afraid lyrics
|In Jeopardy lyrics
|Land Ho lyrics
|London lyrics
|Love Is A Thousand Times lyrics
|Lovers In The Wind lyrics
|My Magazine lyrics
|Only Because Of You lyrics
|Open The Door lyrics
|Puppet Dance lyrics
|Red Lake lyrics
|Right Place lyrics
|Say Goodbye lyrics
|Showdown lyrics
|Take The Long Way Home-R.O.P. lyrics
|The Garden lyrics
|The More I Look lyrics
|Time Waits For No One lyrics
|Who's Afraid lyrics
|You Make Me Love You lyrics


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« Happy Food Stamp Thanksgiving | Main | Must-Watch Bill Whittle, On A Genuine Conservative Candidate For President »
November 22, 2012
Happy Thanksgiving From Ronald ReaganTopics:
Barack Obama and the GOP leadership have delivered their Thanksgiving Day messages. Both are political, Obama's on wealth-redistribution and the GOP's on the need for a bipartisan effort to avoid the fiscal cliff.
What I was hoping to hear instead from both parties was something that came close to the quality and mindfulness of the importance of God espoused by Ronald Reagan in his 1985 Thanksgiving Day Address:
Note that there's not a single word about politics in Reagan's entire message.
I leave readers with Monica Crowley's excellent 2010 Thanksgiving message and ditto it as my own. Like Reagan's 1985 Thanksgiving address, there's not an ounce of politics in Monica's either:
As Americans, today we count our many blessings. We give thanks for our families and friends, our faith, our Constitution and the many freedoms it guarantees, our great and good country, and the extraordinary United States military, our bulwark against tyranny, oppression, and terror.Happy Thanksgiving to all, and many many thanks be to God, family, country, our troops, the American way of life, and American values.
We are going through tough times, but we are truly blessed in this great land. There is no other nation like it on earth. Never has been, never will be. God blessed America from the beginning. And He blesses us still.
Happy Thanksgiving.
Suggested read: Giving Thanks
Related: All eight of Ronald Reagan's Thanksgiving Day proclamations can be found here.
Posted by Hyscience at November 22, 2012 8:26 AM
Articles Related to :


text:
Hi there,
I always use pull quotes in my posts. Now I would like to be able to not only insert pull quotes on the right, but also on the left. Inserting
.pull-left {
width: 33%;
float: left;
does not seem to do the trick.
Second thing: I was able to change the font-color for pull quotes with some blockquote styling, but I can't change the font size or style in CSS. What should I do?
Thank you!
The blog I need help with is karinkoolen.com.


text:
Summertime means outdoor entertaining, barbecues and picnics. But just because you're outdoors doesn't mean it's all about paper plates and plastic tablecloths. You can picnic in style (and stay organized at the same time) with these fun and fabulous picnicware finds.
There's nothing more romantic than a picnic with your sweetie. Make planning your outdoor outing even easier with an all-in-one insulated picnic backpack for two, complete with glasses, plates, flatware and more. Available at Sports Authority, $25-$35.
Serving more than two at your picnic? Although this collapsible picnic basket doesn't take up a lot of room, it can carry all of your picnic goods for a larger crowd. The drawstring closure top keeps everything in place and the insulated compartment keeps your food chilled. Available at Target, $30.
Be ready anytime for an impromptu picnic with The Vulcan. This insulated cooler and propane barbecue combo gives you everything you need to store and grill delicious picnic foods, including grill tools stashed away inside. Available at Brookstone, $190.
Making barbecue with no worry of contamination is a breeze with this 4-piece grill station. Prepare all your marinades and meats at home, put them into the "raw" tray and chill. Pack the entire unit for your picnic, cook the meat, then use the clean "cooked" tray underneath. Available at Cost Plus World Market $15.
Damp grass can make a picnic uncomfortable, but a water-resistant blanket solves that problem. This blanket tote is also easy to carry once rolled up into the built-in carrier. Available at Amazon, $18.
If sitting on the ground isn't your thing, get a little support from a portable reclining seat. These fold-up seats offer a bit of comfort and relaxation for any outdoor setting where chairs aren't readily available. Available at Target, $30.
You've just prepared all this delicious picnic fare and the flies are buzzing. Keep the bugs off your food with this stylish bamboo dome that locks onto a food tray and folds back for easy access. Available at Cost Plus World Market, $13.
Pack a stainless steel tiffin (a classic Indian lunch box) with a three-course meal for a quick and easy picnic lunch. The individual compartments keep your dishes separate and can be used for hot or cold foods. Think soup, salad and dessert for a perfect lunch! Available at Amazon, $29.
It wouldn't be a picnic without wine, would it? Keep your bottle chilled and easily accessible with this insulated wine tote, complete with adjustable shoulder strap, corkscrew and bottle stopper. Available at Brookstone, $20.
Don't put down that wine glass! If your picnic will have wine, these Wine and Dine plates are a must for balancing food and drink. Slip a glass into the notch of the plate and keep your wine within reach while you finish your lunch. Available at Crate & Barrel, $10.
Best foods for outdoor parties
Summer weekends: Picnic fun
How to plan a romantic summer picnic
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text:
New General Catalog of Old Books and Authors
Author names starting with Ut
|You are here: kingkong home page > New General Catalog of Old Books and Authors > Authors Ut
Follow these links for explanations of the aim & purpose of this catalog, its condition of use, the dates, the general abbreviations, the language abbreviations, the nationality abbreviations & the electronic library codes used, and for advice on buying or borrowing & on selling or valuing old books.
More information on many of these authors, and on other books of theirs, is contained in their individual webpages, which can be found by searching on their names at the top-level of the Author and Book Info .com site.
If you have any corrections, additions or other suggestions, please send them to email@example.com.
Daisy UTEMORRAH, nee ? {AU} (F: 1922 Feb - 1994) Do Not Go Around The Edges [p|?] Iosif (Pavlovich) UTKIN {SU} (M: J 1903 May 14 - 1944 Nov 13) [Powest O Ryschem Motele] [p|Ru-1926] [Perwaja Kniga Stichow] [p|Ru-1927] [Ismoros] [p|Ru-1927] [Ogonek] [p|Ru-1927] [Stichi O Woine] [p|Ru-1930] [Larika] [p|Ru-1939] Prof, Francis Lee UTLEY {US} (M: 1907 May 25 - 1974 Mar 8) Garrick UTLEY {US} (M: 1939 Nov 19 - 2014 Feb 20 (or 21)) George Burwell UTLEY {US} (M: 1876 Dec 3 - 1946 Oct 4) The Life And Times Of Thomas John Claggett [b|1913] Fifty Years Of The American Library Association [n|1926] The Librarians' Conference Of 1853 (w Gilbert H DOANE) [n|1951] Robert Marshall UTLEY {US} (M: 1929 Oct 31 - ?) Thomas Edwin (Peter) UTLEY {UK} (M: 1921 Feb 1 - 1988 Jun 21) Miguel Ramón UTRERA {VE} (M: 1909 Oct 25 - ?) Neptali UTRERA {VE} (M: 1923 - ?) Maurice UTRILLO (see: Maurice VALADON) Prof, Robert Palfrey UTTER {US} (M: 1875 Nov 23 - 1936 Feb 17) A Guide To Good English [n|1914] Everyday Words And Their Uses [n|1916] Everyday Pronunciation [n|1918] Pearls And Pepper [n|1924] Pamela's Daughters (w Gwendolyn Bridges NEEDHAM) [n|1936] Edward Vernon UTTERSON (M: c1775 - 1856 Jul 14) Charles UTTING {ZA?} (M: ? - ?) Isandula, And Rorke's Drift [p|1879] The Fall Of Cetewayo [p|1879] Three Legends [p|1892] Prof, Albert Maurel UTTLEY {UK} (M: 1906 Aug 4 - 1985 Sep 13) Alison(=Alice Jane) UTTLEY, nee TAYLOR {UK} (F: 1884 Dec 17 - 1976 May 7) The Squirrel, The Hare And The Little Grey Rabbit [f|1929] How Little Grey Rabbit Got Back Her Tail [f|1930] The Great Adventure Of Hare [f|1931] Country Hoard [a|1943] A Traveller In Time [1963] William Velores UTTLEY {CA} (M: 1865 - 1944 May 25) A History Of Kitchener, Ontario [n|1937] Leonid (Osipovich) UTYOSOV {SU} (M: 1895 Mar 9 - 1982 Mar 12) David Charles UTZ {US} (M: 1923 Dec 2 - 2011 Oct 30)


text:
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Sunshine and Shadows CD, Featuring Music by Donald Ashwander, Now Available
Andy Propst • New York City • Jan 13, 2012
Ashwander was resident composer and musical director for New York's Paper Bag Players, and his work for the group garnered a New York State Governor's Award, as well as honors from The American Alliance for Theater and Education. Among his other works is his revue Particular People, which played at La MaMa in 1995.
Among the pieces on the disc are "Astor Place Rag-Waltz," "The Brooklyn Stop and Start," "Chili Billy," "Daybreak in Alabama," "Perdido Bay Moon Rag," "Street Corner Pierrot," and "The Waterloo Rag," as well as "Friday Night," which is used in the repertoires of both the repertories of The Canadian National Ballet and The Royal Ballet of London.
For more information about the Sunshine and Shadows CD, click here.
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text:
Living with disabilityI was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis just before I went to university.
But for many years, the condition was stable and I lead a fairly normal life. I decided to come and live at St Cecilias in Bromley, a Leonard Cheshire Disability service, about 4 years ago, when I was 55. I'm glad I did - I absolutely love the place.
I realised that it was becoming impossible to do normal things like cook for myself, wash and dry up. In fact, I think I've become quite lazy because the staff do everything for me now!
I have a bit of a shopping fetish so I love going to the local shopping centre. Generally, the access for disabled people is very good and the staff are really friendly and helpful.
The one thing I've noticed is that the cashpoints are very high up, which proves quite difficult for a little person like me in a wheelchair.
I find that if you're friendly and chatty, people will be chatty back.
When I'm out and about, I find that some people talk to the person pushing my wheelchair, rather than me. I think I'm quite approachable so I'll start talking to them. I may not be able to use my legs, but my brain still works. If people bend down to talk to me at my level it makes such a difference.
I do like to go on jaunts. I adore France and went to Paris on Eurostar. I was offered a first-class ticket and the staff put a ramp in my carriage so I could get on and off easily. It was wonderful.
Next year, I'm going on a Mediterranean cruise with two friends I used to go to school with. It's going to be fantastic.
I also help local primary school children with their reading, which I really enjoy. Some of them are quite cheeky to me, but they're much more open about disability.
If I could make people understand one thing, it would be to treat me as a normal person and forget about the wheelchair.
Susan Williats is 59 and lives in Bromley, Kent
- Find out more about Leonard Cheshire's Creature Discomforts campaign and the people behind it
Leonard Cheshire Disability supports more than 21,000 disabled people in the UK and works in 52 countries. For more information and support on living with disabilities, visit the Leonard Cheshire Disability website


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TheHundred Presents Marcus Marr at Club Vinyl
Tickets: https://nightout.com/events/marcus-marr
Let's face it.. TheHundred has brought more artists to Denver for their first time than we can even count at this point. This night is no exception. The hottest act off the DFA roster comes to Club Vinyl for an intimate club experience. Fans of Chet Faker rejoice~ We're going to get smooth on the dance floor.


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ANNAPOLIS, Md — Adjusting the speed on the treadmill, Larry Dunnington shifted his weight and took a tentative step, then another.
And another.
For an entire minute, the 62-year-old Cape St. Claire resident walked without grabbing the side rails for support.
That was remarkable for Dunnington, who weighed 600 pounds only two years ago and could once barely walk from the car to the gym before collapsing, out of breath and exhausted.
He has lost 150 pounds and is resolving for a third year in a row to lose 75 more pounds using only diet and exercise. Dunnington said he's fighting for his life.
"I've got heart problems, diabetes, lymphedema in my leg … The doctor told me if I didn't make a change, I'd be dead in six months to a year," said Dunnington. "I said, 'I haven't had enough fun yet.'"
His success so far — without the help of an organized weight-loss program or surgery — is stunning, local health experts said.
"It's the everyday part that's the hard part," said Dr. Frederick Sutter, an Anne Arundel Medical Center physical medicine and rehabilitation physician. "Good for him for doing it."
Pushing to lose
Dunnington, a former maintenance manager for Anne Arundel County, retired several years ago after 37 years. About 10 years ago, he nearly lost a leg due to an infection related to diabetes.
But it didn't scare him enough to lose weight.
The scare came two years ago when he suffered additional serious health trouble. That same year, both his mother and sister died. He began seeing a dietitian for weight-loss help and tried rehab. He experienced little success so he found a personal-training business.
The first day at the gym, it took nearly a half-hour for Dunnington to catch his breath after walking into the facility. He couldn't fit on the machines in Unique Physique, a Parole personal-training business.
Dunnington needed to start slowly, so trainer Brian Clark attached 1-pound ankle weights to each of his legs and had him lift each while seated.
"It was all he could do. I think that first day, Larry was only in here 15 minutes," Clark said.
One week into his workout regime, Dunnington felt a strange feeling. He was diagnosed with atrial fibrillation, a form of cardiac arrhythmia.
That got his attention.
After a three-week break from the workouts, Dunnington was back in the gym.
Finding success
Dunnington's workouts began with two trips a week — then three — four.
Pound by pound, the weight began to drop. His shirt size shrank from 7X to 3X. He could fit on the exercise machines and treadmills.
His meals shrank, too. On the advice of his dietitian, he began eating three-egg omelets with vegetables — a high-quality and portion-controlled form of protein — for breakfast rather than sausage and home fries.
Once patients who are obese lose about 10 percent or 15 percent of their body weight, they begin quickly seeing health benefits, Sutter said.


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Dallas Pierren, from left, Keir Johnson and Joseph Grossl observe their Mind-A-Mazes device in action. The team is from Mountain View Elementary School in Kenai.
Photo by Will Morrow
From the frantic calls for more duct tape emerged some impressive engineering at the Mind-A-Mazes 2005 event on Oct. 8 at Soldotna Middle School.
"Those of us that coach appreciate the process probably more than we do the final product because we see the trial and error that goes into it, the testing of new hypotheses, changing of variables and testing again," said Mind-A-Mazes organizer Sara Hepner, a Quest teacher with the Kenai Peninsula Borough School District.
"Coaches work with the kids for three to four weeks prior to the competition. I would doubt that any of the devices that showed up (for the competition) were the original prototype that the kids started with."
This year's theme was "Life's little ups and downs," and teams of three to five students were challenged to construct a device that would raise a weight 1 meter, then lower it a meter, with a few twists for good measure: The device had to make a sound as the weight reached its apex; the descent should have taken as close to two minutes as possible; and the device or weight had to trigger an "event" at the conclusion of the descent.
What that event would be was left to the students' imaginations, and with but a few restrictions for safety and size, young engineers dreamed up quite a few different ways to solve the problem.
Some teams went with ropes, pulleys and gravity to move their weight, using sand, salt or water as a counterweight to first raise the weight. Devices also contained a mechanism to then lighten the counterweight, allowing the weight to descend.
Some teams even used hydraulics to move their weight, filling a tube with water and using a float to raise and lower the weight. Another team came up with a series of ramps to slow the descent of their weight.
Teams also were limited to $10 for supplies; devices are expected to be constructed from objects scrounged or donated from students' homes. Construction materials included everything from wood to plastic jugs to cardboard even some Pringles cans adorned one machine.
"We put an emphasis on teamwork with the kids," Hepner said. "It's a team problem-solving situation, so they're practicing group skills and collaboration as well as using their creative and critical thinking skills."
The event, which was started in the mid-1980s, is sponsored by the school district's Quest program for gifted students but is open to all district students.
Hepner noted that many teachers use the projects as part of their science curriculum and get their whole class involved.
Hepner said that just having a device ready for the competition is a huge accomplishment; 60 teams had registered prior to the event and 50 teams made it to the competition.
With so much time and effort put into building a device, the actual competition can be emotional.
"There's a lot of pride invested. Like in any competition, a big part of it is luck. Those devices that worked perfectly a dozen times in a row sometimes get out of line when they're moved. There's always some disappointment," Hepner said. "But there's always a surprise when something works perfectly that has never worked before."
After judging of the prepared devices, teams tackled a spontaneous problem to finish off the competition. This year, teams were given some materials and had to create a device that would stay in motion for as long as possible.
The winners in the junior division (grades four, five and six) were able to come up with a device that stayed in motion for 6 minutes, 33 seconds; the winning seniors (seventh through 12th grade) clocked in at 7:45.
While problems are sent out four or five weeks before the competition each year, Hepner said she's already had kids ask for next year's challenge.
"It's a pretty unique opportunity. I don't know of anything else like it offered in the district or in the community," she said.
"The kids are required to build something from nothing. Also, it's a nonsporting event that is a spectator event, which is unusual."
Mind-A-Mazes winners
Junior winners (Grades 4-6): First place Shadow Gremlins, Nikiski North Star Elementary (Lincoln Johnson, Caleb Alkire, Trey Zimmerman, Logan Harrison; coach Brian Bailey). Second place The Freds, Soldotna Elementary (Brooke Hughes, Taylor VonHeeder, Dylan Briggs, John Wynkoop, Christopher Clements; coaches Gail Moore, Karlene Meyers). Third place (tie) The Pink Monkeys, West Homer Elementary (Garrett Hall, Marie Schmidt, Kyle Wisner, Meaghan McCallum; coaches Suzanne Haines, Harmon Hall); Rajacoha, Mountian View Elementary (Courtney Stroh, Hanah Hoff, Raquelle Reynolds, Jodi Cook; Coach JP Bennett).
Spontaneous problem Shadow Gremlins, Nikiski North Star Elementary.
Judges' Choice The Pink Monkeys, West Homer Elementary.
Intermediate/senior winners (Grades 7-12): First place Reels of Resistance, Nikiski Middle-Senior High (Ari Bennett, Sebastian Strickland, Stefan Krogseng; Coach Brian Bailey); Second place Jesus Freaks, Seward Middle (Brett Chase, Trever Clark, Amanda Olsen; coach Agusta Lind); Third place Flip, Seward Middle (Ryan O'Leary, Austin Gillespie, Tyler Morris, Nick Broughton; coach Agusta Lind).
Spontaneous problem Reels of Resistance, Nikiski Middle-Senior High.
Judges' Choice Cosmic Homeroids, Homer Middle School (Emerson Quarton, Cheyenne DeLoach, Jordyn Mayforth, Joanna Coke, Bailey Richards; coaches Suzanne Haines, Rick Quarton).
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MANILA, Philippines - Ateneo takes on winless Adamson today, seeking a third win in four games for solo third even as Far Eastern U and University of the East clash in a duel of struggling teams in the UAAP women's volleyball at the FilOil Flying V Center in San Juan.
The Lady Eagles are fancied to get past the Lady Falcons in their 4 p.m. encounter but assistant coach Sherwin Meneses remain wary of their rivals, who are going all-out to snap their skid and deliver the elusive win for new coach Air Padda.
After a challenging first three games, Ateneo is looking good so far in the post-Alyssa Valdez era, going 2-1 in a tie with defending champion De La Salle in second place.
University of the Philippines and National University, both undefeated in three starts, are currently tied in first place.
"We now have a balanced team. Everybody is contributing," said Meneses.
Jia Morado is distributing the plays well for hitters Jho Maraguinot, Michelle Morente and Bea de Leon, Kim Gequillana, the hero of Ateneo's narrow 25-19, 24-26, 19-25, 25-16, 15-11 win against the FEU Lady Tams, showed that she is ready to step up even as a substitute.
The Lady Tams, meanwhile, hope to get back to their winning ways as they clash with the Lady Warriors at 2 p.m.
FEU, with a 1-2 slate, is out to bounce back from a stinging setback to Ateneo but the Lady Tams must toughen up against Lady Warriors, who have been dishing out impressive games despite their 0-3 record.
In men's play, titleholder Ateneo tries to extend its perfect run to four against Adamson in the featured 10 a.m. match, right after the FEU-UE tussle at 8 a.m.
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Gabriel Denham's journey to college was anything but traditional. After attending four different high schools, he came to the conclusion that school just wasn't for him. In his junior year, Gabriel left school, took the state proficiency exam and earned his GED. At age 17 and out of school, he never considered going to college. Instead, Gabriel spent 10 years in the workforce employed at various jobs and gaining life experience. After being sidelined from work due to illness, he reconsidered education.
"I decided to step outside my comfort zone and give college a chance," says Gabriel. "I have always like math and when I took CSM's math placement test, I tested into calculus. In my first semester, I enrolled in 18 units, including a calculus class with Professor Rob Komas. Rob's class was a catalyst for me – it changed my life. It was the first time I realized the importance of education and could see how much fun learning could be. At that point, I decided I wanted to become a teacher. Being at CSM affected me deeply. I was thrilled to be back in school and to have finally found my place."
Despite carrying a heavy course load, Gabriel began looking for ways to get involved in college life beyond the classroom. He decided to attend an Alpha Gamma Sigma (AGS) Honor Society meeting and, shortly thereafter, he was nominated and elected to be president of AGS. Presiding over meetings of 50-60 students was a daunting prospect for Gabriel who had fear of public speaking. "But the students were counting on me so I had to push myself and eventually, I overcame my anxiety." Through his participation in AGS, Gabriel developed a social network at CSM and he also found a pathway to some wonderful opportunities.
"At CSM, I realized that the place I had avoided for so long—school—was exactly where I was supposed to be. I think there is an unfair stigma attached to attending a community college. It was easy for me to find other students who shared my motivation and ambition. Also, I was impressed that Mike Claire, the college president, made time to attend AGS events which showed that he genuinely supported us and was interested in what we were doing.
Due to his academic success and student leadership participation Gabriel received a number of scholarships at CSM. In addition, he was selected for a coveted internship with UC Berkeley's Physics Department to assist with research projects during summer of 2012.
In spring 2013, Gabriel graduated from CSM Summa Cum Laude, with highest honors – earning a perfect 4.0 GPA—and received A.S. degrees in both math and physics. As a follow-up, he is participating in a 10-week summer internship at Cornell University working on accelerator physics and material science which he described as "amazing!"
Based on his achievements at CSM, Gabriel had his choice of attending a number of the most respected universities in the nation. It made for a tough decision as he received acceptances to UC Berkeley with a full scholarship as a physics major, and to UCLA, which offered him it's most prestigious scholarship. However, it was Columbia University's offer of a full-ride scholarship to study physics that clinched the decision for Gabriel.
"It is hard to put into words how much CSM has done for me and how appreciative I am. I came into CSM with terrible high school transcripts and little confidence I could succeed in school, and I left to attend an Ivy League university as one of Columbia's PALS Scholars (Program for Academic Leadership and Service) which is the highest award they offer transfer students. I am equal parts excited and nervous to be attending such a prestigious university, but I have no doubt that my work at CSM as prepared me to succeed."
Since discovering his passion for learning, Gabriel is planning on a career in academia. His long-range plans include earning a Ph.D. in physics and becoming a university professor and researcher. "It's important to me that I try to pay forward the tremendous gift that CSM and Rob Komas, my calculus teacher, have given me, but it's also important to me that I keep learning. CSM completely changed my perspective of education and, more importantly, of myself, and I will be forever grateful to the college. I am extremely proud of the time I spent there and to be a CSM alum."
Professor Komas offers his perspective on Gabriel's success at CSM:
"I saw Gabe's remarkable talent and dedication in his first semester back to school after 10 years away. I watched him grow personally and academically in the years at CSM that followed. It is impossible not to be very excited about his future. Gabe's potential is unlimited."


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our mailing list. It's so wizard.
by Pizzo
21 February, 2013@2:49 pm
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21 February, 2013@2:49 pm
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In this exclusive bonus footage from the upcoming film 'REINCARNATED,' Snoop Lion visits the Tivoli Gardens community of Kingston, an area struggling after the arrest of Christopher Dudus Coke, alleged drug trafficker and the community's controversial benefactor.
"REINCARNATED' will premieres in theaters on March 15th in New York, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Chicago, Atlanta, and Miami. And on March 22nd for UK theaters.
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