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1 Herpetological Conservation and Biology 6(1): Submitted: 17 February 2010; Accepted: 19 March SONORAN DESERT SNAKE COMMUNITIES AT TWO SITES: CONCORDANCE AND EFFECTS OF INCREASED ROAD TRAFFIC THOMAS R. JONES 1, RANDALL D. BABB 2, FRANK R. HENSLEY 3, CHRISTINE LIWANPO 4, AND BRIAN K. SULLIVAN 5 1 Nongame Branch, Arizona Game and Fish Department, 5000 W. Carefree Highway, Phoenix, Arizona 85086, USA 2 Arizona Game and Fish Department, 7200 East University, Mesa, Arizona 85207, USA 3 Department of Biology, Trinity Christian College, 6601 W. College Drive, Palos Heights, Illinois 60463, USA 4 Midwestern University Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Glendale, Arizona 85308, USA 5 Division of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, PO Box 37100, Phoenix, Arizona Abstract. We surveyed the snake communities at two locations in the Sonoran Desert of southcentral Arizona. From , we used roadways as sampling transects and recorded all snakes detected during nights at a predominately Lower Colorado River Valley subdivision community south of Phoenix and at a primarily Arizona Upland subdivision community west of Phoenix. The snake communities were largely concordant both in diversity and abundance of species at these Sonoran Desert sites: four species (Crotalus cerastes, C. atrox, C. scutulatus, and Rhinocheilus lecontei) accounted for 67 70% of all individuals at the two sites. The most common species exhibited similar distributions at both of the sites with respect to habitat adjacent to the roadway. Following a dramatic upsurge in traffic volume at both sites in the past decade, the abundance of all snakes declined at one site, and the proportion of dead snakes increased significantly at the other site. Comparison with other road-riding surveys of snake communities in the American Southwest indicates that this technique provides consistent and repeatable results, and that this method suggests similar species numerically dominate snake communities in the Sonoran Desert of Arizona. Key Words. Arizona; community structure; desert biomes; road riding; snakes; Sonoran Desert; traffic INTRODUCTION The community ecology of squamate reptiles, especially of arid regions, has received considerable attention, with lizards having long served as model organisms for elucidating a variety of ecological principles (Pianka 1986). Snakes have been the subject of far fewer studies, in part because of the difficulty of surveying populations and obtaining data on diversity and abundance of these reclusive reptiles. Recent analyses of snake community structure from temperate and tropical biomes suggest that snakes may play important roles as mesopredators and warrant consideration from a conservation perspective, their poor image among nonscientists notwithstanding (reviewed by Luiselli 2007). In a study of forest biomes and farmland mosaic in New England, Kjoss and Litvaitis (2001) documented that large snakes, in part as a result of preference for larger habitat patches, affected abundance of smaller snake species directly through predation. Thus, interactions among snakes influencing community structure are complex, and complicate conservation efforts for these reptiles. Despite these recent investigations, snakes of arid environments remain little studied, especially with respect to widespread anthropogenic effects (Sullivan et al. in press). In spite of the difficulties of accurately censusing snakes, since the 1920s it has been recognized that many snake species can be surveyed effectively by driving a motor vehicle slowly on a paved road during the early evening in spring and summer (e.g., Klauber 1939; Bugbee 1945; Hensley 1950; Pough 1966). In contrast to the effort required to observe snakes under more natural conditions, snakes found dead on the road (DOR) as well as alive (AOR) can be counted in large numbers during a few short survey hours using road riding. In a number of studies of snake communities, road riding was the only sampling technique used, with paved roads functioning as "transects" through the habitat (e.g., Sullivan 1981a, 2000; Mendelson and Jennings 1992). This method is commonly employed by collectors of reptiles and amphibians to obtain specimens for the pettrade and other purposes (Sullivan 2000). Snakes of arid and semi-arid regions of the southwestern USA have been the focus of most road riding studies (e.g., Sullivan 1981a; Price and LaPointe 1990; Rosen and Lowe 1994). Snakes may be found on roadways by chance, or because they use paved road surfaces, which retain heat, for thermoregulation in the early evening during spring Copyright Brian K. Sullivan. All Rights Reserved. 61
2 Jones et al Effects of Road Traffic on Sonoran Desert Snakes. FIGURE 1. Arizona Upland subdivision of the Sonoran Desert at the 2 km mark of the SVP transect showing the proximity of the White Tank Mountains to the roadway (upper panel). Lower Colorado River Valley subdivision of the Sonoran Desert at the 20 km mark of the SVP transect showing the sandy floodplain of the Hassayampa River to the west (lower panel; both photographs by Brian Sullivan). FIGURE 2. Lower Colorado River Valley subdivision of the Sonoran Desert at the 25 km mark of the MR-238 transect showing extensive creosote flats (upper panel). Arizona Upland subdivision of the Sonoran Desert at the 45 km mark of the MR-238 transect showing the proximity of the Maricopa Mountains (lower panel; both photographs by Brian Sullivan). and summer (Sullivan 1981b); snakes may also bask on both surfaced and unsurfaced roadways during daylight hours. In an analysis of snake communities of Chihuahuan Desert and grassland biotic communities in southeastern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico, Mendelson and Jennings (1992) used road riding to survey two roads that had been sampled roughly 25 years previously (Pough 1966). They documented significant shifts in relative abundance of some taxa, and detected some small, secretive snake species unobserved by Pough. In a similar fashion, Dodd et al. (1989) questioned the efficacy of road riding as a sampling technique because they encountered only 11 species of small, terrestrial snakes on the roadway out of the 22 known to occur in the immediate vicinity in Alabama. Langen et al. (2007) documented that small snakes sometimes missed during vehicular surveys were detected during pedestrian surveys along the same route in New York, supporting the view that detection of small individuals can depend on the survey methods, road conditions, and personnel. Road riding as a sampling technique must be used with caution, and analysis of consistency in this method would allow assessment of its validity (Sullivan in press). We used road riding to examine the distribution and abundance of snakes found on two roadways in the Sonoran Desert of south-central Arizona. One road was situated along the bajada (coalesced alluvial fans) of a mountain range primarily in the Arizona Upland subdivision of the Sonoran Desert (Fig. 1; Turner and Brown 1982), while the other crossed a relatively broad valley, passing primarily through the Lower Colorado River Valley subdivision of the Sonoran Desert (Fig. 2; Turner and Brown 1982). We assessed the concordance of these two communities in diversity and abundance of snake species, and in response to increasing anthropogenic activities, both in the form of direct mortality from increased road traffic, and indirect effects 62
3 Herpetological Conservation and Biology FIGURE 3. Aerial image of the Sun Valley Parkway (SVP; west of Phoenix) and MR-238 (southwest of Phoenix) study sites. Note the extensive washes crossing MR-238 and the bajada (alluvial fans forming a skirt of deposits that surround many desert mountain ranges) habitat associated with SVP. In addition, recent development is shown in grey and white along the upper edge of SVP, west of the White Tank Mountains (figure is a modified Landsat 5 image, acquired 26 August 2009, maximizing contrast for vegetation, shown in pink/red). associated with off-road habitat modification due to development. MATERIALS AND METHODS Because road riding is thought to be most successful on dark, windless nights during the peak activity period of target organisms (Sullivan in press), we did not randomly select survey nights across seasons for the Sun Valley Parkway (hereafter, SVP): we conducted surveys at this site during the early evening from mid-april to late September, During the summer months, we often conducted surveys during and after rainstorms. However, for the Maricopa Road (hereafter, MR-238, reflecting that the eastern portion of the road is State Route 238), surveys reported herein were conducted opportunistically during the night from April to September, At both sites, we conducted most surveys from sunset (typically 1800 to 2000) until activity declined (approximately 2300) by passing through the site once or twice in a vehicle traveling approximately kph, with at least one observer (often more) in addition to the driver in the vehicle. SVP was relatively new (dark pavement) during the early survey years, but MR-238 was unpaved during the initial surveys ( ; N = 18 surveys), paved for 63
4 Jones et al Effects of Road Traffic on Sonoran Desert Snakes. FIGURE 4. Depiction of habitat variation along MR-238, near Phoenix, Arizona, USA. FIGURE 5. Depiction of habitat variation along SVP, near Phoenix, Arizona, USA. the first 33 km from 1988 to 1999 (N = 34 surveys), and over its entire length from 2000 to 2006 (N = 28 surveys). We recorded each snake as alive (AOR) or dead (DOR), and we noted the location to the nearest tenth of a mile (= 0.16 km) west of the starting point (the intersection of state routes 238 and 347 for MR-238; McMicken Dam for SVP). Study sites. The MR-238 site is located between 50 and 65 km south and southwest of Phoenix, in Maricopa and Pinal cos., Arizona, USA, while the SVP site is 65 km west of Phoenix, entirely within Maricopa Co.; roughly 65 km separate the two sites. MR-238 was surveyed from the town of Maricopa, Pinal Co. (UTM: 12S, E, N, NAD Conus, 1927), west 65 km to the junction with state route 85 in Gila Bend, Maricopa Co. (12S, E, N; Figs. 3, 4). After MR-238 was paved in 1988, we largely restricted surveys to the paved section of the road. Thus, we conducted the majority of surveys on MR-238 over these first 33 km from the town of Maricopa to the end of state route 238, east of the pass through the North and South Maricopa mountains. The survey area along MR-238 included developed land at the easternmost edge (agricultural and housing) in historically Lower Colorado River Valley subdivision (i.e., Creosote flats), dominated by Triangle-leaf Bursage (Ambrosia deltoidea), White Bursage (A. dumosa) and Creosote (Larrea tridentata). Roughly 36 km west of Maricopa, the roadway entered a wide pass between the North and the South Maricopa mountains for 10 km, primarily Arizona Upland subdivision characterized by Saguaro Cactus (Carnegiea gigantea), Ocotillo (Fouquieria splendens), Foothill Palo Verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and Brittlebush (Encelia farinosa); west of the Maricopa Mountains, the roadway was again associated with Lower Colorado River Valley subdivision Creosote flats along the gently west sloping bajada. The elevation along this route ranged from 350 m at Maricopa to almost 450 m at the pass at the eastern edge of the Maricopa Mountains to 230 m at the west end (Gila Bend). The starting point for surveys at the SVP site was McMicken Dam (12S, E, N), an earthen dike situated along the northwest boundary of the greater Phoenix Metropolitan area. From the dike, the roadway route progresses initially west, along the northern edge of the White Tank Mountains, to a point approximately 20 km to the west, just east of the Hassayampa River flood plain, and then turns south for another 20 km to the northern boundary (12S, E, N) of development associated with Interstate 10, and the recently expanded town of Buckeye, for a total survey route of 40 km. SVP was located primarily in Arizona Upland subdivision, characterized by Saguaro cactus, Ocotillo, Foothill Palo Verde, and Brittlebush, with Triangle-leaf Bursage and Creosote more numerous near the edge of the Hassayampa River floodplain in the Lower Colorado River Valley subdivision. The elevation along this route ranged from 410 m at McMicken Dam to almost 500 m at the edge of the Hassayampa flood plain, down to 350 m at the terminus of the survey area north of Interstate 10. The entire survey area was situated along the northern and western lower bajada or outflow skirt of the White Tank Mountains (Figs. 3, 5). The roadways used as survey transects were the primary access routes for residents in the immediate vicinity for both regions, but they differed dramatically in a number of respects. During the initial survey period ( ) MR-238 was a little used (< 500 vehicles per day; data available from Arizona Department of Transportation: twolane road with vegetation close to the roadway edge that 64
5 Herpetological Conservation and Biology TABLE 1. Snakes encountered at the MR-238 (N = 397 snakes, ) and Sun Valley Parkway (N = 175 snakes, ) sites near Phoenix, Arizona, USA (listed in order of abundance at MR-238). Note: Hypsiglena torquata = H. chlorophaea. Species MR-238 Total (%) SVP Total (%) Crotalus cerastes 135 (34.0) 66 (37.7) C. scutulatus 51 (12.9) 24 (13.7) Rhinocheilus lecontei 47 (11.8) 18 (10.3) C. atrox 32 (8.1) 15 (8.6) Chionactis occipitalis 31 (7.8) 6 (3.4) Phyllorhynchus decurtatus 23 (5.8) 2 (1.1) Pituophis catenifer 20 (5.0) 12 (6.9) Hypsiglena torquata 18 (4.5) 10 (5.7) Arizona elegans 13 (3.3) 3 (1.7) Masticophis flagellum 8 (2.0) 4 (2.3) Lampropeltis getula 7 (1.8) 5 (2.9) Leptotyphlops humilis 5 (1.3) 0 (0.0) Salvadora hexalepis 2 (0.5) 8 (4.6) Chilomeniscus cinctus 2 (0.5) 1 (0.6) Thamnophis marcianus 2 (0.5) 0 (0.0) Sonora semiannulata 1 (0.3) 0 (0.0) Trimorphodon biscutatus 0 (0.0) 1 (0.6) was initially unpaved, then paved for the easternmost 33 km in The final stretch of the roadway through the Maricopa Mountains and west to Gila Bend was paved late in 1999; the newly paved section was wider, with broad graded shoulders 3 5 m wide. SVP, on the other hand, was also initially little used ( ; < 500 vehicles per day; maricopa.gov), but was a much larger roadway with two lanes and an emergency parking lane on either side of a vegetated median (2 m in width). Thus, the width of SVP was approximately three times that of MR-238. The area surrounding SVP was largely unpopulated in the 1980s and 1990s, though increasing traffic associated with construction and occupation of homes occurred after Extensive development (grading of the habitat on one side of the roadway, construction of side roads, etc.) was initiated along a 3 km stretch in the middle of the SVP study region in Statistical methodology follows Zar (1999): we used chi-square tests to assess shifts in frequency, and Pearson s correlation coefficient was used to assess similarity in abundance across sites. We used SPSS (version 16.0, SPSS for Windows, Rel , 15 November 2007, Chicago: SPSS Inc.) for all calculations and α = 0.05 for all tests. RESULTS Overall, we conducted 50 road-riding surveys at SVP, yielding 175 snakes in 2,538 km traveled for a net result of snakes per km. All surveys reported here were conducted over the first 40 km of the SVP, with only a few km contained entirely within the Lower Colorado River Valley subdivision near the Hassayampa River (Figs. 3, 5). For MR-238, we conducted 80 road riding surveys, yielding 397 snakes in 6,391 km traveled for a net result of snakes per km. Of the surveys at MR-238, 56% were entirely restricted to the Lower Colorado River Valley subdivision (0-33 km); 44% included roughly 10 km of Arizona Upland subdivision within the pass through the Maricopa Mountains, and an additional 22 km of Lower Colorado River Valley subdivision to the west of the Maricopa Mountains (toward Gila Bend). Similarities in community structure. The two sites were largely similar in the diversity and abundance of snakes observed: we detected 17 species at the MR-238 site, and 14 of those were also found at the SVP site; a single species observed at SVP was not found at MR- 238 (Table 1). Abundances of individual snake species (percentage of total) observed at the two sites were highly correlated (r = 0.97; P < 0.001). Four species (Crotalus cerastes, C. scutulatus, C. atrox, and Rhinocheilus lecontei) accounted for 67% of the snakes observed at MR-238; these same four species were ranked one through four in abundance and accounted for 70% of the snakes observed at SVP (Table 1; note that for MR-238, Chionactis occipitalis was almost as abundant as C. atrox). The crotalids showed similar distributions at the two sites: C. cerastes and C. scutulatus were most numerous in the Creosote flats of the Lower Colorado River Valley subdivision at MR-238 (~ 75% of individuals of these species were found between kms 16 and 40; Fig. 4), and in the Creosote flats at SVP within the Lower Colorado River Valley subdivision along the edge of the Hassayampa River floodplain (8 16 km west of McMicken; ~ 50% of individuals of each species). At SVP, we found C. atrox primarily (~ 50% of individuals) within the first 8 km, 65
6 Jones et al Effects of Road Traffic on Sonoran Desert Snakes. where the road passed closest to the bajada along the northern edge of the White Tank Mountains (Fig. 5) in Arizona Upland subdivision, and none were observed 25 km beyond the starting point in primarily Lower Colorado River Valley subdivision along the Hassayampa River on the western edge of the survey area. Most species were represented by relatively few individuals, and some were associated with particular habitats along the roadways. For example, we found Trimorphodon biscutatus, a rock dwelling snake, at the eastern edge of SVP where the road passes closest to the White Tank Mountains. We found Thamnophis marcianus, a snake unexpected in the Sonoran Desert except along watercourses, only at MR-238 near agricultural lands with ample water (canals, holding ponds, etc.); it was also noted within 500 m of the SVP starting point, east of McMicken Dam, where the road enters agricultural land. Phyllorynchus decurtatus, a snake often found in relatively open habitats of the driest of the North American deserts, was more abundant at the lower elevation MR-238 site and we only detected it twice at the SVP site near the Hassayampa River floodplain. Prior to the paving of the eastern portion of MR-238, we recorded neither Chionactis nor Phyllorhynchus, and only one Hypsiglena, suggesting that relative to a dirt roadway, detection of small forms was increased against the dark, smooth surface of the pavement. Increased mortality of snakes. Traffic volume increased significantly in association with the paving of the final section of MR-238 in 1999: daily traffic counts varied between 500 to roughly 1,000 vehicles for the 1980s and 1990s, but had increased to 4,000 vehicles/day by 2002 (data available from Arizona Department of Transportation: maricopa.gov). The number of DOR snakes at MR-238 increased significantly following paving of the entire roadway in Specifically, from 1982 to 1987, when the roadway was unpaved, 20% of snakes we encountered DOR (16 DOR/66 AOR), but from 2000 to 2006, after the entire roadway was paved and traffic increased, 64% of snakes were DOR (88 DOR/50 AOR; χ 2 = 40.42, df = 1, P < 0.001). To avoid contrasting an unpaved road with one that is entirely paved, we examined data from (the eastern-most 33 km of the survey route was paved in this time period), in which 26% of snakes were DOR (48 DOR/134 AOR). This was also significantly less than the percentage of DOR individuals (64%) following the traffic increase in 2000 (χ 2 = 44.91, df = 1, P < 0.001). For SVP, traffic numbers increased dramatically around 2005, presumably associated with the higher volume of traffic in later years due to development. Prior to 2002, daily traffic volumes were under 500 vehicles/day, but by 2008, had reached 3,000 vehicles/day (Arizona Department of Transportation: Although the total number of snakes declined with survey trips over time from 1998 through 2009 (107 snakes in the first 25 surveys; 68 snakes in the last 25 surveys), the percentage of DOR snakes (27 DOR/80 AOR = 25% DOR) for the first 25 survey nights ( ) was roughly equivalent to the percentage of DOR snakes (20 DOR/48 AOR = 29% DOR) for the last 25 survey nights (χ 2 = 0.37, df = 1, P > 0.10). However, an indication of reduced abundance (or avoidance of the roadway by individual snakes) was evidenced by the frequency of snakeless nights (surveys during which no snakes were detected) that was higher in the latter portion of the study: over the first 25 survey nights ( ), there were no snakeless nights; however, over the last 25 survey nights, there were six nights that were snakeless (χ 2 = 6.42, df = 1, P < 0.01). DISCUSSION Southwest snake communities. Other investigations have used roadways to assess the diversity and abundance of snakes in Arizona, California, and New Mexico. Rosen and Lowe (1994) described the snake community of a fundamentally similar habitat, Arizona Upland subdivision Sonoran Desert, only 150 km to the southwest of the two sites we surveyed. In contrast to our results, they documented 20 species (368 individuals; snakes per km) with Crotalus atrox as the most numerous and Rhinocheilus lecontei second, and C. cerastes was ranked ninth in relative abundance. They attributed the relatively low abundance of C. cerastes to the habitat they surveyed representing middle bajada (i.e., rockier, relatively upland habitat). Our results indicate that in spite of differing proportions of Arizona Upland and Lower Colorado River Valley subdivision communities of the Sonoran Desert at SVP and MR-238, based on road-riding surveys, the snake communities are similar. It is perhaps even more surprising that road-riding methods in which different observers using vehicles with a variety of headlights, illuminating road surfaces of varying width and type, produced such similar results. All 17 species documented at MR-238 occur at the SVP site: the three taxa that were not observed in the course of surveys we conducted from 1998 through 2009 were detected on the roadway either by other collectors (Sonora semiannulata and Leptotyphlops humilis; Ryan Sawby and Erik Gergus, pers. comm.) or within a few hundred meters of the eastern boundary of the SVP site (Thamnophis marcianus) over the past decade (BKS, pers. obs.). Similarly, though not detected on the roadway at MR- 238, Trimorphodon biscutatus (the only species we observed at SVP but not MR-238) is known 66
7 Herpetological Conservation and Biology FIGURE 6. The four most common species at SVP and MR-238: Crotalus cerastes (upper left), C. scutulatus (upper right), C. atrox (lower left) and Rhinocheilus lecontei (lower right; all photographs by Randall Babb). from the Maricopa Mountains adjacent to MR-238 (RDB, pers. obs.). Since the completion of our study, two additional species not previously recorded on MR- 238 have been detected on the roadway: Phyllorhynchus browni (C. Akins and J. Pullins, pers. comm.), and Micruroides euryxanthus (TRJ, pers. obs.), suggesting extensive road sampling is necessary to document snake communities thoroughly. Nonetheless, at least on the basis of road-riding methods, the snake communities at SVP and MR-238 are similar in both diversity and abundance of species. It is especially striking that four of the same species (Fig. 6) were numerically dominant at both sites (although Chionactis occipitalis was virtually as common as Crotalus atrox at MR-238). Mendelson and Jennings (1992) used road riding to survey two adjacent areas, one in a Chihuahuan Desert scrub habitat, and the other in a Plains Basin Grassland habitat, and for these communities they documented that Crotalus atrox and C. scutulatus were ranked either first, second, or third in relative abundance. These two species accounted for the majority of individual snakes they encountered, and they suggested that C. atrox had expanded at the expense of C. scutulatus since the early 1960s due to the conversion of grassland to desert scrub habitat as a result of over-grazing by cattle, and other anthropogenic activities in recent decades. Interestingly, Price and LaPointe (1990) used road riding as a survey technique and also documented that C. atrox was the numerically dominant snake in southcentral New Mexico, although Pituophis catenifer was second in abundance. Like Mendelsson and Jennings (1992), Price and LaPointe (1990) also found that Rhinocheilus lecontei ranked between 6 th and 7 th in relative abundance among the 18 species of snakes they observed. In habitats that are more mesic, such as grassland and oak woodland/chaparral mosaics in California, roadriding surveys indicate Pituophis catenifer is by far the most abundant snake species (Klauber 1939; Sullivan 2000). In a road-riding survey of a Great Basin Desert scrub habitat in southern Idaho, Jochimsen (2006) also found that P. catenifer was the most common snake detected on paved roads even though off-road survey methods suggested Crotalus oreganus was the more common snake in the immediate vicinity. These results highlight the caution required in extending results from road-riding studies to estimation of the absolute abundance of snakes in the biotic communities adjacent to roadways. Nonetheless, given that P. catenifer appear especially likely to be found on roadways (Jochimsen 2006), our results and those of Rosen and Lowe (1994) 67
8 Jones et al Effects of Road Traffic on Sonoran Desert Snakes. suggest that this species does not numerically dominate the Sonoran Desert biotic communities as it does in either grassland (Sullivan 2000) or Chihuahuan Desert (Price and LaPointe 1990) habitats of the American Southwest. Movement patterns and home range sizes determined in other studies of squamates of the American Southwest help explain distributional patterns of snake encounters at our study sites. For example, Crotalus atrox in the Sonoran Desert near Tucson made predictable movements from rocky upland habitats to creosote flats each year (Beck 1995). Our observations at SVP are consistent with Beck s findings in that the majority of individuals of this species at SVP were observed within the first half of the transect along the bajada: snakes moving from rocky upland sites would be forced to cross the road to move down slope toward the creosote flats. In sand dune habitats of the Mojave Desert of California, C. cerastes exhibit large home ranges (~ 25 ha) relative to even much larger snakes (Secor 1994). Home ranges of C. cerastes studied by Secor (1994) are roughly five times as large as those of C. atrox reported by Beck (1995) approximately 150 km southeast of our sites. Similarly, Cardwell (2008) documented that male C. scutulatus in the Mojave Desert of California exhibit a home range as large as C. cerastes, whereas females have a smaller home range similar in size to C. atrox. Crotalus cerastes is a sit-and-wait predator (Secor 1994), and as such would not be expected to be numerically dominant on roadways at both of our sites (Bonnett et al. 1999). The large numbers we observed at SVP and MR-238 in part could be due to these snakes, as well as male C. scutulatus, making relatively larger movements in search of prey ambush sites, mates or refuges within their respective home ranges. Increased mortality of snakes. Declines in numbers of snakes observed (SVP), or in the number of AOR individuals detected (MR-238), were correlated with dramatic increases in roadway traffic volume. The increase in traffic volumes from ~ 500 vehicles per day to over 3,000 vehicles per day at both of our sites was coincident with a decline in AOR snakes, a finding surprisingly similar to results obtained by Sutherland et al. (2010) in a road-riding study of amphibians in North Carolina in relation to traffic volume. Their analyses indicated that almost twenty times as many amphibians were found on roads with < 550 vehicles per day than the number found on roads with > 2,000 vehicles per day. Coleman et al. (2008) documented higher numbers of DOR reptiles with increasing vehicular use of the roadways. They also reported seasonal shifts in numbers of DOR reptiles, with higher numbers during the spring and fall activity periods (see also Reynolds 1982). Studies of Elaphe obsoleta (Row et al. 2007), Sistrurus catenatus (Shepard et al. 2008), and Drymarchon couperi (Hyslop et al. 2009) suggest that roadway mortality can significantly affect viability of small populations of threatened or endangered snakes. It is increasingly clear that roadway traffic is a significant contributor to the mortality of snakes because they not only cross roads when moving among habitat patches, but may actively use paved roads to thermoregulate under appropriate thermal conditions (Sullivan 1981b). Behavioral observations of Thamnophis sirtalis indicate that they avoid roads, and cross in the most direct path if necessary (Shine et al. 2004), and Andrews and Gibbons (2005, 2006) reported that smaller species of snakes were less likely than larger species to cross roads. Hensley (1950) and Jochimsen (2006) detected a male bias in the sex ratio of DOR snakes observed on roads, presumably because males move long distances when searching for mates during the breeding season (Sullivan in press), and are thus expected to be disproportionately represented in road surveys. If some snake species avoid roads more than others, then such behavior may confound the use of road riding as a means to assess the population biology of snakes or their response to anthropogenic activities. If roadway surveys are used to estimate mortality effects at the population level, it is also important to recognize that scavengers (e.g., ravens [Corvus spp.], Turkey Vultures [Cathartes aura], Coyotes [Canis latrans]) systematically patrol paved roads in the American Southwest searching for carrion (Sullivan 2000; Antworth et al. 2005). The lack of an increase in the number of DOR snakes detected at SVP in latter survey years may be attributable to the size of the roadway (width) and the prospect of both other collectors and scavengers removing dead snakes. It may be that the number of DOR specimens recorded in a road riding survey dramatically underestimates mortality for local snake populations. Heavily used roadways impact the ecology not only of snakes, but also the entire biotic community adjacent to the roadway (Jochimsen 2006). Roadways alter the hydrology, chemistry, physical structure, and other properties of habitats in many ways (e.g., Garland and Bradley 1984; Artz 1989; Terranella et al. 1999). Roadways lead to the deaths of snakes and other organisms, including their prey, and presumably affect the population biology of many taxa within the local biotic community (Fahrig et al. 1994; Spellerberg 1998; Trombulak and Frissell 2000). Overall, it is reasonable to infer that reptile communities in the immediate vicinity of roadways will be altered over time depending in part on traffic volumes and other local variables (Bernardino and Dalrymple 1992; Spellerberg 1998; Garcia et al. 2007). Clark et al. (2010) recently documented that roadways can significantly impact the genetic structure of crotalid populations, underscoring the potential consequences of these anthropogenic 68
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Les Schwab Tire Centers located at 1003 W Division in Mount Vernon, WA services vehicles for Retail Tire. Call (360) 424-8332 to book an appointment or to hear more about the services of Les Schwab Tire Centers.
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Strong local opposition to plan for 34 dwellings at jct: Montpelier Rd/Kingsdown Avenue
05/01/2017 17:43:00......Posted by Simon Brew
I am supporting the residents of Montpelier Road/Kingsdown Avenue in strongly opposing the planning application by the Council's own development company Brick By Brick Ltd to build 21 flats in 4 & 6 storey blocks as well as 13 houses at the junction of the two roads. The plan includes building on the communal green which only last Summer hosted a successful community party and barbecue.
If you feel strongly about this issue, please write to email@example.com, quoting reference: 16/06031/FUL
Purley needs YOU for an interesting Community project
27/02/2018 15:21:00.......Posted by Simon Brew
As one of Purley's local councillors, I'm keen to launch a new initiative which is principally aimed at improving Rotary Field, and there are other local projects which also would benefit. There's a Council-funded scheme which I hope will provide the required kick-start: it's called Community Empowerment & Devolution (CED for short), and Purley is one of the three pilot wards which have been selected across the Borough – the others are South Norwood & New Addington.
Many local people and organisations including councillors, Purley Rotary, Purley BID (Business Improvement District), the PWRA, Purley Baptist Church, Christ Church and Purley Festival all agree that Purley's local civic infrastructure badly needs improvement. Rotary Field is our only green space and the community is very grateful that it was donated by Rotary International in the 1920s, but it's now obvious that it needs some TLC. Previous ideas have included making use of the derelict toilet block to establish a café and/or community shed, and we would like to make more imaginative use of the space we do have, though, for example, establishing some flower beds. There's also scope for improving the range of the children's equipment by installing a large rope pyramid climbing frame.
Apart from Rotary Field, Purley is home to another neglected relic of history: the Purley fountain, which sits outside the children's library. It was commissioned in 1901 to celebrate the long reign of Queen Victoria; the fountain has been moved once or twice in its long life, and in the past it has operated as a fountain. It's unloved and ignored in its current position, but it and Purley would benefit hugely if it were moved to a much more prominent position elsewhere in the gyratory, and made to operate again.
To make improvements to Purley such as those described above obviously requires money, but it's actually more difficult to establish a viable management organisation. This needs to define the town's priorities and a viable timeframe in consultation with local organisations, and then develop a plan to implement them. The CED scheme could provide up to £20,000 funding to get this organisation off the ground, but to do so, we need to find several local people to form a committee, and particularly to fill the key roles of manager, treasurer and secretary, and it's possible that people could be paid for the time they devote to this project.
The purpose of this blog is to encourage a few individuals who are committed to Purley's future to form a management committee to take this project forward. If you're interested, please contact firstname.lastname@example.com, or call me on 07803 618096.
Purley BID Board meeting
24/02/2018 18:53:00.......Posted by Simon Brew
Last week I attended another Purley BID Board meeting which was kindly hosted by Tesco. We heard of the good progress being made on many fronts as part of a long-running campaign to make Purley a destination of choice rather than just a place to commute to, from, or through. We heard of exciting new art projects and of other campaigns to increase Purley's profile across the board. We are trying to extend the hours of operation of the lifts now that they have been re-furbished as part of a £200k re-furbishment project, and this should be of great benefit to residents and businesses alike.
Visit to Purley Mosque
23/02/2018 16:05:00.......Posted by Simon Brew
All over the country, mosques opened their doors last weekend to visitors and I was delighted to spend spent about an hour listening to an explanation of the key tenets of Islam, and seeking answers to several questions about it which have always puzzled me. It was an excellent opportunity for an informal chat with several leading members of the Muslim community, which of course includes my coleague Cllr Badsha Quadir. In case you're not aware, the mosque is in Whytecliffe Road South, opposite the network rail car park.
Maybe some of the local churches could also organise open days in a similar style?
Purley & Woodcote RA committee meeting
08/02/2018 21:35:00.......Posted by Simon Brew
It's always a pleasure to attend these committee meetings becasue they're a good opportunity to take the temperature of the local community, and to pick up vibes about issues which are or will soon become very important.
At the last committee meeting we debated the likely impact of the Croydon Local Plan which is very likely to be accepted at the next full Council meeting on 27 February 2018. The three key Purley issues in the plan are the incorporation of the Purley Baptist Church development and the Purley Oaks Gypsy & Traveller site into the final plan, together with a much longer term (20 years?) possibility of up to 900 (yes 900!) flats on and around the Purley Tesco site. It's not at all clear where these 900 residents would park their cars while leaving spaces for Tesco shoppers.
The voting members of the committee (not I) also decided whether they wished the PWRA to support, comment on or oppose various local developments which are currently going through the planning process.
NWOW in Planning
07/02/2018 20:32:00.......Posted by Simon Brew
NWOW is short for New Ways Of Working for the Counil's Planning Department. I joined many representatives from Residents' Associations across the Borough at a recent meeting organised by the Council's planning department. They now process about 5000 planning applications per year and to keep the wheels turning, they have had to introduce several new processes. Applications are now processed and validated by the same officer rather than different departments as previously, and they will stop displaying notices on lampposts for every minor application, because it's now relatively easy for members of the public to get automatic notification of all relevant applications online. If anyone wants to know how to do this, pleae get in touch.
Holocaust Memorial Day 26 January
29/01/2018 15:24:00.......Posted by Simon Brew
I attended a moving event last week in the Town Hall Chamber where we heard several moving speeches commemorating this awful stain on humanity; the highlight, if that's the right word, was a presentation from a survivor of the Warsaw Ghetto, where so many Jews perished in their thousands. Her extraordinary ability to recount these awful events so many decades ago really brought home to me the horrors of those years... which sadly are being repeated even as I type this, in countries such as Syria, Iraq, and Myanmar. Sadly, it's beyone the scope of a Croydon politician to resolve these intractable conflicts, but we can at least support the peace efforts of others.
Croydon Community Consortium meeting
24/01/2018 20:33:00.......Posted by Simon Brew
This is a little-publicised Croydon-wide Community Group which aims to distribute information about local events through meetings roughly every two months, and I attended the recent one at St Michaels' church, Poplar Walk. There were discussions about several planning issues and the 20MPH zones, but the main inspirational presentation was by Katie Rose, who is the principal organiser of the Festival of Peace which will be held during w/c 16 June 2018. There will be several concerts and other themed events in two of Croydon's parks and I'm sure the event will be massively popular.
Croydon Conference on causes/solutions for homelessness
20/01/2018 17:05:00.......Posted by Simon Brew
I was delighted to attend a conference yesterday which was sponsored by Evolve London, which is one of London's largest Housing Asssociations. We heard about a new iniative which aims to get people off the streets without pre-conditions, and then work with them to solve the underlying problems such as mental health, substance misuse or domestic violence which has probably casued them to be homeless in the first place. This is quite different from many other initiatives which usually require people to prove that they have solved their underlying problems before being accepted onto recovery programmes. However, if their problems are too serious in the first place, they'll never be able to take that first step.
I was really pleased to attend, and I suggested that Evolve might be able to acquire some old laptops from the Council, to help train their clients in basic office skills. I strongly support this excellent iniative.
Purley Skyscraper "Mosaic Place " enquiry
18/01/2018 19:22:00.......Posted by Simon Brew
Following lobbying from Chris Philp MP, the Secretary of State Sajid Javid decided to "call in" the Purley Baptist Church planning application for the 17 storey skyscraper and an independent inspector was appointed to hear all the evidence afresh. The hearings took place across 6 intensive days: the Council & Church presented their application to him using the services of one of the best known planning barrister QCs in the country, while Chris Philp MP, seven local Residents' Associations (though not the PWRA), and dozens of local residents presented their case against the development. The inspector was even-handed, painstaking and courteous; he will now make a recommendation to the SoS who will make the final decision, but we're unlkely to hear any news till after the Local Elections on Thursday 3 May 2018, because of "Purdah" rules.
Montpelier Rd / Kingsdown Ave development approved..over-development, and destruction of open land :-(
20/04/2017 22:10:00.......Posted by Simon Brew
Together with representatives from MAKRA, Chris Philp MP and about 60 concerned local residents, I attended Planning Committee this evening to speak against the appalling development of 34 dwellings which is planned at the junction of these two important roads. Between us we raised all the important issues:
· Too much intensive development in an area already heavily congested and with inadequate parking.
· Despite doing seven traffic surveys (which is apparently a record), the applicant failed to pick up the traffic congestion at the times when it really matters – rush hour and daytime parking
· The dangerous junction, greatly exacerbated by siting one of the new buildings right on the corner
· Serious loss of green space and play area, especially at the junction
· Loss of 49 trees including the beautiful flowering cherries
· Loss of the attractive views across the valley
· Buildings on plots A & D1 are too tall for the area.
· Design is to some extent a matter of taste, but many were appalled by the cubist design of some buildings which looked more like prison blocks than anything else.
· Serious impact on some neighbours.
Sadly and predictably, the final vote was along Party lines, with the six Labour members (who all live nowhere near this site) voting in favour while the four Conservative councillors all voted against.
This is the first of many applications being submitted by the Council's own development company Brick By Brick Ltd (BxB). One of the applicant speakers has a day job as a Council employee, so granting planning permission was perhaps a formality.
The outcome of this BxB planning application sends a strong warning that Labour councillors seem hell-bent on pushing through any and every intensive planning application, especially those in the South, which are sited far away from their own wards.
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The qualifying result may be different: Vettel
Greater Noida: Red Bull dominated the practice sessions by putting both the cars at the top in FP 2 but Sebastian Vettel, who had the fastest time, reckons that the qualifying result may be different.
After the final practice session tomorrow morning, the drivers will fight for the positions on the grid for Sunday`s race.
"Friday`s are always difficult with so many things changing. The track improvement was quite big today, it was dusty to start and improved lap by lap, so I wouldn`t be surprised if tomorrow the order is different, but we`ve had worse Fridays, so I am happy. We need to keep working and improve a little bit overnight," Vettel the defending champion said.
His team-mate Mark Webber, whose late charge saw him shoot up to second position, said they have good information for the race.
"That went pretty well. I had a lock-up in Turn 1, which I could have done without, but it isn`t the end of the world. We got on with the important stuff, which is understanding the soft tyre on short and long runs. We`ll have a look where we can improve the car, you can always improve. The team is incredibly motivated and the drivers also," the Australian said.
Ferrari`s Alonso, who was behind the two Red Bull cars, the FP2 was "difficult" after a good morning session.
"In the second one, when we switched from the Hard to Soft, the balance of the car was no longer the best and it was becoming very difficult to drive, to such an extent that I ended up spinning. Unfortunately, that damaged a tyre and so I was unable to do the work over a long run which had been one of our priorities," the Spaniard said.


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DALLAS (AP) The head of the arm of Conservative Judaism representing congregations said the movement must do more to inspire members to follow Jewish law, such as keeping kosher and lighting Sabbath candles.
Rabbi Jerome Epstein, executive vice president of the United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism, said he was forming a committee of clergy and lay people to help congregations encourage greater observance among Jews.
Epstein made the announcement Tuesday at United Synagogue's biennial convention in Dallas. The group represents about 760 synagogues.
''There is a gap, a chasm between what we say and what most people do,'' Epstein said. Most Conservative Jews find religious law ''irrelevant,'' he said.
He said some religious leaders have been reluctant to discuss such obligations for fear of driving away members, but he predicted the new emphasis would inspire more Jews to stay in the Conservative movement.
The Conservative branch obeys most traditions while allowing some innovation to adapt to the modern world. It is larger than the strict Orthodox, but slightly smaller than the more liberal Reform branch.
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text: OK - maybe it is the poorly written article, but I have no clue what purpose Lucas County Builds is filling or how they are counting the jobs they have added? Wasn't Port Authority already doing this? What private companies are donating? This seems odd to me. Am I over thinking this?


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Remember when Kevin Durant and the Thunder trailed the Grizzlies 3-2 in the first round? And then the Oklahoman famously called Durant "unreliable"? Yeah, the NBA MVP has played OK since the calender turned to May:
33.5 ppg, 9.3 rpg, 49 percent shooting, 40 percent 3-point shooting, and most importantly, the Thunder are 6-2, and are now headed to the Western Conference finals.
Oh, and he delivered one of the greatest MVP speeches in recent sports history.
All the talk about Durant leaving Oklahoma City for a bigger market in the summer of 2016? Shelved.
For now, it's all good between Westbrook and Durant, and all the chatter about the pair playing together has been silenced. Then again, it's not like the Clippers play formidable defense. San Antonio? We'll see.
Related: Kevin Durant Exiting Oklahoma City in Two Years? Let the Countdown Begin if Memphis Wins the Series
Related: Kevin Durant Sat Facing Backwards on Other End of Court As Russell Westbrook Shot Free Throws
Related: Mike Tirico Analogized Kevin Durant to Inspector Gadget, Which Is Perfect
Related: Kevin Durant is "Mr. Unreliable" Screams Oklahoman Newspaper Headline


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Halloween is more than a month away, but some folks in West Virginia are ready.
Three best friends have grown three enormous pumpkins, all between 500 and 1,000 pounds.
The pumpkins will be entered in the annual west virginia pumpkin festival next month, and the growers might have even bigger goals in mind.
They say they're going to try to grow all sorts of giant crops on their Mercer County farm next year.
The current world record holder is more than 1,700 pounds.


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A Pulborough Parish Councillor has referred to the district council and county council's comment on village flooding as 'woefully inadequate'.
Last month, Chairman of the Planning and Service Committee for Pulborough Parish Council, Andy Tilbrook, said that ongoing flooding in the village was a direct result of poor housing approval decisions by the council.
In response, Horsham District Council (HDC) said they always consult with Southern Water on the capacity of its sewage system before making a decision on a planning application.
"Southern Water will provide advice on the capacity of the system to be able to support a development and the steps to be taken by the developer to secure connection with the system," said a spokesperson for HDC.
But Dr Tilbrook said HDC do not take into account the effect of drainage on sewage flow.
He said: "The responses from both the county council and HDC are woefully inadequate.
"When giving advice to HDC Southern Water take no account of the amount of drainage water in the sewerage system and, except in a few very rare instances, have not measured and do not know the amount of drainage water in the system in times of heavy rain and peak sewerage flow."
The responsibility for drainage pipes was recently handed over from Southern Water to Horsham District Council's Local Planning Authority.
West Sussex County Council (WSCC) said: "Southern Water have for some time been unlikely to adopt surface water drains on new developments unless an area already has a Southern Water surface water sewer that the developer can connect too. If this is the case Southern Water would check and approve the surface water system.
"If no surface water sewer is available the surface water system for the development will currently be checked and approved by the LPA."
Dr Tilbrook said that the council needs to do more to prevent blockages in the drainage system.
He said: "County, through highways dept, have a responsibility for keeping drains clear and working, particularly on main roads.
"The responsibility is not just for the gullies beneath drain covers, but for the pipework connecting the gullies and moving the water away."
WSCC added that under the Flood and Water Management Act 2010, Schedule 3, they will have responsibility for the checking, approval, adoption and future maintenance of surface water systems on new developments, but this section of the act has yet to be enacted.
Dr Tilbrook added: "I greatly fear that local residents and businesses will suffer a deteriorating infrastructure with increased problems due to inadequate sewearge and drainage systems in the near future.


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At the end of Mockingjay 1, District 12 was left in ruins by a bomb. How many more districts will be destroyed in Mockingjay 2? Or will it just be the Capitol left in smoldering piles of rubble? One thing is certain: The rebellion is sure to leave smoke, ashes and suffering in its wake. Such are the spoils of war, we suppose.
More: Comic-Con 2015: 11 Best, weirdest and craziest moments from SDCC so far
Throughout the Hunger Games franchise, Katniss has been a reluctant hero. She didn't want to be the face of the rebellion — she never set out to be the Mockingjay. But seeing Katniss march on the Capital with a diverse crowd in tow goes to show that perhaps she hit her threshold and truly became the symbol others tried to manufacture her to be.
Per the norm, Mockingjay 2 will follow the other films and keep us guessing from start to finish. But not only will some allies turn out to be enemies and vice versa. We expect that — by the film's end — it will be difficult to distinguish whether the good guys can really be considered good. Death and destruction in the pursuit of freedom is still death and destruction, no? Difficult decisions will have to be made, and those decisions will likely toe the line between morally just and unmerited.
More: Mockingjay's new trailer celebrates sisterhood, brings fans to tears (VIDEO)
Katniss gazes upon a white rose in full bloom during one scene, which we know to essentially be Snow's overly fragrant agents of psychological torment. Because Katniss looks on this one in such abject disgust, we know Snow is still alive at this point and still playing severe mind games. Based on the trailers released so far, in fact, he appears to be the single-minded focus of Katniss' wrath.
Katniss and several companions flee from some rapidly approaching danger — mud? boulders? creatures? — in this scene, and it looks to be right on their heels. Doing the math, there are bound to be massive losses in Mockingjay 2, as the losses in Mockingjay 1 didn't include many central characters. At the very least, we fear poor, sweet Prim may be a casualty of war. Surely Peeta will survive, but is Gale safe? The movie could follow the book true to form, but it seems safe to assume there will also be deviations. And those deviations could be deadly.
No, perhaps not in the physical sense. Ultimately, we imagine she will take out President Snow, President Coin or perhaps even both. But Katniss' face in this clip is filled with sadness and rage. While we never expected her ending to be super upbeat, we were kind of hoping she'd get the blockbuster movie treatment and find happiness or, at the very least, contentment in the end. Rather, even though she accomplished what she set out to do, Katniss may live out her days as a broken soul in District 12.
More: Test your Mockingjay knowledge with this book vs. movie quiz
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Red Sox president Lucchino predicts sellout streak could end
- Associated Press
- February 15, 2013 - 12:43 AM
FORT MYERS, Fla. - Red Sox president Larry Lucchino says he thinks the team's sellout streak at Fenway Park will end in April, a month shy of 10 years of a packed ballpark.
Lucchino said Thursday at Red Sox spring training the 793-game streak which began May 15, 2003, could be snapped possibly as early as the second game of the season — April 10 against the Orioles.
Lucchino also defended Boston's method of counting attendance — tickets distributed.
"We didn't gerrymander a new definition (of sellout)," he said. "We took the definition that was in place and had been in place 10, 20 years before us and was commonplace among many clubs in baseball."
The Red Sox finished last in the AL East last year with a record of 69-93 and have not made the playoffs since 2009.
© 2018 Star Tribune


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Welcome to WebmasterWorld Guest from 126.96.36.199
Forum Moderators: martinibuster
joined:Oct 22, 2015
votes: 0
I don't see a problem with it, but is it a bit unruly?
If you can't find it in the search engine, make a note of it. Sometimes I will submit a links page depending on who it is and my confidence factor that they won't do it, don't know how to do it, or don't know enough that they should do it.
Generally, I find most people submit their own and there isn't a point to submitting for them. Sometimes, I'll go so far as to point my own link at their links page.
Otherwise the spiders will find them sooner or later with or without my help.
Especially as some search engines are set against multiple submissions of the same page. If webmaster x sets up a new links page with a dozen links on it and each of the webmasters for those sites then submitted that page they might get a whole site blacklisted.
At best ungentlemanly (unladylike) conduct, at worst seriously unethical/immoral.
(Though now, with all the concern about unwanted links, I suppose some webmasters might object even to this.) I wouldn't worry about it too much either way. I don't think either action would cause tremendous harm to a site.
Side note: I don't know of any major SE currently blacklisting for multiple submissions (someone please correct me if I'm wrong on this, as I certainly wouldn't want to risk incurring penalties for my incoming link providers!). It makes it FAR to easy for "Site A" to get its competitor "Site B" blacklisted simply by oversubmitting Site B's pages...
(edited by: mivox at 9:34 pm (gmt) on Sep. 6, 2001
AltaVista's submission also seems to be a submit/remove toggle - is this true?
It's not a "toggle" to the best of my knowledge... you give them a URL, and they immediately send a request to the URL to make sure the file exists.
If they get a 404 error when they check the URL, it goes in their "remove" pile. If they successfully reach the URL, it goes in their "add" pile.
<edit>yeesh... I'm the typo QUEEN today...</edit>
joined:June 21, 2000
votes: 0
joined:Oct 22, 2015
votes: 0
I check when the site was last updated first, and if it was over a month or so and it's ranking could be better it can be helping that webmaster more than hindering.
I am of course Scottish, and as everyone out there knows we're a very considerate and caring race. :)


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Dispatches from District 48
That phrase is all sorts of superhero!
Dr. Ruth was a sniper in the IDF.
i'm holding out for "in a world of ill tempered sea bass, he was a shark with frickin laser beams"
"89-year-old bank robber dies in shootout with police after a high-speed 100-mile chase in a stolen ferrari, leaves behind 3 pregnant 19-year-old girlfriends and millions in credit card debt and unpaid casino markers."
OK, technically the "girlfriends" would probably be more like "independent contractors", but still. beats checking out in a nursing home, wearing a diaper.
Now that's a "real hero" .... a "real person" who did the impossible, against terrible odds, against a ruthless enemy, all voluntarily. I would bet, if she had kids ... the boys would be "Frogmen". This person was definitely "legendary". I would have loved to have known her.
I was born too late!
A real life Inglorious Basterd.


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Toni Atkins To Become First Lesbian California Senate Leader
Gotham's Cory Michael Smith Says He Identifies As Queer
'Dead-End' Gay Relationships Are God's Punishment For Abortion, Says Linda Harvey
Armie Hammer Plays James Lord, Who Was Gay, In 'Final Portrait'
NBC Renews 'Will & Grace' For Season 3
Troye Sivan 'Politely Rejects' Being Called A 'Gay Icon'
Newark Mayor Cory Booker has said the
election won't turn on gay marriage.
Booker questioned whether the inclusion
of a gay marriage plank in the 2012 Democratic Party platform would
effect the outcome of the election.
Last week, the Democratic platform
committee unanimously approved the platform drafting committee's
proposed language drawn up last month in Minneapolis. Democrats
meeting in Charlotte on September 3 will ratify the platform.
The plank, titled Freedom to Marry,
calls for "equal respect, responsibilities and protections under
the law" for all families. It also calls for passage of the
Respect for Marriage Act, which would repeal the Defense of Marriage
Act (DOMA), the 1996 law which forbids federal agencies from
recognizing the legal marriages of gay and lesbian couples.
Booker, who is co-chairman of the
platform committee and a strong supporter of gay rights, called the
milestone inclusion of a gay marriage plank important but stressed
that the election would be based on the economy.
"At the end of the day it'll maybe
repel some and attract others to be more engaged," Booker
told the AP. "This campaign is not going to turn on gay
marriage. This campaign is going to turn on who has the best ideas
for the economy."
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