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With only a few days left until Christmas, Larsonelectronics.com is a great resource to finish holiday shopping from the convenience of work or home.
- Know a hunter that needs new gear? Be sure to checkout LarsonElectronics.com full line of hunting lights and accessories.
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- Planning on going Green in 2014? Larsonelectronics.com is the number one source for LED lighting products and information.
- Need a gift for someone who has everything? Larsonelectronics.com has flashlights, roadway caution lights and other unique and useful tools for even the most discerning recipients.
Check out Larsonelectronics.com now and save on holiday stress and worry. Order today and you still have time to get it there by Christmas!
Larson Electronics carries an extensive line of LED spotlights, LED hunting lights, colored LED lights, portable work lights and industrial grade LED area lights that make great holiday gifts for friends and family. You can view Larson Electronics' entire line of lighting by visiting them on the web at Magnalight.com.
The last day to order to ensure Christmas delivery is Wednesday, December 18 for UPS Ground Shipping and Monday, December 23 for Next Day Air shipments. You can also call 1-800-369-6671 to learn more or call 1-903-498-3363 for international inquiries.
Logo courtesy Larson Electronics


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Opera: Central City Opera looks forward with "La Bohème"
Saturday-Aug. 12. As one of the country's oldest professional opera companies — and its second-oldest annual opera festival — Central City Opera certainly has its pick of productions, so choosing a classic, general-audience work like "La Bohème" is no surprise. But Central City is promising an all-new interpretation of the 116-year-old tale of romance and turmoil among starving artists — now set in 1930s Paris — and updating Giacomo Puccini's iconic opera with undertones of "apocalyptic love," according to director Kevin Newbury. It debuts at 8 p.m. Saturday and runs various times and dates through Aug. 12, including several 2:30 p.m. matinees. 124 Eureka St. in Central City. $20-$116. 303-292-6700 or centralcityopera.org.
John Wenzel

subset: commoncrawl


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So this is not as much of a gadget as it is an awesome progression in technology.
Dubai-based Agricel have developed a farming system that requires no soil and only a tenth of the water of normal farming.
The film is a sort of hydromembrane which allows the passage of roots, nutrients all the good stuff that plants need. The membrane also hinders pathogens from entering the plants, which is key to healthy agricultural produce.
The idea in itself is useful in parts of the world, where water and hygiene is scarce. This could revolutionize agriculture in third world countries.
16 April 2012
Film farming
Indsendt af Kasper Brandt kl. 13:38
Etiketter: bio, food, sustainability, tech
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Quinoa is something that I'm not too familiar with. I had cooked it a few times before making this recipe and I was pretty disappointed in it. I don't think I even rinsed it properly. Then I found a box of pre-rinsed quinoa at the grocery store, and I was so excited. I knew it would be a game changer, and it was. It was so simple – as easy to prepare as rice – but much more nutritional. (Of course, you can still make this with quinoa that you rinse yourself.)
Pair that with some Mexican mix-ins and you have a healthy, meatless meal. Or you can serve this as a side dish with your favorite fajitas recipe.
Top with sour cream, cheddar cheese and some extra cilantro for an pop of flavor.
Mexican Quinoa
Yield 8
- 1 tablespoon olive oil
- 2 garlic cloves, minced
- 1 1/4 cups reduced-sodium chicken broth
- 1 cup uncooked, pre-rinsed quinoa
- 1 14.5-ounce can diced tomatoes with green chilies
- 1 15.5-ounce can black or pinto beans, drained and rinsed
- 1 1/2 cups frozen corn kernels
- 1/2 teaspoon cumin
- 1/2 teaspoon salt
- 1/4 cup chopped fresh cilantro
- Chopped fresh cilantro
- Reduced-fat shredded cheddar cheese
- Low-fat sour cream
- In large saucepan, heat the olive oil to medium-high heat.
- Add garlic and sauté until fragrant - about 30 seconds.
- Add remaining ingredients (minus the cilantro and the toppings) and bring to a boil.
- Reduce heat to low and simmer for 20 - 25 minutes.
- Stir in cilantro just before serving.
- Serve with toppings.
Recipe adapted from Annie's Eats.


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Rihanna is fine, says Ne-YoFebruary 24th, 2009 - 5:50 pm ICT by ANI
Washington, Feb 24 (ANI): R&B star Ne-Yo has revealed he has spoken to Rihanna since the alleged incident between the singer and Chris Brown, and insists that shes coping well.
The Umbrella hitmaker has been keeping a low profile since the alleged altercation but Ne-Yo, who is close friends with the pair, insists she is doing fine.
I spoke to Rihanna. She says shes fine. She didnt go into detail about what happened. I understand its a painful situation; I didnt push, Contactmusic quoted him, as telling MTV.com.
Brown was arrested and charged by Los Angeles police with making criminal threats following the alleged attack on 8 February (09), which is said to have left Rihanna needing hospital treatment.
A picture of what seems to be a badly bruised Rihanna was later posted on celebrity website TMZ.com.
Ne-Yo has expressed how hurt he was by the situation - and plans to speak to Brown to find out exactly what happened.
I saw the picture. That just really - that hurt me to my heart, man. Again, I still dont know what happened, cause I havent had the opportunity to talk to Chris yet. But to take it to that level really hurt my heart, he said.
All I can say is, Im praying for both of them. Theyre both in my prayers. I havent had a chance to talk to Chris yet. I just wanna sit down and talk to that dude and just explain if he doesnt understand: Thats not something thats excusable, bruh (sic). You have to get a little smarter about whatever it is going on in your relationship. You have to get a little smarter about how you handle certain situations.
Im not going to crucify him. Im not going to do that. Thats still my homeboy at the end of the day. For it to go to that level was wrong. I wont say who was responsible. I wont pick no sides. Im just saying it was wrong," he added. (ANI)
Tags: alleged attack, altercation, amp, bruh, celebrity website, chris brown, close friends, criminal threats, heart man, hitmaker, homeboy, low profile, mtv, painful situation, prayers, relationship, tmz, umbrella


text: Sociology PhD/MPhil OverviewCourse detailsResearch interestsEmployability Course details: Details | Fees and funding | Entry requirements | How to apply | Academic staff research interests. PhD and MPhil research projects in sociology can be supervised by any of the Sociology team in the School of Social Policy (see the link to research interests below). Although students wishing to undertake postgraduate research in sociology need to register for a PhD or MPhil in Politics / IR the research undertaken will be sociological and will be supervised by a sociologist. The Sociology team have specialist research knowledge in the areas of social theory, feminism and post-feminism, political sociology, celebrity, religion and the philosophy of the social sciences. Learn more about the research interests of our staff and how to contact them. In the School of Social policy we offer much more than a degree. As a student here, whether undergraduate or postgraduate, you have the opportunity to take part in a wide range of events, with some or all of the costs paid for by the School. Course details Course details: Fees and funding | Entry requirements | How to apply | Academic staff research interests. Our PhD programmes offer you a combination of taught courses in the first year and careful supervision throughout your study, with the aim of helping you to produce a thesis that makes a significant and original contribution to the discipline. We take care to match you with a suitable supervisor, and welcome applications to work in a wide variety of areas. Joint supervision, both between staff within the Department, and with staff in other departments, is possible in some cases. All research students have regular meetings with their supervisors. PhD students also have annual panel meetings to support and review progress. We encourage you to give conference papers and to publish your work. Sociology at Birmingham has a thriving research culture with staff publishing and supervising graduate students in the following areas: Critical Theory Feminist Theory Gender and the Family Philosophy of the Social Sciences Political Sociology Post-Colonialism and Ethnicity Religion and Faith Social Theory Status and Celebrity Technology and Culture Fees and funding Standard fees apply. Scholarships and studentships Scholarships may be available, please contact the Department directly. International students can often gain funding through overseas research scholarships, Commonwealth scholarships or their home government. For more information visit studenthelp.bham.ac.uk. Entry requirements Learn more about entry requirements and see our General Guidance for PhD Applications (PDF 190KB). International students: We accept a range of qualifications from different countries – learn more about international entry requirements. How to apply When clicking on the Apply Now button you will be directed to an application specifically designed for the programme you wish to apply for where you will create an account with the University application system and submit your application and supporting documents online. Further information regarding how to apply online can be found on the How to apply pagesApply now OverviewResearch interests Sociology at Birmingham has a thriving research culture with staff publishing and supervising graduate students in the following areas: Critical Theory Feminist Theory Gender and the Family Philosophy of the Social Sciences Political Sociology Post-Colonialism and Ethnicity Religion and Faith Social Theory Status and Celebrity Technology and Culture Academic staff interests: Ross Abbinnett Email: email@example.com Critical Theory Contemporary European Social and Political Thought The Sociology of Happiness The Sociology of Technology Gëzim Alpion Email firstname.lastname@example.com Gëzim would be happy to consider supervising research students interested in the following areas: Sociology of 'race' and ethnicity Sociology of success and celebrity culture Representation (in film and media) Sociology of religion: faith and spiritual aridity in post/modernity Sociology of authorship Shelley Budgeon Email: email@example.com Feminist social theory Gender Relations and Social Change Equality and Diversity Personal life Justin Cruickshank Email: email@example.com Philosophy of the Social Sciences (Critical Realism, Pragmatism and Sociology of knowlege). Digital Technology and neoliberalism The quantified self Public intellectuals, expertise, authority and critical pedagogy Higher Education policy in the UK Andrew Knops E-mail: email@example.com Deliberative democracy Political inclusion Language and social theory Habermas's social and political thought Will Leggett Email: firstname.lastname@example.com Political Sociology Social and Political Theory Social change, ideology, and political action State-society-citizen relations Course detailsEmployability If I gain a postgraduate research degree in this area, what are my career prospects? The University of Birmingham has recently been ranked 9th in the UK, and 55th in the world, for post-qualification employability in a global survey of universities commissioned by the International Herald Tribune. Birmingham's Sociology graduates develop transferable skills that are useful in many occupations. These include familiarity with research methods; the ability to manage large and diverse quantities of information; the ability to organise information in a logical and coherent manner; judging and evaluating complex information; and making reasoned arguments, both orally, in tutorials and presentations, and in written work. There are many careers where a political science and international studies degree is useful and past graduates have entered areas including commercial management, finance, administration, politics, and even the armed forces. Some of our PhD graduates also continue onto successful careers in academic research and teaching. What type of career assistance is available to doctoral researchers in this department? The College of Social Sciences, to which the Department of Social Policy, Sociology and Criminology belongs, has specially designated careers advisors and careers consultants who can provide guidance for doctoral researchers on career paths, CVs, training opportunities, application and interviews. The University's central Careers' Service also runs workshops and offers personally tailored advice and guidance including 1-1 careers advice, 1-1 CV advice. The Career's Service also runs CV writing workshops especially for postgraduates in the College of Social Sciences, giving advice on how to compile CVs for both employment and for academic roles. The University also has dedicated careers advisors for International students who run workshops and networking opportunities with potential employers. These are especially popular with International postgraduate researchers. Research interests


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Residential Luxury Apartments for Rent (Chennai)
Well maintained and professionally managed residential apartment with modern amenities. Approx Protected content fully furnished and airconditioned 3BHK with attached bathrooms, branded appliances, piped gas, power back up, metro and bore well water supply, servants utility room and separate servants bathroom.
The property is centrally located close to Nungambakkam, Annanagar, Sir Mutha Venkatasubba Rao Concert Hall, Chennai Fertility Center and approx 4-5km from Museum Theatre, Music Academy and Apollo Hospital. Other hospitals, malls, convenience stores are a walk away.
The Apartment: Fully furnished with beds, side tables, in-built wardrobes, sofa, coffee table, dining table set, curtains, air conditioners, geysers, washing machine, fridge, microwave, counter top cooking stove, piped gas supply, in-built kitchen cabinets.
The Building: It is a multi-storey building with an air conditioned gym, swimming pool, games room, multi-purpose hall for events, landscaped terrace. The functioning of the building is supported by 24hrs plumber, electrician, security staff. 2 car park per apartment is available with separate parking space for visitors.
Past Tenants:We have multiple apartments and have had people from France, Japan, Usa, Spain, Italy, Austria, UK etc staying with us.
Please do get in touch with us for your stay in Chennai and we will be glad to send you some pictures and assist with any further information!


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Westover considered to house new KC-46A tanker
Westover Air Reserve Base is one of four finalists to serve as a base for the Air Force's newest tanker aircraft.
Sponsored by:
Westover Air Reserve Base is one of four finalists to serve as a base for the Air Force's newest tanker aircraft.
In order to prevent large brush fires from spreading later in the season, firefighters at Westover Air Reserve Base are taking action.
Firefighters will be setting a series of fires around Westover Air Reserve Base, as part of an effort to prevent larger brush fires.
One of the world's most advanced fighter planes will be a part of the Great New England Air Show at Westover in May.
A new state grant is designed to get rid of abandoned housing that has become a neighborhood problem, as well as save Westover on energy.
A planned landing at Westover of an F/A-18 jet from the Blue Angels demonstration team has been postponed due to icy conditions on a runway …
A decrease of $4 million over last year, and a two-year decrease of $17 million.
Westover airmen looked on as Col. Albert Lupenski became commander of the 439th Airlift Wing during a ceremony Sunday morning.
Governor Deval Patrick has announced Massachusetts will not shelter unaccompanied children crossing the nation's southern border.
22News spoke with local and state officials to get their reactions on Westover no longer being considered to house immigrant children.
The Chicopee Mayor's office has been informed that Westover is no longer an option to house undocumented immigrant children.
State and local leaders along with people who live in western Mass. are still waiting for more information about the proposal to house undoc…
The 22News I-Team traveled to where they are to find out what, if any, kind of impact they've had on the communities.
Patrick said their is nothing to worry about because the children will be housed at secure facilities run and paid for by the federal gov't.
As rain poured down on them early Sunday afternoon, two dozen concerned citizens from Greater Chicopee protested the possibility of undocume…
Many people across the state were shocked when Governor Deval Patrick announced last week that hundreds, even up to a thousand, children cou…
Patrick says he doesn't intend to take up Mayor Kos and Rep. Wagner's offer to discuss his proposal to house immigrant children at Westover.
22News anchor Laura Hutchinson was aboard one of the military's largest aircraft for a mission over the skies of New England, Thursday.
Things got heated at the State House between pro-immigration advocates and Republican lawmakers. 22News was there for it all.
Mayor Kos and State Rep. Wagner are inviting Gov. Patrick to come to Chicopee as he proposes housing unaccompanied immigrant children at Wes…


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The Certificate in Water Resources Law covers the complex set of federal and state laws addressing the use and conservation of water resources.
The certificate requires a minimum of 14 credits of coursework and experience or writing in the area of water and environmental law. Students are required to earn a GPA of 3.0 or better in all certificate courses in order to earn the certificate.


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Total F—ing Destruction Have a Song for You, Playing MDF This Year
"I don't know what you people did with all that free beer, but I got f—ing drunk, man!" Those were the first words Rich Hoak said on April 1 when Total F—ing Destruction played Fontanas in New York City. The event was put together by Tones of Death and Revolver Magazine, who gather metalheads once a month with free beer and no entry fee. In New York, where a slice of plain pizza averages $3.00, the monthly show is a very special occasion.
For the Brutal Truth drummer's side project, Hoak is behind the kit the entire time he plays with Total F—ing Destruction. But that doesn't change that he's the frontman of the band. At that, he's one of the most animated drummers in metal. He leads each song with a story. As he's playing each song, it's like he's doing pilates on his throne, lifting his legs from time to time.
"This next song is for all the nekropunks. You know who you are. We know who you are. 'Nekropunk'!" Hoak announced.
The band's set list was two pages long, but the actual time it took them to play all their short songs was less the amount of time than most people need to take a poop. The songs range from sociopolitical topics to some of the best jokes I've ever heard.
"I'd like to send this song out to our friends, and I'd like to send this song out to our enemies. This song is called 'Seth Putnam Is Wrong About a Lot of Things, but Seth Putnam Is Right About You.'"
The only other show the band has set up for 2010 is May 28 — which is day two of Maryland Deathfest.


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NARS Taos Blush
NARS Taos Blush
NARS Taos Blush ($29.00 for 0.16 oz.) is described as a "desert rose with shimmer." It's a warm-toned, burnt rose with a subtle golden shimmer/sheen. Illamasqua Allure is more muted, not quite as red. MAC Hidden Treasure is darker. Tom Ford Savage is lighter, less red/more brown. MAC Fleet Fast is lighter, less reddened.
Taos is incredibly pigmented–a little goes a long way–so a light hand and a feathery brush are must-haves if you want a subtle look. It has a soft, silky-smooth, and very finely-milled texture that sits well on the skin and blends out as desired. The delicate gold shimmer, once blended, looked like a satiny, golden sheen that didn't emphasize pores. It lasted nine hours well, and I didn't notice any fading until ten hours, so Taos is one of the longest-wearing blushes I've tried from NARS.


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Here are six ways to spring clean your mind in order to live a happier life.
Find a way to resolve your feelings of resentment, hatred or jealousy toward the people in your life. Purge your negative feelings by focusing on what's good in your life and move forward with a more positive, lighter and healthier attitude.
Yes, bad things happen, but dwelling on the negative and letting it bring you down emotionally isn't going to fix anything. Instead, deal with your problems in a positive manner and you'll get through the dark times much easier.
Nothing reinvigorates the soul like getting out of a rut and gaining a fresh perspective on life. Tackling problems with new solutions, taking on risks and stepping out of your comfort zone will give you a sense of accomplishment and a new outlook on life.
Many times we get bogged down with the mundane things in life and ignore what's truly important to us. Put a stop to this by placing value on your career, health, family, friends, etc., and focus on these areas of your life instead of all the other distractions.
Organizing the physical stuff around you will help give you peace of mind. Creating a cleaner and neater environment will enable you to truly relax and refresh.
It's difficult to do, but redefining relationships that stress you out, drain you, or as they say, "suck the life out of you" will lighten your mental load. Find a way to restructure, or if necessary, end your interactions with toxic bosses, co-workers, friends -- and even family members -- and you'll be a much happier person.
And you'll see personalized content just for you whenever you click the My Feed .
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Recent Members
Military Alumni
Honoring Our Heroes
This area is dedicated to our alumni that have served or are serving in our armed forces!
Lost Class Rings
Have you lost your Houston High School class ring? Have you found someone's class ring? Visit our Tigers lost class ring page to search for your class ring or post information about a found ring.
Honored Military Alumni
Alison Gail Heath Class of 1997
Navy, 3 Years US Navy Vet E3 Boatswains Mate
Allen Williamson Class of 1957
Navy, 20+ Years Joined US Navy in February 1959. Retired February 1980. Would not trade the experience for anything, however, the Vietnam years were not the best of times. Go Navy !!
Andrew Michael Anderson Class of 1997
Army, 7 Years I signed up to be a cook but when i got to Fort Lewis, i was assigned to a Military Police unit. My commander decided i was a better MP than cook so that's what I was for 7 years. I served two tours in Iraq. I got out at the rank of Sergeant.
Charles R Jones Class of 1971
National Guard, 20+ Years Construction Equipment Repairman, Base Vehicle Maintanence. Army Nat. Guard 9 years, Air Nat. Guard 11 years.
Doyle Cook Class of 1979
Navy Reserves, 8 Years Seabees
Jeffrey S Campbell Class of 1982
Air Force, 2 Years AFC
Lonnie Miller Class of 1968
National Guard, 20+ Years Completed 32 years in the Army National Guard - retiring in 2004 at the rank of Full Colonel.
p a simet Class of 1982
Army, 20+ Years I served active duty 4 yrs & the remainder Army Reserve. It allowed me to see a lot of our beautiful country & a little outside. Mainly, i served my country & it helped me get my degree. i'd serve again if they'd take an old lady. :-)
Randy Davenport Class of 1975
Army, 3 Years Served 1976 - 1979. Served in South Korea on the DMZ for a year
Reva Olson Class of 1981
Navy, 20+ Years I spent 20 years in the Navy as a Hospital Corspman. I have to confess I didnt love every minute of it but I would do it all again.
Richard E. Pyle Jr. Class of 1986
Air Force, 20+ Years MSgt Pyle retired after 24 years of service... 1986 to 2010 (Operations Desert Shield, Storm and Calm, Deny Flight and Operation Iraqi Freedom to name a few!) He was stationed overseas in the United Kingdom, Japan, Republic of Korea & Spain as well as Stateside in Arkansas, Washington State, Idaho & Colorado. His final position before retiring was as the 21st Force Support Squadron, Sustainment Services Flight Superintendent.
Robert Haney Class of 1972
Army, 20+ Years US Army Retired
Ron Cunningham Class of 1963
Army, 2 Years Infantry Vietnam was Sgt when I was discharged
Ron Cunningham Class of 1963
Army, 2 Years Combat Infantryman with 4th Infantry and 9th Infantry Divisions in Vietnam
steve carter Class of 1978
Air Force, 14 Years worked nukes and did not become the floating radioactive cloud that was predicted
Classmates Spotlight
Patty Huff
Alumni Stories
Read and submit stories about our classmates from Houston High School, post achievements and news about our alumni, and post photos of our fellow Tigers.
School News
International Award Conferred on Edward R. Close, Class of 1955
Here is part of the press release recently issued by the International Society for Philosophical Enquiry:


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View WILLLOSEIT's food & exercise for this day
6 comments so far.
8 years ago
:hi: and :kiss:
by MOM22SONZ
8 years ago
Awesome blog Grace:heart2:
by TEXSKH05
8 years ago
Totally hear you Grace. Your writing is always what I am thinking. :hi:
by TREE
8 years ago
:hi: That is awesome. You are on the right track now and thanks for giving me that extra push I need to get to my "bikini" :)
by JUSTPATTI
8 years ago
:y: :kiss: :kiss:
by MOM22SONZ
8 years ago
Amen sister! You have the right idea.
by HOCKEYFAN7


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Monday, January 29, 2007
Sparkle Blossom
I'm a little proud of this card, so I had to brag on myself a bit today, since the photo does NOT do it justice! First of all, let me tell you why the flower looks fuzzy... it's actually striped. I inked the Big Blossom stamp with Regal Rose, then stamped the stripe from Background Sampler in Close to Cocoa. Then stamped the flower on Confetti White. Then, I used the smallest Coluzzle circle and cut a hole in the middle of the flower. I was going to use packing tape and glitter, but alas, I had no packing tape, so out came the Crystal Effects. I mounted the flower on a Close to Cocoa card, then filled the center hole with Crystal Effects. Since I wasn't using the packing tape, I decided to bust out the microbeads. So, then I thought I would outline the flower with the microbeads, as well... Add a little sparkle. It was raining yesterday, so I guess that's what inspired me to add some sparkle. I not-so-patiently waited for the Crystal Effects to dry, and then I stamped one of the sentiments from the Happy Harmony SAB set in Close to Cocoa. I thought it was missing a little something, so I decided on ribbon - my fall-back. I opted for Rose grosgrain, but it was missing something... I took a Q-Tip and inked the end in Chocolate Chip ink and stamped little dots along the ribbon, and attached it to the bottom of the card. Ta-da!
Sunday, January 28, 2007
Scalloped Edges
I Was Busy This Weekend...
Photos Are Back!
Anyway, it's time to relax on the couch now that my photos are safely protected thanks to AiS!
Practice Safe Posting
Friday, January 26, 2007
My First Comment!
Thursday, January 25, 2007
Stepper Box
2 1/4 cups pretzels (any shape that's small)
Tuesday, January 23, 2007
Cathy Williams' Canvas Accordian Book
Canvas: Four 4" x 5" (you can purchase from www.quickquotes.com)
3" x 12" - Bashful Blue; 4" x 5" - Certainly Celery (cut 2)
4" x 5" - Bashful Blue (cut 2)
3 ½" x 2" - Designer paper from SS Kit (cut 2 of 2 patterns or 3 of each if pockets on back)
1 3/8" x 5" - Cameo Coral (for 2 tags - make 1 – 1 3/8" x 2 ½" tag if pockets on back)
1 3/8" x 5" - Barely Banana (for 2 tags - make 1 – 1 3/8" x 2 ½" tag if pockets on back)
2 ½" x 3 ½" - Cameo Coral (for pictures) (cut 2 or 3 if pics on back)
2 ½" x 3 ½" - Barely Banana (for pictures) (cut 2 or 3 if pics on back)
Inks: Marigold Morning; Certainly Celery; Bashful Blue; Cameo Coral
Stamps: Small Script; Delight in Life (SAB)
Kits: Just Delightful Simply Scrappin' (SAB)
Soft Subtles Brads
Blue gingham ribbon (cut 2 – 5" pieces & 2 – 8" pieces)
Celery ribbon (cut 2 – 5" pieces)
Paper piercing tool
Rubber Cement or other strong adhesive
Sponge Dauber(s)
Tag punch
Corner punch
Circle punch
Large oval punch
1/8" punch
1. Color canvases with inks using sponge dauber. Set aside to let dry.
2. Punch both ends of tag pieces (1 3/8" x 5") & cut in half to create two tags.
3. Punch tag holes with 1/8" punch
4. Round top edges of picture pieces (2 ½" x 3 ½") with corner punch
5. Ink edges of all pieces of cardstock as desired
6. Attach pictures to picture pieces and embellish
7. Stamp and embellish tags
8. Attach ribbon to tags
9. Embellish designer paper fronts (3 ½ " x 2 pieces)
10. Attach the sides and bottom of the designer paper piece to the bottom of the 4" x 5" piece with ¼" margin at top, side & bottom. Leave the top open so they can be pockets.
11. Attach sides and bottom of two of the designer paper pieces to the bottom of two of the inked canvases. (These will be the middle two canvases.)
12. Take the 3" x 12" strip of cardstock and lay it flat on table. Lay 2 middle canvases face up directly in the center of the strip, making sure the bottom of the canvases are even. Move the canvases 1/8" apart in the middle to allow for a fold in the center. Glue the back of the canvas to the strip with rubber cement or other strong adhesive.
13. Decorate front cover canvas.
14. Decorate and/or sign back cover canvas.
15. Attach 8" pieces of ribbon to the back side of the front and back canvases with a 1 ½" overlap to hold ribbons in place using strong adhesive.
16. Place the outside 2 canvases face down UNDERNEATH the 3" x 12" strip leaving ¼" space between canvases allowing for folds. (Note: The strip will reach about halfway across the left and right canvases.) Glue these canvas backs to the strip.
17. Fold the left and right canvases toward the inside.
18. Pick up the project and fold the center the opposite way to make an accordion.
19. Attach 4" x 5" pieces to the backside of each canvas.
20. Tuck picture pieces and tags in pockets.
Friday, January 19, 2007
SCS Gathering
This Sunday is a gathering for SU! demos and Splitcoaster Stampers (SCS), which I volunteered to organize. WHAT was I thinking?! Seriously, it's ok, tho... We're going to have a GREAT time! There are 25 of us meeting at someone's house. It will be INTENSE, because we're making 25 shoe box projects. Yup - 25! We're going to have a door prize raffle, too, but everyone is supposed to bring a door prize, so everyone should leave with one. The picture on the left is what I'm bringing for my door prize swap. It's a post-it note holder on chipboard coasters with a pencil in the hinge. This was my first attempt at using the coasters AND reverse masking!
I used the 4" square coasters and covered them with Rebecca paper. The back is covered with the opposite pattern (stripes on the back of spots). I inked the edges with Chocolate Chip ink. I stamped the Lexicon of Love "cherish" stamp with Close to Cocoa ink inside the heart-shaped mask. Then, I used a blender pen and drew up some ink from the pad and painted a heart around the masked image. I cut a piece of Pretty In Pink paper and used the square steps corner punch then mounted it on the left side. I punched holes with the anywhere punch, then ran ribbon through - chocolate chip on the top and bottom and pink in the middle. I didn't like the way the chocolate chip ribbon looked by itself, so I added some pink narrow organdy to those to brighten it up a bit. I criss-crossed the ribbon and tied the knots in the back, except for the organdy. Well, I like it, so hopefully others will too!!
Monday, January 15, 2007
The ZOO!!!
This weekend I went to the San Diego Zoo... it was SOOOOO much fun! Even with the record low temperatures, it was still a BLAST! We did have a bit of trouble getting there... our plane had a fuel leak. A fuel leak?! Yes, a fuel leak! But they put the band aid on it, and we made it safely to San Diego.
I had never been there - been to San Diego for work, but never made it to the zoo. When we got off the plane on Saturday, I got chicken nuggets while my boy friend rented the car. From there, we went straight to the Wild Animal Park. It was fabulous!!!!!! It was HUGE! There were TONS of wide open spaces for the animals to play... WAY cool! There were, of course, the standard zoo flamingos at both the Wild Animal Park and the Zoo itself- can you be called a zoo without flamingos right inside the gate?? I think it's in the by-laws somewhere.... Anyway, enough digression... We took a train around the Wild Animal Park that gave us lots of good info. We even got to see some steer fighting just as the guide was talking about using the horns as weapons. It was pretty funny.
Then, on Sunday, it was to the zoo proper... wow! That, too, was HUGE! I couldn't get over how many different types of pigs there were, though... lots of bacon on the hoof. It seemed a bit odd to me, but I guess they're endangered. You know what that means to me - they must taste good. If they didn't taste good, they wouldn't be hunted. Sorry about your luck, but lucky you - you're in a zoo. And a zoo as cool as this one! Speaking of lucky - it was lucky for me that there was a bus to take from place to place. There were a million hills in this place, and some of them required stairs. It was like being back in San Francisco.
There was even a guided tour bus, but that didn't go over so well. We had a VERY loud child right behind us. She liked to screech at EVERYTHING, and I do mean everything. I could barely hear the tour... we thought about doing it again, but thought that the kid didn't puke on us, so we'd better take what we can get and get out of there. We saw the rest on our own. The bus wasn't as cool as the train. Did I mention there were flamingos here?
What was the coolest attraction? Why, the Meerkats, of course! There's a show on National Geographic Channel that's called "Meerkat Manor", and we have gotten addicted to these little guys. They are HILARIOUS! Don't know what a meerkat is? I've attached a few photos for you... they are only a foot high and are a completely female-run society. That's what I'm talking about! The momma runs the show COMPLETELY. Anyway, I won't get into the political side of things, but let me tell you how funny these guys are! They groom each other and dig all the time, unless they're standing guard or gathering some sun to warm up. They did the sunning quite a bit while we were there - it was a bit cold from them. They're from the desert in Africa, so 40-degrees wasn't ok in their books.
Also, on Sunday the SD Chargers had a home play-off game... we were a little worried about traffic, so we left the zoo early for our flight. That, and we were completely exhausted. We had walked for over 4 hours straight! Plus all the walking from the night before... it was craziness! I'm SOOOOO glad I opted for tennis shoes only on this trip. There was no point in being cute - it was cold, and we were going to do a ton of walking.
So now I just finishing scurrying around getting everything ready for my crop party that will kick off here in about 30 min. It should be a good time! I won't get to crop - I need to get my things ready for the demo gathering we're having next weekend... wow! Yup, I did this to myself; I sure did! I can't wait for the gathering next Sunday, though... it should be a good time, and a good opportunity to meet some new folks. I'm really looking forward to it...
Well, my doorbell will start ringing here in a few, so I'd better sign off... HAPPY STAMPIN'!
Friday, January 12, 2007
Thursday, January 11, 2007
I'm a Slacker!
Ok, so I'm a complete slacker... I haven't posted in forever, right? I'm going to say that I have a good excuse... Saturday and Sunday, I was at drill for my reserve unit - fun to do on your birthday, huh? THEN, on Monday, I got my SAB order from Stampin' Up!!!!!!!! So, of course, I had to play with all my new toys... I also had to get ready for my gathering on Monday. I did take pictures of all the booty... You can see it here! :) Do you see WHY I haven't been blogging?!?!?! LOOK at all that cool stuff to play with!! Well, I've gotta get organized for my scrapbook workshop on Monday - it's a holiday... no work!! All Play!! YEAH!!! Did you see my new set of stamp pads AND re-inkers?! That was Happy Birthday to me!! :) Here I am - happy as can be playing with my new stamps AND talking on the phone... talk about Euphoria. My boyfriend couldn't resist taking this picture of me. I'm talking with a friend of mine that I hadn't talked to in almost a year! The stamps I'm putting together are a Valentine's Day present for my mom... it's the Sweet on You set from the winter mini. She's just getting into stamping, so I figured I'd get her good and hooked. :) I thought she could make Valentine's Day cards with those. She's also getting a set of Soft Subtles Stampin' Spots and the pink Love Notes next to me... can you tell she's spoiled?? She trained me well, huh?
Friday, January 5, 2007
It's Friday!!!
So, I'm WAY stoked it's Friday... I couldn't make it another day this week!! And it was supposedly a short week, but it felt SO long! Tomorrow, I have drill for my reserve unit, which is always so much fun. To boot, it's my birthday, and that's definitely the place I want to be for my birthday. I guess I'll live... After all, it is Sell-A-Bration!! Gotta keep things in perspective, right? Speaking of, my SAB order gets to the house Monday... can't wait!!! I got myself a set of Soft Subtles stamp pads and re-inkers... Happy Birthday to me! Off to do some reserve stuff before tomorrow morning...
Thursday, January 4, 2007
So Sad!!!
Wednesday, January 3, 2007
The Vacation is Over
Well, the vacation is over... It's time to get back to work. Grrrrr!!!! I made this ATC (Artist Trading Card) yesterday (left), my last day of freedom. I totally CASE'd the ribbon butterfly from my upline. She had the way-cool idea, not me! I wasn't that far off, though. I made the card on the right all by myself... see the fancy ribbon? I was ALMOST there, so I'm taking half credit.
After my creativity time was over, I had to spend 2 1/2 hours at the dentist. That was horrid!!!! But, I survived. This morning, having much pain, I was wide awake at 4:30am, so I uploaded tons of pictures to my gallery on Splitcoaststampers. You can see them all here. There are ATCs and candles galore on there. Enjoy!
Tonight is the big deal - SUGAR BOWL... GO ND! BEAT LSU!!
Tuesday, January 2, 2007
I'm not really sure what to do with the slits in the side... I guess I could make it into a purse-like object... hmmm.... I guess I need to use my imagination, huh?
So, when fun with Cricut was over, it was on to candles... I'm am REALLY happy with how this one turned out. I'd never used my Weather or Not set. It was a hostess incentive last year, and it's just sat in my stamp vault since then. I saw these candles at IKEA, and knew right away which set I wanted to use for them. I used craft pads and then clear embossed them. I had to try it; I'd read everywhere that everyone was doing it, so I did, too. I made a few more for more door prizes at the Crop. One of them may become the door prize for an upcoming demonstrator event that I'm organizing.
Today, the invite went out for that event, as well as the Crop event. If you're in Northern California and want to attend this stamping event, send me an email. It's going to be January 21st. Well, I'm back to stamping...


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Last month, the MoneyTree Report released their 2Q venture capital investment data. The chart below shows historical VC investment in companies based in the Midwest and Southeast regions, the two regions where most of Chrysalis' portfolio companies are headquartered.
VC Investment in Midwest and Southeast-based Companies – by quarter
So where do these regions stack up for venture investment, nationally? Below is the national comparison for the number of VC backed deals in 2Q 2013. The complete regional investment report can be found here.
Number of Venture-backed Deals in 2Q 2013


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By TIM BOOTH
AP Sports Writer
SEATTLE (AP) – Tennessee quarterback Matt Hasselbeck had a rocky return to the Pacific Northwest, throwing a pair of interceptions in his limited appearance, while Seattle rookie Russell Wilson dazzled with touchdowns running and throwing in the second half to help the Seahawks open the preseason with a 27-17 victory Saturday night.
Hasselbeck, who was Seattle's anchor at quarterback for nearly a decade, saw the first play of the game – a pass intended for Nate Washington – get deflected into the arms of Seahawks cornerback Brandon Browner and returned 23 yards for a touchdown. Seattle (No. 22 APPro32) went ahead 17-3 on the first drive of the second half when Wilson, in a three-way competition for the Seahawks' QB job, threw a 39-yard scoring pass to Braylon Edwards. Wilson added a 32-yard bootleg touchdown run with 1:51 left to cap an impressive debut.
Matt Flynn got the start at quarterback for Seattle while incumbent Tarvaris Jackson was left to watch this week. Coach Pete Carroll has given no indication how the rotation will be next week when Seattle travels to Denver.
Copyright 2012 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


text: Bail was set at one million dollars for a Yakima man who was arrested Thursday night on rape charges. Yakima Police raided the house near Franklin Park of Travis Padgett, and what police found even shocked some veteran officers. One officer said police fond what amounted to a sex room in the basement of the home. A 14 year girl was found at the home and KIT news has learned that one of the alleged victims was Padgett own child. Today Padgett made a preliminary appearance on rape and child rape charges. His next court appearance is February 1st. Padgett is a para legal who works for a private law practice.


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Incomplete Solution: Weathering of Cave Walls & the Production, Transport & Deposition of Carbonate Fines (Carsologica)
The studies reported in this book investigated the little explored subject of incomplete solution of limestones and dolomites. There was a surprising presence of significant quantities of carbonate clasts in cave sediments as well as an occurrence of thick, soft zones of an unknown mineral on the walls of cave passages. Contents include: Weathering of Limestone and Dolomite in the Cave Environment, Formation of Autochthonous Carbonate Clasts, and Conclusions.
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VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor) in osteoporosis in-vivo and in-vitro
Search Medline for
|September 28, 2006
Objective: Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by low bone mass and an increased susceptibility to fractures. The molecular mechanism of GC induced osteoporosis and the occurrence and function of related cytokines are largely unclear. Aim of this investigation was to analyse the influence of glucocorticoid (GC) treatment on the VEGF expression in-vitro and in an animal model (Göttinger Minipig).
Methods: As part of a larger study, 17 primiparous sows were allocated to 2 experimental groups (control and GC treated animals). Human osteoblasts were used for in vitro assays. VEGF and VEGF receptors were located by immuno-histochemistry. VEGF content in lumbar vertebra and culture supernatants were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); VEGF mRNA was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Spinal bone mineral density (BMD) was assessed in vivo by Quantitative Computed Tomography (QCT).
Results: Strong VEGF concentrations were measured in normal lumbar vertebrae whereas VEGF concentrations were 60 % lower (p<0.0001) in GC-treated minipigs. Our in-vitro experiments with cultured osteoblasts confirmed the in-vivo findings. Osteoblasts were immunopositive for VEGF. VEGF receptors VEGFR-2 (KDR, flk-1) and VEGFR-1 (flt-1) could be immunostained on osteoclasts and osteoblasts. VEGF mRNA and protein was detectable in all lumbar vertebrae. Incubation with dexamethasone decreased VEGF secretion also in vitro to 39 % (p<0.01). BMD assessed by QCT at study start was comparable for the control group and the GC treated group. Over the 15 month duration of the study BMD was stable in the control group (n=9) (-0.46±2.2%, n.s.) but decreased in the GC group (n=8) by –12.8±5.5%. The difference in the rate of loss was highly significant (p<0.0014). VEGF levels were significantly correlated with this change in BMD (r=0.7).
Conclusion: VEGF is produced in osteoblasts and its concentration is decreased in GC treated animals as well as in osteoblasts exposed to GC. Since reductions in VEGF concentrations correlate with parallel measurement of bone mineral density in GC treated minipigs and VEGF is as angiogenesis factor suitable for recruiting basic multicellular units (BMU) we hypothesize that VEGF may be an important modulating factor for bone remodeling, specifically in GC induced osteoporosis.


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Gold Cup: Jurgen Klinsmann targets title, but emphasizes growth on the way to Brazil 2014
CHICAGO – Four weeks after the US national team convenes next summer ahead of the World Cup in Brazil – assuming they qualify, of course – the real games will just be starting.
So as the Americans traveled from city to city during this month's Gold Cup, which ends with Sunday's final in Chicago against Panama (4 pm ET, Fox, UniMas, Univision Deportes), coach Jurgen Klinsmann made it clear that traveling, training and playing with the national team for almost a month was an important step – but that it was also just the beginning.
"In a World Cup, this is actually the time you start the tournament," Klinsmann said. "You go another four weeks. This needs to be planted in the mindset. They need to be mentally ready for that. Another four weeks on the road, another every three, four days [in between] games. We want to experience that next summer, but this is what the real stage is about. That's why we try to introduce certain elements to them as early as possible, so they know there's always the next one waiting for you."
And although the term "B" team has been thrown around with this squad, a handful of players from the Gold Cup team with relatively little experience will almost certainly show up on the World Cup roster, taking the route Stuart Holden and Clarence Goodson did to South Africa after making names for themselves in the 2009 edition.
Matt Besler is close to a shoo-in at this point after winning the starting center back spot alongside Omar Gonzalez in the US' past four World Cup qualifiers, including three wins and a 0-0 tie at Azteca Stadium in Mexico. But he entered the tournament with just eight caps under his belt, meaning any time he steps onto the field with the US is a learning experience.
"Any international game is going to help prepare you for qualifiers and for World Cup games, especially in my position," Besler said. "I haven't played a lot. I don't have a ton of games under my belt, so this tournament is a great chance for me to get experience."
Mikkel Diskerud is more of a long shot than Besler, the product of a crowded central midfield in which there are a limited number of spots and a glut of qualified candidates.
And he isn't just learning what playing in an international tournament entails, either. Diskerud is still wrapping his mind around the manner in which Americans approach the game. The 22-year-old was cap-tied to the US during this tournament after spending his career in Norway, where he currently plays for Rosenborg, spurning the opportunity to play for the country of his birth.
"I've learned a lot. I'm learning from a great group of guys how they play soccer in the US," he said. "Of course, this is an opportunity for guys to show themselves and what they can contribute."
And while some may get the chance to contribute in Brazil, others will return to their home clubs from Gold Cup duty with experience applicable down the line, even if it's not at the 2014 World Cup.
"The Gold Cup is a wonderful opportunity for the younger players to grow, to mature, to experience the elements of the game on this level," Klinsmann said. "Therefore it was important that we brought in guys like Brek Shea, Joe Corona, Sean Johnson and other ones. That they go through now one game at a time, that they go through now one game at a time and go through those experiences and improve."
source : http://news.yahoo.com/gold-cup-jurgen-klinsmann-targets-220628118–mls.html


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Author Lois Lowry On Her Work And Life
Newbery Medal-winning author Lois Lowry is one of the pioneers of dystopian young adult fiction.
Twenty years ago she published "The Giver," what she calls "her quiet little book." In it, 12-year-old girls are selected to be vessels that give birth to the next generation, and society as a whole has eradicated emotion, pain and strife by converting all people to a state blissfully — and brutally — referred to as "sameness."
Late last year, Lowry published "Son," the fourth and final book in "The Giver" series. She turned away from darkness and wrote a story that strikes out for more hopeful territory.
A Story Of Loss
She tells the story of Claire, a young girl who's chosen to be a vessel. Claire gives birth, the child is immediately taken away, and Claire is given a new job.
"I'm a mother who lost a son, and so perhaps that permeated that book and the writing of it," Lowry reflected. Lowry's son was a fighter pilot in the U.S. Air Force and passed away at the age of 36, leaving behind a wife and baby daughter.
Despite the grief and loss that Lowry experienced, she distinguishes it from what she writes about in "Son."
"In a way, the loss that the girl Claire suffers in the book is worse than my loss because my son was killed in a military accident… and he was buried at a military funeral with all the pomp and circumstance that goes with that. … All of that is a way of saying goodbye and knowing that you've lost someone.
"In the book, the girl knows she has a child and he has disappeared and she assumes he is alive but she has no idea where he is," Lowry continued. "I think that would be harder.
"We as parents have to let go of our children, and that's always hard, but it's part of that process of the bond that exists."
A Lifelong Passion For Writing
Lowry has written 43 novels over the course of her career, but it all started when she was a child.
"I was lucky to grow up in a house filled with books, with a mom who took me to the library," Lowry said. At around 8 or 9 years old, Lowry knew she wanted to be a writer.
"Those of us who do this, we love doing it. We like being alone. We like language. And to be alone in a room and have that solitude and the time to just play with language is, to me, the best of all possible worlds. To create stories, to sit there with words and sentences — that would be my utopia, no dystopia there at all," Lowry said.
An Outsider Looking In
Lowry's father was a career military officer, which mean her family lived on several army bases across the world during her childhood — and these experience manifested in her writing.
"It's oddly like the community of 'The Giver,' which relies on the rules and the strict regimen that everybody follows in an unquestioning fashion," Lowry explained.
The fact she and her family moved around so much significantly influenced the way Lowry viewed the world and the people around her.
"I think that's one of the things that contributed to making me such an observer. I was always the the new kid, plunged into new circumstances…I do think of myself as always having been an introspective observer as opposed to a participant," she said.
"When I say 'solitary' and 'introspective,' those are accurate descriptions of me. But the one that really stays most in my mind is the description of an observer — somebody who perceives what's happening among people and within people and then tries to portray that in writing. I think that is really the most important theme there is in any book, not just mine."
On Dystopian Fiction
Lowry's favorite novel of the dystopian genre is "The Handmaid's Tale" by Margaret Atwood. "The Giver" is often credited as being the first young adult dystopian novel.
"It certainly has spawned a generation of [the genre]. There's a whole lot of dystopian fiction out there, and I think probably the reason it's become so popular…today's kids are living in a very uncertain time and that permeates their awareness of the world. That must cause them to wonder about the future, and that is probably the appeal of this fiction which postulates a possible future.
Lowry explained that "Son" is a quiet book, just as "The Giver" was, but she admitted to inherent struggle in the novel — both physical and emotional.
"It does have a very hopeful and optimistic ending," she disclosed.
On The Importance Of Writing For Youth
Lowry actually started out her literary career by writing for adults, but after a publisher asked her to write a novel for young people, she was hooked .
"Almost immediately I began to get the reaction from young readers. In those days, it was real mail. This morning I answered 27 emails. Again and again, every single day, I hear from young readers about the impact that a book has on them," she said.
"These kids are still becoming who they're going to be. And they write and tell me that a book by me has affected whom they're going to be — and I think that's an important thing to do. It's not a responsibility I take lightly…I'm going to hang in there and keep doing it."
- Lois Lowry, author of "The Giver" quartet. Her latest novel, "Son," is the fourth in the series.
Book trailer for "Son":
Excerpt from "Son" courtesy of Houghton Mifflin Harcourt:
Other stories from this show:
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This is a description of a staff position at the University of Wyoming, not a job opening announcement. Current job openings can be found at the Prospective Employees page. The following statements are intended to describe the general nature and level of work being performed. They are not intended to be construed as an exhaustive list of all responsibilities required.
Reports to: Designated Supervisor
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Date: July 01, 2008
Attend and successfully complete the required (14-weeks) Police Basic Training at the Wyoming Law Enforcement Academy to learn appropriate procedures and regulations of professional law enforcement work and become certified as a Basic Police Officer.
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Employees may be requested to perform job-related tasks other than those specifically presented in this description. Participating in the University's hazardous waste minimization program is part of the job of each employee who uses (or may come in contact with) hazardous materials. Fair Labor Standards Act (exempt/non-exempt) is designated by position. University of Wyoming actively supports Americans with Disabilities Act and will consider reasonable accommodations.


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The State
3. Democratic Values
How Justice Overrides Contracts
If rational people wish the state to override their bilateral contracts, they must be arguing from equality to justice rather than the other way round.
A "scheme of social cooperation" need not be bought twice, first with rewards for burdens, second with a social contract to redistribute the rewards.
Let us revert to the idea of a society where individuals have title to their property and to their personal endowments (capacity for effort, talents) and are free to sell or hire them out on voluntarily agreed terms. Production and distribution in such a society will be simultaneously determined, in the proximate sense, by title and contract, while its political arrangements will be at least closely constrained (though not wholly determined) by the freedom of contract. Only the capitalist state, with the meta-political ends we attribute to it to keep it in its place, can be comfortable within such constraints. The adversary state, whose ends compete with those of its subjects and which relies on consent to gain and keep power, must proceed by breaking them down. In the limiting case, it may substantially abolish title to property and the freedom of contract. The systematic manifestation of this limit is state capitalism.
Short of this, the state will override people's bilateral contracts in the name of a social contract. The policies effecting this will, as far as the coincidence is feasible, serve the state's own ends and help realize democratic values. Broadening the franchise and redistributing income are two typical policies of this sort, though others, too, may achieve a degree of the desirable coincidence. At all events, such policies will in general be capable of being interpreted as maximizing social utility or justice or both, and since these maximands are recognized as ultimate ends (requiring no justification or supporting argument in terms of other ends), the policies will claim to be rational for society as a whole.
The interpretation of a policy as ipso facto a maximizing one is a tautology if it depends on the underlying interpersonal comparisons having been favourable to it; for such an assertion is by its nature incontrovertible. By contrast, when it takes the risk of being more than a tautology and invokes conformity to some substantive rule (which cannot be twisted and "interpreted," but can be seen to be either observed, or breached) like "to maximize utility, equalize incomes," "to maximize justice, override contracts in favour of the least advantaged," "to maximize liberty, give everyone the vote" or more cautiously phrased variations on such themes, the claim that the corresponding policies are rational stands or falls with the theory that yielded the rule.
Moved by such considerations, I shall now attempt to try out some implications of one democratic theory that was elaborated over the 1950s and 1960s by John Rawls and finally set out in his Theory of Justice. My choice is dictated, among other reasons by its being, to my knowledge, the only fully fledged theory within the liberal ideology of the state as the prime instrument of the justice of rewards and burdens.*27 The state receives an irrevocable mandate from the parties to the social contract, and hence has unlimited sovereignty, to give effect to the principles of justice.
One way of characterizing Rawls's concept of justice and approaching his conception of it (for the distinction, see his p. 5) is to suppose that at the end of any particular day people have become parties to all the feasible contracts they would like to enter into. Some will then sit up and reflect as follows:*28
So far, I have done as well as circumstances allowed. Others more fortunately situated have done better, though those less fortunate have done worse. Tomorrow, circumstances will have changed and I might do better or worse with new contracts. Some of my old contracts may work out nicely, but others might not look too good under changed conditions. Would it not be "rational to insure (myself) and (my) descendants against these contingencies of the market"? (p. 277, my emphasis). I would then have an "out" for each time I thought that my contracts were not treating me right.
As a matter of fact, I do think so now, for I feel disadvantaged by having less property and personal endowments than some others. I should like to see institutions of justice which would ensure that when my contracts provide me with "rewards and burdens, rights and duties" which I consider less than fair, they should be adjusted in my favour. It is true, come to think of it, that every one of my contracts has another party to it, and if a contract is overridden in my favour, it is overridden in his disfavour. Now why should he agree to a "background institution" which deals with his contracts in this way just when they are the fairest to him and he is happiest about them? Would I agree to it in his place? I would need some inducement, and surely so does he; I am quite happy to offer him something and I hope we can work something out, because without his consent, which must remain binding forever, the background institution I covet will not click into place.
This looks a candid paraphrase of that part of Rawls's theory which ought to lead to his "contract situation," i.e. to cause the parties in the state of nature (who are assumed to be self-interested, non-altruistic and non-envious) to solicit each other to negotiate a social contract, a sort of omnilateral super-contract ranking above and, in case of conflict, overriding bilateral contracts.*29 Even before starting to wonder about what might be the next step, the substantive content ("the principles of justice") of the social contract, it is pertinent to ask how to create a "contract situation" if someone, whether or not fortunately situated, declines to see the point of negotiating at all? Can this not happen? Can he not argue, (a) that he is doing all right as it is, and will not try to do better under a social contract at the risk of having to accept to do worse? and (b) that the moral position to take about the justice of social arrangements (of which the division of labour is one) is for everybody to keep his word, whether or not it would be to his advantage to go back on it?
Argument (b), for all its Old Testament flavour, is at least consistent with Rawls's requirement that people must have a sense of justice (p. 148). The two arguments (a) and (b) seem to me to provide a quite Rawlsian rationale for prudently staying put and refusing any negotiation which would, in exchange for advantages or inducements to be defined, release others from their contractual commitments. The alternative is the state of nature, with "finders are keepers" in place of the "principles of justice." At this stage, we cannot infer from anything that one is juster than the other, for the sole criterion of the justice of principles on offer is that, given the appropriate conditions, they would be unanimously chosen. However, appropriate conditions will not evolve through voluntary cooperation, and therefore people will not all wish to negotiate a social contract, if some have rational cause for abstaining.
Rawls's key assertion, that "willing social cooperation" yields a net advantage, might perhaps prevent the theory from stopping short in this way. The advantage must manifest itself in an increment of society's index of "primary goods" (provided no one makes a fuss about problems of aggregating such "primary goods" as authority, power and self-respect) for no other advantage would be recognized under Rawls's theory of the good. Unless reflected in an increase in primary goods, there are no such advantages as "greater social harmony" or "no class hatreds." This increment could presumably be distributed so that nobody was worse off and some were better off than under the distribution that is mutually agreed as plain, de facto cooperation unfolds.
Let us, therefore, revert to the ambition of a person B who wants to induce another person A to negotiate a social contract with power to override bilateral contracts. Under the latter, A and B (like everyone else) are already engaged in a scheme of social cooperation, producing a volume of primary goods and sharing them according to what Rawls calls a "natural distribution" (p. 102). Each scheme of cooperation is predicated on a distribution, meaning that the resulting volume of primary goods must be wholly distributed to call forth the sort of cooperation in question. The natural distribution corresponds to de facto social cooperation.
Might not, however, another distribution call forth not merely de facto, but also willing social cooperation, of a sort that would yield an increment of primary goods, compared to the de facto one? This can, perhaps, be expected "if reasonable terms are proposed," on which "those better endowed, or more fortunate in their social position, neither of which we [sic] can be said to deserve, could expect the willing cooperation of others" (p. 15). Now if B wants to create a "contract situation," he must convince A that if he were assured more reasonable terms than he is, or is liable to be, getting in the natural distribution, he would cooperate more willingly; his greater cooperation would yield an increment to pay for his "more reasonable" (in the sense of more favourable) terms; and there would be a little something left over for A, too. But can he really deliver the required increment?
If he is not bluffing, i.e. if he is both capable and prepared to deliver it, and if the special terms he demands for doing so do not cost others more than this increment, he would already be producing it and he would already be getting the special terms under ordinary, bilateral contracts, for straightforward reasons of market efficiency. He would already by cooperating more willingly for better terms. That he is not, and his contracts do not already incorporate such better terms, is proof that the social contract, interpreted as redistribution in exchange for greater social cooperation, cannot be the unanimous preference of rational persons already cooperating and having agreed to a natural distribution.
Whether those better endowed deserve it or not is, in Rawls's system of choice criteria, irrelevant. The "advantages of social cooperation" are looking very much like something of which everybody is already getting as much as he chooses to pay for. They are insufficient bait to lure him away from the mutually agreed natural distribution and into the social "contract situation." The extra quantity of primary goods that greater social cooperation with its attendant just-distributional requirements, is claimed to yield, can only be forthcoming by redistributing more than the extra quantity obtained (so that at least some must lose).
What are we to make of Rawls's contrary assertion that "representative men do not gain at one another's expense... since only reciprocal advantages are allowed" (p. 104)? In a reasonably functioning market, prevailing terms reflect all the reciprocal advantages that can be got. How, by acting on what parameter, does the social contract, with its terms which "draw forth willing cooperation," alter this? If Rawls means the assertion to be one about facts, it is either wrong or unverifiable. (It is the latter if it depends on the purported distinction between willing cooperation and de facto cooperation being what we wish it to be; for instance, willing cooperation would mean a dream world of doubled productivity, no strikes, no inflation, pride in workmanship, no alienation and no command-obedience relation, while de facto cooperation is the poor, shoddy, muddled, unproductive, futile and alienated world we know.) If, on the other hand, it is to be an arbitrary frontier of the area within which the argument is applicable, the theory shrinks to total insignificance.
Still less can the theory get going on the strength of the mere desire of some people to persuade others effectively to let them out of this unattractive situation, though it is the best they could have chosen, and concede more attractive terms under an overriding super-contract. Whichever way we turn it, it is impossible for everybody both to have and not to have conflicting interests, to choose a set of contracts and unanimously to prefer another.
Why, however, should we accept the (historically quite unsupported) postulate that the yield (in primary goods) of social cooperation increases as better-than-market terms are offered to the less-advantaged? Why do the better-endowed have to propose "satisfactory terms," in the form of redistribution topping up the rewards afforded by the market, seeing that they are already getting all the cooperation which "terms" can advantageously buy them?*30
And if special, better-than-market terms have to be offered by someone to somebody else to draw forth his "willing" cooperation—which seems totally unsubstantiated—why is it the better-endowed who must do the offering? Nozick took a machine-gun to shoot this sitting duck to shreds, showing that if there is any argument about this, it must be symmetrical and cut both ways.*31 Maybe, if cooperation, or its degree or extent, is in doubt or jeopardy for some unexplained reason, it is the worse-endowed who would have to offer special terms to get the better-endowed to go on cooperating with them (for, as the bitter joke goes, the one thing worse than being exploited is not being exploited at all).
Rawls's book provides no answer why new terms should be necessary or, which seems to amount to the same thing, why rational non-altruists would all accept, let alone seek to negotiate about, distributive justice. It does have a curious answer to why, if overriding terms are necessary, it is the rich who will concede them to the poor rather than the other way round or in some other, more sophisticated and complex redistributional patterns: "Since it is impossible to maximize with respect to more than one point of view, it is natural, given the ethos of a democratic society, to single out the least advantaged" (p. 319, my italics). The principles of justice, then, are what they are because society is democratic, rather than society being democratic because it has been found just for it to be such. The democratic ethos comes first and the requirements of justice are deduced from it.
Here, moral philosophy is standing on its head and first principles come last.*32 Principles for designing a state which will make rewards and burdens different from what they would otherwise be, must necessarily be in the relative favour of somebody. Whom should they favour? Rawls singles out the least advantaged. This might have been a random choice, but as we now know, it was not; it was derived from democracy. Making the state take the side of the least advantaged has the great convenience that the consent-dependent state is by and large inclined to do it anyway for reasons inherent in competition for getting and keeping power. The imperatives of the "democratic ethos" which make it "natural" to bias distribution one way rather than the other, are prima facie a code word for the exigencies of majority rule. If not, they must express a belief that there is some (democratic) value anterior or superior to justice (for if there were not, it could not give rise to a principle of justice).
One suspects, having got this far, that some notion of equality might be this value; we could in that case argue from equality and recommend a distribution as more just than another because it favoured the least favoured, without having to demonstrate that favouring the least favoured is just (which would be an argument for equality rather than from it).
The irony of it all is that had Rawls not tried and failed to prove in the doing, that a theory of distributive justice is possible, it would be much easier to go on believing the universalist claim for democratic values, i.e. (in essence) that equality is valuable because it is the means to the undisputed final ends of justice or utility or perhaps liberty, too, and hence it is rational to choose it. Rawls had made it easier for non-democrats to cry that the Emperor has no clothes.
In the basic, "justice as fairness" version of his theory, Rawls (to my mind successfully) showed that rational self-interested people would concede special terms to each other to regulate the permissible inequalities of burdens and rewards if the only available alternative on offer were their equality. It is self-evident that under his key "difference principle" (inequalities must benefit the least advantaged or else they must go) the corresponding unequal distribution, if there is one, is better for everybody. If it makes the worst-off better off than they would be under equality, it must a fortiori make the best-off even better off, as well as everybody in between. (If the facts of life, production functions or elasticities of supply of effort or whatever, are such that this is in practice not possible, inequalities fail to get justified and the principle commands the distribution to revert to equal.) In an egalitarian distribution, an egalitarian distribution tempered by the difference principle will be regarded as "just," i.e. chosen.
Taking equality as the base case (Rawls also calls it the "initial arrangement" and it is the "appropriate status quo" from which his theory can get going)—the natural presumption—and departures from it as requiring the Paretian justification of unanimous preference,*33 is in unison with arguing from democracy to justice. That no one seems to protest that here the cart is before the horse, simply shows that Rawls is, at least on this point, quite at one with the evolving liberal ideology. (The critics who, declaring for liberalism or socialism, attack Rawls's ideological content, so to speak, "from the left," accusing him of being a Gladstonian relic, a disciple of the despised Herbert Spencer and an apologist of inequality, seem to me to have well and truly missed the point.)
But no majority vote can settle questions of justice. In the spirit of the liberal ideology, which considers people's rewards as subject to political review purportedly guided by some ultimate value, a change in distribution which favours someone at the expense of somebody else raises a question of justice. Answers can be sought by intuitionist or utilitarian arguments. (The latter, as I have contended in chapter 2, pp. 110-1, are really intuitionist ones at one remove.)
Intuitionist arguments are irrefutable and do not rise above the rank of affirmations. Rawls could have put forward his principles as deductions from the given end of equality qualified by Pareto-optimality. Equality (its ultimate goodness) would then have the status of an intuitionist value-affirmation, while Pareto-optimality would tautologically follow from (non-envious) rationality. However, in his ambition to square the circle, Rawls appears to want to deduce "the standards whereby the distributive aspects of society are to be assessed" entirely from rationality (p. 9). His justice must consist of "principles that free and rational persons concerned to further their own interests would accept in an initial position of equality" (p. 11). What the "initial position," the "appropriate status quo" needed to get the theory going really amounts to is this: Rawls, in the formal core of the argument, takes out equality as an end and puts it back in as the rule imposed for playing the rational decision game.
He is plainly entitled to fix any rule he likes, but he cannot oblige rational people (or any other, for that matter) to join in the game and accept its outcome forever, unless they already share his commitment to the article of faith that unequal endowments of property and talent must not be allowed to shape a distribution if it is not to be unjust. Agreement on the justice of a certain principle of distribution will be the consequence of this shared commitment. Despite appearances, and the insistence that it is an application of decision theory, the argument is still dependent on the intuitionist affirmation (however disguised) that equality is prior and can give rise to justice. The "appropriate status quo" is the moment when the rabbit is safely in the hat, ready to be pulled out.
Unlike any other status quo, it is one where there is no social cooperation at all to start with, hence no "natural distribution" based on bilateral contracts, and where people can have no rational reason to suppose that if there were a "natural distribution," their share in it would be larger or smaller than their neighbours'. This is the effect of the much-discussed "original position," where complete ignorance of their own particulars (the "veil of ignorance") enables people to choose a distribution (which is what choosing principles to design institutions which will shape the distribution, really amounts to) out of interest unsullied by any consideration which could make one person's interest diverge from another's. Behind the veil of ignorance (which blots out not only morally arbitrary personal particulars, but also society's particulars, except for certain general sociological and economic causalities), whatever principles people, henceforth moved by interest only (for their sense of justice is incorporated in the original position), choose in order to get some social cooperation, will give rise to a just distribution. The design of the original position ensures that whatever any person chooses every other person will choose, too, since all individual differences have been defined out of it. With unanimity, no occasion for interpersonal comparisons can arise.
It is one thing to acknowledge as formally unassailable the analytic statement that principles chosen in the original position will be those of justice, given that this is how they have been defined. It is another to agree that it is Rawls's principles that would be chosen; and yet another that what Rawls's principles represent is really justice. Each of these different questions has a contentious literature, most of which I cannot even acknowledge here. Nozick (Anarchy, State and Utopia, Part II, section II) seems to me to deal more thoroughly and devastatingly than most with the justice of Rawls's justice, while a rigorous (and to my mind convincing) argument that rational people in the "original position" would not choose his principles, is offered by Wolff in Understanding Rawls, chapter XV. (I shall be addressing a few supplementary remarks to this effect in the next section.)
Rawls's core arguments are protected by a tissue of less formal discourse designed, in the spirit of "reflective equilibrium," to enlist our intuitive agreement, appeal to our sense of the reasonable, and often to intimate that his justice is really little more than our plain prudential interest. Social justice is to be agreed to in part because, to be sure, we ought to be just, and because we like justice but in any event because it is a good idea, and because that is what elicits social peace. Such arguments echo those that champions of the "third world," despairing of the generosity of rich white states, have lately been resorting to: give more aid to the teeming underdeveloped millions lest they go on multiplying, and drown you in their multitude, and rise up and burn your hayricks, or at the very least become clients of Moscow.*34 Also, give more aid so you may do more trade. The use of bribe or threat to induce us to do the right thing is hardly less blatant in Rawls. As Little puts it in his pithy paraphrase: (in the original position) "each participant would agree that anyone who is going to be rich in the society he votes for must be coerced to aid the poor, because otherwise the poor may upset the applecart and he would not choose to be an apple in so unstable a cart. This sounds to me more like expediency than justice."*35
Moreover, to read Rawls, coercion hardly enters into it and if it does, it need not hurt. The operation of the principles of justice lets us have our cake and eat it, have capitalism and socialism, public property and private liberty all at the same time. Rawls's blandness on these deeply contentious points is astounding: "A democratic society may choose to rely on prices in view of the advantages of doing so, and then maintain the background institutions which justice requires" (p. 281). Considering that "relying on prices" is synonymous with letting rewards be agreed between buyer and seller, to maintain background institutions which prejudge, constrain and retroactively adjust these rewards is, to put it no higher, to send contradictory signals to Pavlov's dogs. It is, in any case, an attempt to mislead the market about "relying on prices." In common with mainstream liberal opinion, Rawls must feel that there is no inconsistency; first, a market economy can be got to deliver its advantages "and then" the background institutions can do distributive justice while leaving the said advantages somehow intact. There is no inkling in any of this of the possibly quite complex unintended effects of having the price system promise one set of rewards and the background institutions causing another set to be delivered.*36
Lastly, we are to rest assured that a social contract which is powerful enough to override property, and which mandates the quintessential "background institution" (the state) to ensure distributive justice, does not invest the state with noticeably more power. Power continues to rest with civil society and the state develops no autonomy. Nor has it a will to use it in pursuit of its proper purposes. No genie is let out of any bottle. Politics is just vector geometry. To quote Rawls: "We may think of the political process as a machine which makes social decisions when the views of representatives and their constituents are fed into it" (p. 196). We may indeed, but it would be better not to.
Notes for this chapter
Rawls's principles serve to help design "practices" or "institutions" which "determine (the) division of advantages" and underwrite "an agreement on the proper distributive shares" (A Theory of Justice, p. 4). (Page references in parentheses are all to this work.) He considers institutions on a high level of abstraction and generality, but it is clear, either from the context (esp. pp. 278-83) or from analysis of his arguments that the one institution that has "bite" and that can "underwrite" anything at all, is the state.
There is no ground for supposing, at this stage, that all will. The position does not make for unanimity.
I believe it is fair to interpret Rawls as meaning that the social contract is a unanimous (omnilateral) agreement on principles for a state which will, by overriding ordinary (bilateral) contracts whenever the principles so require, ensure a just distribution. The state of nature is a network of ordinary contracts giving rise to a "natural distribution" with no "institutions" (no state) for making it conform to a conception of justice. Aspects other than the distributive aspect of justice do not seem to enter into the distinction between "social contract" and "state of nature" in an important and explicit manner. A society equipped with a state concerned with the preservation of life and property only, would from the Rawlsian point of view still be a society in the state of nature. As he would be the first to admit, Rawls's social contract descends from Rousseau and not from Hobbes.
Richard Miller, "Rawls and Marxism," in Norman Daniels (ed.), Reading Rawls, 1974, p. 215, argues that willing cooperation can be maintained "for centuries" by ideological institutions and the coercive apparatus of the state (paid for out of the workers' taxes!) without any social contract about principles of distributive justice.
Interpreted in a Marxist framework, Rawls's better-endowed would agree on better-than-the-market terms for workers when they feared that the centuries referred to by Miller were drawing to their historically inevitable close, and reformist remedies were the order of the day. Although they would, I believe, be hastening their demise, and be suffering from "false consciousness" in choosing the means to their end, the argument is at least genuinely based on self-interest. Rawls's argument altogether fails to establish a basis in self-interest.
Nozick, Anarchy, State and Utopia, pp. 192-5.
In fairness to Rawls, he provides an account (para. 9) of what moral philosophy is about, which (if correct) would make his stand right end up. His parallel with the theory of syntax is revealing. The way people speak is the source of knowledge about language. People's moral judgements are the source of substantive knowledge about justice. If it is democratic to like equality, this tells us something about justice—though nothing as crude is implied as that the principles of justice derive from opinion polls.
"Strong" preference at that; to justify the inequality, even the least advantaged must be better off than they would be under equality, and other groups, strata or classes (or whatever representative men represent) must be better off than the least advantaged, for otherwise there would be no inequalities to justify. (I take it that people always "prefer" to be "better off" and prefer only that.) The two formulations "inequalities must be to the advantage of every representative man" and "of the least advantaged representative man" respectively, become equivalent vis-à-vis equality as the alternative, but not vis-à-vis the general case of all possible distributions.
This is easily seen by comparing how three representative men, A, B and C fare under three possible distributions, o, p and q; total income to be distributed increases with inequality, which is the case the "difference principle" was invented for:
Everybody is better off in both p and q than in o (equality), but only A and B are better off in the more unequal q than in the less unequal p; the additional inequality of q is of no benefit to the least advantaged C, and he is merely indifferent between them (being neither envious nor altruistic). Hence q will be ruled out as violating at least one of the principles of justice, though it would yield three more primary goods at nobody's expense.
This perverse result of the difference principle has been spotted early on by A. K. Sen, Collective Choice and Social Welfare, 1970, p. 138n. Rawls, ever conveniently, can rule it out by his strange assumption of "close-knitness," under which the improvement in the situation of A and B when placed in q rather than p, entails an improvement in the situation of C also (and vice versa). In other words, "close-knitness" asserts that p and q cannot both be possible, so we do not have to worry about which would be preferred and which is just.
Should close-knitness fail, Rawls has recourse to a more complex "lexicographic" difference principle (p. 83), under which inequalities are permitted if they maximize the situation of the next-least-advantaged (in this example, of B) once that of the least advantaged (C) cannot be further improved.
Close-knitness is very hard to make sense of in a scheme where the difference principle requires that some people be made worse off so the least advantaged can be made better off (e.g. by redistribution of income). Taxing A makes C both better off (he gets a transfer payment) and worse off (as close-knitness requires).
If this were so, it ought surely to be taken by nations opposed to Moscow as a potent foreign policy reason for not increasing aid, in order to hang all these teeming millions around Moscow's neck.
I.M. D. Little, "Distributive Justice and the New International Order," in P. Oppenheimer (ed.), Issues in International Economics, 1981.
Among such unintended effects, a fairly obvious one is the growth of the "black economy" and of voluntary unemployment. These, in turn, set off a self-reinforcing tendency to place an ever-weightier burden on the ever-shrinking "legal" and gainfully employed proportion of society which lets the "background institution" batten on it, instead of its battening on the "background institution."
However, other less conspicuous unintended effects may be more powerful in the long run. I am chiefly thinking of the ill-understood ways in which the characteristics of a society change as the behaviour of one generation slowly adapts to the kind of "background institution" implanted by the preceding generation. The lagged sequence is, in principle, capable of bringing about a steady (or why not a variably paced, or accelerating?) degeneration both of society and of the nature of the state. It may, of course, be impossible ever to agree on objective criteria for telling that such degeneration is going on, let alone for judging its pace and the no doubt very involved functional relations controlling it.
End of Notes
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The cuneiform inscription in the Liberty Fund logo is the earliest-known written appearance of the word "freedom" (amagi), or "liberty." It is taken from a clay document written about 2300 B.C. in the Sumerian city-state of Lagash.


text: email@example.com (Leonard N. Zubkoff) writes:> From: "Stephen Davies" <firstname.lastname@example.com>> > SCSI support in 2.0.29 has changed from earlier versions but still fails> for me when I try to tar a SCSI disk to a SCSI tape. This sounds similar to what I'm experiencingwith a Buslogics 948 controller, a couple of SCSIdisks and an HP Surestore tape drive (SCSI). Aftersome boneheaded termination issues since resolved,I'm still getting unhappy results. When I do abackup across the net to the tape, I don't seem tobe having any problems. However, when I do a localbackup I've been getting intermittent lockups withdamaged filesystems, but also so interestinggarbage in the kernel logs, like:/* a whole bunch of these, 8:01 is the system disk */attempt to access beyond end of device08:01: rw=0, want=1952542573, limit=987966/* another boo boo with kfree, interestingly the same address as a previous hang, and the next one */kfree of non-kmalloced memory: 017cf018, next= 3a525058, order=1330793472 kfree of non-kmalloced memory: 0247c018, next= 742d6f77, order=1718558835 Note in both cases, it looks like asciigarbage. In the first case, it ismake_request/ll_rw_blk.c that is finding the errorin the buffer_header, and the second iskfree/kmalloc.c which is finding a corruptpage_descriptor. Since a great deal of what thetape is writing is ascii files, this looks verysuspiciously like either a buffer overwrite or abogus/stale pointer kind of error. (I suppose Icould turn on SADISTIC_KMALLOC to find out if it'sthe stale variety). I've recompiled my kernel to dump out the first16 bytes of the header to see if it actually looksfamiliar when the error occurs, so we'll see.> If you look at the changes in 2.0.29, you will see that there have been no> changes to the SCSI subsystem nor to the Adaptec 1542 driver that would explain> this lockup problem. In fact, 2.0.29 contains very few changes of any kind. If this is the same problem, it would tend toimplicate either the generic SCSI code or st.csince I'm getting similar unhappiness on theBusLogics controller. I've been send Kai mail withas much info as I can dig up about myconfiguration and what I'm actually seeing. If youknow of anything else which might be suspicious,I'd be happy to help track it down.-- Michael Thomas (firstname.lastname@example.com http://www.mtcc.com/~mike/) "I dunno, that's an awful lot of money." Beavis


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Your problem here is that the number after 'FT /colour=' (in this case "4"), is used as a key for %cod but you've only assigned @cod{qw{1 2 3}}. Using the following line solved the problem for me (you'll probably want a different value):
Alternatively, you can check $cod{$1} before using it:
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text:
MOSCOW — Muscovites are enchanted by the inaugural visitor in the new U.S.-Soviet cultural exchange program--a singing and dancing personification of Raggedy Ann, the rag doll beloved by generations of American children.
The first American theater troupe to visit the Soviet Union since 1979 is doing eight sold-out performances of a musical based on the Raggedy Ann tales.
The official premiere of "Rag Dolly" is Wednesday night at the Children's Musical Theater, a large modern complex in Moscow's Lenin Hills, but the second public performance was this afternoon.
About 1,000 Soviet adults and children packed the hall for the Broadway-style musical, a form of theater that is rare here.


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Napster, the music download site acquired by Best Buy Co. in 2008 for $121 million, now has a new home: Rhapsody International Inc.
Best Buy, No. 11 in the Internet Top 500 Guide, on Monday agreed to sell Napster to Rhapsody for an undisclosed amount. Under the terms of the agreement, Rhapsody will acquire Napster's subscriber lists and certain other undisclosed assets. Best Buy will retain a minority stake in Rhapsody. The deal is expected to close in November.
With a bigger subscriber base, Rhapsody will be able to enhance its product line, the company says. "This deal will further extend Rhapsody's lead over our competitors in the growing on-demand music market," says Rhapsody president Jon Irwin. "There's substantial value in bringing Napster's subscribers and robust portfolio to Rhapsody as we execute on our strategy to expand our business via direct acquisition of members and distribution deals."
Rhapsody, which houses a music download library of more than 13 million songs, is itself a relatively new company. For many years, Rhapsody was the online music arm of RealNetworks Inc. But in March 2010, RealNetworks spun off Rhapsody into a separate company that is jointly owned by RealNetworks and MTV Networks.
At the time of the spin-off, Rhapsody was generating annual sales of about $161 million, says RealNetworks. When Best Buy acquired it, Napster was generating annual sales of about $111 million. Rhapsody does not break out financials and Best Buy has not disclosed annual sales for Napster.
Best Buy is divesting Napster but becoming a minority owner of Rhapsody in part to get a bigger share of the download music market. "This is a 'go big or go home' business, so our focus is on sustainably growing the company," says Irwin. Best Buy says Napster served a profitable niche. "Rhapsody has demonstrated that it has what it takes to build a profitable business in the increasingly competitive on-demand music market," says Best Buy senior vice president and general manager of entertainment Chris Homeister. "We are confident they are the right partner to provide Napster's existing subscriber base with an immersive digital music experience moving forward."