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The Next Morning
The words reverberated on his lips, waiting for the echo of his microphone to reach the corners of the lecture room. There were faces there, of course, but most of them were writing down what he said for the final, nothing more, nothing less. But there were a few phases which were staring at him and waiting for there after class lecture – where he would go over recent papers in the field. And what guiltless that? The name of the class was the planets, and he was most interested in the topic of life on other planets. So he would go through the motions, because he too would rather talk to a few eager learners then lecture to a large group of students. Think of it as the many paid for the few who would actually listen.
So at the end of the regurgitation of what was in the syllabus, there then came a view minutes asking about what was on the test, and whether this or that individual could have more time – meaning, this was not among their favorite classes, but a few enjoyed other classes – easier to show themselves to other professors. But then in the beige room that was slanted upwards so it seemed like a section of seats in a coliseum. At the students were broken up into small groups of friends or colleagues – glumly or merrily as the case might be – there were five who wanted more – enrichment, learning, speculating, and a chance to show them selves off. If you were walking down the steps you would hear him more and more clearly, until what he said gathered itself into a sentence.
"That is why The Great Oxyganation Event is the event in paleo-history the most people do not know about. Because before it took place, there were anaerobic living things, just barely able to form cells – or chains of cells – and afterwards there was a booming explosion of oxygen breathing life, first in the ocean, and then on land. And remember, oxygen produces much more energy than before."
One student, in a blue sweater and white shirt asked: "So what do you think of Hawking's piece, saying that we should just listen? And not speak in radio waves? Doesn't that make sense?"
"First of all, let me remind you of two things. One is that Sir Hawking's is a genius, and not to be taken lightly. The second thing is that the geniuses are an amalgam of fact and fantasy when they grew up. He is talking about the science fiction of his past... not the science fact of the present."
"Do you think he is wrong?"
"He is a physicist, not a psychologist."
Another student, in a checkered skirt and functional shirt piped up: "And could you do better than that?" there was a curl of the lip which said that he would have to show it to her. Which made him turn around and pick up a manager marker and sketch out a proof on the whiteboard.
"If our alien intelligence wanted to crush any other beings, first of all, it would have a difficult time with its own ecosphere. Then assuming that they would really care to listen, we would hear them a great way along the path, because at first they would assume that there would be no life. Think about an intelligent hive of bees, or ants. It would not occur to them that their would be any other form of life, because they are so segmented." He drew on the map a grid that represented a networked intelligence, where the cognition happened with a large number of intelligences making up a swarm intelligence.
"There is no place for it to be able to think of such a thing, because each individual would largely be engaged in the task of survival, with only a small amount to be communicated to other individuals. This means that there is no place that could conceive of something like themselves, only a pattern which matches their own form of intelligence. The amount of intelligence, even if small, would certainly elude them." He then drew markers which could communicate very simple bits of information to the other workers. " the ' Queen' if you will, would not have very much to go on other than her own intelligence, because the hive would be running itself, even if the task were to build a rocket ship, it would be the work of billions if not trillions. In short, the alien intelligence would have a very limited set of options, and it simply would not occur to it that their would only be one kind of life, a hive mind. That is why we can with impunity broadcast ourselves, because we, as we discussed in a previous lecture, are the first or one of the first life forms – because we live on a mooned system. And remember we are also close to as hot as we can, the majority of stars will be cooler." He had turned back to face his students, while thumbing with his other arm The Stars, by HJ Rey - a child's book which has a simple point that is lost on numerous astronomers – make these constellation work as pictures.
"Is this really the case? Are not there other options?" The female student queried.
"There are always options, but do we want to engage in 1,000,000 to 1, when the greater probability is that we will have plenty of time, and risk meeting other forms of intelligence quite earlier? Remember, he is really talking about ourselves, not real aliens, but what he sees around him. And also I will remind you, since I have seen him lecture, that he is a mind inside what amounts to a corpse. Space flight is expensive, but imagination, especially dark imagination, is very cheap. We should not give in to this. That is why as brilliant as he is, we must look up at the stars and communicate with them – because we already have done so."
"I don't get your graph." The male student made a furrowed brow, and used his hands to imitate the speakers fine motion.
"Think of it as a squeeze play." Using a sports metaphor, which one of the girls was confused by. "Imagine there is a hive intelligence, it can only get very small amounts of information from its workers. This then is the defect in imagining – it is imagining, not ours – because it would have to visualize a different kind of life, and that takes in inordinately large intelligence for its size. It is possible, but not likely. We have only one species which could evolve like this – a mole rat from Africa."
"But -"
"Let me finish, now compare this with the number of species. We did this last week, as a part of our reading of and showed that the sun is unusually large for a star which can sustain life. Remember that the largest star is trapped between being large enough to reach nucleosynthesis of iodine, and not burning out. Is there a chance? Well that gets on to a another topic, such a form of life would have radio waves before it emerged that it would be capable of reaching for the stars. Thus, we would have plenty of warning if some science fiction monstrosity were coming to get us. So either the intelligence would, as we are, the totally silent – or it would have noise before it came. And anyway we have already streamed noise out from the first moment, when the Nazi party broadcast its own propaganda. In fact, we should make more noise – so as to make it clear that we are not presenting a threat. You should read the paper of Sara Seager to find out how exact even we can fix a date." There was nodding around the table, and at first one of the students had another question – but at the top of the room, there was someone who was not usually dressed. In fact one might even call her stylish, with a red dress of Chinese style, long boots, and a top which was also red but with large strands of gold, and streamers that were admixture of the two colors. She wore a bag that was neither large nor small, but very ornate in with braids about 10cm long. There lecturer immediately cleared his books and notebook and begin moving of towards her.
One of the girls stood and looked as if sizing up a competitor, noting that the woman on the top steps had lost a great deal of weight, but what was obvious was her mind, not her body – a point that she registered. The male student with the shirt – though he did not register as much as the female, stood in awe of any man that could command such devotion. The third male did not register what it was that created such obvious attraction between their lecture and the Chinese woman above – he was clueless about how such matters transpired. "Why her?" He asked. The shirted student turned to him and looked with pity.
"It is her mind." Interjected the shirted male student. "Not everybody has a thing for unique projections." His partner made a mock form of amazement – Because he knew that both of his friends knew about his obsession with breasts.
"There is going to be a very serious conversation, and it can be remains to be seen whether or not the relationship will survive the night." she leaned up against the lecturer's platform.
"How do you know that?" Inquired the third male, with a brow like Chopin glowering over an imaginary keyboard.
"While her dress is seductive, her position is tight, as if she had something to say. And that means, it is not very good, she is with him – but may not be in the very near future." Looking closely, he saw that now that it was pointed out to him. There was going to be a tete-a-tete, and no one knew how it was going to play out – not least the two participants. Because there was a good bit of emotions after 12 long years – the stuttering and stopping, the long beginnings in short abrupt ends. She knew she was the only person in his life, though she was convinced she was the most loyal. He knew that he had to make a choice, because while women tasted the marriage bug early, even men had to decide if they want to children. There was a great deal in common between the two, but was that enough? The pair of them left, with their hands intertwined – meaning love – but there faces were not looking at the other. This was clear what it was about, but the signs were that it needed working out, where things unsaid could not remain so indefinitely. As the doors opened up, the students saw stars, wrinkling in the background – as if a moment in time were closing behind them.

subset: commoncrawl


text: tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2244547563893607676.post1215654705988658070..comments2016-02-05T21:29:27.983-05:00Comments on Family Tales: Turning Over a New LeafAndrea Christmanhttp://firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-2244547563893607676.post-20662828430838221682009-02-07T16:02:00.000-05:002009-02-07T16:02:00.000-05:00OK, I feel better now. I told a research volunteer...OK, I feel better now. I told a research volunteer for the Macomb County Library in Mount Clemens, Michigan, that I would send her a transcription of the pension file of my 3rd great-grandfather, John Pemberton. This was a year ago. But I haven't even finished the transcription yet!! So at least you have your's in envelopes...LOL!Jenniferhttps://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-2244547563893607676.post-71008540101668937462008-08-07T18:07:00.000-04:002008-08-07T18:07:00.000-04:00Andrea, isn't this soooo much fun? I love the ide...Andrea, isn't this soooo much fun? I love the idea of your sharing your projects, trips and everything else you can think of! I love your list and wish I could even think of creating one like it! It will be fun keeping track of you this way!The Pagleyshttps://firstname.lastname@example.com


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Doug Waugh
General Manager
Mike Konderla
Director of Sales
Shawn Mosley
Director of Marketing
Nick Frazier
Director of Operations
Diana Lund
Administrative Assistant
Doug Waugh has been named General Manager of the Allen Event Center, scheduled to open in the fall of 2009. Mr. Waugh most recently was employed by Center Operating Company, which manages the American Airlines Center in Dallas, Texas. Prior to joining the staff at the American Airlines Center, Mr. Waugh was Director of Operations for Spurs Sports and Entertainment, which operates the SBC Center in San Antonio, Texas.
Doug Waugh says, "I am excited to have the opportunity to partner with the City of Allen and Global Entertainment for this new facility. Our goal will be to create a bright spot that gives our guests a chance to escape into the magic and lasting memories that live entertainment creates."
Rick Kozuback, President of Global Entertainment Corporation says, "We are excited to welcome Doug Waugh to Global Entertainment Corporation. Doug's wealth of experience in the facility management business will be a significant asset to us as we work towards opening the Allen Event Center in the fall of this year. In addition, having spent the last four years in the Dallas market gives him tremendous insight into the type of programming that will work best for us in the Allen, Collin County marketplace."
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Road closures have been announced in part of the Dearne while the National Grid carries out gas works.
The work starts on August 19 to renew 300 metres of pipeline in Hague Lane, Wentworth.
It is due to take four weeks to complete and will involve replacing existing iron gas mains with new, hard wearing plastic pipes, designed to last for at least 80 years.
To carry out the work safely, Hague Lane will be closed to through traffic from the junction with Scholes Lane and Wentworth Road to the junction with B6090 Main Road in Wentworth. Access for visitors to Wentworth Garden Centre will be maintained from Main Road.
A short stretch of Wentworth Road in Thorpe Hesley will also be closed, from the junction of Hague Lane and Scholes Lane to the junction with Curlew Rise. Access to Thorpe Hesley will be via the B6086 Barnsley Road or via Brook Hill.
Joshua Eades, National Grid project manager, said: "This project will ensure that local people continue to enjoy safe and reliable gas supplies for decades to come. We would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused. We are working with local businesses, residents and the local authority to reduce disruption.
"Access will be maintained for visitors to Wentworth Garden Centre, which will remain open as usual.
"If people have any queries about our work and how it will affect them, they can contact us on 0800 0965678."
The following signed diversion around the closure will be in place: B6090 Main Street, B6090 Barrow Hill, B6090 Dike Hill, B6090 Harley Road, A6135, Kirby Lane, B6086 Barnsley Road. The diversion then splits in Thorpe Hesley, with access to Wentworth Road via Chapelfield Road. For all other routes continue on B6086 Thorpe Street, B6086 Brook Hill and then the A629 Upper Wortley Road.
The work is being carried out on behalf of National Grid by a partnership between Skanska and Morrison Utility Services.
The project is part of an £800 million investment National Grid is making to renew gas mains in the East of England region running up until 2021.
Over the next 12 months the company will be upgrading some 350kms of pipe in the region.


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The intestine is the main site where the body interacts with bugs from the external environment. In health there is a balance between an inflammatory response required to clear nasty infections and a "regulatory" response which prevents inflammation from getting out of control, essentially preventing IBD. It is known that a population of the immune T cells (discussed previously) is particularly important in regulation. These are called regulatory T cells (Tregs). These Tregs are either naturally produced in the thymus (the organ where most T cells are developed – see previous blog ) or "naïve" T cells which may then be "educated" in the intestine to become regulatory; called induced or iTregs.
This paper showed specially manipulated mice that lacked just the induced (i)Tregs unexpectedly did not suffer from severe inflammation, such as seen in Crohn's disease. Rather, they had a more "allergic" type of inflammation, such as seen in asthma (and in a modified form, in ulcerative colitis). They also had a different composition of bacteria in their intestine. The authors suggest this shows that in mice, it is the "natural" or "thymic" Treg cells that are important for restraining severe auto-immune disease but the induced Tregs may play more of a role in preventing allergy and controlling gut bacteria. This study is important, not just in helping to understanding the role of the gut in the immune system, but also because laboratories are in the process of trying to use Treg cells in treatments of various autoimmune diseases, and it is therefore critical to understand their functions as much as possible.
Click here for full article


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If you use the Safety Turtle pool safety system to receive an instant alert when your child falls into your swimming pool, you can take this portable system with you when you go camping or to the local lake or river. Simply install the Battery Pack for the Safety Turtle base station, and the base will be able to emit its piercing alarm if your child's Safety Turtle Wristband is submerged in fresh water.
Protective Cover Included
Included with the Battery Pack for the Safety Turtle Base Station is a protective cover, which keeps the battery pack and the base unit safe from sand and water droplets. The base unit's alarm can be heard through the protective cover, although it may be muted.
Two Charging Options Available
The Battery Pack for the Safety Turtle Base Station will keep the base unit charged for up to 10 hours, but you can recharge the battery pack using an AC or 12-volt charger (sold separately). Charge overnight in the cabin or RV to be able to enjoy your day at the river or on the lake without worry.
Read more


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Dress is stunning. The fabric drapes beautifully at the neck, back, and down the front of the dress. Excellent construction as well; the lining and the overall seaming is expertly done. We thought the color was slightly more intense than the picture showed on line which was fine. Being 5'11'' an extra inch of length for my daughter would have been helpful but the dress almost touches the floor.
Grand Rapids, MI, USA


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New York Times: Learning Network
This "free service for students in grades 3-12, their teachers and parents" offers background information on news stories, lesson plans and classroom activities, links to related resources, suggested family discussion topics, and other features to help with an understanding of current events. For more advanced information, you may want to visit
Politics Navigator
which is a lightly annotated site that provides numerous links to information on political media and commentary, public opinion, private organizations, state polls, and presidential candidates. requires (free) registration. From the New York Times.
Johns Hopkins University Library Guides: political Science Working Papers
Working papers are also called research reports, technical papers, or staff papers. Working papers are mostly sponsored by academic institutions, research organizations and some private organizations. Some working papers are eventually published in scholarly journals. Working papers summarize original research in a particular field of study. They are usually written by faculty, doctoral candidates, and research fellows, and can be very useful for identifying new ideas and concepts in a particular subject area. This site provides links to other sites which catalogue working papers from The Federal Reserve, The National Bureau of Economic Research, The Kennedy School of Government, The RAND Corporation, The Social Science Research Network, and more. Excellent, well-organized.
Teaching Websites from The American Political Science Association
An excellent annotated compendium of links relating to research and teaching of political science. The list ranges from information more appropriate for the serious researcher to links designed for the classroom teacher and student.
History and Politics Out Loud: a searchable archive of politically significant audio materials
This is "a collection of invaluable audio materials some available for the first time on this website capturing significant political and historical events and personalities of the twentieth century. The materials range from formal addresses delivered in public settings to private telephone conversations conducted from the innermost recesses of the White House." Contains audio from: Johnson, Nixon, Churchill, the 3 Kennedys, Clinton, Khrushchev and FDR, among others.
A Dictionary of Political Economy Terms
This is the online edition of A Glossary of Political Economy Terms by Dr. Paul M. Johnson of Auburn University. Searchable and browsable.
American Government and Politics Online
This site offers a free online American government & politics "textbook," a historical & political documents archive and other resources for students, teachers and those generally interested in "this nation." The site includes a library of such items as the text of presidential inaugural addresses, important documents in US political history--i.e. the Constitution, Amendments, important Supreme Court decisions--and image and sound files of important political figures. Searchable.
National Debt Clock
Up-to-the-second display of the outstanding public debt and each citizen's share of the debt. Also provides links to news and a FAQ. Information comes from the U.S. Department of the Treasury and the U.S. Bureau of the Census' Population Clock.
History of Property Taxes in the United States
This essay describes the history of taxes based on ownership of property from Colonial times through the 20th century in the U.S. Topics include property taxes during the Revolutionary War, 19th century uniformity provisions ("property be taxed equally by value") in state constitutions, failure of the general property tax provisions in the 20th century, and California's tax revolt in 1978 (Proposition 13). Includes a short bibliography and course syllabus. By an emeritus professor from Wichita State University.
iCivics The Democracy Lab
The site is focused on providing games to help students to better understand government and how it works. In Do I Have A Right?, students run their own firm of lawyers who specialize in constitutional law. In Executive Command, they can be President for four years. In Supreme Decision, students help cast the deciding vote in a Supreme Court case.
The Vietnam Center and Archive
This center's mission "is to support and encourage research and education regarding all aspects of the American Vietnam experience; promoting a greater understanding of this experience and the peoples and cultures of Southeast Asia." While the site features a virtual archive with over 2.7 million pages of scanned materials including "documents, photographs, slides, negatives, artifacts, moving images, sound recordings, and maps, the visually-impaired visitor is likely to be most interested in the
Oral History Interviews
and the
Resources for Teachers.
From the Institute for Modern Conflict, Diplomacy and Reconciliation, Texas Tech University.
African-American Voices in Congress
The "for educators" section of the Avoice site is designed to bring to life the information on the history and work of African American Congressional members featured in the Avoice Virtual Library. For students, the goal is to encourage young people to pursue careers in government based on the exemplary work of previous and current congressional leaders. Each lesson unit corresponds to an Avoice exhibit and contains activities, primary document sources, worksheets, a vocabulary list, and a bibliography to guide teachers in using the library's resources to supplement classroom instruction in U.S. History, Government, and Civic Education. Teachers may choose to follow the units in a sequential format or select specific activities most appropriate for students' varying levels of learning skills and interests.
The Center for Democratic Institutions Audio Archive
The Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions (CSDI) was founded by Robert Maynard Hutchins and was based in Santa Barbara, California, from 1959 to 1987. During that time it brought together many of the most capable and distinguished minds of the times to discuss vital issues facing American society of the day. Political and academic leaders, scientists, social scientists, legal scholars, journalists, theologians, labor and community leaders focused on topics such as peace and war, democracy, dissent, community action, ecology and the environment, elections and the electoral process, immigration, international relations, law and order, the media, race and ethnicity, and religion. A project has begun to digitize and make accessible on the web some of the most important conference proceedings, talks, and dialogues recorded by CSDI. These have been grouped by broad topic areas. You will need to have Quick Time to listen to the audio.
The Political Graveyard
Billed as "The Internet's Most Comprehensive Source of U.S. Political Biography," you can find brief biographical information on over 200,000 American politicians, judges, and diplomats as well as where they were born, lived, died, offices held or sought, political party affiliation, and where buried. Clear, simple, easy to navigate design.
What Fuels the National Debt?
Brief overview of the factors involved in the creation of the national debt. Discusses the roles of Congress and the Treasury Department, and how part of this debt may be financed during wartime through war bonds issued by the U.S. government. From a company that provides investment advice.
The White House Blog
This is the official White House blog, launched in January 2009 at the start of the Barack Obama administration. Includes video and text of the "Weekly Address," and announces events, proclamations, executive orders, and other White House activities. RSS feed is available.
The American Presidency Project
This is the only website that contains a searchable database of tens of thousands of documents from U.S. presidents from 1789 to the present. Includes inaugural addresses, press briefings, signing statements, and debates. Also features data on topics such as popularity and number of public appearances, election results back to 1828, and an archive of audio and video clips. A collaboration between John Woolley and Gerhard Peters at the University of California, Santa Barbara.
Presidents of the United States
This collection features "background information, election results, cabinet members, notable events, and some points of interest on each of the presidents. Links to biographies, historical documents, audio and video files, and other presidential sites are also included." Includes indexes to names and subjects, and a brief bibliography. From the Internet Public Library.
American Elections: The Learning Page
Introduction to the electoral system in the United States. Topics include requirements to be a presidential candidate, who can vote and how this has changed over time, the political party system, how presidents are elected (including the primary system and electoral votes), and significant issues through time. Part of a website designed for teachers from the American Memory Project of the Library of Congress.
Creating the United States
"This exhibition offers a remarkable opportunity to learn in a fresh new way how the [U.S.] founding documents . . . were forged out of insight, invention, and creativity, as well as collaboration and much compromise." Includes interactive features that "reveal the source documents and the careful crafting of language" in Creating the Declaration of Independence
The United States Constitution
as well as
The Bill of Rights.
Also provides related links. From the Library of Congress.
A Quick and Easy Guide to the United States Constitution
As the name of this site suggests, it is an easy, readable overview of the US Constitution and related amendments. While it makes no attempt to be detailed, it does also provide some excellent links for additional specific information.
US Government Directory Federal, State & Local Government
"Site contains over 17,000 federal, state, and local governmental links." Of special note are the sections for most states on its executive, legislaative, and judicial branches as well as the state constitution. On occasion, these links are accompanied by audio of legislative proceedings and extensive additional links to resources about the state.
All Things Political
The aim of this site "is to offer a more efficient gateway to leading political and governmental online resources. [Its]directories encompass many categories, ranging from the practical – with over 6,700 school district websites, 5,600 local and city government websites, and 2,100 county government websites – to the partisan – with over 1,100 Democratic and Republican county party sites. Searchable.
CongressLink - A Resource for Teachers Providing Information About the U.S. Congress
CongressLink provides information about the U.S. Congress -- how it works, its members and leaders, and the public policies it produces. CongressLink is directed to teachers of American Government and civics. It is multi-featured, offering original content (including lesson plans and historical materials) and up-to-the-minute information about Congress. This is an excellent accessible site.
Congress for Kids - Interactive, Fun-filled Experiences About the Federal Government
Uncle Sam takes you on a tour through American history, the important documents and their creation, and the branches of government. Links to important government sites are also included.
FedNet - The Leader in Multimedia News Production
This site by FedNet offers broadcast coverage of the United States Government online. It delivers daily broadcasts of both the Senate and House floor debates, Congressional hearings, The White House and other agencies around the Washington, DC, area.
U.S. Senate: Virtual Reference Desk
If you are seeking general information on the Senate, the legislative branch and process, or on the federal government, this is a good place to begin. Links are arranged broadly by subject and may take you to PDF documents, useful sources on the Web, or other Senate Web pages.
House Committee on Foreign Affairs:: U.S. House of Representatives
This site contains press releases, a weekly schedule, hearing information and transcripts, along with other Committee material. This is the Committee with jurisdiction over matters including relations with foreign nations, embassies, national border lines, exports, foreign loans, international conferences, and international relations. The
US Senate Committee on Foreign Relations
has oversight over the foreign policy agencies of the U.S. government, including the State Department, the U.S. Agency for International Development, and the Peace Corps. The Committee reviews and considers all diplomatic nominations and international treaties, as well as legislation relating to U.S. foreign policy.
Both the
Democratic Party
as well as the
Republican Party
host sites on the Committee on Homeland Security. This congressional committee created in the aftermath of September 11, 2001 features dozens of press releases and reports on topics such as border security, emergency preparedness, and infrastructure protections.
Congressional Votes Database
This database features "every vote in the United States Congress since the 102nd Congress (1991)." Browse votes by member, or by topics such as party, state, region, "boomer status," gender, missed votes, and even astrological sign; and for specific types of votes, such as impeachments, nominations, and treaties. Offers an RSS feed of recent Congressional votes. From washingtonpost.com.
Contacting the U.S. Congress
"Contacting the Congress is a very up-to-date database of congressional contact information for Congress. As of February 21, 2007, there are 538 email addresses (of which 507 are Web-based email homepages), and 539 WWW homepages known for the 540 members of the 110th Congress. Traditional ground mail addresses are available for all current members of Congress.
U.S. Constitution for Kids
A concise, readable introduction to the Constitution designed for school children with sections on the Articles of Confederation and the need for a Constitution, its drafting in Philadelphia, the ratification debates, as well as a general description of the document.
NewsIsFree: Your Personal News Portal
NewsIsFree is an online news reader, RSS Directory and news search engine. The site claims to have pioneered the RSS and news syndication field. It carries a broad selection of high quality news sources and provides headlines from sites which do not provide rss feeds. It includes world, sports, entertainment, science, health, technology, economic, and other news. Basic site information is available in English, French, or German; the sources cited are in their original language. Site is searchable, and may also be browsed through a categorized index. Free registration allows for personal customizing and there are also fee based options.
World Press
World Press Review is the journal of record for an influential global audience, providing an unprecedented platform for ideas and opinions on topics of significant international concern. For more than 30 years, World Press Review has been the only English-language magazine giving readers a first-hand look at the issues and debates that occupy the world's newspapers and magazines. Drawing upon publications around the globe, and a network of correspondents in dozens of countries, World Press Review illuminates the issues that barely see the light of day in the mainstream U.S. press, translating, reprinting, analyzing, and contextualizing the best of the international press from more than 20 languages.
Google: News Archive Search
This is "an easy way to search and explore historical [news] archives." Some news articles are free, while the remainder are fee-based. Note: Before purchasing news articles, users are cautioned to check with their libraries to see if these articles are already available to them at no added cost. From Google.
This site allows users to "quickly and easily find targeted news on the Internet" with the aid of "artificial intelligence algorithms that continuously monitor breaking news from over 10,000 sources, 24 hours a day" and cluster news stories by subject and geography. Search by topic, city, or ZIP code; or view news in categories. Is especially good at identifying local news stories.
Federal News Service: Congressional Transcripts Online
Must reading for any serious or advanced student or researcher of government or finance. Contains verbatim transcripts of Congressional hearings, Washington newsmakers, Israeli and Palestinian leaders, as well as taping and transcribing of news in 80 different U.S. broadcast markets and a schedule of events transpiring in Washington.
You "can track what is said on your issues or interests in the online edition of 4,000 media outlets. Totally customizable with the results delivered to your desktop each morning." Archives go back to 2002. The search feature carefully targets the site's database and, like the entire site, is extremely screen-reader friendly.
U.S. Government RSS Directory
"This site provides access to government sites with RSS feeds. Topics include agriculture, business, education, health, international relations, and science. Also includes a link for downloading RSS readers. RSS has several meanings: Really Simple Syndication, Rich Site Summary, and RDF Site Summary, where RDF stands for Resource Data Framework. In any case, it's a method of summarizing the latest news and information from a website, that can be easily read by many news readers or news aggregators.
Government Information: Making Government User Friendly
"GOV.com is a partnership of private enterprise and public-sector government news and information bureaus, with the goal of delivering official information from official government sources, preserving the highest level of information integrity. GOV.com serves everyone from academics seeking verifiable source data and statistics for analysis to individuals seeking government news and policy untainted by media editing, opinion or commentary."
Center for American Women in Politics
"This site . . . provides up-to-the-minute information and analysis on the developing women's political movement. The Center's National Information Bank on Women in Public Office, with its growing database on current and past women officeholders and candidates, offers timely and accurate summary information, specific demographic and political data on individual officeholders, and a picture of the trends and context in which women's political history is being made. Much of this information is available in the Fact Sheet." From the Eagleton Institute of Politics at Rutgers University.
The Politico
"The Politico launched in January, 2007 with the mission of covering the politics of Capitol Hill and of the presidential campaign, and the business of Washington lobbying and advocacy with enterprise, style, and impact. You can search by author, article date, or key words. The Politico is a publication of Capitol News Company, LLC.
OpenCongress - 112th Congress - Track bills, votes, senators, and representatives in the U.S. Congress
"OpenCongress brings together official government information with news and blog coverage to give you the real story behind what's happening in Congress. OpenCongress is a free, open-source, non-profit, and non-partisan web resource with a mission to help make Congress more transparent and to encourage civic engagement. OpenCongress is a joint project of the Sunlight Foundation and the Participatory Politics Foundation."
"This Web site, staffed entirely by professional journalists, was originally envisioned primarily as a resource for newsmen and newswomen who cover state government. Readership includes thousands of state officials, students of state government and ordinary citizens who want to keep track of what's going on in their state capitol and in other states throughout the country." You may search or browse by state or topic. From the Pew Research Center.
American National Electoral Studies
ANES "produces high quality data on voting, public opinion, and political participation to serve the research needs of social scientists, teachers, students, policy makers and journalists." Its website features graphs and tables on public opinion and electoral behavior (1948-2004), downloadable data, reports, and links to other election study sites. For the advanced student or researcher. A collaboration of Stanford University and the University of Michigan.
Political Campaign Communication
Watch dozens of the 2008 presidential campaign ads for Republican John McCain and Democrat Barack Obama. Also includes advertising from prior elections, such as the 2006 California gubernatorial campaign and the 2004 and 2000 presidential elections. Also provides a feature on negative advertising. From Stanford University.
Quinnipiac University Polling Institute
"Frequently cited by journalists, public officials and researchers, the independent Quinnipiac University Poll regularly surveys residents in Connecticut, Florida, New York, New Jersey, Ohio, Pennsylvania and nationwide about political races, state and national elections, and issues of public concern, such as schools, taxes, transportation, municipal services and the environment." Find polling results back to the late 1990s on topics from presidential elections in swing states to Boston Red Sox fan support in Connecticut.
Red, Blue, and Purple America
Website for "a joint project from The Brookings Institution and American Enterprise Institute, [which] joins leading demographers, geographers and analysts in examining the impact of seven trends on the 2008 election and the future of American politics." Features project papers on topics such as the decline of the white working class and immigration and America's changing electorate, February 2008 conference material, and related articles such as "The Search for the Next Soccer Mom."
Past Convention Coverage
News and photo essays on the Republican and Democratic presidential nominating conventions for 1896 -1996. The first Democratic national nominating convention was held in 1832. "The Republicans' first convention as a national party was held in 1856." Covers conventions such as the 1968 Democratic convention in Chicago with its Vietnam War protesters, and the 1924 Democratic convention in which the candidate was not selected until the 103rd ballot, a record. From The New York Time.
Fundamentals of Polling
"This tutorial is intended to offer a simplified glimpse into some of the fundamentals of public opinion polling. Designed for the novice, [it] provides definitions, examples, and explanations that serve to introduce interested students to the field of public opinion research." Topics include sampling, total survey error, and reading tables. Provides a glossary of polling terminology. From the Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut.
How Do Caucuses Work?
This essay, written during the 2008 Presidential campaign, explains how caucuses work, and outlines the differences between presidential primaries and caucuses, which are both "a means for each political party to let voters nationwide select their party's presidential nominee." The Iowa caucus (the first of the presidential election year) is used as an example. Includes links to further information about the U.S. presidential election system. From HowStuffWorks.
Third Parties in American Politics
This 2004 interview with Professor J. David Gillespie covers the role of third parties in American politics. Topics include constraints on third-party participation, media coverage of third parties, and specific third parties such as the Anti-Masonic Party of the early 1800s, the Progressive Party (Bull Moose Party) from the early 1900s, and the Reform Party, which was founded by Ross Perot in the 1990s. From the U.S. Department of State's Bureau of International Information Programs.
What Is the History of Third Parties in the United States?
An introduction to the types of third parties in U.S. government and politics. Features a table listing parties, third party presidential candidates, voting percentages, and electoral votes. Parties listed include Free Soil, Populist, Progressive (Bull Moose), American Independent, Reform, and Green. From a company that publishes an online American government and politics textbook.
Who Votes, Who Doesn't, and Why: Summary of Findings - Pew Research Center for the People & the Press
This October 2006 report of survey results about American voting habits and views provides data on topics such as factors affecting whether people vote, views of country and community, and demographics of voters and non-voters (both registered and not registered). Includes a summary of findings and the full report. From the Pew Research Center for the People and the Press.
Generation X Speaks Out on Civil Engagement and the Decennial Census: An Ethnographic Approach
This 2003 study provides information and data based on 2000 census questions related to civic involvement addressed to blacks, Afro-Caribbean immigrants from Haiti and Jamaica, American Indians, Southeast Asians, Hispanics, and non-Hispanic white Americans, all of whom were born between 1966 and 1980. Includes information about education, income, core values and issues, involvement in the community, and related matters. From the U.S. Census Bureau.
The Rhetorica Network: Analysis of Rhetoric, Propaganda, and Spin in Politics and Journalism
"Offers analysis and commentary about the rhetoric, propaganda, and spin of journalism and politics, including analysis of presidential speeches and election campaigns." In addition to a blog, this site has background information on rhetorics ("Rhetorics Primer") and explanations of critical terms and techniques ("Critical Meter"). From a rhetoric scholar and former journalist.
The Center on Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement
CIRCLE "conducts research on the civic and political engagement of Americans between the ages of 15 and 25." Its website features quick facts on youth voting, civic education, trends (by race, ethnicity, and gender), youth demographics, non-college youth, and community service. Also includes fact sheets, reports, data sets, and links to related sites. From the Jonathan M. Tisch College of Citizenship and Public Service, Tufts University.
The Pew Research Center
"The Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan "fact tank" that provides information on the issues, attitudes and trends shaping America and the world. It does so by conducting public opinion polling and social science research; by analyzing news coverage; and by holding forums and briefings. It does not take positions on policy issues." Its survey results, which are frequently published on this site, may be of particular interest. Weekly newsletter is available.
Vanderbilt Television News Archive
"The Vanderbilt Television News Archive is the world's most extensive and complete archive of television news. [It has] been recording, preserving and providing access to television news broadcasts of the national networks since August 5, 1968. The collection spans the presidential administrations of Lyndon Baines Johnson, Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, George H.W. Bush, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush and Barack Obama. The core collection includes evening news broadcasts from ABC, CBS, and NBC (since 1968), an hour per day of CNN (since 1995) and Fox News (since 2004). Special news broadcasts found in the Archive include political conventions, presidential speeches and press conferences, Watergate hearings, coverage of the Persian Gulf War, the events of September 11, 2001, the War in Afghanistan, and the War in Iraq."
Individuals may request "loans of items from [the] collection for reference, study, classroom instruction, and research. [Vanderbilt] offers DVDs that are duplications of entire broadcasts as well as compilations of individual news stories specified by the borrower."
Polls Can Effect Presidency
"The Gallup organization first started asking Americans how they approved of the job the president was doing in the 1940s. See how each president since then has fared in the approval poll, look at some news events that influenced public opinion and compare how approval ratings evolved for each president.
"Although the Gallup organization started asking Americans their opinions on presidential job performance during Franklin Roosevelt's term, Harry Truman's presidency was the first that the question was asked from the start of the term. Even then, Gallup asked the question infrequently. Now, Gallup's public opinion polls come out frequently. Although each poll is only a snapshot in time, over the course of history, the polls tell an interesting story about each presidency and American attitudes." Includes an excellent explanation of the significance and limitations of the polls. From The USA Today.
"PollingReport.com's subscriber pages contain state-by-state data from election and issue polling: campaign polls, media polls, academic polls, and polls by political, business and public-interest groups. We track U.S. Senate and gubernatorial races, hot U.S. House contests, the presidential race, ballot initiatives and referenda, and major issues. Campaign coverage includes candidate match-ups, job and favorability ratings, reelect questions, and more. New surveys are added as they are released. Data are from primary sources only -- not cribbed from wire stories, blogs or tip sheets." Most all of the information on the site requires paid registration, but, for the person addicted to politics, it may well be worth it.
American Rhetoric: The Power of Oratory in the United States
Although the site is cluttered for use with a screen-reader and takes some getting used to, it is worth the effort. The visitor can find an extensive catalog of speeches, ranging from important addresses of state to movie speeches. You can hear the actual speech along with the associated text. In addition, the site features some links to material of use in understanding and evaluating oratory.
Gallup Polling
"Gallup has studied human nature and behavior for more than 75 years. Gallup's reputation for delivering relevant, timely, and visionary research on what people around the world think and feel is the cornerstone of the organization. Gallup employs many of the world's leading scientists in management, economics, psychology, and sociology" to help interpret survey results. Not only find out the basics of public opinion polling but see some of the results of current polls, both in the United States and internationally.
Public Opinion Surveys: Cornell University
This site is for the more advanced user but is an outstanding source of all kinds of information. "The data archive maintains a collection of social and economic datasets, about 27,000 online files and thousands of studies on CD-ROMs and DVDs. It's a centralized source for numeric data files: their acquisition, storage, maintenance, and use. [The site] supports the research activities of social science faculty, students, and staff at Cornell University.
Social Sciences Data Resources
"Sources for locating published statistics on topics broadly related to the social sciences, as well as numeric datasets for statistical analysis." This is the alternate page for screen reader users. From Yale University.
Pew Research Center for the People and the Press
"Polls, public opinion research, national surveys on public attitudes toward press, politics, public policy issues; funded by Pew Charitable Trusts. Pew Research Center tracks trends in values, political and social attitudes."
Pew Research Center: The Daily Number
"The Daily Number is a statistic, updated every weekday that highlights an important finding or trend. The Daily Number is typically drawn from surveys, research or analysis done by one of the Pew Research Center projects. Each day's entry includes links to additional information on the subject as well as to an archive of past Daily Numbers. Typical topics include support for the U.S. military, young people's views of marriage, and perception of the goals of U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East.
Legal Information Institute @ Cornell
This site by the Cornell Law School, presents summaries of recent Supreme Court decisions. During the past term the Supreme Court ruled on: Affirmative Action, Civil Procedure, Criminal Law and Procedure, First Amendment, Fifth Amendment, Fourteenth Amendment, Intellectual Property, Foreign Policy, Foreign Sovereignty, and Voting Rights.
The Guide to Law Online – Law Library of Congress
The Guide to Law Online, prepared by the U.S. Law Library of Congress Public Services Division, is an annotated guide to sources of information on government and law available online. It includes selected links to useful and reliable sites for legal information.
Web Guide to U.S. Supreme Court Research
A selection of annotated links to the most reliable, substantive sites for U.S. Supreme Court research. The sites mentioned here focus predominantly on information that is freely, or inexpensively, available on the Internet." Created by an Associate Law Librarian at Pennsylvania State University.
The Federal Judicial Center
The Federal Judicial Center is the education and research agency for the federal court system. Learn how the federal courts are organized. Discover
the history of the Supreme Court, courts of appeals, district
courts, circuit courts, and others. Find units for teaching
about notable federal trials -- the Sedition Act trials, the
Aaron Burr treason trial, Amistad, Chinese exclusion, and
Lawyers, Legal Forms, Law Books, Legal Software, and Free Information – Nolo
While this site is less accessible than it once was, it is still an excellent resource for information about the law. It helps people handle their own everyday legal matters -- or learn enough about them to make working with a lawyer a more satisfying experience. Everything that is publish is regularly revised, updated and improved by the site's staff of lawyer-editors. The site provides articles on almost any legal topic, and links to other helpful websites.
Our Courts
"Justice Sandra Day O'Connor welcomes teachers and students to the site for civics games, lesson plans, comprehensive resource link, civics-in-action projects, and more." Use the "Learn About Civics" section to find material about current members of the U.S. Supreme Court (and Sandra Day O'Connor), the three branches of government, tribal government, and state resources. Includes lesson plans on the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government. From Georgetown University and Arizona State University.
Exploring Constitutional Law
"This site explores some of the great issues and controversies that surround our Nation's founding document." Read the full text of the Constitution, find links to material on Constitutional history, see how Supreme Court justices have divided on landmark cases back to 1989, find material about dozens of Constitutional issues, and more. From a professor at the University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law.
The Legacy of Justice Thurgood Marshall
Background about U.S. Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall, who as legal director of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) had argued "Brown v. Board of Education" before the Supreme Court. Also includes a timeline, photo gallery, video clips, bibliography, and material about his mentor and law school professor, Charles Hamilton Houston. Available in several languages. From the U.S. Department of State's Bureau of International Information Programs.Quick and Dirty Tips on Everyday Law
"Legal Lad offers concise, useful information from a practicing [California] attorney to help you decipher the laws that govern your daily life. Cover[s] areas of constitutional law, employment law, privacy rights, liability, criminal law, international rights, family law and wills and estates." Includes podcasts and transcripts on topics such as plea withdrawal, arbitration clauses, store security and shoplifting, drug screening, minimum wage, power of attorney, and nudity in public places. From a publishing company.
The Legacy of Justice Thurgood Marshall
Background about U.S. Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall, who as legal director of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) had argued "Brown v. Board of Education" before the Supreme Court. Also includes a timeline, photo gallery, video clips, bibliography, and material about his mentor and law school professor, Charles Hamilton Houston. Available in several languages. From the U.S. Department of State's Bureau of International Information Programs.
Signers of the Declaration of Independence
This series of essays covers topics related to the signing of the Declaration of Independence, including historic sites and buildings associated with the signing, and biographical sketches of the signers of the Declaration, such as John Adams, Samuel Adams, Benjamin Franklin, John Hancock, and Thomas Jefferson. Provides text and history of the Declaration and suggested reading. Based on a book that was issued by the National Park Service in observance of the U.S. bicentennial.
Annotated Constitution
The Congressional Research Service of the Library of Congress prepared the initial online annotated version of the Constitution in 1992, and supplements were released in 1994, 1996, 1998, and 2000. This edition is a hypertext interpretation of the CRS text. It links to Supreme Court opinions, the U.S. Code, and the Code of Federal Regulations." Provided by the Legal Information Institute, Cornell University Law School.
A Guide to the Constitution for Kids
"While the language of the original Constitution may be difficult for children to understand, many educators
and other organizations have created websites, songs and other resources that put the content of the Constitution into kid-friendly terms and help children
understand that the issues in the Constitution relate to them too." Annotated links lead to excellent sites on the Constitution and Bill of Rights.
Justice 101
An introduction to the Federal court system, with an emphasis on criminal law. Features links to each step in the criminal process as well as a glossary of applicable legal terms. From the Department of Justice.
Constitution Finder
"This database offers constitutions, charters, amendments, and other related documents [for countries around the world]. Nations of the world are linked to their constitutional text posted somewhere on the Internet." Browsable by country. Includes links to texts in languages other than English. From the University of Richmond School of Law.
Frequently Asked Questions about the Grand Jury System
This FAQ about the federal grand jury system covers the purposes of the grand jury, typical term, selection of jurors, reasons for secrecy of grand jury proceedings, and specifics of the proceedings, such as witness consultation with a lawyer, immunity, and contempt of court. From the American Bar Association.
FindLaw: Family Law Center
Articles and resources about family law issues in the United States. Main topics include adoption, child custody, child support, divorce, and marriage and living together. Includes links to laws and related materials for each state and for specific topics, such as international adoption, physical and legal child custody, child support guidelines, spousal support (alimony), prenuptial agreements, same-sex couples, and more.
Federalist Papers
Complete collection of the 85 articles urging the citizens of New York to ratify the new United States Constitution. They were written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay, and were first published from October 1787 to August 1788. From the Lillian Goldman Law Library in Memory of Sol Goldman at Yale Law School.
Legal Information Institute at the Cornell Law School
This "is an ambitious effort to construct a collaboratively-created, public-access law dictionary and encyclopedia. It is sponsored and hosted by the Legal Information Institute [LII] at the Cornell Law School." Searchable, or browsable by category. Contributors are evaluated by LII before being authorized to add material. "In general [LII prefers] formal legal education and give preference to legal academics and distinguished practitioners."
Guide to Law Online
"The Guide to Law Online, prepared by the U.S. Law Library of Congress Public Services Division, is an annotated guide to sources of information on government and law available online. It includes selected links to useful and reliable sites for legal information."
Internet Legal Research Group
"A categorized index of more than 4000 select web sites in 238 nations, islands, and territories, as well as thousands of locally stored web pages, legal forms, and downloadable files, this site was established in 1995 to serve as a comprehensive resource of the information available on the Internet concerning law and the legal profession, with an emphasis on the United States of America. Designed for everyone, lay persons and legal scholars alike, it is quality controlled to include only the most substantive legal resources online."
The History of the Supreme Court
"Created by a collaboration of classroom teachers, historians, and legal scholars, the site presents the history of America's highest court within a series of broad themes drawn from the social studies curriculum. Examples include 'The Court and Gender', 'The Court and Young People', and 'The Court Today', which tracks the present changing Court in real time and focuses on the issues now under consideration."
Exploring Constitutional Law
"This site explores some of the great issues and controversies that surround our Nation's founding document." There are sections on introduction to the study of Constitutional law, how the Supreme Court functions, the power of judicial review, theories of Constitutional interpretation, etc. In addition, you will find links devoted to contemporary issues such as abortion, gay rights, the right to die, and the due process rights of students.
This "web site contains links to information of interest to people with disabilities, their families, employers, service providers and other community members." You can find information here that is difficult to locate elsewhere. While it is accessible for a screen-reader, it is, paradoxically, not WC3 compliant.
Famous Trials
"This is an educational and non-commercial site maintained at the University of Missouri-Kansas City Law School. The Web's largest and most visited collection of materials relating to famous trials, from Socrates to Clinton. The site includes original essays, . . . primary documents, . . . transcript excerpts, chronologies, video clips, court decisions, and other materials to aid readers in understanding the significance of historic trials."
Legal Information Institute: Supreme Court
Hosted by the Cornell Law School, "this site features a collection of nearly all Supreme Court opinions issued since May of 1990, as well as a current schedule, a gallery of justices, and a glossary.
U.S. Supreme Court Oral Argument Recordings, Case Abstracts and More
"The Oyez Project is a multimedia archive devoted to the Supreme Court of the United States and its work. It aims to be a complete and authoritative source for all audio recorded in the Court since the installation of a recording system in October 1955. The Project also provides authoritative information on all justices . . .."
LexisNexis News
"LexisNexis® is a leading global provider of content-enabled workflow solutions designed specifically for professionals in the legal, risk management, corporate, government, law enforcement, accounting, and academic markets." You can find the "latest News from over 4,000 sources, including newspapers, tv transcripts, wire services, magazines, journals -- Politics, financial information, government, and education."
Supreme Court
"Explore the history and impact of America's highest court at this PBS site."
Public Library of Law
PLOL bills itself as the "best free library of the law online," and this may not be an exaggeration. You can find cases from the Supreme Court and courts of appeal; cases from all 50 states back to 1997; Federal statutory law and codes from all 50 states; regulations, constitutions, and more.
Internet Law Library
"The Internet Law Library was originally provided to the public courtesy of the United States House of Representatives Law Revision Counsel Office. Part of the Counsel's mission is to make the law (particularly the U.S. Code) available to the public. When the U.S. House of Representatives discontinued hosting the Library, [the] site and several others were allowed to carry it." For the more advanced student.
Constitutional Law and Justice Resources
Excellent site with links to a variety of outstanding resources on the US Constitution, Bill of Rights, important Supreme Court decisions, criminal procedure, and other legal-related topics.
Portals to the World
This site is a starting point for studying other countries. Learn about
the culture, economy, geography, government, history,
languages, politics, religions, and other aspects of more than
150 nations, from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe. Find links to
authoritative, in-depth information selected by area
specialists and other staff at the Library of Congress.
WWW Virtual Library: International Affairs Resources
"An Internet directory of over 2000 annotated links to high-quality English-language sources of information and analysis in a wide range of international affairs, international studies, and international relations topics. These sites are carefully selected for their long-term value, favoring those with cost-free, authoritative information and analysis online. Each website is described only in general terms because of the typically rapid changes in the details of its contents and features." Well-organized, easy to browse, and accessible.
Union of International Associations Online Databases
"Listings of political sites available on the Internet sorted by country, with links to parties, organizations, governments, media and more from all around the world." These databases have extensive links to sites on international organizations, biographical profiles, bibliographies, statistics, and more. Some sections of the site require paid registration while others are free. Searchable.
The Infography about International Affairs
"The World Online," from Tufts University, is a portal that collects and links to international studies websites created by scholars, libraries, and government organizations. Links to scholarly journals, news sources, and statistical information in the field are also provided.
Oxford Analytica
"Oxford Analytica is an independent, privately held company founded in 1975 to bring timely and authoritative analysis of world developments to business and government leaders from the best available scholar experts." Highly specialized and very accessible, you can find information on arms control, border conflicts, foreign policy, international law, international relations, invasions, sanctions, security, diplomatic talks, international treaties, war, industry, domestic politics of individual countries, and much more.
United Nations
The United Nations home page leads to thousands of full-page publications of documents relating to international relations as well as the world agency itself.
BBC News Country Profiles
This site by the BBC, offers full profiles that provide an instant guide to history, politics and economic background of countries. These profiles also include audio and video clips from the BBC archives. The site is exceptionally accessible. Searchable.
America -- Engaging the World
"This site delivers information about current U.S. foreign policy and about American life and culture." Includes webchats, webcasts, podcasts, blogs, and social networks on topics ranging from American life, economy, and U.S. government to education, international relations, and people and places. "It is produced by the U.S. Department of State's Bureau of International Information Programs."
Electronic Research Collection of the Department of State
The Electronic Research Collection (ERC) is a partnership between the United States Department of State and the Federal Depository Library at the Richard J. Daley Library, University of Illinois at Chicago. The Government Printing Office, which is responsible for the national system of federal depository libraries, officially recognizes this unique partnership as the first electronic partnership agreement between an executive agency and a depository library. This partnership began in 1994. ERC is responsible for electronically archived information produced by the State Department. You can find information from 1990 to 1997. You can find information on defense, foreign trade, counter-terrorism, and more. For more current information on the Department of State, visit
The Department of State Home Page
Press TV
"Press TV is the first international Iran-based news network to broadcast in English on a round-the-clock schedule." It "offers broad news coverage, specifically focusing on the Middle East," and aims to "tackle the controversial global news agenda and broadcasts cutting-edge documentaries with political, social and economic contents." The site features news articles and the opportunity to watch or listen to live coverage.
Guide to Public Opinion Polling From Around the World
This annotated compilation of websites "focuses on significant Internet sites concerning general public opinion polls, especially those providing polling results in usable formats." The scope does not include "Web and blog polls, as many are unscientific, biased, or oriented toward amateur efforts." Published in the October 2006 issue of C&RL News, a publication of the Association of College and Research Libraries.
RAND Voices of Jihad Database
"This online database is a compilation of speeches, interviews, statements, and publications of jihadist leaders, foot soldiers, and sympathizers. Nearly all content is in English translation, and has been collected from publicly-accessible websites. Original links are provided, along with excerpts and full-text content when available."
Election Tracker
"Track global public opinion on current issues." This site "monitors democratic conditions around the world, by reviewing background information, assessing the latest campaign news and events, describing trends in voting intention, and reporting on the outcome of a particular ballot." From Angus Reid Consultants, a polling company.
World Public Opinion
Provides regionally organized information "on public opinion from around the world on international issues." Each report provides the questionnaire and methodology used in polling. Topics include development and aid, environment, trade, governance, security, justice, human rights, the United Nations, and more. Also provides links to sources for polling data. From the Program on International Policy Attitudes at the University of Maryland.
World Leaders
"The CIA publishes and updates the online directory of Chiefs of State and Cabinet Members of Foreign Governments regularly. The directory is intended to be used primarily as a reference aid and includes as many governments of the world as is considered practical, some of them not officially recognized by the United States." Quite accessible.


text:
The chief City regulator has started to reject bonus policies submitted by leading City firms and continues to scrutinise others in the light of Alistair Darling's crackdown on bankers' bonuses in the pre-budget report last week.
The Financial Services Authority must approve pay policies proposed by the 26 banks under its jurisdiction as part of its new responsibility to regulate financial firms' pay plans. Its analysis comes amid warnings from remuneration experts that banks may try to increase basic salaries in the face of the 50% tax on bonuses imposed in the pre-budget report.
Many City firms have already increased salaries this year – notably the Swiss bank UBS – to lure and retain staff after paying low or no bonuses for 2008. But Jon Terry, head of remuneration at PricewaterhouseCoopers, said: "There could be a second round of pay rises, although they will need to be permanent ones [not to contravene the bonus tax rules]." Darling has imposed a one-off tax on bonuses that the Treasury estimates will raise £550m as banks bounce back from the financial crisis.
One bank working on salary rises is Barclays Capital, the investment banking arm of Barclays, to catch up with increases at rivals. It is believed that BarCap's management expects average pay rise to be about 30% – less than the 150% first expected – but the management will also need the FSA's go-ahead for its pay proposals.
The City regulator, which has been charged with overseeing pay plans following the bank bailouts in October 2008, has spelled out that it does not expect firms to inform their staff about bonuses or decide how much should be paid without prior consent by its officials. It also wants new pay policies to be in place by 1 January.
Hector Sants, chief executive of the FSA, demanded banks submit their pay plans for scrutiny at the start of November. While they are still being analysed, it is thought that some firms have already been forced to redraft their schemes.
The new FSA code, similar to the G20 principles on executive pay, requires bonuses to be spread over three years and for some to be paid in shares. It is being introduced alongside the supertax on bank bonuses that is effective immediately and runs until 5 April – although government sources have warned they will extend the tax if there is widespread contravention of the measure, which affects bonuses of more than £25,000. The tax is continuing to cause controversy among the financial community with London's mayor, Boris Johnson, the latest figure to warn of the detriment it will cause to the City.
He told BBC1's Andrew Marr Show that there needed to be international agreement for the code to work well. "Unless you can come up with a system that penalises all big financial centres, then you're going to end up super-penalising London," he said.
Johnson said the bank bonus measure was intended to "throw a lot of sand in people's eyes" and to disguise the 1% increase in national insurance. He disputes estimates for how much the tax will raise. "It won't raise anything like the sums proposed by the Treasury … the banks will find ways of getting round it."
However, some pay experts predict that the tax take could be higher than the £550m forecast by the chancellor because they believe that banks will shoulder the cost of the tax to ensure they can keep paying out bonuses to high-flying staff.
Despite Johnson's disapproval, the shadow chancellor, George Osborne, does not appear to want to block it and believes Johnson, a Tory mayor, was not against the code. "He is not opposed to this windfall tax actually, as far as I understand it."
Osborne said: "This is a one-year-only tax. If you were permanently to impose some additional levy in the UK without trying to achieve some European agreement or more to the point international agreement ... then you would be running a serious risk with the competitiveness of the UK."


text:
21 GPs get €500k from medical card fees
A GP practice in Dublin's inner city was the top earner in the medical card scheme last year, grossing over €825,000 in fees and allowances, new figures reveal.
The practice, headed by Dr Austin O'Carroll, has around nine doctors who care for a panel of 2,500 medical card patients. The income figures are also increased by the service his team provide to the homeless in 11 outreach clinics.
The sum of €827,658 includes yearly capitation fees for patients as well as additional payments such as practice expenses, grants for hiring staff as well as study or annual leave.
Overall, 21 GP practices received payments of more than €500,000 from the HSE for their participation in the schemes last year.
The official figures provided by the Health Service Executive (HSE) reveal that the 100 top-earning GPs under the medical card and general medical services schemes claimed €46.7m between them in 2013.
Dr Carroll's practice saw its payment rise by €32,244 compared to the previous year, a reflection in part of the growing numbers of homeless in the city.
He is followed on the list by Dr Catherine Coleman in Dublin North West, whose practice received gross payments amounting to €682,180, including practice support in 2013.
Tallaght GP, Dr Andrew Jordan, who has been prominent in highlighting the effects of cuts in fees to GPs in many practices, was the third-highest earner under the State-sponsored medical schemes. He claimed a total of €666,622 last year.
The highest-earning GP outside of Dublin was Dr Donal Coffey in Co Kerry, who received €586,659 in 2013. He is followed in the HSE South region by Dr William Gerard Lynch in Wexford, who earned €580,677.
In the HSE West region, Dr Michael Casey received the highest amount in payments under the medical-card and general medical services schemes last year, earning a gross total of €542,013.
The second-highest claimant in the West was Dr Brendan Day in Galway, with €527,182.
A set annual capitation payment is made to GPs regardless of whether or how often a patient visits their doctor during the year. Doctors have pointed out the payments are gross and must be used to pay staff, including other GPs in their practice, plus meet overheads.
The government is planning to introduce free GP care for 240,000 under-sixes from the autumn but the fees paid to GPs have yet to be worked out. The Programme for Government promised free GP care for all the population by 2016 but this will not be met.
Irish Independent


text: George Jones, Burlington, Wis., member of G.A.R. Post No. 201, was born Jan. 16, 1817 in Haverhill, Grafton county, New Hampshire. He is the son of Joseph and Hannah (Blanchard) Jones and is one of a family of four sons and four daughters, name Charles, Horace, George, Joseph, Harriet N., Phebe Ann, Martha and Henrietta. All are living except the two last named. The father was a farmer and, in the early history of the place where he resided, was prominent in his church connections which he inherited from his Puritan ancestors. Both parents were of English ancestry. The son grew up on his father's farm and received such education as the schools of that day afforded. In 1840 he left the parental roof for the "far West" a Wisconsin was then considered, and went first to Racine and immediately after to Burlington, where he has since resided. He made his journey by the Erie canal to Buffalo and thence by the lake route. He arrived late in the fall and, soon after, obtained work on a farm, his first job being that of threshing buckwheat. Not long after he was taken sick and was unable to do anything all winter. He went to Portage to work in a hotel and remained until the last of 1841, when he returned to Burlington. He engaged in farming in which he was occupied 10 years and then became interested in the meat business which he pursued about the same length of time. After that he was interested in managing a hotel and meanwhile the country became disturbed through discordant elements in the south. He was inclined to enter the service at the outset and July 3, 1861, he was enrolled for three years in Company H, 9th Wisconsin Light Artillery, Captain C. H. Johnson. Oct 14th he was mustered in and on the 19th of March the command left the State for St. Louis, where partial equipment in the shape of six guns was received, with recruits which increased their number to 155 men. Mr. Jones was made Sergeant, and accompanied the battery to Fort Leavenworth where they received orders to proceed to Denver, a march of more than 500 miles which was accomplished in 32 days. The captain was fearful of the interest of his men in the antics of the game which was abundant, and he forbade any man's leaving the ranks. But when they saw the antelopes bounding provokingly close the temptation was too great, and, the captain and several others gave chase. Returning they were placed under arrest, but Mr. Jones started a petition which secured their release. From Denver, the left section, to which Mr. Jones belonged, was ordered to go to Fort Lyon to perform frontier duty in keeping the Indians under control, which was an easy matter with the guns. Under Lieutenant Crocker they went to Fort Larned, where Mr. Jones was detailed to take a number of prisoners to Fort Leavenworth for trial. He acted as 2d Lieutenant afterwards, in charge of a force with which he went to Southern Missouri in pursuit of bushwhackers and after two months went to Fort Leavenworth. In March, 1864, in connection with a section of battery, he went to Council Grove, and thence to Saline. His next move was to Fort Riley and thence the command made a forced march to the Missouri border which Price was invading and was pushing toward Independence. They went next to Big Blue, under Curtiss, to operate against the forces of Price in his last attempt to get into Missouri. Price had given out that he would capture Kansas City and Leavenworth and would make the latter his headquarters. His flank movement, threatening Kansas City, caused a retreat of the Union troops to prevent disaster, and they chased the wily rebel to Weston, fighting the rear under Marmaduke, whose force was dispersed on a prairie and the guns brought to bear on them. Price was sent towards the Arkansas River and Marmaduke and his staff were taken. The battery pursued to Fort Scott and thence two sections chased Price to Fayetteville, Ark., making heavy marches. They rested in camp while the cavalry pushed on. The 9th Battery returned to Fort Leavenworth and the left section went to Fort Riley, where it remained until ordered to Fort Leavenworth to be mustered out Jan. 26, 1865. Mr. Jones returned to Wisconsin, but was not contented to remain at home until definite results were reached in the matter of the war. He proceeded to Washington, where he enlisted April 10, 1865, for one year or the war in Company B, 7th U.S. Infantry, and was stationed for a time in the Capital. He went thence to Philadelphia and was on duty at Camp Cadwallader until April 7, 1866. On his return to Wisconsin, he resumed his connection with agriculture, which he has since continued with success and is the proprietor of a fine farm in a good position, looking over the city of Burlington. He was married in Claremont N. H., July 3, 1844, to Rosetta M., daughter of Andrew and Lucy (Thomas) Leet, both of whom were natives of New Hampshire and of American parentage and English descent. The family of Mr. Jones included several children, named George F., Mary R., Rosa M., Francis E., Laura A., Alice E., Oliver A., Emma and Ida. Of these, three are deceased. George F., the oldest son, enlisted in the same command with his father and passed through the same experiences, re-enlisting in the same battery when his term of service expired. He is a prominent citizen of Dodge City, Kas., where he is City Clerk and also a magistrate. Mr. Jones was the first man in Burlington to suggest the raising of a company there when the Government established a recruiting office in that place.


text:
From the New York Times:
At the height of the financial crisis, two co-founders of Marvell Technology had to sell a big slug of stock in the semiconductor company following a margin call from Wall Street firm Goldman Sachs.
On Monday, the co-founders, Weili Dai and Sehat Sutardja, filed a lawsuit in California Superior Court alleging that the firm duped them into selling the shares so it could buy them for its own account.
"Goldman forced its clients to unnecessarily liquidate their holdings through forced margin calls, only to repurchase these same shareholdings for accounts owned by Goldman and its related hedge funds, some currently under investigation by the federal government," according to the complaint.
A Goldman spokesman declined to comment, saying the firm had not yet seen the complaint.
Story, and link to the text of the suit here.


text:
Program Overview
The field of criminology involves every vital area of human interaction. From issues of social justice to urban life, social stratification, and family relations, criminology provides insight into the human condition. Whether you choose a career in law and advocacy, management and personnel, or any of the allied criminal justice fields, a criminology degree from Immaculata gives you an opportunity to practice social justice.
Program Highlights
The interdisciplinary nature of criminology, beyond offering practical experience, produces well-rounded graduates capable of expressing ideas with clarity and confidence. Within the liberal arts setting, you will be equipped with powerful tools: analytical reasoning, precise communication, and persuasive speaking and writing. Combined with a broad base of historical and political knowledge, these elements form a foundation for active leadership in your chosen career.
As a criminology major or minor, you will have the opportunity to join Phi Tau, our chapter of Alpha Phi Sigma, the National Criminal Justice Honor Society.
Career Potential
A criminology major opens doors to a range of careers in law, social services, correctional systems, criminal justice administration, and government. The major also provides a foundation for graduate work in law, social work, sociology, public policy and criminal justice.
Some typical career opportunities include:
- Federal agencies: FBI, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF), U.S. Marshall, Border Patrol, Drug Enforcement Administration
- State agencies: attorney general's office, warden systems, state police
- County offices: sheriff, coroner, crime scene investigator, police
- Probation (federal, state, county)
- Parole (federal, state, county)
- Court or school social work
- Homeland security
- State or national park ranger
Hiring preference for positions such as probation and parole officers is given to students with college degrees in sociology, psychology or criminology and who have experience in a social services agency or a correctional system.
Internships are optional but highly recommended because of the rich opportunity they provide to combine classroom knowledge with work experience. In Practicum I you spend one day a week observing real-life situations in the local criminal justice system. In Practicum II you complete a second supervised internship for 12 to 16 hours per week. These invaluable experiences give you a definite edge over graduates who have not had the benefit of field experiences.
The following list is a sample of field sites in which you may complete your internship:
- Chester County Children and Youth Community Mental Health Services
- Devereaux Behavioral Disorders
- Intermediate Unit, Early Intervention Classroom
- Philadelphia Corrections
- Residential Treatment for Male Juvenile Offenders
- Chester County Prison
- Chester County Probation and Parole
Learning Outcomes
- Understand the adult and juvenile justice system
- Know the roles of the various parties involved with criminal justice: police, courts, and correctional agencies
- Grasp the theories and practice of criminology and criminal justice programs
- Understand criminology within the context of sociology and the behavioral sciences
- Be prepared to meet the challenges of administering justice in applied settings that require analytic and research skills


text:
Justice Secretary Chris Grayling announced that fresh proposals for duty work - such as that picked up in police stations - will see a set number of contracts assessed on the quality and capacity of firms bidding for them.
Under the original proposals, price would have been a key factor.
A cap on the number of contracts to be awarded, which law firms feared could have closed 1,200 businesses, has also been lifted under the revised reforms.
The new proposals were drawn up following talks with the Law Society, which represents tens of thousands of solicitors.
Law Society president Nicholas Fluck welcomed the proposals as "a shared way forward for a more stable and sustainable criminal legal aid system".
Mr Fluck said: "The new proposals will demand considerable change, but offer genuine opportunities for those firms who wish to continue to provide these crucial legal services."
Under the new draft proposals, legal aid is to be slashed for prisoners, foreigners and the wealthy in a move which could help the Government save £220 million a year.
Defendants with an annual disposable income of £37,500 a year and at least £3,000 to spare each month after paying essential bills would no longer receive automatic legal aid.
Mr Grayling said: "This Government is on the side of people who work hard and want to get on in life.
"We have an excellent tradition of legal aid and one of the best legal professions in the world. But we cannot close our eyes to the fact legal aid is costing too much.
"I have listened to lawyers' concerns and had constructive discussions with the Law Society.
"They acknowledge that, whilst it may be difficult, change is also inevitable. But it must be the right change that brings about the right outcomes.
"The proposals we have agreed make sure legally-aided lawyers will always be available when needed and that people can choose the lawyer they want to help them."
Barrister-turned-MP Karl Turner raised fears earlier that price-competitive tendering for legal aid would allow multinational firms to provide justice at the cheapest cost.
The Labour MP told MPs he believed it would lead to private companies such as G4S and Serco dominating the legal aid market at the expense of smaller firms that possess greater expertise.
Rachel Robinson, policy officer for rights organisation Liberty, said: "This is our criminal justice system, not the budget airline market, so credit to the Lord Chancellor for dropping plans for price competitive tendering and improving flat-fee proposals.
"Exemptions for the vulnerable from the residency test are welcome but must go further and, with the judicial review's future uncertain, the fight for fairness goes on."


text:
I have participated in several of the StackOverflow sites, and one of the things that I have noticed is that there is a real "bootstrap" problem in the beginning. There really needs to be a certain minimum number of active members with a minimum number of points before it really starts to work. In the interests of addressing this, (and unless the powers that be object) I will be posting challenge questions based on some of the older SqlServerCentral Questions Of The Day. The first answer which is correct will be marked as accepted (15 points). For the most part I will not be presenting the questions as multiple choice, as they originally were.
Identity Insert:
We have a table and it has just one column that the identity property of that column is set to ON, we need a query to insert some records in that, which of the following will work:
We have the following table:
What is the INSERT statement to insert records into this table?
asked Oct 10, 2009 at 01:46 AM in Default
edited Oct 11, 2009 at 06:13 AM
Melvyn Harbour 1 ♦♦
answered Oct 10, 2009 at 08:37 AM
Matt Whitfield ♦♦
Great Job, Matt! You've almost got enough points now to down-vote things (though I would recommend against that during this break-in period for the site, except the most awful stuff, spam, ads, etc.)
Oct 10, 2009 at 10:55 AM RBarryYoung
I thoroughly agree - I think it's going to be down to some of the SSC residents to build the site up, looking forward to it being more active :)
Oct 10, 2009 at 07:34 PM Matt Whitfield ♦♦


text:
Displaying 1 - 10 of 75 results
Sort by
Yorkshire Fines: 1598
Feet of Fines of the Tudor Period [Yorks]: Part 4, 1594-1603
in Slennenford. Richard Crawshaye, junr. Richard Crawshaye, senr., and MargaretView result
Yorkshire Fines: 1594
Feet of Fines of the Tudor Period [Yorks]: Part 4, 1594-1603
with lands in Balby and Hextropp. Richard Crawshaye and William MidgleyView result
Yorkshire Fines: 1592
Feet of Fines of the Tudor Period [Yorks]: Part 3, 1583-94
in Drighlyngton als. Drighlynton. George Brownell and John Prynce Richard CrawshayeView result
Yorkshire Fines: 1579
Feet of Fines of the Tudor Period [Yorks]: Part 2, 1571-83
in Wakefeild. John Crawshaye Thomas Wombwell and Frances his wife MessuageView result
No. 32 Great George Street
Survey of London: Volume 10, St. Margaret, Westminster, Part I: Queen Anne's Gate Area
180836 James Mure. 183738 James Crawshay. 1839 William Crawshay. 1840View result
Blaisdon: Manors and other estates
A History of the County of Gloucester: Volume 10, Westbury and Whitstone Hundreds
and his daughter Anna sold the estate in the following year to Henry Crawshay, an ironmaster (d. 1879). 88 Henry was succeeded by Edwin Crawshay, and c. 1890 ... until the Crawshays built Blaisdon...View result
Blaisdon: Church
A History of the County of Gloucester: Volume 10, Westbury and Whitstone Hundreds
by Henry Crawshay. 94 Some 16th-century pews with ends carved with linen-foldView result
Parochial Records: Cardiff School Book, 1815-1840
Cardiff Records: Volume 3
Landaff Court. W m Crawshay, Cyfarthfa. Capt n Deacon, Longcross. WyndhamView result
Glamorgan County Records: Cardiff Quarter Sessions presentments, 1779-1810
Cardiff Records: Volume 3
We also present Richard Crawshay Esq r for not repairing the Pavement ... Richard Crawshay Esq. for laying a heap of Limestone and Timber on the landsView result
Memorial inscriptions: Llandaff Cathedral
Cardiff Records: Volume 3
Richard Crawshay, Esq., of Cyfarthfa; ob. 27 June 1810. Elizabeth, wife of William Crawshay, Esq., of Cyfarthfa; ob. 30 Sept. 1825, aet. 65. Isabel, 2nd wife of William Crawshay, Esq., of Cyfarthfa...View result


text:
The M2RJ45+ is a wire-speed 2-port 10G L2-3 test module.
Wire-speed 2-port 10G L2-3 test module
The M2RJ45+ is a wire-speed 2 port 10Gbase-T/1000BASE-T/100BASE-TX Ethernet test module that can scale to 6 ports via a software upgrade. Based on Xena's advanced architecture, the M2RJ45+ is a cost-effective solution for testing 10G Ethernet at Layers 2-3. It is available for both the 4U 12-slot XenaBay chassis and the robust transportable 1U XenaCompact chassis.
The M2RJ45+ comes complete with a comprehensive suite of management and test application software.
|Interface category
|100/1000/10,000 Ethernet
|Number of test ports
|2 x 100 / 1000 / 10,000M (factory upgradeable to 6 ports)
|Interface options
|10Gbase-T (IEEE 802.3an)/ 1000BASE-T (IEEE 802.3ab) / 100BASE-T (IEEE 802.3u)
|Interface Characteristics
|10GBase-T operating at 300ft (100m) over CAT6a and CAT7 UTP cable cable.
1000Base-T and 100Base-T operating on standard Category 5e UTP cable.
|Port statistics(1)
|Link state, FCS errors, pause frames, ARP/PING, error injections, training packet
All traffic: RX and TX Mbit/s, packets/s, packets, bytes
Traffic w/o test payload: RX and TX Mbit/s, packets/s, packets, bytes
|Adjustable Inter Frame Gap (IFG)
|Configurable from 16 to 56 bytes, default is 20B (12B IFG + 8B preamble)
|Transmit line rate adjustment
|Ability to adjust the effective line rate by forcing idle gaps equivalent to -1000 ppm (increments of 10 ppm)
|Supported (configurable IP and MAC address per port)
|Field upgradeable
|System is fully field upgradeable to product releases (FPGA images and Software)
|Two real-time histograms per port. Each histogram can measure one of RX/TX packet length, IFG, jitter, or latency distribution for all traffic, a specific stream, or a filter
|Tx disable
|Enable/disable of optical laser or copper link
|IGMPv2 multicast join/leave)
|IGMPv2 continuous multicast join, with configurable repeat interval
|Oscillator characteristics
|• Initial Accuracy is 3 ppm
• Frequency drift over 1st year: +/- 3 ppm (over 15 years: +/- 15 ppm)
• Temperature Stability: +/- 20 ppm (Total Stability is +/- 35 ppm)
|Loopback modes
|- L1RX2TX – RX-to-TX, transmit byte-by-byte copy of the incoming packet
- L2RX2TX – RX-to-TX, swap source and destination MAC addresses
- L3RX2TX – RX-to-TX, swap source and destination MAC addresses and IP addresses
- TXON2RX – TX-to-RX, packet is also transmitted from the port
- TXOFF2RX – TX-to-RX, port's transmitter is idle
- Port-to-port – Inline loop mode where all traffic is looped 100% transparent at L1
|Number of transmit streams per port
|256 (wire-speed). Each stream can generate millions of traffic flows through the use of field modifiers
|Test payload insertion per stream
|Wire-speed packet generation with timestamps, sequence numbers, and data integrity signature optionally inserted into each packet.
|Stream statistics(1)
|TX Mbit/s, packets/s, packets, bytes, FCS error, Pause
|Bandwidth profiles
|Burst size and density can be specified. Uniform and bursty bandwidth profile streams can be interleaved
|Field modifiers
|16-bit header field modifiers with inc, dec, or random mode. Each modifier has configurable bit-mask, repetition, min, max, and step parameters. 5 modifiers per stream.
|Packet length controls
|Fixed, random, butterfly, and incrementing packet length distributions. Packet length from 56 to 16384 bytes
|Packet payloads
|Repeated user specified 1 to 18B pattern, a 8-bit incrementing pattern
|Error generation
|Undersize length (56B min) and oversize length (16384 max.) packet lengths, injection of sequence, misorder, payload integrity, and FCS errors
|TX packet header support and RX autodecodes
|Ethernet, Ethernet II, VLAN, ARP, IPv4, IPv6, UDP, TCP, LLC, SNAP, GTP, ICMP, RTP, RTCP, STP, MPLS, PBB, or fully specified by user
|Packet scheduling modes
|- Normal (stream interleaved mode). Standard scheduling mode, precise rates, minor variation in packet inter-frame gap.
- Strict Uniform. New scheduling mode, with 100% uniform packet inter-frame gap, minor deviation from configured rates.
- Sequential packet scheduling (sequential stream scheduling). Streams are scheduled continuously in sequential order, with configurable number of packets per stream.
- Burst. Up to 10000 packets per stream are organized in bursts. Bursts from active streams form a burst group. The user specifies time from start of one burst group till start of next burst group.
|Number of traceable Rx streams per port
|2016 (wire-speed)
|Automatic detection of test payload for received packets
|Real-time reporting of statistics and latency, loss, payload integrity, sequence error, and misorder error checking
|Jitter measurement
|Jitter (Packet Delay Variation) measurements compliant to MEF10 standard with 8 ns accuracy. Jitter can be measured on up to 32 streams.
|Stream statistics(1)
|- RX Mbit/s, packets/s, packets, bytes
- Loss, payload integrity errors, sequence errors, misorder errors
- Min latency, max latency, average latency
- Min jitter, max jitter, average jitter
|Latency measurements accuracy
|±8 ns (opto/elec)
|Latency measurement resolution
|8 ns (latency measurements can calibrate and remove latency from transceiver modules)
|Number of filters:
|- 4 x 64-bit user-definable match-term patterns with mask, and offset
- 4 x frame length comparator terms (longer, shorter)
- 4 x user-defined filters expressed from AND/OR'ing of the match and length terms.
|Filter statistics(1)
|Per filter: RX Mbit/s, packets/s, packets, bytes.
|Capture criteria
|All traffic, stream, FCS errors, filter match, or traffic without test payloads
|Capture start/stop triggers
|Capture start and stop trigger: none, FCS error, filter match, payload error
|Capture limit per packet
|16 – 16384 bytes
|Wire-speed capture buffer per port
|64 kB
|Low speed capture buffer per port (10Mbit/sec)
|4096 packets (any size)
|Energy Efficient Ethernet
|- Enable/Disable EEE for 10G and 1G speeds
- Enable/Disable low-power mode in the TX direction (independently of the RX direction)
- Monitor active/low-power mode transition activity in both TX and RX direction
|Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)
|Read out the SNR for each of the four electrical channels (measured on cable-insert)
|(1) Counter size: 64 bits
- 2 x 10G or 1G or 100Mb ports
- Upgradeable from 2 to 6 ports
- Price/performance
- Robust form factor
- Ease of use
- Free software
- Free 12-month hardware warranty
- 36 months free software updates
- Free tech support for product lifetime
L2-3 Software
L2-3 Test Suites
L4-7 Software
L4-7 Chassis
L2-3 Chassis
L2-3 Test Modules
- See overview