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San Diego, CA – January 11th, 2013 – ChiroTouch™, the nation's leader in chiropractic software, and Dr. Joe Borio, are pleased to announce "Be Good at Getting Them, Be GREAT at Keeping Them" webinar, which is scheduled to air live for one hour on January 15th, 2013, at 11:00am PST."Because growing a practice is so important to chiropractors, it is a primary focus in our webinar series," said Robert Moberg, President of ChiroTouch. "Not only is Dr. Borio one of the most successful chiropractors in the country, but there is no better coach for helping chiropractors to make their practices flourish."
Dr. Joe started Chiropassion Consulting ten years ago in an effort to help other chiropractors and their teams reach their highest level of service possible. Dr. Joe practices as he coaches his clients; with passion and hard work; he cares as much about the practices he oversees as his own. His clients will tell you he is an honest man with a great outlook and a warm personality whose motivational speaking and conviction for his love of chiropractic are apparent in everything he does.
The future of chiropractic is in our hands and it is a huge responsibility. Chiropassion Consulting is one of many efforts to keep true to the chiropractic principles while ensuring the success of all the clients we help.
Chiropractic software designed from the ground up to maximize efficiencies for virtually every process, including patient self check-in, scheduling, SOAP notes, billing, interoffice communication and more, ChiroTouch has developed its HIPAA-compliant system to drastically reduce the time it takes to perform tasks that chiropractors are already doing. That gives chiropractors more time to see more patients—resulting in increased referrals, improved efficiencies, and a direct, measurable impact on practice profitability.
Other recent webinar topics include "Art of the Close," "Building Value in Your Practice and Equity in Your Business," and "HITECH Stimulus Act Updates." The ChiroTouch webinar programs and the attendees have benefited from speakers such as Dr. Patrick Gentempo, Dr. Bob Hoffman, Dr. Eric Plasker, Dr. Ron Oberstein, Dr. Mark Ott, Stanley Greenfield, and many more. This cross-section of the most influential and recognized coaches and speakers has made for a very robust and popular series of webinars.
To join ChiroTouch for this webinar, visit https://www2.gotomeeting.com/register/470098618


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Cruise Ships
Carnival Victory
A big ship with even bigger ideas
Carnival Victory, which joined the "Fun Ship" fleet in August 2000, boasts a host of on-board amenities, as well as a diversity of public rooms with striking interiors inspired by the world's most famous bodies of water.
She also offers a variety of casual and full-service dining venues, including twin two-level main restaurants, a patisserie and a two-deck-high poolside eatery offering alternatives for breakfast, lunch and dinner, a New York-style deli, specialty areas serving Asian and American favorites and a 24-hour pizzeria.
Other highlights include
The ship's 13 passenger decks house 18 bars and lounges, including intimate live music venues and a stunning three-deck-high show lounge showcasing lavish Las Vegas-style entertainment, as well as 1,379 staterooms, 62 percent of which will offer an ocean view with 60 per cent of those featuring private verandahs.
There are thee large pools, King of the Seas, Triton, and Sirens, all with whirlpools, and a 208ft Twister Waterslide winds its way down to the King of the Seas pool. There is also the Serenity adult only retreat next to the waterslide entrance. There is a kid pool near the Camp Carnival. The ship's atrium is green, top to bottom, and has 4 glass elevators.
Vital statistics
Operated by Carnival Cruise Lines
Built at Fincantieri, Italy
Entered service: August, 2000
Registered: Panama
Gross tonnage: 101,509 tons
Cost: $410 million
Speed: 22 knots
Passengers: 3,473
Decks: 13
Lifts: 18
Crew: 1,100, international
Officers: Italian
Cabins: 1,379 including
- 853 outside
- 526 inside
- 508 with balconies
- 25 for wheelchairs
Length: 893ft
Width: 116ft
Draught: 27ft
Engines: Diesel-electric
Two main dining rooms, Atlantic and Pacific, (four sittings), alternative dining options, casino, library, three outside swimming pools (one with magrodome), three-level show lounge, gymnasium, self-service launderette.
Carnival Cruise Line
Carnival certainly believes in making waves. The new Carnival Vista, at 133,500 tons the largest and most innovative ship in the fleet, is the latest of a succession of superliners that have arrived over the past few years, helping it to live up to its "Fun Fleet" reputation. More...
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subset: commoncrawl


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Borland's Galileo explores .NET and Java
by Steve Anglin
Related link: http://news.com.com/2100-1001-954958.html?tag=fd_top
According to CNET News.com's Wylie Wong: "Borland's suite of tools, code-named Galileo, will be positioned to compete against Microsoft's popular Visual Studio .NET tool suite, said Ted Shelton, Borland's chief strategy officer. The Galileo bundle, set to debut early next year, will include a new version of Delphi, Borland's key development tool, and other languages that have yet to be announced, Shelton said."
Look for Galileo to also include JBuilder or Java IDE tools, in addition to .NET tools for C#, Visual Basic .NET, ASP.NET, ADO.NET and more.
Some may say that Borland doesn't have a chance to compete with Microsoft. Remember, though, Borland will also have a partnership with BEA Systems, as announced two weeks ago. And BEA Systems will likely have the backing of HP, given HP's interest in bundling BEA software and middleware with its servers.
What do you think of Borland's chances against Microsoft?
2 Comments
2002-09-13 10:09:07
Borland and .NET
Borland tools have always been the prefered for enterprise developers thanks to the way they view RAD development. If Borland is able to make a tool as good as Delphi to write .NET applications, the company will survive. One of the main things they have to do well is their aproach to ASP.NET development implementation, the partial third-party solution that comes with Delphi 7 does not share much armony with the rest of the enviroment.
2002-09-15 04:08:04
They have....
Regarding the previous message. There is already a tool as good (actually much better) than Delphi for .NET development.


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Security and usage tracking
We are committed to ensuring that we keep your personal information secure. In order to prevent unauthorised access or disclosure, damage or loss of your personal information, we take suitable physical and electronic, organisational and technical measures to this end, in accordance with our obligations under the Data Protection Act 1998. The internet is not a secure means of communication.
Emails may be intercepted by third parties over which BPP has no control. We cannot guarantee the security of personal data sent to us through the Websites, Social Media Channels or by any other electronic means (although as explained below, we have taken steps to protect your information, including your credit/debit card details). We cannot guarantee the security of personal data provided to us in hard copy, by post, by other delivery services or by telephone.
Any communication sent to us through this website or by email is sent at your own risk. In the event that you place an order on these websites we offer the use of a secure server. We use industry-standard secure server software (SSL) which encrypts information you send us as part of a transaction. This improves the security of the processing of your credit/debit card details. When using the secure sections of our websites your browser should display a padlock icon which verifies that the site possesses SSL certification. If it does not do so, then you use the services on our Websites entirely at your own risk.
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Reading Labels:Understanding Fiber, Fat, Carbohydrates, Etc
Since 1994, food manufacturers have required the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to include food labels on all packaged food items. Labels can be a tremendous help in controlling our diets-but only if we understand them. Here is a primer to use as you browse the labels in your panty and at the grocery:
Serving Size. The serving size is listed at the top of the label. This is an important part of meal planning and also where many people go wrong. To get the total number of carbs, calories, etc., in an item, simply multiply the listed units by the number of servings. You may be surprised at how many items you assume are only 1 serving that are actually 2 or 3. The smaller the item, the more likely you are to make mistakes.
Calories. Calories are the units of energy within a food item. When you eat, your body converts calories into energy, uses what it can, and then stores the rest in the form of fat. On labels, you'll find separate numbers for calories and calories from fat. The fat calorie number refers to the number of calories derived from fat. The higher this number, the more fat in the product. For example, a can of diced tomatoes may have 30 calories (units of energy) and 0 calories from fat, making this a product your body can use efficiently. However, a prepackaged children's snack may have 130 calories with 40 calories from fat, making the processed food item a less efficient source of body fuel.
Daily Percent Values (% DV). These tell you what portion of the recommended amounts of an item (fat, carbohydrates, vitamins, etc.) are in a single serving in comparison to how much you need for a full day. You should take this number in account when selecting items from the grocery shelf. For example, it you are going to buy a bottle of pasta sauce, and Brand A provides 11% DV of fat and Brand B provides 40% DV of fat, the best choice is Brand A. Be sure to look at the numbers in the context of all the others on the label. If brand A turns out to be heavy on the sodium, you should continue to shop, taking a look at Brand C and Brand D.
Fat, Sugar, Fiber, Sodium and Carbohydrates. These are the sections of the label that seem to draw the most attention from dieters. However, everyone should consider them important. If you have dietary food restrictions, high blood pressure, or diabetes, these numbers could mean the difference between remaining in good health and heading towards the danger zone. If you are on a low carb diet, you can monitor your protein intake by paying attention to the carbohydrate and sugar content. Likewise, those on a low fat diet will want to know the fat and fiber content.
The FDA provides information on what specific label terms are supposed to mean.
"No fat" or "fat free" means that the item contains less than 1/2 gram of fat per serving, "Sugar free" means that the item contains less than 1/2 gram of sugar per serving, and "Good source of fiber" indicates 2.5 g to 4.9 g. per serving. A full list can be obtained from the FDA website. You'll note that there is no definition for "low carb," so be particularly wary when this phrase is used.
Gavin Dye is author and webmaster at http://www.kitchen-equipment-4u.com, your online resource for cooking equipment and healthy recipes
Helping Your Immune System Win The War Against Disease
Just as our country is currently engaged in a war against covert terrorism, your immune system is similarly waging a constant war against the hidden enemies within your body.This war started before you were born and it will continue until you die.
Fighting Burn-out: Natural Help For Stress, Fatigue and Adrenal Insufficiency
The adrenal or "stress glands" are small, triangular shaped glands located on the top of the kidneys. Their function is to prepare the body's resources to run or fight through the releasing of specific hormones.
7 Things To Your Health
Health is the thing. And no matter how many ways you can measure and quantify symptoms and disease, the only way to be healthy is to add to your health.
Nutrition Tips to Improve Fat Loss
Incorporating these fat loss tips will improve your nutrition program. Start off slowly and add one a week, you don't have to adopt all of them at once.
Saturated Fat Diet Piles on Pounds Around Organs
Having a large amount of such "visceral fat" is associated with increased risk of heart disease, high blood pressure and diabetes, said Dr. Kerry Stewart, an associate professor of medicine at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland.
Discover How to Grow Your Own Source of Vitamins, Fiber, Proteins, and More
Sprouts not only taste good, but they are also a great source ofvitamins, fiber, protein, anti-oxidants, and enzymes. A sprout isproduced when a seed starts growing into a vegetable.
Chocolate Splendor: Food For The Gods; Bodybuilding Nutrition
A fictional overheard conversation at a Thelma's Fine Dining.Hi, I'm your waitress, Flo.
Tips for Effective Muscle Building Diets
One of the biggest mistakes many new bodybuilders make is that they don't pay attention to their muscle building diets with the same detail, desire and determination with which they pay attention to their weight training program.You constantly see people throw out numbers such as your weight training program is 85% of your results or that muscle building diets are 95% of your results.
Avoiding Mental Disorders Through the Aid of Vitamins and Minerals
When we think about the benefits of being ensuring a good bill of health by keeping track of our daily intake of prescribed vitamins, minerals and as well as the other nutrients that are needed by your body in order to stay healthy. It is important to be conscious of the fact that deficiencies in the daily intake of vitamins and minerals can negatively affect not only your physical capabilities but your how your mind functions as well.
Lawsuits on Foods and Diets
The dangers of processed foods and dietsWhy is that the business of food processing is not strictly regulated by law so as to prevent health problems generated by an inadequate diet? Unhealthy products encourage an unhealthy diet.They appeal to the consumer by their availability and invasive advertising.
Healthy Food Tastes Better!
How is it that we can't seem to think that something nutritious and healthy could in fact be tasty and enjoyable? Ever since I started to eat healthy food I have discovered new tastes, new flavours and new favourites. I do it almost daily.
Is Your Food Aging You?
Did you know that the food you eat could be prematurely ageing you? Science has made some amazing discoveries in the last decade in nutrition. We really should be taking note of what we put in our mouth because more than ever, "we are what we eat".
Death, Aging, Rejuvenation (Part 4)
Biological clockObviously you need biological clock to time and alarm the point when you need to die and when you need to age. Aging is the same death as in those one-day butterflies, but a little bit prolonged one.
Optimize Your Diet For Maximum Growth
The best weight training and cardio workouts will do very little if your diet is off. Make sure you have your diet optimized to build quality lean muscle, have the energy to power you through those tough workouts and drop that excess body fat.
Seasonings: Add More Than Just Flavor
Besides providing taste, color, and aroma, certain seasonings can also add health to your meals. Herbs and spices contain phytochemicals which are natural health promoting substances and have been found to protect us against diseases such as cancer and heart disease.
Water and Water Filters: How Much Do You Know?
Water is a vitally important component of any valuable and useful nutrition plan. This statement is hardly earth shattering or groundbreaking and few (if any) jaws will drop at the sight of it.
The Cost Of Being Sick And One Possible Alternative: Glyconutrition
A lot of people I've talked with about health supplements usually are coming from about the same place - you know: "been there, done that." People are tired of hearing about the latest and greatest and - for the most part - figure that all supplements are pretty much the same.
Missing Link to the Immune System
For decades science has been looking for the answers to our health problems in proteins and fats. Carbohydrates have long been overlooked - thought just to be energy or calories and play no other significant role.
Unhealthy Foods: Five Sneaky Foods Revealed
With the array of different diets and diet foods available to help with weight loss and health, it's sometimes hard to figure out what's healthy and what's not. Of course, part of the problem is that people have different health needs: for example, while fruit juice is often a good source of vitamins and other nutrients, some people with diabetes may find that some fruit juices have more sugar than they can tolerate.
Physical Health is Attainable Through Proper Nutrition and Exercise
Obesity is epidemic in this country for both children and adults. The invention of television, video games, and convenient appliances help to influence us to be sedentary.


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Grilli M, Diodato E, Lozza G, Brusa R, Casarini M, Uberti D, Rozmahel R, Westaway D, St George-Hyslop P, Memo M, Ongini E. Presenilin-1 regulates the neuronal threshold to excitotoxicity both physiologically and pathologically. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 Nov 7;97(23):12822-7. PubMed.
Please login to recommend the paper.
This is an important study offering new insights to the mechanisms by with genetic mutations alter the function of proteins such as Presenilin.


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Wujido Martial Arts
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Welcome To Wujido Martial Arts
Wujido Institute has moved to its new international federation headquarters.
Inside the facility is a beautiful 5000 sq ft training hall with a 23 ft ceiling. Located on the second floor is a canteen/rest area for class participants, friends and family. Two CCTV cameras are mounted on the training floor which allows monitoring the classes from the rest area. Have an amazing experience, practice martial arts with friends and experience the unique environment that has given so much to the lives of so many.
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Microsurgery restores limb function by repairing tiny, delicate vessels, and nerves. It also enables the transfer of muscles and large segments of skin, fat, and bone from one part of the body to reconstruct another. Advances in microsurgery often mean that patients may avoid amputation.
Several of the department's staff are experts in microneurovascular reconstruction, including chronic and acute nerve, vessel, bone, and soft-tissue repair for both the upper and lower extremities. The department enjoys one of the highest success rates for free tissue transfer in the country. Its physicians work in conjunction with the department's joint reconstruction surgeons to manage early avascular necrosis of the hip using a revolutionary technique of living bone transfer to the diseased hip.
In addition, orthopaedic trauma and musculoskeletal oncology experts work in teams with the microsurgeons to perform reconstructions after accidents and tumor resections.
Clinical work is supported by the microsurgery and laser research and training laboratory.
Drs. Roger Daley and Shao-Min Shi specialize in Microsurgery.
Department of
Orthopaedic Surgery
Medical College of Wisconsin
9200 W. Wisconsin Avenue
P.O. Box 26099
Milwaukee, WI 53226-0099
To make an appointment with us, please call:
Local: (414) 805-6655
Toll free: 1-800-DOCTORS
©2018 Medical College of Wisconsin. All rights reserved.


text: The problem is that BFD64 is overloaded to mean "support a 64-bit BFD" and "support 64-bit target vectors". Since we don't include the 64-bit vectors and elf32-mips.c makes references to them #ifdef BFD64, we lose... why don't we include the 64 bit vectors? perhaps talk to the firstname.lastname@example.com people :-)


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Seattle City Council to Consider Coal Terminal Issues [AUDIO]
The Seattle City Council is scheduled to consider a resolution on Tuesday opposing the development of coal export terminals in Washington State because of traffic, environmental and health concerns. The issue could impact exports of Wyoming coal to foreign countries, especially in Asia. Amy Richards has details. The U.S. Department of Agriculture will be contacting over 140,000 farmers over the next couple of weeks for surveys dealing with everything from crop acreage to livestock numbers. Click past jump to listen to Wyoming Radio News.


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Explore The ITF
juniors ITFITF
18 Mar 2013
Match Report
Borna Coric (CRO)
Croatia's Borna Coric enjoyed a fruitful week at the 21st Sarawak Chief Minister's Cup in Malaysia, winning both the boys' singles and doubles titles.
The 16-year-old from Zagreb defeated Korea Republic's Kang Ku Keon 63 57 63 to win his first singles title of the year and the first Grade 1 singles title of his career.
Coric also teamed up with Great Britain's Luke Bambridge in the doubles with the pair defeating Harry Bourchier (AUS) and Cameron Norrie (NZL) in the final.
As a result, Coric rose to No. 4 in the ITF Junior Rankings. He is enjoying a solid start to 2013, with a semifinal finish in the boys' event at the Australian Open.
In the girls' event, Turkey's Ipek Soylu won her first Grade 1 singles title with victory over Great Britain's Katie Boulter 67(8) 62 61.
And in the doubles it was the all-Aussie pairing of Naiktha Bains and Olivia Tjandramulia who overcame the Japanese duo of Mami Adachi and Hikari Yamamoto.
This week, Malaysia plays host to the Asia/Oceania Pre-Qualifying event for Junior Fed Cup.
© 2018 International Tennis Federation


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Nazarene Bible College
As I thought about last week's offering "Christian Education a Blast from the Past", I couldn't help but think about who we are and what we stand for. I started writing down some things and before long, I had a huge list going. I was trying to write a blog but it became a sort-of marketing piece instead. Nevertheless, I thought I would share it with you this week.
If you're looking for an adult education degree, Nazarene Bible College is the place to be. We offer lots of courses for Christian higher education. NBC has been the leader in adult education for over 40 years and has a 94% completion rate since 1998. We are an accredited college by both the Higher Learning Commission (HLC) and the Association for Biblical Higher Education (ABHE). We offer small class sizes for our campus students and a wonderful distance education online program. Furthermore, for those who qualify, we offer a bundle of scholarships and have a dedicated team of financial aid experts ready to assist in making high quality Christian college education very affordable.
The full-time faculty at NBC has more than 150 years of practical experience in pastoral ministries. Our faculty have both the appropriate academic credentials and the practical experience needed for the best ministerial preparation. We have a beautiful campus offering many views of the city and the mountains. The class sizes are small so that everyone can interact with one another in a more personal way.
Our unique online education classes are designed around our students to better fit their lifestyle. We have also created a Web based discussion tool (Scribe), which is designed specifically for our students. This helps us keep our classes highly interactive with regular communication between the different students and the instructors.
A problem that most students face is paying for their schooling. NBC is an affordable college because of the support of the denomination and many churches across the United States and Canada. This helps to keep the cost of tuition substantially lower than other private colleges and universities. We also offer a full list of scholarships and the forms needed to process them. Finally, we have a dedicated team in the Financial Aid Office guiding every student down the right path.
Students have said that we are passionate about what we do, but it's not us doing it, it's God working in us and our faculty, that keeps us going. We're so thankful for the men and woman that have walked in the doors of NBC and said I want to do God's work. NBC is only a stepping-stone to what God has in store for those men and women. If you're even considering going back to college to prepare for a life in ministry, please let us see what we can do for you.
Filed Under: Blog Published: 03/02/2012
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Updated May 15, 2006Could this hill be hiding Europe's first known pyramid?
Amateur archaeologist Semir Osmanagic recently announced that he has uncovered proof that a four-sided hill in the town of Visoko, Bosnia, is an ancient manmade structure.
On April 19 Osmanagic said he and his team unearthed large cut stone slabs on a side of the hill that form the outer surface of an ancient pyramid (see inset photo).
"These are the first uncovered walls of the pyramid," Osmanagic told the Associated Press. "We can see the surface is perfectly flat. This is the crucial material proof that we are talking pyramids."
The discovery comes at the beginning of a six-month excavation at the site. The Bosnian-born Osmanagic hopes the dig will support his theory that an ancient people built a 722-foot (220-meter) step pyramid there some 12,000 years ago.
Last week the dig team, along with geologists and rescue workers from a nearby coal mine, also began exploring a tunnel under the 2,210-foot (650-meter) hill that Osmanagic believes may lead to two similarly shaped hills nearby.
Egyptian scientists are scheduled to join the excavation in about a month to offer their expertise.
"It will be a very exciting archaeological spring and summer," Osmanagic said.
(Read the full story: "Pyramid in Bosnia -- Huge Hoax or Colossal Find?")
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The Stamp Duty may not saddle London's luxury market for much longer.
CityWire parses the latest research from Savills showing that prime property prices have had a rough year in England's capital, with homes valued at £5 million and over seeing price declines of 4.7%.
Still, there is reason for affluent investors with an eye on London to be hopeful.
The report predicts that the high-end market will rebound by 2020, with price gains of 20.4% over the next five years, outstripping gains made by the mainstream property market.
What will feed this fortune reversal? Part of the answer lies in the East. Chinese investors, rattled by their tumultuous stock market, will turn to real estate, particularly foreign real estate, as a safety measure.
London will not be the sole region where Chinese buyers look to move their money. Barnes tells the publication that the capital city will face stiff competition from the property markets in the U.S. and Australia.
View the full property (pictured top)
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And as most people probably know, this is the first time I've ever moved out of home, and will hopefully be the last. I can't imagine anything bad ever happening between me and Jeff where I'd have to move back home, but you know what I mean. Anyway, this is the first time I've ever even come close to such a thing in my life, and the closest I've ever come to actually being an adult. Of course, I am terrified and excited beyond belief.
Right now I'm caught in the beginning stages of the packing process and wow, it really sucks. I'm only not doing anything now because for some reason my hip is killing me and I can't stand up, or else I'd be organizing all my books and shit. The plan right now gives me three more days (Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday) to pack up everything I own into tiny little boxes to be driven 40 minutes north to a teeny little town that has a population of 34,000 less than the city I live in right now. Where their movie theater shows one movie at a time. Where the diner and the bookshop share a parking lot. Where "Moose Crossing" signs are everywhere. Where you probably won't hear sirens every night, and where you most likely will never hear a gunshot go off. Where your neighbors won't light off illegal fireworks at all hours of the night any time of the year, just because they can. Where our neighbors in our complex will be daycare runners, not drug runners. Where I actually have job opportunities and can get my life started, instead of being overshadowed for university students and thousands of single moms who need those jobs more than I do. Where I can actually walk out of my home at night and not feel instantly terrified just because I'm a young girl in a scary neighborhood.
I'm so excited.
Now, your job is to please let me know that being terrified the first time you move out is normal. Please let me know I'm not crazy because I have so many emotions right now that I don't think I could pinpoint only one at a time. And your job is also to listen to me through this whole process over on my Twitter, because I can tweet directly from my phone whenever the hell I want.
Oh, and the funniest thing? It turns out starting a cable/internet service is super expensive, so we're going to be without it for a while. Which is fine! But for a month+ I'll have disappeared completely from the internet, and that will be weird. So, for those who care, rest assured that when I have internet again (or if Jeff will let me borrow his phone or something, damn his stupid smartphone and unlimited data package) I'll post again and let everyone know I'm still alive and am adjusting well. At other places on the internet I'll post pictures of the apartment since I have some friends who are curious, and I'll probably link to them on Twitter, if anyone cares.
That's all there is, I think. I've kind of dropped out of this blogging scene and Twitter the last month and it's just...it's been a big whirlwind of "what the fuck is happening to me right now" stuff. So I hope I haven't lost any of you. I love you guys.


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|Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 2000. 38:
Copyright © 2000 by . All rights reserved
5.5. Global star-formation history and chemical evolution
Interest in the integrated background light from galaxy formation is long-standing (e.g. [Bondi et al. 1955]), and has motivated a large number of experiments aimed at measuring the diffuse extragalactic background (e.g. [Spinrad & Stone 1978, Dube et al. 1979, Matsumoto et al. 1988, Bernstein 1997, Hauser et al. 1998]). Although the integrated background records the light from all galaxies, whether or not they are individually detected, the task of separating out galactic foregrounds and instrumental backgrounds is formidable, and many of the measurements are only upper limits. An alternative approach is to add up the UV emission from galaxies that are individually detected. This approach formally produces only a lower limit for the true UV luminosity density, but it provides a basis for exploring connections of the high- and low-redshift universe and for deciding which of the various selection effects are plausible and important.
The UV emission from galaxies is directly connected to their metal production [Cowie et al. 1988] because the UV photons come from the same massive stars that produce most of the metals through type II SNe. The relation between UV emissivity and metal production is not strongly dependent on the initial mass function, varying by a factor of only 3.3 between the [Salpeter 1955] and [Scalo 1986] forms. In contrast, the relation of UV emission to the total star-formation rate is much more tenuous because the low-mass end of the IMF contains most of the mass whereas the high-mass end produces most of the UV emission. As a result, it is easier to constrain the history of metal production in the universe than it is to constrain the overall star-formation history. Prior to the HDF, estimates of the metal-production vs. redshift, Z(z) had been made from ground-based galaxy redshift surveys [Lilly et al. 1996] and from QSO absorption line statistics (e.g. [Lanzetta et al. 1995, Pei & Fall 1995, Fall et al. 1996]), and the observations at the time suggested an order-of-magnitude increase in Z(z) from z = 0 to z = 1.
[Madau et al. 1996] made the first attempt to connect the luminosity density in HDF high-redshift galaxy samples to lower-redshift surveys. The plot of the metal-formation rate vs. redshift has provided a focal point for discussion of the HDF and for comparisons to theoretical models. In the [Madau et al. 1996] paper, galaxies in redshift slices 2 < z < 3.5 and 3.5 < z < 4.5 were identified by strict color-selection criteria that were shown via simulations to provide strong rejection of objects outside of the desired redshift intervals. The luminosity of the galaxies within these redshift intervals was estimated by simply summing the observed fluxes of the galaxies, and no dust or surface-brightness corrections were applied. The results were presented as lower limits because nearly all of the corrections will drive the derived metal-formation rates up. The initial [Madau et al. 1996] diagram showed a metal-production rate at z ~ 4 that was roughly a factor of 10 lower than the rate at z ~ 1. [Madau 1997] subsequently modified the color-selection criteria and integrated down an assumed luminosity function, revising the z > 2 rates upward by about a factor of 3. There was remarkable agreement between Z(z) derived from the galaxy luminosities, the results of [Pei & Fall 1995], and the predictions of hierarchical models (e.g. [White & Frenk 1991, Cole et al. 1994, Baugh et al. 1998]), all of which show a peak in the metal production rate at z ~ 1 - 2. Subsequent work in this area has focused on (a) galaxy selection (b) effects of dust, and (c) the connection of the Madau diagram to general issues of galaxy evolution and cosmic chemical evolution, which we discuss in turn.
5.5.1. Galaxy Selection
The color-selection criteria of [Madau et al. 1996] are extremely conservative, and spectroscopic surveys [Steidel et al. 1996, Lowenthal et al. 1997] have identified at least a dozen 2 < z < 3.5 galaxies with U300 - B450 > 1.3 but with B450 - I814 redder than the [Madau et al. 1996] selection boundary. Alternative color-selection criteria (particularly in the 2 < z < 3.5 range) have been explored in a number of studies [Clements & Couch1996, Lowenthal et al. 1997, Madau et al. 1998, Meurer et al. 1999], with the result that the luminosity-density goes up as the area in color space is enlarged. The number of low- z interlopers also may go up, although spectroscopic surveys suggest that the [Meurer et al. 1999] selection boundary is not prone to this problem. Similar techniques have been applied to ground-based images covering much wider areas but sensitive only to brighter objects (see, e.g. [Steidel et al. 1999] and [Giallongo et al. 1998] for recent examples). Substantial progress has been made both in refining the estimates of the volume sampled by the color selection and in estimates of the high- z galaxy luminosity functions [Dickinson 1998, Steidel et al. 1999]. These allow more precise (but more model-dependent) estimates of the luminosity density at z > 3. In Fig. 5 we provide an updated plot of star-formation vs. redshift from the color-selected samples of [Steidel et al. 1999] and [Casertano et al. 2000], now including integration down the luminosity function and a correction for mean dust attenuation.
Figure 5. (Left) Star-formation rate density vs. redshift derived from ultraviolet luminosity density. The z > 2 points are from Lyman-break objects in the Hubble deep field (HDF) north (open triangles), in the HDF-south (filled triangles) and in the Steidel et al. (1999) ground-based survey (X's). The luminosity density has been determined by integrating over the luminosity function and correcting for extinction following the prescription of Steidel et al. (1999). Distances and volumes are computed using the cosmological parameters h, m, , tot = 0.65, 0.3, 0.7, 1.0. Possible contributions from far-IR and sub-millimeter sources are not included. Also not included are the upward revisions of the z < 1 star-formation densities suggested by Tresse & Maddox (1998) and Cowie et al. (1999). For the lower-redshift points, the open squares are from HDF photometric redshifts by Connolly et al (1997), the open circles are from Lilly et al. (1996), and the solid square is from the H survey of Gallego et al. (1995).
Photometric redshifts computed via template fitting can also be used to identify samples of high-z objects, and several such samples have been presented and discussed [Lanzetta et al. 1996, Sawicki et al. 1997, Sawicki & Yee 1998, Miralles & Pello 1998, Rowan-Robinson 1999, Fontana et al. 1999]. Luminosity densities at z > 2 from these studies are generally higher than those of [Madau et al. 1996], and the apparent drop in Z(z) at z 2 is not universally evident. A striking example of the difference between color-selected samples and photometric-redshift selected samples is the fact that HDF-S comes out with a higher UV luminosity-density than HDF-N in the color-selected sample shown in Fig. 5, but a lower luminosity density in the photometric-redshift selected sample of [Fontana et al. 1999]. One general concern about object selection is that galaxies at lower redshift are typically brighter than the high-z objects. Interlopers that make it into photometric samples can dominate the UV luminosity-density estimates.
It does appear evident that the original criteria of [Madau et al. 1996] were too conservative, and the directly measured UV luminosity density in bins at z ~ 3 and z ~ 4 is not demonstrably lower than it is at z ~ 1. At still higher redshifts, from the very small number of candidate objects with z > 5, [Lanzetta et al. 1998] computes an upper limit on the star-formation density at z ~ 5 - 12. For the cosmology adopted here, the limit on star formation in galaxies with 100h M yr-2 is lower than the inferred rate from Lyman-break galaxies at z = 4. With NICMOS observations it has become possible to identify z > 5 candidates to much fainter limits, detecting objects with UV luminosities more like those of typical Lyman break galaxies at 2 < z < 5. [Dickinson 2000] derives number counts for color-selected candidates at 4.5 < z < 8.5 in the HDF-N/NICMOS survey, and finds that they fall well below non-evolving predictions based on the well-characterized z = 3 Lyman break luminosity function. It appears that the space density, the luminosities, or the surface brightnesses (and hence, the detectability) of UV bright galaxies fall off at z > 5, at least in the HDF-N.
5.5.2. Dust and selection effects
Many of the discussions of the Madau diagram have centered around selection effects and whether the data actually support a decrease in Z(z) for z 2. Star-formation in dusty or low-surface-brightness galaxies may be unaccounted for in the HDF source counts. Meurer and collaborators [Meurer et al. 1997, Meurer et al. 1999] use local starburst galaxy samples to calibrate a relation between UV spectral slope and far-IR (60 - 100 µm) emission, and hence compute bolometric corrections for dust attenuation. They apply these corrections to a sample of color-selected Lyman-break galaxies in the HDF and derive an absorption-corrected luminosity density at z ~ 3 that is a factor of 9 higher than that derived by [Madau et al. 1996]. Not all of this comes from the dust correction; the luminosity-weighted mean dust-absorption factor for the [Meurer et al. 1999] sample is 5.4 at 1600Å. [Sawicki & Yee 1998] analyzed the optical/near-IR spectral energy distributions of spectroscopically confirmed Lyman-break galaxies in the HDF and found the best fit synthetic spectra involved corrections of more than a factor of 10. Smaller corrections were derived by [Steidel et al. 1999] for a sample of galaxies of similar luminosity. In general, the danger of interpreting UV spectral slopes as a measure of extinction is that the inferred luminosity corrections are very sensitive to the form of the reddening law at UV wavelengths. For the [Calzetti et al. 1994] effective attenuation law, used in all of the aforementioned studies, a small change in the UV color requires a large change in the total extinction. Photometric errors also tend to increase the dust correction, because objects that scatter to the red are assigned larger corrections that are not offset by smaller corrections for the blue objects. The corrections for dust must thus be regarded as tentative, and must be confirmed with more extensive H studies such as that of [Pettini et al. 1998], and further studies in the mid-IR, radio, and sub-millimeter.
The NICMOS HDF observations provide some additional insight into possible reddening corrections. Figure 6 shows the spectral-energy distributions of HDF galaxies with spectroscopic 2.5 < z < 3.5, superimposed on models with a constant star-formation rate and an age of 109 years. The galaxies are typically best fitted with ages 107-9 years and reddening 0.1 < E(B - V) < 0.4 with the [Calzetti et al. 1994] attenuation law. Very young galaxies with little extinction appear to be rare, and older or more reddened galaxies would possibly escape the Lyman-break selection. However, [Ferguson 1999] identified only 12 galaxies with V606 < 27 in the HDF-N that fail the [Dickinson 1998] color criteria but nevertheless have 2.5 < zphot < 3.5 from spectral-template fitting. In general these galaxies fall just outside the color selection boundaries, and the non-dropout sample contributes only 12% of the luminosity-density of the dropout sample. It thus appears unlikely that there is a population that dominates the metal-enrichment rate at z ~ 3 that is just missing from the Lyman-break samples. If the optically unidentified sub-millimeter sources (see Section 4.7) are really at z 3, they are probably a disjoint population, rather than simply the red tail of the Lyman-break population.
Figure 6. Spectral energy distributions of 28 spectroscopically confirmed Lyman-break galaxies with 2.5 < z < 3.5, superimposed on stellar population models. The models assume solar metallicity and a Salpeter IMF and include attenuation due to the IGM for z = 3. The models reflect constant star formation for 109, with different amounts of interstellar dust attenuation. The reddening values are E(B - V) = 0, 0.2, and 0.4, with the curve that is highest at long wavelengths having the highest value. The Calzetti et al. (1994) attenuation law was used.
If sources akin to ultra-luminous IRAS galaxies were present at z ~ 3 in the HDF, it is likely that they would be detected, but unlikely that they would be identified as Lyman-break galaxies. [Trentham et al. 1999] use HST observations to extend the spectral energy distributions for three nearby ultra-luminous IR galaxies down to rest-frame 1400 Å. Although this is not far enough into the UV to predict HDF B450 colors at z = 3 with confidence, it at least gives some indication of whether such galaxies are detectable. All three galaxies would likely be detected in the F814W band if shifted out to z = 3, although VII Zw 031 would be very near the detection limit. None of the galaxies would meet the [Madau et al. 1996] Lyman-break galaxy selection criteria, but might plausibly show up as high-z objects from their photometric redshifts.
In addition to dust, cosmological surface-brightness can bias the samples of high-redshift galaxies. For fixed luminosity and physical size, i.e. no evolution, surface-brightness will drop by about 1 mag between z = 3 and z = 4. This lower surface brightness will result in a decrease in the number density of objects and the inferred luminosity density, even if there is no intrinsic evolution. Using simulated images for one particular galaxy evolution model [Ferguson & Babul 1998], [Ferguson 1998b] arrived at corrections to Z(z) of a factor of 1.5 at z ~ 3 and 4.7 at z ~ 4. [Lanzetta et al. 1999] have looked at surface-brightness selection in a less model-dependent way, computing the star-formation "intensity" (in solar masses per year per square kiloparsec) from the UV flux in each pixel of the galaxy images. The comoving volume density of the regions of highest star-formation intensity appears to increase monotonically with increasing redshift, whereas a strong selection cutoff for star-formation intensities less than 1.5 M yr-1 kpc-2 affects samples beyond z > 2. The results suggest that surface-brightness effects produce a substantial underestimate of Z(z) at high redshift.
The undetected low-surface-brightness UV-emitting regions should contribute to the total diffuse background in the image. [Bernstein 1997] has attempted to measure the mean level of the extragalactic background light (EBL) in the HDF images, while [Vogeley 1997] has analyzed the autocorrelation function of the residual fluctuations after masking the galaxies. [Vogeley 1997] concludes that diffuse light clustered similarly to faint galaxies can contribute no more than ~ 20 % of the mean EBL. In contrast [Bernstein 1997], concludes that the total optical EBL is two to three times the integrated flux in published galaxy counts. The two results can be made marginally compatible if the fluxes of detected galaxies are corrected for light lost outside the photometric apertures and for oversubtraction of background due to the overlapping wings of galaxy profiles. If this interpretation is correct, there is not much room for the UV luminosity density to increase significantly at high redshift.
5.5.3. Connection to galaxy evolution
An important use of the metal-enrichment rate derived from the HDF and other surveys is the attempt to "close the loop": to show that the emission history of the universe produces the metal abundances and stellar population colors we see at z ~ 0. [Madau et al. 1996] made a first attempt at this, concluding that the metals we observe being formed [integrating Z(z) over time] are a substantial fraction of the entire metal content of galaxies.
[Madau et al. 1998] compared the integrated color of galaxy populations in the local universe to that expected from the UV-emission history, exploring a variety of options for IMF and dust obscuration. With a Salpeter IMF and modest amounts of dust attenuation, they find that a star-formation history that rises by about an order of magnitude from z = 0 to a peak at z ~ 1.5 is compatible with the present-day colors of galaxies, with the FIR background, and with the metallicities of damped Ly absorbers. [Fall et al. 1996], [Calzetti & Heckman 1999] and [Pei et al. 1999] have attempted to incorporate dust and chemical evolution in a more self-consistent way. The models include a substantial amount of obscured star-formation; more than 50% of the UV radiation is reprocessed by dust. The obscuration corrections increase the value of Z(z) from samples already detected in optical surveys, but do not introduce whole classes of completely dust-obscured objects. Although there are significant differences in the inputs and assumptions of the models, in all cases a model with a peak in Z(z) at z ~ 1 - 1.5 is found consistent with a wide variety of observations. In particular the models can simultaneously fit the COBE DMR and FIRAS measurements of the cosmic IR background [Puget et al. 1996, Hauser et al. 1998, Fixsen et al. 1998] and the integrated light from galaxy counts. The total mass in metals at z = 0 is higher in these new models than in those of [Madau et al. 1996], but the local census now includes metals in cluster X-ray gas, which were ignored by [Madau et al. 1996].
Overall, the success of these consistency checks is quite remarkable. Various imagined populations of galaxies (dwarfs, low-surface-brightness galaxies, highly dust obscured objects, etc.) now seem unlikely to be cosmologically dominant. The fact that the UV emission, gas metallicities, and IR backgrounds all appear capable of producing a universe like the one we see today leaves little room for huge repositories of gas and stars missing from either our census at z = 0 or our census at high redshift.
Nonetheless, there is room for caution in this conclusion. In clusters of galaxies, the mass of metals ejected from galaxies into the X-ray emitting gas exceeds that locked inside stars by a factor of 2-5 [Mushotzky & Loewenstein 1997]. If the same factor applies to galaxies outside clusters [Renzini 1997], then the local mass-density of metals greatly exceeds the integral of metal-enrichment rate, implying that most star-formation is hidden from the UV census (although the differences in galaxy morphology in clusters and the field suggests that clusters might not be typical regions of the universe). Various lines of evidence cited in Section 5.3 point to old ages for elliptical galaxies (both inside and outside of clusters) and the bulges of luminous early-type spirals [Renzini 1999, Goudfrooij et al. 1999]. The requirements for the early formation of metals in these systems look to be at odds with the inferences from the models described above. [Renzini 1999] estimates that 30% of the current density of metals must be formed by z ~ 3, whereas the best-fit models to the evolution of the luminosity density have only 10% formed by then. The discrepancy is interesting but is not outside of the range of error of the estimates of both Z(z) and the ages of stellar populations in present-day spheroidal systems.
It also remains a challenge to ascertain how the metals got from where they are at high redshift to where they are today. The bulk of the metals locked up in stars at z = 0 are in luminous, normal, elliptical and spiral galaxies. If elliptical galaxies (and spheroids in general) formed early and rapidly, they probably account for the lion's share of Z(z) above z = 2. Thus the metals formed in the z = 1 peak of Z(z) must end up for the most part in luminous spiral galaxies today. This is difficult to reconcile with the lack of evolution observed in number-density or luminosity of luminous spirals out to z = 1. An order-of-magnitude decline in star-formation rate in galaxy disks since z = 1 also seems inconsistent with present-day colors of spiral galaxy disks, or with star-formation histories derived from chemical-evolution models (e.g. [Tosi 1996, Prantzos & Silk 1998]). Furthermore, at z ~ 1 it appears that compact-narrow-emission-line galaxies [Guzman et al. 1997] and irregular galaxies account for a significant fraction of the UV luminosity density. If these galaxies fade into obscurity today, then they have not been accounted for in the census of metals in the local universe, and the z = 0 metallicity should be revised upwards in the global chemical-evolution models. On the other hand if these galaxies are merging into luminous spirals and ellipticals, it is hard to understand how luminous spiral and elliptical galaxy properties can remain consistent with PLE models out z = 1.


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Spice up Viewpoint
Chris Masoud | Wednesday, October 14, 2009
Lately I've been hearing a lot of talk about the lack of effort put forth in the Viewpoint section by the student body. For all the haters out there, allow me to say that you are completely right.
I mean c'mon people, are we really expected to read viewpoints about the same topics week in and week out? As much as I care about hookups and issues of homosexuality and what not, no one's going to get Buddie-status by reinventing the wheel. Actually no one will ever get Buddie status again, but we can at least strive for greatness.
But let's get back to the matter at hand. People submitting views out there need to step their game up. I know you have to let the whole world know that premarital sex is against Catholic teaching, but you're not going to change people's opinions in a paragraph. So do us all a favor and save the theological debates for the classroom.
Second, what's with all the alumni all of a sudden having a Dr. Phil moment? Did you just wake up one morning, eat your breakfast, and suddenly have a desire to get something off your chest. Guess what, you had your shot when you were here, but you missed out, so quit taking up space you old windbags.
Third, enough talk about issues of integrity, or lack thereof. I'm in college, not in grammar school. If I wanted someone to tell me how to live my life, I'd pack my bags and transfer to BYU. The next time someone steals a piece of your pizza at Reckers, do something about. Just don't start crying in our viewpoint.
Finally, the ever-popular hookup topic. Probably the most-talked about issue in our sacred forum, hookups really don't catch my attention like they used to. First of all, it's not a real hookup. Second, people don't really care. Third, we all hate parietals to some extent. Unless of course you are one of those people concerned with shoving integrity down our throats, in which case you should probably be living with the Amish.
So what should be gracing the cover of the only section of the Observer students might read? I can't speak for everybody, but this what I would like to see on a typical Tuesday morning:
1) A solid argument of why Golden Grahams is the most underrated cereal of all time. 2) A complaint regarding the undeniable east coast bias on ESPN. 3) An absolute roast of Chipotle as the most overrated thing of all time (if you've ever been to Mo's, you will understand). 4) The complicated decision process in making a taco in the Dining Hall.
So before you write your next viewpoint about the ethics of one-sided printing, just think about those of us with bigger things on our minds. Because if you don't that's at least five seconds of my life I'm not getting back.


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wp-config.php snippets for better Security and Performance
13/02/2013 | 7 Comments
If you've installed a WordPress Theme before you're familiar with the
wp-config.php file, located in the root of your WordPress install. This is the file where you set the database name, username, password, location and define your site language.
But what many users don't know is that the
wp-config.php file may be used to specify a wide variety of configurational settings, enabling you to improve the functionality, performance, and tighten security of your WordPress-powered site. Once you get the basics of
wp-config.php, you can really do some awesome stuff.
The contents of the
wp-config.php file are in a specific order, the order matters. If you already have a
wp-config.php file, rearranging the contents of the file may create errors on your blog. But above all else, make sure to backup your database before making major optimization efforts or attempting to repair tables.
Now the first thing you want to do with your new
wp-config.php is to protect it. In an earlier article here you can find a great way to secure this file using .htaccess: .htaccess codes to secure your WordPress site.
WordPress Database Table prefix
The smartest way you can protect your database is by changing the default table prefix which is really easy to do on a site that you are setting up. But it takes a few steps to change the WordPress database prefix properly for your established site without completely messing it up.
The default value, as seen in your
wp-config.php file, is:
$table_prefix = 'wp_';
Changing it to something unique essentially immunizes it against automated attacks, malicious scripts and bad bots on anything prefixed with "
wp_". The more random and unique, the better: "
name123_" could be a good example.
Note: Ending the string with an underscore or some other easily recognizable character is a good way to keep things readable and easy to use.
Tell WordPress to remember your FTP credentials
This snippet simply tells WordPress to remember your FTP credentials so you won't be asked again when an upgrade is available.
define('FTP_HOST', 'ftp.yoursite.com'); define('FTP_USER', 'Your_FTP_Username'); define('FTP_PASS', 'Your_FTP_password'); define('FTP_SSL', true); // If you can use a SSL connection set this to true
WordPress Internal Caching and Cache Expiration
In case of a slow database server, it might be a good idea to store frequently used data in a serialized form on disk. WordPress has an integrated disk-cache which stores rarely changing data like categories and users in a special folder.
The first definition enables you to enable or disable the cache, while the second definition enables you to specify the cache expiration time.
define('WP_CACHE', true); // 'true' to enable the cache define('CACHE_EXPIRATION_TIME', 3600); // in seconds
Note: If you want to disable cache, then change
'true' into
'false'. Make sure that the
wp-content/cache folder is writable!
Dealing with Post Revisions
WordPress provides a post-revisioning system that enables users to save different versions of their blog posts and even revert to previously saved versions if necessary. Regardless of how much you do or do not despise this amazingly awesome feature, you can limit the number of saved revisions by inserting:
define('WP_POST_REVISIONS', 3); // any integer
Note: If you want to disable the post-revisioning feature, change the integer to "
Specify the Autosave Interval
In a similar approach as the post-revisioning feature is WordPress' actually useful Autosave functionality. By default, WordPress saves your work every 60 seconds, but you can totally modify this setting to whatever you want.
define('AUTOSAVE_INTERVAL', 160); // in seconds
Note: Don't set the time to tight, unless you want to stress-out your server.
Automatically empty trash
By default WordPress deletes the Trash every 30 days, but you can set it to whatever you want by adding a line like this to
define('EMPTY_TRASH_DAYS', 1); // Empty spam comments automatically every day!
Note: Replace 1 by X to empty spam comments automatically every X days, you can disable the Trash feature by specifying a zero value.
Increase WordPress memory limit
If you are receiving error messages telling you that your "Allowed memory size of xxx bytes exhausted," this setting may help resolve the issue. By default, WordPress is configured to limit the php memory it uses to 32M. If you receive a message such as "Allowed memory size of xxxxxx bytes exhausted", you might want to increase this limit, as shown below:
define('WP_MEMORY_LIMIT', '96M');
Blog Address and Site Address
By default, these two configurational definitions are not included in the
wp-config.php file, but they should be added to improve performance. These two settings override the database value without actually changing them. Adding these two definitions in your site's
wp-config.php file reduces the number of database queries and thus improves site performance. These settings should match those specified in your WordPress Admin.
define('WP_HOME', 'http://gonzoblog.nl');
define('WP_SITEURL', 'http://
Note: Do NOT include a trailing slash at the end of either URL!
Error Log Configuration
Here is an easy way to enable basic error logging for your WordPress-powered site. Create a file called
php_error.log, make it server-writable, and place it in the directory of your choice. Error logs are powerful tools for keeping an eye on things and expediently resolving issues. Then edit the path in the third line of the following code and place into your
@ini_set('log_errors','On'); @ini_set('display_errors','Off'); @ini_set('error_log','/logs/php_error.log');
Note: There's a great article about monitoring your site's PHP errors (see Method 1) on digwp.com
Override File Permissions
If your web host's default file permissions are too restrictive, adding these definitions to your WordPress configuration file may help resolve the issue.
define('FS_CHMOD_FILE', 0644); define('FS_CHMOD_DIR', 0755);
Note: All files should be 644 or 640, and all directories should be 755 or 750. Read more about Changing File Permissions on Codex.
Force SSL usage on your wp-admin directory
If you're running WordPress on a server that supports SSL, you might want to force SSL usage on all admin sessions. To do so, simply define the
FORCE_SSL_ADMIN constant in your
wp-config.php file, as shown below:
define('FORCE_SSL_ADMIN', true);
Automatic Database Repair
WordPress 2.9 and later has automatic database optimization support, which you can enable by adding the following define to your
wp-config.php file only when the feature is required:
define('WP_ALLOW_REPAIR', true);
After you have added the code in the
wp-config.php, you can repair your database anytime by visiting the URL:
Change your wp-content directory
Since WordPress 2.6 you can change your wp-content directory. Set
WP_CONTENT_DIR to the full local path of this directory but should not have a slash "/" at the end. Example:
define( 'WP_CONTENT_DIR', $_SERVER['DOCUMENT_ROOT'] . '/new_folder/wp-content' );
Note: Do NOT include a trailing slash "/" at the end.
WordPress debugging, the easy way
When developing or debugging, it is useful to display errors. But when your site is live, you might not want to show your potential errors to the entire world. Here is simple solution to display errors only when a
?debug=debug parameter is found on the url.
The first thing to do is to paste the following code into wp-config.php:
if ( isset($_GET['debug']) && $_GET['debug'] == 'debug') define('WP_DEBUG', true);
Now you can open any page, and if something goes wrong there, like a white screen of death, you add
?debug=debug to its URL and see what's causing the trouble.
Note: As pointed out correctly in the comments by Sebastiaan Stok, it's best practice to only use this snippet in the developers phase! After publishing this snippet should be deleted immediately!
More Information
There are some more tricks and snippets you could add to your
wp-config.php, for more information check out the WordPress Codex. On this page you'll also find how to set Database Credentials, WordPress Localized Language and Authentication Unique Keys and Salts.
Next week I'm gonna write a new article with more tips and tricks to increase loadtime and therefore the general performance of your WordPress site, stay tuned!


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|Organization Name
|Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry
|Jobs Details
Application are invited for the Posts of Clerk in Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry.
|Post Name
Should have passed 10+2 examination or its equivalent from a recognized Board of School Education/University. Should possesses a minimum speed of 30 WPM in English Typewriting or 25 WPM in Hindi Typewriting on computers. Should have the knowledge of Word Processing in Computer as prescribed by the Recruitment Authority. Desirable-Knowledge of customs, manners and dialects of Himachal Pradesh and suitability for appointment in the peculiar conditions prevailing in the Pradesh.
No of Post: 01 Post
Age Limit: 18-45 Years.
Location: Shimla
Last Date: 13-03-2013
How to Apply : Applications complete in all respect must reach the The Director, All India Radio, Shimla-4 on or before 13th March, 2013.For More Information


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We fight for the actually innocent.
The Foundation is not a criminal defense organization. Instead, it is solely concerned with wrongful convictions of actually innocent defendants who played no role in the crimes for which they were convicted. It seeks not only to exonerate the wrongfully convicted, but thereafter, to help heal exonerees after years of wrongful imprisonment.
Wrongful conviction causes extensive humiliation and suffering. It is not enough to simply free the innocent. The Foundation takes a global approach to help its clients. It seeks not only to exonerate the wrongfully convicted, but thereafter, to help heal exonerees after years of wrongful imprisonment.
On the legal end, staff investigators examine claims of wrongful conviction, and where warranted, conduct investigation to turn up a sufficient amount of previously unknown evidence of innocence. Staff counsel then file post-conviction claims of actual innocence, seeking the exoneration of the wrongfully convicted. In addition, the Foundation collaborates with private defense counsel to help exonerate their innocent clients.
WE TAKE ON DNA AND NON-DNA CASES. Other wrongful conviction groups focus exclusively on DNA-based cases. Yet, DNA evidence is available in only about one fifth of wrongful conviction cases. Convictions built largely or wholly upon circumstantial evidence are more difficult to overturn. The Foundation not only pursues DNA cases, it uniquely focuses its efforts on the harder non-DNA cases.
We Take On the Hard, Non-DNA Cases.
Since 1989, there have been tens of thousands of cases in which suspects were pursued until pre-trial DNA testing proved their innocence. One study revealed that, of 289 DNA exonerees, nearly two dozen served time on death row. The average prison stretch for the wrongfully convicted was thirteen and a half years. DNA also identified the real perpetrators in 117 cases, including Jeff's case.
However, DNA evidence is no panacea to prevent or correct all wrongful convictions, because it is only available in 5 to 12% of all serious felony cases. The destruction or misplacing of vital evidence which could be subjected to DNA testing is commonplace. The Innocence Project, which limits its case load to DNA cases, reports that, since 2004, it was forced to close 22% of its cases because of lost or missing DNA evidence.
To fill the gap, in addition to DNA cases, the Foundation takes on the harder non-DNA cases.
Parole Boards, though not legally obligated to, often require applicants to express remorse and take responsibility for their crimes as a condition of parole. This places the wrongfully convicted in a catch 22 position: either assert their innocence and thereby risk extending an already unjust prison stay, or falsely admit guilt and thereby provide the state with additional evidence which could be used to re-wrongfully convict them in the event that a new trial is obtained. We write letters to the parole board on behalf of our clients outlining all of the primary and secondary reasons for our belief in their innocence and urging the board to parole them. Completing an investigation and obtaining exoneration takes years, if it is even obtained, and we believe that it is far better for our clients to be out on parole in the meantime while we fight to prove their innocence than to remain incarcerated.
The buck does not stop at the courthouse door.
The wrongfully convicted serve an average of thirteen and a half years in prison. Upon release, exonerees face of host of problems trying to rebuild their broken lives, such as readjusting to being free; coping with the psychological and emotional after effects of wrongful imprisonment; reconnecting with immediate and extended family; learning new technology; obtaining employment; and putting together a social life. The Foundation provides them with short-term housing, regular contact, and where possible, referrals to potential jobs. In addition, as an individual, and at personal cost, Jeff informally organizes social outings so that exonerees can socialize with other exonerees for fellowship and support.
The Foundation also engages in public advocacy to raise awareness about wrongful convictions and seeks legislative changes to prevent wrongful convictions, while also educating and urging law enforcement, prosecutors, and defense attorneys to, in the interim, voluntarily adhere to best practices while also learning the lessons of how other law enforcement agencies, prosecutors, defense attorneys, and judges went wrong in wrongful conviction cases for the purpose of avoiding those same mistakes and future wrongful convictions. We take positions on wrongful conviction related issues that our sister organizations are silent about, such as: criminalizing clear cut, intentional prosecutorial misconduct; automatic discovery (all the evidence against a defendant should be turned over at arraignment); the innocent prisoner's dilemma (the catch 22 parole issue described above); a commission on prosecutor conduct (an oversight board which would investigate allegations of prosecutorial misconduct); elimination of the guilt admission requirement in the administration of the sex offender program (for those prisoners who have maintained their innocence from the beginning). At other times, though not often, we sometimes take different positions than them, such as favoring DNA Databank Expansion [because it increases the possibility that the actual perpetrator will be identified during DNA testing via the databank]; and exoneree compensation.
The Foundation is the only entity of its kind initially funded out of the compensation paid to an exonereee that has an exonerative component to it. It was started by Jeffrey Deskovic, an exoneree who spent 16 years in prison for a rape and murder he did not commit.
At age sixteen, Jeff was charged with the brutal rape and murder of his high school classmate, an innocent fifteen year old Columbian immigrant named Angela Correa.
On the afternoon of November 15, 1989, Angela left home to take pictures for her photography class. Two days later, her naked, ravaged body was found in the woods near Hillcrest Elementary School in Peekskill, New York. At the time, Jeff was an isolated, awkward, naive kid. He knew Angela only casually.
Police claimed that Jeff was "overly upset" at Angela's funeral and were certain they had their man. They interrogated Jeff for over seven and a half hours, without his mother or legal counsel present. After browbeating and intimidating him, they ultimately extracted a false confession after promising that, once he confessed, he could go home.
In the 2007 "Report on the Conviction of Jeffrey Deskovic," a specially convened legal commission noted that "crime scene DNA evidence introduced at trial proved that the semen recovered from the victim's body was not his." Police and prosecutors knew this key fact long before trial. To bolster their phony case, the police, prosecutors and medical examiner all fabricated evidence that Jeff committed these horrible crimes.
Tragically, Jeff had an alcoholic and inept public defender unable to expose the deception. Jeff was tried as an adult, convicted, and sentenced to fifteen years to life. At sentencing, he sobbed and insistently told Judge Nicolas Colabella he was innocent. The judge responded, "maybe you are innocent," but sentenced Jeff anyway. He was sent to five maximum security prisons over the next sixteen years where he was beaten by other prisoners as a child rapist and fondled by a perverted corrections officer.
Jeff educated himself about the law in prison and pursued seven appeals. They all failed. The state appellate court stated with unqualified certainty that Jeff "struck the victim over the head with a blunt object, and dragged her into a wooded area, where he beat, raped and strangled her" and concluded "there was overwhelming evidence of the defendant's guilt." The court also found there was no "coercive environment or police misconduct that could induce a false confession" and "no police deception or improper use of the polygraph."
All these findings were wrong.
The U.S. Constitution preserves the writ of habeas corpus (literally, "deliver the body") as a last resort for prisoners whose federal constitutional rights were violated by state courts. The federal district court never considered the merits of Jeff's claims. Instead, it rejected the petition because his Georgia lawyer filed it four days later. The lawyer relied on assurances from the court clerk that the petition would be docketed on the date mailed, not the date received. On appeal, Jeff argued he did not create the four-day delay, the Government suffered no prejudice by it, and his habeas petition had substantive merit. The appellate court rejected all these arguments because his lawyer should not have relied "on verbal misinformation from the court clerk."
The Parole Board rejected Jeff's parole application after he became eligible because he refused to admit his guilt to these particularly brutal crimes.
After his appeals failed, Jeff spent years writing to countless journalists, faith-based organizations, law firms, innocence groups and anyone else who would listen to tell his story.
Three and a half years after he murdered Angela, drug addict Steven Cunningham murdered his girlfriend's sister, a school teacher named Patricia Morrison. Why? Because she refused to give him money to buy crack cocaine. Patricia had three young boys. Cunningham was convicted of her murder, incarcerated, and his DNA put into the FBI's CODIS (Combined DNA Index System) databank. Years passed and Jeff finally reached The Innocence Project. It persuaded the new Westchester County DA to reexamine the DNA in Angela Correa's murder. The database search revealed that Cunningham's DNA matched the semen in Angela's body.
Once confronted with this evidence, Cunningham confessed and pled guilty on March 16, 2007, to Angela's murder. At sentencing, Angela's mother said Jeff was "blamed and sacrificed like a lamb." Patricia's mother was also present. She said if law enforcement had not falsely accused Jeff, her daughter "would still be with us." Had Cunningham gotten away with murder a second time, Jeff would still be in prison.
After DNA proved Cunningham, not Jeff, was Angela's killer, on November 2, 2006, the judge who freed Jeff admitted "the undeniable fact that nothing can be done in this courtroom here today to erase the pain and suffering endured by you and your loved ones over the past sixteen years." Jeff walked into prison at age seventeen and walked out at age thirty-three. His entire adolescence and formative years had been stolen from him by members of law enforcement.
To this day, none of the police, prosecutors or medical examiners who engineered Jeff's conviction ever have been disciplined or suffered any career setbacks as a result of their outrageous, unethical conduct. In fact, Eugene Tumolo was promoted from Lieutenant to Chief of the Peekskill Police Department.
Police, the Medical Examiner and Prosecutors Were All Involved.
Peekskill detectives fed Jeff information about the crime scene on the pretext of seeking his help with the investigation; subjected him to a phony polygraph designed to obtain his false confession; and then cooked up false police reports attesting that Jeff knew non-public details about the crime and confessed to it.
The real perpetrator, Steven Cunningham, was a known local crack addict. Police had his fingerprints on file, and were aware that two boys saw him near the crime scene the day Angela was raped and murdered. Cunningham left behind four cigarette butts and a vial of crack cocaine at the crime scene.
Angela was a fifteen year old virgin and recent Columbian immigrant from a traditional Catholic family. The FBI's DNA report conclusively excluded Jeff as a suspect. Likewise, hair analysis proved a critical hair found on Angela's public area came from a black man, not a white man. Police, the medical examiner and prosecutors knew all this before trial. To explain this away, the medical examiner conspired with the prosecutor to fabricate evidence that Angela had a scarred hymen revealing prior sexual experience, and police and the prosecutor falsely claimed the semen came from her classmate named Freddy Claxton. However, they deliberately did not obtain hair and DNA from Claxton knowing this would have excluded him as the donor and undermined the phony story fed to the jury. Jeff's alcoholic and inept public defender did not challenge this fabricated evidence or obtain independent experts to refute it.
Jeff sued the following:
• the City of Peekskill and police Lt. Eugene Tumolo, who was later promoted to Chief, and the detectives under him, Thomas McIntyre, David Levine, and Walter Brovarski
• the investigator from neighboring Putnam County, Daniel Stevens, who staged the phony polygraph to extract Jeff's false confession and Putnam County
• the medical examiner, Louis Roh, M.D., and his boss Millard Hyland, M.D. because Hyland knew Roh's notorious history of fabricating evidence and giving perjured testimony in prior cases, which led the Dutchess County D.A. to seek revocation of Roh's medical license
• the Westchester A.D.A. George Bolen (dismissed because prosecutors are immune, even when they engage in misconduct), and Westchester County which employed Bolen and Roh
• the inept public defender, Peter Insero and his employer, the Legal Aide Society, and
• Alan Tweed, a Corrections Officer and sadistic pervert who repeatedly groped Jeff at the maximum security prison in Elmira, New York, known as "the Hill."
To date, all the defendants have settled save Putnam County which employs Stevens.
After he was released from prison, Jeff suffered from the emotional pain and problems universal to victims of wrongful conviction.
Exonerees typically have difficulty with normal activities most people take for granted. For example, many do not know how to use a GPS, an ATM machine, a cellular telephone or the Internet. In prison, they cannot run their own lives or make choices about even simple things. Mundane tasks like catching a train or buying items at a grocery store are huge hurdles.
Worse, many exonerees have nowhere to go. Families and friends often reject them. Not only do they lack life skills, they lack job skills, too. Employers have little interest in employing ex-cons and no time to hear pleas of actual innocence. Without employment, exonerees lack money to help them reintegrate into society. They fall into despair and onto the welfare rolls. Litigation against the state for compensation takes years before they ever see the first dime.
In addition, exonerees suffer from a host of common psychological problems, including Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, panic attacks, feeling overwhelmed by choices, free floating anxiety, mood swings, feeling frozen in time, and being out of synch with the pace of life.
Once, Jeff had a bright future in front of him. Instead, he suffered the loss of his youth and his dreams. While his classmates were dating, travelling, going to college and pursuing careers, Jeff learned prison etiquette and how to avoid beatings from sadistic guards and inmates. Jeff was thirty-three when he was released. People in their thirties usually have families, careers and established social lives. Jeff had none of these things. He emerged from prison gasping for a connection to others and used his compensation to help other exonerees in the same terrible situation.
Jeff was determined not to let false imprisonment beat him. He studied hard.
Jeff obtained his A.S. in Liberal Arts from Corning Community College (Corning, New York) while he was still locked up. Once freed, he obtained his B.S. in Behavioral Science from Mercy College (Dobbs Ferry, New York in 2007, thanks to a full scholarship, including living for free in their dormitory, and a meal plan. He went on to graduate school and obtained his M.A. in Criminal Justice from the John Jay College of Criminal Justice (New York, New York) in 2013. His thesis analyzed systemic deficiencies in police investigations and prosecution that lead to wrongful convictions and proposed solutions.
Additionally, Jeff co-designed a wrongful conviction syllabus which is being used at several colleges, including Farleigh Dickinson University, and Rockland Community College, where Jeff is an adjunct professor teaching wrongful convictions. The Bergen County, New Jersey, police academy has asked Jeff address each graduating class of police and corrections officers. The Foundation's publication, "The Thinking Jurors" manual has been distributed outside numerous state and federal courthouses.
3 Things You Can Do to End Police Killings and Fix the Criminal Justice System
Huffington Post
December 10, 2014
Matthew Cooke and Adrian Grenier
We're doing a lot of talking. That's good. Now let's make them accountable.
Since the shooting of Mike Brown, more than 14 black teens have been killed by the police, including 12-year-old Tamir Rice, a boy in Cleveland, Ohio who was murdered less than two seconds after police arrived at a playground to answer a 911 call related to a black child carrying a pellet gun.
If you're a black teenager you're 21 times more likely to be shot by a police officer than if you're white. So we've been talking about racism.
Exonerated but not free: What do we owe the wrongfully convicted?
November 9, 2014 at 4:00 PM EST
Hari Sreenivasan
The toll of the justice system on the wrongfully convicted
The toll of varied laws for compensation for the wrongfully convicted is examined.
In the US, state laws governing compensation for wrongfully convicted people vary significantly. While some states offer sizable packages for the exonerated, at least 20 offer nothing. And even for those that do, it may not be enough to make up for the emotional damage on those who've been wrongfully convicted. Hari Sreenivasan reports.
Chabad of the Shore
September 4, 2015
Chabad of the Shore, a Jewish community organization in Long Branch, NJ, hosted a dinner and invited Jeffrey Deskovic to be the guest speaker, followed by Q&A.
TEDxMartha's Vineyard
August 31, 2015
Jeffrey Deskovic was honored with being invited to speak at TEDxMartha's Vineyard along with other preeminent leaders, thinkers, and doers.
TED is a nonprofit organization devoted to Ideas Worth Spreading, which now has given birth local, self-organized TEDx events on a global scale. TEDxMartha's Vineyard is a day of talks, performances, and community building on the island of Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts each August.


text:
If you have a fairly deep size roster, a 3rd QB is not out of
the question. But, make it worthwhile by going for upside with
a young guy like Eli Manning
or J.P. Losman. You don't really
need 3 QB in a 12 team league, and sometimes it just complicates
things when you're trying to start the right one each week, but
consider it a little extra insurance in case one of your QB go
down. This is especially something to consider if drafting early
and there are 2-3 weeks of preseason games still on the schedule.
RB are so drained at this point the options tend to be guys who
could get a chance if the starter gets injured. Many people don't
believe in this but I do believe in paying for proper insurance
backing up your starter (handcuffing), which is why I drafted
Marion Barber late in the Grange
Masters league a month ago since I took Julius Jones in the 1st
So, I would be taking Chester Taylor
to insure Jamal Lewis, Najeh Davenport
to insure Ahman Green, and Dominic
Rhodes to insure Edgerrin James, etc. Priest Holmes's
backup as we mentioned earlier came at a somewhat higher price
and shouldn't be available this late. If he is, then whether
you have Priest or not take Larry Johnson.
Michael Turner backs up LaDainian
Tomlinson and looked good in early preseason action against Green
It never hurts to have depth at RB, so I will take backups at
the right value before other teams handcuff their stars. Players
I like here are Ryan Moats,
Derrick Blaylock, and Brandon
Jacobs. Chris Perry is
also getting good early reviews from the media, but I have soured
on him somewhat since he got drafted last year.
I've said it before and I'll say it again. Draft for upside,
especially at WR and especially this late in the draft. Of what
possible use could Marty Booker be to your team, or Jerome Pathon,
Bobby Engram or Ricky Proehl? The upside potential has been here
already but packed up and left town long ago.
Do your research and keep an eye out for opportunity for a young
guy to take over an injured, aging, or just plain brutal starting
WR crew for their respective team. Perhaps a former relatively
highly touted player who has fallen off the radar in recent years,
but should still have some upside potential given their situation
(think Muhsin Muhammad's performance a year ago). There
are plenty of guys that fit the bill which you can get at various
spots in the draft, all post-10th. Here is who I like and here's
hoping one or more of them are this year's Michael Clayton and
Nate Burleson, both 10th+ round draftees the year before:
If you're going TE late then there are some decent sleeper picks
available. Antonio Gates was drafted about the 10th round last
year. It will be tough to duplicate that value pick this year,
but let's look at some choices:
Do not think that for a position like TE, which is a low value
position (and the same applies to K and DEF), that you absolutely
must have a backup on your roster at all times. If your league
has any kind of reasonable free agent system where you can pick
up 2 or more players per week, it isn't necessary to worry about
covering byes for your TE, K or DEF during the draft.
This especially applies to a relatively small roster, such as
8-9 starters but only 5-6 bench spots. You're better off filling
the backup spots at RB, WR and QB and just inserting a bye week
replacement as you need it.
You know how I feel about kickers. I'd list the ones I like but
since I care little for them I don't even focus on the names too
much. Instead look for someone who benefits from a combination
of a high powered or potentially high powered offense (Jeff
Wilkins, Rams), a strong defense to give the offense a
short field and lot of opportunities (Matt
Stover, Ravens), a big leg (Jason
Elam, Broncos), job security (Adam
Vinatieri, Patriots) and plays in a dome or warm climate
(John Carney, Saints). And most
of all is someone who you won't have to draft until the final
1-2 rounds of the draft.
Defenses are tougher to choose from because you know they can
vary in points scored, unlike kickers do very much, but it is
just extremely difficult figuring out which ones will do well
and which ones will flop. And honestly I don't spend a lot of
time researching team defenses since most of my leagues use individual
defensive players (IDP).
Check the early matchups to see who is playing a team with a
young, inexperienced or mistake-prone offense, particularly the
QB (49ers, Bears). Look for a team with a strong offense that
is going to force their opponent into a one-dimensional, come
from behind mode. Look for a defense with a strong DL first and
foremost. Everything starts at the line. A team can have the best
corners in the league but with no pressure up front on the QB
the corners aren't going to be able to defend the receivers forever.
Don't be too concerned about drafting a DEF that you think will
last all year for you, because chances are they won't. Keep you
wits about you early in the season because there is usually a
DEF which really shines the first week or two available on waivers
that you want to jump on.
Wow, never when I started this did I expect it to go this long.
Remember this is only a guide. Stay flexible as you draft. Do
not lock into certain positions in advance of each pick, but it
doesn't hurt to have a plan or expectation going in. Happy Drafting!
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