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Origin Of Life
( Originally Published 1909 )
THE discussion of the origin of life is introduced by J. Arthur Thomson, of Aberdeen University, in 'The Science of Life' with the following words: "If it were the object of this book to give a statement of the established facts of biology, our discussion of the origin of life might be condensed into a single sentence: We do not know anything in regard to the origin of life. The only certainty is a negative one there is no established case in which living organisms have arisen apart from parent organisms of the same kind."
There are two distinct questions connected with the origin of life: First, how did it first originate in the early eras of the world's history? and, second, does life to-day originate spontaneously in inorganic matter? It seems best to consider these separately. Professor Max Verworn, of the University of Jena, gives a good summary of the various theories concerning the origin of life, and it is from his 'General Physiology' that some of the following illustrations have been taken.
The origin of life upon the earth is a first and leading problem. The idea that the earth was once in a highly heated condition is accepted in modern science. And this fact that it once was in a condition in which the temperature was enormously high and not a drop of water existed upon it, in short, a condition in which the vital conditions that are now regarded as indispensable to the existence of organisms were wanting, will always be an important factor with which all speculations upon the origin of life upon the earth must deal. Obviously in that highly heated condition life in its present form, at least, could not have existed. Then one of two things must have happened after the earth cooled down either inorganic matter must have become living matter or living matter must have come from other planets than this.
But if life came hither from other worlds, the interesting question as to the beginning of life remains. Helmholtz has said, "Organic life either has begun to exist at some one time or has existed for eternity." Evidently the two notions are mutually exclusive. Which affords the most reasonable basis of explanation? The idea that life has existed in the universe from eternity and has simply been transferred from one world to another is known as the theory of 'cosmozoa.' It was suggested by H. E. Richter (1865, '70 and '71), who assumed that among particles moving about in space, like meteorites, there are the germs of microscopic organisms capable of establishing life on the earth. Helmholtz and Sir William Thomson have discussed this question of the transference of living matter from other heavenly bodies to this earth and both term this view not unscientific. Helmholtz (1884) held that meteors which swarm everywhere in space might be the bearers of such germs in their cool interior cavities. He thought it a correct scientific procedure to question whether life may not be even as old as matter and its germs passed from world to world and developed wherever favorable conditions exist.
In the present condition of knowledge it is scarcely possible to obtain a direct contradiction of this doctrine and conclusive proof of its impossibility. This will be true so long as experience does not suffice to enable man to recognise as wholly impossible the transfer of protoplasmic germs of life from one world to another. But, altho direct contradiction of the doctrine is at present impossible, the thought that living substance has existed from eternity and has never originated from inorganic substance appears in the highest degree improbable.
Setting aside the 'cosmozoa' theory as improbable, and before considering the alternative view of the spontaneous generation of life from lifeless matter on the earth, mention should be made of Preyer's view that living matter is the primary thing and that lifeless matter has been derived from the living. According to this view, life must have existed when the earth was incandescent. Preyer fits his theory to this fact by giving to his conception of life a scope wider than that usually allowed, including not only present living matter but also incandescent liquid masses as they once existed. Life then had no origin ; it existed even in the beginning of the material universe. In fact, the view seems to identify life with motion. Evidently the language used constitutes the chief difference between this and the doctrine that living matter as now recognised was spontaneously generated from matter customarily termed lifeless. Whether from primeval conditions incandescent matter, which from our usual standpoint would certainly be considered lifeless, was really living and separated out that which we call lifeless or whether it was lifeless with the power to evolve into living matter are questions of greater metaphysical flavor than of direct interest in the biological science of to-day. In either case the original incandescent matter must have possessed the potentiality of evolving and differentiating into what is now recognised as living and lifeless matter. It matters little whether in philosophical moods it is sought to establish the primary vital force, for after all, as has been shown, vital force is not unique among the forces of the universe.
One of the most suggestive works discussing the origin of life from lifeless matter on the earth is by the famous German physiologist Pflüger (1875). He discussed the problem from the standpoint of physiological chemistry and follows it out far into detail. The essential point of Pfluger's investigation is constituted by the chemical characteristics of proteid as that substance with which life in its essentials is inseparably united. There exists a fundamental difference between dead proteid, as it occurs e.g., in egg albumen, and living proteid, as it constitutes living substance; this difference is the self decomposition of the latter. All living substance is continually being decomposed, in some degree spontaneously and more through outside influences, while dead proteid under favorable conditions remains intact for an unlimited time.
Further, Pflüger assumes on scientific grounds that the presence of cyanogen in living matter is responsible for the characteristic properties of living proteid, especially its great powers of decomposition. From this he concludes that the beginning of organic life was in cyanogen. Hence the problem of the origin of living substance culminates in the question: How does cyanogen arise
Here, organic chemistry presents the highly significant fact, that cyanogen and its compounds, such as potassium cyanide, ammonium cyanide, hydrocyanic acid, cyanic acid, etc., arise only in an incandescent heat e.g., when the necessary nitrogenous compounds are brought in con-tact with burning coal, or when the mass is heated to a white heat. "Accordingly, nothing is clearer than the possibility of the formation of cyanogen compounds when the earth was wholly or partially in a fiery or heated state." Moreover, chemistry shows how the other essential constituents of proteid, such as the hydrocarbons, the alcohol radicals, etc., can likewise arise synthetically in heat.
"It is seen," says Pflüger, "how strongly and remarkably all facts of chemistry point to fire as the force that has produced by synthesis the constituents of proteid. In other words, life is derived from fire, and its fundamental conditions were laid down at a time when the earth was still an incandescent ball. If now we consider the immeasurably long time during which the cooling of the earth's surface dragged itself slowly along, cyanogen and the compounds that contain cyanogen and hydrocarbon substances had time and opportunity to indulge extensively their great tendency toward transformation and polymerization and to pass over with the aid of oxygen, and later of water and salts, into that self destructive proteid, living matter."
Pflüger thereupon summarizes his ideas in the following sentences: "Accordingly, I would say that the first proteid to arise was living matter, endowed in all its radicals with the property of vigorously attracting similar constituents, adding them chemically to its molecule, and thus growing ad infinitum. According to this idea, living proteid does not need to have a constant molecular weight; it is a huge molecule undergoing constant, never ending formation and constant decomposition, and probably be-haves toward the usual chemical molecules as the sun behaves toward small meteors.
"In the plant, living proteid simply continues to do what it has always done since its origin i.e., regenerate or grow; wherefore I believe that all proteid existing in the world today was derived directly from the first proteid."
This idea of Pflüger's in essentials is generally accepted, for most present day biologists prefer to think of life as having originated directly from substances usually regarded as lifeless and of all existing living proteid as having descended in direct continuity from the first proteid. Moreover, some biologists follow Helmholtz and others in thinking that the first proteid may possibly have originated in some other part of the universe, but astronomy and geology offer good reason for believing that living matter might have originated on the earth when in its evolution to its present state conditions became right for its development.
However, notwithstanding all the speculations concerning the subject, it must be recognised that the problem is one of metaphysics rather than of natural science. The ordinary methods of scientific investigation are not applicable to the problem and one can only theorize as to the basis of life as it is known. But there cannot be any certainty that life in its beginning, under possibly vastly different conditions from those obtaining today, possessed the distinctive properties discovered in it by modern science.
That master of modern philosophical biology, Thomas H. Huxley, discussed the origin of life in his Presidential Address before the British Association for the Advancement of Science, forty years ago, and his words, while expressing the' ideas outlined above, stand high among the statements of the philosophical problems of biology. "Looking back through the prodigious vista of the past," he writes, "I find no record of commencement of life, and therefore I am devoid of any means of forming a definite conclusion as to the condition of its appearance. Belief, in the scientific sense of the word, is a serious matter and needs strong foundations. To say, therefore, in the admitted absence of evidence, that I have any belief as to the mode in which the existing forms of life have originated, would be using words in a wrong sense.
"But expectation is permissible where belief is not; and if it were given to me to look beyond the abyss of geologically recorded time to the still more remote period when the earth was passing through physical and chemical conditions which it can no more see again than a man can: recall his infancy, I should expect to be a witness of the evolution of living substance from nonliving matter. I should expect to see it appear under forms of great simplicity, endowed, like existing fungi, with the power of determining the formation of new living matter from such matters as ammonium carbonates, oxalates and tartrates, alkaline and earthy phosphates, and water, without the aid of light. That is the expectation to which analogical reasoning leads me; but I beg you once more to recollect that I have no right to call my opinion anything but an act of philosophical faith."
The second question to be considered is that of spontaneous generation. The view that life originally began in nonliving matter i.e., was spontaneously generated, is commonly accepted by twentieth century biology. But it should be noted that "belief in the spontaneous generation of simple living matter in the early ages of the worlds history is quite different from the belief that even today new living matter originates spontaneously without the influence of preexisting living matter."
This idea that living things, including even animals as complicated as flies and frogs, originate directly from lifeless matter, long after the first origin of life, has been widely accepted and is believed even today by many unscientific people. It is to this supposed origin of living matter within the period of human history that the term 'spontaneous generation' ('archegony,' 'abiogenesis,' 'generatio spontanea' or 'aequivoca') is most commonly applied and few authors of articles on the subject have included discussion of the first origin of life. Obviously the fundamental problems would be the same, no matter whether the spontaneous appearance of life in lifeless mat-ter occurred in the beginning of all life or occurs to-day. But the first is entirely beyond the power of scientific investigation, while if life now originates spontaneously a critical application of the methods of 'modern science ought to prove it and to throw light on the method of origin. Investigators have therefore been timulated to test the truth of the theory and to look for the key which will unlock the mystery of the first origin of life.
A vast amount of critical work has been done with the result that the biologists of the Victorian era proved that life does not originate spontaneously in any of the cases claimed to have been observed. In other words, life does not now spontaneously originate in lifeless matter so far as is known. This does not mean that it cannot or does not originate in some unknown form. This is a possibility which biologists recognise, and so they stand in an open-minded attitude ready to witness the origin of life from lifeless matter and really somewhat disappointed in that this opportunity has not yet come.
The story of the theory of spontaneous generation is one of the most fantastic in all biology. Thomson says: "If the longevity of a belief were an index to its' truth, the theory of spontaneous generation should rank high among the veracities, for it flourished throughout twenty centuries and more. We cannot trace the history of the theory in all its details, but the story may be recommended to the psychological historian as a labyrinth of error, with glimpses of truth at every turn."
The belief in spontaneous generation is recorded in literature back as far as Anaximander (611-547 B.C.), He believed that eels and other aquatic forms are produced directly from lifeless matter. His pupil Anaximenes (588-524 B.C.) "introduced the idea of primordial terrestrial slime, a mixture of earth and water, from which, under the influence of the sun's heat, plants, animals and human beings are directly produced in the abiogenetic fashion," says Osborn in 'From the Greeks to Darwin.' Diogenes and Xenophanes, the first to recognise the true nature of fossils, also believed in spontaneous generation. Then came the "father of natural history," Aristotle (384-322 B.c.), who fostered this idea so strongly that it has persisted for more than twenty centuries. He taught that not only small animals, but even frogs, snakes and eels are produced spontaneously from mud.
Long after Aristotle, men found no difficulty in believing in cases of spontaneous generation which would now be rejected as monstrous by the most fanatical supporter of the doctrine. Shellfish of all kinds were considered to be without parental origin. Eels were supposed to spring spontaneously from the fat ooze of the Nile. Caterpillars were the spontaneous products of the leaves on which they fed; while winged insects, serpents, rats and mice were all thought capable of being generated without sexual intervention.
The development of embryology and the knowledge of the life-histories of plants and animals gradually set aside many supposed cases of spontaneous generation. A little observation showed that individuals of these species developed from eggs produced by parents of the same species. But it is interesting to note that certain philosophers, notably among them being Augustine (353-430), still held to spontaneous generation as occasionally happening in animals reproducing by the sexual method. According to Augustine, from the beginning there had existed two kinds of germs of living things: first, visible ones, placed by the Creator in animals and plants; and second, invisible ones, latent and becoming active only under certain conditions of combination and temperature. It is these which produce plants and animals in great numbers without any cooperation of existing organisms. This was a naturalistic way of explaining the sudden appearance of countless numbers of frogs, insects and other animals which to-day offers no difficulty, now that the remarkable fertility of animals is known.
Even a man like Cesalpino (1519-1603), who did some excellent botanical work, and had, long before Harvey, some clear ideas as to the circulation of the blood, "believed that frogs might be generated from the mud with the help of sunshine," says Thompson, "and even suggested similar origin of the aboriginal Americans. The botanists were no better than the zoologists. One of their favorite notions was that the green dust which grows in damp weather on trees and stones, which is now known to consist of unicellular Algae, such as 'Pleurococcus,' was a standing evidence of the genetic connection between the dead and the living, between the mineral and the vegetable; even Bacon of Verulam believed in the spontaneous origin of some higher plants, like thistles, from earth; and the Italian botanist Matthioli regarded the duckweed, whose leaf like shoots are so common on the surface of pools, as a condensation of the still water, and a starting-point for higher forms of plant life; while even Harvey continued to believe in spontaneous generation."
A scientific experiment to test spontaneous generation was first undertaken by Francesco Redi, a distinguished Italian physician and scholar. The origin of maggots from putrefying flesh had long been accepted as a clear case of spontaneous generation. Tyndall, in an article on spontaneous generation, writes of this as follows : "Lacking the checks imposed by fuller investigation, the conclusion that flesh possesses and exerts this generative power is a natural one. I well remember when a child of ten or twelve seeing a joint of imperfectly salted beef cut into, and coils of maggots laid bare within the mass. Without a moment's hesitation I jumped to the conclusion that these maggots had been spontaneously generated in the meat. I had no knowledge which could qualify or oppose this conclusion, and for the time it was irresistible. The childhood of the individual typifies that of the race, and the belief here enunciated was that of the world for nearly two thousand years."
To the examination of this very point the celebrated Francesco Redi addressed himself in 1668. He had seen the maggots of putrefying flesh, and reflected on their possible origin. But he was not content with mere reflection, nor with the theoretic guesswork which his predecessors had founded upon their imperfect observations. Watching meat during its passage from freshness to decay, prior to the appearance of maggots he invariably observed flies buzzing round the meat and frequently alighting on it. The maggots, he thought, might be the half-developed progeny of these flies.
"The inductive guess precedes experiment, by which, however, it must be finally tested. Redi knew this, and acted accordingly. Placing fresh meat in a jar and covering the mouth with paper, he found that, tho the meat putrefied in the ordinary way, it never bred maggots, while the same meat placed in open jars soon swarmed with these organisms. For the paper cover he then substituted fine gauze, through which the odor of the meat could rise. Over it the flies buzzed, and on it they laid their eggs, but the meshes being too small to permit the eggs to fall through, no maggots were generated in the meat. They were, on the contrary, hatched upon the gauze. By a series of such experiments Redi destroyed the belief in the spontaneous generation of maggots in meat, and with it doubt-less many related beliefs. The combat was continued by Vallisneri, Schwammerdam and Réaumur, who succeeded in banishing the notion of spontaneous generation from the scientific minds of their day. Indeed, as regards such complex organisms as those which formed the subject of their researches, the notion was banished forever, so far as accepted science was concerned." However, to this day many untutored persons firmly believe that dead horse-hairs placed in water transform themselves into horse-hair eels and that meat generates maggots and other forms of life.
In the latter half of the seventeenth century the great improvement of the microscope as an instrument of investigation paved the way to a new phase of the discussion of spontaneous generation. This came about because of the fact that the instrument brought into view a world of life formed of individuals so minute so close as it seemed to the ultimate particles of matter as to suggest an easy passage from atoms to organisms. Animal and vegetable infusions exposed to the air were found clouded and crowded with creatures far beyond the reach of unaided vision, but perfectly visible to an eye strengthened by the microscope. With reference to their origin these organisms were called 'Infusoria.' Stagnant pools were found full of them, and the obvious difficulty of assigning a germinal origin to existences so minute furnished the precise condition necessary to give new play to the notion of heterogenesis or spontaneous generation.
Many scientific men of that day took up the question of the origin of the microscopic organisms. A Scotch priest, Turbervill Needham (1750), showed that animalcules (Infusorians and the like) appeared even in decoctions which had been boiled and corked up. As we should now say, this result was due to imperfect sterilization and imperfect corking of the tubes; but it was used by Buffon, who was much interested in Needham's work, to bolster up a pet theory of his, that life resided in indestructible organic molecules, and that these were liberated after death or in decomposition as the aforesaid Infusorians or animalcules.
This result of Needham's was contradicted in 1777 by the Abbé Spallanzani who charged his flasks with organic infusions, sealed their necks with the blowpipe, subjected them in this condition to the heat of boiling water, and subsequently exposed them to temperatures favorable to the development of life. The infusions continued unchanged for months, and when the flasks were subsequently opened no trace of life was found. Spallanzani's flasks must have contained but little air and it was objected by the chemists, who had now discovered oxygen, that life could not be expected where this gas was more or less absent, and that the boiling process might irretrievably injure the 'organic molecules.'
Schultze and Schwann (1836, 1837) were thus led to make fresh experiments; they carefully boiled the infusions and supplied air which had been passed through red hot tubes or acids, no animacules appeared; they then sup-plied air which had not been so purified, and in the same infusions the animalcules appeared. Schwann's final conclusion was "that putrefaction is due to decompositions of organic matter attendant on the multiplication therein of minute organisms. These organisms are derived not from the air but from something contained in the air, which is destroyed by a sufficiently high temperature."
The next step in advance came in 1854, when Schroeder and Dusch did what is now so often done as a class experiment: they boiled infusions, and while the steam was coming off plugged the neck of the flask with cotton-wool. This allows the passage of oxygen, but keeps back germs ; and in most cases the sterilization is quite effective. In 1859 a book was published which seemed to overturn some of the best established facts of previous investigators. Its title was 'Héterogénie,' and its author was F. A. Pouchet, Director of the Museum of Natural History at Rouen, a strong believer in the theory of spontaneous generation. "Never," says Tyndall, "did a subject require the exercise of the cold critical faculty more than this one. To a man of Pouchet's temperament the subject was full of danger-danger not lessened by the theoretic bias with which he approached it."
Pasteur's work in chemistry and in special research in fermentation had prepared him for this investigation. He knew more than Pouchet as to the insidious ways of microbes ; he showed the weak point of his antagonist's experiments, and gained the prize offered in 186o by the Academy, for "well-contrived experiments to throw new light upon the question of spontaneous generation." Pasteur threw light on the subject by his study of the organized particles many of them living or dead bacteria which float in the air. He opened twenty sealed flasks containing organic infusions in the pure air of the Mer de Glace, and only one thereafter showed signs of life ; but eight out of twenty opened on the plains, and all of the twenty opened in town, developed germs. These and other experiments, carried out with a severity perfectly obvious to the instructed scientific reader, and accompanied by a logic equally severe, restored the conviction that, even in these lower reaches of the scale of being, life does not appear without the operation of antecedent life. Pasteur's brusque conclusion was that "spontaneous generation is a chimera."
These experiments by Pasteur laid the foundation for a long series of studies of micro-organisms by himself, Tyndall and others. Tyndall describes the famous experiment in which he proves that "not in the air, nor in the in-fusions, nor in anything continuous diffused through the air, but in discrete (organic) particles, suspended in the air and nourished by the infusions, we are to seek the cause of life" as follows: "Supposing an infusion intrinsic-ally barren, but readily susceptible of putrefaction when exposed to common air, to be brought into contact with unilluminable air (air freed from dust particles), what would be the result? It would never putrefy. Let a condensed beam be sent through a large flask or bolthead containing common air. The track of the beam is seen within the flask the dust revealing the light, and the light revealing the dust. Cork the flask, stuff its neck with cotton-wool, or simply turn its mouth downward and leave it undisturbed for a day or two. Examined afterward with the luminous beam, no track is visible ; the light passes through the flask as through a vacuum. The floating matter has abolished itself, being now attached to the interior surface of the flask. Were it the object effectually to detain the dirt, that surface might be coated with some sticky substance. Here, then, without 'torturing' the air in any way, is a means of ridding it, or rather of enabling it to rid itself, of floating matter.
"We have now to devise a means," he continues, "of testing the action of such spontaneously purified air upon putrescible infusions. Wooden chambers, or cases, accordingly are constructed, having glass fronts, side-windows and backdoors. Through the bottoms of the chambers test-tubes pass air-tight; their open ends, for about one-fifth of the length of the tubes, being within the chambers. Provision is made for a free connection through sinuous channels between the inner and the outer air. Through such channels, tho open, no dust will reach the chamber. The top of each chamber is perforated by a circular hole two inches in diameter, closed air tight by a sheet of india rubber. This is pierced in the middle by a pin, and through the pinhole is pushed the shank of a long pipette, ending above in a small funnel. The shank also passes through a stuffing-box of cotton-wool moistened with glycerine; so that, tightly clasped by the rubber and wool, the pipette is not likely in its motions up and down to carry any dust into the chamber.
"The chamber is carefully closed and permitted to remain quiet for two or three days. Examined at the beginning by a beam sent through its windows, the air is found laden with floating matter, which in three days has wholly disappeared. To prevent its ever rising again, the internal sur-face of the chamber was at the outset coated with glycerine. The fresh but putrescible liquid is introduced into the six tubes in succession by means of the pipette. Permitted to remain without further precaution, every one of the tubes would putrefy and fill itself with life. The liquid has been in contact with the dust-laden air outside by which it has been infected, and the infection must be destroyed. This is done by plunging the six tubes into a bath of heated oil arid boiling the infusion. The time requisite to destroy the infection depends wholly upon its nature. Two minutes' boiling suffices to destroy some contagia, whereas two hundred minutes' boiling fails to destroy others. After the infusion has been sterilized, the oil bath is withdrawn, and the liquid, whose putrescibility has been in no way affected by the boiling, is abandoned to the air of the chamber.
"With such chambers I tested, in the autumn and winter of 1875-6, infusions of the most various kinds, embracing natural animal liquids, the flesh and viscera of domestic animals, game, fish and vegetables. More than fifty chambers, each with its series of infusions, were tested. many of them repeatedly. There was no shade of uncertainty in any of the results. In every instance we had, within the chamber, perfect limpidity and sweetness, which in some cases lasted for more than a year without the chamber, with the same infusion, putridity and its characteristic smells. In no instance was the least countenance lent to the notion that an infusion deprived by heat of its inherent life, and placed in contact with air cleansed of its visibly suspended matter, has any power to generate life anew.
"The argument is now to be clenched by an experiment which will remove every residue of doubt as to the ability of the infusions here employed to sustain life. We open the back doors of our sealed chambers, and permit the common air with its floating particles to have access to our tubes. For three months they have remained pellucid and sweet flesh, fish and vegetable extracts purer than ever cook manufactured. Three days' exposure to the dusty air suffices to render them muddy, fetid and swarming with infusorial life. The liquids are thus proved, one and all, ready for putrefaction when the contaminating agent is applied."
Many such experiments as these established beyond a doubt the fact that no known case of spontaneous generation occurs under the present conditions of life. 'Omne vivum e vivo' would correctly express the accepted view of the twentieth-century biologists, provided it be translated `all life from life' under known existing conditions, but probably life from the lifeless in its first origin on this earth or elsewhere.
That all living matter existing today has descended directly from preexisting living matter is the doctrine of `Biogenesis,' the rival of the dethroned doctrine of `Abiogenesis.' Observe that the doctrine of biogenesis refers simply to what is now happening and has been happening in all times of which we have strictly scientific records. The theory of biogenesis thus understood as the prevailing natural process will still stand even if, as seems probable, some lucky physiological chemist succeeds in synthesizing under artificial conditions new living matter, entirely independent of preexisting living matter. He will have done nothing more than repeat under unusual and artificially controlled conditions the processes which probably occurred when in the evolution of matter in the post incandescent ages of the earth living proteid, progenitor of all future organisms, first came into existence. So far as the future succession of organisms on this earth is concerned, it can-not even be imagined that living matter synthesized in scientific laboratories will play any part. The law of biogenesis, now established as firmly as that of gravitation, may be expected to stand as the very rock of ages in the science of biology.
Such is in outline the story of one of the greatest fallacies with which modern science has had to deal. But, strange to say, the establishment of the truth of biogenesis, which directly is of little importance to man, has laid the foundation for practical researches of a most momentous kind. To Pasteur and the other great generals in the last battles against the theory of spontaneous generation is due the honor of the establishment of the new science of bacteriology which in the last two decades has come to play such a mighty part in the development of modern life.


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Opening August 11
Sunday (8/27) 1 p.m.
Wednesday (8/30) 8:15 p.m.
Thursday (8/31) 5:30 p.m.
When it opened in September 1964, "A Hard Day's Night" was a problematic entry in a disreputable form: the rock 'n' roll musical. The Beatles were already a publicity phenomenon (70 million viewers watched them on "The Ed Sullivan Show"), but they were not yet cultural icons.
Many critics attended the movie and prepared to condescend, but the movie couldn't be dismissed: It was so joyous and original that even the early reviews acknowledged it as something special. After more than five decades, it has not aged and is not dated; it stands outside its time, its genre and even rock music. It is one of the great life-affirming landmarks of the movies.
Directed by: Richard Lester
Starring: The Beatles!
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subset: commoncrawl


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I am just below goal weight. If I begin to nudge up to goal, I go Vegetarian (tho not vegan) and I easily get to a safe level. - by MARYELLEN301
I became a vegan four months ago and this is the healthiest and happiest I have ever felt about my body. I lost 15 pounds without trying in the first month and have maintained that weight loss ever since. Try eating less meat and dairy and I promise you'll see and feel results!
I got started after reading The Kind Diet. I highly recommend it.


text: Jun 09 2013 Edmonton Wedding Photographer / Engagement Session Kyle and Jenn Jennifer and Kyle's Engagement Session! St. Albert Engagement Session by Dawn WeirPosted in Family and Couples« Edmonton Kid Photographer / Isla is 9 Months!St. Albert Newborn Photographer – Baby Jasper »69,77,65,73,76,32,77,69EM LIAME no comments Your email is never published or shared. Required fields are marked * Name * Email * Website Comment Yes, add me to your mailing list.


text: This is getting a bit speculative for netbsd-bugs. >>Perhaps this could fill the void associated with >>lacking an ethernet-level "ping" utility. I don't >>think it belongs in the "arp" program, though... > >no...? it "sounds" like the appropriate place to put it. No...the "arp" program is for manipulating kernel tables, not for sending and receiving packets. Such a program should work basically like "ping" and allow the user to send multiple probes and get statistics, etc. >>For those not in the know, Ethernet in fact >>deffines a "Configuration and Test Protocol" with >>and then I decide that it's not too useful unless >>it is widely deployed, which it is not... > >can you check for the protocol's availablity at run-time? Huh? THe problem is analagous to being the only system in the world who implements "ping". It's not very useful because you cannot ping other people. I don't see where you are proposing a runtime check to happen. --jhawk


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Dominos Coupons
Using the Dominos coupon code will get you £15 off your pizza order when spending £35 or more.
Click here to use the Dominos coupons code
- Discount: £15 off
- Minimum Spend: £35
- Voucher Code: KTSKRBEN
I bought four large pizzas, at a total cost of £59.96. Then applied the code (just enter it in the Voucher Code box on the Check Out page). And my total went down to £44.96. Personally I think that's a pretty good deal. Very helpful during the summer holidays, when you've extra kids over and want to provide a meal that's a bit of a treat. Also, it means I'm not the one doing the cooking, or the washing up, or even the clearing up (boxes in the recycle bin, clearing up done!).
I couldn't find anything about an expiry deal on this. The voucher code has been around for a bit, as it has appeared on the HUKD site twice in the last month or so. Hopefully it'll still be around for the rest of the holidays!
Dominos are also doing a buy one, get one free offer on Tuesdays. I've got no idea if you can also use this code with the special offer. Probably not, but always worth a try. Maybe we'll be having pizza for dinner tomorrow too!
Thanks to ThePhantomFairy and Micketh85 at HUKD!
TOPICS: Fitness and Diet
7 comments
- davethe 50% off £40 or more is better value as this deal will cost you £20 for £35 worth of pizza, where as the 50% code will get you £40 worth of pizza for the same £20
- kelly_o_fanaticCant be used with any other deal, including 2 for tuesdays
- Stevethey should be giving away free weight watchers vouchers with every pizza at 3370 cals per 14" pizza you will be the size of a house in no time Enjoy that pizza Lardo's
- daveSteve, some of us have mates so dominos vouchers are useful, you don't have to eat a whole pizza alone unless you're a sad act. you can easily make up a £40 order at dominos and end up with only 4 slices of pizza and a few sides each if there's a few of you
- LynleyOramoooh didn't know about the 50% code Dave! Do you have a link? Thanks! Kelly, yeah so I figured. Never mind it proved a lifesaver yesterday with four hungry boys aged between 5 and 15, and four adults. Dave is right - I reckon I probably managed to get in about a couple of slices before it all disappeared!
- RannosTwo for Tuesdays is a better deal
- Lynley O.Yes it is! But not if you're hungry on a Saturday :) I had no idea they were doing two for one Tuesday's though until I went to order online last night. So have definitely filed that one away for future reference. Next 'playdate' will be on a Tuesday methinks ...


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Matchday 8 of the Bundesliga sees table toppers Bayern Munich face a winless Werder Bremen in Munich, the debut of Champions League winning manager Roberto Di Matteo in the Bundesliga, and the return of Ilkay Gündogan and Marco Reus.
Beleaguered Bayern vs weak Werder:
Bremen coach Robin Dutt feels that "It is as likely for us to get a point at the Allianz as it is for Poland and Ireland to grab points against the World Champions", showing his intentions clearly that the Northerners will put up a fight against a tired Bayern. They certainly have the firepower to do so in the form of the pacy, although indecisive Eljero Elia, powerful Franco di Santo, and ex-Bayern Nils Petersen. Despite having scored 10 goals this season, they have shipped in 16 already, indicating that the problems are in the defensive region.
With players still recovering from the International hangover and after another injury to Thiago Alcantara, morale will be low at Munich. Familiar weaknesses still persist in the form of the high defensive line, and lack of something concrete in the final third. Boosted by Franck Ribery's return, the attacking efficiency would certainly improve, but the scare provided by a fast counter attack could unnerve them.
Expect this to be a routine victory for the Bavarians to ensure Bremen look elsewhere for their first win in this historically important clash that has seen trophies won and lost by both sides.
Possible Lineups
Bayern (3-4-3): Neuer-Boateng-Benatia-Dante-Rafinha-Lahm-Alonso-Alaba-Robben-Müller- Lewandowski
Bremen(4-5-1): Wolf-Busch-Prödl-Lukimya-Garcia-Galvez-Makiadi-Bartels-Junuzovic-Elia-di Santo
Prediction: Bayern Munich 2-0 Werder Bremen
Dortmund's season begins now:
After 427 days out injured, Ilkay Gundogan is deemed fit to take his place on the Dortmund bench, and perhaps even make an appearance. Marco Reus, Henrikh Mkhitaryan and Sven Bender have also passed the fitness test after various spells out injured. Now, the team can begin the ascent to the top. The first task is to take on the defensively impressive FC Köln at the RheinEnergieStadion on Saturday. After the shock defeat to Hamburg, a well needed recuperation period in the form of the international break could prove to be important.
Although 10 points adrift of Bayern, moral boosting returns of the aforementioned players can see them forge a new beginning. Yet to keep a domestic clean sheet, Dortmund would be wise to shut out attacks in the midfield itself. Köln need to take advantage of the defensive frailties and pressurize from the start.
A Dortmund win is likely, but it may not be a stroll in the park for them.
Prediction: FC Köln 1-2 Borussia Dortmund
Di Matteo's debut and other matches:
The long overdue sacking of Jens Keller has finally happened, and the man to replace him is Champions League winning coach, Roberto Di Matteo. The ex-Chelsea man has to rebuild the inconsistent Schalke into a force to be reckoned with. It begins with the game vs. Hertha Berlin in Gelsenkirchen. The return of World Cup winner Benedikt Höwedes will add to the team spirit to beat the Berlin outfit, who are level with Schalke on 8 points.
Relegation candidates Stuttgart take on high-flyers Bayer Leverkusen; this year's surprise package Mainz take on last year's surprise package Augsburg; silent-but-efficient Wolfsburg face clueless Freiburg and Lucien Favre's 'Gladbach will look to consolidate hopes of a strong finish when they meet Hannover 96 to round up Saturday's fixtures.
On Sunday, second place Hoffenheim meet Hamburg in what seems to be an intriguing matchup, and finally new boys Paderborn take on Eintracht in hopes of maintaining a distance with the relegation zone.
Schalke 04 3-2 Hertha BSC
Hannover 96 0-1 Borussia Monchengladbach
VfB Stuttgart 1-2 Bayer Leverkusen
SC Freiburg 0-2 VfL Wolfsburg
Mainz 05 1-1 FC Augsburg
Hamburger SV 2-2 Hoffenheim
SC Paderborn 0-2 Eintracht Frankfurt


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The zoning application came with $1,600 and eight cases of paperwork. The cover letter summed it up: "Tarmac America LLC is pleased to submit the King Road Limestone Mine Special Exception Application #3 ... This submittal is for the actual operation of the mine site which is +/- 4,750 acres," Tarmac executive Albert W. Townsend wrote to the Levy County Development Department. The letter was dated June 13, but it was not delivered to Levy County Building Official Rob Corbitt at his Bronson office until Aug.
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Click the question mark below to see where your account ID appears on your mailing label.
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From CES to MWCSP360: Service Provider
On my flight home Friday after a full week at the 2012 Consumer Electronics Show (CES), I was reflecting on how mobility is more important than ever before. This comesRead More
Reflections on the Top Five Developments of 2011Executive Platform
It's that time of year: take a break, reflect, maybe clean up the hard drive. I had a chance to do the reflection part last week, and came up withRead More
Bringing the Cloud to the Developing WorldConnected Life Exchange
By Jason Kohn, Contributing Columnist The evolution of the cloud is big news within mature tech markets in North America, Europe and Asia. But, what will cloud services mean forRead More
Shaw Chooses Cisco to Trial HotSpot 2.0SP360: Service Provider
Hockey, bacon, and Neil Young – some of the best things in life do indeed come from Canada. (Actually I think those of the swine persuasion may disagree on theRead More


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I'm running xubuntu 11.4 on a Lenovo T520 laptop.
I have two keyboard layouts installed and I use the xfce4-xkb-plugin to display the current layout indicator and to set the switching between layouts hotkey.
The problem is that when I restart my computer, the xkb plugin resets all the settings to default, so I have to set them every time my system starts. Can I make it remember the settings (the layout switching hotkey, and the Compose key)?


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Separate names with a comma.
Discussion in 'Tennessee Titans and NFL Talk' started by TitanJeff, Oct 2, 2013.
The Jets fans and everyone else, said that our game v them last week would be close.
LOL KC and Bandwagon do not go together, Iv'e sat through alot of ****** seasons since Dave Krieg was our QB.
Am I reading this wrong? Because Titans are 11th against the run and Chiefs are 24th.
Good article on the surprising teams that includes us and Chiefs.
yeah Titan fans have no clue what hard hitting NFL football is...
Tennessee 43 - Chefs 0
Eegles are 1-3 - just sayin'
Honestly, this game will come down to coaching...and whom ever can make the least amount of mistakes. Titans 27 chefs 20.
I hit a wrong button somewhere. Corrected now.
This game should earn Tennessee they're well deserved respect... Knocking off a undefeated team I don't see how we don't end up talk around the league after this W.


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Charles Tozer
Charles marr. Phoebe DeVeaux. had 5 children and lived in Homer, NY. This info found in book Genealogy of the DeVeaux Family by Thomas Devoe in 1885. Mistakes have been found. I am looking for researchers and family members, can you help? Please e-mail me privately, thank you, Duane


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Primp Your Man™ Redux
I started this Manly Man Makeover project awhile ago. But in usual Tracey Style, it got pushed to the back burner. But I'm bringing it back. Look for Part 2 next week.
The head-to-toe plan for the next five weeks — Headlines, Smooth Operator, Body Beautiful, Buff Don't Polish, and GQ IQ.
1. Headlines
Our men rock almost as many styles as we do these days. From beautifully bald to to lock-a-licious, there are products, tools and expert advice to keep his tresses (or not) in their healthiest condition. Hair loss is a major concern for men, so check out the latest buzz on slowing down the follicular fallout. WebMD offers sound medical advice about which treatments work, and those that do not.
So is your guy sporting a shaved head? When you think famous bald heads, who comes to mind? If you are an OG (old girl) like me, it may be Yul Brenner or Telly Savalas sucking on that lollipop in his role as Kojak. Or how about Isaac Hayes who scored the classic soundtrack for Shaft. I think Michael Jordan probably started the current trend among brothers with his signature shaved head. Who gets your vote for most beautifully bald? For me that would be Boris Kodjoe.
Kathryn Leverette, owner of Urban Skin Solutions, in Oakland has smoothed the skin of Danny Glover, Laurence Fishburne, Ben Stiller, Malcolm Jamal Warner, and Blair Underwood and many NFL and NBA players. Kathryn offers some tips for your keeping his shaved head smooth without any lumps and bumps.
Bump prone men should opt for electric liners. Sanitize with a clipper disinfectant spray and never share. Change those blades every three to four months!
Avoid scented products, which can be reactive in sunlight, causing dermatitis, sunburn and dark spots.
To keep your skin and scalp even-toned, apply a sunscreen every morning, after perspiring or swimming, and reapply when exposed to prolonged sun.
To prevent acne keloidalis, a disfiguring scalp condition, never share clippers or go to barber shops who don't sanitize between every single client.
Take your time to help prevent nicks, cuts and scapes.
Check out brother owned and operated Kleen Shave for your smoothest shaving products and accessories.
Does your man rock the locks?
Tone: Toning (or gently messaging your scalp) for a few minutes not only feels great but helps release natural oils from your sebaceous glands.
Is he the classic male? You know, working it Big Willie Style? Perfectly Buzzed?
Hair grooming for this guy is pretty simple. Wash it, get it cut. If you see flakes, get him a dandruff shampoo.DAX and Sportin' Waves have been around for years, but mass market brands like Pantene, L'Oreal and Tresseme' have their offerings in the pomade division as well. Of course we know the doo rag is de regueur for keeping his crown in control.
If hair loss is an issue, and going bald is not an option, click here for medically approved treatments.
Check back next week for Primp Your Man™ part 2 — Smooth Operator. Keep his skin smooth as a baby's behind.
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Value Every Day - Jul 27 2012
This is an archive copy of one of RomanceClass's newsletters. You are encouraged to sign up for our newsletters - they're free and informative! The link is to the top right of this page.
Happy Summer!
I apologize for not mailing for a few weeks. A dear friend of mine was in a car crash and fractured her pelvis. I've been visiting her. It's a good reminder to me to always make the most of every day, for you never know what life has in store for you. Also, let those you care about know how much you care. Give them a hug when they leave the house. Send them a friendly email. Life is too short to let things go unsaid.
What have you done today to make someone happy? Take a moment to send a friendly email. Those little touches are important in life.
Free Medieval Novel
I'm running a special on my medieval romance novel Lady in Red - it is currently FREE! Download a copy for yourself, and let friends know about it as well. We all love free books!
Lady in Red
Next Tuesday is the release date for my ninth novel, Believing your Eyes. All proceeds of all my novels benefit battered women's shelters. So keep your eyes open for this one!
Believing your Eyes
Origami Flowers
The first anniversary is the paper anniversary. It can be the first month you're dating, the first year of marriage, or any other first you choose to celebrate! Origami flowers are a perfect way to celebrate. Here are some photos to get your creative juices flowing!
Origami Flower Photos
Learn to Write for the Web
Finances are the number one issue in most relationships. Our tough economy is making it even rougher on many people. BellaOnline offers FREE training on how to write for the web and earn money. Would you like to help people with divorce questions? How about depression? Maybe you could provide tips on dealing with unemployment? BellaOnline actively has spots open in those areas and is eager to have you apply for the free training. Here is the full list of topics, plus the online application form -
BellaOnline List of Open Topics
Forward this message to a friend, because we all could use a bit less stress in our world!
RomanceClass Newsletter Archive
Japanese Love Kanji
Express your love with these gorgeous tote bags, tshirts and other items! The Japanese character for "love" is on a red background.


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Having problems with your Nikon D70s Digital Camera ?
Can't download to computer
\015 I have a usb cable for my Nikon D70s. When I connect the cable to the computer (with camera attached) the drive does not appear in My Computer. It does appear if I use my flash drive. I downloaded some files and tried to install the PTPdriver but that did not work.\015
Answers :
You need to go to the tools menu and change USB fro PTP (Picture transfer protocol) to MASS STORAGE. PTP is only used if controlling camera from computer.
Repair Help & Product Troubleshooting for Nikon D70s Digital Camera
Tips for a great answer:- Provide details, support with references or personal experience .
- If you need clarification, ask it in the comment box .
- It's 100% free, no registration required.
Suggested Questions/Answers :
I lost the cd the belonged to my aiptek digital camcorder and now my computer wont recognize it so i cant upload videos what do i do. i thought about downloading quicktime but i am weary about downloading stuff on my computer and download as little as possible. i want to put my videos on the computer but now im afraid i cant
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Installation software hi,this kimberly wright and i bought this camera.I had the installion cd and i downloaded it to my computer but it got deleted off my computer somehow but the problem is i cant download anything off my camera to my computer without the cd and i lost the cd so can u help me please. thank u
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I took some very important photos at my best friends wedding on the weekend and i just tried to put them on the computer and the camera screen said "card not initialized" the pohotos were there yesterday. please help, i cant loose these photos took photos of wedding downloaded fine took more at evening now cant download or i cant find them if they have done this auto when put sd card in no prompt window for importing
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Use a cardreader to download your pictures. ... Digital Cameras
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DMC-FZ18...unable to download photos off card....have loaded software . taken out other photo software , still unable to download .. Do everything right up to where it says prepare for aquisition ..yes...unit';s coming up unable to download ...tried to just view photos and coming up..no photos...Have tried with anmother card that I downloaded on my previous camera . It wouldn't download .. Frien has tried in their computer .cant' access photos. Had the little brother of this one x12..it was so
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Cant download photos from SLR to mates computer without cd
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You've seen them on the stage, now own a piece of the American Idols LIVE! 2011 Tour with the official online store. From t-shirts and hoodies to posters and bracelets, we've got it all right here at your fingertips--literally! Plus, you don't have to wait in a long line to make a purchase.says the ad for it...
Translation: We're not satisfied with just raking in thousands of $ from concert goers, we want $$ from people who can't go too, so we're making it easy by opening an online store! Marketing strategy at its finest...
Souvenir Program: $25.00 duh?!
T-Shirts: $35.00 are you kidding me?!
Pullover Hoodie: $70.00 wtf?!
Cadet cap: $35.00 ??
The cheapest item in the store are the individual photos of the contestants for $5.00 each. All right, sounds fair so we "tried" checking out as though we were buying! Wow, the shipping costs more than the photo and they added tax to it! They want $11.95 for ONE PHOTO. What a rip-off!! See for yourselves... :)


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Part 2
Ri: Armaan! (She smiled)
Boy1: nahi chodonga?kya kar lega?
Armaan punched him on his face. And other boys joined and started fighting. Atul got out of the car and called the cops. After a while the cops came and arrested those boys. Armaan got a cut on his hand, it wasn't that deep but it was bleeding.
An: Armaan you ok?...aur tum yahan?
Ar: yes Angie?I'm fine!..actually madam (pointing at Riddhima) apna phone meri car mein bhool gayi thi toh socha dedon..
Ri: Thank you!
Ar: your welcome..
An: agar tum time per nahi aate toh pata nahi kya hojata?
Ar: don't worry hum aagaye hai na?...mein tum dono ko ghar chor deta hoon!
At: arey Armaan tere haath se khoon nikal raha hai..
Ar: kuch nahi hai..its ok
Ri: mujhe dikhao? (Asking worriedly and looks at his hand) ab jaldi se ghar chalo aur papa tumhe dressing kar deinge..
An: haan Armaan chalo..aur mein drive karleti hoon..
Ar: ok?chalo!
They go to their house and tell their dad (Dr. Shashank Gupta) the story and then he do the dressing on Armaan's hand and thank him and Atul for saving his daughters life.
Next Day in St. Xavier's College
All six of them are standing in the corridor and were talking about what had happened last night.
Mu: agar mein wahan hoti na toh ek zor ka chata marti un logo ko..
Ra: chata marti (he imitated her)
Mu: oye tu kyun hamesha beech mein bolta hai? (said it while punching him on his arm)
Ra: ouch..maarti kyun hai?
Before they could continue the argument, Armaan changed the topic.
Ar: guys, guys hum class ke liye late ho rahe hain!
Ri: arey haan?new professor remember?
At: haan jaldi chalo warna late hojayein gey..
They go to their class and take their seats, Riddhima was sitting between Armaan and Atul and Anjali was sitting between Rahul and Muskaan so they don't fight. The professor wasn't there yet, but as soon as he comes all the students greets him.
Students: Good Morning Sir and Welcome
Armaan whispers in Riddhima's ear: To hell..
Ri: Armaan! Behave...
Prof: Good Morning students I'm Shubhankar your new Biotech Professor.
He explains them his class rules and regulations and he gave them free time, as he was busy making guidelines for them.
An: he doesn't look strict..
Ra: chalo acha hai? (He sighed)
They talk for a while and then the bell rings.
Ri: mujhe library jaana hai..so I'll join you guys later?
Ar: library kyun?
Ri: kuch books collect karne hai?exams ki studies ke liye..
Ar: oh haan?mein bhi chalta hoon..mujhe bhi kuch books lene hai!
At: theek toh phir hum log tumhara cafeteria mein wait karte hai..
Ar&Ri: ok?
Armaan and Riddhima go to the library. Riddhima was trying to reach for a book that was on top of the book shelf and she losses her balance. She closed her eyes in fear of falling down. She was surprised to find herself in air, and then she opened her eyes slowly and saw Armaan holding her. He saved her from falling. Armaan was staring at her?.he was mesmerized by her beauty. She was looking Beautiful. They both were lost in each others
Eyes, and after a minute they came back to reality, as they were interrupted by the Librarian.
Librarian: you guys need any help?
Riddhima was now standing properly.
Ri: n-no ma'am its ok...
Librarian: are you sure?
Ar: ye-yes ma'am?
Librarian: ok?good luck (she smiled at them and left)
Ar: good luck??
Ri: for what?
Ar: whatever chalo..
Armaan and Riddhima both were feeling awkward after what had happened 5 minutes ago. They signed out some books and made their way to the cafeteria. While going they were thinking about the incident.
Armaan thinking to himself: woo, what was that?? She was looking so beautiful?I've never seen her like this before!!..omg what am I thinking?? Yeh mujhe kya hogaya hai?? Focus Armaan?.Focus.
Riddhima thinking to herself: aww..he looked so cute..love his dimples!
His eyes are adorable?gosh yeh mein kya soch rahi hoon?? Why was he staring at me like that though? Whatever I need to focus!
They reached cafeteria and joined the gang. Everyone was talking but Armaan and Riddhima were quiet?they were still feeling awkward.
At: aaj toh maine Rosy ko "Hi" bhi nahi kaha? (Making a sad face)
Mu,Ra,&An: Rosy??
At: haan Rosy?
Mu: yeh Rosy kon hai?
At: mera plant?subha woh so rahi thi isi liye mein use Hi nahi keh paya..
Muskaan laughed and said: toh koi baat nahi yaar?ghar jaa kar bol dena big deal! (She laughed again)
At: arey lekin use bura lag raha hoga na ki maine use subha kyun Hi nahi kaha..
Mu: use bol dena ki who so rahi thi isi liye nahi kaha..
This time everyone laughed except Armaan, even Riddhima laughed. Armaan was still lost in his thoughts.
Ra: hey Angie tumne Ms.Keerti ka project start kiya?
An: nahi ?lekin aaj zarror karongi!...and Armaan please aaj kahin nahi jaana bohot kaam hai..
At: haan yaar Armaan?mujhe bhi 2 projects complete karne hai aaj?
Mu: projects toh hum sab ko karne hai?better hai ki hum aaj kahin nahi jaye..
Armaan wasn't listening to them.
Ra: Armaan!!...Armaan!! (He shook him) Armaan?!
Armaan came back to reality.
Ar: huh?...kya howa?
Ra: kahan kho gaya tha tu?
Ar: k-kuch nahi?aise hi
Ra: anyways?hum yeh keh rahe the ki aaj hum kahin ghum ne nahin jayenge..
Ar: kyun?
Mu: oye tune suna nahi kya?hum sabko hamare projects finish karne hai!
Ar: theek hai?mujhe bhi kuch notes complete karne hai?(he smiled)
Ri: ab toh exams ke baad hi ghum ne jaa sakte hai!
Ra: haan?bohot saare preparations karne hai..
The Bell Rang and they left for their classes. This time they were in different classes. Muskaan and Riddhima had same class, Armaan and Anjali had same class, and Rahul and Atul had same class.
After college they met at the college gate. They wished each other good luck for their projects. They don't have college for next two days, coz they were having exams after these two days. They decided to meet at Anjali's and Riddhima's house the next day as they have a special Study room, so that they can study together and ask each other questions.
Ok guyz this waz the second part..hope you enjoyed it!! Please leave your Comments and tell me your views. Suggestions and Criticisms are always welcome. Your comments means a lot to me soo please leave your comments good/bad. And Thank You soo much for reading my FF.
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About the Contributor
About S.Bates:
Hi there, I'm Shaamel. I'm a woman who not only writes for herself but also for those who don't have a voice and want to be heard.
Articles and Art by S.Bates:
Second Face
Poetry section, Teen Ink
Blink Of An Eye
Poetry section, Teen Ink
Blind Sight
Poetry section, Teen Ink
Poetry section, Teen Ink
Little Red Learns the Hard Way
Fiction section, Teen Ink
Prevent Teen Pregnancy
Opinion section, Teen Ink
He Sits There (Music Man with Dreads)
Poetry section, Teen Ink
I Know How It Feels
Poetry section, Teen Ink
Poetry section, Teen Ink
S.Bates's Favorite Personal Quote:"To live a creative life, we must lose our fear of being wrong" - Joseph Chilton Pearce
S.Bates's Hobbies & Favorites:
|Favorite books:
|If I Stay, I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings
|Favorite authors:
|Maya Angelou, Toni Morrison
|Favorite movies:
|Man on Fire, Crash
|Favorite movie stars:
|Tyler Perry, Denzel Washington, Angela Bassett
|Favorite TV shows:
|Stalked: Someone's Watching, Chopped, Intervention
|Favorite actors:
|Michael Ealy, Kevin Hart, Gabrielle Union, Sanaa Lathan, Morris Chesnut
|Favorite gadgets:
|iPhone, Laptop, Portable speakers
|Favorite hobbies:
|Writing, Reading, Watching Movies, Listening to music, Acting
|Favorite heroes:
|Grandmother, Maya Angelou, Martin Luther King Jr ., Oprah Winfrey


text:
Tens-of-thousands of Iraq's Shiite Muslims have begun a religious pilgrimage, which for nearly three decades had been outlawed by deposed Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein. VOA Correspondent Alisha Ryu spoke to pilgrims in the Shiite city of Najaf, in central Iraq, about their new found religious freedom.
In a ritual that dates back to the division of Islam nearly 1500 years ago, thousands of Shiite pilgrims walk along a dusty stretch of road that connects Najaf to the city of Karbala, just south of Baghdad.
Many of the pilgrims making their way to the city carry large colored flags with symbolic meanings: Green flags representing Islam, and black flags representing mourning and suffering. Some of the men are carrying swords and whips, they will use to hit their heads and bodies, to remind people of the pain and suffering of the Shiite people.
Observing the colorful procession, 25-year-old Haider Nomman, a Shiite Muslim, says the gathering is a sight he thought he would never see in his life time.
He says when Saddam Hussein was in power, the government posted tanks along the highways to discourage Shiite Muslims from participating in the walk to Karbala. Many people who tried to defy the ban were never seen again.
"Saddam killed everyone who did this procedure previously," he said. "But now, this procedure is done freely, and the Iraqi people are very happy to do this."
The pilgrims are going to Karbala to observe one of the holiest days of the Shiite Muslim calendar. Next Tuesday, seven-million worshipers are expected to pay tribute at the tomb of Hussein, an ornate shrine inside the city. Karbala was where Hussein, the Shiite-venerated grandson of the Prophet Mohammed, was killed by Sunni Muslims during a seventh century battle. It is his death that Shiites commemorate and mourn during the six-day pilgrimage.
But worshipers say Saddam Hussein's Sunni-dominated Baath Party banned the religious practice, fearing a large Shiite gathering could turn into an anti-government rally. Shiites make up about 60 percent of Iraq's 24 million people. But under Saddam's rule, they were brutally repressed and largely prevented from taking part in government and in the economy.
"In my life, this is the first time I can speak without looking at my [to the] side," one worshiper said. " Spies! Everywhere there were spies. We had fear from your brother, from your father."
But there are clear signs that the goodwill Iraqi Shiites now feel toward the United States could rapidly erode, if the United States cannot quickly establish order, and help build a new broad-based government that meets Shiite expectations.
Some Shiite religious factions have already distanced themselves from the U.S.-led process. Shiite representatives boycotted a meeting sponsored by the United States that was meant to bring together leaders of the various groups opposed to Saddam Hussein. Thousands of other Shiites protested against the gathering.
A university student in Najaf, Ahmed Kassam, says the meeting, which included representatives of prominent Iraqi exiles unknown to most people here, was an insult to the Shiites who stayed and struggled against Saddam in Iraq.
"The meeting does not represent our thoughts. Those who are meeting there have no ideas about our problems. We need people from our side, from our country that survived here, struggled here," he explained.
But for now, many Iraqi Shiites appear to be content with their ability to speak freely, and openly engage in practices and rituals long outlawed.
One pilgrim, who has walked 160 kilometers to Najaf from a town in the south, says he feels like he is living in a dream. His biggest fear, he says, is that he will wake up from the dream and find Saddam Hussein back in power.


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The fourth of July may be behind us, but there are plenty of celebrations ahead this month. A few highlights are noted here:
Hemingway Days, Key West, Florida - July 15 to 20
Ernest Hemingway fans will be able to commemorate the famous author during the 34th annual Hemingway Days celebration in Key West, the island he called home throughout the 1930s. Among the events scheduled are the Sloppy Joe's "Papa" Hemingway Look-Alike Contest, readings and book signings; an awards ceremony for a literary competition directed by author and Hemingway granddaughter Lorian Hemingway; a three-day marlin tournament recalling Hemingway's passion for fishing; a Caribbean Street Fair with arts, crafts, jewelry, tropical clothing and food; rum tasting from a local distillery; and a sunset run. Guided tours of the Ernest Hemingway Home & Museum, where the author lived and wrote, will be offered daily. On the last day, there's even an arm wrestling championship.
Biggest Fun Fair on the Rhine, Düsseldorf, Germany – July 11 to 20
Beginning Friday, a huge, 10-day festival featuring traditional beer tents, live music, costumed servers, state-of-the-art rides, fireworks and candy stands will take place in Düsseldorf. German food staples and delicacies -- from sausage, pig knuckles and sauerkraut to apple cake and ginger bread -- will be on hand during this annual summer fair its organizers say has been around for some 500 years. Highlights of the Biggest Fun Fair on the Rhine include "Pink Monday," the first Monday of the festival (July 14), when Schwarzwald Christel (Black Forest Christel) beer tent becomes the main meeting point for the gay and lesbian community, one of Germany's largest outdoor LGBTQ events.
On July 13, the more than 690 year old St. Sebastianus shooting club will celebrate its patron saint, St. Apollinaris with its "Historic Procession," when more than 3,000 uniformed shooters, marching bands, and teams of horses and carriages wind their way through the city streets. Packages are available.
Festival of Fizz, the Cotswolds, England - July 26 to 27
The Cotswolds, an easy day trip from London in south central England, will celebrate the first ever Festival of Fizz in honor of Christopher Merrett, an Englishman who helped put the bubble into bubbly more than 20 years before Benedictine monk Dom Pérignon famously introduced champagne to the world in Epernay, France, event organizers say. The event, in Winchcombe, marks the 400th birthday of locally born Merrett, a self-taught scientist, naturalist and glassmaker credited as being one of the people who helped bring together the technique and technology needed to make sparkling wine. While presenting his findings to the Royal Society in December 1662, Merrett described how English cider makers and vintners added large quantities of sugar and molasses to make wines brisk and sparkling.
Merrett also helped revolutionize glass production so bottles could be made capable of withstanding huge pressures created by secondary fermentation; before that technical breakthrough, according to festival organizers, bottles would explode, "and champagne as we know it today was not a practical commodity." The event will feature talks, demonstrations, music, entertainment, and a chance to try and buy samples of fizz, cider and sparkling wines. Nearby vineyards are scheduled to participate. A 'Family Funday Sunday' will include face painting, competitions, town guided walks that include the region's flora and fauna.


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Best In Show Delivers Top Gear From NAMM
Winter 201001/24/2010
The final morning of The NAMM Show 2010 kicked off with a bang as a panel of music retail experts discussed their favorite products from the convention. Best In Show, a NAMM University educational session held Jan. 17 at the Anaheim Hilton, featured six panelists who represented single-store operations, small- to mid-sized chains and one of the industry's top trade magazines. The panelists offered views on the best companies, products and services they saw during The NAMM Show.
Nearly 700 attendees listened as the panelists were asked to discuss their top choices in four categories:
- Something Small — A great product that's either small in price or small in size.
- Gotta Stock It — A product that retailers want to stock right now
- Companies to Watch — An exhibitor with trendsetting products or services.
- Best In Show — The best product or service that panelists saw at NAMM.
This year's panelists included:
- Todd Skaw, owner of Guitars Etc., Longmont, Colo.
- Myrna Sislen, owner of Middle C Music, Washington, D.C.
- Jim Rupp, owner and president of Columbus Pro Percussion, Columbus, Ohio
- George Hines, owner and president of George's Music, a 10-store chain headquartered in Berwyn, Pa.
- Mike Guillot, director of purchasing for Mississippi Music, a four-store chain based in Hattiesburg, Miss.
- Zach Phillips, editor, Music Inc. magazine, Elmhurst, Ill.
Best In Show
Sislen :: Daisy Rock Guitars
This is Tish Ciravolo's 10th anniversary of producing guitars for girls and for women. That is really quite an achievement in this industry, which is, well, male-dominated. There is an entire market out there for girls, and they want to play. Tish is the first to really go after that market. Many others have followed. She supports her dealers. This is a really, really fine company.
Companies to Watch
Sislen :: Alfred Music Publishing
If you're going to be in retail and want something that can deliver strong profit margins, then you'd better be selling print music. Alfred has a new CEO in Ron Manus. I expect some great things out of Alfred under his direction. Right now, Alfred has a new band and orchestra method called Sound Innovations. The nice thing about this is that the band directors will be able to design their own band books. They can choose the repertoire. They can choose what kind of technical aspects they want to stress. It's very innovative.
Gotta Stock It
Hines :: Tascam DP-008
It's a very portable, very small eight-track recorder that can be used for recording fast ideas or with a band. It has a built-in stereo condenser mic. So, you can just bring it to rehearsals. And it fits in a guitar case. It's that small. It breaks the price-point barrier for anything like it. Instead of needing a computer, here you still have something that's very convenient and versatile. It has a USB connect. It has an SD card built in. It is just really well-thought-out. This is like a dream come true for those of us who want to do home recording. Guillot Tascam's new recording family They've got 25 new products. Everything from the DR2d, which is a mini-recorder that will record two different tracks and you can slow down a recording without changing pitch, to the DR-08, a super-small digital [eight-track] recorder. The stuff is great. It sells. You can make a lot of money with it.
Something Small
Guillot :: Mighty Bright Lights
Everybody is your customer for these products — everybody in every household, in every church. You can get these lights for under $25 and really sell them. If you're on stage or in a practice situation and need to read a book or read music, these deliver the light necessary to do the job.


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Something that has always bugged me with my Nokia phones is the way the Music player numbers tracks in shuffle mode.
For example I have 1908 tracks on my player, when in shuffle on a playlist or general shuffle the display says "869/1908 songs" ie its playing track number 869 (ie the 869th song to be added to my N900). This number is completely inconsequential when playing on shuffle. Surely it should say the number of the track playing in the current shuffle play order - ie go up 1, 2, 3 etc so you can tell how far you are through the shuffle list.
Its small details like this that make the difference in an OS.
I hope this makes sense...brainstorm talk here: http://talk.maemo.org/showthread.php?p=471769#post471769


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so i have been going through the cc changes in WoD and while there are really a lot one of them caught my attention.
"Hex's cast time has been increased to 1.7 seconds."
The next thing i did, i scrolled to the mage section to see if polymorph got changed too. And it says nothing about polymorph.
So im wondering, did i missunderstand something? What makes hex so dangerous that it has to be nerfed this way. It already has a cooldown on it (glyph even got removed to shorten it) and it shares the same spell lock with basicly all shaman spells, which makes it highly dangerous when you get interrupted.
I know many abilities got drastically changed, but lets just look at hex and poly now (since they are kind of similiar). Poly that was already better stays, while Hex that was already worse gets even more worse?


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A Mothers Story - no spoilers!(2 Posts)
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text: On Fri, Sep 12, 2003 at 08:33:24PM +0200, Petr Vandrovec wrote:> Andries is already gathering info for this one. This problem (missed> key release) happens to me on all systems I have (Athlon + via, P3 + i440BX,> P4 + 845...), most often when I do alt+right-arrow for walking through> consoles (and for Andries: hitting key stops this, otherwise it > endlessly switches all VTs around, and while kernel thinks that key> is down, keyboard actually does not generate any IRQs, so keyboard knows> that all keys are released).OK. It seems to me the two main hypotheses are: (i) problem with timers,(ii) problem with keyboard.In other words: could you (and/or anybody else who can reproduce thisat will) change the #undef DEBUG in i8042.c to #define DEBUG, recreatethe problem, and post or mail the resulting file with keystrokes?[of course: cut away parts corresponding to login sequences etc.]This will probably allow us to decide whether the missing key releasewas never sent by the keyboard, or was lost by the firstname.lastname@example.com unsubscribe from this list: send the line "unsubscribe linux-kernel" inthe body of a message to firstname.lastname@example.com majordomo info at http://vger.kernel.org/majordomo-info.htmlPlease read the FAQ at http://www.tux.org/lkml/


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Hannah Harper
- Birthday
- 1982-07-04
- Nickname
- Hanna Harper Hannah Hunter Hanna Oxx
- Birthname
- Hannah Hunter
- Sign
- Cancer
- Hometown
- Brixham Devon
- Country
- United Kingdom
- Ethnicity
- White
- Height
- 5'7"
- Weight
- Add
- Job
- Director Pornstar
- Hobbies
- Theatre Dance Psychology Media
- Assets
- Great Ass Bald Pussy Loves Giving Blowjobs Completely Shaven Gives Titwanks Can Deepthroat Fake 34D Tits Facials Interracial Anal & DP
- Vices
- Huge Black Cocks
Hannah Harper (born July 4, 1982 in Devon, England) is an English pornographic actress. Her stage name is a combination of the names of two of her friends.
Harper grew up in a fishing town in Devon, where her parents worked in local holiday camps. She describes herself as a "real goody-goody" at school, and studied Theatre, Media, Dance and Psychology at 'A' level at South Devon College. Her first job was at a local fish and chip shop, then worked in a hotel as a receptionist, bar-maid and waitress.
In 2001, Harper started modeling in London at her then-boyfriend's suggestion. She came to Los Angeles the following year for photo shoots and has since relocated to the area. Harper appeared in a few amateur porn videos, her first being with TM Video Productions, before working with Ben Dover in her first professional movie. She signed exclusive contracts with Legend Entertainment and with Sin City Video. As well, she was involved in the day-to-day operations of the L.A. Direct Models agency alongside her boyfriend Ben English, but that ended when they broke up in mid-2004.
She has appeared in High Society magazine and Club International magazine several times. In addition, she was the April 2002 Penthouse Pet of the Month, Aziani girl feature, and Hustler's May 2002 covergirl and centerfold.
She also began working as a feature dancer on the strip club circuit and even got some costumes from Flick Shagwell who had retired dancing. She has mentioned misgivings about the work saying "I knew I couldn't dance... I have no sense of rhythm."
In late-2006, Harper announced that she and Sin City were parting ways and she was looking to shoot more softcore material while pursuing a college degree in psychology.Along this line she portrays Ophelia in the Cinemax series "Co-Ed Confidential," and she played "Christy" alongside Nikki Nova in the Digital Entertainment production "Busty Cops 2." Hannah has recently started work on the Fantasy porn strip World of Whorecraft that has received a certain amount of press coverage
Harper has mentioned that she was married at one time, but has since divorced. At the same time as she was dating Ben English, she was also in a steady relationship with Mary Carey, which English and Carey helped set up.
Her official website is hannahmodel.com; as of September 2007 this site was still operated by her. The site xxxhannahharper.com was operated by her former production company as a part of her original contract, and she no longer has regular interaction with that website.
Hannah Harper on the Web
Hannah-harper-nude.com Estimated Value $165.60 USD » Hannah ... This page contains a report on the estimated value of hannah-harper-nude.com. Due to the data analysis of hannah-harper-nude.com the estimated value of the website is $165.60 USD. Estimated daily profit from contextual ...
hannah harper RE: hannah harper. (11-02-2012 01:25 PM)parkhurst Wrote: great to see her last night catching up on old times helped her into the business [Image: G123892_b.jpg]. She has the air of the disabled about her? Find all posts ...


text:
From the 15th of June 2017, Vodafone mobile customers can use their plan in Europe just like they would at home for no extra cost. This means you can check your emails, call home and keep up to date with social media without the endless search for Wi-Fi, no matter what plan you're on.
Travelling further afield? You can pay a daily fee to use your home plan of data, minutes and texts in our Red Roaming destinations – and you'll be charged only on the days you use your phone.And if you're roaming anywhere else, you'll simply pay our standard roaming rates.
Get our best value daily roaming rates with Vodafone RED Roaming. Go abroad. Stay in touch.
There's no need to opt in, this is automatically available on all plans.


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Next time you are in the library, check out the display of live caterpillars in the Children's Department. We currently have Monarch caterpillars and Black Swallowtail caterpillars munching away on their favorite plants at the Main Library and Indian Creek Branch. Over the next period of weeks the caterpillars will transform into chrysalises and eventually emerge as butterflies. It's always fascinating to see this little miracle of nature up close and personal. So when you next come to the library to find a good book, check out a movie, or use a computer, take a minute to stop by our display and check out the status of our caterpillars.
A special thank you goes out to Jackie Goetz from KC Master Gardeners and Monarch Watch for providing these displays to the libraries.


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Career Opportunities
A branch of the physical sciences, physics is the study of energy and the behavior of single atoms and their component pieces. Physicists are the most fundamental of scientists, for they examine the basic laws of nature. They seek to study and understand what happens when atoms and subatomic particles break down and assemble, how they react to collisions with each other and to electro-magnetic radiation. Physicists use mathematics to understand, explain and predict their theories and equations. They often apply their predictions and theories to other fields - chemistry, biology, geophysics, engineering, communication, transportation, electronics and health.A physicist can be either an experimentalist or a theoretician. Almost all have doctorates, essential for college and university teaching and research, upper level research positions in government and industry, and higher administrative positions. Those with bachelors degrees may work in applied research and development as research assistants or in design, administration or engineering. Some specialized areas include: biophysics, health/medical physics, nuclear physics, optical physics, fluid physics and plasma physics.The Physics Department offers two options, the professional option and the applied option, for students pursuing a Bachelor of Science degree in physics. The general option leads to a Bachelor of Arts degree. The professional option is intended for students who, usually after graduate study, expect to become physicists in industrial or government research and development laboratories, or in teaching institutions. The applied option is intended for students who plan to pursue a technical career in physics or other technical areas, usually without further study. The general option is a flexible liberal arts program with physics as a major component for students who do not necessarily wish to become physicists.
A Sample Of Related Occupations
|Acoustical Physicist
|Optical Physicist
|Health Physicist
|Plasma Physicist
|Materials Scientist
|Quality Assurance Specialist
|Medical Physicist
|Research Physicist
|Fiber Optic Engineer
|Molecular Physicist
|Fluid Physicist
|Nuclear Physicist
|Technical Consultant
Types of Employers
|Private & Nonprofit Organizations
|Aircraft & instrument manufacturers
|Engineering Firms
|Scientific Journals
|Chemical Manufacturers
|Health Care Clinics
|Technical consulting firms
|Defense manufacturing companies
|Information technology companies
|Testing Labs
|Educational Institutions
|Production facilities
|Electrical equipment companies
|Research & Development Labs
|Government Agencies
|Centers for Disease Control
|Environmental Protection Agency
|National Science Foundation
|Department of Agriculture
|Food and Drug Administration
|Occupational Safety and Health Administration
|Department of Defense
|National Aeronautic and Space Administration (NASA)
|Patent & Trademark Office
|Department of Energy
|National Bureau of Standards
|Smithsonian Institution
|Department of Health and Human Services
|National Institutes of Health
Internships Obtained by Rutgers Students
Jobs Obtained by Rutgers Graduates
|First Jobs of Recent Graduates - Physics
|Jobs of Experienced Alumni - Physics
Graduate Schools Attended
|Dartmouth College
|Computers & Technology
|Drexel University
|Hunter College
|Occupational Safety & Health
|Massachusetts Institute of Technology
|Engineering Management
|Rutgers University
|Rutgers University
|Ceramic Engineering
Additionally, you may:
- Explore the career paths of Student-Alumni Career Connections mentors.
- Go to the Rutgers Online Career Planning Site to explore your interests, skills and values. Use the program for College Students.
- Explore Rutgers University academic department information related to this major.
- See the Occupational Outlook Handbook for additional career information.


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Earth Summit 2012 will be the fourth Summit of its kind and represents another milestone in ongoing international efforts to accelerate progress towards achieving sustainable development globally.
On 14th - 16th May 2012, the UN Conference on Sustainable Development (UNCSD) or 'Rio+20' will take place in Rio de Janeiro. Also referred to as the Rio+20 Earth Summit, due to the initial conference held in Rio in 1992, the objectives of the Summit are: to secure renewed political commitment to sustainable development; to assess progress towards internationally agreed goals on sustainable development and to address new and emerging challenges.
The Summit will also focus on two specific themes: a green economy in the context of poverty eradication and sustainable development, and an institutional framework for sustainable development.
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