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Handbook of Business Legitimacy pp 1-16 | Cite as
Journalism and Business Legitimacy
This chapter focuses on the role of the news media in the creation, maintenance, or disruption of business legitimacy. The chapter first introduces the concept of legitimacy in organization theory and describes the evolution of new institutionalist approaches to legitimacy. The chapter then turns to the role of the news media, which are often seen as a conduit for public opinion with respect to business. Recent scholarship has come to question this passive view and has begun to examine how news media per se exert an influence on business and public opinion. Drawing on research on agenda setting and mediatization, the chapter argues that the news media should be viewed as an independent political institution, embodying particular values and beliefs and playing an active role in the preservation or challenging of organizational legitimacy.
KeywordsOrganizational legitimacy Legitimation Institutionalism News media Business news Mediatization Agenda-setting Framing
This chapter addresses how the news media affect business legitimacy. The point of departure will be institutional theories of organizational legitimacy and work in media sociology and organization and management studies that examines the role of news media in the creation, maintenance, and disruption of organizational legitimacy. The chapter builds on a descriptive approach to legitimacy. A descriptive approach is not preoccupied with the validity or desirability of particular organizational or societal values. Rather, it is preoccupied with the role that such values play in constituting particular organizational entities or activities as legitimate.
The emphasis in the following is on the institutional role of news media. Organization and management researchers often use mass media reports as data sources either to map the actions of organizational actors or as a proxy for "public opinion." Until recently, the distinct role and contribution of media and journalism were scarcely considered. In contrast, the argument in this chapter will be to view mass media as institutions in order to highlight how they play a distinct role in relation to organizational legitimacy. They do not simply reflect broader social values but embody, produce, and reproduce particular values and beliefs.
The chapter is structured as follows: First, it introduces the concept of organizational legitimacy and its key dimensions and describes the evolution of approaches to organizational legitimacy within institutional theories of organization. The chapter then examines the distinct role of media in creating, maintaining, or disrupting business legitimacy, first by challenging conventional views of media and business, then by drawing on the concepts of agenda setting and mediatization to describe the institutional role of news media, and finally by describing the role of news media in relation to organizational legitimacy.
Organizational Legitimacy
The concept of organizational legitimacy stipulates that organizations rely on social acceptance and not only on operational efficiency in pursuing their goals – and indeed to survive. The American sociologist Mark Suchman has offered one of the most influential definitions of organizational legitimacy: "Legitimacy is a generalized perception or assumption that the actions of an entity are desirable, proper, or appropriate within some socially constructed system of norms, values, beliefs, and definitions" (Suchman 1995: 574).
Organizations always face one or more constituencies or audiences upon whom they rely for approval.
Legitimacy involves evaluations (passive or active) that render particular actors and actions appropriate or acceptable.
Such evaluations build on a broader system of norms, values, beliefs, and definitions.
This system is both a generalized property of organizational environments and, at the same, a social and historical construct, amenable to change.
Suchman's definition draws on several theoretical sources. Max Weber is often cited as the originator of the modern sociological concept of legitimacy, according to which "action, especially social action which involves a social relationship, may be guided by the belief in the existence of a legitimate order" (Weber 1978: 31). The American sociologist Talcott Parsons later rearticulated Weber's definition, in his introduction to a modern sociological theory of organizations. Parsons stated: "the value system of the organization must imply basic acceptance of the more generalized values of the superordinate system" (Parsons 1956: 67f). Conformity or convergence between specific organizational values and broader social beliefs or values was seen a prerequisite of organizational action. Therefore, any organization has an institutional dimension, alongside its task- or goal-oriented function. Theoretically, however, the latter function remained at the forefront of organizational theorizing (and business studies).
From the mid-1970s, the legitimate order or the generalized values of society changed from being a background assumption in organizational theory to a key theoretical issue. In their seminal article on institutionalized organizations, John Meyer and Brian Rowan (1977/1991) suggested that modern organizations were increasingly subject to the forces of highly institutionalized environments in ways that increased formalization (or bureaucratization) regardless of the technical or operational requirements of individual organizations. The authors stated that "formal structures of many organizations in postindustrial society…dramatically reflect the myths of their institutional environments instead of the demands of their work activities" (1977: 41). In this view, legitimacy is not a background condition but a force that imposes new and potentially disruptive structural and procedural demands on organizations.
Institutionalized environments, which encompass state institutions, professional associations, trade associations, etc., embody rationalized institutional rules that define roles, status, and appropriate ends and means for particular organizations and actors operating within their confines. Institutional environments justify actors and actions but may also withhold justification – which may have serious consequences: "Organizations that … lack acceptable legitimated accounts of their activities…are more vulnerable to claims that they are negligent, irrational or unnecessary" (Meyer and Rowan 1991: 50).
From these early formulations came a surge of organizational scholarship that both expanded on the idea of institutionalized environments and identified legitimacy as a key organizational concern.
New Institutional Perspectives on Organizational Legitimacy
The new institutional perspective on organizations involved new and more complex ideas of the nature of the legitimating values and beliefs. W. Richard Scott (1983) summarized the bases of legitimacy in terms of a typology of institutional rules: regulative rules, normative rules, and cognitive rules. In other words, institutional environments encompassed both formal and informal behavioral expectations as well as broader cultural systems of knowledge and meaning. Suchman (1995) added the category of pragmatic legitimacy to indicate that legitimacy may also involve more mundane and interest-based assessments by stakeholders of the value of organizations.
According to the new institutional perspective, to be legitimate as an organization is not only to adhere to general social values and norms or to act within the confines of formal (legal or bureaucratic) rules. Legitimacy also requires organizations to display congruence with particular cognitive structures, such as those conceptions of rational management and hierarchical control that inform public policy or private sector institutions – and to be an organization that other actors consider as "valuable."
The interest in legitimacy involves a shift from a "logic of consequence" to a "logic of appropriateness" in social science inquiry (March and Olsen 1989). In an age preoccupied with rational decision-making, markets and the celebration of management, building on a model of rational choice, focusing on legitimacy, reinstated an interest in the social nature of choice and action.
Institutional scholars thus challenged the prevailing micro-theories of action and insisted on a sociological and contextual understanding of decision-making, action, and motivation. Here institutional theory offers a meso-level approach that situates organizations and organizational actors in particular institutional environments that are themselves "organized." Rules of legitimacy may very well be "generalized," but they are also carried by and reproduced by particular institutions that confer legitimate status upon individual organizations or groups of organizations.
Paul J. DiMaggio and Woody W. Powell drew on the sociological concept of "field" and described how organizations are part of organizational fields that are "sets of organizations that, in the aggregate, constitute a recognized area of institutional life; key suppliers, resource and product consumers, regulatory agencies, and other organizations that produce similar services or products" (1991/1983: 64f).
Within a field, there are particular organizations that have the capacity to evaluate or pass judgment on individual organizations. Institutional scholars have often highlighted the role of the state and professional associations as key sources of legitimacy (or challenges to legitimacy), using legislation or defining professional norms and standards for organizations in the field.
Research into the dynamics of organizational fields has tended to be preoccupied with the structure of fields and with institutional effects. At the field level, the key question is the following: What structural characteristics lead to intensified pressures for legitimacy? Field-level explanations have emphasized increased state involvement in particular sectors, industries, etc., processes of professionalization, and the concentration of capital and power within an industry.
At the organizational level, the key question concerns institutional effects: What are the effects of environmental legitimacy pressures on the individual organization. Here, one observed the ongoing proliferation and elaboration of formal organizational structure, leading to increasing uniformity across organizations, industries, sectors, and nation-states. Referencing Max Weber's notion of "the iron cage" of rationality, created by modern capitalism, the authors described new iron cage created by "the structuration of organizational fields," sustained by state policy and professional associations, leading to increasing homogeneity "in structure, culture and output" (DiMaggio and Powell 1983/1991: 64).
Over the last 20-30 years, however, institutional research has gradually moved away from this largely determinist approach and has embraced approaches that highlight context, process, and agency (see Lawrence et al. 2009).
Context. Researchers have highlighted the evolution and dynamics of specific contexts when seeking to identify the role of institutions and the nature of institutional outcomes. Institutional environments have histories that may be both unique and discontinuous and involve a distinct variety of institutional actors. A large body of institutionalist scholarship has examined changes in institutional contexts over time or across regions, nation-states, and industries. Such studies suggest that, although one may observe the spread of seemingly universal organizational values and beliefs in most developed economies, there are significant differences in the timing, the selection, and the concrete adaptation of legitimate organization forms. Here factors such as the role of the state or the structure of firms and industry are important contextual factors (e.g., Neil Fligstein 1990).
Processes. There is a renewed interest in institutional processes, which embraces at least two types of processes: legitimation processes and organizational agency.
- 1.
In most cases, organizations and organizational actions are simply passively accepted as legitimate as part of the ordinary conduct of business in a field.
- 2.
Many organizations are deemed "proper" after having been subjected to a routine evaluation that follows standard procedure, e.g., as annual audits of financial reports.
- 3.
Sometimes organizations or organizational practices may be debated, which means the appropriateness of particular aspects of the organization is questioned in relation to more fundamental values, e.g., when hiring practices are being challenged or a company's environmental performance is deemed questionable.
- 4.
Occasionally, organizations are seen as illegitimate and judged as entirely inappropriate within a particular organizational field, e.g., in cases of systematic and pervasive criminal conduct or products/services deemed entirely inappropriate.
Agency. By focusing on processes of legitimation, one may highlight both stability and change and discern the particular dynamics involved both in routine processes of legitimation and in highly conflictual processes of contestation. Scholarship, inspired by Pfeffer and Salancik's (1978) early work on resource dependency that propagates a much more active and strategic approach to legitimacy, describes the ways in which organizational actors (managers, employees) respond to challenges to organizational legitimacy, e.g., by engaging in impression management in the engagement with external actors. Some of these contributions will be considered in detail below.
However, even scholarship building on institutional theory has come to focus on process and agency. Some organizational scholars have challenged the notion of "diffusion" in the institutionalist model, i.e., that isomorphism occurs as a process of more unilineal diffusion particular norms, concepts, models of organization, etc. across organizational boundaries. Brunsson and Olsen (1993) suggested that processes of change are much more loosely coupled and open to interpretation than hitherto imagined. Czarniawska and Sevon (1996) proposed that the diffusion metaphor be replaced by the concept of translation to indicate how organizational models and concepts are continuously translated and reworked as they travel to new contexts (how agents respond to institutional pressures and adapt and mediate them through loose coupling, sensemaking, and modification of ideas when implemented in specific settings (translation)). Thus institutional effects are never predictable; one always needs to examine concrete processes of sensemaking translation.
Institutional scholarship has moved even further in their emphasis on agency and has focused on institutional entrepreneurship to highlight how individuals and organizations may engage in the creation or reworking of existing institutions (but see DiMaggio also). The notion of "institutional work" has been suggested by Lawrence et al. (2009: 1), as a concept to focus on the "practical actions through which institutions are created, maintained, and disrupted."
The shift in institutional studies of organizational legitimacy away from a structural model of institutional influences toward more contextual and processual approaches thus prompted an interest in intermediary organizations, and an interest in distinct processes of legitimation and delegitimation, and in organizational responses both to legitimation challenges and to the broader institutions that are part of such challenges. Examples of intermediaries at the level of organizational fields are educational institutions, NGOs, and consultancy firms, all of which are important carriers of institutional values, norms, and beliefs. However, a large body of literature suggests that "the media" or more accurately "the news media," i.e., outlets where there is a predominant focus on news production and where journalists are key content producers, have come to play a key role in creating, maintaining, or disrupting organizational legitimacy.
Organizations and the Role of News Media
The interest in the relationship between organizations and news media has emerged since the 1990s, primarily in research on corporate or organizational reputation and in research on the diffusion of management ideas and models. From having viewed news media either as information channels or as arenas in which public opinions were being processed, researchers gradually began to raise the question of whether news media should be seen as a source exerting influence in its own right.
The study of organizational reputation is preoccupied with collective judgments by stakeholders or "the public" about the status and performance of organizations that may, among other things, create important competitive advantages (or disadvantages) for actors in a market. Early studies in the field of organizational reputation and image (e.g., Fombrun and Shanley 1990; Dutton and Dukerich 1991; Sutton and Callahan 1987; Elsbach and Sutton 1992; Elsbach 1994; Hatch and Schultz 1997) often used news coverage as an important data source in their mapping of cases where the reputation or image of organizations was being challenged. Aside from using news coverage as a data source, these scholars often saw the news media as an arena of public opinion in which image crises played out. They also noted that organizational strategies of impression or reputation management were primarily oriented toward the media, although the actual sources of disruption and influence were often found outside the news media – in the legal system, social movements, etc. (Brown and Deegan 1998). In an important programmatic article discussing the relationship between organizational culture, identity, and image, Hatch and Schultz (1997) noted that external images not only affected organizational reputation but also internal identity: "a negative reading of organizational image by the press can affect organizational identity when news reports are perceived as genuine reflections of organizational activity or intent" (p. 361). Morsing (1999) later illustrated this emerging dynamics in a study of the interplay of (positive) media attention and internal identity change in a Danish manufacturing firm that suggested how organizational actors attach real significance to and act upon media portrayals of organizational reality.
In studies of the diffusion of management models in various industries, researchers noted that the professional press, i.e., specialized outlets read by particular occupational groups, were important for the early awareness of new management ideas (Barley et al. 1988; Burns and Wholey 1993). Alvarez (1996) and Mazza and Alvarez (2000), examining the spread of academic ideas of management into business practices, saw the media as important for the popularization of management knowledge. They observed a growth in the coverage of business and management issues by the popular media, where widespread stories of implementation and successful performance were instrumental in linking global management ideas to local contexts. Diffusion research often adopted the notion of carrier in their approach to media (Sahlin-Andersson and Engwall 2000) and not only highlighted the importance of the news media as intermediary organizations but also warranted an interest in whether and how carriers shape the ideas and messages carried. In a parallel vein, adopting the lens of fashion theory, Abrahamson (1996) studied the spread of management fads and fashions, using, among other sources, media content to map the rise and fall of popular management ideals, concepts, and models. He observed that such the media could be seen as a "fashion setting community" and explicitly called for a closer analysis of mass media effects on dissemination.
Agenda Setting and Framing
By the early 2000s, several organizational scholars, inspired by these findings, began to theorize the role of news media as a distinct source of influence on organizations (Tsoukas 1999; Deephouse 2000; Mazza and Alvarez 2000; Pollock and Rindova 2003; Kjær and Langer 2005; Kjær 2009; Pallas and Strannegård 2010; Deephouse et al. 2016).
A significant first step was to theorize the agenda-setting role of news media with respect to organizations. Agenda-setting theory originated in research on political communication (McCombs and Shaw 1972) as an alternative approach to media effects. (It should be noted that agenda-setting arguments can also be found on the field of organization and management studies, especially in the study of decision-making in organizations (such as in the work of James G. March and John W. Kingdon).) Agenda setting here entailed the ways in which journalists and news media can influence the salience and valence of particular issues simply as an effect of the relative attention given to issues by the news media. The agenda-setting argument rejects the idea that news media can control what audiences think but at the same time asserts that the news media can affect what audiences think about and even offer particular ways of framing issues.
Deephouse (2000) argued that even though agenda-setting theory is based on studies focusing on public and political issues, the theory also applies to the study of reputations in a business context. According to Deephouse (2000: 1097), "the media provide a forum where firms and stakeholders debate what constitutes a good firm and which firms have good reputations." Thus the media both had an agenda-setting role and a role in the social construction of perceptions of actors.
Carroll and McCombs (2003) also focused on the news media's agenda-setting role when it comes to influencing the public's images and opinions about major corporations. Stating that "the core proposition in agenda-setting theory is that the prominence of elements in the news influences the prominence of those elements among the public" (Carroll and McCombs 2003: 36–37), the authors claimed that a number of contingent conditions "define the situations in which agenda-setting effects are enhanced or reduced" (Carroll and McCombs 2003: 43–44). Among these contingent conditions are the age and size of a corporation since both may affect the newsworthiness of a corporation, the proximity of a firm to news sources (e.g., local newspapers covering firms important to local economy more fully than other firms), and the difference between newspaper sections, especially between general news and specialty news. Thus firms are found to get a more favorable coverage in the general section and a more critical coverage in the business section. Finally, Carroll and McCombs (2003: 44) stressed that news media have a special fascination with CEOs due to their celebrity status and that the coverages of the CEO may have a huge influence on the public's image of a specific firm.
Favorable versus unfavorable coverage and the emphasis on CEO's rather than, e.g., structural aspects of corporations are examples of how news media may choose to frame the stories of an organization or a firm (see also Chen and Meindl 1991). To frame an issue, according to Entman (1993: 52), is to "select some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient in a communicating text, in such a way as to promote a particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and/or treatment recommendation for the item described."
Media framing was highlighted in an influential study by Pollock and Rindova (2003: 631) that investigated how so-called information intermediaries (or infomediaries), such as the news media or financial analysts, affect investors' impressions and opinions of firms. The authors presented two rival views of the influence of these intermediaries: an economic view where the intermediaries simply convey information between buyers and sellers and an institutional approach that argues that the information intermediaries, particularly the news media, through their framing and exposure of firms, influence what stake- and shareholders perceive as desirable, worthy, and trustworthy. Based on a quantitative analysis of media content, the authors (2003: 640) find clear evidence that news media framing plays an important role in the evaluation of new business opportunities by affecting the salience and perceived value of a firm. Similarly, a number of qualitative studies have identified particular dominant frames in business reporting, such as history, nationalism, or inevitability (Tienari et al. 2003, 2007).
The agenda-setting approach can be viewed as an institutional approach. Although it starts from a straightforward measurement of prevalence of themes and positive versus negative evaluations, it directs our attention to selections built into news media organizations and journalistic practice. Routine choices of large versus small firms or old versus young or the prevalence of particular frames such as that of leadership or national status are indicative of a particular set of beliefs, norms, and values that constitute a particular "logic of appropriateness" of media institutions. Thus if we want to understand the influence of news media, we have to understand the routinized judgments and selections built into journalistic work and editorial processes (Deephouse 2000). This is elaborated further in the next section.
Over the last 10 years, the relationship between media institutions and organizations has been explored even further by utilizing the concept of mediatization. Here scholars have moved from simply examining agenda-setting and framing effects toward a broader field-level theory of the interaction between news media and organizations. The concept of mediatization, which draws on debates in media studies, can been used to describe the nature of this interaction (Kjær and Slaatta 2007; Pallas 2007; Pallas and Fredrikssson 2013; Ihlen and Pallas 2014; Kantola 2014; Wonneberger and Jacobs 2016).
The theory of mediatization builds on earlier institutional studies of the news media (such as Tuchman 1978, and Fishman 1980) but takes the institutional argument a step further. Whereas the classical concept of mediation (Strömbäck 2008) referred to how mass media functioned as a channel of information between politicians and their voters, the concept of mediatization refers to how the news media as an institution in its own right selects and shapes the information (news) that is presented across various platforms such as television, radio, newspapers, and online news sites. Thus the premise of mediatization theory is that the news media in many Western countries, from the 1980s onwards, has developed into an independent institution. This institution is guided by its own rules and norms, often summarized as "media logic" (Cook 1998; Strömbäck 2008; Allern and Blach-Ørsten 2011), and over time the news media as a political institution and its logic have become deeply integrated into different levels of society (Hjarvard 2008; Strömbäck 2008). Studies on mediatization have mostly focused on how mediatization has transformed national politics as both political parties and politicians have adapted to media logic (Esser and Strömbäck 2014; Blach-Ørsten 2016), but, similar to the case of agenda setting research, many scholars have made the argument that the process of mediatization has not only influenced politics but has had just as big an influence on firms and organizations. Thus both Kjær and Slaatta (2007) and Pallas (2007) argue that just as national politics have become mediatized in many Western countries, so have firms and corporations. Based on a study of the rise of the Nordic business press from 1960 to 2005, they argue that the business press in the Nordic countries, but also around the world (Pallas 2007; Reed and Lewin 2005; Kanola 2014), has expanded and an increasing number of journalists have been hired to become business reporters. They also argue that the focus and working routines of business journalists have changed during this period (Kjær and Slatta 2007). From covering macroeconomic issues and labor markets, the primary focus of the business press has become corporations and stock markets.
In this environment the news media may influence not only the legitimacy and reputation of a corporation but also its brand and policy (Ihlen and Pallas 2014). Thus studies show that just as the coverage of politics can focus on scandals and crisis (Allern and Pollack 2012), so can the coverage of firms and organizations (Langer and Kjær 2004: Blach-Ørsten 2009; Vallentin 2009). And just as the coverage of politics have seen a rise in the personalization of politics understood as an increased focus on political leaders (Blach-Ørsten 2011), business news have seen an increased focus on the coverage of CEOs and their personality and, sometimes, also private lives (Kantola 2014).
It is therefore only natural that modern corporations have incorporated media logic and developed, or tried to develop, a workable relationship with the news media.
Writing on corporations and their media practices, Wonneberger and Jacobs (2016: 368) stress that the process of mediatization can affect several processes, levels, and structures in an organization or corporation. Pallas (2007) and Pallas and Fredriksson (2013) argue that the process of mediatization is shaped by various interactions or negotiations between corporations and the news media. Some of these negotiations are front stage, such as press conferences, whereas other negotiations are backstage, for instance, negotiations about access to personal information (Pallas 2007). But Pallas and Fredriksson (2013) do not conclude that one side (the media) or the other (the corporation) controlled the interactions in the long run. Instead both parties are in continued interactions with one another, and these interactions are shaped and negotiated and changed by both parties. Indeed an article reviewing 50 years of empirical research on communication between corporations and the media (Verhoeven 2016: 514) concludes that just one key word can sum up the relationship: interdependence.
Summing up, this means that in recent years more and more studies have begun to focus on the news media as an important factor in shaping the legitimacy of firms and business corporations. Increasingly studies have turned to the theory of mediatization in order to better understand the relationship between news media and corporations. A central argument in mediatization studies is the existence of a media logic that not only shapes how the news is produced but that also increasingly becomes adopted by other institutions (Strömback 2008). The news media logic is constituted by three factors according to Esser and Strömbäck (2014: 19): (1) journalistic professionalism, that is, the ideals, norms, and routines that guide journalists in their work (also see Ørsten 2004); (2) commercialism that is to say the economic rationales motivating news media as business organizations; and (3) media technology which is the different media platforms and their affordances.
In other words the main argument behind a focus on the mediatization of business corporations and firms is that it is influenced by a certain kind of logic, a logic that in many ways are similar to the "contingent conditions" that Carroll and McCombs (2003) highlight. Thus the media logic influences which types of firms and corporations that the news media focuses on. Central parts of the media logic are the so-called news values or news criteria that journalists apply to select between what is considered newsworthy and what is not. Writing on news values and organizational newsworthiness, Kjær and Morsing (2011) write that Danish business journalists apply the same news criteria to business news as to regular news. Thus they focus on what is current, but preferable also something that also entails the possibilities of conflict and identification. Kjær and Morsing (2011: 25) also point out that Danish business news media tend to focus on national firms and corporations, as well as companies that are publically traded since that is expected to make them more interesting to the public and potential shareholders.
Agenda Setting, Mediatization, and Legitimacy
How, then, do agenda setting and mediatization influence organizational legitimacy?
First of all, the news media, through the processes of agenda setting and mediatization, assign importance and valence, and frame attributes of organizations, which may shape public opinion and knowledge about the organization in question. The news media mirror general social expectations, such as honesty, human rights, or sustainability, but their focus may be shaped by the media logic with a routine focus on conflict or identification. In addition, the news media routinely use business representatives as expert sources (financial analysts, market analysts, etc.), which may legitimize some types of business as important social actors.
News media agenda setting per se does not influence organizational legitimacy. Agenda setting influences which organizational issues and actors are attended to by the public. The prevalence of, e.g., financial reporting over political reporting may install a sense of public importance to corporate financial performance. Similarly the frequency with which a particular organization or executive officer is mentioned may create a sense of familiarity. However, the influence on legitimacy depends on the valence (positive or negative) and framing of news media reporting. Again, the valence of individual news stories does not automatically influence organizational legitimacy, but sustained positive or negative reporting may decrease or increase the likelihood of challenges to legitimacy. Similarly, news media framing may both naturalize and problematize particular organizations and aspects of organizational reality. News frames emphasizing leadership may thus create expectations of individual agency, decision-making, strategy, and initiative by executive officers. Failure to meet such expectations may result in a questioning of management authority by the general public and among internal stakeholders. Similarly, framing events as scandals may create a sense that public trust has been lost or a sense of organizational "stigma" leading to both external and internal calls for remedial action (see also Sutton and Callahan 1987).
News media shape worldviews and processes in both organizational fields and individual organizations, both in the short run by reinforcing or upsetting established expectations and also in the long run through a gradual structuration of norms, routines, and interactions between news media, journalist, and organizations. This field-configuring property suggests that news media may, in the long run, affect the broader system of norms, values, beliefs, and definitions of a field (Suchman 1995), i.e., the perceptions or assumptions on the basis of which actors evaluate actors and actions within the field. Thus the long-term trend toward "financialization" of business and organizations or the popularity of "corporate social responsibility" may in part be related to mediatization and new routines and norms of news media production related to business.
- (a)
By default, most firms and organizations are accepted. From a news media perspective, the vast majority of firms are "under the radar." They are beyond the media gaze and are simply passively accepted.
- (b)
A number of larger, mostly publicly held firms are routinely evaluated. This routine evaluation has expanded in recent decades as news reporting has shifted from the simple listing of shares and commodity prices to the systematic monitoring of quarterly and annual reports, product news, market entries, etc. Usually evaluations follow standard schemata and elicit standard responses, based on highly organized interactions between corporate communicators and business reporters. Such interactions are often asymmetrical as news outlets, working under both economic and temporal constraints, rely on information, news releases, and sources controlled by strong corporate communication offices (Pallas 2007).
- (c)
Some firms are debated, based on sustained poor performance or problematic practices. Here a firm's claim to legitimacy is being brought into question, typically in a series of news reports, as expectations are not being met, norms are being breached, or status is being questioned. Debating not only involves journalists and corporate communicators but also experts, stakeholders, and other actors speaking on behalf of the public. Debating also typically involves remedial actions on behalf of the involved organizations to regain public confidence.
- (d)
In rare cases, firms and organizations face disruption, as large-scale media storms erupt and corporate responses fail. Media storms erupt when problems become scandals and spread across media outlets and arenas. Media storms are likely to erupt when corporate behavior involves illegality (fraud, whitewashing), danger (industrial accidents), or systemic crises (the collapse of markets or projects), often combined with a failure to respond to public questioning or attempts to cover up (Tsoukas 1999; Langer and Kjær 2004; Ørsten 2009). While media attention may play a significant role in processes of disruption, it is important to emphasize that such processes often move into other arenas, such as the courts, local or national parliaments, or professional communities.à
This elaboration of processes of legitimation is indicative of the concrete ways in which news media reporting may influence organizational legitimacy, but it also suggests how there are interactions between news media institutions and organizations. This ongoing interaction can be described as a pattern of action and reaction, but as suggested above the relationship is perhaps best characterized as a case of interdependency (Verhoeven 2016). Much business reporting is effectively "corporate reporting," based on strategic communication produced by firms. At the same time, many firms depend on media attention in order to reach their customers or stakeholders and manage their role and status in various fields. The two sides thus depend on one another and can be said to engage in a process of negotiation – of attention, valence, and framing – rather than simply a never-ending battle for superiority.
Concluding Remarks
This chapter has outlined the concept of organizational legitimacy, which can be described as a particular set of beliefs and norms, a logic of appropriateness, built into institutional environments.
News media can be seen as intermediary institutions that both convey and rely on broader societal norms and also exert an influence in and of themselves via processes of agenda setting and mediatization. As institutions, the news media influence legitimacy norms, and processes of legitimation, but also engage in interactions with organizational actors over news production and legitimation.
While much research has been conducted in the field of news production, agenda setting, etc. in relation to business and organizations, the interaction and interdependency between media institutions and business should be studied more closely in the coming years, especially in the context of processes of legitimation and delegitimation.
The present introduction to organizational legitimacy and the news media has adopted a traditional approach to media communication. Future research will have to look more closely at the impact of social media on legitimacy. Although traditional news media still play the most important part in setting the public agenda even in a hybrid-media society (Chadwick 2017), social media and the interaction between social media and traditional news media with regard to the legitimation of corporations and organizations need to be examined. Here we could find a combination of volatile interactions and, perhaps, lower level of institutionalization deserving attention it its own right.
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Walking in heels is much less painful when the in-sole is well-cushioned. "This helps in absorbing shock in the ball area while walking and provides comfort," says footwear designer Radhika Jain over email. "These insole cushions can be made either of eva foam/latex foam or memory foam, which is the best. Nowadays you can buy them online or at a shoe store with foot-care accessories."
Top mistakes ladies make is not getting their shoe size right. A lot of people think they're a wide or vice versa and they're not, so definitely do that before you shop. Your foot size changes over the years, even as much as one full size, especially after having kids. Have your feet sized once a year, and do it if you've never had it done. Have your feet measured when you're buying shoes. Getting your shoe size right is essential for reducing pains on your feet
She also suggests some products for pain relief, like foot alignment socks, Correct Toes, or other toe spacers when not wearing your heels. And, regular stretching and exercises can help, too. DeGrave notes a few simple exercises from Katy Bowman, and also suggests: "keep a half foam roller somewhere you might find yourself standing around for a few minutes, say in the bathroom while you brush your teeth, so you can calf stretch while going about your day — I keep one out on my living room floor and do this while watching tv!"
Those small and soft rounded balls which can be inserted at the end of the shoes are called shoe inserts and they prevent sore in legs. If you have them in high heels they will make it smooth and comfortable for you to walk in them. If you haven't used shoe inserts yet, give them a try! You will save yourself from the nerve-racking pain of wearing heels.
(SPOT.ph) Ladies, strutting in sky-high heels and having to act like everything is all right in the world is no joke. Whether it's for a fancy event or if you just need an instant confidence (and height) boost, a cute pair of pumps or stilettos will always do the trick—but they can really make your feet feel dead even before the night event begins! Well, we've compiled 10 hacks that'll have your high-heel crusades more bearable. You're welcome.
Lead With Your Thighs. It's all in the thighs, as strange as that probably sounds hear us out. When you walk, lead each step with your thighs, moving your entire leg forward in one fluid motion. Think about it: You're probably used to letting your feet take the lead. It takes practice, but if you employ this method you'll find yourself placing less pressure on the ball of your foot, and ultimately reducing the torque your feet are under.
One thing to try are the over-the-counter products that market themselves for high heels. They are called metatarsal or ball of the foot pads. They are oval-shaped pads that go under the ball of the foot, usually made from a silicone gel. They combat soreness under the ball of the foot. Especially if it's made of silicone, it will hold your foot more steady in the shoe so your feet aren't sliding forward as much, which will protect your toes from friction and blisters.
You need to complement your shoe shape and sole width with the shape of your feet to avoid pain on your feet while wearing your favorite pair of heels so it is important to know your foot type. Our suggestion is that you consult a podiatrist; it will be the best way to know your foot type and what's going on. If you can't run out to the podiatrist, there's a couple of neat ways to see if you have a flat foot or a high-arch foot. Wet your foot and step onto a piece of construction paper. When you make an impression, it will show you how much your foot is flattening or how high of an arch you have. You can look at a person's foot type and see why they are having pain.
For some the higher the heels, the better. For others, a pair of black flats is much more appealing than some stilettos. Whether you're a fan of heels or not, you might find yourself wearing them at some point, so it can't hurt to have some tips on how to make heels less painful. It's no fun to suffer for the sake of fashion, but luckily, if you like to add a little height to your outfits, there are certain ways to do so without stumbling home with bloody calluses and sore arches.
Ice Ice Baby: The key to stretching your heels to be slightly more comfortable is sitting right in your kitchen! By filling plastic bags with water, putting the bags inside your shoes, and placing the shoes in the freezer, the water will expand as it freezes and stretch out your heels. Just make sure there is no air left in the bags before you seal them tight. Seventeen suggests keeping the shoes in the freezer for 4 to 8 hours, and then "let them sit at room temperature until the ice thaws to a point where you can slip the bags out of your shoes."
Consider a lower or more comfortable style. Choose a thicker and more stable heel like a platform, wedge, or chunky heel to provide more support and weight distribution. Shy away from pointed-toe styles if you have wide feet or toes, opting for round or almond-shaped instead. You can also buy heeled boots or heels with ankle straps to help support your ankles.[3]

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While these models have diminished in mature e-commerce and online advertising markets they are still prevalent in some more nascent industries. China is one example where Affiliate Marketing does not overtly resemble the same model in the West. With many affiliates being paid a flat "Cost Per Day" with some networks offering Cost Per Click or CPM.
In April 2008 the State of New York inserted an item in the state budget asserting sales tax jurisdiction over Amazon.com sales to residents of New York, based on the existence of affiliate links from New York–based websites to Amazon.[40] The state asserts that even one such affiliate constitutes Amazon having a business presence in the state, and is sufficient to allow New York to tax all Amazon sales to state residents. Amazon challenged the amendment and lost at the trial level in January 2009. The case is currently making its way through the New York appeals courts.
I could have promoted WP Engine (hosting company) for $200/sale with no tier program to climb – sounds pretty good right? But when I checked ShareASale I saw their reversal rates were 24%! Just to give you an idea SiteGround's reversals are less than 10%. WP Engine starts at $29/month while SiteGround's is $3.95/month, plus SiteGround has a better reputation. I had to climb a tier program to get SiteGround's $150/sale, but long-term my research paid off.
What I realized with working from home and making money online is that the more people you genuinely help, the more money you end up making. Helping others to succeed will create you a large following of loyal customers. If you are sick of failing in this industry, frustrated with not getting any results or making sales, or having issues generating quality traffic, please contact me at: firstname.lastname@example.com
2nd tier. If you are an affiliate for a particular program and you refer others to sign up for that affiliate program, a 2nd tier program will pay you when the affiliates you referred make sales. For example, I am an affiliate for Ultimate Bundles. If you join their affiliate program via my 2nd tier affiliate link here. I will get a small percentage of any sales you make going forward.
There are SO MANY training programs out there all promising to make you rich online with as little effort as possible. Well, first of all, a good program will never promise you overnight success or millions of dollars. The fact is that it takes an average of 18 months to 2 years to build a successful affiliate marketing company online, and though there are some extreme examples where people make millions of dollars a year, most successful affiliate marketers earn a comfortable living. I highly recommend you check out the following two articles:
Yes, it's a great way, because as a BitDegree affiliate you are provided with all the marketing material you will need in order to easily make money online, not to mention the rewards that will be provided for your efforts. You will also be able to access an affiliate library with handbooks which will teach you how to make easy money by using affiliate marketing.
So, a program that promises you anything outrageous should send you immediate red flags. Secondly, the best affiliate marketing training programs offer comprehensive support. Most people starting out in affiliate marketing do not have any formal training in web design, sales and marketing, and content creation. A good program will support you from beginning to end with lots of instructional classes and videos and expert technical support to help you fully understand the business.
.I'm a pregnant stay home mum looking for how to earn extra money.I have tried to start a blog but it seems not to pay as I expected. So I met this guy that wants me to market his packaging,archive box and printing company and to pay me per comission.So needed to educate myself and find this post.its amazing how you are able to put all this I one post.very educative.
Amazing and thorough breakdown of how it all works! Thank you so much for sharing! a group of 3 friends myself + 2 are about to start affiliate marketing together. Since many advertising rules have changed with affiliate marketing (facebook ads etc.) and many articles have not been updated since, weʻd love any advice or suggestions you have for 2018!
The affiliate marketing industry is growing steadily. An independent survey commissioned by Rakuten Affiliate Network found that affiliate marketing is set to reach $6.8 billion by 2020. Ninety percent of advertisers included in the survey said that affiliate programs were important or very important to their overall marketing strategy, with the majority of publishers reporting that affiliate partnerships drove more than 20% of annual revenue.
You could start off by doing a simple Google keyword search to find out how many people are searching for your niche of interest. Similarly, if your niche focuses on digital products, a great place to do research is on ClickBank, which is considered to be one of the largest affiliate networks online. The end goal is to find a profitable niche and run with it!
ps. collecting these Facebook polls is one of the main reasons I was able to get so many SiteGround sales. Yes, I'm suggesting SiteGround for your host, but this is also a strategy that can be used to collect unbiased reviews. Just go to Facebook and search "SiteGround poll" and you can dig up some great stuff – you can do this with lots of affiliate products/companies.
Promote products at various price points. Even the little products (like Amazon ebooks) add up. If there is a truly useful product on the pricier side, it can still be worth the promotion even if only a few people buy it. If you've used a product of exceptional quality and it's a good investment, or if it's a product that's unique, specialized or one-of-a-kind, go for it.
For those who want to figure out how to sell Amazon products and make money off it, this course on 2017 Affiliate Marketing + SEO Strategy could be ideal for you. It's a quick course that teaches how to build an amazon affiliate website, brushes you on the latest SEO techniques but may not be enough if you are looking at an advanced curriculum. The trainer Isli Hoxha, Website Developer & Growth Hacker will teach you marketing in depth.
This domain can work for people in two ways. One is to get sudden bursts of income by selling a certain product. The second part is selling a service that gives you recurring fees. This course on Affiliate Marketing Strategy for Stable and Recurring Income can be very helpful if your objective is the latter. At 5.5 hours and 56 lectures, this is very extensive and useful for those looking at mastering this subject. This training program is developed by iMarket XL and Max Stryker.
Do you have zero interest in an expensive mountain bike the company you are an affiliate of sells? Well, you probably don't want to feature it on your blog, as it is extremely difficult to persuade readers (or anyone for that matter) that they should buy something you wouldn't be caught spending a single penny on. When you are passionate about a product or–at the very least–interested in learning more about it, this will come through to your readers, engage them and better coax them to buy
Thanks to God I just landed here, I have found someone recommending WA.Actually, am already a free member there, but was just wondering on how to get started.Now i will head back and start over again to see how i will fair on.I am still wallowing here and there, wondering exactly on what I can comfortably do online and be happy with it.Scam Xposer is what has drive me here, since i came across one of Dom's posts explaining how the guy himself is promoting scam.I have been a victim of scams, one after another, and almost lost hope in this online stuff.
One of the cool things about Google AdSense is that it's so easy to get set up. If you have a blog or website, you can sign up for a free Google AdSense Account. From there, Google will give you a unique code that you will paste onto your website. Google takes it from there, tracking your page views, traffic, and earnings on your behalf. There is no upkeep or maintenance to get this thing going, which makes it a no-brainer if you have a website already.
Affiliate marketing allows you to make money online, even if you don't have a blog, website, or any products of your own. Following a few simple steps can get you up and running within hours and earning your first commissions right away. Affiliate marketing really is one of the fastest and easiest ways to make money online and should be a part of every online business owner's portfolio.
Although it differs from spyware, adware often uses the same methods and technologies. Merchants initially were uninformed about adware, what impact it had, and how it could damage their brands. Affiliate marketers became aware of the issue much more quickly, especially because they noticed that adware often overwrites tracking cookies, thus resulting in a decline of commissions. Affiliates not employing adware felt that it was stealing commission from them. Adware often has no valuable purpose and rarely provides any useful content to the user, who is typically unaware that such software is installed on his/her computer.
Will my target audience realistically buy this now, or at a different time? Be sensitive to sales cycles and seasons. Maybe you should avoid holidays (when people are away from their computers, like July 4 in the U.S.) or maybe you should target holidays (like the day after Thanksgiving), but know the difference. Again, know your audience. Plan your content accordingly.
The fit must be right between you and the merchant who is going to benefit from your promotional efforts, or it simply won't work. The easiest way to begin with affiliate marketing is to select an affiliate network. Many affiliate networks exist, some which are tied to well-known companies like Amazon, Google, and Apple, while others specialize in specific types of products and services.
He said on his blog, "I previously owned and operated a digital camera review site – and over two years I had a lot of emails from readers asking for tips on how to use their cameras. I came to the conclusion that while there are many millions of cameras being bought each year around the world, a very large number of people could be using their cameras to achieve better results.
Yes, it's a great way, because as a BitDegree affiliate you are provided with all the marketing material you will need in order to easily make money online, not to mention the rewards that will be provided for your efforts. You will also be able to access an affiliate library with handbooks which will teach you how to make easy money by using affiliate marketing.
After reading all the benefits of affiliate marketing if you think you will be rich over night by selling affiliate products online then you are wrong. Affiliate marketing is definitely an excellent way to make money online but it's highly competitive too. In order to be successful in Affiliate marketing you need to know the market needs, learn how to promote products, what works and what doesn't. The following are a few tricks on becoming successful in affiliate marketing that I have learnt over time.
Writing good advertising sales copy (copywriting) is the other important skill for internet marketers. The good news is that when it comes to affiliate marketing, many vendors will provide you with copy to use for your blog posts, websites ads, etc. They'll give you the emails to send, the banner ads to display, and even posts you can use on social media (such as Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, etc.).
In simple terms, affiliate marketing means selling another person's or company's products and services. It's like a referral service. You set up a website or blog and join affiliate programs that are relevant to your audience. You can connect to these programs through affiliate networks that provide you with a link that you include on your site. When someone clicks the link and purchases the product or service you're marketing, you receive a percentage of the sale proceeds as a commission.
For those who want to figure out how to sell Amazon products and make money off it, this course on 2017 Affiliate Marketing + SEO Strategy could be ideal for you. It's a quick course that teaches how to build an amazon affiliate website, brushes you on the latest SEO techniques but may not be enough if you are looking at an advanced curriculum. Details here.
Its amazing of the many affiliate programs that are out there where people are making a good living from them. For example the few that you mention that has such a great training model, wealthy affiliate tops them all because of the way this business is structure and I believe that wealthy affiliate has the best training program in the world when it comes to affiliate marketing. Thanks for sharing.
Commission is only paid when people book via your referrals and then complete their stay at their chosen property. Because of this, and the fact that customers sometimes cancel their bookings, the payment cycle is often slightly more complicated than those of other affiliate programs, but the platform allows you to easily track and analyze your earnings.
Affiliates discussed the issues in Internet forums and began to organize their efforts. They believed that the best way to address the problem was to discourage merchants from advertising via adware. Merchants that were either indifferent to or supportive of adware were exposed by affiliates, thus damaging those merchants' reputations and tarnishing their affiliate marketing efforts. Many affiliates either terminated the use of such merchants or switched to a competitor's affiliate program. Eventually, affiliate networks were also forced by merchants and affiliates to take a stand and ban certain adware publishers from their network. The result was Code of Conduct by Commission Junction/beFree and Performics,[30] LinkShare's Anti-Predatory Advertising Addendum,[31] and ShareASale's complete ban of software applications as a medium for affiliates to promote advertiser offers.[32] Regardless of the progress made, adware continues to be an issue, as demonstrated by the class action lawsuit against ValueClick and its daughter company Commission Junction filed on April 20, 2007.[33]
I would have one partner create a separate page/contact form specifically for the advertiser – so only people who see that contact form are people who were referred to by the advertiser. The advertiser would use that page as their outbound link. I know you can track outbound clicks in Google Analytics events and Contact Form conversions (usually through most contact form plugins) but that is the best way I think. Never done it, but this is how I see most affiliate programs like that work.
Thanks to God I just landed here, I have found someone recommending WA.Actually, am already a free member there, but was just wondering on how to get started.Now i will head back and start over again to see how i will fair on.I am still wallowing here and there, wondering exactly on what I can comfortably do online and be happy with it.Scam Xposer is what has drive me here, since i came across one of Dom's posts explaining how the guy himself is promoting scam.I have been a victim of scams, one after another, and almost lost hope in this online stuff.
The concept of affiliate marketing on the Internet was conceived of, put into practice and patented by William J. Tobin, the founder of PC Flowers & Gifts. Launched on the Prodigy Network in 1989, PC Flowers & Gifts remained on the service until 1996. By 1993, PC Flowers & Gifts generated sales in excess of $6 million per year on the Prodigy service. In 1998, PC Flowers and Gifts developed the business model of paying a commission on sales to the Prodigy Network.[3][4]
Of course, many people go into affiliate marketing with the wrong mindset or they go about it in the wrong way, which yields little to no results. Because of this and the many affiliate marketing scams that exist online, many people feel skeptical about affiliate marketing. Is it a legitimate way to make money online? Is it possible to make a significant income with it? How does it even work?
The terms of an affiliate marketing program are set by the company wanting to advertise. Early on, companies were largely paying cost per click (traffic) or cost per mile (impressions) on banner advertisements. As the technology evolved, the focus turned to commissions on actual sales or qualified leads. The early affiliate marketing programs were vulnerable to fraud because clicks could be generated by software, as could impressions.
Affiliate marketing is often touted as a "get rich quick scheme" by shady sites offering pyramid schemes that promise quick cash for little effort. Make no mistake—successful affiliate marketers like Pat Flynn of Smart Passive Income put in a lot of effort toward building an audience and creating quality content that will bring in sustainable passive income. Expect to do a lot of legwork up front—but if you play your cards right, you can build a solid source of revenue over time.


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Working in renowned studios including Abbey Road, Eve Studios, Urchin Studios, Lightship95, I've delivered excellent results for well-known and award-winning producers, engineers and artists alike.
I can make your drums sound like you want them thanks to my experience and understanding of tuning, equipment and environments.
Similarly, if you're looking for very specific sounds or instruments, I can source what you're after, and can deliver it at a great price thanks to my relationships with suppliers and specialists.


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NYC Mayor Restates Concerns About Innocence, Opposition to the Death Penalty
New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg, a Republican, reiterated his opposition to capital punishment. Bloomberg noted, "The death penalty I've always had a problem with, because too many times in the past you've seen innocent people incarcerated and, tragically, every once in a while they've been executed. And until you can show me that the process never would ever convict somebody that later on we find out was innocent of a crime, murder is murder no matter who does it, and I think we as a society can afford to incarcerate people." (New York Times, July 31, 2003). See Innocence and New Voices.
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A Better Python Image Gallery
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Chevrolet Cruze Premier
Get excited about the 2017 Chevrolet Cruze. This 4 door, 5 passenger sedan just recently passed the 30,000 mile mark! The aerodynamic exterior design both looks good and enhances fuel economy, favoring both performance and efficiency. Well tuned suspension and stability control deliver a spirited, yet composed, ride and drive Chevrolet prioritized comfort and style by including: variably intermittent wipers, a leather steering wheel, an outside temperature display, heated seats, heated door mirrors, power windows, and 1-touch window functionality. Chevrolet also prioritized safety and security with features such as: dual front impact airbags, head curtain airbags, traction control, a panic alarm, onStar, and 4 wheel disc brakes with ABS. Brake assist technology provides extra pressure when applying the brakes. A Carfax history report provides you peace of mind by detailing information related to past owners and service records. We have a skilled and knowledgeable sales staff with many years of experience satisfying our customers needs. They'll work with you to find the right vehicle at a price you can afford. Call now to schedule a test drive.


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Starsector 0.9a is out! (11/16/18); In-dev patch notes for 0.9.1a (01/31/19)
Boss variant of vanilla ships like the Prometheus
Could you make a patch that lets us capture the new-ish redacted ships?
Oh boy do I love that Radiant battlecarrier that was added recently to [REDACTED]. I was so mad when it wouldn't appear in derelicts after destroying 5 from a fleet of 200 ships that I added it with Console to my fleet. apparently the mod that lets you get those ships doesn't affect ships added by other mods, which of course kind of makes sense
Did anyone beat all the IBB ships ? I could only won the yamato one...


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Fear, Space and Urban Planning pp 39-53 | Cite as
Us and Them: Otherness and Exclusion
Urban fear is imbued with rational and irrational dimensions, some interlinked with, others independent from, urban life or the discourses of fear analysed in the previous chapter. This chapter, acknowledging that fear is not a simple 'effect' of specific 'causes', deepens the understanding of fear: it looks at the way fear is generated at the intersection of urban space and otherness, to build a theoretical framework supported by the work done by David Sibley on the geographies of exclusion and Iris Marion Young on the politics of difference. Diversity in urban (and especially public) space is debated, exploring encounters within contemporary, multicultural cities, with the aim of unpacking the role of feelings in the creation of relations between identity and otherness. Then, the chapter debates that the way the creation of such relations is necessary for the self-representation of societies and how the politics of exclusion are embedded in the construction of dichotomies such as 'we' versus 'the others' and the misrepresentation of (minority) groups. In conclusion, the chapter links such themes with urban studies and policy: it critiques Jane Jacobs' theories on urbanism and exemplifies the processes of stigmatisation/removal through the case of 'nomad camps' in Italy.
KeywordsPublic Space Housing Policy Urban Space Mexico Border Ethnic Boundary
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Book a Bed and Breakfast - Ireland B&B
27 Bed & Breakfasts in Dingle, Ireland
"At the Shores nothing is overlooked but the Sea". Pamper yourself in our elegant highest award winning AA 5 STAR and 5 STAR Failte Ireland receipent, luxurious, spacious Laura Ashley style beautiful rooms some furnished with antiques, King size beds and bathtubs. Most rooms are privileged with panoramic sea views overlooking Brandon Bay. Renowned for delicious gourmet food offering an irresistible breakfast. There is a library stocked with a rage of guides and general reading books. Annette will be happy to arrange an itinerary, day tours and forward reservations for you. The Shores is recommended by AA, Fran O Sullivan, Charming Small Hotels and Inns, Frommer, Irish Country Houses and Manors, Michelin, Michelle Ervig. Awarded a Certificate of Excellence by Trip Advisor 2011, Michelle Ervig Favourite New Bed and Breakfast 2005, Fabulous Food award 2006 and Favourite Romantic Elegance Award in 2009.
Dunlavin House is a traditional style Irish Bed & Breakfast, situated in the beautiful seaside town of Dingle, Co. Kerry. Located on a hillside overlooking Dingle Harbour, Dunlavin House is a perfect base from which to explore and enjoy the beauty and charm of this unique area. Situated just 400m from the town of Dingle, we can offer our guests the tranquility of the Irish countryside, close to a town that is alive with festivals, traditional music and great pubs. With four large en-suite bedrooms, and a comfortable breakfast conservatory and lounge, Dunlavin House offers a luxurious and relaxing setting from which to explore the Peninsula. All our rooms provide spacious en-suite bathrooms, tea/coffee making facilities, television, and can sleep up to four people comfortably. We provide bedding and cots for children and babies if it is desired, and because of our location, the peace and quiet will help you enjoy a beautiful nights sleep.
Emlagh Lodge is located on Dingle shore and commands breathtaking views of the bay & harbour, while you experience the tranquillity of the countryside, the town centre is just a 5 minute stroll along the shoreline & harbour. There are fine restaurants, shops, art galleries and craft centres making traditional Irish goods.Winner of the B&B Network Marketing Award - Best Overall Performance 2006. This prestigious award is indicative of a high level of personal service and attention given to those booking online. "The B&B Network is proud of its award winners and thoroughly recommends Emlagh Lodge to visitors to Dingle". Local Activities & Amenities include; Diving & Sailing Club, Horse Riding, Hill walks & treks along the Dingle Way, "Funghi the Dolphin" boat trips & swims daily, Local restaurants & bars, Local beaches & surfing, Archaeological tours daily, Blasket Island & Local Echo tours daily(Weather permitting), Ceann Sibeal golf course and Shore & Sea Angling.
All the facilities of Dingle are on the doorstep. On offer are shops, pubs, restaurants, gift shops, art galleries, traditional Irish music, Ocean World, diving, Fungi - Dingles own Dolphin and much, much more. In fact all the ingredients of a perfect holiday. Maps and guides are available and as much advice as you need. The local bus stop and tourist office is just across the road. We speak Irish so those wishing to use our language are always welcome. The Town House has 6 six bright and spacious double/twin rooms all with en-suite bathrooms. Siobhan provides a tasty and filling Irish breakfast with a buffet choice of starters.
In the heart of Dingle town, Archway Lodge is a modern, beautifully decorated and well-maintained bed and breakfast. All the bedrooms are en suite with a shower, television, hairdryer and tea and coffee making facilities.It is an excellent base for touring the dramatic and wild Dingle Peninsula with its cliffs, long sandy beaches, sea and bird life. There are good surfing beaches on the north and west coasts as well as other water sports available.Some of the local attractions include Irelands second highest mountain (Mount Brandon), Fungi the famous local dolphin, the Blasket Islands, and the Dingle Aquarium.For the active there is the Dingle Way(a 179km walking trail), a leisure centre, bowling alley, golf, horse riding and mountain walking.Dingle offers fine restaurants(all offering fish landed in Dingle harbour), traditional Irish music evenings in many pubs, gift shops and art galleries selling paintings and sculptures by local artists. Dingle - what more could you ask, the perfect holiday destination.
A sixth generation working farm nestling at the foot of the Slieve Mish Mountains on the Dingle Peninsula. The farmhouse is ideally located on the Wild Atlantic Way for touring the Dingle Peninsula and the Ring of Kerry, as Castlemaine village is the gateway between both areas. This traditional and comfortable farmhouse is renowned for its friendly welcome and excellent cuisine providing an extensive breakfast menu to choose from which will satisfy the most discerning of food lovers. All bedrooms have en suite facilities, king size beds, electric blankets, television and tea & coffee. For the golfing enthusiast Murphy's Farmhouse is ideally located as it is within a 30 minute drive from the following world renowned golf courses, Killarney, Ballybunion, Barrow, Dooks and Killorglin. Walking is another activity that the area is proud to offer, Murphy's Farmhouse is perfectly situated for the Kerry Way and the Dingle Way walking routes. Inch beach is 15 minutes drive where surfing is available.
Inch Lodge has been newly built to a very high standard near the location for the film "Ryan's Daughter" For our guests comfort all rooms are equipped with direct dial telephones, television and ensuite bathroom. Our superior rooms also afford spaciousness, sea views and queen size beds. Each morning a delicious full Irish breakfast & buffet is served. For those warm summer evenings, garden furniture is available for guest use. Nearby is a large choice of golf courses, pubs and restaurants. Other activities locally such as fishing, swimming and surfing. Surf boards and wetsuits are available for hire. Lessons on request.Every wednesday evening, in the summer months, our restaurant on to beach presents traditional Irish Music from local musicians.
Valerie & Anthony Sheehy invite you to Lurraga House. This friendly home on the Dingle Peninsula has splendid views of the Kerry Mountains & Tralee Bay. Rooms come equipped with TV, Wifi Internet, hairdryers & Tea/Coffee facilities. Ensuite with power showers and complimentary toiletries for your convenience. In the morning, chose from our menu in the sunny breakfast room. Relax in our sun lounge while planning your days activities. Enjoy a game of pool or enjoy the peaceful surroundings in our garden with ample seating after a busy day touring. We are a stop in Camp for the tired walkers who walk the famous Dingle Way, and we can arrange to transport the luggage to the next B&B. We also do packed lunches.
An Capall Dubh B&B is a local family run B&B in a peaceful, secluded courtyard right in the heart of the delightful town of Dingle with its fishing harbour, fine restaurants, traditional pubs and art galleries. Although close to all that Dingle has to offer the accommodation is in a quiet location, ideal for those wanting to relax. There is a wheelchair accessible ground floor room while, on the first floor, 5 spacious en suite bedrooms, refreshingly decorated. Dingle is on the Wild Atlantic Way and the ideal location from which to explore the peninsula. Take the Slea Head Drive on the Wild Atlantic Way, a memorable experience, once done never forgotten. Dramatic seascapes, small coves, blue flag sandy beaches, archaeological sites(Cathair Deargain, Kilmalkedar, Gallarus), art and pottery studios, Mount Brandon, Ireland's second highest mountain, water sports including great surfing, fishing, trips to the Great Blasket Islands, 3 golf courses and so much more.
Ardrinane House is situated in the lovely picturesque village of Annascaul on the Dingle Peninsula. An ideal base for touring Kerry. Gorgeous walking trails can be enjoyed and Annascaul is a stopover for the Dingle Way walk. The historic South Pole Inn - home of Antarctic Explorer Tom Crean - is just across the street. Inch Beach - for swimming, surfing and fishing is a five minute drive. We offer a choice of family rooms (sleeping 3 or 4) twin, double or single. All rooms have en suite bathrooms.
Offering quality B&B accommodation, Brownes is a country home in peaceful surroundings, siutated on the famous Slea Head drive which overlooks Dingle Bay and mountains. It provides an ideal starting point for discovering the beauty of the Dingle Peninsula. This smart modern house has five beautifully appointed guest rooms. All with en suite facilities and TV. Tea and coffee is served in the reading rom which overlooks Dingle Harbour. At breakfast time you'll find an extensive choice accompanied by Camilla's home baking. The house is located within walking distance of Dingle town with all it's restaurants and craft shops.
Seaside traditional stone cottage located along the beautiful shores of Dingle Bay. Cosy, quiet, safe retreat in the town two streets away from gourmet restaurants, traditional pubs, craft shops, art galleries, harbour tours and Ocean World. We provide Wifi internet access from bedrooms. If you are looking for self catering.


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@alpine_thistle dang those things are wasteful. outrage over plastic straws but not over k-cups. my butt! good on you, keep doin' what you're doin'
@izzy yeah I'm not going to change to the disposable ones lmao. Basically if I get confronted again I'll be like "🙄 ok, if I break it, I'll replace the machine with my own money. Don't hold your breath."
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Hello! We're MET Medical. We're on a mission to be the very best ambulance provider in the UK. We provide ambulances for the NHS, for events, TV and to private patients. We're led by registered paramedics and are highly capable at moving those with limited mobility or complex medical needs from A to B. We're a family business with a passion for care.
We're based in St Albans and provide national services for large events and long distance transport. We carry out local short journeys in Hertfordshire, London and the surrounding counties for both private patients and a large number of NHS Trusts. We also occasionally venture out of the UK to help people who are unwell abroad or to support UK based companies with their business elsewhere in Europe.
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