text:
Most Popular "Musician" Titles
- Movies or TV
- Genres
- Keywords
- IMDb Rating
- Instant Watch Options
- In Theaters
- On TV
- Release Year
1. Friends (1994–2004)
TV-14 | 22 min | Comedy, Romance
Follows the personal and professional lives of six twenty to thirty-something-year-old friends living in Manhattan.
Stars: Jennifer Aniston, Courteney Cox, Lisa Kudrow, Matt LeBlanc
Votes: 661,600
2. Bohemian Rhapsody (2018)
PG-13 | 134 min | Biography, Drama, Music
The story of the legendary rock band Queen and lead singer Freddie Mercury, leading up to their famous performance at Live Aid (1985).
Director: Bryan Singer | Stars: Rami Malek, Lucy Boynton, Gwilym Lee, Ben Hardy
Votes: 326,387 | Gross: $216.30M
3. Green Book (2018)
PG-13 | 130 min | Biography, Comedy, Drama
A working-class Italian-American bouncer becomes the driver of an African-American classical pianist on a tour of venues through the 1960s American South.
Director: Peter Farrelly | Stars: Viggo Mortensen, Mahershala Ali, Linda Cardellini, Sebastian Maniscalco
Votes: 180,306 | Gross: $85.03M
4. Lost (2004–2010)
TV-14 | 44 min | Adventure, Drama, Fantasy
The survivors of a plane crash are forced to work together in order to survive on a seemingly deserted tropical island.
Stars: Jorge Garcia, Josh Holloway, Yunjin Kim, Evangeline Lilly
Votes: 452,330
5. Rocketman (2019)
Biography, Drama, Fantasy | Post-production
A musical fantasy about the fantastical human story of Elton John's breakthrough years.
Director: Dexter Fletcher | Stars: Bryce Dallas Howard, Richard Madden, Taron Egerton, Stephen Graham
6. The Simpsons (1989– )
TV-PG | 22 min | Animation, Comedy
The satiric adventures of a working-class family in the misfit city of Springfield.
Stars: Dan Castellaneta, Nancy Cartwright, Harry Shearer, Julie Kavner
Votes: 330,379
7. The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1939)
Passed | 117 min | Drama, Horror, Romance
In 15th century France, a gypsy girl is framed for murder by the infatuated Chief Justice, and only the deformed bellringer of Notre Dame Cathedral can save her.
Director: William Dieterle | Stars: Charles Laughton, Maureen O'Hara, Cedric Hardwicke, Thomas Mitchell
Votes: 9,340 | Gross: $3.27M
8. Sing (2016)
PG | 108 min | Animation, Comedy, Family
In a city of humanoid animals, a hustling theater impresario's attempt to save his theater with a singing competition becomes grander than he anticipates even as its finalists find that their lives will never be the same.
Directors: Garth Jennings, Christophe Lourdelet | Stars: Matthew McConaughey, Reese Witherspoon, Seth MacFarlane, Scarlett Johansson
Votes: 114,268 | Gross: $270.40M
9. Scott Pilgrim vs. the World (2010)
PG-13 | 112 min | Action, Comedy, Fantasy
Scott Pilgrim must defeat his new girlfriend's seven evil exes in order to win her heart.
Director: Edgar Wright | Stars: Michael Cera, Mary Elizabeth Winstead, Kieran Culkin, Anna Kendrick
Votes: 336,582 | Gross: $31.49M
10. Baby Driver (2017)
R | 112 min | Action, Crime, Drama
After being coerced into working for a crime boss, a young getaway driver finds himself taking part in a heist doomed to fail.
Director: Edgar Wright | Stars: Ansel Elgort, Jon Bernthal, Jon Hamm, Eiza González
Votes: 355,600 | Gross: $107.83M
11. American Pie (1999)
R | 95 min | Comedy
Four teenage boys enter a pact to lose their virginity by prom night.
Directors: Paul Weitz, Chris Weitz | Stars: Jason Biggs, Chris Klein, Thomas Ian Nicholas, Jennifer Coolidge
Votes: 351,657 | Gross: $102.56M
12. What We Do in the Shadows (2014)
R | 86 min | Comedy, Horror
Viago, Deacon and Vladislav are vampires who are finding that modern life has them struggling with the mundane - like paying rent, keeping up with the chore wheel, trying to get into nightclubs and overcoming flatmate conflicts.
Directors: Jemaine Clement, Taika Waititi | Stars: Jemaine Clement, Taika Waititi, Cori Gonzalez-Macuer, Jonny Brugh
Votes: 123,307 | Gross: $3.33M
13. Saturday Night Live (1975– )
TV-14 | 90 min | Comedy, Music
A famous guest host stars in parodies and sketches created by the cast of this witty show.
Stars: Don Pardo, Lenny Pickett, Darrell Hammond, Kenan Thompson
Votes: 38,955
14. Singin' in the Rain (1952)
G | 103 min | Comedy, Musical, Romance
A silent film production company and cast make a difficult transition to sound.
Directors: Stanley Donen, Gene Kelly | Stars: Gene Kelly, Donald O'Connor, Debbie Reynolds, Jean Hagen
Votes: 194,415 | Gross: $8.82M
15. Yesterday (III) (2019)
PG-13 | 112 min | Comedy, Drama, Fantasy | Completed
A struggling musician realizes he's the only person on Earth who can remember The Beatles.
Director: Danny Boyle | Stars: Lily James, Ana de Armas, Kate McKinnon, Ed Sheeran
16. Coco (I) (2017)
PG | 105 min | Animation, Adventure, Comedy
Aspiring musician Miguel, confronted with his family's ancestral ban on music, enters the Land of the Dead to find his great-great-grandfather, a legendary singer.
Directors: Lee Unkrich, Adrian Molina | Stars: Anthony Gonzalez, Gael García Bernal, Benjamin Bratt, Alanna Ubach
Votes: 267,790 | Gross: $209.73M
17. La La Land (I) (2016)
PG-13 | 128 min | Comedy, Drama, Music
While navigating their careers in Los Angeles, a pianist and an actress fall in love while attempting to reconcile their aspirations for the future.
Director: Damien Chazelle | Stars: Ryan Gosling, Emma Stone, Rosemarie DeWitt, J.K. Simmons
Votes: 429,737 | Gross: $151.10M
18. Nashville (2012–2018)
TV-PG | 43 min | Drama, Music, Romance
Follows the lives and tragedies of rising and fading country music stars in Nashville, Tennessee.
Stars: Hayden Panettiere, Clare Bowen, Charles Esten, Jonathan Jackson
Votes: 21,702
19. Cabaret (1972)
PG | 124 min | Drama, Musical
A female girlie club entertainer in Weimar Republic era Berlin romances two men while the Nazi Party rises to power around them.
Director: Bob Fosse | Stars: Liza Minnelli, Michael York, Helmut Griem, Joel Grey
Votes: 43,109 | Gross: $42.77M
20. Mamma Mia! (2008)
PG-13 | 108 min | Comedy, Musical, Romance
The story of a bride-to-be trying to find her real father told using hit songs by the popular 1970s group ABBA.
Director: Phyllida Lloyd | Stars: Meryl Streep, Pierce Brosnan, Amanda Seyfried, Stellan Skarsgård
Votes: 191,181 | Gross: $144.13M
21. Queen of the Desert (2015)
PG-13 | 128 min | Adventure, Biography, Drama
A chronicle of Gertrude Bell's life, a traveler, writer, archaeologist, explorer, cartographer, and political attaché for the British Empire at the dawn of the twentieth century.
Director: Werner Herzog | Stars: Nicole Kidman, James Franco, Robert Pattinson, Damian Lewis
Votes: 8,319
22. Whiplash (2014)
R | 106 min | Drama, Music
A promising young drummer enrolls at a cut-throat music conservatory where his dreams of greatness are mentored by an instructor who will stop at nothing to realize a student's potential.
Director: Damien Chazelle | Stars: Miles Teller, J.K. Simmons, Melissa Benoist, Paul Reiser
Votes: 607,103 | Gross: $13.09M
23. Full House (1987–1995)
TV-G | 22 min | Comedy, Drama, Family
A widowed broadcaster raises his three children with the assistance of his rock 'n' roll brother-in-law and his madcap best friend.
Stars: Bob Saget, John Stamos, Dave Coulier, Candace Cameron Bure
Votes: 48,541
24. The Pianist (2002)
R | 150 min | Biography, Drama, Music
A Polish Jewish musician struggles to survive the destruction of the Warsaw ghetto of World War II.
Director: Roman Polanski | Stars: Adrien Brody, Thomas Kretschmann, Frank Finlay, Emilia Fox
Votes: 635,215 | Gross: $32.57M
25. Love Actually (2003)
R | 135 min | Comedy, Drama, Romance
Follows the lives of eight very different couples in dealing with their love lives in various loosely interrelated tales all set during a frantic month before Christmas in London, England.
Director: Richard Curtis | Stars: Hugh Grant, Martine McCutcheon, Liam Neeson, Laura Linney
Votes: 384,410 | Gross: $59.70M
26. Cold War (2018)
R | 89 min | Drama, Music, Romance
In the 1950s, a music director falls in love with a singer and tries to persuade her to flee communist Poland for France.
Director: Pawel Pawlikowski | Stars: Joanna Kulig, Tomasz Kot, Borys Szyc, Agata Kulesza
Votes: 31,303 | Gross: $4.57M
27. The Post (2017)
PG-13 | 116 min | Biography, Drama, History
A cover-up that spanned four U.S. Presidents pushed the country's first female newspaper publisher and a hard-driving editor to join an unprecedented battle between the press and the government.
Director: Steven Spielberg | Stars: Meryl Streep, Tom Hanks, Sarah Paulson, Bob Odenkirk
Votes: 105,965 | Gross: $81.90M
28. Creed (2015)
PG-13 | 133 min | Drama, Sport
The former World Heavyweight Champion Rocky Balboa serves as a trainer and mentor to Adonis Johnson, the son of his late friend and former rival Apollo Creed.
Director: Ryan Coogler | Stars: Michael B. Jordan, Sylvester Stallone, Tessa Thompson, Phylicia Rashad
Votes: 222,129 | Gross: $109.77M
29. La Bamba (1987)
PG-13 | 108 min | Biography, Drama, Music
Biographical story of the rise from nowhere of early rock and roll singer Ritchie Valens who died at age 17 in a plane crash with Buddy Holly and the Big Bopper.
Director: Luis Valdez | Stars: Lou Diamond Phillips, Esai Morales, Rosanna DeSoto, Elizabeth Peña
Votes: 24,904 | Gross: $54.22M
30. Saving Mr. Banks (2013)
PG-13 | 125 min | Biography, Comedy, Drama
Author P.L. Travers reflects on her childhood after reluctantly meeting with Walt Disney, who seeks to adapt her Mary Poppins books for the big screen.
Director: John Lee Hancock | Stars: Emma Thompson, Tom Hanks, Annie Rose Buckley, Colin Farrell
Votes: 139,724 | Gross: $83.30M
31. The Phantom of the Opera (2004)
PG-13 | 143 min | Drama, Musical, Romance
A young soprano becomes the obsession of a disfigured and murderous musical genius who lives beneath the Paris Opéra House.
Director: Joel Schumacher | Stars: Gerard Butler, Emmy Rossum, Patrick Wilson, Miranda Richardson
Votes: 109,227 | Gross: $51.27M
32. The Rocky Horror Picture Show (1975)
R | 100 min | Comedy, Musical
A newly engaged couple have a breakdown in an isolated area and must pay a call to the bizarre residence of Dr. Frank-N-Furter.
Director: Jim Sharman | Stars: Tim Curry, Susan Sarandon, Barry Bostwick, Richard O'Brien
Votes: 121,265 | Gross: $139.88M
33. Caddyshack (1980)
R | 98 min | Comedy, Sport
An exclusive golf course has to deal with a brash new member and a destructive dancing gopher.
Director: Harold Ramis | Stars: Chevy Chase, Rodney Dangerfield, Bill Murray, Ted Knight
Votes: 95,988 | Gross: $39.85M
34. The Commuter (I) (2018)
PG-13 | 105 min | Action, Mystery, Thriller
An Insurance Salesman/Ex-Cop is caught up in a criminal conspiracy during his daily commute home.
Director: Jaume Collet-Serra | Stars: Liam Neeson, Vera Farmiga, Patrick Wilson, Jonathan Banks
Votes: 80,874 | Gross: $36.34M
35. A Star Is Born (1976)
R | 139 min | Drama, Music, Romance
A has-been rock star falls in love with a young, up-and-coming songstress.
Director: Frank Pierson | Stars: Barbra Streisand, Kris Kristofferson, Gary Busey, Oliver Clark
Votes: 8,461 | Gross: $80.00M
36. Almost Famous (2000)
R | 122 min | Adventure, Comedy, Drama
A high-school boy is given the chance to write a story for Rolling Stone Magazine about an up-and-coming rock band as he accompanies them on their concert tour.
Director: Cameron Crowe | Stars: Billy Crudup, Patrick Fugit, Kate Hudson, Frances McDormand
Votes: 233,885 | Gross: $32.53M
37. Inherent Vice (2014)
R | 148 min | Comedy, Crime, Drama
In 1970, drug-fueled Los Angeles private investigator Larry "Doc" Sportello investigates the disappearance of a former girlfriend.
Director: Paul Thomas Anderson | Stars: Joaquin Phoenix, Josh Brolin, Owen Wilson, Katherine Waterston
Votes: 82,639 | Gross: $8.11M
38. Boyhood (I) (2014)
R | 165 min | Drama
The life of Mason, from early childhood to his arrival at college.
Director: Richard Linklater | Stars: Ellar Coltrane, Patricia Arquette, Ethan Hawke, Elijah Smith
Votes: 314,205 | Gross: $25.38M
39. Amadeus (1984)
R | 160 min | Biography, Drama, History
The life, success and troubles of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, as told by Antonio Salieri, the contemporaneous composer who was insanely jealous of Mozart's talent and claimed to have murdered him.
Director: Milos Forman | Stars: F. Murray Abraham, Tom Hulce, Elizabeth Berridge, Roy Dotrice
Votes: 333,728 | Gross: $51.97M
40. Casablanca (1942)
PG | 102 min | Drama, Romance, War
A cynical American expatriate struggles to decide whether or not he should help his former lover and her fugitive husband escape French Morocco.
Director: Michael Curtiz | Stars: Humphrey Bogart, Ingrid Bergman, Paul Henreid, Claude Rains
Votes: 472,100 | Gross: $1.02M
41. Masters of the Universe (1987)
PG | 106 min | Action, Adventure, Fantasy
The heroic warrior He-Man battles against the evil lord Skeletor and his armies of darkness for control of Castle Grayskull.
Director: Gary Goddard | Stars: Dolph Lundgren, Frank Langella, Meg Foster, Billy Barty
Votes: 33,422 | Gross: $17.34M
42. Collateral (2004)
R | 120 min | Crime, Drama, Thriller
A cab driver finds himself the hostage of an engaging contract killer as he makes his rounds from hit to hit during one night in Los Angeles.
Director: Michael Mann | Stars: Tom Cruise, Jamie Foxx, Jada Pinkett Smith, Mark Ruffalo
Votes: 333,917 | Gross: $101.01M
43. Blow (2001)
R | 124 min | Biography, Crime, Drama
The story of how George Jung, along with the Medellín Cartel headed by Pablo Escobar, established the American cocaine market in the 1970s in the United States.
Director: Ted Demme | Stars: Johnny Depp, Penélope Cruz, Franka Potente, Rachel Griffiths
Votes: 223,016 | Gross: $52.99M
44. The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air (1990–1996)
TV-PG | 22 min | Comedy
A streetwise, poor young man from Philadelphia is sent by his mother to live with his aunt, uncle and cousins in their Bel-Air mansion.
Stars: Will Smith, James Avery, Alfonso Ribeiro, Tatyana Ali
Votes: 106,197
45. Coyote Ugly (2000)
PG-13 | 100 min | Comedy, Drama, Music
Aspiring songwriter Violet Sanford, after getting a job at a women-run NYC bar that teases its male patrons, comes out of her shell.
Director: David McNally | Stars: Piper Perabo, Adam Garcia, John Goodman, Maria Bello
Votes: 100,523 | Gross: $60.79M
46. Pretty in Pink (1986)
PG-13 | 97 min | Comedy, Drama, Romance
A poor girl must choose between the affections of dating her childhood sweetheart or a rich but sensitive playboy.
Director: Howard Deutch | Stars: Molly Ringwald, Jon Cryer, Harry Dean Stanton, Annie Potts
Votes: 67,102 | Gross: $40.47M
47. Chicago (2002)
PG-13 | 113 min | Comedy, Crime, Musical
Two death-row murderesses develop a fierce rivalry while competing for publicity, celebrity, and a sleazy lawyer's attention.
Director: Rob Marshall | Stars: Renée Zellweger, Catherine Zeta-Jones, Richard Gere, Taye Diggs
Votes: 199,985 | Gross: $170.69M
48. Burlesque (I) (2010)
PG-13 | 119 min | Drama, Music, Musical
A small-town girl ventures to Los Angeles and finds her place in a neo-burlesque club run by a former dancer.
Director: Steve Antin | Stars: Cher, Christina Aguilera, Alan Cumming, Eric Dane
Votes: 70,604 | Gross: $39.44M
49. Airplane! (1980)
PG | 88 min | Comedy
A man afraid to fly must ensure that a plane lands safely after the pilots become sick.
Directors: Jim Abrahams, David Zucker, Jerry Zucker | Stars: Robert Hays, Julie Hagerty, Leslie Nielsen, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar
Votes: 189,030 | Gross: $83.40M
50. School of Rock (2003)
PG-13 | 109 min | Comedy, Music
After being kicked out of his rock band, Dewey Finn becomes a substitute teacher of an uptight elementary private school, only to try and turn them into a rock band.
Director: Richard Linklater | Stars: Jack Black, Mike White, Joan Cusack, Adam Pascal
Votes: 243,122 | Gross: $81.26M


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By quote
Buxton Analytics Platform is an application that helps you make fact-based decisions from data on your customers, locations, performance, and potential. This solution enables you to understand customers beyond their demographics. Instead, it gives insights into their behaviors, especially when it comes to spending their money. With this software, you can find more of your target consumers across the United States.
Buxton Analytics Platform aids you in evaluating the potentials of your business locations as well. It provides you sales forecast data and cannibalization information. On top of that, the platform assists you in identifying the best new locations for expansion, relocation, or consolidation.
Additionally, you can use the Buxton Analytics Platform to compare your actual sales performance against the forecast for any location. This way, you can better understand how you can optimize your products and services and gain an edge over your competitors.
Unique Business Model
No business is the same, which is why they need tailored predictive analytics models. You can get your own custom model with customer profiles that include characteristics and attributes of your target market with Buxton Analytics Platform. It merges your data with its information from the system for analysis and segmentation. After which, it analyzes whether a household is a prospective consumer to provide you with a comprehensive list of potential clients.
Prime Location Identification
To expand your business further, you need to be on sites where you can easily reach the people who match your customer profiles. You can employ Buxton Analytics Platform, as the application has a proprietary technology called SCOUT that helps you identify the best locations for expansion. As such, you can maximize the potential of an area and use your strategies and tactics to the fullest.
Advanced Decision-Making Assistance
Aside from SCOUT, Buxton Analytics Platform has tools and reports that can guide your decision-making. These customizable features are within your reach as they are included with the SCOUT system. Moreover, in case you need more, the Buxton team is on hand to provide you with bespoke data analytics and reports.
Market Optimization
Business growth goes beyond expanding in new locations. That is something Buxton Co. understands, which is why the Buxton Analytics Platform helps you optimize your strategies through testing and comparison of different scenarios. In the end, you should be able to determine whether you should add or relocate your business sites.
Position of Buxton Analytics Platform in our main categories:
Buxton Analytics Platform is one of the 20
If you are interested in Buxton Analytics Platform it might also be a good idea to investigate other subcategories of Best Predictive Analysis Software listed in our base of SaaS software reviews.
It is essential to keep in mind that virtually no software in the Predictive Analysis Software category is an ideal solution that can meet all the goals of all business types, sizes and industries. It may be a good idea to read a few Buxton Analytics Platform reviews first as certain software may perform well only in a very small group of applications or be designed with a really specific type of industry in mind. Others may work with an idea of being simple and intuitive and consequently lack advanced functions needed by more experienced users. There are also apps that support a broad group of customers and give you a powerful feature base, but that frequently comes at a higher cost of such a solution. Be certain that you're aware of your requirements so that you pick a software that has exactly the elements you look for.
Buxton Analytics Platform is a comprehensive predictive analytics application that lets you explore potential areas of improvement in your sales practices and business locations. If you want to use this solution in driving your company's growth, you can request custom enterprise pricing from the sales team by phone, email, or web form.
We realize that when you make a decision to buy Predictive Analysis Software it's important not only to see how experts evaluate it in their reviews, but also to find out if the real people and companies that buy it are actually satisfied with the product. That's why we've created our behavior-based Customer Satisfaction Algorithm™ that gathers customer reviews, comments and Buxton Analytics Platform reviews across a wide range of social media sites. The data is then presented in an easy to digest form showing how many people had positive and negative experience with Buxton Analytics Platform. With that information at hand you should be equipped to make an informed buying decision that you won't regret.
Buxton Analytics Platform is a comprehensive predictive analytics application that lets you explore potential areas of improvement in your sales practices and business locations. If you want to use this solution in driving your company's growth, you can request custom enterprise pricing from the sales team by phone, email, or web form.
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subset: commoncrawl


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GSTM5 gene
Papers overview
Semantic Scholar uses AI to extract papers important to this topic.
Combined influence of gene-specific cord blood methylation and maternal smoking habit on birth weight.
- Epigenomics
- 2013
AIM Evidence suggests that folic acid intake affects birth weight and that these effects may be mediated via the fetal epigenome… (More)
Is this relevant?
- Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
- 2012
PURPOSE Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in the elderly. Evidence suggests oxidative… (More)
Is this relevant?
Highly Cited
Highly Cited
DNA hypermethylation regulates the expression of members of the Mu-class glutathione S-transferases and glutathione peroxidases in Barrett's adenocarcinoma.
- Gut
- 2009
BACKGROUND The accumulation of reactive oxygen species and subsequent oxidative DNA damage underlie the development of Barrett's… (More)
Is this relevant?
- Journal of hypertension
- 2008
OBJECTIVES Glutathione S-transferases are involved in defences against oxidative stress. We have recently demonstrated reduced… (More)
Is this relevant?
Products formed during fermentation of the prebiotic inulin with human gut flora enhance expression of biotransformation genes in human primary colon cells.
- The British journal of nutrition
- 2007
Inulin-type fructans are fermented by gut bacteria to yield SCFA, including butyrate which is trophic for colonocytes and induces… (More)
Is this relevant?
Maternal housekeeping proteins translated during bovine oocyte maturation and early embryo development.
- Proteomics
- 2006
Protein synthesis from maternal mRNA is needed to sustain oocyte maturation and embryo development prior to the maternal… (More)
Is this relevant?
Distinctive structure of the human GSTM3 gene-inverted orientation relative to the mu class glutathione transferase gene cluster.
- Archives of biochemistry and biophysics
- 1999
The sequence and exon-intron structure of the human class mu GSTM3 glutathione transferase gene and its orientation with respect… (More)
Is this relevant?
Glutathione S-transferases in human renal cortex and neoplastic tissue: enzymatic activity, isoenzyme profile and immunohistochemical localization.
- Xenobiotica; the fate of foreign compounds in…
- 1998
1. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity in the cytosol of renal cortex and tumours from eight men and eight women was… (More)
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Highly Cited
Highly Cited
Subunit diversity and tissue distribution of human glutathione S-transferases: interpretations based on electrospray ionization-MS and peptide sequence-specific antisera.
- The Biochemical journal
- 1997
Uncertainties about the composition and identities of glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) in human tissue have impeded studies on… (More)
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A basis for differentiating among the multiple human Mu-glutathione S-transferases and molecular cloning of brain GSTM5.
- The Journal of biological chemistry
- 1993
Specific cDNA probes and antisera were employed to interpret genetic polymorphisms of human Mu-class glutathione S-transferases… (More)
Is this relevant?


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Russellton, PA Medicare Supplement Insurance
To get the best Medicare Supplement insurance in Russellton, PA, it is important to compare your options. Our website enables you to do that quickly and efficiently. Simply enter your Zip at the top and click Compare Options button. You will be taken to a page with a list of the best insurance carriers in your Allegheny area. We recommend comparing quotes from at least 3 companies before settling on a coverage. This way you can make sure you are not overpaying on your Medigap premium.If you have been thinking about getting some type of supplemental health insurance, and you have recently retired, Medigap insurance is available for those that are over the age of 65. This is supplemental insurance that you absolutely need to have if you are going to rely upon Medicare. Although having national insurance coverage is good, it's not enough. People that do not have supplemental coverage often spend tens of thousands of dollars extra every year just to cover the costs of hospitalizations, tests, and prescription drugs. In order to offset this, Medigap insurance was created and is available from many different companies.
How Do You Get This Type Of Insurance?
Are There Some That Are Better Than Others?There are obviously going to be some policies that are going to surpass others. For example, there are many that are very affordable but only cover a portion of the possible bills that you may receive. Others will be several hundred dollars a month, but you will not have to pay for anything, not even a deductible, and this is probably what you will want to get. Several companies will offer these full coverage Medigap policies. Simply choose one that has an affordable rate. You can also read reviews online of the different companies that offer these Russellton, Pennsylvania Medicare supplemental insurance policies and select one based upon what other people have said.
The thought of having to pay tens of thousands of dollars in additional medical costs is enough to motivate anyone to look into Medigap policies. It is only by submitting information to these different companies, or going through a website that can get multiple quotes sent directly to you, that you will be able to find the best one that will fit your budget and provide the proper coverage.
More Pennsylvania Cities Nearby:
More Insurance Tips for Russellton, Pennsylvania
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Product Description
Opal-Aqua Resin Shells by Pro FX Gems
Bling your face paint designs with gems! Use them solo as a FABulous accent, or mix and match to create your own fun gem clusters. Either way, gems are a fashionable addition to many face and body art designs.
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Is a Trichologist a Doctor?
So, Is a Trichologist a Doctor? The answer is No, they are trained in the scientific study of the hair. Remember, Hair loss is a huge issue today. With the emphasis being placed on everyone looking their best, and the internet being quick to point out even the smallest of flaws, people are working harder than ever to look their best. Hair loss is a universal problem and it's not just for the older crowd. Hair loss begins to affect people are early as
21 years of age
and collectively people are
spending over $2.8 billion
annually to remedy this problem.
People are flocking to their
dermatologists and trichologists
to help with their hair loss. They are reaching out to hair transplantation surgeons to get the best results possible. Even a host of celebrities are jumping on board to keep their locks looking fresh. But what role do each of these specialists play in the hair loss industry? And how do you know who to visit with about your hair loss? This article will help explain who exactly a trichologist is, and what it is that they do. It will explain the role of a dermatologist in the hair loss industry, and how these different specialists work together to get you the best results. At the end of this article, you will know who to see, and when to see them.
What is a certified trichologist?
A certified trichologist is a medically trained person that studies the health of the hair and scalp. These specialists are trained in dealing with hair loss, scalp issues and diseases, and the treatment of these issues. These specialists focus on all things relating to your hair and scalp.
The word Trichology comes from the Greek words, 'Trikhos', meaning hair and ogy', meaning study, translating to, the study of hair.
A certified trichologist does take coursework and must also complete the certification exams to be certified. These exams are lengthy and detailed, requiring the applicant to know much about the human scalp. Once a person becomes a certified trichologist, this
does not mean they are a medical doctor
What is the role of a trichologist?
Trichologists will examine your hair and scalp to make a diagnosis. Not only will they conduct a physical examination, but they will also ask you about your medical history, diet, and lifestyle. They may also ask about your
hair care routine
. This information is all used to
help diagnose any issues of your scalp and hair
. Trichologists may do a hair analysis to decide the health of the hair bulb. They also look for the presence of a fungus or for structural damage in the hair shaft.
Your trichologist will often refer you to a GP if they suspect you may be suffering from a medical condition. Keep in mind, that a trichologist cannot issue prescription drugs unless they are also a certified medical doctor or dermatologist.
Trichologists often work with dermatologists to make a diagnosis or figure out the best course of treatment.
Trichologists do not prescribe drugs or perform medical procedures, as they are not licensed medical doctors, so when the scalp or hair problem is related to an underlying medical condition, a dermatologist is often brought in to aid with the case.
Do dermatologists help with hair loss?
Dermatologists are medical doctors with a specialization in treating our skin, nails, and hair. After school, they generally have a 3-year residency to complete under another dermatologist. They often work with tricologists to determine the underlying cause of hair loss.
As society stresses the importance of looks, more men and women are reaching out to trichologists and dermatologists to help with their hair loss. Hair loss affects about
80 million people in the United States
, according to the American Academy of Dermatology. Most of these cases come from hereditary hair loss, known as a male pattern and female pattern baldness, and are not easy to treat.
Some forms of hair loss are due to hormonal imbalances.
Thyroid diseases, autoimmune diseases, diabetes, iron deficiency
, and other issues like lupus are also cause for hair loss. Dermatologists are trained to spot these other issues and offer treatment for them. Treatment for hair loss can depend on the reason for hair loss and can range from topical ointment treatments to hair transplants. If a person has been diagnosed with a condition and decides to go with a hair transplant, their dermatologist can help with that.
What can a dermatologist prescribe for hair loss?
Several options are available for hair loss treatment, depending on your diagnosis. The most common treatment is
. This topical ointment, applied twice a day, stimulates hair growth by reversing the shrinking of the hair follicle. Another treatment option is pills prescribed by your dermatologist. Propecia and Advodart are being prescribed for males and Spironolactone for women.
A third option is a hair transplant. Plugs of skin from healthy parts of your scalp are implanted where you have thinning hair and new hair begins to grow within a few months. Office-based laser combs are also sometimes successful in stimulating hair growth.
Can trichologists do a hair transplant?
Hair transplants must be done by someone with some surgical knowledge.
Since a trichologist is not a medical doctor
and has no in-depth medical or surgical training, they do not do hair transplants themselves. They do; however, work closely with hair transplantation surgeons, and can refer you to an expert to have your transplantation completed. Your surgeon will go over the different types of hair transplants available and explain which option will work best for your treatment. They should also take the time to explain the procedure and answer any questions you may have.
What does a trichologist treat?
As mentioned above, trichologists specialize in the study of everything related to your hair and scalp. Some things that trichologists treat each day include hair loss, dandruff, itchy, flaky, or
burning scalp, inflammation of the hair follicles (Folliculitis), and Psoriasis
A trichologist will be able to decide if your hair loss is due to genetics, your diet and exercise routine, or stress, or if there are symptoms on a medical condition or hormonal imbalance. A trichologist will be able to help you get started on a road to hair regrowth, and they will know when to refer you to a dermatologist for further analysis. If you are experiencing hair loss, find a trichologist. They can help you get the hair you are looking for.
Is trichology a real science
Trichology is known as the "science of hair", the idea behind this field is to help hairstylists, and salon owners develop knowledge about hair loss and scalp disorders. It is not seen as a medical profession, but closer to cosmetics. However, there is a field known as dermatotrichologist which in 2010 was proposed for board-certified dermatologists dealing with the scientific study of the hair and scalp.
Doctors including dermatolgists are medical professionals, they often undertake courses in the trichology, this is an important distinction, be wary of accepting medical advise from someone who is not a registered medical doctor.
The new term was created called "trichiatrist" which simply means "medical treatment of the hair," Trichiatrists are different from trichologists since they are medical doctors.
How to become a certified trichologist?
Keep in mind that many trichologist courses are distance learning, they are not medical doctors who have undertaken many years of clinical training. While I was doing some research I came across the following training providers.
The International Association of Trichologists
The Institute of Trichologists (provides a two year distance learning course)
The US Trichology Institute https://ustrichology.org/about/
What would a Trichologist course entail?
I will give some general subjects or competency below that some Trichologists courses may include:
Communicate effectively with clients
Refer patients to medical health care professionals
Maintain equipment, tools, and work areas
Apply knowledge of hair and scalp problems
Perform trichological assessments of the scalp
Understand and help with nutrition
Develop natural scalp treatment therapies
Perform hair loss diagnosis
Design nutritional therapies
Apply hair loss therapies
What do Trichologist Earn
Salary wise it really depends, they can earn up to $20,000 per annum, however, this is dependent, if you had your own private practice with a good following, one could easily earn more. Our research shows that they are paid a similar wage to barbers/hair stylists, with some Trichologists earning $29,000 per year ($14 per hour). According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, there are over 15,000 employed nationally as of May 2016.
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Land Features
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|MLS Number
|New Status
|Previous Status
|Activity Date
|New List Price
|Previous List Price
|Sold Price
|Active-Without Bump
|May 14 2018 12:13PM
Estimated Monthly Payment
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The information which is contained on pages with property data is obtained from a number of different sources and which has not been independently verified or confirmed by the various real estate brokers and agents who have been and are involved in this transaction. If any particular measurement or data element is important or material to buyer, Buyer assumes all responsibility and liability to research, verify and confirm said data element and measurement. Shorewest Realtors is not making any warranties or representations concerning any of these properties. Shorewest Realtors shall not be held responsible for any discrepancy and will not be liable for any damages of any kind arising from the use of this site.
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Open Access This article is
- freely available
- re-usable
Sensors 2018, 18(12), 4482; https://doi.org/10.3390/s18124482
A Novel Approach for Partial Discharge Measurements on GIS Using HFCT Sensors
Electrical Sustainable Energy, Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 18 October 2018 / Accepted: 12 December 2018 / Published: 18 December 2018
This paper presents a novel measuring system for partial discharge (PD) measurements in Gas Insulated Systems (GIS) using high frequency current transformers (HFCT). The system is based on the measurement of the induced PD currents in the GIS enclosure. In opposition to the existing antenna technologies that measure the radiated energy in the very high frequency/ultra-high frequency (VHF/UHF) range, the proposed system measures the PD conducted currents in the high frequency (HF) range and below. The foundation of the measurements together with a detailed explanation of the sensor installed conveniently at the bolts of the GIS spacer are presented. An experimental study on the current distribution in the GIS enclosure is described to evaluate the impact of the sensor on the measurements. Laboratory experiments have been performed that show the suitability of this method to properly measure particle discharges caused by corona, surface and free moving particle discharges in SF6. Discharges in the range of 1 to 4 pC have been properly measured. An analysis to evaluate the performance of the method is shown, in comparison to VHF/UHF antenna measurements. The potential benefits of this novel technique rely on the small attenuation of PD signals in the GIS components in the HF range and sample rate reductions. Finally, a discussion on the potential applicability of present cluster and charge calculation techniques to the proposed PD GIS measurement using HFCT is presented.
Keywords:partial discharges; GIS; SF6SF6; HFCT; corona discharges; HF; VHF; UHF; antennas; insulation; high voltage
1. Introduction
Gas insulated systems (GIS) are relevant systems for the delivery of electrical energy, the functionality of which can be endangered by defects in their electrical insulation. Partial discharge measurement has long been an effective tool for monitoring and diagnostics of high voltage (HV) GIS insulation. An extended methodology is to use antennas that pick up the electromagnetic field produced by partial discharges. The vast majority of measurements of this type are performed in the VHF (very high frequency: 30 MHz–300 MHz) and the UHF (ultra-high frequency: 300 MHz–3000 MHz) frequency range.
The GIS enclosure acts as a cavity resonator in which different propagation modes are excited. In turn, these modes can be picked up by antennas installed in the GIS enclosure. The GIS enclosure also acts as a Faraday cage that shields the antennas from external electromagnetic interferences and enables a low background noise level, resulting in a high sensitivity of the UHF method. The UHF method is used extensively because is less sensitive to noise from inverter control systems and power supplies, components that adds disturbances in the Hz to kHz band [1]. In addition, narrow band filtering in the VHF range may allow a better noise suppression improving sensitivity in noisy environments.
On the other hand, in the frequency range of the VHF/UHF is not possible the estimation of the partial discharge (PD) charge nor to follow a charge calibration procedure because the low-frequency components (towards DC) of the PD pulse are not measured by the VHF/UHF sensors. As a result, documents as the IEC TS 62478 [2,3] suggest rather a "sensitivity check" as a means to verify that the complete measuring system on-site is able to pick up signals equivalent to 5 pC in a section between two adjacent sensors as measured by the conventional IEC 60270 method during laboratory tests. Recent outputs from the CIGRE JWG D1/B3.57 still attach to this practice, recommending PD testing with AC voltages.
However, with the growing trend towards HV DC GIS technology, testing with DC voltages, development of evaluating tools such as the normalized and differenced values from ∆Δt and PD magnitudes (NoDi) patterns as an alternative for PRPD patterns [4] and new measuring techniques are gaining renewed relevance. In the field of measuring techniques, the optical detection is a technique that has caught attention due to its resilience to noise and ability to detect glow-less PD signals that usually cannot be detected by electrical methods.
In this paper, an alternative measuring system is introduced, which makes use of HFCT sensors. The proposed methodology measures the current induced in the enclosure by the PD phenomena. The HFCTs are installed at the bolts of the spacers, in such a way that they are able to measure the current travelling along the GIS compartments. Unlike the antennas, the HFCT does not measure the electromagnetic field in the insulation, but the induced currents in the enclosure by a PD event.
In the GIS, the electromagnetic waves produced by a PD pulse propagate as in a coaxial transmission line. Each GIS component such as spacers, T-shape branches, etc., has his own electromagnetic behavior. As a result, the electromagnetic waves suffer from damping and dispersion as they travel along the different components, being the damping and dispersion particularly high in the VHF and UHF range. Accordingly, the bandwidth of the HFCT presented in this paper is chosen from hundreds of kHz to a few hundred MHz, where the attenuation due to the GIS components is relatively smaller in comparison to the VHF and UHF range [5]. Taking advantage of this lower attenuation, the measuring system here introduced aims to offer an increased spatial sensitivity as compared to VHF/UHF systems.
In the following sections, this paper will provide a feasibility study and performance of the HFCT-based measuring system for GIS. Section 2 describes the actual-size GIS that was used as test object and the instrumentation. Section 3 and Section 4 are intended for the description of the sensor installation and arrangement to measure the currents flowing along the GIS compartments. Section 5 presents the distribution of the PD currents in the GIS compartments. Next, in Section 6, a sensitivity check procedure is reported and compared to measurement results from a VHF/UHF system. Finally, discussion about the HFCT system and conclusion is presented in Section 7 and Section 8 respectively.
2. Test Object and Set-Up
The experiments reported in this paper were conducted on a 380 kV, SF6, actual-size, GIS available at the High Voltage Laboratory of TU Delft, see Figure 1. This GIS spans over an area of approximately 11 × 6 m and it includes spacers, T-joints, earth switch, switchgear, bushing and a disconnector. The labels correspond to seven of the spacers where HFCT sensors were installed. The location of the UHF antennas is also indicated.
Two types of measurements were conducted on the GIS: measurements with injected signals and PD measurements with a set of three test cells under SF6 pressure to produce corona, surface and free moving particle discharges.
For the measurements with injected signals, the GIS end was given a special preparation in which a rod with a proper connector is at one side threaded in the grounded GIS lid (Figure 2a) and at the other side connected to the GIS main conductor (Figure 2c). For PD measurements, this rod is removed and a test cell is put in its place. With this configuration, the ground electrode of the test cell is connected to the GIS enclosure via a lid, see Figure 2a, having multiple current return paths. An HFCT, Figure 2b, is installed at the rod holding the test cell to measure the PD current injected in the GIS.
3. The HFCT-Based Measuring System for Gas Insulated System
When a PD event occurs, at sufficiently high frequencies, the transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) are the predominant propagation modes of PD electromagnetic waves and each of these modes has a cut-off frequency below which it will not propagate [5,6,7].
The propagation in higher order modes is dispersive in nature, resulting in that a single input pulse is transformed into a damped oscillatory signal [5]. For instance, in [8] is reported that the damping of the PD pulse is frequency-dependent, with frequency components above 500 MHz remarkably damped by spacers, T-shape branches and E-bends. In addition, the damping in the PD signals is due to the finite conductivity of the conductors and the dielectric losses [7].
At lower frequencies in a GIS, the preponderant mode of propagation is the transverse electromagnetic (TEM) mode. In the range of dozens of kHz to hundreds of MHz, the PD pulse creates a fast surface current which travels along the inner part of the compartments and the outer part of the main conductor. This PD current flows mainly on the surface of the conductors due to the skin effect, and it suffers less distortion and attenuation than at higher frequencies. This behavior serves as the hypothesis that: first, a PD event induces currents at the GIS compartments that can be measured by HFCT sensors as illustrated in Figure 3, and second, the lower attenuation of the PD current will lead to picking up signals further away from the PD source, increasing the spatial sensitivity.
In Figure 3a, a spacer is placed in between two compartments. The PD pulse current flows along the compartments and bridges the spacer via the bolts as depicted in Figure 3b, which connect adjacent compartments [9]. Figure 3b shows that the bolts are not in electrical contact with the flange of the compartments, therefore the current flows along the bolts. An HFCT properly installed at one of the bolts of the spacer picks up the magnetic field produced by the PD currents. The HFCT measures a portion of the PD currents since they split over the total amount of bolts. The washers and nuts act like bridges closing the path between the bolts and the compartments.
It is worth mentioning that the spacer-bolt disposition presented in this paper is characteristic of the first GIS designs. Present spacer designs are "internal" spacers where the installation of the HFCT, as described in this work, is not feasible without design modifications.
4. HFCT Sensor
An HFCT sensor was chosen as the most suitable option to measure the currents through the bolts given its gain, bandwidth and mechanical properties. Since the PD current magnitude is in the mA range, a high gain is demanded from the sensor. In addition, the lower cut-off frequency has to be the lowest possible, while the upper frequency must be in the range of a few hundred MHz. Meeting these gain and bandwidth requirements the sensor better approximates the PD pulse shape, in turn reducing the errors in PD parameter computation.
A picture of the HFCT sensor installed at the bolts of the spacer is observed in Figure 4a with a picture of its teardown in Figure 4b. Its measured frequency response is shown in Figure 4c.
Bandwidth and gain are tied parameters in HFCT designs where a small number of turns increases the gain but decreases the bandwidth [10]. For this application, the requirements of the bandwidth were priority over the gain. Amplifiers were added to the sensors output to step up the sensitivity of the system. The secondary winding of the HFCT sensor comprised five turns wound onto a N30 ferrite core [11]. The five turns were stripes of 3 mm copper tape wound evenly distributed onto the core. The flatness of copper tape and the distance between turns helped reduce the stray capacitances enhancing the response at higher frequencies. The frequency response of the sensors can be observed in Figure 4c. The built HFCT has a gain of 9.1 mV/mA and a bandwidth from 62 kHz to 136 MHz. The sensor has been equipped with an extra BNC connector, that when short-circuited connects the secondary of the HFCT to the GIS enclosure.
5. Partial Discharge Pulse Current Distribution in Gas Insulated System
Ideally, the PD current distribution in the GIS spacer should be fully symmetrical, since all the current paths through the spacer rods offer the same impedance. However, when a HFCT is fixed to one spacer bolt, the impedance of the current path is modified due to the input impedance of the HFCT, creating a distortion with respect to the original symmetrical current distribution. Several laboratory measurements were conducted to check the feasibility of the proposed measuring system, and to determine the current distribution in the bolts of the spacer.
The first experimental case corresponded to a measurement where a fast pulse from a calibrator was injected at the GIS end and picked up by HFCT 1 located 2.25 m away in the spacer 1, see Figure 1. In this case, only one bolt was provided with a sensor and the remaining 15 bolts acted as additional current paths, aka configuration 1.
Comparing both the injected and the measured signal in Figure 5, configuration 1 yielded to pick up 5.43% of the peak value of the injected signal. The theoretical value accounts for 6.25% of the injected current, given that in our case the current is split into 16 paths. This small deviation is due to the extra impedance added by the HFCT to the current path.
Configuration 2 consisted of 4 sensors installed at the spacer 1. In this configuration, 4 bolts symmetrically distributed were equipped with sensors whereas the remaining 12 bolts were acting as parallel current paths. There were 3 bolts in between two sensors which kept the arrangement symmetric.
The similarity in pulse shape and peak amplitude of the measured pulses, showed in Figure 6b, proved that the pulse current flows homogenously along the GIS compartment perimeter. Moreover, the ratio of the peak amplitudes was 5.51%, similar to that achieved by configuration 1.
In configuration 3, the 12 bolts from configuration 2 were given dielectric washer, so that the pulse current now is pushed to flow only along the 4 bolts having sensors. Results from this configuration are shown in Figure 7.
Several differences were found in the results as compared to the two previous configurations. First, the current amplitude measured at each sensor was 37% of the amplitude of the injected pulse at the GIS end. This ratio is significantly higher than the limit assuming that the pulse current is to be split into the 4 sensors which would ideally result in a ratio of 25%. Second, the pulse shape measured by the sensors featured an undershoot not seen in the previous configurations. Unlike configuration 1 and 2, where the amount of parallel conducting bolts was predominantly bigger than the amount of bolts with sensors, in configuration 3 the coaxial transmission line structure of the GIS is broken because the current is forced to flow only through very few or just one path. While in configuration 1 and 2 the effect of the sensors may be negligible causing that the measured amplitudes fit reasonably the simple model of the input current being split into the number of current paths, in configuration 3 adding more sensors and reducing the remaining current paths leads to a big impedance change and in turn reflections that distorts the shape of the measured pulses.
Additional evidence is presented in Figure 7b. In this case, just one sensor was left and the remaining 15 bolts were given dielectric washers. The distortion of the measured pulse is such that its peak amplitude is around 70% of the injected pulse amplitude. Furthermore, it shows a significant distortion, with undershoot and pulse width increase.
According to the results of the experiments, configuration 1 is the preferred measurement arrangement because the effect of reflections is minimum as compared to other configurations. This is a critical factor if estimation of PD quantities is the target of the study. Thus, this configuration is the one used in the following PD tests and sections. Configuration 2 does not offer an advantage over configuration 1 since it was proven that the distribution of the PD current is homogenous in the perimeter of the compartment. Configuration 3 is strongly affected by reflections although improves sensitivity.
6. Performance Analysis of the HFCT-Based Measuring System for Gas Insulated System
The performance of the HFCT-based measuring system to detect typical PD defects was assessed by means of a special setup arrangement. The setup used four different sensors as described:
- Sensor 1. The first sensor was located at test cell position to measure the total PD current injected in the GIS. A fast current transformer FCT-016-5.0 from Bergoz was used for this purpose. This sensor has a bandwidth of 3.92 kHz − 1.11 GHz that in combination with a sampling rate of 6.25 GS/s allowed for accurate measurements of the PD charge at its source. Charge estimation was performed according to [12,13] and used as a reference. Please note that the charge is not estimated according to IEC60270. The trigger of the measuring system was done using this signal.
- Sensor 2. A HFCT transformer as described in Section 4 was installed at position HFCT 1, at 2.25 m from the source, see Figure 1. Peak values of the recorded signals were evaluated.
- Sensor 3. Another HFCT, equal to sensor 2, was installed at position HFCT 7. The location of this sensor is far away from the test cell position, at a distance of 16 m. Peak value of the recorded signals were evaluated.
- Sensor 4. A VHF/UHF antenna installed at location Antenna 1, see Figure 1. The antenna was used as reference to the present PD detection methods in GIS.
To check the performance of the HFCT measuring system, each test cell was tested and all sensor signals recorded. The sensor at the source was used as the trigger source and for charge evaluation purposes. All signals were recorded simultaneously. Details of the circuit developed to acquire the phase of the PD pulses can be found in [11]. The analysis of the signals from the HFCTs and the comparison with the antenna are reported in the following chapters. Before presenting the performance analysis, the PRPD patterns for each defect are shown next.
6.1. PRPD Patterns of Test Cells
Results, reported in Figure 8, show that representative PRPD patterns were recorded for each different type of defect.
The test voltage and SF6 pressure were adjusted for each test cell to produce small discharges, in the range of a few pC, suitable to check the performance of the proposed measuring system. Small magnitudes in the order of 1 to 4 pC were attained.
6.2. Sensitivity Check
The sensitivity attainable by the measuring system in configuration 1 was determined by its ability to pick up the signals corresponding to the PD tests reported in the previous section (Figure 8). The smallest and the largest signal from each PD test were chosen as case of study. The measured signal by the antenna 1 and HFCT 1 were compared for the case of the smallest signals from each PD tests. The largest signals were used to verify the sensitivity of the HFCT sensors at different locations. In addition, to contrast the performance of the system, the results were compared to the results of a VHF/UHF measurement. Details of the VHF/UHF sensors can be found in [14]. Different amplification ratios were necessary in each test. Table 1 reports the testing parameters and specifications of amplifiers and sensors.
Figure 9 shows the smallest signal and its corresponding frequency spectrum from each PD test. An indication of the magnitude in pC after integration of the current signal [12] is also given.
The voltage signals corresponding to the smallest PD pulses in Figure 9 measured by the antenna 1 and HFCT 1 are observed in Figure 10, Figure 11 and Figure 12.
The corona signal can be distinguished in the VHF range and by the HFCT 1 but not in the UHF range. In the UHF range, the signal from the antenna is affected by the noise picks appearing at around 850 MHz.
The surface test case was similar to the corona test case. The measured frequency content of the surface discharge is significant up to around 100 MHz, and as a result, the antenna 1 in VHF picked up the discharge signal but not in UHF range. On the other hand, the free particle discharge produced a frequency spectrum that extended mainly up to 400 MHz, also with a frequency peak at 950 MHz. This broader frequency spectrum resulted in the discharge signal being picked up both in VHF and UHF range.
It is also interesting to notice that the HFCT 1 was able to pick up the discharge signal in all the three study cases. Moreover, the ratio of the peak amplitude and the background noise (peak amplitude before the starting of the pulse) was always higher than 4. This result is remarkable because the vertical range of the 8-bit oscilloscope used for the experiments was set for proper acquisition of the biggest signals, hence unavoidably coursing the digitalization of the smallest ones.
The signals measured by the HFCT sensors corresponding to the largest PD discharges in Figure 8 can be seen in Figure 13, Figure 14 and Figure 15. In this case study, the signal measured by HFCT 7, located at the opposite end of the GIS (16 m away from the test cell) is also reported. Before reaching the HFCT 7, the induced PD currents passed over the several components of the GIS that distorted the signals. However, the amplitude is reduced in a much less extend as evidenced by the low background noise. On the other hand, fewer GIS components between the PD source and the HFCT sensor results in a lower pulse distortion as can be observed by the results of HFCT 1.
7. Discussion
The methodology presented in this paper has lead to successful measurements in laboratory conditions. In a next stage, the performance of this system has to be checked in field conditions were noise floor levels can affect the measurements.
It is worth mentioning that the HFCTs can only be installed in GIS designs featuring external spacers like the one used in this paper. GIS designs, in which the spacer is embedded into the enclosure, will need a mechanical modification to properly allocate the HFCT. For instance, usually a part of a GIS of new design is a compensator. The compartments at both sides of the compensator are electrically connected by copper bars and bolts, resembling the current paths in the type of spacers used in this paper. Thus, the HFCT sensors can be installed at the compensator bars in order to apply the measuring system here introduced.
On the other hand, since the PD pulses are measured with a lower cutoff frequency in the kHz range, charge calculation can be potentially possible. The influence of the partial reflections at the GIS components and a detailed study on the current distribution under the influence of the HFCT transferred impedance has to be properly addressed.
Moreover, PD measurements in the HFCT range suffer from relative small attenuation in comparison with VHF/UHF measurements, which could develop into more sensitive measurements.
It is worth mentioning that GIS grounding does not affect the HFCT-based measuring system, since PDs propagating in the GIS always follow the coaxial structure.
Lastly, traditional [15,16,17] and new post-processing techniques [18,19] could be used to potentially distinguish between real PD sources and external induced noise. Since these techniques have been developed for application in the HF measurement range, extrapolation to GIS application should be possible.
8. Conclusions
In this paper, a new partial discharge measuring system for GIS based on HFCT sensors is introduced. The novelty behind this system is that it makes use of HFCT sensors to pick up the PD current induced at the enclosure of the GIS compartments. Through measurement results, it is proven that upon a PD event an induced current pulse travels along the GIS compartments and the current distribution is homogenous in the compartment perimeter. As a result, HFCT sensors properly installed at the bolts of the spacers can measure PD signals with enough sensitivity. It has been demonstrated that when the HFCT is designed with a low lower cut-off frequency and wide band, the sensitivity of the system is high enough as to pick up signals far away from the PD source, leading to a high coverage of the GIS per sensor installed.
In addition, the effect of the different components of the GIS, such as the switchgear, T-joints, spacers, etc. decreases as the sensor is located closer to the PD source. As a validation, the experimental results showed that the signal measured by the HFCT sensor is correlated with the signal measured at the PD source. This is an outstanding result because it opens the possibility to approximate the PD magnitude in pC, which is not possible with VHF/UHF systems.
Other advantage obtained by this system is that a full implementation may be less expensive compared to VHF/UHF systems because the HFCT bandwidth in the range of MHz allows for lower sampling rates which can reduce the cost of the monitoring system.
Author Contributions
L.C.C. and F.A.M. performed the experiments, analyzed the data and wrote the paper under guidance and feedback of A.R.M.
This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 691714.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest
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Figure 1. Test object indicating the location of ultra-high frequency (UHF) and high frequency current transformers (HFCT) sensors.
Figure 2. Gas insulated system (GIS) end, (a) ground electrode; (b) positioning of the test cell and sensor; (c) positioning of pulse calibrator.
Figure 3. (a) Partial discharge (PD) pulse currents as they travel along the GIS; (b) PD pulse current flowing along the bolts connecting two compartments.
Figure 4. (a) Installation of the HFCT; (b) construction of the HFCT sensor; (c) sensor frequency response.
Figure 5. Results with configuration 1, (a) pulse injected at the test cell position; (b) pulse measured by HFCT 1. Only one sensor installed and 15 parallel current paths.
Figure 6. Results with configuration 2, (a) pulse injected at the test cell position; (b) pulses measured by HFCT 1. Four sensors installed and 12 current paths (remaining bolts).
Figure 7. Results with configuration 3, pulse injected at the test cell position (a) four sensors installed and no current flowing through the remaining 12 bolts; (b) one sensor installed and no current flowing through the remaining 15 bolts.
Figure 10. Smallest corona signal measured by (a) antenna 1 in VHF; (b) antenna 1 in UHF; (c) HFCT 1.
Figure 11. Smallest free moving particle signal measured by (a) antenna 1 in VHF; (b) antenna 1 in UHF; (c) HFCT 1.
Figure 12. Smallest surface signal measured by (a) antenna 1 in VHF; (b) antenna 1 in UHF; (c) HFCT 1.
Figure 14. Largest free moving particle signal measured by (a) Test cell HFCT; (b) HFCT 1; (c) HFCT 7.
|Free Moving Particle
Test cell
|Sensor: 5 mV/mA, BW 3.92 kHz −1.11 GHz
Amp: 26dB, BW 100 kHz −1.3 GHz
|Sensor: 9.1 mV/mA, BW 62 kHz −136 MHz
|Sensor: 9.1 mV/mA, BW 62 kHz −136 MHz
Amps: 21.7dB, 27 kHz-955 MHz + 25.1dB, 24 kHz −1.14 GHz
|Sensor: 9.1 mV/mA, BW 62 kHz−136 MHz
Amp: 25.1dB, 24 kHz −1.14 GHz
|Sensor: 9.1mV/mA, BW 62 kHz −136 MHz
Amps: 22.7dB, 30 kHz −1.23 GHz + 25.3Bb, 23 kHz −1.23 GHz
|Sensor: 9.1 mV/mA, BW 62 kHz −136 MHz
Amp: 22.7dB, 30 kHz −1.23 GHz
|Antenna 1
|Sensor: VHF/UHF
Amps: 25.1dB, 21 kHz −1.21 GHz +
25.3dB, 23 kHz −1.23 GHz
|Sensor: VHF/UHF
Amp: 25.1dB, 24 kHz −1.14 GHz
|AC Test voltage
|15 kVRMS
|15 kVRMS
|12 kVRMS
|3 Bar
|3 Bar
|2 Bar
© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).


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