text:
A Proposal of DNA Computing on Beads with Application to SAT Problems
We propose a strategy using tiny beads for DNA computing. DNA computing is a means of solving intractable computation problems such as NP-complete problems. In our strategy, each bead carries multiple copies of a DNA sequence, and each sequence represents a candidate solution for a given problem. Calculation in our strategy is executed by competitive hybridization of two types of fluorescent sequences on the beads. One type of fluorescent sequences represents a constraint that has not been satisfied, and the other type a constraint that has been satisfied. After competitive hybridization, beads with only the latter type of fluorescent sequences hold "true" solutions. To extract the beads from the test tube, we use fluorescent-activated cell sorter.
We describe the approach to DNA computing on beads through SAT problems. The SAT problem is an NP-complete problem in Boolean logic. Using Megaclone, which allows DNA strands to be attached to beads, we show that DNA computing on beads can solve up to 24 variables.
KeywordsCell Sorter Boolean Logic Candidate Solution Fluorescent Sequence Competitive Hybridization
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Marital Madness
If you will
Who turned up the heat?
Have you seen the bill?
I'll mow the lawn
And take out the trash
You tend to the dishes
And diaper rash
I'll rake the leaves
And chop the logs
You do the laundry
And pair the socks
I'll get the groceries
You pick up the kids
We'll both stare amazed
Did you see what she did?
Scribbles on walls
Crumbs on the floor
So much to be done
There's always more
For moments alone
There's never time
What's mine is yours
What's yours is mine
A hug and a kiss
At the end of the day
Marital Madness
We love it this way
Copyright 2008 Cheryl A. Caron


text:
galactic empire wars insurrection the galactic empire wars book 5Download Book Galactic Empire Wars Insurrection The Galactic Empire Wars Book 5 in PDF format. You can Read Online Galactic Empire Wars Insurrection The Galactic Empire Wars Book 5 here in PDF, EPUB, Mobi or Docx formats.
Galactic Empire Wars RebellionAuthor : Raymond Weil
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USA Today Best Selling AuthorFor six years, the solar system has been safe from attack as the Kleese and the Strell fight a brutal war for galactic domination. Now the war is over and the victorious Kleese once more turn their attention toward the Human race.President Randle and General Mitchell know the only hope humanity has of surviving is to bring the nonaligned worlds into an Alliance to oppose Kleese aggression. However, the nonaligned worlds want proof that the Humans can successfully defeat the Kleese.As the Kleese war machine begins attacking the nonaligned worlds, Colonel Wade Nelson races to bring the Alliance into being. As world after world falls and the Kleese warfleets come nearer a decisive battle is set up, which will either bring the Alliance into reality or will mean the end of the Human race.
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Nebula Award finalist Martha Wells makes her Star Wars debut with a brand-new adventure starring Princess Leia and her new friends, Luke Skywalker and Han Solo, in the time just after the destruction of the Death Star in Star Wars: Episode IV: A New Hope. All books in the Empire and Rebellion series are set during the Rebellion era but each can be read as a standalone story. Princess Leia Organa is on a mission for the Rebel Alliance when Imperial forces attack. Now she, Han, and Luke are on their own, working with pirates and dealing with traitors as they race the clock to protect the secrecy of a crucial meeting of Rebel conspirators!
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With the Jedi all but wiped out in the grim aftermath of Order 66, the Empire's power seems unchecked. But one lone Knight continues to fight the good fight–against all odds and when all else fails. Deep in the bowels of Coruscant, Jedi Jax Pavan ekes out a living as a private investigator, a go-to, can-do guy for the downtrodden. Now a mysterious Zeltron knockout named Deejah approaches Jax with a case that needs to be cracked: to find out who killed her artist lover Volette, brutally murdered hours after his triumphant unveiling of a dazzling new light sculpture with obvious links to lightsaber pyrotechnics. Finding Volette's killer won't be easy–too many secrets, too many suspects, and all kinds of motives. But with the droid I-5YQ's help, and ex-reporter Den Dhur's excellent snooping skills, the investigation is soon operating like a well-oiled machine. Unfortunately, there's a far more efficient machine hunting Jax. It's a deadly game of cat-and-mouse as the clock starts ticking toward the final explosive showdown . . . to see who strikes first and who will die first. Features a bonus section following the novel that includes a primer on the Star Wars expanded universe, and over half a dozen excerpts from some of the most popular Star Wars books of the last thirty years!
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Not just an epic videogame from BioWare and LucasArts, Star Wars: The Old Republic™ spawned a New York Times bestselling series of novels—which are now together in one electrifying ebook bundle. Fatal Alliance, Deceived, Revan, and Annihilation tell four daringly original stories of Jedi and Sith that embody this unique, beloved era in Star Wars Legends storytelling. . . . FATAL ALLIANCE by Sean Williams From across the galaxy they've come: a Jedi Padawan, an ex-trooper drummed out of the Republic's elite Blackstar Squad, and a mysterious Mandalorian. An extraordinary auction has drawn them all together, in quest of a prize whose value may be the wealth of a world itself. None intend to leave empty-handed. All have secrets, desires, and schemes. And nothing could ever unite them as allies—except the truth about the deadly danger of the object they covet. But can Sith and Jedi, Republic and Empire, join as one against the certain doom of the galaxy? DECEIVED by Paul S. Kemp A Sith warrior to rival the most sinister of the Order's Dark Lords, Darth Malgus brought down the Jedi Temple on Coruscant in a brutal assault that shocked the galaxy. But if war crowned him the darkest of Sith heroes, peace will transform him into something far more heinous—something Malgus would never want to be but cannot stop becoming, any more than he can stop the rogue Jedi fast approaching. Her name is Aryn Leneer—and the lone Jedi Knight that Malgus cut down in the fierce battle for the Jedi Temple was her Master. REVAN by Drew Karpyshyn Hero, traitor, conqueror, villain, savior—Revan has been all of these. He left Coruscant a Jedi, on a mission to defeat the Mandalorians. He returned a Sith disciple, bent on destroying the Republic. The Jedi Council gave Revan his life back, but the price of redemption was the loss of his memories. All that's left are nightmares—and deep, abiding fear. One thing he's certain of: Something very dark is plotting against the Republic. With no idea how to identify the threat, let alone stop it, Revan may be doomed to fail. But only death can stop him from trying. ANNIHILATION by Drew Karpyshyn After his triumphant destruction of a Sith superweapon arsenal, covert agent Theron Shan is recruited for an even more dangerous mission. A power struggle has the Empire in flux, but Darth Karrid remains bent on total domination, using a fearsome Imperial cruiser in her reign of terror. Now, joined by a hotheaded smuggler and Karrid's former Jedi Master, Theron must match wits and weapons with a crew of the most cold-blooded dark side disciples. And if they don't seize their one chance to succeed, they will have countless opportunities to die.
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After the Empire's bloody purge of the Jedi, one lone Knight still fights for those who cannot, unaware that he's about to be swept into a cataclysmic battle against the Master of Darkness himself. Throughout the galaxy, a captured Jedi is a dead Jedi, even in Coruscant's most foul subterranean slums, where Jedi Knight Jax Pavan champions the causes of the oppressed with the help of hard-nosed reporter Den Dhur and the wisecracking droid I-5YQ. But Jax is also involved in another struggle–to unlock the secrets of his father's death and his own past. While Jax believes that I-5YQ holds some of those answers, he never imagines that the truth could be shocking enough to catapult him to the frontlines of a plot to kill Emperor Palpatine. Worse yet, Darth Vader's relentless search for Jax is about to end . . . in triumph. The future looming over the valiant Jedi and his staunch pals promises to be dark and brief, because there's no secret whatsoever about the harshest truth of all: Few indeed are those who tangle with Darth Vader . . . and live to tell the tale. Features a bonus section following the novel that includes a primer on the Star Wars expanded universe, and over half a dozen excerpts from some of the most popular Star Wars books of the last thirty years!
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The Star Wars novels have been expanding the universe of this popular epic for decades. Now ten thrilling, action-packed classics have been collected in one convenient eBook bundle, a perfect introduction to the vibrant and varied eras of Star Wars history, past and future. With a rich cast of characters that includes beloved favorites—Luke Skywalker, Han Solo, and Princess Leia Organa—along with new villains and heroes, including the next generation of Jedi, these adventures will take fans for a breathtaking ride across time and space in the galaxy far, far away! The novels include: THE OLD REPUBLIC: DECEIVED by Paul S. Kemp REPUBLIC COMMANDO: HARD CONTACT by Karen Traviss DARK LORD: THE RISE OF DARTH VADER by James Luceno DEATH TROOPERS by Joe Schreiber LUKE SKYWALKER AND THE SHADOWS OF MINDOR by Matthew Stover X-WING: ROGUE SQUADRON by Michael A. Stackpole HEIR TO THE EMPIRE by Timothy Zahn NEW JEDI ORDER: VECTOR PRIME by R. A. Salvatore LEGACY OF THE FORCE: BETRAYAL by Aaron Allston CROSSCURRENT by Paul S. Kemp
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Collecting Star Wars (2013) #13-20, Star Wars: Empire #19-27, material from Star Wars Kids (1997) #1-20. The rebels and the Empire - locked in conflict! When Leia announces plans to marry, will the Rebellion lose a princess, or gain a new safe haven? Darth Vader is on a mission to instill fear and discipline into the Imperial ranks using his elite stormtroopers! But as Obi-Wan Kenobi haunts the Dark Lord's dreams, the name Skywalker dominates his mind! Meanwhile, Luke fights side-by-side with a veteran of the Clone Wars and Han Solo flirts with an old flame. When Leia risks everything for a childhood friend, Han, Luke and Chewie must risk it all for her!
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Mary Magdalene - Princess of the Dutch House of Orange. Did Mary Magdalene travel to Provence, in France? Ralph Ellis follows the trail of mythology and reveals compelling circumstantial evidence that she did, and that her presence there has left its mark on the history of the region. In addition, Ralph suggests that the legacy of Mary Magdalene was bequeathed upon the city of Orange in southern France, the city that was central to the Royal Dutch House of Orange, and thus central to the entire Reformation and Enlightenment movement. The book then goes on to explore the Orange Enlightenment and the Age of Reason, the twin religious reforms that created the modern rational and technical world that we live in today. But this era of rationality and reason is now threatened by forces of darkness that seek to extinguish the gains of the Enlightenment. Will the twin fundamentalist forces of Environmentalism and Islam take us back to the Dark Ages, and into a new era of fear, ignorance and oppression? In this section, Ralph Ellis tackles some ancient and modern taboos, with his characteristic hard-hitting style; each and every politically-correct stone is overturned, in this robust defence of the intellectual freedoms of the Enlightenment. An addendum to the 'King Jesus Trilogy'. Version v12.9 Only Apple readers can view the video clips in this book. Others may see them at www.edfu-books.com Arles, Nimes, Orange, Mary Magdalene, St Maries de la Mer, Provence, Languedoc, Holland, Reformation, Age of Enlightenment, King William, Prince of Orange, William of Orange, Huguenots, Luther, Church of England.
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When Death Star falls, what will happen next for the galaxy? Find out in this collection of tales set in the immediate aftermath of Star Wars: Episode IV A New Hope! Stinging from defeat, Darth Vader is consumed with tracking down the Force-strong young pilot who destroyed his battle station. What would it mean for the Empire if Vader and the evil Emperor Palpatine discover Luke Skywalker's identity? With the Rebellion emboldened, Princess Leia leads a stealth squadron, Han Solo and Chewbacca face off against the bounty hunter Boba Fett, and Luke and Wedge Antilles infiltrate an Imperial Destroyer. Witness the continuing adventures of everyone's favorite Star Wars heroes and villains! Collects STAR WARS: EMPIRE #7, #14, #16-18; STAR WARS: VADER'S QUEST #1-4; STAR WARS (2013) #1-12.
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"The first topic of this examination is how the films use the language of colonialism to emphasize the idea of imperialism. Next the author looks at how Asian influences provide a subtext for much of the action. Then turns to the representation of people of color in the Star Wars universe, and how other ethnicities are represented overall"--Provided by publisher.


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Content Count9,815
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About bobbymalone
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- Birthday 12/28/1978
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Burnsville, MN
Turkey Pictures
bobbymalone replied to Hoyt4's topic in Turkey HuntingI saw a couple hens right in the middle of downtown Minneapolis a couple days ago. Wish I would have got a pic. They were using the crosswalk, but it was a don't walk sign.
Am I Alone Or.....
bobbymalone replied to tacklejunkie's topic in Open WaterI drive past nokomis in so mpls everyday and it looks like it could go any day.
Weight Distribution - 17' Alumacraft Competitor - Tiller
bobbymalone replied to joeytmn's topic in Boats & Motors.Yeah, that kinda seems like what it should do with a 60hp motor. What's a hefty dude? Like 3 bills? I'm kind of surprised a 60 is the max for the boat. My 82 alumacraft is rated for a 60, same length but my beam is probably a foot and a half less.
Spearing Spring Suckers
bobbymalone replied to minky's topic in Bowfishing/SpearingBack home in Mizzura there was a little town that had a sucker festival on the spring. They get scaled, fileted with the skin on and then the meat is scored. Then they are breaded and into the deep fryer. Apparently the scoring lets the hot oil dissolve the bones and it gives deep fried sucker a distinct look. I thought they were pretty decent. Once you deep fry the heck out of something it just tastes like deep fry though.
Flex Fuel Question
bobbymalone replied to Iambjm's topic in Automotive Information SharingLOL Why is this ancient thread being revived? I'm waiting for the product placement in this saga.
New Bow
bobbymalone replied to Hoyt4's topic in Turkey HuntingFan of the stealth bomber look.
Just Food and Drink
bobbymalone replied to eyeguy 54's topic in Cooking and Sharing RecipesThat's a good deal. New kitchen and somebody else to cook in it.
Is This Normal?
bobbymalone replied to tacklejunkie's topic in Ice FishingFrom jiffy's HSOforum
Lol, well you did rattle off 7 religious channels.
I think there are 3 PBS channels. One is the general one, one plays MN and WI history type stuff, one I'm not sure what it is, and the last one is Mr Rogers 24/7. You can always block them. That's what I did for the Jesus stuff and QVC.
20 is probably an exaggeration. But there might be 8 -10 or so. I don't know. When I did the auto scan thing I removed a bunch. They ranged from the Catholic channel to the send your money now TV evangelism stuff. I think there were a couple QVC channels. And some telemundo stuff with overly dramatic soap operas with spicy Latinas.
40 of them are pure garbage. Although you might be into some of the Bible carp. I feel like there are 20 channels of that.
Wsi Report.
bobbymalone replied to leech~~'s topic in Deer Hunting-Bear-Elk-Moose...OK. Well the WSI is just a metric to gauge, umm, winter severity. Florida's winter is always mild. Not sure what your point is other than you're mad about wolves. It's not a map of wolf predation. Hate to break the news to you, but a mountain of snow gives them an advantage but long stretches of minus whatever temps aren't exactly ideal for anything that lives outside. It is what it is. Nature happens.
Summer Dreaming....
bobbymalone replied to AlwaysFishing23's topic in Automotive Information SharingA friend in high school had a car we called the "rattle can roadster". It ran about as a good as the paintjob.
New Pellet Grill And Cooler Combo!
bobbymalone replied to leech~~'s topic in Cooking and Sharing RecipesI converted the lower bowl into a sue veed apparatus after my cup of coffee this morning.


text:
The specifications call for a 28-day strength of 3000 psi. After the lab broke the seven-day cylinders, the cylinder from the pier with added water broke at 1980 psi. The other seven-day cylinders were as high as 2620 psi. The engineer is concerned that the concrete will not meet the specified strength.
table cube concrete sample compressive strength of concrete. Computing The Compressive Strength Of Concrete Cubes At (7 of compressive strength of concrete with age as listed in Table, Testing the compressive strength of a concrete cube using the higher the concrete strength tables based on large numbers of .
Compressive Strength 2015 Concrete Manual 25 3 ... (Table 3.2.) For cylinders of different size but with the same L/D ratio, tests show that the apparent strength decreases as …
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH CLASS A more complex way of expressing the 'grade' of concrete using letters ('C' for normal-weight and heavyweight concrete and 'LC' for lightweight concrete) followed by the minimum characteristic strength of a 150mm diameter by 300mm cylinder, a slash, and the minimum characteristic cube strength e.g. C40/50.
CONCRETE in focus ı 21 V ariation in compressive strength as measured by standard deviation (s) can be used as a measure of a concrete producer's level of quality control (QC). Table 1, which is a reproduction of Table 3.2 from ACI 214R-021, shows that the standards of concrete control based on general construction testing can vary from
cylinder strength and cube strength also holds for local concrete, DEVB proposed to carry out a study in late 2012. The aim is to study the correlation between 150 mm dia. by 300 mm cylinder strength and 100 mm cube strength for local concrete. 7
pressive concrete strength, fc. The most used geome-tries are cylinders with a slenderness equal to two and cubes. Shape effect on compression strength has been widely studied and different relationships be-tween compression strength obtained for these ge-ometries have been proposed, mainly from a techno-logical standpoint.
The compressive strength of concrete is about 4000 psi. Definition. Strength of hardened concrete measured by the compression test. The compression strength of concrete is a measure of the concrete's ability to resist loads which tend to compress it.
28-day compressive strength, MPa Air-entrained concrete 28-day compressive strength, 1000 psi Non-air-entrained concrete Fig. 9-2. Approximate relationship between compressive strength and water to cementing materials ratio for concrete using 19-mm to 25-mm (3⁄ 4-in. to 1-in.) nominal maximum size coarse aggregate. Strength is based on ...
Compressive strength of concrete depends on many factors such as water-cement ratio, cement strength, quality of concrete material, quality control during production of concrete etc. Test for compressive strength is carried out either on cube or cylinder.
The compressive strength of concrete is the most common performance measure used by the engineer in designing buildings and other structures. The compressive strength is measured by breaking cylin-drical concrete specimens in a compression-testing machine. ... Low Concrete Cylinder Strength.
Characteristic compressive strength f ck. The characteristic compressive strength f ck is the first value in the concrete class designation, e.g. 30 MPa for C30/37 concrete. The value corresponds to the characteristic (5% fractile) cylinder strength according to EN 206-1.
The compressive strength of the specimen is calculated by dividing the maximum load achieved during the test by the cross-sectional area of the specimen. The results of this test method are used as a basis for quality control of concrete.
Specified concrete compressive strength is the minimum compressive strength at which the concrete should fail in standard tests of 28-day-old concrete cylinders. A typical concrete compressive strength specification requires 4,000 to 5,000 psi at 28 days.
intent of this manual is to provide AASHTO-based training as it applies to the compressive strength cylinder testing procedures. It is the responsibility of the WisDOT Certified Concrete Concrete Strength Tester to follow all current WisDOT specification parameters and procedures ... TABLE …
C1176/C1176M Practice for Making Roller-Compacted Concrete in Cylinder Molds Using a Vibrating Table. C1231/C1231M Practice for Use of Unbonded Caps in Determination of Compressive Strength of Hardened Cylindrical Concrete Specimens. C1435/C1435M Practice for Molding Roller-Compacted Concrete in Cylinder Molds Using a Vibrating Hammer
Compressive Strength Because concrete is an excellent material for resisting compressive loading, it is used in dams, founda- ... (Table 3.2.) For cylinders of different size but with the same L/ D ratio, tests show that the apparent strength decreases as the diameter increases. See Figure 3-2.
Concrete compressive strength values at 1, 3, and 7 days were normalized by dividing by the corresponding 28-day compressive strength. These results, for the four different curing conditions, are presented in tables 7 through 10.
METHOD OF TEST FOR COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF MOLDED CONCRETE CYLINDERS A. SCOPE This test method covers the procedure for compression tests of molded concrete cylinders. It is a modification of ASTM C39/C39M and AASHTO T 22. B. REFERENCES AASHTO T 22 - Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens
Compressive Strength of concrete is defined as the Characteristic strength of 150mm size concrete cubes @28 days. Compressive strength of Concrete and its importance:-As we all know that concrete is a mixture of sand, cement, and aggregate.
compressive strength. One of the first studies in this field was conducted by Gonnerman (1925). In his research, cubes of 150 and 200 mm and different sizes of cylinders were tested. Conversion factors of 0.85 to 0.88 were obtained for converting compressive strength of cylinders to compressive strength …
Overall Strength of a structure such as flexural resistance and abrasion directly depends upon the compressive strength of concrete. According to Wikipedia, Compressive Strength of concrete is defined as the Characteristic strength of 150mm size concrete cubes tested at 28 days.
value of compressive strength at 28 days, equal or grater then compressive strength value presented in table 2.6 (in accordance with norms). The values in the table are for II concrete homogenous grade; for I or III concrete homogenous grade the value from table 6 …
Compressive strength as per American Codes. In case of American codes, compression strength is defined in terms of cylinder strength fc'. Here compressive strength of concrete at 28 days curing is obtained from a standard cylindrical specimen 150mm diameter and 300mm high loaded longitudinally to failure under uniaxial compression loading.
COMPRESSION TESTING OF CONCRETE CYLINDERS A ND CORES Rev. 0 1 1. PROCEDURE OVERVIEW This procedure is to be used for determining the compressive strength of concrete cylinders and cores . After preparing the ends, a compressive axial load will be applied to the samples at a continuous rate until failure occurs.
WSDOT FOP for AASHTO T 221 Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens 1. Scope 1.1 This test method covers determination of compressive strength of cylindrical concrete specimens such as molded cylinders and drilled cores. It is limited to concrete having a unit weight in excess of 50 lb/ft3 (800 kg/m3).
A total of 152 concrete cylinders (i.e. 100×200mm) were used. They were cast and standard wet-cured as per AS1012.8. For comparison, concrete cylinders from the same batch were used and crushed at the same ages as per AS 1012.9. The compressive strength of concrete presented in this paper ranged between 45MPa and 110MPa.
Aug 28, 2018· Concrete's compressive strength determines whether the concrete placed in a structure can bear the weight of what's on top of it, or if it will splinter into a million pieces and cause the structure to collapse.


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Fine Whine
5.11- YDS 6c French 22 Ewbanks VIII+ UIAA 22 ZA E3 5c British
Avg: 3 from 9 votes
|Sport, 135 ft
|R. Warren & P. Howard
|Page Views:
|870 total · 7/month
|Shared By:
|phil broscovak on Apr 27, 2009
|Leo Paik, John McNamee, Frances Fierst, Monty, Monomaniac
You & This Route
9 Opinions
Your Difficulty Rating:
-none- Change
Your Ticks:Add New Tick
Fine Whine is a fantastic route up an imposing line. The Gunnistoner old guard looked at that wall for years and day dreamed about a route up it. It took bolts and Robert's vision to complete. A little over half way up is a giant white crystal that plays an integral role in the ascent. A very cool route to be sure.
This route is generally accessed from either Left Hand or Air Conditioner. I think the Left Hand start is more common. Either way you will want a standard rack to lead through the cruxes of those trad starts. Fine Whine runs straight up the beautiful, overhanging wall between Left Hand and Air Conditioner.
5 Comments
YDPL8S Santa Monica, Ca.
So Phil, does it go directly above Left Hand, or does it start further right in the middle of the Air Conditioner belay ledge? Does the 135 ft include getting to the start or does it go up 135 ft from there?
Good to see you posting, how's life treating you? Apr 30, 2009
The 135 feet is from the ground to the anchor. It includes the first half of the approach route. Fine Whine goes straight (5 bolts) up the overhanging wall above the ledge that connects AC and LH. May 1, 2009
Kyle Judson Colorado
Awesome climb! Definitely one to get the pucker going. The crux is between the 3rd and 4th bolt making a delicate transition from left to right to gain a small finger crack using a crimper and an awkward sloper. I haven't led this, but if you have a rope gun in your group, I recommend going for it. Sep 15, 2011
The anchor has been replaced with ASCA half-inch stainless steel bolts and rap rings. Sep 8, 2017


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Franklin 4500-68T feller buncher w/18 inch hot saw
- Product ID: B-91718
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1998 model w/10000 hours on machine and 2500 on 152 Hp Cummins engine, hydro-stat drive, heat and AC, 28L tires are 75% tread, joystick controls, in Wisconsin, owner wants newer and larger machine
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DC-to-DC converter
|Part of a series on de
|Power engineering
|Ewectric power conversion
|Ewectric power infrastructure
|Ewectric power systems components
This articwe may be in need of reorganization to compwy wif Wikipedia's wayout guidewines. (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove dis tempwate message)
A DC-to-DC converter is an ewectronic circuit or ewectromechanicaw device dat converts a source of direct current (DC) from one vowtage wevew to anoder. It is a type of ewectric power converter. Power wevews range from very wow (smaww batteries) to very high (high-vowtage power transmission).
Before de devewopment of power semiconductors and awwied technowogies, one way to convert de vowtage of a DC suppwy to a higher vowtage, for wow-power appwications, was to convert it to AC by using a vibrator, fowwowed by a step-up transformer and rectifier.[1][2] For higher power an ewectric motor was used to drive a generator of de desired vowtage (sometimes combined into a singwe "dynamotor" unit, a motor and generator combined into one unit, wif one winding driving de motor and de oder generating de output vowtage). These were rewativewy inefficient and expensive procedures used onwy when dere was no awternative, as to power a car radio (which den used dermionic vawves/tubes reqwiring much higher vowtages dan avaiwabwe from a 6 or 12 V car battery).[1] The introduction of power semiconductors and integrated circuits made it economicawwy viabwe to use techniqwes as described bewow, for exampwe to convert de DC power suppwy to high-freqwency AC, use a transformer—smaww, wight, and cheap due to de high freqwency—to change de vowtage, and rectify back to DC.[3] Awdough by 1976 transistor car radio receivers did not reqwire high vowtages, some amateur radio operators continued to use vibrator suppwies and dynamotors for mobiwe transceivers reqwiring high vowtages, awdough transistorized power suppwies were avaiwabwe.[4]
Whiwe it was possibwe to derive a wower vowtage from a higher wif a winear ewectronic circuit or even a resistor, dese medods dissipated de excess as heat; energy-efficient conversion onwy became possibwe wif sowid-state switch-mode circuits.
DC to DC converters are used in portabwe ewectronic devices such as cewwuwar phones and waptop computers, which are suppwied wif power from batteries primariwy. Such ewectronic devices often contain severaw sub-circuits, each wif its own vowtage wevew reqwirement different from dat suppwied by de battery or an externaw suppwy (sometimes higher or wower dan de suppwy vowtage). Additionawwy, de battery vowtage decwines as its stored energy is drained. Switched DC to DC converters offer a medod to increase vowtage from a partiawwy wowered battery vowtage dereby saving space instead of using muwtipwe batteries to accompwish de same ding.
Most DC to DC converter circuits awso reguwate de output vowtage. Some exceptions incwude high-efficiency LED power sources, which are a kind of DC to DC converter dat reguwates de current drough de LEDs, and simpwe charge pumps which doubwe or tripwe de output vowtage.
DC to DC converters which are devewoped to maximize de energy harvest for photovowtaic systems and for wind turbines are cawwed power optimizers.
Transformers used for vowtage conversion at mains freqwencies of 50–60 Hz must be warge and heavy for powers exceeding a few watts. This makes dem expensive, and dey are subject to energy wosses in deir windings and due to eddy currents in deir cores. DC-to-DC techniqwes dat use transformers or inductors work at much higher freqwencies, reqwiring onwy much smawwer, wighter, and cheaper wound components. Conseqwentwy dese techniqwes are used even where a mains transformer couwd be used; for exampwe, for domestic ewectronic appwiances it is preferabwe to rectify mains vowtage to DC, use switch-mode techniqwes to convert it to high-freqwency AC at de desired vowtage, den, usuawwy, rectify to DC. The entire compwex circuit is cheaper and more efficient dan a simpwe mains transformer circuit of de same output.
Ewectronic conversion[edit]
Practicaw ewectronic converters use switching techniqwes. Switched-mode DC-to-DC converters convert one DC vowtage wevew to anoder, which may be higher or wower, by storing de input energy temporariwy and den reweasing dat energy to de output at a different vowtage. The storage may be in eider magnetic fiewd storage components (inductors, transformers) or ewectric fiewd storage components (capacitors). This conversion medod can increase or decrease vowtage. Switching conversion is often more power-efficient (typicaw efficiency is 75% to 98%) dan winear vowtage reguwation, which dissipates unwanted power as heat. Fast semiconductor device rise and faww times are reqwired for efficiency; however, dese fast transitions combine wif wayout parasitic effects to make circuit design chawwenging.[5] The higher efficiency of a switched-mode converter reduces de heatsinking needed, and increases battery endurance of portabwe eqwipment. Efficiency has improved since de wate 1980s due to de use of power FETs, which are abwe to switch more efficientwy wif wower switching wosses at higher freqwencies dan power bipowar transistors, and use wess compwex drive circuitry. Anoder important improvement in DC-DC converters is repwacing de fwywheew diode by synchronous rectification[6] using a power FET, whose "on resistance" is much wower, reducing switching wosses. Before de wide avaiwabiwity of power semiconductors, wow-power DC-to-DC synchronous converters consisted of an ewectro-mechanicaw vibrator fowwowed by a vowtage step-up transformer feeding a vacuum tube or semiconductor rectifier, or synchronous rectifier contacts on de vibrator.
Most DC-to-DC converters are designed to move power in onwy one direction, from dedicated input to output. However, aww switching reguwator topowogies can be made bidirectionaw and abwe to move power in eider direction by repwacing aww diodes wif independentwy controwwed active rectification. A bidirectionaw converter is usefuw, for exampwe, in appwications reqwiring regenerative braking of vehicwes, where power is suppwied to de wheews whiwe driving, but suppwied by de wheews when braking.
Awdough dey reqwire few components, switching converters are ewectronicawwy compwex. Like aww high-freqwency circuits, deir components must be carefuwwy specified and physicawwy arranged to achieve stabwe operation and to keep switching noise (EMI / RFI) at acceptabwe wevews[7]. Their cost is higher dan winear reguwators in vowtage-dropping appwications, but deir cost has been decreasing wif advances in chip design, uh-hah-hah-hah.
DC-to-DC converters are avaiwabwe as integrated circuits (ICs) reqwiring few additionaw components. Converters are awso avaiwabwe as compwete hybrid circuit moduwes, ready for use widin an ewectronic assembwy.
Linear reguwators which are used to output a stabwe DC independent of input vowtage and output woad from a higher but wess stabwe input by dissipating excess vowt-amperes as heat, couwd be described witerawwy as DC-to-DC converters, but dis is not usuaw usage. (The same couwd be said of a simpwe vowtage dropper resistor, wheder or not stabiwised by a fowwowing vowtage reguwator or Zener diode.)
There are awso simpwe capacitive vowtage doubwer and Dickson muwtipwier circuits using diodes and capacitors to muwtipwy a DC vowtage by an integer vawue, typicawwy dewivering onwy a smaww current.
In dese DC-to-DC converters, energy is periodicawwy stored widin and reweased from a magnetic fiewd in an inductor or a transformer, typicawwy widin a freqwency range of 300 kHz to 10 MHz. By adjusting de duty cycwe of de charging vowtage (dat is, de ratio of de on/off times), de amount of power transferred to a woad can be more easiwy controwwed, dough dis controw can awso be appwied to de input current, de output current, or to maintain constant power. Transformer-based converters may provide isowation between input and output. In generaw, de term DC-to-DC converter refers to one of dese switching converters. These circuits are de heart of a switched-mode power suppwy. Many topowogies exist. This tabwe shows de most common ones.
|Forward (energy transfers drough de magnetic fiewd)
|Fwyback (energy is stored in de magnetic fiewd)
|No transformer (non-isowated)
|Wif transformer (isowatabwe)
In addition, each topowogy may be:
- Hard switched
- Transistors switch qwickwy whiwe exposed to bof fuww vowtage and fuww current
- Resonant
- An LC circuit shapes de vowtage across de transistor and current drough it so dat de transistor switches when eider de vowtage or de current is zero
Magnetic DC-to-DC converters may be operated in two modes, according to de current in its main magnetic component (inductor or transformer):
- Continuous
- The current fwuctuates but never goes down to zero
- Discontinuous
- The current fwuctuates during de cycwe, going down to zero at or before de end of each cycwe
A converter may be designed to operate in continuous mode at high power, and in discontinuous mode at wow power.
The hawf bridge and fwyback topowogies are simiwar in dat energy stored in de magnetic core needs to be dissipated so dat de core does not saturate. Power transmission in a fwyback circuit is wimited by de amount of energy dat can be stored in de core, whiwe forward circuits are usuawwy wimited by de I/V characteristics of de switches.
Awdough MOSFET switches can towerate simuwtaneous fuww current and vowtage (awdough dermaw stress and ewectromigration can shorten de MTBF), bipowar switches generawwy can't so reqwire de use of a snubber (or two).
High-current systems often use muwtiphase converters, awso cawwed interweaved converters.[8][9][10] Muwtiphase reguwators can have better rippwe and better response times dan singwe-phase reguwators.[11]
Many waptop and desktop moderboards incwude interweaved buck reguwators, sometimes as a vowtage reguwator moduwe.[12]
Switched capacitor converters rewy on awternatewy connecting capacitors to de input and output in differing topowogies. For exampwe, a switched-capacitor reducing converter might charge two capacitors in series and den discharge dem in parawwew. This wouwd produce de same output power (wess dat wost to efficiency of under 100%) at, ideawwy, hawf de input vowtage and twice de current. Because dey operate on discrete qwantities of charge, dese are awso sometimes referred to as charge pump converters. They are typicawwy used in appwications reqwiring rewativewy smaww currents, as at higher currents de increased efficiency and smawwer size of switch-mode converters makes dem a better choice.[13] They are awso used at extremewy high vowtages, as magnetics wouwd break down at such vowtages.
Ewectromechanicaw conversion[edit]
A motor-generator set, mainwy of historicaw interest, consists of an ewectric motor and generator coupwed togeder. A dynamotor combines bof functions into a singwe unit wif coiws for bof de motor and de generator functions wound around a singwe rotor; bof coiws share de same outer fiewd coiws or magnets.[4] Typicawwy de motor coiws are driven from a commutator on one end of de shaft, when de generator coiws output to anoder commutator on de oder end of de shaft. The entire rotor and shaft assembwy is smawwer in size dan a pair of machines, and may not have any exposed drive shafts.
Motor-generators can convert between any combination of DC and AC vowtage and phase standards. Large motor-generator sets were widewy used to convert industriaw amounts of power whiwe smawwer units were used to convert battery power (6, 12 or 24 V DC) to a high DC vowtage, which was reqwired to operate vacuum tube (dermionic vawve) eqwipment.
For wower-power reqwirements at vowtages higher dan suppwied by a vehicwe battery, vibrator or "buzzer" power suppwies were used. The vibrator osciwwated mechanicawwy, wif contacts dat switched de powarity of de battery many times per second, effectivewy converting DC to sqware wave AC, which couwd den be fed to a transformer of de reqwired output vowtage(s).[1] It made a characteristic buzzing noise.
Ewectrochemicaw conversion[edit]
A furder means of DC to DC conversion in de kiwowatts to megawatts range is presented by using redox fwow batteries such as de vanadium redox battery.
Chaotic behavior[edit]
DC-to-DC converters are subject to different types of chaotic dynamics such as bifurcation,[14] crisis, and intermittency.[15][16]
- Step-down
- A converter where output vowtage is wower dan de input vowtage (such as a buck converter).
- Step-up
- A converter dat outputs a vowtage higher dan de input vowtage (such as a boost converter).
- Continuous current mode
- Current and dus de magnetic fiewd in de inductive energy storage never reaches zero.
- Discontinuous current mode
- Current and dus de magnetic fiewd in de inductive energy storage may reach or cross zero.
- Noise
- Unwanted ewectricaw and ewectromagnetic signaw noise, typicawwy switching artifacts.
- RF noise
- Switching converters inherentwy emit radio waves at de switching freqwency and its harmonics. Switching converters dat produce trianguwar switching current, such as de Spwit-Pi, forward converter, or Ćuk converter in continuous current mode, produce wess harmonic noise dan oder switching converters.[17] RF noise causes ewectromagnetic interference (EMI). Acceptabwe wevews depend upon reqwirements, e.g. proximity to RF circuitry needs more suppression dan simpwy meeting reguwations.
- Input noise
- The input vowtage may have non-negwigibwe noise. Additionawwy, if de converter woads de input wif sharp woad edges, de converter can emit RF noise from de suppwying power wines. This shouwd be prevented wif proper fiwtering in de input stage of de converter.
- Output noise
- The output of an ideaw DC-to-DC converter is a fwat, constant output vowtage. However, reaw converters produce a DC output upon which is superimposed some wevew of ewectricaw noise. Switching converters produce switching noise at de switching freqwency and its harmonics. Additionawwy, aww ewectronic circuits have some dermaw noise. Some sensitive radio-freqwency and anawog circuits reqwire a power suppwy wif so wittwe noise dat it can onwy be provided by a winear reguwator.[citation needed] Some anawog circuits which reqwire a power suppwy wif rewativewy wow noise can towerate some of de wess-noisy switching converters, e.g. using continuous trianguwar waveforms rader dan sqware waves.[17][not in citation given]
See awso[edit]
- ^ a b c "Vibrator Power Suppwies". Radioremembered.org. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
- ^ Ed Brorein (2012-05-16). "Watt's Up?: What Is Owd is New Again: Soft-Switching and Synchronous Rectification in Vintage Automobiwe Radios". Keysight Technowogies: Watt's Up?. Retrieved 2016-01-19.
- ^ There is at weast one exampwe of a very warge (dree refrigerator-size cabinets) and compwex pre-transistor switching reguwator using dyratron gas-fiwwed tubes, awdough dey appear to be used as reguwators rader dan for DC-to-DC conversion as such. This was de 1958 power suppwy for de IBM 704 computer, using 90 kW of power.[1]
- ^ a b Radio Amateur's Handbook 1976, pub. ARRL, p331-332
- ^ Andy Howard (2015-08-25). "How to Design DC-to-DC Converters". YouTube. Retrieved 2015-10-02.
- ^ Stephen Sangwine (2 March 2007). Ewectronic Components and Technowogy, Third Edition. CRC Press. p. 73. ISBN 978-1-4200-0768-8.
- ^ Jeff Barrow of Integrated Device Technowogy, Inc. (21 November 2011). "Understand and reduce DC/DC switching-converter ground noise". Eetimes.com. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
- ^ Damian Giaouris et aw. "Fowdings and grazings of tori in current controwwed interweaved boost converters". doi: 10.1002/cta.1906.
- ^ Ron Crews and Kim Niewson, uh-hah-hah-hah. "Interweaving is Good for Boost Converters, Too". 2008.
- ^ Keif Biwwings. "Advantages of Interweaving Converters". 2003.
- ^ John Gawwagher "Coupwed Inductors Improve Muwtiphase Buck Efficiency". 2006.
- ^ Juwiana Gjanci. "On-Chip Vowtage Reguwation for Power Management inSystem-on-Chip" Archived 2012-11-19 at de Wayback Machine. 2006. p. 22-23.
- ^ Majumder, Ritwik; Ghosh, Arindam; Ledwich, Gerard F.; Zare, Firuz (2008). "Controw of Parawwew Converters for Load Sharing wif Seamwess Transfer between Grid Connected and Iswanded Modes". eprints.qwt.edu.au. Retrieved 2016-01-19.
- ^ Tse, Chi K.; Bernardo, Mario Di (2002). Compwex behavior in switching power converters. Proceedings of de IEEE. pp. 768–781.
- ^ Iqbaw, Sajid; et aw. (2014). Study of bifurcation and chaos in dc-dc boost converter using discrete-time map. IEEE Internationaw Conference on Mechatronics and Controw (ICMC'2014) 2014. doi:10.1109/ICMC.2014.7231874.
- ^ Fossas, , Enric; Owivar, Gerard (1996). "Study of chaos in de buck converter". Circuits and Systems I: Fundamentaw Theory and Appwications, IEEE Transactions on: 13–25.
- ^ a b Making -5V 14-bit Quiet, section of Linear Technowogy Appwication Note 84, Kevin Hoskins, 1997, pp 57-59


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These non-eligible employees include dishwashers, cooks, chefs, and janitors. Starting or opening a fast food business is challenging and difficult, but the experience can be rewarding if done correctly.
This is not technically a tip, and as such is not aimed primarily at the individual at the counter, but rather at the business. How many are they?
A service charge is not to be confused with a tip or gratuity which is optional and at the discretion of the customer.
The number and type of staff you need should also be a key element of your planning. Do you need a sample fast food business plan template or feasibility study report? Create a business that will help you achieve your primary aim Be you an employee, entrepreneur, student or unemployed; we all have personal aspirations and goals.
Then, depending on where a particular store is located you can spice it up with the local delicacies of the area and other menu you may want to serve. Thus, the standard tip in Mexico is After the training, if possible, opt out or cancel your contract.
It takes a pleasant and patient demeanor with a team attitude, being detailed-oriented and having good customer service. And what better way is there to learn how to run a Fast Food joint than to run an established fast food joint? Be sure to ask for a second helping of bread before you go, so you can put that in the box as well.
Is it large enough to accommodate the volume of customers you are planning for? The Start Your Own Restaurant and more manual book image below is a great resource. It is best to stick to paper money. The food is normally cooked in bulk and in advance and is kept warm or hot throughout the day.
Depending on the situation, tipping might be unusual, optional or expected. In Nigeria, there are certain menu that you can introduce into you fast food business and you will success.
Norway[ edit ] The service charge is included in the bill. However, still a lot of confusion persists around tipping: The look, taste, and feel of the meals on your menu must be exceptional and entirely different from whatever similar products are out there.
Know who is working and have a backup plan if somebody calls off. However tourists are made to believe[ clarification needed ] that tipping is required in restaurants, bars, taxis and hotels bar, restaurant, maids and bellboys.
If you want to make money from the food business, make sure your customers enjoy every bit of their stay in your restaurant. For example, Germans usually tip their waiters but almost never the cashiers at big supermarkets. We shall now look at the different options in this market and how you can target particular consumer segments to succeed in this business.
How will your restaurant survive with the competition? Food is one of the most basic human needs.
Ireland[ edit ] It is uncommon for Irish people to tip taxi-drivers or cleaning staff at hotel. Due to reasons of convenience and maybe low costeating out has become a growing and popular trend in many African cities and towns.
You should not forget to consult a lawyer in this case, so that he will walk you through the legal processes for owning a fast food business.
If your lunch budget is tight, use your break to pop in and try whatever is on the menu that afternoon. From the time the customer walks in the door to when they pay for their check, ensure they have a pleasant experience and listen to their input.
Treat them like kings and they will remain loyal. Make work fun Nobody wants to work for a bossy boss. To register your business in Nigeria, there are some steps you need to take.
Are they family-type or busy people on the move who just want to grab a quick lunch and walk away? Locally, you only type a taxi when he offers an extra service, like helping with the luggagge or similar help. Widespread tipping based on loosely defined customs and an almost imperceptible transition into bribery is considered a main factor contributing to corruption.
McGarry also asserts that a successful concept is the one that adapts to local tastes and cultures. The most popular ones on the continent are:You'll need a minimum of N, to start a small-scale Fast Food Restaurant, especially if you've a space already. I will urge you to take your time and go on a market survey, it will help you draw a detailed business plan that leads your business to success.
With a business plan, you'll know the exact amount needed to start the business. If you are risking your capital, time, resources and effort to start a business; then you certainly need a business plan to help you mitigate against the risk involved.
If you are already a business owner but you started out without a business plan, then you definitely need to invest in getting a business plan; especially if you want to take your business to the next level. The Latest Reports with Statistics & Trends from Top Industry palmolive2day.comitive Insights · Data-driven Decisions · Latest Market Reports · Key IndustriesTypes: Market Statistics, Industry Insights, Market Overview, Industry Analysis.
Check out this detailed business plan: Fast Food Restaurant Business Plan Step 4: Execute your plan and open for business If you have properly thought through your restaurant business, and set up shop where your market can find you, it should only be a matter of time before your business starts to make good money.
You're essentially the point person for the business, so wearing a lot of different hats is important. To stay ahead of the game, you'll need to keep the following tips in mind: The greatest restaurant on Earth. You don't need to become the next P.T.
Barnum as a marketer. But as. If you've got the budget, you can hire somebody to do this for you, but then that makes it their plan, not yours.Download


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