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2016 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel
Modeling Gravity Wave in 3D with Openfoam in an Aluminum Reduction Cell with Regular and Irregular Cathode Surfaces
Autoren: Marc Dupuis, Pr. Eng. Michaël Pagé
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
In recent years extensive modeling work has been done to assess if the usage of an irregular cathode surface does or does not increases the MHD cell stability.So far, 2 types of studies have been carried out: full 3D steady-state analysis and 2D shallow layer dynamic analysis. Cell stability being a transient phenomenon, steady-state results are not providing any direct answer to the question.2D shallow layer dynamic analysis can directly answer the question, but unfortunately, irregular cathode surface introduces a third dimension to the flow, so this type of 2D analysis is not the best suited to analyze this type of 3D flow problem.The current work presents a new way to analyze the problem and answer the question. Lateral gravity waves have been simulated in a 3D cell slice model using VOF formulation in OpenFoam. Results obtained for cells using regular and irregular cathode surfaces are compared.

subset: commoncrawl


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Christmas Ballby cunicode Dec 2, 2011
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Check the remix I made guys, this is a really cool print, but you def need a SLA printer to make it. I cut it in half though, so any printer should be able to print now :)
Maybe one day Ill get a SLA printer to make it look as amazing and the original
Would it be possible if it´s split in half and printed with supports? And then glued together? ihm nod soh guhd ad inglesh
Neat concept, unfotunately you must make it with major supports. Definitely does not adhere to the 45 degree concept of printing. Could explain why there are currently no makes of the model...
Congrats! Your model has been featured as one of the best 3D Printed Ornaments this year! Search "Top Free 3d Printed Ornaments Printing Ninja" in google to see (sorry thingiverse bans url addresses)
How did you managed to print that?


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About That Murder in Charleston…
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Posted in Jew Media, Negro Crime | Tagged Allison Giffor, Benjamin Garland, Black on White Crime, Blacks, Daily Stormer, Franklin Glover, International Jewish Agenda, Interracial Crime, Jew Media, Levell Leonard Grant, Media Lies, Michael Brown, Murder, Negroes, Obama, Phillip Moses, Reverend Al Sharpton, Shyrome Johnson, Social Sickness, Trayvon Martin, Whites | 61 Comments


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Have had great results with the 25 Lead we purchased. The 1-3 Day Premium leads are great quality Leads.The question I have. Is there any type of discount, when I bought the last 25 leads I type a code & received 20% discount.Could you please let me know if there is any discounts, as I would like to purchase some more leads in Australia.Many Thank,Doug Glennie
They're sliding, though. Revenue is falling in North America and their sales force is shrinking. Revenue slid 19% in 2013 and 7% in Mexico. Skip ahead to July 2015 and revenue is still spiraling downward, with a 17% drop (5). Analysts blame Avon's failure to maintain a strong identity for its products as well as the strong dollar. Lesson: Always re-create yourself.
In a similar fashion, when you eliminate money from the network marketing industry, a new perspective emerges. Personally speaking, I love talking with people who are in this industry because they are always reading, posting, and sharing something inspirational. They have goals, a dream board, and are generally using the products that they are selling to improve the way they look and feel.
Skills – There are certain technical skills you need for whatever industry you are a part of, so it's important to develop those skills. Although, they are a small fraction of what your success will be predicated on. You must eventually learn to outsource the things that make the most sense to outsource, so that you can work on the business versus in the business.
If you want to go the technological route, it's not a bad idea to check out what is out there in lead generation software. You will be able to more effectively send e-newsletters, organize your contacts in a database, and exploit a variety of features which will help you to generate more network marketing sales leads. Implement these step by step, and before you know it you will have a well-developed marketing strategy that helps you to reach out to prospects in a more personalized way.
Don't give up, and don't throw money into areas where you don't have to. There's no such thing as completely free marketing leads – you are always risking something, whether it is your brand, or your future earning potential. However, with good networking, passion, and the right people, you can achieve success. Talk to some mentors and more experienced marketers today, and see what they have to say for you. You may be surprised at how much you can bring in, with the right choices when you are getting started.
The overwhelming majority of MLM participants (most sources estimated to be over 99.25% of all MLM distributors) participate at either an insignificant or nil net profit.[12] Indeed, the largest proportion of participants must operate at a net loss (after expenses are deducted) so that the few individuals in the uppermost level of the MLM pyramid can derive their significant earnings. Said earnings are then emphasized by the MLM company to all other participants to encourage their continued participation at a continuing financial loss.[13]
Facebook used to be an easy source to tap into, but since they have formed a public company with shareholders who need to be kept happy, Facebook have changed their Terms of Service several times recently and have clamped down on a number of things that used to make lead generation relatively easy. They have discouraged siphoning off clients to external web sites and CPA offers, and have raised the cost of advertisements that do this. It remains a viable lead source however.
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A long time friend that you lost touch with for the last 10 years gives you a call and asks to meet up. After meeting up and breaking the ice, he/she then introduces a new revolutionary product and how you stand to get rich by selling it. Throw in jargons like passive income and downlines, you suddenly realise you're beginning to be sucked into the dream they are selling.
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3. Business cards, buttons and brochures. Most companies offer sales aids that help the cold sponsoring process. If you owned a store, you would put out your "open for business" sign at the start of each day. Wear an "open for business" button promoting your product. Something catchy will inevitably create interest. If people are bold enough to quiz you about the button, they're probably outgoing and a great prospect. Pass out literature with your phone and e-mail, and use your business cards. Do this consistently. The law of averages says something has got to happen.
I'd like to point out a few things: statistically something like 96% of businesses fail within the first 5-10 years, which is a much more impactful loss, both financially and time wise, than the few hundred dollars one puts into whatever product they're using in MLM. So realistically the success rate as a "self employed business owner" with MLM is probably a bit better than it is with launching a traditional business, or at least consistent with it. It takes discipline and tenacity that many people don't have- that's why they chose to remain employees in the first place.
I have a friend who is proposing I join Arbonne? She would be good to work with although I am not educated on all the MLM companies and don't want to make the wrong choice. I also have a blog which I want to leverage and it seems like most of the health and wellness MLMs utilize hosted parties. Are there any that are more internet based that have had a long time track record! Thanks and sorry for all the questions!
Get them to watch a company presentation and then ask them what they liked about what they saw. One of the, if not THE, best question to ask a bought MLM lead is: "What has recently changed in your life that has you open to a home business?" This question is frigging awesome to get them to open up. If your upline has not provided you with a place to purchase MLM leads for practice and to work with, I have a partnership with Responsive Data where you can buy MLM leads on this site. I have personally bought from this site and the leads are good quality but like I said, you STILL have to treat them like a lead, not a laydown sale. My favorite type are the local leads as I think it is a bonus if I can say I live in their area.
For more information, John Oliver did a fantastic segment about the horrors of MLMs. The 2016 documentary, Betting on Zero, investigates the allegations that MLMs are nothing but legal pyramid schemes. This article also does a wonderful job of breaking down the reasons why MLMs are doomed to failure. I encourage anyone who is thinking about signing up for an MLM to watch these.
In March I joined an MLM company and I'm lost… my first reaction to network marketing was I'm not a sales person, to which I was told it's not about sales but about building relationships. The other thing that makes me crazy is I see a lot of folks who appear so fake with their bubbly "everything is coming up roses and bubble gum" that I cringe. I'm honest to a fault and happy but not giddy. I feel like I have writers block in that I'm not sure what direction to take to get my business going, the struggle is real right now… Any thoughts or suggestions I can take away.
If you want quick leads to your business opportunity as of yesterday, why not send a quick request. You just need to visit the members list, choose target members and send them a message. Remember, you can categorized members according to their countries of origin. So you can go for Australian, UK, USA … business opportunity leads without having to sift through hundreds of countries that you are not interested in.
I do have to say you are the best at providing great helpful information to others. I feel like you do really care about our success...and I like that!!!I filtered through a lot of lead selling sites. Like I said, Yours sounded the best... being able to actually view what you have and all the helpful tools you have...before actually having to purchase anything. Like I said I really feel safe here...because you seem very sincere to help us succeed... not just provide leads and take our money. So Thank-You again.
So to make it possible, you structured a kind of "payplan" or ways how you are going to pay your neigbors and relatives based on the number of people they've brought in or the group sales they've made. And by applying some MLM principle, you were able to plot a system that traces all sales from person to person down the line. Therefore, giving credit and commission also to the first person who initiated the effort.
Multi Level Marketing (MLM) is a business model or marketing strategy in which the distributors' income includes their own sales, and a percentage of the sales group they recruit, which is commonly known as their 'downline'. Customers can also sign up as a distributor to sell the company's product. Usually, the sign up fee will be the price paid to purchase the product.
"Your leads scored where others flopped! I purchased phone verified leads for Texas region. This, after I purchased similar leads from another leads provider, which resulted in money-down-the drain. At one point, I entertained thoughts of completely dumping my home based business and go for some traditional business. But instinctively, I decided to give it one more try and fortunately, I found businessopportunityleads.org. The first impression was not a great one, as the website contained all the similar promised. My concern was if your company delivers on these promises. Delivered it did! And that too within no time. As soon as I signed up, my inbox started ringing with real time leads as well as double opt-in leads. A little tweaking in my marketing material was all I needed to turn those fantastic leads into actual sales. A big THANK YOU!!!"
@jeremiah Hi Jeremiah, I saw your comment on this page. Just as you,, I loved this content. It's very powerful and valuable for us to understand how things are easy, and to have a roadmap in what to do. I've always been an entrepreneur, since I started my labour career back in 1996. I've been involved in NM for almost 6 years now, and it's been a fulfilling adventure to me. I suffered a lot in the beginning, becauseI had no support and didn't know what to do with my choice, but when I've found my vision and purpose, everything became right on track and everything made total sense. .How is it going for you?
Melaleuca, Inc. is listed as a Direct Marketing Company. The company contracts with independent marketing executives who refer customers to Melaleuca that purchase its various lines of nutritional, pharmaceutical, personal care, household cleaning, and pet care products. They also offer travel, phone and credit card services. Customers receive discounts if they order a minimum monthly product supply, but are not required to maintain an inventory of products. The company states that it offers a "Satisfaction or Money Back Guarantee".
"Joining an MLM is appealing to women who find hope in their promises of a better life: freedom, economic independence, and an endless supply of cheery trinkets. Despite professing quick-income prospects though, it's difficult for MLM consultants to earn more than pocket change. When glitzy recruitment videos yield to the reality of suburban cul-de-sacs, people selling for MLMs can be plunged into debt and psychological crisis." (Quartz)
Let's face it, whether you call it multi-level marketing, direct sales, or network marketing, the entire industry gets a bad rap. It's often labeled as a pyramid scheme or get rich quick scam, and frankly, there is ample evidence to approach it with caution. However, as I have studied trends in this business model, I have come to a very different conclusion. One that actually suggests that network marketing can play a crucial role in how well baby boomers and others transition into retirement.
I disagree with that jeremy i would recommend MLM over working a Corporate 9 t0 5 $300 weekly paycheck job anyday. I quit my job for mlm i mean why not recommend MLM when you can make 10X the more money than you can at any stupid corporate america job..Working for people are for losers and i will defend mlm for the rest of my life bro you need to get your facts straight and look on youtube to see people buying new mercedez benzs and rolls royce working with mlm
5. Internet. Having a personal Web site linked to your company's Web site is becoming mandatory for the successful distributor. Your Web and e-mail addresses are the technological version of a business card and brochure. Internet recruiting still requires some high touch to entice people to view your page. Because this is of significant interest, I'll address Internet lead development techniques in detail in a future article. For now, view it as a support tool and not as an alternative to personal interaction.
I found your article interesting. My wife and I have been involved with AdvoCare since November 2011. Even if I never make another dime in AdvoCare, I will continue to use the products because they have worked and continue to work for us. What I find interesting is the statistic that the majority – 99.7% in MLM actually "lose" money. What is the context of that statistic? That would mean A: the majority of MLM companies don't have a buyback or return policy B: people that get started with MLM's have to take on much more inventory that they are able to sell or C: this statistic is not accurate. I believe that C is the right answer. I do agree there are flaws in the MLM industry just as there are flaws in every industry. However, I believe that the MLM industry has made huge improvements in recent years and we do have a better way. People are the variable. When you have a great product, a passion and purpose that drives you everyday, are teachable and coachable, and love others as much as you love yourself, you can be successful in this business. Through the process of investing in your own personal development and learning to serve others, you are able to lead others to do the same. Thanks again. I look forward to reading more from you in the near future.
Ever been confused about how a "home business" works? Of course you have, many of us have. Most people have heard the term MLM (Multi-Level Marketing) and usually at the end of that the word, "scheme" is added – giving the whole business model a bad name. Well…let's change your negative perception and tell you how your Great Aunt Joan, actually earned that pink Cadillac from Mary Kay ! It's brilliant really…
The internet has made it easier than ever for people involved in multilevel marketing (MLM) to find leads or people who might be interested in your product, service, or business. Instead of just reaching out to people you know or approaching strangers, you can create a website, build an email list, leverage social media, and develop referral programs to generate solid leads that can eventually translate to sales.
We offer state-of-the-art lead generation to save you time and money by providing you with the highest quality leads for your unique business opportunity. If you're looking for quality leads, we make the highest quality available to you! We have all of our bases covered so that you can work on building up your Network Marketing, Home Based Business, or Business opportunity with ease.
We strive to verify all of our data and to also ensure your best experience we also offer this lead Replacement policy. If you receive a Disconnected, wrong number or bad email address, we will replace them. Simply complete a support ticket with the leads in question and we will add fresh business opportunity leads to your account. No Questions Asked.. WE Stand Behind Our LEADS!
Although each MLM company dictates its own specific financial compensation plan for the payout of any earnings to their respective participants, the common feature that is found across all MLMs is that the compensation plans theoretically pay out to participants only from two potential revenue streams. The first is paid out from commissions of sales made by the participants directly to their own retail customers. The second is paid out from commissions based upon the sales made by other distributors below the participant who have recruited those other participants into the MLM; in the organizational hierarchy of MLMs, these participants are referred to as one's down line distributors.[5]


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These parts are an inexpensive and will improve the safety of your Toyota's ability to stop effectively. Here's what you can expect to pay for a set of quality brake pads (OEM is best, premium brand is second best): A set of front or rear brake pads should cost $50 to $150, with most falling between $50 and $75.
Find genuine Toyota replacement brake rotors, brake pads and other parts designed for an exact fit for your car, truck, hybrid or SUV.
The average cost for a Toyota Corolla brake pad replacement is between $159 and $304. Labor costs are estimated between $70 and $123 while parts are priced between $89 and $181.
Find great deals on eBay for Toyota Brake Pads in Pads & Shoes. Shop with confidence.
Order Toyota Corolla Brake Pad online today.. Toyota Corolla Duralast Brake Pads, Part Number: D1210 Vehicle Specific Duralast Brake Pads. Loading Price.
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By getting the brake service you need, you can prevent costly repairs that can end up putting your vehicle in the shop for extensive repairs. When brake pads .
Brake pads are the wear item that fits inside the caliper, and that is the. them along with the pads; since rotors have to come off anyway, the labor cost savings. 2008-2016 Toyota Sequoia, Front and Rear Brake Pad Set, $66.00, Front and
They do wear out over time, depending on how hard you use them, and will need to be replaced at some stage of your vehicle's life – that's where we come in handy! The average price to have your front brake pads replaced starts at around $150 and can increase to $350 and above, depending on the type of brake pads used.
Toyota Corolla Brake Pad Replacement costs between $118 and $246 on average. The parts and labor required for this service are.
Read Also
Toyota Brake Pads Cost
Brake Fix is vital towards the protection of both you and your passengers and it's a smart idea to routinely examine your brakes to avoid accidents. Exactly what is the finest technique to notify whether it is time to mend your brakes and just how would you make your mind up wherever to acquire your Brake Auto Restore completed? Most brake mend outlets will inspect your brakes at no cost but when you could see via your wheels, you are able to examine them your self, or acquire the wheel off and after that have a very appear.
Remember to examine the Brakes
When inspecting the disc, a uniform glow needs to be existing and some gentle groove lines from regular dress in and tear. The presence of really worn spots or deep furrows suggests the discs need to be changed. In no way exchange just one at a time as this may compromise the efficiency in the brakes.
For the apex of the disc, you should see your brake pads. Look at the thickness, to be a slender and worn brake pad a lot less than 1/8 should get replaced in advance of destruction that may be a lot more major can be carried out.
The last component within your inspection would be to use a search at the brake strains. For those who have ever found the villain within a film lower the brake line, you already know that a crack or fissure leaking brake fluid is a undesirable matter. The strains must look rubbery and flexible. Dried up strains have to be replaced.
Brake Car Maintenance retailers are considerable in the majority of main metropolitan areas. Never be lured by cost on your own however. As with every car repair, look for a store that warranties their work for larger repairs. Even a business that has a solid popularity might make issues. For brake pads, a lifetime guarantee from the brake installer may be pointless. There are plenty of high-quality Brake pads that you can buy that can past the existence of your respective motor vehicle. Moreover, if the vehicle only demands brake pads, it is an easy do-it-yourself repair service you could master, preserving yourself income about the labor fees of experienced get the job done.
Shopping to the finest deal over a brake company will not be a simple process since there are many diverse parts of kit associated. There is certainly also a drastic difference in good quality and price of the factors made use of, so be sure you determine precisely what pads are now being put in to determine the particular worth of the support. We propose that when you are finding the time to have your brake pads replaced, then you really should contemplate investing in semi-metallics or ceramic pads which have extended daily life and better general performance. The assistance facilities listed underneath have distinctive deals available to help you discover one which fits your funds. The subsequent information can be used like a level of reference for calculating ordinary prices for services related to your braking procedure:
Brake Pad Alternative Cost Comparison
Component: Brake Pads
Parts: 50 – 150 Dollars
Labor: 100 Dollars
Estimate: 150 – 250 Dollars
Component: Rotors
Parts: 200 – 400 Dollars
Labor: 150 Dollars
Estimate: 350 – 550 Dollars
Component: Calipers Parts: 50 – 100 Dollars
Labor: 100 Dollars
Estimate: 150 – 200 Dollars


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By Justin Petrone
This story has been updated to include more comments from Toshio Suda.
Fluidigm last week said that two leading Japanese stem cell experts have adopted its integrated fluidic circuit-based BioMark System for genetic analysis.
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Bloomberg reports that the DNA-for-cash deal reported in Kentucky might be a more widespread scam.
St. Jude Children's Research Hospital scientists have treated infants with X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency using gene therapy in an early phase study.
St. Louis Public Radio reports that some African Americans are turning to DNA ancestry testing to help guide genealogical searches.
In Nature this week: a genomic analysis of the snailfish Pseudoliparis swirei, ancient DNA analysis gives insight into the introduction of farming to England, and more.
This webinar will discuss how Radboud University Medical Center's Department of Human Genetics is using exon-level copy number variant (CNV) detection by microarray to assist its efforts in constitutional genome testing.
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Flare Monitoring Regulatory Compliance and Analyzers: An Analysis
By Scott Eddleman, Analytical Sales Manager, Yokogawa
In 2016, the EPA finalized its refinery sector rule on maximum achievable control technology (MACT) regulations, and gave refineries 18 months to comply with the requirements for flare monitoring (Figure 1). The rule, 40 CFR 63 Subparts CC and UUU, affects any refinery with a flare used as a control device for an emission point, and those refineries must be in compliance by January 30, 2019.
Figure 1: EPA rules 40 CFR 63 Subparts CC and UUU requires monitoring of flares in refineries.
In this article, we'll review the requirements and describe the three types of analyzers refineries can use to ensure compliance.
Flare Regulations
The new regulations set flare operating limits, require a flare management plan (FMP), and require a continuous parameter monitoring system (CPMS) plan. The new regulations also cover pilot flame monitoring, visible emissions and flare tip velocity—requirements previously found in earlier versions of the rule.
Parameters that must be monitored in the FMP include:
- Btu
- Net heating value in the combustion zone (NHVcz)
- Net heating value dilution parameter (NHVdil)
- Vent gas composition
The FMP rule applies to a flare actively receiving perimeter assist air, or to a flare with the potential of operating above its smokeless capacity. A CPMS plan as defined in rule CFR 63.670 is required for each flare, and the owner or operator must have the CPMS plan available on site at all times.
Information required in the CPMS plan includes identification of the specific flare being monitored, flare type, parameters to be monitored, expected parameter range including worst case and normal operation. Also required are descriptions of the monitoring equipment, data collection and reduction systems—along with routine quality control and assurance procedures.
The FMP rule specifically states, "For each flare, the owner or operator shall operate the flare to maintain the net heating value of flare combustion zone gas (NHVcz) at or above 270 British thermal units per standard cubic feet (Btu/scf) determined on a 15-minute block period basis when regulated material is routed to the flare for at least 15 minutes."
The rule also says, "For each flare actively receiving perimeter assist air, the owner or operator shall operate the flare to maintain the net heating value dilution parameter (NHVdil) at or above 22 British thermal units per square foot (Btu/ft2) determined on a 15-minute block period basis when regulated material is being routed to the flare for at least 15 minutes."
And most important, the CPMS must "…allow the (EPA) Administrator to confirm that the selected site-specific operating limit(s) adequately ensures that the flare destruction efficiency is 98 percent or greater or that the flare combustion efficiency is 96.5 percent or greater at all times."
Combustion efficiency, net heating value in the combustion zone, and net heating value dilution parameter are calculated as defined in rule CFR 63.670.
Required data needs to be gathered, calculated, stored and structured for reporting. This can be done with a new or an existing data management system. Data from analyzers used to monitor flares is typically sent to the data management system via some type of digital communications link such as Modbus, Ethernet or fiber optics to handle the large amount of data.
While various parts of the regulations also require monitoring the pilot flame, visible emissions, flare tip velocity, opacity and emissions at the fence line—in this article we'll concentrate on how to analyze for Btu, NHV and composition.
Analyzers that can be used to meet these parts of the regulations include a Wobbe Index or Btu analyzer, a gas chromatograph and a mass spectrometer.
Wobbe Index Analyzer
Wobbe Index or Btu analyzers (Figure 2) are widely used in refineries to measure Btu and hydrogen in various processes, and to analyze quality of fuel gases. The analyzer is a calorimeter that burns a sample to measure the oxygen content in flare gas and calculate the Wobbe index. The Wobbe index defines the heating value of gas expressed in Btus per standard cubic foot.
Figure 2: Wobbe Index Btu analyzer.
A Wobbe analyzer provides an instantaneous reading of Btu, so it easily meets the requirements for a 15-minute response time. However, because it measures only Btu, it can only indicate that the flare is at, above or below the limits. It doesn't measure any other components, so it can't provide any information on why a problem may exist.
Wobbe Index or Btu analyzer installation requires a sample conditioning system, an analyzer shelter, instrument air header, atmospheric vent header with a flame arrestor, power supply, and instrument cabling. All components must be designed for Class 1 Division 1, Group B/C/D, T3 inside and Division 2 outside operation.
Typical installed cost of a Wobbe analyzer is about $215,000.
Gas Chromatograph
Refineries use gas chromatographs (Figure 3) to analyze many different process streams, so they are quite familiar with their operation, a major advantage of this technology. Some of the leading applications include component level concentration measurements, compositional analysis of finished products, or analysis mid process.
Figure 3: A gas chromatograph, such as these Yokogawa GC-8000s, analyzes components in flare gas.
A gas chromatograph (GC) measures components of the flare gas via a flow-through tube, called a column. As the flare gas sample passes through the column, it reacts with a column filling—called a stationary phase—which separates the gas into various compounds. Each compound exits the column at a different time, where it is detected and identified. Measurement data can be calculated to provide Btu, critical for flare gas monitoring.
While a gas chromatograph provides a great deal of information about gas composition, it can be slow to provide this data. In fact, it might not meet the 15-minute response time rule, depending on the number of components and their composition.
So, to meet the requirements for flare monitoring, a GC may need to be tuned to analyze only certain groups of components. For example, a GC might only analyze for methane, hydrogen and carbon dioxide. After analysis, it produces a chromatogram, showing peaks and baseline for each component (Figure 4).
Figure 4: A Yokogawa GC8000 gas chromatograph provides peak and baseline data for multiple components.
GC installation requires a sampling system with pneumatically actuated stream selection valves, an insulated and heated NEMA 4X fiberglass enclosure for the sampling system, a heated and insulated carbon steel enclosure for the GC, and a cylinder rack for carrier and calibration gases. All components must be designed for Class 1 Division 1, Group B/C/D, T3 inside and Division 2 outside operation.
Typical installed cost of a gas chromatograph is about $164,000.
Mass Spectrometer
Refineries typically are not familiar with mass spectrometers, so a plant's engineers and technicians would have to learn a new technology. A mass spectrometer has an ion source, a mass analyzer and a detector. The ionizer converts the sample into ions, which are sent to the mass analyzer and the detector. The detector calculates the value of each ion to determine the quantity of each ion present, and provides Btu data.
A mass spectrometer is an expensive, complex analyzer, but it offers two advantages: First, a mass spectrometer can analyze 30 components in about 12 seconds, easily meeting the 15-minute response time rule; second, a mass spectrometer can be configured to handle multiple streams.
Since a refinery typically has multiple flares requiring monitoring, a single mass spectrometer could handle multiple flares—depending, of course, on the distance from the flares to the analyzer. A stream switching system could direct samples from each flare to the mass spectrometer on a rotating basis.
Installing a Mass Spec requires a sampling system, an insulated and heated NEMA 4X fiberglass enclosure for the sampling system, and an environmentally controlled steel enclosure for the analyzer. Gas cylinders are mounted remote from the analyzer cabinet with pressure regulators, cylinder chains, and a rack for cylinders. Note that up to 12 gas cylinders may be required. All components must be designed for Class 1 Division 1, Group B/C/D, T3 inside the sample system enclosure and Division 2 outside the sample enclosure.
Typical installed cost of a mass spectrometer is about $245,000 for a single flare. If multiple flares are to be monitored, a more complex sampling system is required, with correspondingly higher costs.
The Comparision Table summarizes the cost and design considerations for each of the three types of measurement.
Measurement Type Comparison Table
Wobbe Index
Gas Chromatograph
Mass Spectrometer
Response time
Varies, can exceed 15 minutes
12 seconds
Components Monitored
Btu, Hydrogen
Up to 10 (limited by response tine)
Approximate Installed Cost
Refinery Familiarity
Operating Cost
Calibration requirements
Maintenance requirements
Combining Technologies
In some applications, best results will require combining technologies, or applying some other creative solution.
For example, possibilities for a two-flare refinery, A Btu analyzer and a GC analyzer can be used in combination. The system had a single sampling system with two sample streams—one from each flare. The Btu analyzer provides rapid analysis of the flare gas streams for reporting compliance, while the common gas chromatograph provides compositional analysis for process trouble shooting.
For a refinery with three flares, a possible solution is to install a single mass spectrometer. It would have common sampling system with three sample streams—one from each flare. The mass spectrometer is capable of switching process streams fast enough to meet monitoring and reporting requirements.
The impending EPA rule, 40 CFR 63 Subparts CC and UUU, is forcing refineries to monitor flares. Fortunately, modern analyzer technology makes it possible to meet the requirements, generate the necessary reports, and stay in compliance.
About the Author
Scott Eddleman has 20 years of analytical experience, including three years with Measurementation as quality/test manager for analytical integration, and 16 years with Yokogawa as a quality control manager, engineering manager and operations manager. His current role with Yokogawa Corporation of America is Analytical Sales Manager for North America.
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Normal erectile function depends on the release of NO and endothelial-dependent vasodilation of the penile arteries. The 'artery size' hypothesis, first described by Dr Montorsi, offers an explanation why men are more likely to develop ED before a myocardial infacrtion. It is believed that atherosclerosis affects all vascular beds equally but smaller arteries are more likely to become occluded than larger arteries.31 32 The penile arteries are 1–2 mm while the coronary arteries are 3–4 mm. Thus, the same degree of endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis is more likely to occlude blood flow in the penile arteries compared with the coronary arteries. The penile arteries therefore serve as a sensitive indicator for subsequent CVD. This theory is supported by the fact that ED occurs approximately 3 years prior to cardiac symptoms in virtually all patients with chronic coronary syndrome whereas patients with acute coronary syndrome have a much lower prevalence of sexual dysfunction.32
In a 2005 study, three months of twice-daily sets of kegel exercises combined with biofeedback and advice on lifestyle changes, such as quitting smoking, losing weight, and limiting alcohol, worked far better than just giving the participants advice. "Wearing tight pants will affect impotence along with some other medical conditions like diabetes and heart disease," which can also affect a man's degree of impotence, Dr. Jennifer Burns, specializing in family practice with an emphasis on gastrointestinal health at the BienEtre Center, told Medical Daily.
First, medical conditions need to be ruled out. Let's assume that you have never been diagnosed with a medical condition that is physically linked to erectile dysfunction, such as type 2 diabetes, obesity or heart disease. In this case you're probably looking at a case of psychological impotence, given that there are no physical explanations for your difficulties.
Disclaimer: Results may vary. Consult your physician before beginning any health program. The website's content and the content provided within the PE Program is not a substitute for direct, personal, professional medical care and diagnosis ,is not intended to provide specific physical or mental health advice or any other advice whatsoever, and should not be relied upon in that regard. See our Terms of Use for more details.
Recently, several advances in the uses of stem cells have bet met with great anticipation. Stem cells have the ability to differentiate into different cell lines based on the cellular signaling they receive. Bone marrow mononuclear cells in particular have been used for the treatment of ED in animal models. Yiou et al. recently delivered bone marrow-mononuclear cells (BM-MNC) into the intracavernous smooth muscle of post radical prostatectomy men (123). The open label, dose escalation phase I/II trial showed improvements in IIEF-15 assessment as well as increased vascularization of the corpora based on penile Doppler arterial velocity measurements. Although promising, further investigation in humans is required to substantiate BM-MNCs impact on erections, and erectile function recovery going forward.
Size matters, so get slim and stay slim. A trim waistline is one good defense — a man with a 42-inch waist is 50% more likely to have ED than one with a 32-inch waist. Losing weight can help fight erectile dysfunction, so getting to a healthy weight and staying there is another good strategy for avoiding or fixing ED. Obesity raises risks for vascular disease and diabetes, two major causes of ED. And excess fat interferes with several hormones that may be part of the problem as well.
Lifestyle choices that impair blood circulation can contribute to ED. Smoking, excessive drinking, and drug abuse may damage the blood vessels and reduce blood flow to the penis. Smoking makes men with atherosclerosis particularly vulnerable to ED. Being overweight and getting too little exercise also contribute to ED. Studies indicate that men who exercise regularly have a lower risk of ED.
The role of the endothelium in erectile function became clearer with the observation that the phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor, sildenafil, enhanced erectile function. Erection occurs with the release of nitric oxide (NO) from the vascular endothelial cells.17 The reduction in endothelial cell production of NO results in the negative impact on the smooth muscles in the corporal bodies and results in less relaxation of the smooth muscle cells with decrease in blood supply and resulting ED. A similar phenomenon is well known to impact the coronary arterial system resulting in CVD.
Clearly, PDE5i have revolutionized the treatment of ED in general and the neurogenic ED population is no exception. They remain safe and effective in most men with neurogenic ED; however, care must be taken in prescribing PDE5i to men high spinal cord lesions, MSA or possibly PD. VEDs are minimally-invasive and can be as effective as other modalities at leading to erection. However, high discontinuation rates are associated with VED use related to pain, difficulty using the device or cold penis. Intracavernosal therapy has been a mainstay of treatment for neurogenic ED and remains extremely successful in the SCI population. Trial of intracavernosal therapy for other causes of neurogenic ED can be considered second-line therapy, but there is a relative paucity of data for clinical outcomes related to its use outside of SCI men. Surgical therapy via penile implantation remains another second line approach and may also be utilized to assist men with bladder management. Higher complication rates of infections, and perforation have been reported compared to neurologically intact men. Many other compounds are currently being evaluated for the treatment of neurogenic ED as well as gene and stem cell therapy, but still should be considered investigational until substantiated by randomized controlled trials.
Organic Impotence. Diabetes mellitus, thyroid disease, and dysfunction of the pituitary gland or testes can cause impotence, as can certain medications. Other organic causes include arterial ischemia associated with atherosclerosis of the aorta and common iliac arteries, extensive pelvic surgery such as radical prostatectomy, spinal cord injury and other neurologic disorders, and a history of cigarette smoking. Because certain medications can cause impotence, it is recommended that in cases of recent impotence it be determined whether the patient has started on a new drug. The most common offenders are diuretics, antihypertensives, and vasodilators. Alcohol, which sometimes is ignored as a drug, is often a contributor to the problem of impotence.
Examples of common neurologic conditions that can lead to ED include cerebral vascular accident, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and spinal cord injury. Microvascular disease associated with diabetes is thought to compound the endothelial and neural injuries associated with this disease. Pelvic surgery may disrupt both neural and vascular pathways, resulting in ED.
You should talk to your doctor about possible treatments. You may want to talk to other patients who have had the treatment planned for you. You also may want to seek a second doctor's opinion about surgery before making your decision. You may find it difficult to talk to your doctor about impotence. You will want to find a doctor who treats this condition and will help you feel comfortable talking about the problem and choosing the best treatment. You can also get more information by contacting your local National Kidney Foundation affiliate.
Penile erection is managed by two mechanisms: the reflex erection, which is achieved by directly touching the penile shaft, and the psychogenic erection, which is achieved by erotic or emotional stimuli. The former uses the peripheral nerves and the lower parts of the spinal cord, whereas the latter uses the limbic system of the brain. In both cases, an intact neural system is required for a successful and complete erection. Stimulation of the penile shaft by the nervous system leads to the secretion of nitric oxide (NO), which causes the relaxation of smooth muscles of corpora cavernosa (the main erectile tissue of penis), and subsequently penile erection. Additionally, adequate levels of testosterone (produced by the testes) and an intact pituitary gland are required for the development of a healthy erectile system. As can be understood from the mechanisms of a normal erection, impotence may develop due to hormonal deficiency, disorders of the neural system, lack of adequate penile blood supply or psychological problems.[18] Spinal cord injury causes sexual dysfunction including ED. Restriction of blood flow can arise from impaired endothelial function due to the usual causes associated with coronary artery disease, but can also be caused by prolonged exposure to bright light.
The nerves and endothelium of sinusoids and vessels in the penis produce and release transmitters and modulators that control the contractile state of corporal smooth muscles. Although the membrane receptors play an important role, downstream signaling pathways are also important. The RhoA–Rho kinase pathway is involved in the regulation of cavernosal smooth muscle contraction. [12]
Poor sleep patterns can be a contributing factor for erectile dysfunction, Mucher says. One review published in the journal Brain Research emphasized the intricate relationship between the level of sex hormones like testosterone, sexual function, and sleep, noting that testosterone levels increase with improved sleep, and lower levels are associated with sexual dysfunction. Hormone secretion is controlled by the body's internal clock, and sleep patterns likely help the body determine when to release certain hormones.
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Erectile dysfunction is known to be associated with general health status, thus, lifestyle modification improves erectile function and decreases the rate of decline of function with aging. One year after discontinuation of smoking, patients were found to have a 25% improvement in erectile quality.16 In addition, multivariate analysis found obesity is associated with erectile dysfunction with an approximately 50% increase in ED in obese men as compared with normal weight men.17
The first stem cell study for the treatment of ED was published in 2004. This study used embryonic stem cells to treat ED. At this time, there is a total of 36 published basic studies assessing stem cell therapy for ED, with two clinical trials. The mechanism of action of stem cells is to generate angiogenesis with subsequent increase in cavernosal smooth muscle cells within the corporal bodies.46
Watts and coworkers, in their review article, make several points about this ED/CAD nexus. Endothelial dysfunction is present in both CVD and ED, and is linked through the NO mechanism. The authors note that PDE5 inhibitors improve endothelial function and have a salutary effect on both CVD and ED. Both ED and cardiac disease respond to modifications in lifestyle as well as pharmacologic manipulation. These authors also report that the presence of ED gives the clinician an opportunity to assess CVD and prevention as well.20
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Move a muscle, but we're not talking about your biceps. A strong pelvic floor enhances rigidity during erections and helps keep blood from leaving the penis by pressing on a key vein. In a British trial, three months of twice-daily sets of Kegel exercises (which strengthen these muscles), combined with biofeedback and advice on lifestyle changes — quitting smoking, losing weight, limiting alcohol — worked far better than just advice on lifestyle changes.
Erectile dysfunction (ED), or impotence, is the inability to obtain or maintain an erection suitable for intimate activity. While most frequently seen in 50-65% of males aged 65 and older and nearly all men over the age of 70, erectile dysfunction affects up to 39% of 40-year-old men, too; more than 35 million men total in the United States. Left untreated, the physical frustrations of living with erectile dysfunction can quickly turn emotionally stressful as well, with men often reporting relationship and related issues. And that's why NuMale Medical Center offers the most advanced and effective therapies to treat erectile dysfunction, so you and your partner can experience sex and intimacy both joyfully and confidently.
Clinical experience in switching medications to improve ED has been disappointing in that improvement does not often occur. Nonetheless, it is important to try to discontinue possible offending medications before proceeding to more invasive ED treatment options. Oral ED medications have changed the way clinicians discontinue medications in patients with ED and has improved the approach. For example, a patient may develop ED on a thiazide diuretic. The diuretic may be withdrawn, but a trial of oral ED therapy can be initiated during the observation period while the patient is waiting to see if any spontaneous improvement in ED occurs after drug withdrawal. Alternatively, if diuretic therapy is effective, well tolerated, and controlling blood pressure, oral ED therapy can be used on an ongoing basis to treat the side effect of ED.


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In a prospective study from the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial database, Thompson et al reported that men presenting with ED had a significantly higher chance of developing a cardiovascular event over a 7-year follow-up period. [55] The hazard ratio was 1.45, which is in the range of risk associated with current smoking or a family history of MI.
Medications such as sildenafil (Viagra), vardenafil (Levitra), or tadalafil (Cialis) may help improve sexual function in men by increasing blood flow to the penis. Men who are on medicines that contain nitrates such as nitroglycerine should not take oral ED medications. The combination of nitrates and these specific medications can cause low blood pressure (hypotension).
En español | If you watch TV or read magazines, you could easily conclude that men seeking treatment for erectile dysfunction (ED) have but one option: pills. The three dominant brands — Cialis, Levitra and Viagra — are locked in an expensive battle for men's allegiances, and have, through their suggestive advertising, triggered both satire and controversy in the 14 years since the Food and Drug Administration approved Viagra.
When other treatments haven't helped, a penile implant may be the right solution. A penile implant is a medical device that is surgically placed into a penis to mimic the look and performance of a natural erection9. Implants are custom-fitted to your anatomy. Sensitivity and the ability to ejaculate aren't typically affected either, so you'll be able to have an orgasm normally (unless you have a medical condition that prevents this)7.
ED usually has a multifactorial etiology. Organic, physiologic, endocrine, and psychogenic factors are involved in the ability to obtain and maintain erections. In general, ED is divided into 2 broad categories, organic and psychogenic. Although most ED was once attributed to psychological factors, pure psychogenic ED is in fact uncommon; however, many men with organic etiologies may also have an associated psychogenic component.
Vascular damage may result from radiation therapy to the pelvis and prostate in the treatment of prostate cancer. [36] Both the blood vessels and the nerves to the penis may be affected. Radiation damage to the crura of the penis, which are highly susceptible to radiation damage, can induce ED. Data indicate that 50% of men undergoing radiation therapy lose erectile function within 5 years after completing therapy; fortunately, some respond to one of the PDE5 inhibitors.
Some men report being helped by an oral medication called yohimbine, which comes from the bark of a tree that grows in India and Africa. This drug, which needs to be taken every day, has been reported to help about 20 to 25 percent of the men taking it. A relatively new but widely used oral medication called Viagra requires a careful medical evaluation by your doctor.
You should talk to your doctor about possible treatments. You may want to talk to other patients who have had the treatment planned for you. You also may want to seek a second doctor's opinion about surgery before making your decision. You may find it difficult to talk to your doctor about impotence. You will want to find a doctor who treats this condition and will help you feel comfortable talking about the problem and choosing the best treatment. You can also get more information by contacting your local National Kidney Foundation affiliate.
Vacuum therapy devices have a few disadvantages. One must interrupt foreplay to use them. You must use the correct-size tension ring and remove it, to prevent penile bruising, after sustaining the erection for 30 minutes. Initial use may produce some soreness. Such devices may be unsuitable for men with certain bleeding disorders. In general, vacuum constriction devices are successful in management of long-term ED.
Size matters, so get slim and stay slim. A trim waistline is one good defense — a man with a 42-inch waist is 50% more likely to have ED than one with a 32-inch waist. Losing weight can help fight erectile dysfunction, so getting to a healthy weight and staying there is another good strategy for avoiding or fixing ED. Obesity raises risks for vascular disease and diabetes, two major causes of ED. And excess fat interferes with several hormones that may be part of the problem as well.
Clearly, PDE5i have revolutionized the treatment of ED in general and the neurogenic ED population is no exception. They remain safe and effective in most men with neurogenic ED; however, care must be taken in prescribing PDE5i to men high spinal cord lesions, MSA or possibly PD. VEDs are minimally-invasive and can be as effective as other modalities at leading to erection. However, high discontinuation rates are associated with VED use related to pain, difficulty using the device or cold penis. Intracavernosal therapy has been a mainstay of treatment for neurogenic ED and remains extremely successful in the SCI population. Trial of intracavernosal therapy for other causes of neurogenic ED can be considered second-line therapy, but there is a relative paucity of data for clinical outcomes related to its use outside of SCI men. Surgical therapy via penile implantation remains another second line approach and may also be utilized to assist men with bladder management. Higher complication rates of infections, and perforation have been reported compared to neurologically intact men. Many other compounds are currently being evaluated for the treatment of neurogenic ED as well as gene and stem cell therapy, but still should be considered investigational until substantiated by randomized controlled trials.
In fact, one common reason many younger men visit their doctor is to get erectile dysfunction medication. Often, men with erectile dysfunction suffer with diabetes or heart disease, or may be sedentary or obese, but they don't realize the impact of these health conditions on sexual function. Along with erectile dysfunction treatment, the doctor may recommend managing the illness, being more physically active, or losing weight.
For many men, stopping smoking is an erectile dysfunction remedy, particularly when ED is the result of vascular disease, which occurs when blood supply to the penis becomes restricted because of blockage or narrowing of the arteries. Smoking and even smokeless tobacco can also cause the narrowing of important blood vessels and have the same negative impact.
ED varies in men with seizure disorders, occurring in 3% to 58% of men with epilepsy (30). The cause of ED is likely multifactorial, with neurologic, endocrine, iatrogenic, psychiatric and psychosocial factors leading to varying degrees of ED (31). ED can occur in periods surrounding active seizures (ictal) or in the periods unrelated to seizure activity (post-ictal) as well (32).
PD is a chronic neurodegenerative disease characterized by "motor" and "non-motor" symptoms that lead to progressive disability. Erectile and SD are "non-motor" symptoms and can occur in 50–69% of males with PD (39-42). Ejaculatory and orgasmic function are also impaired. PD affects the dopaminergic pathways leading to erection and arousal. Dopaminergic therapy for PD can improve ED, and sometimes therapy may lead to hypersexuality (43,44). A comparison of married men with PD to age matched controls with non-neurologic chronic disease such as arthritis did not show any discrepancy in ED rates (45). This suggests that ED in certain groups with PD may occur from disease related factors common in chronic illness, in general.
Side effects include lightheadedness, fainting, priapism, urethral bleeding (intraurethral), dyspareunia in the partner (intraurethral), hematoma (intracavernosal) or penile curvature secondary to scar (intracavernosal). Efficacy of intraurethral alprostadil has been demonstrated to be around 50% ("able to have intercourse") in randomized controlled trials.31,32 For intracorporeal injection, typically alprostadil is tried alone, or compounded with papaverine (nonspecific phosphodiesterase inhibitor that increases intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate and cGMP) and/or phentolamine (competitive, non-selective alpha1- and alpha2-adrenoreceptor blocker). Pinsky et al33 reported an extensive review of the benefits and drawbacks of the combinations of these drugs.
The art of acupuncture has become the new treatment for everything from back pain, depression, and even ED. Impotence could be more of a state of mind, and acupuncture may help. Through this alternative therapy, fine needles are placed in various parts of the body to relieve pain or stress. Although there are many mixed studies for acupuncture and ED, many tend to confirm positive results. A 1999 study found acupuncture improved the quality of erection and even restored sexual activity in 39 percent of participants.
The association between low testosterone and ED is not entirely clear. Although these 2 processes certainly overlap in some instances, they are distinct entities. Some 2-21% of men have both hypogonadism and ED; however, it is unclear to what degree treating the former will improve erectile function. [17] About 35-40% of men with low testosterone see an improvement in their erections with testosterone replacement; however, almost 65% of these men see no improvement. [15]
Alteration of NO levels is the focus of several approaches to the treatment of ED. Inhibitors of phosphodiesterase, which primarily hydrolyze cGMP type 5, provided the basis for the development of the PDE5 inhibitors. Chen et al administered oral L-arginine and reported subjective improvement in 50 men with ED. [14] These supplements are readily available commercially. Reported adverse effects include nausea, diarrhea, headache, flushing, numbness, and hypotension.
Sildenafil has been previously suggested as a treatment option for ED in men with epilepsy (77,78). However, Matos et al. warned that PDE5i are potentially pro-convulsant and should be used with great caution in men with epilepsy (79). Animal studies in rat and mice overwhelmingly suggest PDE5i can reduce seizure threshold. In human trials, seizures were rare but reported. PDE5i exerted their proconvulsive effect by lower seizure threshold possibly by worsening sleep or obstructive sleep apnea, causing cardiovascular changes, or leading to EEG changes specifically with tadalafil use.
When it comes to boosting sexual performance, many men will walk all over God's green earth looking for ways to maintain a good sex life. Luckily men, all you have to do is walk — not run — 2 miles a day. This, along with other healthier lifestyle interventions can help obese men reduce their risk of ED, or even "reverse" current impotence, according to a 2005 study. This comes of importance, since maintaining a trim waistline is a good defense for ED, as men with a 42-inch waist are 50 percent more likely to have ED than those with a 32-inch waist. Getting to a healthy weight and maintaining it is a good strategy for preventing and treating ED.
In 1983, Brindley injected the corpora of several SCI men with phentolamine (85). Two out of the three men had a sufficient erection produced. Since then multiple reports on the efficacy of intracavernosal therapy have been published using, phentolamine, papaverine, prostaglandin, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and these medications in combination (86-90). These medications have been found to be extremely effective for neurogenic ED due to their ability act locally and essentially bypassing neuronal pathways. Local therapies are usually considered second-line after PDE5i fail to elicit a desired response which can occur in about 25–30% of men with ED, in general (91). Furthermore, the locally delivered medications can be quite dangerous if not used appropriately as priapism and significant pain with injections can occur. These specific occurrences have been suggested as a reason for high discontinuation rates with intracavernosal therapy (92).
Chronic stress dumps adrenaline in your system multiple times a day. And that can lead to high blood pressure, heart disease, obesity, and diabetes. Chronic stress is like red-lining your car all day long. When you drive 100 mph all the time, something is going to break down. A high-stress environment can actually change the way your brain sends messages to your body. Dumping too much adrenaline into your bloodstream can affect blood flow and severely limit your ability to achieve and maintain an erection.
In some cases, however, these drugs may be unsuitable for patients with heart disease. If you are considering one of these drugs and you have heart disease, as many diabetics do, be sure to tell your doctor. In rare cases, the pills may create "priapism," a prolonged and painful erection lasting six hours or more (although reversible with prompt medical attention).
Having erection trouble from time to time isn't necessarily a cause for concern. If erectile dysfunction is an ongoing issue, however, it can cause stress, affect your self-confidence and contribute to relationship problems. Problems getting or keeping an erection can also be a sign of an underlying health condition that needs treatment and a risk factor for heart disease.


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There are a number of exciting events shaping up for this year's SI Leeds Literary Prize. There are some great speakers and writers involved across London this year. We'll be adding dates as we get them, so check back regularly or join our mailing list to keep up to date.
Friday 14 September
7.00pm - 8.30pm
Tickets: £7.50 / £5.00
Book online
Join critically acclaimed author Roopa Farooki for a lively evening of readings and discussion with the SI Leeds Literary Prize shortlisted writers. The prize is a biennial award championing the voices of black and Asian women writers in the UK with patrons including Bonnie Greer, Margaret Busby, Yasmin Alibhai-Brown and Bidisha. The prize continues to go from strength to strength. Come along to see some exciting new voices on the literary landscape.
Saturday 20 October
4.15pm - 5.45pm
Tickets TBC
Words of Colour Director and broadcaster Joy Francis steers this round table discussion with the shortlist of the SI Leeds Literary Prize. This year's judges are Sharmaine Lovegrove, Susheila Nasta, Kadija George and Winnie Li. As well as sharing their writing, the writers will be reflecting on what it means to be a woman of colour writing in the UK today and how those lived, complex experiences have impacted their work.
Tuesday 23 October
7.00pm - 8.30pm
Tickets: £10
Book online
Publisher, editor, broadcaster and critic Ellah Allfrey will be in conversation with the 2018 SI Leeds Literary Prize shortlisted writers. The prize is an award for unpublished fiction by black and Asian women in the UK, championing under represented voices and providing platforms which enable them to reach broader audiences. The panel will be exploring past legacies, movements and presses that helped pave the way as well as reading work in response to the discussion.
The SI Leeds Literary Prize is an award for unpublished fiction by UK-based Black and Asian women, aged 18 and above. Its aim is to act as a loudspeaker for fresh and original literary voices from an under-represented group, and to help them reach new audiences in mainstream culture. Shortlisted writers take part in a programme of craft and career development. Many of the prize entrants have gone on to land publishing deals, agents, and critical acclaim for their writing.
Entries for the 2018 Prize are now closed. The 2018 longlist has now been announced and the shortlist will be announced at the end of August.
The prizes are as follows:
£3,000 for the 1st Prize Aspire-igen award, plus a free place on an Arvon creative writing course, and manuscript assessment through The Literary Consultancy.
£1,250 for the runner-up and £750 for the third-placed writer, and manuscript assessment through The Literary Consultancy.
Shortlisted entrants will be supported through the Prize Plus programme of writer development. They will be offered 1:1 writer development sessions through Inscribe as well as the opportunity to join other great networking and development opportunities through prize partners New Writing North.
The Prize is an initiative of Soroptimist International of Leeds, an organisation dedicated to the development and support of women. Soroptimist International helps women across the world achieve their potential and have an equal voice. These principles are embedded in the SI Leeds Literary Prize.
SI Leeds works in partnership with Yorkshire-based literature organisations, Ilkley Literature Festival and Peepal Tree Press. The SI Leeds Literary Prize is funded by Arts Council England's Grants for the Arts, and sponsorship from aspire-igen, a Yorkshire-based social enterprise.


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