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#434827 AI and Robotics Are Transforming ...
During the past 50 years, the frequency of recorded natural disasters has surged nearly five-fold.
In this blog, I'll be exploring how converging exponential technologies (AI, robotics, drones, sensors, networks) are transforming the future of disaster relief—how we can prevent them in the first place and get help to victims during that first golden hour wherein immediate relief can save lives.
Here are the three areas of greatest impact:
AI, predictive mapping, and the power of the crowd
Next-gen robotics and swarm solutions
Aerial drones and immediate aid supply
Let's dive in!
Artificial Intelligence and Predictive Mapping
When it comes to immediate and high-precision emergency response, data is gold.
Already, the meteoric rise of space-based networks, stratosphere-hovering balloons, and 5G telecommunications infrastructure is in the process of connecting every last individual on the planet.
Aside from democratizing the world's information, however, this upsurge in connectivity will soon grant anyone the ability to broadcast detailed geo-tagged data, particularly those most vulnerable to natural disasters.
Armed with the power of data broadcasting and the force of the crowd, disaster victims now play a vital role in emergency response, turning a historically one-way blind rescue operation into a two-way dialogue between connected crowds and smart response systems.
With a skyrocketing abundance of data, however, comes a new paradigm: one in which we no longer face a scarcity of answers. Instead, it will be the quality of our questions that matters most.
This is where AI comes in: our mining mechanism.
In the case of emergency response, what if we could strategically map an almost endless amount of incoming data points? Or predict the dynamics of a flood and identify a tsunami's most vulnerable targets before it even strikes? Or even amplify critical signals to trigger automatic aid by surveillance drones and immediately alert crowdsourced volunteers?
Already, a number of key players are leveraging AI, crowdsourced intelligence, and cutting-edge visualizations to optimize crisis response and multiply relief speeds.
Take One Concern, for instance. Born out of Stanford under the mentorship of leading AI expert Andrew Ng, One Concern leverages AI through analytical disaster assessment and calculated damage estimates.
Partnering with the cities of Los Angeles, San Francisco, and numerous cities in San Mateo County, the platform assigns verified, unique 'digital fingerprints' to every element in a city. Building robust models of each system, One Concern's AI platform can then monitor site-specific impacts of not only climate change but each individual natural disaster, from sweeping thermal shifts to seismic movement.
This data, combined with that of city infrastructure and former disasters, are then used to predict future damage under a range of disaster scenarios, informing prevention methods and structures in need of reinforcement.
Within just four years, One Concern can now make precise predictions with an 85 percent accuracy rate in under 15 minutes.
And as IoT-connected devices and intelligent hardware continue to boom, a blooming trillion-sensor economy will only serve to amplify AI's predictive capacity, offering us immediate, preventive strategies long before disaster strikes.
Beyond natural disasters, however, crowdsourced intelligence, predictive crisis mapping, and AI-powered responses are just as formidable a triage in humanitarian disasters.
One extraordinary story is that of Ushahidi. When violence broke out after the 2007 Kenyan elections, one local blogger proposed a simple yet powerful question to the web: "Any techies out there willing to do a mashup of where the violence and destruction is occurring and put it on a map?"
Within days, four 'techies' heeded the call, building a platform that crowdsourced first-hand reports via SMS, mined the web for answers, and—with over 40,000 verified reports—sent alerts back to locals on the ground and viewers across the world.
Today, Ushahidi has been used in over 150 countries, reaching a total of 20 million people across 100,000+ deployments. Now an open-source crisis-mapping software, its V3 (or "Ushahidi in the Cloud") is accessible to anyone, mining millions of Tweets, hundreds of thousands of news articles, and geo-tagged, time-stamped data from countless sources.
Aggregating one of the longest-running crisis maps to date, Ushahidi's Syria Tracker has proved invaluable in the crowdsourcing of witness reports. Providing real-time geographic visualizations of all verified data, Syria Tracker has enabled civilians to report everything from missing people and relief supply needs to civilian casualties and disease outbreaks— all while evading the government's cell network, keeping identities private, and verifying reports prior to publication.
As mobile connectivity and abundant sensors converge with AI-mined crowd intelligence, real-time awareness will only multiply in speed and scale.
Imagining the Future….
Within the next 10 years, spatial web technology might even allow us to tap into mesh networks.
As I've explored in a previous blog on the implications of the spatial web, while traditional networks rely on a limited set of wired access points (or wireless hotspots), a wireless mesh network can connect entire cities via hundreds of dispersed nodes that communicate with each other and share a network connection non-hierarchically.
In short, this means that individual mobile users can together establish a local mesh network using nothing but the computing power in their own devices.
Take this a step further, and a local population of strangers could collectively broadcast countless 360-degree feeds across a local mesh network.
Imagine a scenario in which armed attacks break out across disjointed urban districts, each cluster of eye witnesses and at-risk civilians broadcasting an aggregate of 360-degree videos, all fed through photogrammetry AIs that build out a live hologram in real time, giving family members and first responders complete information.
Or take a coastal community in the throes of torrential rainfall and failing infrastructure. Now empowered by a collective live feed, verification of data reports takes a matter of seconds, and richly-layered data informs first responders and AI platforms with unbelievable accuracy and specificity of relief needs.
By linking all the right technological pieces, we might even see the rise of automated drone deliveries. Imagine: crowdsourced intelligence is first cross-referenced with sensor data and verified algorithmically. AI is then leveraged to determine the specific needs and degree of urgency at ultra-precise coordinates. Within minutes, once approved by personnel, swarm robots rush to collect the requisite supplies, equipping size-appropriate drones with the right aid for rapid-fire delivery.
This brings us to a second critical convergence: robots and drones.
While cutting-edge drone technology revolutionizes the way we deliver aid, new breakthroughs in AI-geared robotics are paving the way for superhuman emergency responses in some of today's most dangerous environments.
Let's explore a few of the most disruptive examples to reach the testing phase.
First up….
Autonomous Robots and Swarm Solutions
As hardware advancements converge with exploding AI capabilities, disaster relief robots are graduating from assistance roles to fully autonomous responders at a breakneck pace.
Born out of MIT's Biomimetic Robotics Lab, the Cheetah III is but one of many robots that may form our first line of defense in everything from earthquake search-and-rescue missions to high-risk ops in dangerous radiation zones.
Now capable of running at 6.4 meters per second, Cheetah III can even leap up to a height of 60 centimeters, autonomously determining how to avoid obstacles and jump over hurdles as they arise.
Initially designed to perform spectral inspection tasks in hazardous settings (think: nuclear plants or chemical factories), the Cheetah's various iterations have focused on increasing its payload capacity, range of motion, and even a gripping function with enhanced dexterity.
Cheetah III and future versions are aimed at saving lives in almost any environment.
And the Cheetah III is not alone. Just this February, Tokyo's Electric Power Company (TEPCO) has put one of its own robots to the test. For the first time since Japan's devastating 2011 tsunami, which led to three nuclear meltdowns in the nation's Fukushima nuclear power plant, a robot has successfully examined the reactor's fuel.
Broadcasting the process with its built-in camera, the robot was able to retrieve small chunks of radioactive fuel at five of the six test sites, offering tremendous promise for long-term plans to clean up the still-deadly interior.
Also out of Japan, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHi) is even using robots to fight fires with full autonomy. In a remarkable new feat, MHi's Water Cannon Bot can now put out blazes in difficult-to-access or highly dangerous fire sites.
Delivering foam or water at 4,000 liters per minute and 1 megapascal (MPa) of pressure, the Cannon Bot and its accompanying Hose Extension Bot even form part of a greater AI-geared system to conduct reconnaissance and surveillance on larger transport vehicles.
As wildfires grow ever more untameable, high-volume production of such bots could prove a true lifesaver. Paired with predictive AI forest fire mapping and autonomous hauling vehicles, not only will solutions like MHi's Cannon Bot save numerous lives, but avoid population displacement and paralyzing damage to our natural environment before disaster has the chance to spread.
But even in cases where emergency shelter is needed, groundbreaking (literally) robotics solutions are fast to the rescue.
After multiple iterations by Fastbrick Robotics, the Hadrian X end-to-end bricklaying robot can now autonomously build a fully livable, 180-square-meter home in under three days. Using a laser-guided robotic attachment, the all-in-one brick-loaded truck simply drives to a construction site and directs blocks through its robotic arm in accordance with a 3D model.
Meeting verified building standards, Hadrian and similar solutions hold massive promise in the long-term, deployable across post-conflict refugee sites and regions recovering from natural catastrophes.
But what if we need to build emergency shelters from local soil at hand? Marking an extraordinary convergence between robotics and 3D printing, the Institute for Advanced Architecture of Catalonia (IAAC) is already working on a solution.
In a major feat for low-cost construction in remote zones, IAAC has found a way to convert almost any soil into a building material with three times the tensile strength of industrial clay. Offering myriad benefits, including natural insulation, low GHG emissions, fire protection, air circulation, and thermal mediation, IAAC's new 3D printed native soil can build houses on-site for as little as $1,000.
But while cutting-edge robotics unlock extraordinary new frontiers for low-cost, large-scale emergency construction, novel hardware and computing breakthroughs are also enabling robotic scale at the other extreme of the spectrum.
Again, inspired by biological phenomena, robotics specialists across the US have begun to pilot tiny robotic prototypes for locating trapped individuals and assessing infrastructural damage.
Take RoboBees, tiny Harvard-developed bots that use electrostatic adhesion to 'perch' on walls and even ceilings, evaluating structural damage in the aftermath of an earthquake.
Or Carnegie Mellon's prototyped Snakebot, capable of navigating through entry points that would otherwise be completely inaccessible to human responders. Driven by AI, the Snakebot can maneuver through even the most densely-packed rubble to locate survivors, using cameras and microphones for communication.
But when it comes to fast-paced reconnaissance in inaccessible regions, miniature robot swarms have good company.
Next-Generation Drones for Instantaneous Relief Supplies
Particularly in the case of wildfires and conflict zones, autonomous drone technology is fundamentally revolutionizing the way we identify survivors in need and automate relief supply.
Not only are drones enabling high-resolution imagery for real-time mapping and damage assessment, but preliminary research shows that UAVs far outpace ground-based rescue teams in locating isolated survivors.
As presented by a team of electrical engineers from the University of Science and Technology of China, drones could even build out a mobile wireless broadband network in record time using a "drone-assisted multi-hop device-to-device" program.
And as shown during Houston's Hurricane Harvey, drones can provide scores of predictive intel on everything from future flooding to damage estimates.
Among multiple others, a team led by Texas A&M computer science professor and director of the university's Center for Robot-Assisted Search and Rescue Dr. Robin Murphy flew a total of 119 drone missions over the city, from small-scale quadcopters to military-grade unmanned planes. Not only were these critical for monitoring levee infrastructure, but also for identifying those left behind by human rescue teams.
But beyond surveillance, UAVs have begun to provide lifesaving supplies across some of the most remote regions of the globe. One of the most inspiring examples to date is Zipline.
Created in 2014, Zipline has completed 12,352 life-saving drone deliveries to date. While drones are designed, tested, and assembled in California, Zipline primarily operates in Rwanda and Tanzania, hiring local operators and providing over 11 million people with instant access to medical supplies.
Providing everything from vaccines and HIV medications to blood and IV tubes, Zipline's drones far outpace ground-based supply transport, in many instances providing life-critical blood cells, plasma, and platelets in under an hour.
But drone technology is even beginning to transcend the limited scale of medical supplies and food.
Now developing its drones under contracts with DARPA and the US Marine Corps, Logistic Gliders, Inc. has built autonomously-navigating drones capable of carrying 1,800 pounds of cargo over unprecedented long distances.
Built from plywood, Logistic's gliders are projected to cost as little as a few hundred dollars each, making them perfect candidates for high-volume remote aid deliveries, whether navigated by a pilot or self-flown in accordance with real-time disaster zone mapping.
As hardware continues to advance, autonomous drone technology coupled with real-time mapping algorithms pose no end of abundant opportunities for aid supply, disaster monitoring, and richly layered intel previously unimaginable for humanitarian relief.
Concluding Thoughts
Perhaps one of the most consequential and impactful applications of converging technologies is their transformation of disaster relief methods.
While AI-driven intel platforms crowdsource firsthand experiential data from those on the ground, mobile connectivity and drone-supplied networks are granting newfound narrative power to those most in need.
And as a wave of new hardware advancements gives rise to robotic responders, swarm technology, and aerial drones, we are fast approaching an age of instantaneous and efficiently-distributed responses in the midst of conflict and natural catastrophes alike.
Empowered by these new tools, what might we create when everyone on the planet has the same access to relief supplies and immediate resources? In a new age of prevention and fast recovery, what futures can you envision?
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#434786 AI Performed Like a Human on a Gestalt ...
Dr. Been Kim wants to rip open the black box of deep learning.
A senior researcher at Google Brain, Kim specializes in a sort of AI psychology. Like cognitive psychologists before her, she develops various ways to probe the alien minds of artificial neural networks (ANNs), digging into their gory details to better understand the models and their responses to inputs.
The more interpretable ANNs are, the reasoning goes, the easier it is to reveal potential flaws in their reasoning. And if we understand when or why our systems choke, we'll know when not to use them—a foundation for building responsible AI.
There are already several ways to tap into ANN reasoning, but Kim's inspiration for unraveling the AI black box came from an entirely different field: cognitive psychology. The field aims to discover fundamental rules of how the human mind—essentially also a tantalizing black box—operates, Kim wrote with her colleagues.
In a new paper uploaded to the pre-publication server arXiv, the team described a way to essentially perform a human cognitive test on ANNs. The test probes how we automatically complete gaps in what we see, so that they form entire objects—for example, perceiving a circle from a bunch of loose dots arranged along a clock face. Psychologist dub this the "law of completion," a highly influential idea that led to explanations of how our minds generalize data into concepts.
Because deep neural networks in machine vision loosely mimic the structure and connections of the visual cortex, the authors naturally asked: do ANNs also exhibit the law of completion? And what does that tell us about how an AI thinks?
Enter the Germans
The law of completion is part of a series of ideas from Gestalt psychology. Back in the 1920s, long before the advent of modern neuroscience, a group of German experimental psychologists asked: in this chaotic, flashy, unpredictable world, how do we piece together input in a way that leads to meaningful perceptions?
The result is a group of principles known together as the Gestalt effect: that the mind self-organizes to form a global whole. In the more famous words of Gestalt psychologist Kurt Koffka, our perception forms a whole that's "something else than the sum of its parts." Not greater than; just different.
Although the theory has its critics, subsequent studies in humans and animals suggest that the law of completion happens on both the cognitive and neuroanatomical level.
Take a look at the drawing below. You immediately "see" a shape that's actually the negative: a triangle or a square (A and B). Or you further perceive a 3D ball (C), or a snake-like squiggle (D). Your mind fills in blank spots, so that the final perception is more than just the black shapes you're explicitly given.
Image Credit: Wikimedia Commons contributors, the free media repository.
Neuroscientists now think that the effect comes from how our visual system processes information. Arranged in multiple layers and columns, lower-level neurons—those first to wrangle the data—tend to extract simpler features such as lines or angles. In Gestalt speak, they "see" the parts.
Then, layer by layer, perception becomes more abstract, until higher levels of the visual system directly interpret faces or objects—or things that don't really exist. That is, the "whole" emerges.
The Experiment Setup
Inspired by these classical experiments, Kim and team developed a protocol to test the Gestalt effect on feed-forward ANNs: one simple, the other, dubbed the "Inception V3," far more complex and widely used in the machine vision community.
The main idea is similar to the triangle drawings above. First, the team generated three datasets: one set shows complete, ordinary triangles. The second—the "Illusory" set, shows triangles with the edges removed but the corners intact. Thanks to the Gestalt effect, to us humans these generally still look like triangles. The third set also only shows incomplete triangle corners. But here, the corners are randomly rotated so that we can no longer imagine a line connecting them—hence, no more triangle.
To generate a dataset large enough to tease out small effects, the authors changed the background color, image rotation, and other aspects of the dataset. In all, they produced nearly 1,000 images to test their ANNs on.
"At a high level, we compare an ANN's activation similarities between the three sets of stimuli," the authors explained. The process is two steps: first, train the AI on complete triangles. Second, test them on the datasets. If the response is more similar between the illusory set and the complete triangle—rather than the randomly rotated set—it should suggest a sort of Gestalt closure effect in the network.
Machine Gestalt
Right off the bat, the team got their answer: yes, ANNs do seem to exhibit the law of closure.
When trained on natural images, the networks better classified the illusory set as triangles than those with randomized connection weights or networks trained on white noise.
When the team dug into the "why," things got more interesting. The ability to complete an image correlated with the network's ability to generalize.
Humans subconsciously do this constantly: anything with a handle made out of ceramic, regardless of shape, could easily be a mug. ANNs still struggle to grasp common features—clues that immediately tells us "hey, that's a mug!" But when they do, it sometimes allows the networks to better generalize.
"What we observe here is that a network that is able to generalize exhibits…more of the closure effect [emphasis theirs], hinting that the closure effect reflects something beyond simply learning features," the team wrote.
What's more, remarkably similar to the visual cortex, "higher" levels of the ANNs showed more of the closure effect than lower layers, and—perhaps unsurprisingly—the more layers a network had, the more it exhibited the closure effect.
As the networks learned, their ability to map out objects from fragments also improved. When the team messed around with the brightness and contrast of the images, the AI still learned to see the forest from the trees.
"Our findings suggest that neural networks trained with natural images do exhibit closure," the team concluded.
AI Psychology
That's not to say that ANNs recapitulate the human brain. As Google's Deep Dream, an effort to coax AIs into spilling what they're perceiving, clearly demonstrates, machine vision sees some truly weird stuff.
In contrast, because they're modeled after the human visual cortex, perhaps it's not all that surprising that these networks also exhibit higher-level properties inherent to how we process information.
But to Kim and her colleagues, that's exactly the point.
"The field of psychology has developed useful tools and insights to study human brains– tools that we may be able to borrow to analyze artificial neural networks," they wrote.
By tweaking these tools to better analyze machine minds, the authors were able to gain insight on how similarly or differently they see the world from us. And that's the crux: the point isn't to say that ANNs perceive the world sort of, kind of, maybe similar to humans. It's to tap into a wealth of cognitive psychology tools, established over decades using human minds, to probe that of ANNs.
"The work here is just one step along a much longer path," the authors conclude.
"Understanding where humans and neural networks differ will be helpful for research on interpretability by enlightening the fundamental differences between the two interesting species."
Image Credit: Popova Alena / Shutterstock.com Continue reading
#434759 To Be Ethical, AI Must Become ...
As over-hyped as artificial intelligence is—everyone's talking about it, few fully understand it, it might leave us all unemployed but also solve all the world's problems—its list of accomplishments is growing. AI can now write realistic-sounding text, give a debating champ a run for his money, diagnose illnesses, and generate fake human faces—among much more.
After training these systems on massive datasets, their creators essentially just let them do their thing to arrive at certain conclusions or outcomes. The problem is that more often than not, even the creators don't know exactly why they've arrived at those conclusions or outcomes. There's no easy way to trace a machine learning system's rationale, so to speak. The further we let AI go down this opaque path, the more likely we are to end up somewhere we don't want to be—and may not be able to come back from.
In a panel at the South by Southwest interactive festival last week titled "Ethics and AI: How to plan for the unpredictable," experts in the field shared their thoughts on building more transparent, explainable, and accountable AI systems.
Not New, but Different
Ryan Welsh, founder and director of explainable AI startup Kyndi, pointed out that having knowledge-based systems perform advanced tasks isn't new; he cited logistical, scheduling, and tax software as examples. What's new is the learning component, our inability to trace how that learning occurs, and the ethical implications that could result.
"Now we have these systems that are learning from data, and we're trying to understand why they're arriving at certain outcomes," Welsh said. "We've never actually had this broad society discussion about ethics in those scenarios."
Rather than continuing to build AIs with opaque inner workings, engineers must start focusing on explainability, which Welsh broke down into three subcategories. Transparency and interpretability come first, and refer to being able to find the units of high influence in a machine learning network, as well as the weights of those units and how they map to specific data and outputs.
Then there's provenance: knowing where something comes from. In an ideal scenario, for example, Open AI's new text generator would be able to generate citations in its text that reference academic (and human-created) papers or studies.
Explainability itself is the highest and final bar and refers to a system's ability to explain itself in natural language to the average user by being able to say, "I generated this output because x, y, z."
"Humans are unique in our ability and our desire to ask why," said Josh Marcuse, executive director of the Defense Innovation Board, which advises Department of Defense senior leaders on innovation. "The reason we want explanations from people is so we can understand their belief system and see if we agree with it and want to continue to work with them."
Similarly, we need to have the ability to interrogate AIs.
Two Types of Thinking
Welsh explained that one big barrier standing in the way of explainability is the tension between the deep learning community and the symbolic AI community, which see themselves as two different paradigms and historically haven't collaborated much.
Symbolic or classical AI focuses on concepts and rules, while deep learning is centered around perceptions. In human thought this is the difference between, for example, deciding to pass a soccer ball to a teammate who is open (you make the decision because conceptually you know that only open players can receive passes), and registering that the ball is at your feet when someone else passes it to you (you're taking in information without making a decision about it).
"Symbolic AI has abstractions and representation based on logic that's more humanly comprehensible," Welsh said. To truly mimic human thinking, AI needs to be able to both perceive information and conceptualize it. An example of perception (deep learning) in an AI is recognizing numbers within an image, while conceptualization (symbolic learning) would give those numbers a hierarchical order and extract rules from the hierachy (4 is greater than 3, and 5 is greater than 4, therefore 5 is also greater than 3).
Explainability comes in when the system can say, "I saw a, b, and c, and based on that decided x, y, or z." DeepMind and others have recently published papers emphasizing the need to fuse the two paradigms together.
Implications Across Industries
One of the most prominent fields where AI ethics will come into play, and where the transparency and accountability of AI systems will be crucial, is defense. Marcuse said, "We're accountable beings, and we're responsible for the choices we make. Bringing in tech or AI to a battlefield doesn't strip away that meaning and accountability."
In fact, he added, rather than worrying about how AI might degrade human values, people should be asking how the tech could be used to help us make better moral choices.
It's also important not to conflate AI with autonomy—a worst-case scenario that springs to mind is an intelligent destructive machine on a rampage. But in fact, Marcuse said, in the defense space, "We have autonomous systems today that don't rely on AI, and most of the AI systems we're contemplating won't be autonomous."
The US Department of Defense released its 2018 artificial intelligence strategy last month. It includes developing a robust and transparent set of principles for defense AI, investing in research and development for AI that's reliable and secure, continuing to fund research in explainability, advocating for a global set of military AI guidelines, and finding ways to use AI to reduce the risk of civilian casualties and other collateral damage.
Though these were designed with defense-specific aims in mind, Marcuse said, their implications extend across industries. "The defense community thinks of their problems as being unique, that no one deals with the stakes and complexity we deal with. That's just wrong," he said. Making high-stakes decisions with technology is widespread; safety-critical systems are key to aviation, medicine, and self-driving cars, to name a few.
Marcuse believes the Department of Defense can invest in AI safety in a way that has far-reaching benefits. "We all depend on technology to keep us alive and safe, and no one wants machines to harm us," he said.
A Creation Superior to Its Creator
That said, we've come to expect technology to meet our needs in just the way we want, all the time—servers must never be down, GPS had better not take us on a longer route, Google must always produce the answer we're looking for.
With AI, though, our expectations of perfection may be less reasonable.
"Right now we're holding machines to superhuman standards," Marcuse said. "We expect them to be perfect and infallible." Take self-driving cars. They're conceived of, built by, and programmed by people, and people as a whole generally aren't great drivers—just look at traffic accident death rates to confirm that. But the few times self-driving cars have had fatal accidents, there's been an ensuing uproar and backlash against the industry, as well as talk of implementing more restrictive regulations.
This can be extrapolated to ethics more generally. We as humans have the ability to explain our decisions, but many of us aren't very good at doing so. As Marcuse put it, "People are emotional, they confabulate, they lie, they're full of unconscious motivations. They don't pass the explainability test."
Why, then, should explainability be the standard for AI?
Even if humans aren't good at explaining our choices, at least we can try, and we can answer questions that probe at our decision-making process. A deep learning system can't do this yet, so working towards being able to identify which input data the systems are triggering on to make decisions—even if the decisions and the process aren't perfect—is the direction we need to head.
Image Credit: a-image / Shutterstock.com Continue reading


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These days, people seek out treatment that is often expensive and hard-to-reach. While medical development has improved significantly for the past centuries, there are also simple remedies that can be obtained easily from medicinal plants. The Philippines is home to Continue reading Health Benefits of Sambong


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text: I'm pleased to discover today that the popular sisters from Disney's "Frozen" are moving! Many PassPorter members have reported VERY long lines at the Norway Pavilion, so this is a very welcome change. Anna and Elsa will be at the lovely Princess Fairytale Hall in Fantasyland which has FastPass+, so […] Frozen Sisters Anna and Elsa Moving to Magic Kingdom on ...14 Mar, 2014 in Pages from a Disney Book tagged anna / character greet / elsa / Fastpass+ / frozen / princess fairytale hall by Jennifer Marx


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NMA Campers Ltd
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Nissan NV200 SERENA RIDER S 8 SEATER MPV AUTO 2.0 5dr
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Nissan NV200 SERENA RIDER S 8 SEATER MPV AUTO 2.0 5dr
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Quote ref 12 , Excellent bodywork, Black interior - Excellent Condition, Silver, We will not be beaten on quality, price and after sales, £6,495, This is an imported vehicle
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At NMA Campers Ltd we aim to bring you the widest choice of used cars in HAYLING ISLAND, HAMPSHIRE and at great prices. We have some fantastic deals on used NISSAN NV200 cars, which are always changing. Browse our used cars below and contact us for more information on any of our second hand cars.
We are confident you will not be disappointed with our selection of quality used cars. At NMA Campers Ltd we offer an extensive range of services and extras meaning that you can buy your used car with confidence and peace of mind. Our showroom in Hayling Island stocks a wide range of cars that are ready for viewing today.


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But the wisdom that comes from heaven is first of all pure; then peace-loving, considerate, submissive, full of mercy and good fruit, impartial and sincere. –James 3:17 NIV
True wisdom can be measured by the depth of a person's character. Wisdom leads to peace and goodness, while wise, loving words are seeds of peace to those around us. In Matthew 5:9 (NIV), Jesus says, "Blessed are the peacemakers, for they will be called children of God."
In James 3:17, the characteristics of wise people are listed. When these fruits are displayed in our lives, the way we interact with others and how we handle our relationships tells a lot about our character. Remember the words in Proverbs 10:9 (NIV): "Whoever walks in integrity walks securely but whoever takes crooked paths will be found out."Don't we all want to walk in integrity?
Can the people in our lives trust us and expect that what we say will be truthful? We are called to be Jesus' disciples and to be wise in our walk here on earth. When we ask Jesus to forgive our sins and come into our lives, we are now held to a higher calling.
Keep seeking God's wisdom by spending time in the Word and walking with the Holy Spirit daily. He is our Guide to the plan God has for our lives. Part of that plan is to walk in wisdom. According to King Solomon in Proverbs 2:6 (NIV), "For the Lord gives wisdom; from his mouth come knowledge and understanding."
Prayer Focus
- Keeping an active prayer life helps you understand God's will for your life and also helps you grow in wisdom. Thank God for His Word and that He loves to hear you talk to Him!
- Ask God to grant you wisdom so that you can be known as a person of integrity!
Denise Varga
Latest posts by Denise Varga (see all)
- Spiritual Fruit: Joy | Wednesday | April 10 - April 10, 2019
- Are You Wise? | Friday | April 5 - April 5, 2019
- Old vs. New | Friday | March 29 - March 29, 2019


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At the 2010 World Cup, the percentage of Asian teams that negotiated the group stage (50%) was higher than UEFA's survival rate (46%). A repeat would go down well this June.
Japan and South Korea were the two that progressed and they have long been the continent's World Cup warriors. When much of the planet thinks Asian football, they think Samurai Blue and Taeguk Red. The pair has reached the latter stages twice out of the last three occasions. Making it three out of four would be impressive indeed.
Japan will be satisfied, just, with a place in the last 16 but with a team full of stars at some of Europe's biggest clubs in the biggest leagues, an experienced coach and a stable set-up, it's time to go further than ever before.
Group C is well-balanced and not just because the four teams hail from four different continents. Colombia, Ivory Coast and Greece should not be so tough to keep coach Alberto Zaccheroni up all night but it is hard enough to ensure that the Asian champion gets into top gear early, and ready for the knockout stage. Once there, it is time to defeat a genuine giant at the World Cup for the first time.
So well are most Japanese players doing in Europe that anyone still in the J-League who appears in Brazil will automatically be linked to moves west. It has already happened to midfielder Hotaru Yamaguchi and attacker Yoichiro Kakitani who can enhance their reputations even more this June.
Korea also has its fair share of European stars and the likes of Son Heung-min of Bayer Leverkusen and Park Chu-young of Arsenal will shoulder much of the attacking burden. Korea's is preparing for an eighth consecutive World Cup. Qualification was far from smooth but Hong Myung-bo took the reins last July and matters have improved.
This team is built on pace but much depends on the backline that almost cost a place in Brazil. An inability to defend set pieces became almost comical. Kim Young-gwon is the centre-back and the apple of Marcello Lippi's eye at Guangzhou Evergrande. Tipped by the Italian as good enough for (the Alex Ferguson version) Manchester United and expected to head to Europe this summer. Where he goes could depend on performances against Russia, Algeria and Belgium in a group that offers possibilities for Korea.
Iran has not had the excellent preparations that its East Asian rivals take for granted but Carlos Queiroz will have his men well-organised, that is what the former Real Madrid and Portugal boss does. The team conceded just twice in the final eight games of qualification and while it didn't score many more, that is way the team plays - sitting back and looking to hit on the counter-attack, using the pace of new hero Reza Ghoochannejhad.
Team Melli, faced with Argentina, Nigeria and Bosnia, may not get through but it may get a lot closer than people think.
Nobody thinks Australia will get close to anything –the second round or any of its rivals. But the pressure is off a new coach and a new-look team. Perhaps the Socceroos can enjoy themselves and take points off Netherlands, Chile and Spain and if that means the second round is still a possibility by the time the game against the holder comes around, who knows? Injuries, suspensions and luck can all play a part and miracles can happen at the World Cup.
While miracles are always welcome, Asia would settle for a solid and respectable two out of four in the last 16.
Featured News
When are your Caltex Socceroos in action this weekend?
Two Caltex Socceroos stars are set to go head-to-head in Scotland, while there is another pressure-filled 90 minutes ahead for Maty Ryan's relegation-threatened Brighton & Hove Albion. Trent Sainsbury and Aziz Behich's PSV continue to push for the title in the Netherlands, whi
Former Socceroo Matt McKay to retire at season's end
Brisbane Roar skipper and 59-time Caltex Socceroo Matt McKay has decided the Hyundai A-League 2018/19 Season will be his last, bringing to an end his 18-year professional journey. McKay confirmed his retirement on Thursday, bringing down the curtain on a glittering career for
Aussies Abroad: Ryan's Brighton in danger of relegation after Cardiff defeat
Maty Ryan's Brighton & Hove Albion are perilously close to the relegation zone in the English Premier League after slumping to a 2-0 defeat at home against Cardiff City on Wednesday morning (AEST). There was little the Caltex Socceroos gloveman could do to keep out a goal in e
The Green & Gold gift for Mooy fan that went viral
The story of young American girl Bella's passion for Socceroos midfielder Aaron Mooy made headlines at the start of this month when Mooy's club, Huddersfield Town, kindly invited her and her Father to England to watch the Terriers play Leicester City in the Premier League. Be


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Markowski Hand-Woven Black/White Indoor/Outdoor Area Rug By Gracie Oaks
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For a straightforward and simple product that does what you want it to do, the Quick Lock Smart Framework Platform product would definitely make a best selection. It is competitively valued, is really easy to take care of and also establish, It is additionally tough to draw the line in between what makes an excellent acquisition as well as what makes a bad one. If you are seeking a great, steel product that is really simple to put together as well as is quick to supply, features good customer service in addition to really easy as well as basic returns, The whole point is a little rickety as well as additionally is a quite affordable thing, however additionally for the price and likewise basic ranking that it has, it is a champ among customers as well as likewise is a great product to contend house if you are trying to find something streamlined, fundamental, helpful, as well as additionally large.Markowski Hand-Woven Black/White Indoor/Outdoor Area Rug By Gracie Oaks...


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Day 1 did not go well only made it 3/4 the way through. I will have to redo, I am dead beat on this one.
Start C25K Today
Today I start my 8 week training of C25K. As some of you know I am not a running at all and for the last 10 yrs I have been a lazy couch potato. But in the last 4 months I have spent sometime working on losing weight and working out (gym started in June). […]
Go Angels – Yankees Suck
Bottom of the 6th & tied.
Championship Tour in Newport Beach
We went to the Toshiba Classic today in Newport Beach today. It was a great day for golf, we saw some great golf. The course was very nice and in great shape.
Golf Today
Hitting the links today, not sure how well I will do but it will be fun. I have not played in a month, it is the monthly Moreno Valley Mens Club Tourny.
- Sports
- ...
Water Polo Game
My daughter had a water polo game today, it was there first game back since the holidays.
Golf on Sat
I played golf on Sat, it was a Match Play Tournament. I ended up losing the match but it came down to the last hole. Going into the last hole I was 1 hole down, I had a 12ft putt to tie and I missed the putt. It was hot as hell on Sat and […]
X Games on my DVR
I need to watch some of the X Games on my DVR. Right now I am watching day 3.
GPS Golf Range Finder
I was looking for a good GPS Golf Range Finder for my Sprint Mogul and I found one that looked promising and looks like it is used by a ton of people, IntelliGolf – http://www.intelligolf.com/ I used it once and it worked okay, the only thing was the course I played did not have GPS […]


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Toyota Chilton Total Car Care Series | Northern Auto Parts Toyota Chilton Total Car Care Series1997 Toyota Camry Hybrid Repair Manual - repair manual for 1997 toyota camry Wed, 16 Jan 2019 11:24:00 GMT repair manual for 1997 toyota pdf - 1997 toyota T100 Repair Manual Pdf * Building Manual Book 1 1997 toyota T100 Repair Manual Pdf The squire's lead "1997 toyota T100 Repair Manual Pdf * Building Manual Book" is a. Page 5 of 215 Free PDF Manual Download for Toyota Camry. Download 1997-2001 Toyota Camry Service Repair Manual Download. 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Toyota Camry Service Repair Manual DOWNLOAD. This manual contains maintenance.
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If you are anything like me, you read the negative reviews to see what some of the complaints could potentially be...I have found none that match with my machine or experience so far. The boxes it came in were a little bunged-up but everything on the inside was perfect. Only took about 15-20 minutes to build (first time building a row machine) and another 5-10 to fill with water. We used it for a little while before we added the danish oil.
Rowers may take part in the sport for their leisure or they may row competitively. There are different types of competition in the sport of rowing. In the U.S. all types of races are referred to as regattas whereas this term is only used in the UK for head-to-head or multi-lane races (such as those that take place at Dorney Lake), which generally take place in the summer season. Time trials occur in the UK during the winter, and are referred to as Head races. In the US, head races (usually about 5k, depending on the body of water) are rowed in the fall, while 2k sprint races are rowed in the spring and summer.
Function plays a large role in defining good design. When designers look at an object, they don't just consider its aesthetic appearance; they should also challenge it to be more versatile, to respond to the user's need, or to achieve its purpose more elegantly. Good design has the capacity to solve problems that sometimes we didn't even know we had. This is one of the ways design touches and enriches our everyday life.
Meticulous care is taken in the creation of each rowing machine, ensures the WaterRower ethos of elegant design and American craftsmanship is evident whether in use or in storage. The soothing sound of our patented water resistance is both blissful and motivational. Creature-comforts can be found throughout, from the ergonomic handle, remarkably comfortable seat cushion and user-friendly performance monitor, you will find yourself searching out reasons to "sneak in" an added WaterRower workout into your day. When finished, the WaterRower stores with ease, while blending seamlessly into any environment, ensuring your design and décor values are never compromised by your fitness lifestyle.
The benefit of a water resistance rower is that it most closely simulates a boat moving through water. Rowing resistance comes from the effect of fluid drag acting on the boat; in other words, resistance increases according to stroke rate. The patented WaterFlywheel emulates this naturally self-paced benefit of rowing. This is a workout with immediate benefits, regardless of your level of experience! Please also note that you can adjust the workout intensity by changing the amount of water in the tank. The more water, the higher the effort level required.
We spent 42 hours on research, videography, and editing, to review the top picks for this wiki. These days, there's no need to trek to a gym and pay costly membership fees if you want to get fit and stay healthy. Rowing machines provide a low-impact, full-body workout that targets almost every major muscle group. Once you choose the model that best fits your needs and find a convenient location somewhere in your home, there's nothing left to do but dip your oars. When users buy our independently chosen editorial picks, we may earn commissions to support our work. Skip to the best rowing machine on Amazon.
The WaterRower Oxbridge is hand crafted in solid Cherrywood. Like all woods, Cherrywood may vary in color from a red-brown to deep... red. The wood will darken in color with exposure to light. For this reason all WaterRower Cherrywood components are kept in light free rooms to protect from shadowing. A new WaterRower Oxbridge will therefore appear quite light in color. The wood will however darken over time reaching a rich reddish hue.Handcrafted rowing machine with inchwater flywheel inch that replicates actual rowing feelFlywheel sits in enclosed water tank to provide smooth, quiet, self-regulated resistanceSeries 4 performance monitor tracks workout intensity, stroke rate, heart rate, and moreStores upright; measures 84 x 21 x 22 inches (W x H x D) and weighs 117 poundsStores upright; measures 84 x 21 x 22 inches (W x H x D) and weighs 117 pounds read more


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|Biosequences .. Software .. Molbio soft .. Network News .. FTP
In article <AD3A3E2696689A3B7 at gw2-127.pool.dircon.co.uk> crimson at dircon.co.uk (Peter Mulderry) writes: > > I think journal impact ratings are insidious and should be derided at every > opportunity. Basically, they're just a cheap way of evaluating someone's > publications without having to read the papers in question. > > Or, to put it more succinctly: they're a way of holding an opinion of > someone's work without knowing what that person actualy does. > I am glad that my simple question at the beginning provoked this discussion. I would take impact factor just as a matter of statistics which used to help people decide where to publish their results before the age of Current Contents and Medline (and alike) when there was a big chance that many scientists would not notice your work if you published in some "obscure journal" because they simply could not read through all tables of contents for all the journals. And as Dag Stenberg noted - "some institutions which govern important funds use impact ratings", probably because the people who sit on them are not used to "that new stuff". On the other side, one can not deny the fact that review process in some journals (usually with low, low impact (?)) are not very stringent (to put it mildly), so one has to be cautious in INTERPRETING the results. Just my 0.02. Goran


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Good news if you are leveling an alt and you have Draenor Pathfinder so that you can fly in WoD, the next 10 levels will only take a few hours. Personally, I didn't have this until recently and I went back and got the achievement and I'm glad I did. Now I can level all my future alts fast by just flying and picking up treasures for a couple of hours.
Updated - New Hunter Pet Family Tome, New Year Blizz Video Update: A way has been found to obtain the tome, but Blizzard have already clarified that it's unintended, and it's also making Hunters look pretty bad in PUGS as well! You can actually hearthstone out of the Zul encounter on heroic and if he dies later, you get the tome. However, muffinus had this to say about it: World of Warcraft WoW Dec 22, 2018 at 20:37 by Starym 3 comments
Some quests in my guide are marked as "SKIP" and colored in red. These quests are simply either too hard to solo or not worth the XP/time and are skipped. My guide will only list SKIPPED quests if the quest is a direct follow up after completing a quest, not one that you have to click the NPC again to get it. If you hover over the skipped quests, it will give info on why it is skipped in the guide (unless that info is already listed directly in the guide text).
Alchemy is a crafting profession that can create potions and flasks, as well as some trinkets and mounts. The primary materials used are herbs. For potions and flasks only the Legion crafts have substantial demand as they are the only items that give meaningful performance increases at max level. Old world alchemy recipes that are profitable include Vial of the sands and transmutes.
"In searching for inspiration for how that might unfold, classic RTS roots felt like the perfect place to turn," said Hazzikostas. He later explained that your first job will be to get your team's base fully-functional which will require you to gather resources such as "lumber or gold" to upgrade town halls. You'll also need to clear supply lines of foes in order to allow "peons to do their thing."
Kul Tiran human (8.1.5) - "Kul Tiras was founded by fearless explorers who sailed uncharted waters in search of adventure. As a key member of the Alliance of Lordaeron, the Kul Tiran navy dominated the seas of Azeroth with its legendary fleet. But after years of turmoil and hardship, the kingdom grew isolated and vulnerable to dark influences. Thanks to the help of brave heroes, House Proudmoore has been restored and Kul Tiras is poised to fight alongside the valiant Alliance once more."
I like his recommendations 2 level 1-20 zones to get to 20, then do all the 2nd zones since they are designed for walking (Horde: Northern Barrens, Silverpine Forest, Ghostlands, Azshara, & Hillsbrad Foothills if you need a little more. Alliance: Westfall, Loch Modan, Darkshore, Bloodmyst Isle, and if you need a little more Redridge Mtns, or Duskwood). Don't even bother with the higher level areas, too spread out. Finishing up a Monk now and I had done all these zones before the update, the running between quest and the 50% experience cap is driving me crazy.
As late as possible. Early on, you'll want to follow the missions in Battle for Azeroth right up until you get the option to send a follower on a two-hour long quest. As soon as you get there, stop doing the War Campaign missions. You can come back to them once you have reached something like 119 and a half and finish leveling with those if you want. If you don't use these missions to cap off your leveling journey, then they're the first thing you'll want to do once you reach max level.
There is a constant market for transmutations. If you are capable of doing these, you can charge an upcharge on each of those transmutes. A player who logs on his/her character each day, and sticks to it, can generate a significant subsidiary revenue scheme through transmutes. Likewise, if you have a transmute that allows you to transmute a lower value element (such as Earth) into a high-priced one (like Water or Fire), you can make a cool 15-20 profit every day by simply doing your transmutes.
Azeroth paid a terrible price to end the apocalyptic march of the Legion's crusade—but even as the world's wounds are tended, it is the shattered trust between the Alliance and Horde that may prove hardest to mend. As this age-old conflict reignites, join your allies and champion your faction's cause—Azeroth's future will be forged in the fires of war.[8]
Tanaris-Alliance-USTanaris-Horde-USTerenas-Alliance-USTerenas-Horde-USTerokkar-Alliance-USTerokkar-Horde-USThaurissan-Alliance-USThaurissan-Horde-USThe Forgotten Coast-Alliance-USThe Forgotten Coast-Horde-USThe Scryers-Alliance-USThe Scryers-Horde-USThe Underbog-Alliance-USThe Underbog-Horde-USThe Venture Co-Alliance-USThe Venture Co-Horde-USThorium Brotherhood-Alliance-USThorium Brotherhood-Horde-USThrall-Alliance-USThrall-Horde-USThunderhorn-Alliance-USThunderhorn-Horde-USThunderlord-Alliance-USThunderlord-Horde-USTichondrius-Alliance-USTichondrius-Horde-USTol Barad-Alliance-USTol Barad-Horde-USTortheldrin-Alliance-USTortheldrin-Horde-USTrollbane-Alliance-USTrollbane-Horde-USTuralyon-Alliance-USTuralyon-Horde-USTwisting Nether-Alliance-USTwisting Nether-Horde-US
Since you'll already have to complete quite a few World Quests to reach the required reputation levels for the previous achievement, this one should come naturally. It's worth noting that this achievement specifically requires 100 different World Quests, so if a World Quest pops up that you don't recall having done before, it's best to head out and knock it off. Completing "Beachhead" 100 times just won't cut it, but Scrollsage Nola certainly appreciates your efforts.
Recipes - provide in-game capability to create more kinds of items, and so are always in demand, BUT be careful; if the ingredients are obscure, and the benefits marginal, or the recipe is too common, this is not a good option. Some otherwise very good recipes drop far to often to hold value - Copper Chain Vest comes to mind. This produces an excellent entry-level item, but the recipe is available for low silver at the auction house.
Meanwhile, Tyrande Whisperwind and Malfurion Stormrage grow impatient regarding liberating Darkshore from the Horde's control, ultimately choosing to begin the offensive on their own, against Anduin's advice. In order to maximize their chances, Tyrande undergoes a ritual to turn herself into the Night Warrior, the avatar of Elune's most wrathful and warlike aspects. To counter this, Sylvanas orders several Night Elven heroes who fell in the Burning of Teldrassil to be raised as Dark Rangers to bolster her forces.
You'll gradually gain access to new War Campaign quests while leveling up to 120, requiring you to establish footholds on Kul'Tiras, send followers on missions at the mission table, complete Island Expeditions, and reach Friendly reputation with Talanji's Expedition, Voldunai, and Zandalari Empire. After you've reached player level 120, new quests will unlock at specific reputation levels with The Honorbound.
For those interested in more details on spending wisely, and generating good cashflow, we cover a number of topics in more detail. Please note that this guide represents the accumulated wisdom of many people. You don't necessarily have to do all of these things--there is no one "right" way to make and manage money. However, these pointers will give you ideas on how to establish a firm financial foundation for your character.
So how do we beginners and normal folk go about this business? We treat it as a side-hustle. A little bit of work in transmog can go a long way down the track, but the key point is that it will take time for you to see the fruits of your labour. Make sure you have gold from other activities that can bankroll you, while your transmog business is built up. This can be professions, carry runs, current content farming for materials, whatever it is. In these early stages, DO NOT waste time making transmog your main source of income, especially if you need gold now or soon. Transmog early on is best treated as gold over time.
Kael'thas-Alliance-USKael'thas-Horde-USKalecgos-Alliance-USKalecgos-Horde-USKargath-Alliance-USKargath-Horde-USKel'Thuzad-Alliance-USKel'Thuzad-Horde-USKhadgar-Alliance-USKhadgar-Horde-USKhaz Modan-Alliance-USKhaz Modan-Horde-USKhaz'goroth-Alliance-USKhaz'goroth-Horde-USKil'jaeden-Alliance-USKil'jaeden-Horde-USKilrogg-Alliance-USKilrogg-Horde-USKirin Tor-Alliance-USKirin Tor-Horde-USKorgath-Alliance-USKorgath-Horde-USKorialstrasz-Alliance-USKorialstrasz-Horde-USKul Tiras-Alliance-USKul Tiras-Horde-US
Check the Auction House and if 2 [Small Brilliant Shard] is cheaper than 5 [Dream Dust], then go to Winterspring and find Qia, then buy the recipe [Formula: Enchant Chest - Major Health], and make the enchant until you run out of Shards, or until you reach 300. The recipe requires Enchanting skill 275 to learn, so you will need some Dream Dust between 265-275 to make the Shield enchant.
Anything that can be answered by reading the recent discussions on the subreddit, has a yes/no response or can be looked up on sites in the community resources should not be posted in a thread of its own. Questions such as 'What is this worth?', 'Did I make a mistake?', 'What do I do with XYZ?' or 'Should I buy/sell this?' will be directed to the Daily Questions sticky.


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We are a church of Jesus followers in Dripping Springs, TX. We seek to pursue life change through Christ in a family of faith.
To accomplish this vision, we encourage our body to REACH (pursue others), GROW (pursue maturity), PRAISE (pursue intimacy), CONNECT (pursue community) and GO (pursue needs) through a variety of means.
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Points to Focus on When Choosing a Marijuana Consultant
Industry that is growing really fast is the marijuana industry due to the legalization of the product and so many people having an easy access to it. Due to the high demand of the products, you will find that many people are investing in this industry and they are desperately seeking for marijuana consultants to guide them on what to do. Investors are hiring consultants a lot because at the end of the day the success of the business depends on the knowledge that they know when it comes to marijuana and only the consultants can be able to guide them on the right path. If you do a thorough page research, you will find that there are so many marijuana consultants in the industry and it is quite unfortunate because most of them are not professionals; therefore, their services might disappoint a lot. If you ensure that you find a good consultant you can be certain that your business will definitely flourish and you will benefit a lot from it, and that is why you should ensure that you find a consultant who you can trust. In order for you to find a good consultant the process is so much easier and like long time ago. Someone should just research on different search engines for consultants who are in demand in the marijuana industry, or you can even ask for advice from people that you know have ever used the services for their businesses. Factors to consider when choosing a marijuana consultant are mentioned in this article.
Knowing how many years the consultant has been providing their services to the industry is important. Experience is quite essential and consultants that have been doing this for years tend to have lots of knowledge, and that is why their service rarely disappoint. Newly established consultant is also really good at the job that they do but you can never compare them to a veteran consultants in the industry in terms of their service and guidance. Another thing that you need to Quantum 9 focus on is to check is the reputation that the marijuana consultant has been able to build in the industry. A consultant whose service rarely disappoints is the one that so many people have nice things to say about them because they are always careful on how they handled your clients. Such consultants are always alert when they are providing their services because they have a reputation to maintain and they can never want to spoil it at all.


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The raw and heated cannabinoids in this product come from agricultural hemp. They are combined with hemp terpenes that are steam distilled. We have specially formulated this blend to combine a variety of different hemp extracts to maximize terpene content. This product contains equal amounts of both CBD (a decarboxylated form of cannabinoid) and CBD-A (the raw, or non-decarboxylated form of cannabinoid) — 125 mg of each, to be exact.
Right from the start, the Feds understood that resin content is the key factor that distinguishes marijuana from industrial hemp. Today, however, federal law includes a recently added caveat that officially characterizes industrial hemp as having no more than 0.3 percent THC by dry weight. Products containing such a tiny amount of THC should not have an intoxicating effect.
Cannabidiol, or CBD for short, is a phyto-cannabinoid found in cannabis plants. However, it does not cause the same psychoactive effects as other naturally occurring cannabinoids (such as tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC). CBD induces feelings of sleepiness and tranquility, making it suitable for insomnia and other sleep disorders; CBD can be used to alleviate symptoms of epilepsy, diabetes, and anxiety disorders, as well. Legality is an issue for some; all 50 states have laws governing the sale, possession, and use of CBD, and they vary significantly (see the table below for a full analysis).
Hemp Cbd Oil For Pain
It's also important to select CBD oil products based on your concentration preferences. Some forms of CBD oil – such as vapors and tinctures – normally have higher-than-average concentrations, whereas sprays and topicals tend to have lower concentrations. Remember: higher concentration means more pronounced effects, but not necessarily mean higher quality.
Cross-sectional studies have found a direct correlation between more severe PTSD symptomatology and increased motivation to use cannabis for coping purposes, especially among patients with difficulties in emotional regulation or stress tolerance. When using cannabis treatment, military veterans with PTSD reported reduced anxiety and insomnia and improved coping ability. (5)
Hi, I had ovarian cancer stage 2 and went to do chemotherapy for 16 times in 2014. It came back last year 2016 but I did not do chemotherapy or radiation therapy as suggested by the doctor. I am taking hormone therapy at the moment. I would like to use cannabis oil but which one and how much CBD and how much THC should I take for ovarian cancer? Can anyone give some idea?. Thank you very much.
Properties: Traditionally, camomile essential oil has been used for almost anything you can imagine, including its use as an anti-spasmodic, antiseptic, antibiotic, antidepressant, anti-neuralgic, antiphlogistic, carminative, cholagogue, cicatrisant, emenagogue, analgesic, febrifuge, hepatic, sedative, nervine, digestive, tonic, bactericidal, sudorific, stomachic, anti-inflammatory, anti-infectious, vermifuge, and vulnerary.
My dad has severe advanced stage Dementia. Will CBD oil help him at this point? He is now refusing to eat any solid food, but will accept most drinks.In addition, he has lost a great deal of weight even though they're giving him Mega Shakes containing a full meals worth of proteins, etc. He gets at least 4 of these a day..some which he refuses. Is his Dementia too far gone for CBD oils to help him?
Prescription medicine (Schedule 4) for therapeutic use containing 2 per cent (2.0%) or less of other cannabinoids commonly found in cannabis (such as ∆9-THC). A schedule 4 drug under the SUSMP is Prescription Only Medicine, or Prescription Animal Remedy – Substances, the use or supply of which should be by or on the order of persons permitted by State or Territory legislation to prescribe and should be available from a pharmacist on prescription.[79]
Health benefits: This oil is often used to inhibit bacterial, microbial, and viral infections, while also killing insects, protecting wounds from becoming septic, promoting absorption of nutrients, speeding up the healing rate of scars and after marks. Finally, it can cure cough and cold, and stimulate systemic functions and appropriate discharges.
CBD oils may contain some THC. Cannabis may impair your ability to drive safely or operate equipment and may have short- and long-term effects on your memory, attention, mood, heart rate, and mental health. It is also easy to overconsume CBD oil, so it's important to start with a low dose, as it may take several hours or longer to begin to feel the effects after consumption.
Which oil is right for you? That depends largely on the type of cooking you're doing. An oil's smoke point, which is the point when oil starts burning and smoking, is one of the most important things to consider. If you heat oil past its smoke point, it not only harms the flavor, but many of the nutrients in the oil degrade—and the oil will release harmful compounds called free radicals.
But even though it's infiltrating pretty much every corner of the wellness world (hi, vegan CBD brownies!) many people still find CBD a little confusing—especially when it comes to figuring out the right way to use it and how to make sure the stuff you're buying is, you know, actually legit. Below, we asked experts to answer the most pressing questions about CBD.
While the other CBD oil stores have high-quality products, our choice simply came down to variety, potency and price. Whichever you choose to go for, though, know that all of the companies above have an outstanding store and offer a wide range of effective products, from CBD oils to Terps and even CBD creams. Plus, most have a 100% money back guarantee policy, which is quite nice!
Thanks for your interest in our products. Unfortunately due to strict FDA regulations I am unable to make claims on our products based on your specific needs, I can though share our top selling products in each category. Please view the links below:http://cbdoilreview.org/product/elixinol-cbd-oil-extract-x-pen-1000mg/http://cbdoilreview.org/product/endoca-hemp-oil-drops-1500mg/http://cbdoilreview.org/product/elixinol-hemp-oil-drops-regular-300mg/http://cbdoilreview.org/product/elixinol-cbd-hemp-oil-capsules-900mg/https://cbdoilreview.org/product/vape-bright-thrive-cbd-vape-cartridge-200mg/As far as dosage goes, I would recommend reading through our page on dosing. I have attached that link below. https://cbdoilreview.org/cbd-cannabidiol/cbd-dosage/Hopefully these help.
Many essential oils have anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antibacterial, antiseptic and anti-fungal properties that help to boost your immune system and fight infections. The chemical substances found in essential oils, such as terpenes, esters, phenolics, ethers and ketones, have the potential to fight foreign pathogens that can threaten your health. Some of the best essential oils for your immunity include oregano, myrrh, ginger, lemon, eucalyptus, frankincense, peppermint (or Mentha piperita) and cinnamon.
• Is there a batch number? You know how you check your raw chicken or bagged lettuce every time there's a recall to make sure the one you bought isn't going to make you sick? You should be able to do that with CBD products too. "This is a huge indicator as to whether they are following good manufacturing practices," says Beatty. "There should be a way to identify this product in case it was improperly made so the company can carry out a recall."
To be clear, there is no one specific test, scan, or anything else of the sort that you can do to determine whether or not you need CBD oil for pain. Also, since cannabis is not yet recognized by the FDA, you unfortunately can't really go to your doctor either and have them recommend it; until marijuana is FDA-approved, it cannot be prescribed by physicians.
Using essential oils in your skin, hair and beauty products is a natural and effective way to keep up your personal care regimes without having to use products that are made with chemicals and hydrogenated oils. Essential oils can calm irritated skin, reduce signs of aging, like age spots, improve acne, protect your skin from sun damage and thicken your hair.
Dr. Silberstein advises against obtaining a product in states in which CBD oil is not currently legal or regulated. Illegal forms of CBD oil could be spiked with artificial THC which could be very harmful to patients. Additionally, there are legal implications if you attempt to purchase it where it is currently illegal, so it is important to speak with your healthcare provider and check your local and state laws.
There's no question that CBD is the buzzy wellness product of the moment. If you live in a state where it's currently legal, you might feel like CBD has gone from being sort of around to absolutely everywhere all at once. Coffee shops sell CBD lattes, spas offer CBD facials, beauty companies are rushing to release lotions with CBD or hemp oils in their formulas. And everyone from your anxious coworker to your arthritis-suffering dad wants to get their hands on some CBD gummies.
In 2019, the European Commission announced that CBD and other cannabinoids would be classified as "novel foods",[84] meaning that CBD products would require authorization under the EU Novel Food Regulation stating: because "this product was not used as a food or food ingredient before 15 May 1997, before it may be placed on the market in the EU as a food or food ingredient, a safety assessment under the Novel Food Regulation is required."[85] The recommendation – applying to CBD extracts, synthesized CBD, and all CBD products, including CBD oil – was scheduled for a final ruling by the European Commission in March 2019.[84] If approved, manufacturers of CBD products would be required to conduct safety tests and prove safe consumption, indicating that CBD products would not be eligible for legal commerce until at least 2021.[84]
We use cookies and similar technologies to improve your browsing experience, personalize content and offers, show targeted ads, analyze traffic, and better understand you. We may share your information with third-party partners for marketing purposes. To learn more and make choices about data use, visit our Advertising Policy and Privacy Policy. By clicking "Accept and Continue" below, (1) you consent to these activities unless and until you withdraw your consent using our rights request form, and (2) you consent to allow your data to be transferred, processed, and stored in the United States.
NuLeaf Naturals is headquartered in Colorado, but we ship anywhere in the US. All of our organic CBD oil products will be sent to you via USPS, FedEx, or UPS and should arrive in just 2-3 business days. We offer special pricing options for bulk orders. If you sell health and wellness products and would be interested in promoting medical cannabis oil, consider becoming a wholesale CBD oil partner with us.
Cannabidiol can be taken into the body in multiple ways, including by inhalation of cannabis smoke or vapor, as an aerosol spray into the cheek, and by mouth. It may be supplied as CBD oil containing only CBD as the active ingredient (no added tetrahydrocannabinol [THC] or terpenes), a full-plant CBD-dominant hemp extract oil, capsules, dried cannabis, or as a prescription liquid solution.[2] CBD does not have the same psychoactivity as THC,[9][10] and may affect the actions of THC.[7][8][9][11] Although in vitro studies indicate CBD may interact with different biological targets, including cannabinoid receptors and other neurotransmitter receptors,[9][12]as of 2018 the mechanism of action for its biological effects has not been determined.[8][9]
Health benefits: It has been known to increase milk in the breasts, curb histamine to fight coughs, protect wounds against becoming septic, and is very good for the heart. Furthermore, this essential oil cures spasms and cramps, removes excess gas, promotes digestion, maintains stomach health, fights infections, increases urination and helps remove toxins from body. Finally, it regulates menstrual cycles, cures coughs, increases appetite, contracts gums and muscles, kills insects, stimulates secretions, and generally increases overall health.
Thapa, D., Toguri, J. T., Szczesniak, A. M., & Kelly, A. E. M. (2017, April 1). The non-psychoactive phytocannabinoid, cannabidiol (CBD), and the synthetic derivatives, HU308 and CBD-DMH, reduces hyperalgesia and inflammation in a mouse model of corneal injury [Abstract]. FASEB Journal. Retrieved from https://www.fasebj.org/doi/abs/10.1096/fasebj.31.1_supplement.811.7
A wealth of marketing material, blogs and anecdotes claim that cannabis oils can cure whatever ails you, even cancer. But the limited research doesn't suggest that cannabis oil should take the place of conventional medication, except for in two very rare forms of epilepsy (and even then, it's recommended only as a last-resort treatment). And, experts caution that because cannabis oil and other cannabis-based products are not regulated or tested for safety by the government or any third-party agency, it's difficult for consumers to know exactly what they're getting.
Cbd Oil Vs Hemp Oil
CBD oil contains CBD (and often other active compounds) in a carrier oil. There are a number of forms of CBD oil, including softgel capsules, tinctures, and under-the-tongue sprays. Some forms of CBD oil can also be applied directly to the skin, in the form of products like creams and salves. The concentration of CBD varies from product to product.


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The capital city of England, London lies along the river Thames. The London city is port which is located on the banks of river Thames. It lies on the northern bank of the river. Due to its navigable characteristics, river Thames plays a major role in the development and progress of London.
The Thames River
River Thames flows through the Southern part of England along the city of London. With 346 km in length, Thames is the longest river of England. The river has prominence historical importance. Factors like the development of road transport and the decline of British Colonial Empires at the beginning of the 20th century had reduced the importance of the river. The Thames river also played a significant role in the Second World War. The Maunsell forts and barrage balloons were used by the British during the war to avert the German attack.
The significance of the Thames River
- The water from the Thames River is one of the major source of drinking water in England. There are many water treatment plants in the city of London to treat the water of the Thames River. After treatment, the water is supplied for further usage.
- Thames River also plays a substantial role in power generation in England. The queen of England had opened a hydro-electric plant to generate electricity using the water of Thames River.
- The river is also used for tourism purpose. Many tourist attractions such as Houses of Parliament and the Tower of London are situated along the riverside. London River Services undertake sightseeing tours in tourist boats on the river.
- The river also possesses importance in the field of sports. Rowing is one of the most popular sports in the city of London. There are more than 200 rowing clubs on the river. The University Boat Race and Henley Royal Regatta are the most popular and important rowing events which are organised on the River Thames.


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Ranch Blog
Here at C Lazy U Ranch, we can't wait for fly fishing season to arrive. April feels a lot like limbo for anglers; the warmer weather makes us want to throw on our waders, but weather conditions can change in an instant. For now, we're getting our fly fishing fix by sharing 5 facts about … Continue Reading »
From the Horse's Mouth
I recently stayed at C Lazy U Ranch for a friend's wedding. This place is well taken care of, the land is pristine and the location is just gorgeous. The cabin-style rooms are really nice. Ours had a wood burning fire place and a Keurig coffee machine (I'm a bit of a coffee fanatic). The bed was SO comfortable and had thick blankets that kept me warm throughout the night.
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