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VØS4 - Forelæsning 02 - Kap 06 Market Structure (Oligopoly Side 191…
VØS4 - Forelæsning 02 - Kap 06
Market Structure
Side 180
consists of all firms and individuals who are willing and able to buy or sell a particular product.2 These parties include those currently engaged in buying and selling the product, as well as potential entrants.
Potential entrants
are all individuals and firms that pose a sufficiently credible threat of market entry to affect the pricing and output decisions of incumbent firms
Market Structure
Market structure refers to the basic characteristics of the market environment, including
(1) the number and size of buyers, sellers, and potential entrants;
(2) the degree of product differentiation;
(3) the amount and cost of information about product price and quality;
(4) the conditions for entry and exit. We begin our analysis of alternative market structures by examining competitive markets.
The specific characteristics of a product often vary across firms. Knowing which firms and individuals to group together as a market, therefore, is not always straightforward. As discussed in Chapter 4, cross elasticities are helpful in defining markets. Products with high cross elasticities can be considered in the same market because they are "close substitutes."
Competitive Markets
Side 180
Economists generally characterize competitive markets by four basic conditions:
A large number of potential buyers and sellers
Product homogeneity
Rapid dissemination of accurate information at low cost
Free entry into and exit from the market
Competitive markets
In competitive markets, individual buyers and sellers take the market price for the product as given—no single participant has any real control over price. If a seller charges more than the market price, buyers simply will purchase the product from other suppliers. And firms always can sell their output at the market price; thus they have no reason to offer discounts to attract buyers. In this setting, firms view their de- mand curves as horizontal—a firm can sell any feasible output at the market price, P
—but sells no output at a price above P
. Figure 6.1 illustrates a horizontal demand curve. With a horizontal demand curve, both marginal revenue (MR) and average revenue (AR) equal price.
Firm Supply
Short-Run Supply Decisions
In a competitive market, marginal revenue is equal to price (P)
. In the short run, the firm takes its plant size (and possibly other inputs) as given. The relevant cost is
short-run marginal cost (SRMC
). The condition for short-run profit maximization in a competitive industry is
This condition—one of the more important propositions in economics—indicates that at any price, a competitive firm should produce the output where price equals short-run marginal cost. The firm, however, has the additional option of producing no output at all. When the price of the product is insufficient to cover its average variable cost (AVC), the firm is better off if it ceases production. With no output, the firm loses money since it generates no revenue to cover its fixed costs. However, this loss is smaller than the one it would incur if the firm produced any other level of out- put (since revenue from sales would be lower than its variable production costs). Hence the
shutdown condition for he short run
A firm's supply curve depicts the quantity that the firm will produce at each price. Therefore the firm's short-run supply curve is that portion of its short-run marginal cost curve above average variable cost. Figure 6.2 highlights this supply curve
Long-Run Supply Decisions
Firms can lose money in the short run yet still find it optimal to stay in business. In the long run, however, a firm must be profitable or it is better to exit this market.
Price must equal or exceed long-run average cost (LRAC
). Thus, the
shutdown condition for the long run
In the long run, a firm can adjust its plant size. The long-run supply decision of a firm is based on long-run marginal costs (LRMC). The long-run supply curve of a firm is that portion of its long-run marginal cost curve above long-run average cost. This supply curve is depicted in Figure 6.3.
There is no inconsistency between short-run and long-run profit maximization. The LRMC at any given output is equal to the SRMC, given that the firm has the optimal plant size for the output. Hence, the firm simultaneously can choose an output where P
Competitive Equilibrium
For a graphical illustration of a competitive equilibrium, consider the supply and demand curves, labeled S0 and D0 in the right panel of Figure 6.4. Here, the market price is P
0. The left panel depicts the long-run supply decision of a typical firm in the industry, firm i. At the price P
0, firm i produces the quantity of output Q
i0. Cost curves are defined to include a normal rate of profit (a normal return on capital is one component of LRAC). Thus, at the price P
0, firm i is earning an
economic profit
(above normal profit). This economic profit is the profit per unit (P
0 LRAC) times the output Q
i0 and is depicted by the shaded rectangle.
The existence of economic profits will motivate other firms to enter the industry
. This entry will shift the supply curve to the right; inventories will build above their desired levels because of the in- creased production; hence firms will lower price
desired levels because of the in- creased production; hence firms will lower price. Additional entry will occur up to the point where there are no longer economic profits. This condition is pictured in Figure 6.4 at a price of P
1. Here, there are no incentives for firms to enter or leave the industry (incumbents are earning a normal rate of profit); inventories are stable at their desired levels and the market is in equilibrium. In a
competitive equilibrium
, firms produce output at the minimum point on their average cost curves (P
= LRMC = LRAC). Thus, this equilibrium is associated with efficient production
Strategic Considerations
Superior Firms
Side 185
Constant versus Increasing Cost Industries
Side 199 i e-bog
Barriers to Entry
Side 185
Although the competitive model is a reasonable approximation in many markets, there are other industries where firms have notable market power—output decisions of individual firms have a noticeable impact on prices. A necessary condition for market power to exist is that there are effective
barriers to entry
into the industry
To understand what constitutes an effective entry barrier, it is useful to consider the decisions of individual firms to enter an industry. Firms consider entering a new market when they observe extant firms reporting large profits. For instance, if Wen Ho observes a firm such as a cable TV company reporting large profits, his firm (like a number of other firms) is likely to consider entering the industry. Entry decisions depend on three important factors:
First, Wen will be concerned about whether his entry will affect product prices. This depends, at least in part, on how existing firms are likely to respond to a new entrant. For example, are they likely to cut prices?
Second, Wen will be concerned about incumbent advantages. Do existing firms have advantages that an entering firm will have difficulty duplicating—ones that make it unlikely that the new firm will enjoy similar profits?
Third, Wen will be concerned about costs of exit. How much will it cost to leave the industry if this incursion fails? We discuss each of these factors in turn.
Incumbent Reactions
Specific Assets
Specific assets are assets that have more value in their current use than in their next best alternative use. Consider the case of the Alaskan Pipeline. It has a high value in its current use. Yet it is completely specialized for transporting oil from the North Slope to Prudoe Bay—it has virtually no other use
Scale Economies
Industries with significant economies of scale have minimum efficient scales that occur at high output levels. In such industries, a new entrant must produce at high volume to be cost-effective. Large-scale production is more likely to have a material effect on price. For example, if the minimum efficient scale is 30 percent of total mar- ket demand, price certainly will decline if a new entrant tries to capture such a large share of the market—its entry undoubtedly would trigger vigorous price competition from incumbents. Note that the absolute size of the minimum efficient scale is not as important as is this scale relative to the size of the total market. Minimum efficient scale varies enormously across industries
Reputation Effects
Potential entrants can be influenced by the reputations of existing firms in the indus- try for reactions to new entrants. In certain circumstances, it can pay for an existing firm to react more aggressively than would be implied by considering only its immediate interests. For example, facing a new rival, the firm might engage in extensive price cutting to establish a reputation as a formidable competitor. Note, however, that threats by firms to cut prices if entry occurs sometimes lack credibility. If new firms actually enter, existing firms might not follow through with their threats because they would be harmed by their own price cuts. Thus, it can be reasonable for a potential entrant to ignore threats—if the entrant believes that incumbents are bluffing
Excess Capacity
Potential competitors, therefore, may be less likely to enter when there is excess capacity in the industry because they anticipate more aggressive reactions on the part of incumbents. Excess capacity frequently exists for completely innocuous reasons. For example, a firm facing cyclical production or anticipating growth has excess capacity over some time spans because it has invested in additional capacity to satisfy peak demands better. In other cases, excess capacity may be chosen specifically to deter entry.
Excess capacity can occur because of significant declines in industry demand. In this case, profits are likely to be low and entry will not be attractive. Our current discussion focuses on cases where incumbents are making economic profits and have excess capacity. These economic profits might not induce entry because of the fear of price cutting by incumbents.
Incumbent Advantages
Precommitment Contracts
Existing firms often have long-term contracts for raw materials, distribution outlets, shelf space, and delivery of the final product. These contracts can serve as a deterrent to entry, since they limit the opportunities for customers and suppliers to switch from incumbent firms to new entrants.
Licenses and Patents
Learning-Curve Effects
Learning-curve effects can result in new rivals having a cost disadvantage relative to existing firms. Whether these effects are important depends on whether the new entrants simply can copy the techniques learned by existing firms through their experience.
Pioneering Brand Advantages
This tendency is likely to be strongest in experience goods, which have to be tried by the customer to ascertain quality. For instance, customers might hesitate to try a new pain reliever because they fear that it might not be as effective as their regular brand. Where quality can be judged by inspection prior to purchase, this advantage of incumbents is lower. Sometimes the incumbent's advantage with an
experienced good
can be over- come by a new entrant through free samples, endorsements, or government certification. Each of these methods entails additional costs—these costs of overcoming incumbent advantages deter entry.
Exit Costs
Another important entry consideration centers on the costs of exit. In some indus- tries, it is possible to "hit and run." For instance, forming a new company to seal asphalt driveways requires little investment in specialized equipment or training. A new firm can enter quickly when the profit potential is high and exit at low cost if profits decline
Government Restrictions on Exit
Some regulators want to restrict companies from closing plants. These regulators appear motivated by concerns over people who lose their jobs when a company closes a plant. Restrictions on plant closings, however, are likely to reduce the desirability of entry into an industry—firms will be reluctant to enter an industry if they cannot exit easily when they are losing money. Thus, potential effects of government restrictions on exit are less vigorous competition in the affected industries, higher consumer prices, and lower levels of employment.
Side 188
where there is but a single firm in the industry. Here, industry and firm demand curves are one and the same
Profit Maximization
As opposed to pure competition, monopolistic suppliers charge customers more than the marginal and average costs of production and distribution; the firm thus earns an economic profit. Monopolies restrict output compared to competitive industries. In our example, if the industry were competitive, the market price would be $10 (marginal cost) and total quantity sold would be 190 units.
Unexploited Gains from Trade
Given the monopolist's output and pricing choices, some consumers are willing to pay more than the marginal cost of production and distribution, yet do not purchase the product. Thus, not all gains from trade are exhausted. The associated loss in potential gains from trade is pictured by the shaded triangle cde in Figure 6.5. Consumers along this segment of the demand curve value the product at more than $10 but less than $105. The firm does not lower the price to sell to these consumers because it does not want to lower the price for other customers (recall that in this chapter we presume the firm charges the same price to all customers). From the firm's standpoint, any gain from selling to additional customers would be more than offset by the loss from lowering its price to all its customers
Monopolistic Competition
Side 190
Monopolistic Competition
As the name implies, monopolistic competition is a market structure that is a hybrid between competition and monopoly. In this market structure, there are multiple firms that produce similar products. There is free exit from and entry into the industry. Yet competition does not eliminate market power because the firms sell differentiated products
The difference between monopoly and monopolistic competition is that in monopolistic competition, economic profits invite entry and imitation. If a shoe store earns high profit from carrying a new product line, others will have an incentive to compete by offering that product line or a very similar line. Entry and imitation will shift the original firm's demand curve to the left and reduce profits. Zero economic profits exist when the demand curve is shifted to the point where average cost equals price. Figure 6.6 shows this condition.
These competitive responses will tend to force profits to zero. Yet some brands continue to be more distinctive than others. Also, costs can vary because of differences in production techniques and inputs. It is possible for some firms to earn economic prof- its in monopolistic competition.
Side 191
Products may or may not be differentiated. Firms can earn substantial profits. These profits are not reduced through new entry because of effective entry barriers. Yet as we shall see, economic profits sometimes can be eliminated in oligopolistic industries through competition among the existing firms.
Decision making within these industries requires strategic thinking. Decision makers must realize that competitors are rational parties operating in their own self-interest. Thus, it is important for decision makers to place themselves in their rivals' positions and consider how they might react. (This basic principle, which we now examine briefly, is developed more completely in Chapter 9.)
Nash Equilibrium
We can apply this same basic idea to oligopolistic markets with minor modification. In the following analysis, a firm does the best it can, given what its rivals are doing. In doing so, the firm anticipates that other firms will respond to any action it takes by doing the best they can as well. Actions are noncooperative in that each firm makes decisions that maximize its profits, given the actions of the other firms. The firms do not collude to maximize joint profits.
An equilibrium exists when each firm is doing the best it can, given the actions of its rivals
. Economists call this a Nash equilibrium for Nobel laureate John Nash who first developed these general concepts
A Nash equilibrium is self-enforcing
In this example, the Nash equilibrium is not the outcome that maximizes the joint profits of the two companies.
Combined profits
would be higher if both firms charged a high price. Conceptually, the combined profits under this pricing policy could be split in a manner that would make both firms better off than in the Nash equilibrium. For instance, the combined profits of $600 could be split, with each firm receiving $300. As this example illustrates,
noncooperative equilibria
do not necessarily maximize the joint value of the firms. (Since the potential gains from trade are not exhausted, it is often the case that one or more firms can be made better off, with- out making other firms worse off, by changing the joint decisions.)
Output Competition
Cournot Model / Collusion / Competition
Reaction Curve
The reaction curve indicates firm i 's optimal output given the output choice of firm j. Both firms have the same reaction curve in this example, except that the subscripts are reversed
Equilibrium occurs where the two curves cross. At these output levels, each firm is maximizing profit given the other firm's output choice. Neither firm has an incentive to alter its output. The equilibrium is pictured in Figure 6.8. In equilibrium, each firm produces 33 units for a total output of 66 units; the price is $33.34. This output level is lower than in a competitive market. With competition, total output would be 100 units and the price would be zero (where P
MC). In the Cournot equilibrium, firms make economic profits: Price is $33.34; average costs are zero. Each firm thus reports profits of $1,110.89. This profit is lower than the two firms could obtain if they directly colluded and jointly produced the monopolistic output of 50 units (e.g., 25 units per firm). With
* effective collusion
, joint profits would be $2,500 rather than $2,221.78. Figure 6.9 displays the three price–quantity outcomes using the original industry demand curve. (This model can be extended readily to more than two firms. The same general results hold: As the number of firms grows, outcomes approach those of a competitive market.)
Price Competition
In the Cournot model, firms focus on choosing output levels. An alternative possibility is that firms might focus on choosing product price.13 Here, the Nash equilibrium is for both firms to choose a price equal to marginal cost—the competitive out- come. To see why, suppose one of the firms chooses a price, P MC. In this case, it is optimal for the rival firm to charge a price just below P to capture all industry sales. (Since we assume the firms' products are identical, customers buy the product from the firm that offers the lower price.) Given that the second firm charges a price just below P , it is now optimal for the first firm to charge a slightly lower price. This process continues; only when price equals marginal cost does neither firm have an incentive to lower price. (Lowering price further would result in selling below cost, thus generating a loss.) Of course, both firms would like to devise a way of avoiding competition and capturing higher profits. Yet as we discuss below, fostering cooperation can be difficult—and in certain cases, illegal.
13This situation often is referred to as the Bertrand model. Bertrand was a French economist who wrote a short note almost 50 years after Cournot's work was published arguing that in some markets, producers set prices rather than quantities.
Empirical Evidence
Cooperation and the Prisoners' Dilemma
Prisoner's Dilemma
The Nash equilibrium is for both suspects to confess. Given these payoffs, it is al- ways in the individual interests of each suspect to confess, taking the action of the other party as given. If Avi does not confess, Bea is set free by confessing. Alternatively, if Avi confesses, Bea reduces her jail sentence from 18 to 12 months by also confessing. Either way, it is in Bea's interests to confess—confessing is a
dominant strategy
. Since the payoffs are symmetrical, it also is optimal for Avi to confess. Although it is in the individual interests of each party to confess, it is clearly in their
joint interests
not to confess. By not confessing, each only serves 2 months in jail, compared to 12 months if both confess. The prisoners' dilemma suggests that any agreement for neither to confess is likely to break down when they make their individual choices unless there is some mechanism to enforce their joint commitment not to confess. (For particular crimes one such mechanism might be the Mob: Both suspects have incentives not to confess if they expect to be executed for providing evidence to the police.)
However, that firm's profits will increase from selling additional output at the cartel-maintained high price. But if all firms react to these incentives by increasing output, the cartel breaks down. Actual cartels often unravel because of such incentives. This outcome is displayed in Figure 6.11, which displays the payoffs for two firms attempting to form a cartel. It is in their
joint interests
to restrict output. Yet, as in the prisoners' dilemma, both firms have
individual incentives
to renege and increase output. The Nash equilibrium is for each to increase output
A cartel can persist if it can impose sufficient penalties on cheaters. But for these penalties to be effective, cartel members must be able to observe (or reliably infer) that a firm has cheated. To the extent that cartel members expect to interact on a repeated basis, there are greater incentives to cooperate.
Repeated interaction
also increases incentives to invest in developing effective enforcement mechanisms to limit cheating. Potentially, these incentives can be strong enough to resolve the car- tel's dilemma. In general, cooperation is easier to enforce if the number of firms in the industry is small: It is easier to identify and punish cheaters.
Even when firms are not permitted to form cartels, there may be ways of cooperating to increase profits. For example, over time, a firm might become known as a
price leader
. Such a firm changes prices in the face of new demand or cost conditions in a way that approximates what a cartel would do. Other firms follow the price changes, thus acting like members of a cartel. Individually, firms still can have short-run incentives to cheat (e.g., reducing price to get more sales). However, firms might resist this short-run temptation to foster cooperation in the long run and hence obtain higher long-run profits
Another potential mechanism to foster cooperation is the structure of contracts with buyers employed by firms in the industry.
Most-favored-nation clauses
provide buyers with guarantees that the seller will not sell to another buyer at a lower price. These clauses reduce incentives of sellers to lower the price for one buyer because that same price concession would have to be offered to other buyers as well.
Meeting-the-competition clauses
guarantee that a seller will meet the price of a competitor. Such a clause makes it difficult for firms to cheat on an agreement not to lower price since price concessions are more likely to be brought to each other's attention by customers


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text:
Re^5: Make sin wave with GDby sn1987a (Chaplain)
|on Jul 01, 2015 at 18:14 UTC ( #1132873=note: print w/replies, xml )
|Need Help??
$y2 = 200 - 200*sin($x2));
The first 200 will shift the center line of the sine so that it is along the center of the plot. The minus sign flips the sine upside down since y is increasing down, not up. Finally, the scale factor is changed to 200 so there is room for both the upper and lower halves of the sine.
That can be written without repeating the 200 as:$y2 = 200 * (1-sin($x2));
In Section Seekers of Perl Wisdom


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Thanks to its activity monitoring functions, the Ikarya Watch is an efficient mean to prevent health issues and guarantee your freedom of movement. We offer a daily activity time indicator based on standards set by the World Health Organisation (WHO).
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Insteon, one of the more well-established home automation platforms in the biz, has recently announced that its connected home products and kits are now available in more than 1,500 Walmart stores across the country. Hitting store shelves this week, the products in store will include Insteon's starter kit, motion sensors, dimmers, IP cameras, LED bulbs, leak sensors, door/window sensors, and more.
For the uninitiated, Insteon is one of the longest-standing home automation companies in the game. The company's proprietary radio technology was designed to bridge the gap between oldschool powerline-based automation systems and wireless ones, so it's been around for quite some time — long before all this new-wave DIY Internet of Things stuff existed. Because of this, Insteon systems have one big advantage that other systems don't: the ability to work even when your home broadband network goes down. The brains of the system work even when the cloud isn't available.
Related: Nest thermostats are now supported by Insteon, greatly expanding their capabilities
But despite it's long tenure as a home automation company and fairly robust product offering, Insteon has struggled in the past few years to keep pace with other rising powers in the increasingly crowded home automation space — i.e. ZigBee, Z-Wave, and Bluetooth. This partnership is likely to help out with that though, as it will undoubtedly give Insteon some extra exposure, while also helping Walmart boost its smart home cred.
Editors' Recommendations
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- Qualcomm goes all-in on Amazon Alexa voice control with a new development kit
- Lowe's offers Presidents Day bargains on Samsung appliances, Nest, and Dyson
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Patanjali Yogpeeth Helpline Number, Toll free Number
- Customer Care Number : CCN0133232
- 136
- Patanjali Arogya Kendra
- 33
- Region : Uttarakhand
- City : Haridwar
Patanjali Yogpeeth Contact Information
Address: Patanjali Yogpeeth, Maharshi Dayanand Gram,
Delhi-Haridwar National Highway, Near Bahadarbad, Haridwar-249405
Uttarakhand, India
Contact Number: 01334-240008
Fax: 01334-244805, 240664
E-mail: [email protected]
The Patanjali Yogpeeth has also done some noteworthy work in Medicinal Plantsand Herbs. This multi service unit, covering in about twenty acre of land, has Patanjali Ayurveda Chikitsalaya. It boasts of the world's largest O.P.D. having the capacity of six to ten thousand patients per day. It also has an I.P.D. of one hundred beds, Panchkarma and Shatkarma Clinics & Research Centres, Ayurvedic Surgery& Research Centre, Diagnostics & Research Centres (Pathology,Ultrasound, X-Ray & E.C.G. etc.), in the service of human beings. At the same time, Qualitative research activities are one of its exclusive features to describe Yoga and Ayurveda on the parameters of Modern Medical Science. For further Queries, please use above mentioned Patanjali Yogpeeth Contact Details. The Patanjali Yogpeeth has two trusts known as Divya Yog Mandir Trust and Bharat Svabhiman Trust. Contact Details of Administrative Offices of both are mentioned below.
Divya Yog Mandir Trust Administrative Office Contact Details
Address: Patanjali Yogpeeth, Maharshi Dayanand Gram, Delhi-Haridwar National Highway, Near Bahadarbad, Haridwar-249405, Uttarakhand, India
e-mail : [email protected]
Baba Ramdev Contact Number :
Yoga Guru Ramdev Helpline Numbers: 011-41555000, 01334-240008, 244107,246737
Fax: 01334- 244805, 240664
Bharat Svabhiman Trust Administrative Office Contact Details
Address: Patanjali Yogpeeth, Maharshi Dayanand Gram, Delhi-Haridwar National Highway, Near Bahadarbad, Haridwar-249405, Uttarakhand, India
The Patanjali Yogpeeth follows the teachings of Maharishi Patanjali and his Yoga Sutra. He has given the mankind the outstanding treatise on Ashtang Yoga-Yoga with eight limbs of stages. It is widely known for its Sutras that are simple but with complex and far-reaching content. Maharishi Patanjali wrote his treatise to communicate practical knowledge of Samadhi through eight fold path of Yoga to the world. If you are looking for an Ayurvedic solution to your diseases and problems, visit the Patanjali Yogpeeth in Dehradun. You can use above mentioned contact details to get in touch with Baba Ramdev and Patanjali Yogpeeth.
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Patanjali Ayurved Customer Care, Complaints and Reviews
Patanjali Ayurved Customer Care Contact Number : +91 13 3422 7444Patanjali Ayurved Customer Care Address: Department eCommerce, D-28 Industrial Area, ...
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I am a follower of Joga Guru shri Ramdevji.Myself & wife will be visiting Haridwar on 12th Oct and would like to visit your ashram etc. on that day for a short period. We will be highly obliged to visit and request your kind approval pls.
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In order to buy Ruby Reclining Swivel Glider By DaVinci , seek out high quality hardwood joinery. If a part is stuck with each other or maybe fingernails or toenails and screws are utilized to maintain the piece of furniture collectively, it will not previous lengthy. It is best to spend more to get a Ruby Reclining Swivel Glider By DaVinci with many superb wood joinery work with it. Truly check out the hip and legs of any Ruby Reclining Swivel Glider By DaVinci you are interested in buying. Those thighs and legs require not only to help body weight, they'll be also in contact with your flooring surfaces. Should they appear to be they'll do damage to your floor as a result of supplies used (like steel), then you might like to opt for a distinct type. When buying Ruby Reclining Swivel Glider By DaVinci to your living room, select neutral colours. You may affect the shades and also other decor of your place by transforming accents, color and also other issues. As a result, you can easily change up the look of your living room area without spending a lot of cash.
Top Best Recliners Reviews
Probably the most helpful equipment of the house may be the stool. Bar stools are helpful where ever it's needed it might be in the kitchen area or other gatherings at home. Barstools could be operated by hand which is simple in functioning. These barstools can be adjusted by hand up to the degree of the comfort zone. There are different kinds of bar stool which is made of wood and steels, for this certain kinds of seat there may not have a flexible device which may hot reduce the height from the seat but instead developed in a properly positioned manner. Bar stools adds extra kitchen and eating chairs with stylish appearance. It keeps guests residual of the contemporary home. Discovering club chair with suitable design for house is the tough 1. You need to find the right style with correct price and quality of the barstools to become purchased. We have to find the ideal height from the stools that suits our peak, and need to find the difference between your bar feces and counter-top feces. Lastly, you have to discover bar stools in the correct price, right quality with warranty with needed sturdiness which must fulfill us for the spending.
1.Sagamore Manual Rocker Recliner By Alcott Hill
Read more about Sagamore Manual Rocker Recliner By Alcott Hill
This is by far the cutest and cleverly designed loveseat. Contingent within the shade, it provides a disturbing look to your workplace or rooms. The couch unimaginably imperceptible for a early morning espresso or an animated journal studying very carefully. It's accessible both in leather as well as in consistency depending on that which you support a brilliant look, or perhaps a lovely, lovely look at. The good thing, it's very reasonable! The super chic tufting is shaped precious stone, which retains an exquisite Chesterfield design. Probably the most adorable thing about this sofa is its shape. Along with the charm, the trunk design gives your back knowledge of rest. It's cleverly designed to ensure that smaller sized rooms combine extravagance inside a smaller sized room. It's a clever choice for that childrens room, because it provides several fairly sweet tones. They would love to strike them for reading the story or a fantastic desire. No hassle for adults too for any comfy night with Manga or Wonders.
2.Bruno Manual Swivel Recliner By Lane Furniture
Read more about Bruno Manual Swivel Recliner By Lane Furniture
This fits you if all you need is a beautiful coach. It's made with a flared body and pillow top amrests in a awesome cobblestone grey. Now, it's tough froth cushions which are wrapped up in inside a polyester upholstery to bring about the desired comfort and ease. It has a durable part blocked frame that increases the toughness. Also, the feet have been in a faux wooden finish. We have an remarkable gray colour that matches with any decoration. Its dimensions are 89 T by 39 Deb by 40 They would therefore big enough to support you together with your loved onesOrbuddies. More importantly, it occurs completely put together. This saves you the agony of getting to assemble the established.
3.Cline Recliner By DarBy Home Co
Read more about Cline Recliner By DarBy Home Co
This extremely-stylish, high-sovereign sofa is designed to support reducing-advantage lounge innovation. It's created like a 2-item sectional sofa coupled with a beautiful chair. It also provides mobile arm rests and beneficial back support. The beautiful tapestry is finished with dark false leather-based, firmly tufted. You are able to feel at ease cushioning with froth within the chair cushions. This ensures a delicate sensation when you rest after a boring day time. The couch is reinforced with wood advantage covered with dark synthetic leather. Fake tufted leather-based and strong pinus radiata give extreme glare. It is true that it requires another appear since it is more costly of computer really appears to be. Talking about size, its large! This is what adds much more superstars for this set. The peak is also impressive for tall and brief people.
4.Keeney Power Glider Recliner By Red Barrel Studio
Read more about Keeney Power Glider Recliner By Red Barrel Studio
This set of RTA sofas is available in different upholstery textures. Some of them incorporate bonded leather-based, bed linen, corduroy, bed linen texture, rayon. All you need is to choose the correct tapestry in significance for the balanced requirements. Accessible materials offer an easy-to-thoroughly clean element. A attribute that suggests its adaptability to resist food and drinks. The extravagant seat and back soft cushions election in favor of a cutting-advantage look. The square shaped arm that begins just above them improves the elegance. You will find the comforts and soft styles that strike your entrance.
5.Atilia Modern Leather Power Recliner By Latitude Run
Read more about Atilia Modern Leather Power Recliner By Latitude Run
This couch is caused the gong-formed contour along with the upper armrest of the cushioning. Additionally, the top is based on obstructed corner edges. The legs, nevertheless, have became a member of the fake wooden covering. The sofa gives a comfortable and lavish sensation. This is the direct result of very flexible cushioning inside the polyester furniture. You are able to sit down effortlessly for now to relax. Each one of the tones offered for this sofa demonstrates its noteworthy element, Versatile design. The red tone could be well suited for each topics with mild and darkish tones. That remains constant for various tones it provides too. The couch is located in room. Regardless of whether its Thanksgiving holiday or perhaps a large family gathering, you can rely on it. Race-watching yet still time falling apart on your couch together with your friends is really a genuine option.
6.Nakamura Upholstered Manual Glider Recliner By Winston Porter
Read more about Nakamura Upholstered Manual Glider Recliner By Winston Porter
This set of RTA couches is available in various upholstery smoothness. Some of them incorporate bonded leather, linen, corduroy, linen consistency, polyester. You just need to find the right tapestry in importance for your well balanced needs. Obtainable materials offer an simple-to-clean component. A attribute that suggests its adaptability to resist food and drinks. The luxurious seat and back cushions election in support of a reducing-advantage appear. The square shaped equip that begins just above them enhances the elegance. You have the conveniences and soft styles that hit your entrance.
7.Bingham Swivel Glider Recliner with Contrasting Welt By Wayfair Custom Upholstery™
Read more about Bingham Swivel Glider Recliner with Contrasting Welt By Wayfair Custom Upholstery™
Fluffy, overstuffed loveseat soft cushions arent your thing? This reclining loveseat from GDF has crisper, cleaner lines than your traditional reclining loveseat, making it a stylish addition to a middle-century contemporary, modern, modern or contemporary style of house. And, at only 46.46 inches wide, its easy to squeeze into a smaller space, like flats, dens or offices. Obtainable in a number of colour and fabric options, including grilling with charcoal material, navy material and slate micro-fiber, its simple to find the right complement for your home dcor, and the sturdiness your family needs for everyday use. The days are gone of good-looking, but unpleasant Bingham Swivel Glider Recliner with Contrasting Welt you no longer need to give up comfort and ease for design. This lying loveseat features a big, soft, luxurious-filled seat cushioning with sufficient space for two or sufficient space for one to spread out and unwind.
8.Chadbourne Simmons Manual Rocker Recliner By Andover Mills
Read more about Chadbourne Simmons Manual Rocker Recliner By Andover Mills
This set is upholstered inside a drive and comfortable distinctive padded purple velvet. This gives it the incredible comfort and ease that it is cherished for. Once again it facilitates chaise style seats for adequate comfort. Furthermore, the sinus springtime foundation increases the comfort and durability. Additionally, the sofa has hardwood frames that add to its sturdiness and sturdiness. The sofa has cushions on both the chair and the back again. Yet still, the sofa can move from a seated placement to some lying down position easily. That said, simply to repeat, the couch is extremely soft and gives exceptional comfort and ease.
9.Wommack Glider Recliner By Red Barrel Studio
Read more about Wommack Glider Recliner By Red Barrel Studio
With nearly 100 5-celebrity reviews, this lying loveseat is touted for its comfort and ease, durability, appearance and easy assembly. In addition to soft, but encouraging cushions, it provides a gliding system, so that you can place your ft up and rock (though, not at the same time.) Upholstered with extremely-long lasting glued leather, this lying loveseat will resist holes, rips and stainswhich is a good factor, because it also features a storage area console (where you can hide your treats, of course) along with a two-mug owner. Regardless of whether you are settling set for a Blockbuster online excessive or viewing football together with your team, this reclining loveseat offers the comfort and durability with out breaking the bank.
10.Bechtel Manual Glider Recliner By Alcott Hill
Read more about Bechtel Manual Glider Recliner By Alcott Hill
Puffy, overstuffed loveseat soft cushions are not your lifestyle? This lying loveseat from GDF has crisper, cleaner outlines than your traditional lying loveseat, making it an elegant addition to a mid-century modern, modern, eclectic or contemporary type of house. And, at only 46.46 in . in width, its easy to match an inferior space, like flats, dog dens or office spaces. Obtainable in a number of colour and fabric options, including grilling with charcoal material, navy fabric and slate micro-fiber, its simple to find the perfect complement for your house decorations, and also the sturdiness your family requirements for daily use. The days are gone of good-looking, but unpleasant Bechtel Manual Glider Recliner you will no longer need to sacrifice comfort and ease for style. This reclining loveseat functions a big, soft, luxurious-stuffed chair cushioning with enough room for 2 or enough room for you to disseminate and unwind.


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July 11, 2016 | Vivian Zhou
Today, is a special day. We've reached +40,000 charging points together with Top Chef Ron Blaauw, who has installed our 40,000th charging point at one of his establishments, Central Park, by Ron Blaauw in The Netherlands. Eat, sleep and charge. Now that's the new "all-inclusive".
With a high increase in the number of electric cars on the road, we now depend on charging facilities at our pit stops. Good food and clean comfy beds just won't do the trick anymore if you're stuck with an out-of-charge car the moment you're ready to go. This is why McDonalds and Marriott, and everything in between, are now catering to this rising need. Electric shuttles and charging stations have become a new standard. And boy, we couldn't be happier with this trend.
This new standard deviated from the many sustainability efforts that food and hospitality businesses and individuals have been undertaking in the past decades. While it may have started in your hipster friend's kitchen or with a golden medal on that establishment's wall, sustainability is now something commodified and something everyone partakes in.
Charging facilities will become part of this picture soon. A key element of any green program is guests' reaction and participation. This is why charging stations are beneficial to any hospitality business. Unlike saving water and heat, which don't necessarily enhance a lodging or eating experience in a direct sense, charging stations are an instant gratification of a guest's needs. It's no surprise that hotels, restaurants and shops now make up about 14% of all charging points across the world. This makes them the second largest sector facilitating electric drivers!
Celebrating our 40K achievement, we asked Ron's take on sustainability and how that applies to Central Park's portfolio: "To accommodate a hotel and a restaurant, it's incredibly important to use our energy sources efficiently. We turn off the stove after lunch, and only turn it on once dinner rush starts. Waste processing and recycling are part of our day-to-days too. Simple steps like these are not just cost-effective, but they allow us to run our businesses as sustainable as possible. This is why lending electric cars to our hotel guests and providing charging points to our visitors has been a logical step for us to take."
Carsten Klint, the owner of Central Park, by Ron Blaauw, also has a keen understanding of the rising demand for electric mobility: "In this day and age, all hotels and restaurants should offer charging stations for electric vehicles. They are the future, plus it's a great service we can offer to our guests. I think we can expect the number of charging points to duplicate in the next few years. For us, EV-Box was a choice easily made. We got in touch with them through their partner BMW, whom we are proud ambassadors of."
We can't agree more, Carsten! Thank you Central Park and our incredible team for making this milestone a reality. Now it's time for you to hop on board and join us in our journey towards the next 40,000 charging points.
We've lined up the essentials of electric driving and charging in our latest e-book. Get your free copy here. Follow us on Twitter and Facebook for all things exciting in the world of sustainable tech and e-mobility. For the EV-savvy amongst us, share your thoughts on the latest industry developments on LinkedIn. No time to read? Tune in on Instagram for some out-of-this-world adventures from our charging stations.
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|Pádraig Brady
|Re: perl tests not using correct $PATH
|Fri, 14 Sep 2012 17:30:52 +0100
|Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64; rv:6.0) Gecko/20110816 Thunderbird/6.0
On 09/14/2012 04:54 PM, Jim Meyering wrote:
Pádraig Brady wrote:I just did this and noticed that seq from my system rather than the just build seq was used. make check TESTS=tests/misc/seq.pl SUBDIRS=. I'll look later tonight, but someone might know off the top of their heads what the issue is.Hi Pádraig, Thanks for testing and reporting that. However, so far, I cannot reproduce the problem: $ make check TESTS=tests/misc/seq.pl SUBDIRS=.&& head -1 tests/misc/seq.log seq (GNU coreutils) 8.19.130-f1f7f while the one early in my path is 8.15: $ seq --version|head -1 seq (GNU coreutils) 8.15
Ah OK. I was using the latest built automake for my platform: automake-1.11.3-1.fc17.noarch There is a bug logged to update to 1.11.6 to fix the CVE. That req in bootstrap.conf is for 1.11.2 cheers, Pádraig.
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bringing 2 U events & happenings in and around Ipoh … & beyond…
RM1 may not be a big amount for most people but when it is accumulated, these RM1 notes can make a difference to those who are in need. This holy month of Ramadan, Impiana Hotel Ipoh is giving us an opportunity to give back to the community by donating RM1 for every adult buffet sold ... continue reading »
The Ipoh City Council feted Perak media bureau chiefs to a scrumptious buffet lunch at Impiana Hotel Ipoh, to foster stronger ties with the fraternity. It was also a gesture of appreciation for their fair and balanced reporting on council news and events throughout the year. Representing Ipoh City Council was Council Secretary En Mohd Zakuan Zakaria, ... continue reading »
In the blink of an eye, it is time to usher in a new lunar year: the Year of the Boar. It's going to be the start of a long season of festive celebration, and of course, it begins with and revolves around FOOD! If you are in Ipoh during this time of the year, you'd ... continue reading »
Christmas has come early for Impiana Hotel Ipoh, kicking off with a Christmas tree-lighting event last week, witnessed by hotel guests, associates, corporate clients, staff, friends, and of course, members of the media. With the theme "Sharing the Fun & Joy of X'mas", the joyous mood was made even livelier with a meaningful collaboration between the ... continue reading »
As a follow-up to the piece of good news that I shared yesterday regarding Buy 3 get 1 FREE buffet lunch promotion at Impiana Hotel Ipoh (IHI), I have better news for you today. This promotion is also relevant to the hotel's Hi-Tea buffet on Saturdays and Sundays at the Coffee House throughout the month of ... continue reading »
August is just around the corner. It is always a month that is more significant than others, especially for us Malaysians, and even those who live or work in this country. Do you know why? That's because 31st August is our National Day. Somehow, we feel patriotic, more united among our fellow countrymen. So, how do we ... continue reading »
City folk these days seldom have the luxury to sit down together with family members for a meaningful meal. That's why when the holy month of Ramadan rolls around, they do not pass up the opportunity to break fast with loved ones. To make it even more memorable, do so over a scrumptious traditional cuisine that ... continue reading »


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- Sonam aced her look with gold earrings and a dark lip colour
- She's wearing Bhane, Anand Ahuja's fashion label
- Sonam will walk the red carpet tonight
Take a look at Sonam's chic appearance at the French Riviera.
This is what #SummerEscape dreams are made of! @Sonamakapoor sports Infallible Pro Matte Liquid Lip in Forbidden Kiss.— L'Oréal Paris India (@LOrealParisIn) May 15, 2018
Shop her look here: https://t.co/RFTGXpZIMj#LifeAtCannes#LOrealParisIndia#Cannes2018pic.twitter.com/pUhmWrICXa
Keeping her #SummerEscape look bold, @sonamakapoor is rocking Infallible Pro Matte Liquid lipstick in 310 Forbidden kiss, Infallible Pro Matte Liquid Foundation, Volume Million lashes and brow artist genius kit. Get her look now: https://t.co/H6bR4DFYtt#LifeAtCannespic.twitter.com/hGBByq0LxD— L'Oréal Paris India (@LOrealParisIn) May 15, 2018
Last night, after making a glam red carpet appearance, Sonam rocked a Delpozo outfit during the Auction dinner.
Here's a recap.
Sonam Kapoor made a traffic-stopping appearance on the red carpet in an embellished off-white lehenga by Ralph and Russo. She accessorised her look with a pair of studs and a ring. Sonam styled her braided hair with a paranda. (Her mehendi is still visible).
This glow needs no spotlight! @sonamakapoor rocking the red carpet wearing Infallible Pro Matte Liquid lipstick-318 Bare Attraction, Le Stylo Smoky Shadow-101 Antique Brass & Superstar mascara. Shop Now! https://t.co/RFTGXpZIMj#LifeAtCannes#LOrealParisIndia#Cannes2018pic.twitter.com/x35u6XK8sH— L'Oréal Paris India (@LOrealParisIn) May 14, 2018
All the stars are out tonight In Ralph & Russo #cannes2018 #lorealparisindia #lorealcannes #lorealskin #lorealmakeup @lorealmakeup @lorealhair @lorealskin Outfit: @ralphandrusso Earrings: @chopard Parandi: @amrapalijewels Styled by: @rheakapoor and @thedeepkailey Assistants: @chandiniw @lydie_harrison Make up: @namratasoni Hair: @stephanelancien : @thehouseofpixels
Hey Cannes! @lorealhair @lorealmakeup @lorealskin #cannes2018 #lorealparisindia #lorealskin #lorealmakeup #lorealcannes @motherofpearl @bottegaveneta @chloe @victoriabeckham Styled by- @rheakapoor and @thedeepkailey Assistants - @chandniw @lydie_harrison Make up - @namratasoni Hair - @stephanelancien
Sonam married businessman Anand Ahuja on May 8 in Mumbai. Over the weekend, the couple travelled to Delhi, Anand's hometown and from there, Sonam took a flight to the French Riviera.
Get the latest election news, live updates and election schedule for Lok Sabha Elections 2019 on ndtv.com/elections. Like us on Facebook or follow us on Twitter and Instagram for updates from each of the 543 parliamentary seats for the 2019 Indian general elections.


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- Al Rawda
Properties for sale in Al Rawda
Locations in Al Rawda with Properties
- AED2,100,000Al Rawda 2, Al Rawda, AjmanVilla55,000 sqft
- AED2,150,000Al Rawda 2, Al Rawda, AjmanVilla55,000 sqft
Wonderful villa, very large building area, large bedrooms, fully equipped large kitchen,
- AED1,100,000Al Rawda 2, Al Rawda, AjmanVilla55,000 sqft
personal build brand new villa for sale close to sheik ammar road
- AED1,650,000Al Rawda 1, Al Rawda, AjmanVilla55,000 sqft
Super Deluxe Brand New Freehold 5 BHK Villa For Sale In Prime Location.
- AED1,600,000Al Rawda 2, Al Rawda, AjmanVilla55,300 sqft
Villa for sale the second part of the street very distinctive location corner two streets close to a
- AED1,150,000Al Rawda 2, Al Rawda, AjmanVilla55,000 sqft
Two-storey villa corner with electricity, water and air conditioners completely stone from outside
- AED1,680,000Al Rawda 2, Al Rawda, AjmanVilla55,000 sqft
One of the best finishes Arab Villa Modern Corner best site currently Ajman al rawdha
- AED800,000Al Rawda 3, Al Rawda, AjmanVilla433,700 sqft
HOOOT DEAL WITH THE BEST PRICE 4bed rooms USED VILLA FOR SALE
- AED1,400,000Al Rawda 2, Al Rawda, AjmanVilla53,500 sqft
Free Hold nice Villa For Sale in Ajman near from ajman acadmy
- AED1,300,000Al Rawda 3, Al Rawda, AjmanVilla55,000 sqft
Villa For Sale with elec. and water and furniture in Very Good Price in alrawda
- AED1,200,000Al Rawda 3, Al Rawda, AjmanVilla55,000 sqft
luxurious and wonderful villa with air conditioning, electricity and free hold to all nationality .
- AED1,550,000Al Rawda 2, Al Rawda, AjmanVilla54,200 sqft
For lovers of luxury and luxury villa used only four years finishing Super Deluxe with all guarantee
- AED1,570,000Al Rawda 1, Al Rawda, AjmanVilla55,000 sqft
Private villa for sale directly from owner and without commission
- AED12,500,000Al Rawda 2, Al Rawda, AjmanResidential Building10,000 sqft
Building for sale
- AED1,500,000Al Rawda 1, Al Rawda, AjmanVilla55,000 sqft
villa for sale in ajman with electricity and water and air condition
- AED1,800,000Al Rawda 3, Al Rawda, AjmanVilla565,000 sqft
beautiful villa smart design for sale in Al rawada Ajman
- AED1,100,000Al Rawda 1, Al Rawda, AjmanVilla565,000 sqft
5 Bedrooms Villa
- AED1,650,000Al Rawda, AjmanVilla564,200 sqft
5 Bedrooms villa
- AED1,640,000Al Rawda, AjmanVilla565,000 sqft
5 Bedrooms Villa
- AED1,550,000Al Rawda 1, Al Rawda, AjmanVilla565,000 sqft
5 Bedrooms Villa
- AED10,500,000Al Rawda 1, Al Rawda, AjmanResidential Building10,000 sqft
buliding for Sale - For the lovers of luxury and sophistication and beautiful aesthetic touch
- AED1,630,000Al Rawda 2, Al Rawda, AjmanVilla55,000 sqft
villa for sale in ajman very close to sheik ammar street
- AED1,650,000Al Rawda 2, Al Rawda, AjmanVilla54,500 sqft
villa for sale in ajman very good location
- AED1,450,000Al Rawda 1, Al Rawda, AjmanVilla55,000 sqft
Brand New villa for sale in ajman - UAE , two floors
Near Al Rawda
- Properties for sale in Sheikh Maktoum Bin Rashid Street
- Properties for sale in Al Zahraa
- Properties for sale in Garden City
- Properties for sale in Al Hamidiyah
- Properties for sale in Al Jurf
- Properties for sale in Al Mowaihat
- Properties for sale in Ajman Industrial
- Properties for sale in Hamriyah Free Zone
- Properties for sale in Al Yasmeen
- Properties for sale in Al Gharayen
Buying a Property in Al Rawda
Ajman is conveniently situated on the western coast of the United Arab Emirates (UAE). It has a beach that stretches across an area of 16 kilometres on the Gulf coast. Bordering Dubai and Sharjah, Ajman is close to various neighbouring ports. This emirate also consists of beaches where people can bask in the sunshine and spend the day looking at clear waters and Ajman Museum that exhibits artefacts of the 18th century. Keeping in view these remarkable features, people prefer buying properties in Ajman. One such property includes Al Rawda. Located near Al Jurf, Al Rawda lies at the border of Sheikh Maktoum Bin Rashid Street, consisting of Al Hamidiya Police Station. Comprising various residential communities, including Al Rawda 1, 2 and 3, Al Rawda contains more than 293 properties.
Types of Properties in Al Rawda
One of the most popular precincts in Ajman is Al Rawda which is also a significant vantage point for spectacular sunsets. It consists of more than 260 villas that are visually dynamic and the plot sizes range between 3,200 sq. ft. and 53,000 sq. ft. Comprising a gym, study, dedicated bedroom with a built-in closet, guest bedrooms, bathroom, and a separate formal and family living space, these houses are very impressive at first glance. Al Rawda also contains more than 4 residential plots that allow buyers to build their homes from scratch. These plots range between 3,000 sq. ft. and 10,500 sq. ft. Built with high-end finishes, Al Rawda also contains more than 7 residential buildings that range between 929 sq. ft. and 10,000 sq. ft. These buildings contain spacious rooms, an entrance lobby, elevators, and a covered parking space. Al Rawda also contains more than 11 commercial buildings that have built-up areas that range between 3,600 sq. ft. and 16,000 sq. ft.
Sale Price Trends for Properties in Al Rawda
Al Rawda features landscaped gardens, drop-glass chandelier, sliding windows, balcony covered with beam bearings, rooms with tray ceilings, and a kitchen equipped with upper and base cabinetry, double-oven, pro cooking range, and exhaust hood. Keeping in view these features, the properties in Al Rawda serve as an ideal buying option. For those who are interested to buy a larger living space, they can think of purchasing villas in Al Rawda. They are available at a price starting from AED 1,040,000 and going up to AED 2,350,000. However, for those who are in search of a reasonable residential building, they can opt for residential buildings in Al Rawda. They are available at a price that ranges between AED 3,800,000 and AED 45,000,000. Those buyers who are on the lookout for commercial spaces in Ajman, they can buy commercial buildings in Al Rawda. They can be purchased at a cost that starts from AED 5,000,000 and goes up to AED 27,000,000.
Popular Areas of Al Rawda
Lying in the vicinity of Al Rawda, Eat & Drink Restaurant is a premier restaurant in Ajman that started off in 1982 as a cafeteria but then with the passage of time, it grew and opened more than 30 outlets in Ajman, Ras Al Khaimah, Sharjah, and Dubai. It offers Chinese, Lebanese and Indian cuisine to its customers. Its menu has succulent dishes like kash kash kabab, lamb chops and biryani. Located nearby Al Rawda, there is a famous shopping mall, Galleria Mall that extends over 14,000 sq. ft. Consisting of more than 90 retail outlets, 10 showrooms, 500 car parking spaces, a hypermarket that covers an area of 2,500 sq. m., and 2 levels of a play area and food court, Galleria Mall contains fashion stores, gifts and jewellery shops, footwear, and electronics outlets with a gym and net cafe.
Reasons for Investing in Al Rawda
Promoting a greener lifestyle, Al Rawda focuses on the usage of environment-friendly materials in the construction. It has a variety of elegantly designed units that offer cityscape views. Besides that, it offers residents an immaculately designed yoga lawn, children's play area, health and fitness facilities, barbeque deck, and round-the-clock security and maintenance support. Owing to these amenities, an investment in Al Rawda seems a pretty good option for those who want to live a harmonious lifestyle.