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M. K. Rwigema School of Mechanical, Industrial and Aeronautical Engineering University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa Keywords: Blade Element Momentum, Propeller, Vortex Wake, Wake Deflection Abstract Various propeller theories are treated in developing a model that analyses the aerodynamic performance of an aircraft propeller along with the construct and behaviour of the resultant slip-stream. Blade element momentum theory is used as a loworder aerodynamic model of the propeller and is coupled with a vortex wake representation of the slip-stream to relate the vorticity distributed throughout the slip-stream to the propeller forces. Nomenclature
a! c
axial induction factor tangential induction factor chord length (m) drag coefficient lift coefficient thrust coefficient blade element and annulus width (m) torque of element or annulus (Nm) thrust of element or annulus (Nm) combined tip- and hub-loss coefficient momentum of inertia in-plane normal force (N) pressure (P) radial position (m) propeller radius (m) hub radius (m)
S t
propeller disk/cross-sectional slip-stream area (m2) time (s) resultant velocity at blade element (m/s) flow velocity (m/s) thrust axis location downstream from propeller (m) local angle of attack (rad) local element pitch angle (rad) strength of distributed annular vorticity (m/s) strength of distributed swirl vorticity (m/s) strength of bound vorticity on propeller (m2/s) blade angular coordinate around propeller disk (rad) local inflow angle (rad) local solidity air density (kg/m3) propeller rotational speed (rad/s)
! !
"! !
! x p s 0
free-stream at station x propeller/aircraft body fully-developed slip-stream at ! = !/2 between thrust line and direction of resultant propeller force
1 Introduction An understanding of the propeller slipstream is important in the design phase of propellerdriven aircraft. Aerodynamic performance, aircraft stability, and noise and vibration can be significantly affected by it's interactions with
although the velocity remains constant at V between these two planes.is constant along any streamline. This analysis shows compatibility between different approaches to propeller modeling using blade element theory to predict the propeller forces.in accordance with Bernoulli's equation . and then moving off into the slip-stream must equal the thrust produced by this propeller. to a value p+ immediately downstream. Applying Bernoulli's equation upstream and downstream of the actuator disk. introduced by Froude [1] as a continuation of the work of Rankine [2]. momentum theory to relate the flow momentum at the propeller to that of the far wake. The flow is assumed to be: 1) inviscid. the total pressure . The iterative optimisation procedure requires rapid analysis of prospective engines and propellers to compare aircraft performance and discover configuration characteristics. V + Vs V= ! (1.K.4) 2 From the equations above it can be shown that the velocity of the flow through the actuator disk is the average of the upstream and downstream velocities. the change in flow momentum along a stream-tube starting upstream. passing through the propeller. The rotary motion of the slip-stream also causes the air to strike the tailplane at indirect angles. Rwigema structural and aerodynamic control surfaces. Flow within the slip-stream is faster than free-stream flow resulting in increased drag over the parts exposed to it's trajectory. A propeller producing thrust by forcing air behind the aircraft produces a slip-stream. Fig. [3] (1. 2) incompressible.1 Momentum Theory Classical momentum theory. imposes five simplifying assumptions. 1 2 p + ! p ! = "(Vs2 ! V# ) (1. and both 4) the velocity and 5) the static pressure are uniform over each cross section of the disk and stream-tube. having an effect of the stability and control of the aircraft.M. except for those that pass through the disk.immediately upstream of the actuator disk and rises discontinuously through the disk. (1. and 3) irrotational. 1: Propeller stream-tube For the axial direction. and a vortical wake model to describe the slipstream deflection. one of the inputs is the thrust curve of the power plant available thrust versus flight velocity.2) A!V! = AV = AsVs Far upstream the static pressure is p! and the velocity V!. The static pressure falls to a value p.1) T = !" Rs2Vs (Vs # V$ ) Applying the conservation of mass to the stream-tube control volume yields. (1.3) T = ( p+ ! p! ) A Since the flow is inviscid. the increase in total pressure is therefore experienced as an increase in static pressure. which are an infinitesimal distance apart.5) 2 2 . The axial and tangential velocities are continuous as no fluid is created within the disk. During the early stages of design. This may rudimentarily be considered as a cylindrical tube of spiraling air propagating rearward over the fuselage and wings – having detrimental and beneficial effects. The thrust is therefore given by. 2 Mathematical Models 2.
In order to analyse the radial load variation along the blades. annular stream-tube control volumes 3.PROPELLER BLADE ELEMENT MOMENTUM THEORY WITH VORTEX WAKE DELFECTION An axial induction factor. blade geometry and flow-field properties can be related to a differential propeller thrust.7) Vs = V! (1 + 2 a ) A real propeller. the angular momentum being imparted to the wake by the propeller must be considered. dT. Although wake rotation is now included in the analysis. The angular velocity of the slip-stream flow far downstream of the propeller is low so the static pressure can be assumed to be the unobstructed ambient static pressure. 2 the following relation is apparent.1. and torque. each of width dr. 2. Jonkman [4] describes how the Rankine-Froude actuator disk model may be modified to account for this rotation. however. 2: Blade element aerodynamic forces As the word element in the title suggests. 3 .1) #r (1 $ a% ) From Fig. Additional equations [1]. a. is customarily defined as.8) dt dt dt 2. such as airfoil shape and twist distribution. The slip-stream can be split into a series of non-interacting. (1. uses several annular stream-tube control volumes. The forces exerted on the blade elements by the flow stream are determined solely by the two-dimensional lift and drag characteristics of the blade element airfoil shape and orientation relative to the incoming flow.5).2 Blade Element Theory Unless some state of flow is assumed. it is assumed that there is no interaction between the analyses of each blade element 2. [5] governing the state of the flow are dependent on the characteristics of the propeller blades. At the propeller plane. dL dI! dm 2 Q= = = !r (1. momentum theory does not provide enough equations to solve for the differential propeller thrust and torque at a given span location. Conserving angular momentum about an axis consistent with the slip-stream's axis of symmetry can be applied to determine the torque. Just as the annular stream-tube control volumes used in the slip-stream rotation analysis were assumed to be noninteracting [assumption (1)]. assumptions 4) and 5) from the actuator disk model may be relaxed and three supplementary assumptions added: 1. (1. Fig. The flow entering the control volume far upstream remains purely axial and uniform 2. if the following assumptions are made: 1. As such.1 Effects of Wake Rotation The conservation of angular momentum necessitates rotation of the slip-stream if the propeller is to impart useful torque. again. we must first determine the inflow angle based on the two components of the local velocity vector. As we are required to obtain the local angle-ofattack to determine the aerodynamic forces on a blade element. the assumption that the flow is irrotational has not been lifted. is never uniformly loaded as assumed by the Rankine-Froude actuator disk model. BE theory. V (1 + a ) tan ! = " (2. At each element. Blade Element (BE) theory uses these geometrical properties to determine the forces exerted by a propeller on the flowfield. the boundaries of these control volumes effectively split the blade into a number of distinct elements. dQ.6) V = V! (1 + a ) and from Equation (1.
M. 2.2) and carrying out some algebra. [6]. the conservation of momentum in the axial direction (between the far upstream and the far downstream section) must be considered. replacing Equation (3. 1 dQ = BpU 2 (C L sin ! + C D cos ! )crdr (2.6) dT = 4! r "V# (1 + a ) aFdr Considering a radial differential of Equation (1.2) 2. Rwigema V! (1 + a ) (2. and torque.4) 2 r sin " Much like the tip-loss model. 4 sin 2 & (C L cos & ' C D sin & rdr ) (3. These tipvortices create multiple helical structures in the wake. (as seen in Fig. dQ. This states that the thrust introduced by each propeller annulus is equivalent to the change in axial momentum flow rate. This analysis is based on the differential propeller thrust.3). to relate the induced velocities in the propeller plane to the elemental forces of Equations (3.4) 2 U= 2.2) sin " The induced velocity components in Equations (2. and twist distribution are known.3) and (2. The correction factor is used to modify the momentum segment of the BEM equations.2).4). To compensate for this deficiency in BEM theory. the hub-loss model serves to correct the induced velocity resulting from a vortex being shed near the hub of the propeller. in which case the two correction factors are multiplied to create the total loss factor.6). size.5) 2 r sin " For a given element. Prandtl Loss Correction The effect on induced velocity in the propeller plane is most pronounced near the tips of the blades. and (1. the thrust distributed around an annulus of width dr! is equivalent to.1) and (2. 3).8) and substituting Equation (1. F. 2 (3.7) .3) ! where. B R!r ftip = (3. Substituting Equation (2. As a blade has a suction-surface and a pressuresurface.2) are a function of the forces on the blades and blade element momentum theory is used to calculate them.K. a tip-loss (or correction) factor. The model uses a similar implementation to that of the tip-loss to describe the effect of this vortex.3) 2 and the torque introduced by each annular section is given by.and hub-loss.4) are made more useful by noting that " and U can be expressed in terms of induction factors etc [3]. Now. considering a radial differential. the local aerodynamics may be affected by both the tip. The original blade element momentum theory does not consider the influence of vortices shed from the blade tips into the slipstream on the induced velocity field. and play a major role in . originally developed by Prandtl [7] is used.1. From Equations (1. This theory is summarized by a correction to the induced velocity field and can be expressed simply by the following: 2 F = cos "1 e" f (3. air tends to flow over the blade tip from the lower (pressure) surface to the upper (suction) surface.1) and (3. dT = " !#$ 2 V% (1 + a )2 the induced velocity distribution along the propeller. derived from momentum theory and blade element theory. being equivalent. (1.3 Blade Element Momentum Theory Combining the results of the previous two analyses enables a model of the performance of a propeller whose airfoil properties.1) dQ = " !#$ 2 V% (1 + a )2 sin & 2 (C L sin & + C D cos & r 2 dr ) (3.4) with. Equations (2. dT. 1 dT = B!U 2 (C L cos " # C D sin " )cdr (2. From Fig. effectively reducing the resulting forces in the vicinity of the tip.3. B r ! Rhub f hub = (3.
it is possible to obtain. we have a set of equations that can be iteratively solved for the induced velocities and the forces on each blade element.4). The induced velocity may be considered to be the resultant velocity at a point due to the entire system of bound and free vorticity.3) ! = Vs " V# 2. (4. 2. #. The Propeller related to the Vortex Wake From the previous description of air flowing from the aerodynamic pressure side to aerodynamic suction. after an initial distortion. $ ' 4 F sin 2 ! a=& # 1) % " (C L cos ! # C D sin ! ) ( #1 (3. the velocity jump across the wake boundary.2) VR 2 = Vs Rs2 3. when we include two-dimensional airfoil tables of lift and drag coefficient as a function of the angle-of-attack. Considerations of symmetry further reveal that equally spaced radial vortex 5 .3) and (2. 1 2 1 2 T !Vs = !V" + (4. a reduction in blade lift [10]. these sheets will soon roll up into a set of helical vortex filaments and a central vortex filament of opposite sense on the axis. The total pressure inside the wake is taken to be higher than the free-stream by the loading on the propeller. To approximate this we assume that the discrete bound vorticity is transformed in the slip-stream onto the surface of a vortex tube. Rs. the inner and outer flows must have the same static pressure.4 Vortex Structure of the Wake Propeller theory generally presumes that. Only the annular vorticity is considered initially. this is now described with the trailing vorticity which includes a reduction of the inflow angle towards the blade tip and.8) $1 % ( 4 F sin " cos " a! = ' + 1* & # (C L sin " $ C D cos " ) ) (3.4. R.9) Fig. we deduce that sheets move axially backward without deformation. and lines of elemental axial velocity along the tube that account for swirl [8]. There will be two components of this vorticity: a tube of elemental annular vortices that account for the thrust. is related to that of the propeller. 3: Vortex tube Thus. hence equal pressure. For simplicity we assume that the propeller blades are narrow and are distributed along equally spaced radial lines. There is also no discontinuity of normal velocity. and has to meet certain compatibility conditions: 1. (4. which yields the condition. Since there is no pressure discontinuity across the sheets.7) Equalising Equations (3. From a consideration of the continuity of mass.1. !. In reality.PROPELLER BLADE ELEMENT MOMENTUM THEORY WITH VORTEX WAKE DELFECTION dQ = 4! r 3"V#$(1 + a ) a%Fdr (3. By considering vorticity.1) 2 2 # R2 2.6) and (3. by.7) with Equations (2. only a discontinuity of tangential velocity with magnitude equivalent to the vortex strength of the sheet. resultantly. However. the vortex sheets shed from the trailing edges of the propeller blades form a set of interleaved helicoidal sheets which propagate uniformly downstream parallel to the slip-stream axis without further deformation as if they were rigid surfaces. the radius of the fully-developed slip-stream. This has strength. The helicoidal vortex sheets are floating freely in an irrotational field with equal velocity on either side of the sheet. respectively.
B![V + "Rs# s sin($ )]%t = & s 2' RsV %t (4. (4. the inplane force acting normal to the blade will be &$VR (for 'p = 0). must also be shed in the opposite sense at the roots as a discrete vortex down the axis. Relative to the slip-stream. 4: Propeller slip-stream Considering a simple propeller blade at a rotation angle % (where % = 0 is at the top) with constant bound vorticity shed at the tip. V ( + Compared with Equation (4. Initially.4. The fundamental expressions for the forces developed by the propeller may be described most conveniently by applying the KuttaJoukowsky theorem. Equation (4. Rwigema lines of equal strength induce no overall velocity on any one of the lines. and for a number of blades.11) # R2 This combined vortex model. Now a 6 .7) now becomes. Vw.8) 2! Rs" s = B# This satisfies the condition that the total vorticity shed at the tips. the vertical component of the tip velocity is (Rssin(%). ' 1 + $Rs% s sin(& ) * (4. B. and the forward component of this is (Rs'ssin(%) for small 's. Behind the propeller the vortex tube translates downstream as it is embedded between the inner and outer flows with a velocity.10) B!" = # R2 such that. The aerodynamic forces generated by a propeller under any deviation from uniform flight parallel to the thrust axis will lead to deflection of the slip-stream. represented by the vorticity #s. (4. the down-going blade will have a forward velocity component.6) 2. the thrust and the torque.5). thrust alone is considered. Propeller at Incidence We now consider a propeller at incidence to the slip-stream axis.12) from which. the inclusion of the in-plane force will follow as an incremental effect. The axial component of the bound vorticity shed from the tip of the propeller blades per unit time is related to elemental axial vorticity lines along the stream-tube by. B$.9) ! 2"Vw = B#$ Fig. The annular component of the bound vorticity shed per unit time is related to the elemental annular vorticity distributed over the surface of the tube by. integrated across the blade. (4. These conditions therefore satisfy that the effect on each blade due to bound vorticity on the other blades can be ignored and only trailing vorticity contributes to the resultant velocity at a blade.K. In general. Taking an angular position % around the propeller disk. We begin by considering the swirl component in the wake. whereas the up-going side will be retreating.8).3. T !" Vw = (4.M. (4.5) dT = !"#r (1 $ a% ) dr dQ = !"V# (1 + a )rdr But from a simplification of Equation (4. this shows an incremental sinusoidal variation of swirl velocity that will induce a downwash. (4.4. The Propeller Slip-stream The deflection of the wake is determined by relating the propeller forces to the characteristics of the fully-developed slipstream. 2.7) B!V "t = # s 2$ RsV "t so that.4) dL = !U " #dr The cross-product relationship can be used to separate the two components of the resultant force. 2T (4. ensures that the swirl is contained within the stream-tube and induces no flow outside the wake [9].13) 2! Rs" s = B# ) . (4.2. this will generate thrust and a tangential in-plane force N.
this is dispersed over the trailing wake stream0tube with a form # = #0sin(%). see Fig.23) ( ) (4. which governs the deflection angle of the wake as it is counterbalanced by the up wash from the freestream.1). &!R2VV")p.21) !V"# p = 2$% RRsV Expressing the above equation in terms of the force coefficient and the propeller incidence.2). and hence it's lateral displacement at any streamwise station. 's = 'p .18) N (! ) = "VR# 0 sin 2 (! ) Integration around the propeller disk. (4. and represents the momentum flux of the part of the free-stream displaced by the cylindrical wake. balanced by the up wash from the free-stream. From the above it can be shown that !p V CT = 1# $ = 2 "p V 1 + 1 # CT Following the analysis above.20) 2! Rs" 0 = B# 0 This will add to the downwash in the wake. The effect on the slip-stream by the tangential in-plane force may be determined by resolving the normal-to-blade force vertically.4. allowing for the number of blades.24) 2 "p 1 + 1 # CT When 'p * 0. The incremental effect is therefore.17) becomes.10) we deduce that. Slip-stream Trajectory The trajectory of the slip-stream. and adding this to the right hand side of Equation (4.19) 2 ( ) 2. so that # B$%& s V!" p = 0 = (4. to account for the net normal force it is assumed that. The incidence case is considered and all angles are assumed small. (4. dC CT + N !p d" p = (4. in addition to any constant bound vorticity that may be present to generate thrust. Vs2 4Vs2 = V2 Vs + V! 4 " V! % $1 + V ' # s & 2 ( ) 2 = (4. T# s (4. V")p. as &!Rs2VsV")p. B.)p. 4. from Equation (4. 7 . the analysis proceeds until Equation (4. T ! p = "# R 2V (Vs + V$ )% p (4.16) Where T'p is the tangential component of thrust and must be equivalent to the tangential momentum flux in the slip-stream.17) The incremental term due to the in-plane force now has a similar form to the contribution from thrust alone. which is represented by &!R2VVs)p and resolved through )p. 4 [10].22) = 1# * + "p ' V ) 4 d" p V 2 & But. $ = $0sin(%). can be rewritten. ! p % V$ ( 1 dC N Vs2 (4. #0 = B$('s / (2!V).8).14) 2 4'V From Equation (4. from Equation (4. from actuator theory. V")p as above. The other term.13). with % = !/2.PROPELLER BLADE ELEMENT MOMENTUM THEORY WITH VORTEX WAKE DELFECTION sinusoidal vorticity distribution of the form #0sin(%) induces a uniform downwash of strength #0/2 inside the wake. N (4. From Equation (4. gives an average of 1 N = !VBR" 0 (4. there is a component of bound vorticity that varies sinusoidally around the propeller disk.4. where. is governed by it's angle to the thrust line (or free-stream). Considering this along with Equation (1.15) V!" p = 2 $% R 2V From Fig. The deflection from the datum can then be obtained by integration. In this direction there is no force and the momentum must remain constant. The approach adopted is to consider momentum in a direction perpendicular to the resultant force F.15).17) becomes [9]. 'p. and Equation (4.
z = D " ! x dx 0 x (4.V $ 1 ' " 1) / " # & " 1) . Modeling of the UAE Wind Turbine for Refinement of FAST_AD. vol iv. [3] Glauert H. z. [2] Rankine WJM.K. Inc.28) can be re-written as ! x (Vx " V# )Vs = ! s (Vs " V# )Vx + (Vx " Vs )V#! p (4.30:390. of the slip-stream it is only necessary to integrate the angular deflection.30) can be re-arranged to give Vx V! # V! & (4.37) 3.35) Now.34) ( ( ) ) ! s * V# $ 1 '. Writing Sx = !Rx2. 1892. Trans Inst Naval Architects. and the tangential momentum due to the outer flow is (&SxV"dx))x. Paris. Rwigema For a segment of slip-stream at station x downstream of the propeller.1 + & ! p + Vs % f ( x ) ( . Vs % f ( x ) ( (4. Aerodynamic Theory. [4] Jonkman JM. [5] Drzewiecki S. 1935 [Reprinted 1963 by Dover Publications. L. Vs (4. Ss = !Rs2 and S = !R2. A Second Paper in 1901.32) Equation (4. the longitudinal moment is &SxVxdx.33) and from Equation (4.27) % V$ ( ! S pVdx ' " s + # F + # p * V & ) ! # 1# f ( x) = # 1 + 2# # " $ & x & D & 2 & ! $ x 1 + # & 4 " D% & % (4.29) = 1+ s V! in which ! $ # & x (4. such that ! S x dx[Vx (" x + # F ) + V$# x ] = (4. Momentum is constant along the normal to F. In: Durand WF. On the mechanical principles of the action of propellers.36) In order to calculate the displacement. div. New York]. 1865.29) and (4. Berlin: Julius Springer. ! x ! s 1 Vx V# $ 1 ' = " & " 1) = ! p ! p f ( x ) Vs Vs % f ( x ) ( (4.25) ! Ss dx[Vs (" s + # F ) + V$# p ] where the conditions on the right are those in the fully-developed slip-stream.28) From the equations of motion the streamwise distribution of velocity in the slip-stream is derived in [11] as. NREL Technical Report [NREL/TP-500-34755].'s and )p = 'p . )x = 'p . Trans Inst Naval Architects (British).26) S xVx = SsVs = SV and % ( V ! S pVdx ' " x + # F + $ # x * = Vx ) & (4.M. (4. Bulletin de L'Association Technique Maritime. so that $ V ' V $ V ' V ! x &1 " # ) + # ! p = !s &1 " # ) + # ! p Vs ( Vs % Vx ( Vx % (4.31) Vx ! V" = (Vs ! V" ) f ( x ) So finally. 1889.. Airplane Propellers. 2003. References [1] Froude RE. 8 .6(13).30) s = a #1 + & 2 2 d # & x + 4% " Equations (4.'s.31) = + 1 " ( f ( x) Vs Vs % Vs ' $ where The diameter of the slip-stream at any station x is given by Dx 1+ a = D 1+ s (4. editor.
The distribution of circulation on propellers with finite hubs. The authors confirm that they give permission.und Aerodynamik. Item No. 2006. Engineering Sciences Data Unit. for the publication and distribution of this paper as part of the ICAS2010 proceedings or as individual off-prints from the proceedings. betz. The authors also confirm that they have obtained permission. 06013. London. [8] Wald QR. hold copyright on all of the original material included in this paper. 1919. 193-217. 1927 [7] Wald QR. Göttinger Nachrichten. [10] ESDU. Introduction to installation effects on thrust and drag for propeller-driven aircraft. L. ASME Paper 64WA/UNT-4. Prandtl & A. Contact Author nasi@me. 85015. Progress in Aerospace Sciences 42. [9] ESDU. 2006. Schraubenpropeller mit Geringstem Energieverlust. and/or their company or organization.PROPELLER BLADE ELEMENT MOMENTUM THEORY WITH VORTEX WAKE DELFECTION [6] Betz A.com. Winter Annual Meeting. to publish it as part of their paper. or have obtained permission from the copyright holder of this paper. 1985. London. Reprinted in Vier Abhandlungen uber Hydro. p. Engineering Sciences Data Unit. New York. from the copyright holder of any third party material included in this paper. 1964. +27 83 324 2097 Copyright Statement The authors confirm that they. Prandtl. with Appendix by L. Item No. Propeller slipstream modeling for incidence and sideslip. The aerodynamics of propellers. Göttingen. 9 . pg 85-128.


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Or will you have your wedding in one location and then travel to another location for the reception? Either way, the following list of all-in-one Raleigh wedding venues below will be helpful.
Cater Your Raleigh Wedding at These All-in-One Wedding Venues
An all-in-one wedding venue is a location where you can have your wedding and your wedding celebration all in one location. No extra driving. No guests getting lost. No extra traffic to worry about. Once everyone arrives, everyone can stay.
Haywood Hall, 211 New Bern Place in downtown Raleigh
Historic Haywood Hall can seat up to 150 guests outdoors, with a garden space that can accommodate 300! With ten hours of access is $2,500, giving you plenty of time for having the time of your life! (And, your caterers and helpers will have plenty of time for set-up and clean-up.)
All Saints Chapel, 110 South East Street in Raleigh
Charming All Saints Chapel is historic, with an open floor plan and 18 foot ceilings, stained glass windows and beautiful woodwork. In addition to that, all religious denominations are welcome for your wedding ceremony. Though the site was a church, it is no longer a church property. Capacity is up to 200 guests, and there are several locations for your reception.
The Little Herb House, 5800 Holland Church Road, Raleigh
This special venue has gardens, fountain, lit pergola, an authentic barn, and pastures where you can have a wide open wedding. So you'll have many settings choices to work with. You'll find room for hundreds of guests.
You can also consider The Stockroom at 230, Market Hall and Merrimon-Wynne House in downtown Raleigh.
There are so many more venues that we've worked with, and we will be adding them to our list as soon as we can. If you'd like to recommend one in Raleigh, email us.
39 West Wedding Catering in Raleigh
Have a look at our Wedding Menus. Download a copy from the links at the bottom of the page. Have a special menu you want, talk to us? We can do just about anything! We've even trained with a bride's mother-in-law to cook the family recipes for the wedding dinner!
Call us with any questions 919-533-0145, we're here to help. Or send us a note with our Contact form.
We're 39 West Catering and providing delightful service is what we do. We have 20 years of catering experience. We know catering. Let us cater for you.


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The posting of advertisements, profanity, or personal attacks is prohibited. By loading or using the Software, you agree to the terms of this Agreement. Create an account or sign in to comment You need to be a member in order to leave a comment Create an account Sign up for a new account in our community. After much frustration on Vista, I installed XP 64bit on my computer. If such a defect is found, return the media to Intel for replacement or alternate delivery of the Software as Intel may select. Cons None, can't find a problem Summary Gets you online via ethernet, no hassle. Flaming or offending other users.
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Download Realtek RTLB(L)// Driver v Realtek RTL
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D-Day is a vibrant and evocative graphic novel exploring the events of the pivotal Normandy Landings from the perspective of the soldiers on the ground.
June 6, 1944: a vast armada stands off the coast of Normandy; in the pre-dawn gloom gliders carrying British airborne troops approach their target. The first shots are about to be fired in "the Great Crusade" to free Europe from Nazi occupation and thousands of troops will fight their way ashore in the teeth of deadly machine-gun and artillery fire from the German defenders. D-Day is about to begin.
The Normandy landings are brought alive in this electrifying graphic novel that tells the story of that Longest Day through the eyes of the men who were there. Discover an epic struggle as the Allies sought to overwhelm the German defenders by land, sea, and air, who in turn battled desperately to drive the invasion back into the sea. Covering the full range of events from the earliest airborne assault through the struggle on the beaches and the desperate effort to establish a bridgehead inland, D-Day blends an authentic historical narrative with master illustration to reveal the full story of the day that changed the course of World War II.
From Norwich, UK, Jack Chambers, is a writer, podcaster, and musician. His work has been published in the British Showcase Anthology, and $#%@ Flingers. When not writing or playing RPGs, Jack plays bass in the Norwich-based metal band, Monster City.
Esteve Polls started working in comics in 1965 at 15 with a soccer-themed title for a Scottish publisher, and never stopped working. In recent years, his work has included El Zorro and The Lone Ranger for Dynamic Forces.


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Everyone wants to be an online influencer, because it seems to pay well, but who is really benefiting? This article from the USA Today actually takes the unusual step of trying to reverse engineer a "rate" for influence and ended up with an estimate of "up to $100 for every 10,000 followers per sponsored post." The amountContinue reading »
Category Archives: "Trends & Culture"
"You can have commerce or you can have culture," Sean Williams says. He's talking about sneakers but he might as well be talking about anything, anywhere. "You can't have both. You've gotta pick one." That's probably the most impactful quote in this engaging Deadspin article from writer Casey Taylor that laments the slow dilution of sneaker culture.Continue reading »
The Hotel That Forces You To Take A Digital Detox In Sweden, one hotel has created a stunt designed to encourage you to stay off of Wifi during your stay … by only charging you when you use devices in the room. If you can exhibit self control for the evening in the "Check OutContinue reading »
Japanese organizational guru Marie Kondo recently launched a show on Netflix and has inspired millions of people to get rid of the clutter in their lives. Perhaps predictably, now some people are extending that advice to their digital lives too, as the WIRED UK article linked here points out. In this quest to rid ourselvesContinue reading »
Every year my team and I read and review hundreds of books in the process of curating ideas to incorporate in our annual list of trends. Beyond using those books to inspire how we see the world, we also select our favorites each year to feature as part of the Non-Obvious Book Awards program. ForContinue reading »
For the past six months I have been curating stories and insights for the upcoming 2019 edition of Non-Obvious, and it will be out in just a few weeks. This post offers a sneak peek at five of the trends from the upcoming report this year. If you'd like to read the full report, youContinue reading »
The Queen-inspired film Bohemian Rhapsody film was poorly rated by critics, yet became a big box office hit. Earlier this year, the same thing happened to Hugh Jackman's The Greatest Show musical film about the life of PT Barnum. Why are critics so out of touch with what real people like? And why do we love theContinue reading »
As Washington Redskin's running back Chris Thompson shares, "Fantasy football, it makes us not human. It's almost like people think we're just robots out there, performing for you." In a sport sometimes described as our modern day gladiator ring due to how often the sport causes long term inury and even death among its participants, Thompson has aContinue reading »
This week the Library of Congress mapped out an ambitious vision to expand its collection of digital content and broaden access to all of it. On the surface, cataloging all of this data seems like the ultimate impossible task because of how exponentially it is growing. It's hard to imagine how any one group will be ableContinue reading »
I remember last year I was walking past some trendy retail stores in NY and I saw a few handbags with the Pan Am logo. Apparently there is a whole historical foundation and store featuring all kinds of retro products like t-shirts and travel kits. The airline may have died but the brand is alive. IContinue reading »


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Recent advances in SPE-chiral-HPLC methods for enantiomeric separation of chiral drugs in biological samples.
- Imran Ali, Syed Dilshad Alam, Zeid Abdullah Mohammad Al-Othman, Javed Abrar Farooqi
- Journal of chromatographic science
- 2013
In medical practices, the determination of enantiomeric ratio of the chiral drugs is very important for their activities, bioavailabilities and biodegradation. Only homochiral medication is safe for… (More)
A Simple LC-MS/MS Method for Estimation of Chlorantraniliprole Residues and its Dissipation Kinetics in/on Grape Berries and Cropped Soil
Enantiomeric separation and simulation studies of pheniramine, oxybutynin, cetirizine, and brinzolamide chiral drugs on amylose-based columns.
Solid phase extraction (SPE)-chiral separation of the important drugs pheniramine, oxybutynin, cetirizine, and brinzolamide was achieved on the C18 cartridge and AmyCoat (150 x 46 mm) and Chiralpak… (More)
Genotoxic impurities in drug substances or drug products are growing concern to ensure public health. Genotoxic impurities present in drug substances and drug products may be DNA reactive and can… (More)


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Measure approximately 5.5 inches in length.
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Manhattan Portage Straphanger Messenger Bag (Large) qon_50681
This classic style shoulder bag is perfect for every day use, with a single buckle clasp closure to keep your essentials safe and stored while you are on the move. It has a main compartment with one zippered pocket inside, a double buckle clasp closure underneath the flap, and has water-resistant coating and a 2" wide adjustable nylon webbing shoulder strap.
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About 2,700 cars go through the intersection of U.S. Highway 192-441 and Neptune Road every day, and although the crossroad is not known for accidents, officials are moving to alleviate traffic problems there.
City Manager Jim Chisholm said local officials are moving to correct jam- ups "instead of waiting until we have 50 accidents."
A joint city-county project to extend Kissimmee Park Road to connect it to U.S. Highway 192-441 is on the drawing board. This week, Osceola County commissioners accepted St. Cloud's offer to do the engineering and building of the road.
The two governments are splitting the estimated $100,000 cost of the road, which includes a traffic light.


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Howl steam key free
Howl free steam key is now available on SteamUnlock.com. Free Steam KEYS! Free Steam Games. Steam Giveaways. Games Key. Free games to download. Free CD Key. Howl cd key free
About Howl free steam key
HOWL is 2D action-shooter with crowd simulation. In that game enemies will try to get you killing other monsters and building alive stairs on high obstacles. If you wont plan your actions and research the area in calm minutes of game process then a little crowd could get you to trap, where you will waste all patrons and will be torn apart. In the game word you always have to search the weapon and ammunition, and listen very carefully. Sounds can inform you about impending or be its cause. The shout that will be not in time could cause big troubles.
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- OS: Windows XP or higher
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At what age should my child start learning a musical instrument
As a Kindermusik Educator, this has to be one of the most common question I get asked from parents, especially when their child reaches pre-school and Kindy age. While there are always exceptions, in general, my suggestion to parents is to wait until their child is at least 5 or 6 years old. There are many compelling reasons for this - I've outlined some below - milestones by which most 5 or 6-year olds have or are beginning to achieve.Read more
Community centres
Have you ever taken your kids along to your local community centre? If not, check it out today - community organisations often run events and programmes at these venues which are low cost and designed to support the well being and enjoyment of families and their kids. Your kids can participate in lots of good causes as well as making friends and having a great time!Read more
Kindy zoos for kids
Kids will go wild for these Kindy Zoos! Kindy Zoos are zoos where animals are typically smaller and easier to handle so that kindergarteners can have the most fun. Examples of kindy zoos include mobile farms and petting zoos. Pet a tiger cub or a kangaroo today!Read more
Reptile Parks For Kids In The Adelaide Region
Channel your kid's inner Steve Irwin!

There are an abundance of reptile parks in Adelaide region, so why not give it a try?Read more
Collections For Kids
Encourage your kids to start collections out of the treasures they gather!

The passion for collecting is one of the activities for kids that they can take interest in.Read more
Outdoor Education For Kids
Let your kids reconnect with nature and learn without limits!

Health experts suggest that kids should have active lifestyles for them to be healthy and have a positive outlook in life. A great way to get your kids outside and learn and have a good time is through outdoor education. They can learn so much more outside the four walls of their classroom!Read more


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Pittsburgh Steelers '47 Forward Microlite 1/4 Zip Top
Most orders placed by 3PM EST Monday through Friday will ship Same Day. Does not include holidays.
Order after 3PM EST Friday and your order will be shipped the following Monday afternoon except on holidays.
Get a sleek look for to-and-from the gym or for game day this season with the Pittsburgh Steelers '47 Forward Microlite 1/4 Zip Top. This lightweight grey 1/4 zip is breathable so you'll always stay dry and comfortable no matter the occasion. The left chest features a screen printed Pittsburgh Steelers logo while the back of the collar features a screen printed Steelers name. This 1/4 zip also features black detailing under the arms as well as thumbholes and odor-control, moisture-wicking fabric. Whether it's an intense workout or an intense game, you'll stay cool, calm, and collected in the Pittsburgh Steelers '47 Forward Microlite 1/4 Zip Top.
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White-O-Morn Enterprises Limited was started on 11 Sep 2013 and issued an NZBN of 9429030073548. The registered LTD company has been supervised by 1 director, named Ronald Edgar Kettle - an active director whose contract started on 11 Sep 2013.
As stated in our information (last updated on 14 Nov 2018), the company registered 1 address: 16A Hamilton Avenue, Ilam, Christchurch, 8041 (type: registered, physical).
Up until 05 Oct 2018, White-O-Morn Enterprises Limited had been using 14B Leslie Hills Drive, Riccarton, Christchurch as their registered address.
A total of 100 shares are allocated to 2 groups (2 shareholders in total). In the first group, 1 share is held by 1 entity, namely:
Jeanette Kettle (an individual) located at Kings Road, Rd 3, Amberley postcode 7483.
The second group consists of 1 shareholder, holds 99 per cent shares (exactly 99 shares) and includes
Ronald Kettle - located at Kings Road, Rd 3, Amberley. White-O-Morn Enterprises Limited is categorised as "E321120 Land development or subdivision (excluding construction)" (business classification E321120).
Previous addresses
Address #1: 14b Leslie Hills Drive, Riccarton, Christchurch, 8011 New Zealand
Registered & physical address used from 28 Sep 2015 to 05 Oct 2018
Address #2: 14b Leslie Hills Drive, Riccarton, Christchurch, 8011 New Zealand
Physical & registered address used from 01 Oct 2014 to 28 Sep 2015
Address #3: 447 Blenheim Road, Upper Riccarton, Christchurch, 8041 New Zealand
Physical & registered address used from 28 Feb 2014 to 01 Oct 2014
Address #4: Level 1, 22 Dorset St, Christchurch, Christchurch, 8013 New Zealand
Physical & registered address used from 11 Sep 2013 to 28 Feb 2014
Basic Financial info
Total number of Shares: 100
Annual return filing month: September
Annual return last filed: 05 Sep 2018
|Shareholder Type
|Shareholder Name
|Shares Allocation #1 Number of Shares: 1
|Jeanette Lucy Kettle
Kings Road, Rd 3
New Zealand
|11 Sep 2013 -
|Shares Allocation #2 Number of Shares: 99
|Ronald Edgar Kettle
Kings Road, Rd 3
New Zealand
|11 Sep 2013 -
Ronald Edgar Kettle - Director
Appointment date: 11 Sep 2013
Address: Kings Road, Rd 3, Amberley, 7483 New Zealand
Address used since 11 Sep 2013
Gatcombe Investments Limited
16a Hamilton Avenue
Waiwetu Property Limited
16a Hamilton Avenue
Gravitas Consulting Limited
16a Hamilton Avenue
Bam Property Holdings Limited
16a Hamilton Avenue
Axlelign Limited
16a Hamilton Avenue
Formdec Limited
16a Hamilton Avenue
Akp Properties Limited
Ground Floor, 14b Leslie Hills Drive
Ded Limited
35c Riccarton Road
Gaba Holdings Limited
Ground Floor, 14b Leslie Hills Drive
Ross Property Holdings Limited
128 Riccarton Road
Shamrox Investments Limited
236 Clyde Road
W & Z Investment Group Limited
200 Riccarton Road


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Because of its tremendous solemnity death is the light in which great passions, both good and bad, become transparent, no longer limited by outward appearences.
Marriage brings one into fatal connection with custom and tradition, and traditions and customs are like the wind and weather, altogether incalculable.
What is a poet? An unhappy person who conceals profound anguish in his heart but whose lips are so formed that as sighs and cries pass over them they sound like beautiful music.
The truth is a snare: you cannot have it, without being caught. You cannot have the truth in such a way that you catch it, but only in such a way that it catches you.
People commonly travel the world over to see rivers and mountains, new stars, garish birds, freak fish, grotesque breeds of human; they fall into an animal stupor that gapes at existence and they think they have seen something.


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Orthodontists Serving Woodsetter North Florida
Anybody in search of an orthodontist in the Woodsetter North area you'll faced with a wide selection of choices. With that said why do so many Woodsetter North residents drive all the way to Miami Lakes to see Dr. Carmen Crespi? In this day and age it seems that everybody is offering orthodontic services. The truth is that they are several of dental professionals advertising orthodontic services even when they are not qualified to do so. It does not stop there you can now even order Invisalign clones online from SmilesDirect! However, individuals who know better still prefer the service only a certified orthodontist can provide. When you are in the market clear braces we invite you to contact us for a free no obligation appointment where we will show you what is the difference between orthodontic services provided by a general dentists versus that of a board certified orthodontist in Woodsetter North, Florida.
Even though a great number of dental professionals will tell you that braces are no big deal, the difference in education tells us otherwise. Orthodontic braces are installed around your teeth to correct its alignment. If not done properly, you may go through many health problems arising from the fact that you cannot chew or eat your food correctly.
When getting braces, it's highly recommended that you talk with an orthodontist rather than a regular dentist. Orthodontists have huge knowledge regarding the proper alignment of teeth. A general dentist's experience, on the other hand, is not within the said area.
If it comes to education, the orthodontist has 2 to three added years' worth of specialization compared to a regular dentist. This means that they are can do better than regular dentists can do, and it includes installing wires, braces, Invisalign, and similar corrective appliances over your teeth.
Consult with an orthodontist if you do not want to suffer from the painful consequences such as overbite and constant migraines. These are the common issues of people who chose to consult with a general dentist rather than an orthodontist for braces. Free yourself from all these concerns and consult only with orthodontists who are especially trained for the job.
Keep in mind that issues with your teeth affect your general health. If your dentures are causing you pain then the rest of your body will not able to function to the fullest.
Woodsetter North Orthodontist for Invisalign and Braces!
Miami Lakes Orthodontics you your local board certified orthodontist serving the Woodsetter North area. Once you have decided that consulting with an orthodontist is preferable than talking with a regular dentist, then the next step is to find the orthodontist who is perfect for you. There are 2 kinds of orthodontists: regular orthodontists and board-certified orthodontists. If you must choose between the two, always opt for the board certified experts.
Aside from the knowledge and training that regular orthodontists undergo, the board certified experts offer improved and complete dental care. This is due to the fact that they are asked to renew their certification every ten years so as to keep their certification.
To become a board certified orthodontist, one must be a member of the American Board of Orthodontics. They have to follow the accreditation guidelines of the group and abide by their every rule to ensure their membership. Renewing one's certificate is also necessary, which could also mean they need to undergo continuous training.
There are several advantages to talking to a board certified orthodontist and they have mean assurance of getting premium dental care. These experts can provide you with the necessary dental care, as well as fix the alignment of your teeth to give you that perfect smile. These orthodontists will ensure that you will gain your confidence back.
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