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Tourism Management
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/tourman
Analysis of international tourist arrivals worldwide: The role of world
heritage sites
Yu-Wen Su, Hui-Lin Lin*
Department of Economics, National Taiwan University, 21 Hsu-Chow Road, 10055 Taipei, Taiwan
h i g h l i g h t s
Investigate in the positive influence of world heritage sites on international tourist arrivals.
Divide the sample into several groups according to the number of WHSs to study effects of WHSs across these groups.
Explore the pooled, fixed and random effect models with panel data (66 countries, 2000e2009).
Eliminate the problem of time-invariant variables in panel data model by increasing the number of countries.
a r t i c l e i n f o
a b s t r a c t
Article history:
Received 19 August 2012
Accepted 24 April 2013
This study examines the impact on inbound tourism caused by the presence of world heritage sites. The
statistics are derived from panel data for 66 countries for the period 2006e2009. The results indicate that
there exists a positive relationship between having such heritage sites and tourist numbers, and the
relationship is stronger for natural rather than for cultural heritage sites. The evidence also indicates the
presence of a U-shaped relationship between numbers of world heritage sites in a country and tourist
numbers. These relationships are found to be robust even though differences in patterns are found in
different regions.
Ó 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Tourism demand
Cultural sites
Natural sites
Panel data
1. Introduction
Tourism is one of the leading economic sectors in the world, and
represents a major source of income, employment, exports and
taxes. According to the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC),
in 2011 the tourism sector (domestic and international) contributed
almost 5992 billion USD to the global economy. With confirmed
strong linkage effects, the tourism industry also provides almost
260 million job opportunities, accounting for nearly 9% of global
employment. In addition, according to the World Bank Carbon
Finance Unit (CFU) the tourism sector is relatively eco-friendly
compared to the manufacturing sector, and has led to more
* Corresponding author. Tel.: þ886 2 2321 7730; fax: þ886 2 2322 5657.
E-mail addresses: email@example.com (Y.-W. Su), email@example.com
(H.-L. Lin).
0261-5177/$ e see front matter Ó 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
sustainable development. Therefore, many countries are emphasizing the development of tourism to drive their 'green' economic
As disposable incomes and the awareness of the importance of
leisure have increased, so too have the numbers of tourists (Lim,
2006). World Tourism Organization (WTO) statistics reveal the
growth of international tourist arrivals (the x-axis on the righthand side) between 1995 and 2011, as shown in Fig. 1. The number of international tourist arrivals increased from 538 million in
1995 to 940 million in 2010, representing growth of 4.7% on average
in each year. Meanwhile, according to the World Heritage Centre of
the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the total number of World Heritage Sites (WHSs)
has risen steadily. Fig. 1 also shows that the number of WHSs (the xaxis on the left-hand side) increased from 468 in 1995 to 936 in
2011, or by 6% per year on average. Thus, these growing trends
appear to suggest that, if the positive effect of WHSs on international tourism is proved, having such sites will lead to increases in
2 shows the pie chart of WHSs by region in 2009. . in terms of the methodology adopted. 2004. 2000). that is. Many studies have examined the key elements affecting tourism demand (e. 1999). Dhariwala. possess rich cultural and historical attractions. Ledesma-Rodriguez. Source: The World Heritage Centre. 2001.S. UNESCO. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. In Section 5. i. McCahon. each account for around 10%. should be relatively appealing to international tourists. Yang and Lin. Dritsakis. and the number of countries is increased to eliminate the problem of timeinvariant variables. 2002. Payne and Mervar. European countries. 2002. & Perez-Rodriguez. 2008. or rarely changing variables. In this paper. we investigate the relationship between the WHSs and tourism demand not only for specific countries but also on a worldwide level. we divide our sample into several groups according to the number of WHSs and study the different effects of WHSs on international tourism demand across these groups. 2. Nevertheless. In addition. Source: The World Tourism Organization (The International tourist arrivals). 2004). It has also been found that tourism destinations with typical cultural or natural elements constitute one of the chief attractions for international tourists (e. Third. we provide a literature review and briefly describe the analytical framework of WHSs and international tourism worldwide based on the current situation. Second. Literature review As the number of tourists increase. which have highly developed tourism. because of the availability of the data.e. Number of world heritage sites by location in 2009. 1). inscribed on the list of WHSs by UNESCO. 2.. 2011.1000 1000 900 900 800 800 700 700 600 600 500 Number of world heritage sites Tourist arrivals 400 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 500 47 Tourist arrivals (million) Number of world heritage sites Y. we provide a literature review together with an analytical framework of WHSs and international tourism worldwide.g. is widely discussed (Cellini. international tourist arrivals and consequently tourism expenditure. 2010). 2005. we increase the number of countries in the panel data model to eliminate the problem of time-invariant variables. Navarro-Ibanez. we explore the positive influence of these sites on international tourist arrivals (international tourism demand). we also use the panel data model. In Section 2.K. WHSs are mainly concentrated in Europe. 2005. we present the results of the analysis and discuss the economic implications. UNESCO (The number of WHSs).g. 2001.-W. the problem of time-invariant variables. 2010) and Germany. 1. some studies employ the panel data model (e. China Fig. (e. and the Americas with 17% (the sum of the North and the South Americas). 2008. King. In Section 3. Greece Brazil Australia Canada Sweden Japan Poland Portugal Iran Czech Cultural site Natural site Mixed site 0 10 20 30 Number of world heritage sites 40 Fig.-L.2. H. UNESCO.. 2011). In addition. including almost half of all WHSs. However. McIntosh and Prentice. Italy Spain China Germany France Mexico U. & Bauer. According to data collected by the World Heritage Centre. 2005. India Russia U. Frangouli. & Anastasopoulos. 2. 2003. Lin / Tourism Management 40 (2014) 46e58 400 2011 Fig. Hungary and Romania (Light. 2000. & Miller. Su.. First. or rarely changing variables. 2002). followed by the Asia Pacific with 20%. World heritage sites and international tourists In this section. in the panel data model. there have so far been few studies on this subject. However. such as England (e. Bonet. 3. Top 20 countries in terms of world heritage sites in 2009. we introduce the model's setting and the methodology of the panel data. Deng.g. Maloney and Montes-Rojas. by using data on the number of WHSs in 66 countries between 2000 and 2009. Numbers of world heritage sites and international tourist arrivals. governments and private enterprises around the world have been eager to expand their tourism. Garin-Munoz and Amaral. 2... Africa and the countries of the Middle East. Naude and Saayman. thereby benefiting the economies of the destination countries. Overall. it could be argued that those attractions that are officially authenticated. UNESCO. Yang. Since cultural or natural attractions lead to increased tourism demand. 2007. which accounts for 42% of the total amount. Other areas.g. In Section 4... Herbert. 2005. Lin. Li. & Cai. & Han. 2008. Dougan. Source: The World Heritage Centre. we apply various fixed and random effects models to the panel data. Cooke and Lazzaretti. Bille and Schulze. the geographical distribution of heritage sites is relatively unbalanced. The World Heritage Centre. Wu.g. and little research has been done to expand this effect to a worldwide level. Research background With the increasing trend in terms of the number of WHSs (see Fig. Naude and Saayman. WHSs have been found to have significantly positive effects on the promotion of domestic or foreign tourism in some specific countries. Dritsakis. studies on the positive effect of WHSs on tourism have been limited to a single country. Yang et al. 2005. we conclude.1. Fig. Tan. Patsouratis. In this paper.
and is not the development of tourism. Analytical framework There are at least two possible reasons why being inscribed on the WHS list would increase the demand for tourism (Yang et al. France U. there are more natural sites.8 million international tourists in 2009. Meanwhile. International tourist arrivals in other countries were all less than 30 million in 2009. Second. f (.-W.9 million.1. not only by travel agencies. possesses 44 WHSs. or about 60% of the number that France received. Modeling the international tourism demand To investigate the determinants of international tourist arrivals worldwide. the demand for international tourism rises. 2010). apart from Thailand. this additional benefit could also raise awareness and help fund the conservation efforts.K. and 3 it is a normally distributed error term. respectively. The country with the second most WHSs. However. Spain and China were 54. received 76.9 million. Among the 20 countries in Fig. and briefly introduce the data we employ. In spite of this. which is set to be linear in this paper. UNESCO). The xit are the main explanatory variables in which we are interested. respectively. in a minority of natural resourceabundant countries. including 42 cultural sites and 2 natural sites. Turkey Germany Mexico Austria Canada Greece Thailand Egypt Poland Netherlands Croatia Hungary Morocco Switzerland 0 10 20 30 40 50 Tourist arrivals (million) 60 70 80 Fig. Fig. Su. there has been little research that has done just that. The demand model is specified as yit ¼ f ðxit . 4. the zit are control variables which also affect the demand. UNESCO. a tourism demand function is estimated in this study. 4. Meanwhile. H.. 1. France. Note that qi is the unobserved country-specific variable that varies across countries but is invariant within a country over time. However. and Australia has 11 natural sites among 17 WHSs (65%). the other 9 countries in Fig. natural and mixed sites.) is a function. but also by governments. Italy.48 Y. zit Þ þ qi þ 3 it (1) where yit is the quantity of tourism demand. Spain. . the WHSs are widely used to promote or advertise tourism in destination countries. such as the United States and Australia. Therefore. a total of 11 countries possess rich world heritage sites. especially the effect of world heritage sites. the country with the most WHSs. 3.S.2 million and 50.3. according to data compiled by the World Tourism Organization. using such aid well will improve tourism conditions and further attract international tourists. Moreover. we study how this positive effect has changed. In fact.2 million inbound tourists. it is essential to study the economic effects of WHSs. First. Fig. 2. which account for around 80% of all sites. In addition. 3). a large proportion of WHSs are cultural sites. the data reveal that under the growing trend of both WHSs and international tourism. Inbound tourist arrivals in the United States. Since the government plays an important role in administering resources. 3 natural and 2 mixed sites). The total number of WHSs is the summation of three kinds of sites: cultural. and China has 38 WHSs (27 cultural. 3. 3 shows the top 20 countries according to the numbers of WHSs in 2009 provided by the World Heritage Centre. 4 shows the top 20 countries ranked by international tourist arrivals in 2009. Because of the officially strict application and examination processes. among 194 countries around the world. has 41 WHSs (36 cultural. Since WHSs attract the attention of international tourists. Furthermore. such as Iran and the Czech Republic. Methodology and data In this section. has 12 natural sites among 20 WHSs (60%). the main purpose of our paper is to confirm the positive effect of WHSs on the demand for international tourism. The U. Top 20 countries in terms of international tourist arrivals in 2009. Half of these countries are located in Europe.S. if WHSs have positive effects on tourism demand and further on tourism economies. 4 are also ranked in the top 40 according to the number of WHSs. Therefore. Source: The World Tourism Organization. Lin / Tourism Management 40 (2014) 46e58 To reveal this phenomenon in better detail. As for the demand for tourism. the simultaneous growth trends in both WHSs and international tourists are also shown in Fig. being successfully inscribed on the WHS list increases the global visibility of the destination countries. while Italy received 43. UNESCO is prepared to assist those developing countries which lack the resources or ability to repair and maintain their WHSs. the panel data model that is widely used. the most popular country for tourism. which are also ranked in the top 20 countries according to the number of WHSs (see Fig. which is ranked fiftieth. and the subscripts i and t denote the destination country and time period. 52.-L. each of which has 12 cultural sites. we introduce the methodology. Spain China Italy U. under the growing trend of both WHSs and international tourism. a large proportion of countries popular with tourists are those which are abundant in cultural or natural world heritage sites. Some countries even possess only cultural sites. in regard to conservation. the main purpose behind listing WHSs is to "raise awareness" and "mobilize sustainable resources for long-term conservation" (according to the World Heritage Centre. 7 natural and 4 mixed sites). For a destination country.
For example.Y. gk YEARkit þ qi þ 3 it k¼1 (2) where the dependent variable. or interaction terms. in which case the number of international tourist arrivals would decrease based on the law of demand. WHS represents the number of world heritage sites. we start with three equal parts and extend this to seven equal parts (S ¼ 3. Yang et al. the decrease pattern is the same as the one when S is equal to 3. It turns out that when S is equal to 4. ARRI. The results turn out to be quite consistent with those without the lag term.g. The data are divided into S equal parts. H. if S is too small.-W. global infectious diseases. 2010). when we decide to divide our sample. If EX goes up. the pooled OLS residual (uit) is the summation of the country-specific unobserved variable (qi) and the error term with a normal distribution (3 it): uit ¼ qi þ 3 it (5) We run the BreuschePagan test (BeP test) to test for heteroskedasticity (qi s 0) in the pooled OLS models (Breusch & Pagan. WHSs in danger. To measure the health quality of residents and the educational environment in destination countries. Moreover. The WHSit multiplied by gits make us focus on the marginal effect for a specific range of the number of WHSs.. 2005. 2006. is the international tourist arrivals in country i at time t. YEAR and AREA are dummy variables denoting the time from 2000 to 2009 and the geographical position of 6 areas. such as FDI (measuring the openness level). If the sign of its coefficient. The population variable (POP) mainly controls the size of the destination country. . S ¼ 2 (as a result of dividing the sample into two equal parts). to keep the sample size as large as possible (using the lag term will reduce the sample size by 66 observations). because they are the smallest groups to capture the pattern of varying marginal effects and perform well in dividing the data into several equal parts. pooled ordinary least squares (OLS) regression is employed at first (e. 3. The other explanatory variables (zit). In addition. which is measured on a one-toseven scale. Thus. On the other hand. the total railway lines (RAIL) in terms of kilometers in destination countries is employed as a proxy variable for the availability of infrastructure. On the one hand. However. to reveal more details. in this paper. d. As a result. the HEALTH variable is the percentage of health expenditure in GDP. we choose the original models without lag terms. Theoretically.3. possessing one more WHS would increase its inbound tourists by d visits. this effect may change by the different number of WHSs. after considering POP. However. The gross domestic product (GDP) variable represents the income level. In this distribution. When S is bigger than 5. In addition.7).. Thus. which means that the number of groups is large.. there is a potential simultaneous relationship between tourist arrivals and some explanatory variables. Other possible explanatory variables. for a destination country. Varying marginal effect of world heritage sites þ b5 FREEDOMit þ b6 HEALTHit þ b7 EDUit þ 49 The marginal effect of WHSs is the partial derivative of ARRIit with respect to WHSit in Eq. EX denotes the official exchange rate between the local currency unit (LCU) and the U.S. it is impossible to divide the data into too many equal parts. have also been considered but have turned out to be insignificant Marginal effect of WHS ¼ vARRIit ¼ d vWHSit (3) That is. the large subsample would reveal little of the varying marginal effect of the WHSs. international tourists prefer to travel to the richer one with higher income. we present two representative results. A country that possesses more railway lines is a country in which it is more convenient to travel. the estimated results of the U-curve effect would be similar to the case where S ¼ 5. Moreover. if S is too large. the small size of the subsample would give rise to highly sensitive estimated results. In addition. which provides the definitions and descriptive statistics of the variables. which means that the number of WHSs is an integer and the data are concentrated in small numbers. 4 . according to the number of WHSs. so they are omitted from the model. Methodology To understand the preliminary sign of each determinant. and this will attract more international tourists. are regarded as control variables capturing some possible factors which would influence the demand. (2). If a country spends more money caring for its residents' health. However. dollar. Therefore. 3. such as GDP. the sanitary condition in the country will be further improved. which is the main explanatory variable (xit) we are interested in.-L. even though the constant marginal effect of WHSs could be easily concluded by d. the traveling price (cost) increases. and so variables in the form of a lag of one period enter the equation. is positive. 2008). the first question is concerned with how many groups we would obtain. the positive coefficient of GDP means that among countries with the same population. More details about our variables are shown in Table 1.g. to control the time and regional factors. the numbers of cultural and natural WHSs. S ¼ 3 and S ¼ 5. This d is the average effect across all countries with different numbers of WHSs. to differentiate the effects of cultural and natural WHSs on international tourism demand. Moreover. the percentage of expenditure on education in GDP (EDU) is also used as a proxy variable. The new model is specified as ARRIit ¼ a þ S X ds WHSit gsit þ b1 GDPit þ b2 POPit þ b3 EXit s¼1 þ b4 RAILit þ b5 FREEDOMit þ b6 HEALTHit þ b7 EDUit þ 6 X gj AREAjit þ j¼1 10 X gk YEARkit þ qi þ 3 it k¼1 (4) where gsit is the dummy variable for the sth group of the WHS.2. Thus. we divide our sample into several equal parts according to the number of WHSs. and is used as a proxy variable for the environmental sanitation in destination countries. The FREEDOM variable is the index of political rights and civil liberties. Naude and Saayman. we have replaced WHS by CULTURAL and NATURAL. Lin / Tourism Management 40 (2014) 46e58 More specifically. which also captures the degree of economic development in the destination country. we should note that the WHS is a discrete right-skewed variable. Song and Li. which represents the price factor in the demand function. respectively. That is. say. which is often treated as the tourism demand in the literature (e. the linear international tourism demand model is specified as ARRIit ¼ a þ dWHSit þ b1 GDPit þ b2 POPit þ b3 EXit þ b4 RAILit 6 X j¼1 gj AREAjit þ 10 X and cannot improve the model. we could say that possessing WHSs would enhance international tourism after controlling other variables. Su. the effect of the GDP and other explanatory variables could be measured accurately under the same scale of population. Lim. a smaller value of FREEDOM represents a freer political and civil environment that would make international tourists feel more secure without red tape and increase their willingness to travel.
CULTURAL.2 . then H0 should be rejected and the FE model chosen. We originally collected the data for the WHSs of 148 countries.25 In this study. what we only know is the annual . The names of these 66 countries are listed in Appendix A. while the data on the number of WHSs. there is only one.80 1331. for each variable. The data distributions of WHSs before and after combining the data are shown in Fig. EX.00 0.33 1. Su.00 2078.25 0.-L.00 42. Lin / Tourism Management 40 (2014) 46e58 Table 1 Definitions of variables and basic statistics. N. and especially for some developing countries whose statistical surveys are less comprehensive.29 6. America.20 11670.00 0.50 4.00 16.00 44. H. constant 2000 USD) Population (million) Official exchange rate (LCU per US$. We also show the estimated results of the pooled OLS for reference.2 (A) Original data 0 0 Density Min 1100. sifting the observations cannot only simplify the analysis but also will not critically affect the estimated results. S. However. we try to collect as many informative observations as we possibly can. the literature shows that the characteristics of the "source country" may somehow affect the tourism demand. Fortunately.22 5.48 1029. For more details about the panel data model and the Hausman test.09 0 3 6 10 20 30 40 0 Number of WHSs 3 6 10 20 Number of WHSs Fig. period average) Rail lines (total route-km) The index of political rights and civil liberties Health expenditure (% of GDP) Education expenditure (% of government expenditure) AREA Dummy variable: Africa.05 .00 7.19 6.00 246. the interested reader should refer to Chamberlain (1984).10 5. both the fixed and random effects models are estimated. which may be correlated with other explanatory variables (xit or zit).1 . Variable Description ARRI WHS CULTURAL NATURAL International tourist arrivals (1000) Number of world heritage sites Number of cultural world heritage sites Number of natural world heritage sites GDP POP EX RAIL FREEDOM HEALTH EDU GDP (billion. 5.25 5. However.1 . In this research. 5355.15 .03 0. POP.00 12.D. Asia Pacific. The fixed effects model assumes that each country has its own qi and estimates the constant term for each country. In the pooled OLS estimation with heteroskedasticity.08 228999. In this paper.25 (B) Actual data Density .23 1. HEALTH. 3.09 . among these observations.68 659. that possesses zero WHSs.38 17065.21 42.01 6. 5.-W. more or less. Under the null hypothesis (H0). this problem could be solved in a panel data model under certain assumptions. the other explanatory variables (GDP. thus estimating one overall constant term. there are missing data.00 7. the data actually used consist of 66 countries.35 15. and NATURAL) come from the World Heritage Centre. we could eliminate the country-specific effect. Israel in 2000.56 143. omitting the unobserved variable. the data on international tourist arrivals (ARRI) come from the World Tourism Organization (WTO). S. the panel data comprise 66 countries over the period from 2000 to 2009 with 359 observations after deducting the missing data for each variable. while the random effects model assumes that qi follows a normal distribution. Therefore.50 0.05 . First. One thing we should mention is that.77 11545. Using the fixed effects (FE) or the random effects (RE) technique. will cause severe problems of bias and inconsistency.15 .4. When combining these four data sets. including cultural and natural sites.00 0. Data Max 3. After combining data sets.67 25988.60 2.00 0. Distribution of WHSs. countries with too many kinds of data unavailable are deleted without loss. Europe.50 Y.21 71. and if the Chi-square statistic is significant (the p-value is small). The countries deleted are mostly those containing few or no WHSs. the RE model performs better.00 809. and EDU) are collected from the World Development Indicators (WDI) of the World Bank Online Resources. In addition.00 1.00 251. To focus on countries with relatively more information and avoid too much missing data causing a severe problem of data imbalance in the panel data. America Dummy variable: 2000e2009 YEAR Mean 1979). The data for the freedom index (FREEDOM) come from the annual report of Freedom House.89 RAIL. Two things should be mentioned. (WHS. and then the Hausman test is employed to determine which model is more accurate. Middle East.18 2. Hausman (1978) and Wooldridge (2002). UNESCO. 30 40 .
possessing more WHSs increases the international tourism demand.71** [2. 2.60*** [4.739 460. the random effects model. in which the Chi-square statistics are insignificant at the 5% significance level. which is the point of our paper. which are assumed to have constant effects. so we consider that the country-specific factor would vary in different destination countries.16] 418605. is almost the same. 5% and 1% statistical levels. t statistics are in parentheses. Models (1). That is. we initially considered the GDP per capita. performs better.539 359 359 1. Because the data comprise a cross section of countries.57] 15548. all the random effects models are found to perform better. the result turns out to be insignificant. which also brings in relatively more tourist expenditures to the tourismrelated industries.737 461. unexpectedly performs better at the 10% significance level. According to the Hausman test.79 [1. Note that Model (5). this positive effect proves that a country possessing more WHSs would promote international tourism.60] Yes 3631736. However. This result is quite reasonable. the pooled OLS regression with heteroskedasticity is beset by problems resulting in inconsistency and bias. *. Thus. we cannot pin down the data on GDP or POP for the source countries. Moreover.Y. According to the results of the BreuschePagan test. Increasing the number of cultural sites by one would create an additional 396. (2) are shown in Table 2.77] 89416. ** and *** denote significance at the 10%. We are unable to distinguish from which countries these international tourists come. which is on average 21.815 22. in considering the sampling problem. while Models (4).637 in just one year after controlling other variables.07] 396658. to control for the income effect as well as the country size. WHS (1) Pooled OLS (2) Fixed effects (3) Random effects 533384. as in Model (3) and Model (6). We also explore how this effect changes for different numbers of WHSs. according to the UNWTO. regardless of which control variables are chosen. (2) and (3) use the number of WHSs (WHS) as their explanatory variable.91 [1. Empirical results Using the panel data. and the effect is greater for the natural world heritage sites than for the cultural ones. is undoubtedly an important explanatory variable. and could also be judged by the Hausman test.000) 0.26*** (p-value ¼ 0.239*** 359 0.13*** [4.78*** (p-value ¼ 0.78*** [3. 0. To sum up. while other possible explanatory variables are controlled.09] 292458. In these models.01 [1. both the cultural and natural world heritage sites could enhance international tourism. which could eliminate the effect of the country's size because it is counted based on each person. These industrial linkages will generate several times the revenue earned from the visits to the WHSs themselves.15*** [3.-L. Models (3) and (6) assume that the marginal effect of WHSs is constant. Second.54] BeP test 116. both the cultural and natural WHSs have significantly positive effects on the number of international tourist arrivals when other variables are controlled.143) 0.69] CULTURAL NATURAL Control var. H. Thus.089) 0. the number of WHSs has a significantly positive effect on international tourist arrivals.10] Yes 6531921.20 [1. based on the test results.-W. We could observe that the coefficients are quite different 51 between the pooled OLS regression and the panel data model (both the fixed and random effects models).818 25.61 [0. not only for some specific countries but for the whole world. The latter two models are ideal for dealing with the country-specific unobserved variables.606. Su.547 359 359 0. Moreover. the effect on income.00 (p-value ¼ 0. (5) and (6) separate WHSs into cultural and natural sites (CULTURAL and NATURAL) to better understand the influence of these two kinds of sites.79] 637057. which is quite a simplification. When constructing the model. qi. Note that.53] Yes 3099144. we investigate the effect of WHSs (both cultural and natural sites) on international tourist arrivals. Lin / Tourism Management 40 (2014) 46e58 number of international tourist arrivals for the destination country. such as accommodation.000) Hausman test R-square Chi-square Observations Yes 3396688. and the results is better. the random effects model performs better.43] Yes 3148908.15*** [11.099*** 359 . This may be caused by the imprecise setting of the WHSs.27* (p-value ¼ 0. the estimated results would be unreliable.38] 111. Therefore. 4.1. so that the effect due to different source countries can be captured by a country-specific factor. we separate the GDP per capita into two different variables: the GDP and the population (POP). This result proves that the country-specific effect should be considered. and the fixed effects and the random effects models. However. the panel data model is employed. while adding one more natural site would increase international tourist arrivals by 418.659 international tourist arrivals.41] (4) Pooled OLS (5) Fixed effects (6) Random effects 563357. In Model (3).64] 382637.14 [0. which usually uses GDP as a proxy variable. If we were to just grab the data and run the regression directly. the fixed effects model.15 [1. Constant Yes 6461538. When the varying effects of WHSs are considered later. the coefficient of WHSs.947 more tourist arrivals than for an additional cultural one. the marginal Table 2 Estimated results of international tourist arrivals (with constant effects of WHSs). Main results The estimated results for Eq. it makes sense to assume that the omitted variable is distributed randomly.95*** [10.04*** [4. transportation or even retail outlets located around the site. 4. In Model (6). adding one WHS would on average increase the number of international tourist arrivals by 382. we estimate coefficients by pooled OLS regression. Fortunately.
816 22.03] 471627.93] Yes 3789343. 5% and 1% statistical levels. (12).000) Hausman test R-square Chi-square Observations Yes 1631441.44] 149397. According to the test results.78] 45192. just like in the previous analysis. t statistics are in parentheses.537 359 359 1. On the contrary.64] 574952. Based on Models (15) and (18). In Model (9).823 23. the marginal effects of cultural WHSs are 776.52 Y. and the latter two models are judged using the Hausman test.60] 415442. Thus. all the random effects models.42] 524222. For countries possessing 0e5. (15) and (18). Still.85] 514498.87 [0. the effect of WHSs on international tourist arrivals may differ between countries with an abundant supply of WHSs and countries with few WHSs. the 'gearing effect' of WHSs will emerge.597*** 359 . the pooled OLS. fixed effects and random effects models of Eq.96] 489724.97*** (p-value ¼ 0.26] 561704. Meanwhile.34*** [4.02*** [3.749. but the estimated results of the quadratic form are not good enough. even though the number of coefficients needed to be estimated increases. both cultural and natural sites have positive effects on international tourist arrivals. respectively. Meanwhile.51*** [3.14] 1245048. Note that because the sample size of natural WHSs is relatively small.33] 328116. the marginal effects of WHSs are around 692. 6e11 and more than 12 WHSs. 373. (4) are estimated. That is.32* [1. we have divided our sample into three and five equal parts. H.37] 552693.288) 0.364*** 359 0.27*** (p-value ¼ 0.67] Yes 4313752. These effects also decrease as the number of cultural and natural WHSs increases. In addition. We also considered the quadratic form of the WHSs when a Ucurve resulting in S ¼ 5 was observed. Therefore. for countries with 0e3 and more than 4 natural WHSs. the coefficients of the variables are quite similar. 6 shows how these marginal effects of WHSs vary based on the number of WHSs. WHS (0e5) WHS (6e11) WHS (12 up) (7) Pooled OLS (8) Fixed effects (9) Random effects 649675. ** and *** denote significance at the 10%. Among Models (15) and (18). the marginal effects of natural WHSs for countries with 0e3 and more than 4 natural WHSs are 514 and 419 thousand. to 580.05*** [4. the coefficients are not very smooth so that the quadratic form cannot capture the pattern well.07 [0. Moreover. For countries possessing 0e3. (15) and (18). 2.03 [1. and the U-curve of the effect is quite obvious. i. the sample is also divided into five equal parts.19 [1.35] 402313. which already possess many attractions and are famous in the global tourism market.50] BeP test 132.37 [1. Su. respectively.45 [0.07] 691823. compared with Models (9).08*** [4. In addition. 285 and 509 thousand.36*** [4.62*** [2.733 466. However. after controlling for more WHSs.82] Yes 6414358. and 408 thousand. In Models (15) and (18) of Table 4.e.53*** [3. the marginal effects of WHSs for WHS-abundant countries (possessing more than 21 WHSs) increase instead. 6e11 and more than 12 cultural WHSs. This increase means that when a country possesses sufficient WHSs. 10e20 and more than 21 WHSs.66*** [4. Fig. Moreover.40] Yes 2276009. the marginal effect of the WHSs is positive.74] 148088. 0.37 (p-value ¼ 0. for WHS-abundant countries. 490 and 402 thousand for countries with 0e5. The pooled OLS model is tested for heteroskedasticity by BeP test. in Model (12). are more accurate (Table 3). The positive effect of WHSs on international tourist arrivals is larger in countries with fewer WHSs. *.03 (p-value ¼ 0. this will attract more visits from international tourists. 495. Lin / Tourism Management 40 (2014) 46e58 effect may vary according to the number of WHSs. For WHS-poor countries. in Table 4.38 [1. Similarly. (12).63] 165.24] 525079. The marginal effects are 562. Model (15) with the highest R-square of 0. to better understand the marginal effect of WHSs for a specific range of numbers.30] 494946. adding one more WHS will result in a smaller increase in inbound tourists than for WHS-poor countries. the other explanatory variables merit discussion. To understand the marginal effects of WHSs in more detail.537 359 359 0.216) 0. Model (9). respectively. respectively.31* [1.91] CULTURAL (0e5) CULTURAL (6e11) CULTURAL (12 up) NATURAL (0e3) NATURAL (4 up) Control var.67 [0.64*** [4.000) 0. Constant Yes 6738359.97* [1.13] 408442. A possible reason for the badly-performing quadratic form is that. is a relatively accurate model.25*** [2.. the pattern of the decreasing marginal effects as the number of WHSs increases is almost the same.87] (10) Pooled OLS (11) Fixed effects (12) Random effects 343297.59] 431978.36*** [3. 498 and 375 thousand.34] 261853.31*** [11. 361.734 455. it is divided into two equal parts only.88] 419242. once unknown sites become famous after being included on the WHS list. and rise slightly rise to 475 thousand. This result is quite reasonable.-L.78*** [10. Correspondingly. cultural WHSs and natural WHSs are still positive. the marginal effects are 514 and 419 thousand. respectively. respectively.62 [0.39] 319811. the marginal effects of WHSs decrease from 975.-W. regardless of the number of WHSs or the cultural and Table 3 Estimated results of international tourist arrivals (with 3 variant effects of WHSs).73*** [5. 4e6. dividing the data into 5 groups creates more flexibility to the varying coefficients and fits the model better.35 [1. this positive effect declines as the number of WHSs rises.16* [1. 7e10. the effects of WHSs.32*** [6.
09] 22989.59] 33589.82*** [3.75] 289594.-L.93] 298612.34] 1011.45* [1.48] 354455.64] 231209.62*** [11. Marginal effects of WHSs.33 [0.18] 200791.44] 750817.92] 109.69** [1.17] 1191.51 [0.56*** [5.29] 18369.99] 11419.73] 131702.96] 168.13*** [6.16] 1259993.94*** [6.11 [0.65] 3096.80] 157775.42] CULTURAL (0e3) CULTURAL (4e6) CULTURAL (7e10) CULTURAL (11e20) CULTURAL (21 up) NATURAL (0e3) NATURAL (4 up) GDP (16) Pooled OLS (17) Fixed effects (18) Random effects 214136.52] 439219.00] 51271.83] 299724. and infrastructure. the marginal effect of GDP is positive.68*** [12.95*** [5.62] 759195.000) 0.06*** [4.88*** [13.04*** [5.42*** [2.29] 360513. natural sites that are included in the model.75] Yes Yes 2887056. international tourists would be more likely to choose those smaller in size or that are less crowded.48 [1.67*** [4.03] 351.38*** [2.78] 167820.81] 102.841 19.76] 184221.38] 585643.14] 48415. This kind of destination may be easier to travel around or more suitable for short vacation arrangements.55*** [2.39 [1.26*** [2.00] 3912.52*** [7.13] 158265.93*** [3. *.31] 102.79 (p-value ¼ 0.28 [0.21*** [4.23] BeP test 181.3*** 359 0.69] 149. Lin / Tourism Management 40 (2014) 46e58 53 Table 4 Estimated results of international tourist arrivals (with 5 variant effects of WHSs). In Model (15).28* [1.56] 273159.63* [1. the significantly negative effect of the population (POP) indicates that.76] 158.58 [1.33*** [6. WHS (0e3) WHS (4e6) WHS (7e10) WHS (11e20) WHS (21 up) (13) Pooled OLS (14) Fixed effects (15) Random effects 717354.02] 47.69] 359633. international tourists would like to travel to destinations with fewer people or smaller country size. international tourist arrivals will increase by 1192.34] 373257.36] 14762.83] 392.23* [1. t statistics are in parentheses.66 [1.01] 1071. When the GDP of the destination country (GDP) increases by 1 billion USD.07] 217766.75] 508761.23] 129725.56*** [3.83] 460859.06*** [7.69] 308048.49 [0.01 [0.00] 61.34*** [6.38 [0.52] 7087.95 [1.81** [2..79] 776329.86] 389665.39] 518235. 6.68] Yes Yes 4300985.86] 346695.08* [1.37] 516818.05 [1.23] 446149.558 359 359 0. railway lines (RAIL) have a positive effect on international tourist arrivals.46] Yes Yes 4221109.52*** [3.16] 332053. when other things are equal.68* [1.20 [1.04*** [2.46] 115.15] 580418.50*** [3.20] 913255. Meanwhile.64 [0.000) POP EX RAIL FREEDOM HEALTH EDU Hausman test R-square Chi-square Observations 223.49] 258111.17] AREA YEAR Constant Yes Yes 6039499. with the number of international tourist arrivals increasing by 102 for each extra kilometer that the .48*** (p-value ¼ 0.65*** [3.00** [2.28*** [10. H. among countries with the same numbers of WHSs.16] 45539.26*** [4.Y.78** [2.14] 1026.95] 531494.79 [1.61] 356668.65 [0.54] 716652. For instance.76 [1.73*** (p-value ¼ 0.96*** [2.486 359 359 0. Su.91] 254907. 1600 Tourist arrivals(1000) WHSs Cultural WHSs Natural WHSs 1200 800 400 0 0-3 4-6 7-10 11-20 Number of WHSs 20 up Fig.739 506.274*** 359 1.17] 22490. 2.81*** [2. cultural WHSs and natural WHSs.58** [2.75*** [4.955) 0.43*** [2.73] 25653.21] 354390.84* [1.75 [0.749 486.87 [0.46 [1.31 [1.41*** [2.471) 0.16*** [4.01] 474846. which means that tourism demand benefits from economic development.65 [0.08] 284574.30] 514.67*** [2.79*** [3.37 (p-value ¼ 0.67*** [3.85*** [3. etc.12] Yes Yes 1659178. for example.01*** [4. economic achievements.64] 107881.26] 599675.66 [1.45*** [2.16 [0.97*** [5.843 11.55 [1.85] 206.22*** [3. 5% and 1% statistical levels.51 [0.27] 975394. In addition.58*** [2.-W.45* [1. ** and *** denote significance at the 10%.06] 498169.79*** [2.85] Yes Yes 6256850.
88 [1.26 [1. the number of international tourist arrivals declines by 217.09] 633983. That is.2 [0. which means that increasing the relative price will make the number of international tourist arrivals drop.93] 11224.56] No Yes 92106.06] 245. are insignificant in Model (15). 1% of GDP. Comparison of regions and time periods The behavior of tourists may vary in different destinations.04] 107376. Even though the coefficients of the WHSs are not quite constant between Models (19) and (26). The effects of other controlled variables.46 [1. based on Model (15).42*** [2.59] 368894.79] 4629. Three things should be noted. First.51] 134.11] No Yes 19603323. When the index of freedom.25 [0. Su. even though the coefficient is insignificant at the 10% significance level.767.997 5060. measured on a one-to-seven scale.01 [0.57] 102. the coefficients of WHS (11e20) and WHS (21 up) are eliminated in Model (19). This further research may also be seen as a robustness check of our model.48] 895027. their marginal effects are all positive. we combine the Asia Pacific with the Middle East as the 'Asia' group.48] 700653. especially in China.46 [0. After controlling other explanatory variables.73** [2.26] 668600.18] 52326. we separate our observations according to the region and the time period to reveal more details.-W.57] 1133299.10] 78745.17 [0. t statistics are in parentheses.72] 1270677. say. Third.02] 4338.11 [0.39*** 35 WHS (0e3) WHS (4e6) WHS (7e10) POP EX RAIL FREEDOM HEALTH EDU 1.39*** [2.01] 1130. in 2009. 2. Lin / Tourism Management 40 (2014) 46e58 railroad route is extended.46] 1709.14] R-square Chi-square Observations 0. 4.54] 689745. The political and civil freedom (FREEDOM) variable negatively affects the tourism demand at the 10% significance level.96*** [6. Europe and America.76*** [2. In Africa.34] AREA YEAR Constant No Yes 2510878. 2004e2006 and 2007e2009.01 [0. in Models (19)e(22).60] 71233.43 [1.18*** 145 0. this U-curve is not obvious in each region.31] 601731.03 [0. On Table 5 Estimated results of international tourist arrivals (by region). 5% and 1% statistical levels.30] 21793.19 [1. In addition.41] 1491710. the health expenditure share of GDP (HEALTH) has a positive influence.42 [0. However.19*** [8.06 [1. ** and *** denote significance at the 10%.37*** [5. Second.891 1003.31] 1556751.58*** [3. because the numbers of WHSs of African countries are all below ten. and then rises after a country possesses sufficient WHSs. the price effect of tourism exists.95] 522070.47 [0. However. the exchange rate (EX) and the expenditure proportion of education (EDU).542 109.8 [1. For each region.23 [0.34 [1.96*** [3. the estimated results show that the positive effect of WHSs is quite robust so that the sign would not change for the different subgroups.18] 578652.22 [1. it should be noted that the sign of the exchange rate is negative.65 [0.1. *.86] 455643. to avoid the small sample problem.19 [0.80] 119010. the marginal effects of the WHSs exhibit different patterns.2 [1. These two dummy variables of SARS (for countries whose confirmed cases were over 200 in 2003) and H1N1 (for countries whose confirmed cases were over 5000 in 2009) enter our models to control for the effect of these diseases in the relatively small sample. it will improve the sanitary conditions and increase its inbound tourist visits by 308.44] e WHS (21 up) e 569240. the marginal effect declines.96*** 126 0. When a country spends more money on health.07] 450324.13 [0. Singapore and Canada. we know that as the number of WHSs increases. freer countries attract more international tourists.63] 15756.2. Therefore. international tourists are mainly attracted by countries possessing fewer than 10 WHSs.77 [0. the H1N1 epidemic also occurred in several countries.70*** [4.52] 226. especially for WHS variables.-L.66*** [2. where the numbers of WHSs are all below 10. .05] 271410.35] 27387.43] 43.79*** 53 0.21] 306748. in mid-2003.956 719.02 [1.98 [0.68*** [4. and four time periods in Table 6: 2000e2001.43*** [5. (19) Africa (20) Asia (21) Europe (22) America WHS (11e20) 311945. It thus makes sense that the destination will be more attractive to international tourists when the basic transportation is more convenient.50] 1309071.56*** [3.64 [1.15 [1.38] 465289. 2003e2003.19] GDP 6097.96 [1. H.24 [0. In Section 4. and combine North America with South America as the 'America' group. Asia. the SARS epidemic occurred. the marginal effect is less for WHS-poor countries than for WHS-rich countries. Later. The estimated results of eight models are classified according to four regions in Table 5: Africa.66* [1.36*** [4.00] 278.62*** [3.11 [0.86*** [4.048.61] 88542. increases by one (becoming less free).73] 108256. and some effects may also change over time.53] 350.54] 428506.03] No Yes 2528566. In Asia.58] 1696149.54 Y. namely. Thus.
27* [1.38*** [4.67 [0.889 262.782 188.11] 711.79 [0.64*** [3. Lin / Tourism Management 40 (2014) 46e58 55 Table 6 Estimated results of international tourist arrivals (by time period).73] 256215. The marginal effects are particularly large in WHSpoor and WHS-abundant countries. In Europe. the marginal effects of WHSs are found to be U-shaped. Marginal effects of WHSs (by region and time period).99 [1.92] 510984. and they are small between these two groups.81] 52.95] 1227144.01] 64066.38] 162.69*** [3. the contrary. Based on the time periods.86] R-square Chi-square Observations 0.63] 311163. these sub-samples reveal that our model is quite robust.1 120 0. 1200 2000-2001 2002-2003 2004-2006 2007-2009 7-10 11-20 20 up 1200 800 400 0 800 400 0 0-3 4-6 7-10 11-20 20 up 0-3 Number of WHSs Fig.13* [1.29*** [4.75] 318. in Europe and America.48] 909319.77] 403720.825 170. *.91] 4842.59 [0.80** [4. Su.48 [0.74 [1.84** [2.57] Yes No 2696260.16 [1.43] 340883.92 [0.55 [0.90] 179.65] 82209.2 [0. WHS (0e3) WHS (4e6) WHS (7e10) WHS (10e20) WHS (21 up) GDP POP EX RAIL FREEDOM HEALTH EDU (23) 2000e2001 (24) 2002e2003 (25) 2004e2006 (26) 2007e2009 479370.41 [1.20** [2.48* [1. ** and *** denote significance at the 10%.45*** [4.86 [0.94] 475.57 [1.29 70 0.73 [1.65 97 1.32] 307086.58] Yes No 2939585.01] 193.Y.86 [1. 7(A).-W.36] 1047.21* [1.42*** [5.00*** [3.91] 853. 7.16 [0.71 [1.72] SARS 359981. while in America.80*** [3.25 [1.29*** [2.04] 2511.08] 411201.33 [1.51 [0.54] 376666.05 [0.93] 685.839 207.09] 360265.70] 834250.67 [1. 4-6 Number of WHSs .27* [1.88] 542954.70] 224635.-L. 1600 1600 Africa Asia Europe America (B) Tourist arrivals(1000) (A) Tourist arrivals(1000) Moreover.82] 343859.09 [0.28 [0.14 [0.04] 2306389.41*** [4. This pattern is also displayed in Fig.48 [0.47] 21720. 2.69] 13912.81] Yes No 2011503. which are classified by four time periods.32] 613022. t statistics are in parentheses. the turning point is located in the 4e6 WHSs group.05] 394058. but the turning points are different. the U-shaped features of the marginal effects of the WHSs are obvious.94] 527021. 5% and 1% statistical levels.71 [0.78] 24163.08] 245966.64] 175. the overall U-shaped pattern can be observed in Fig.64] 271689.68 [0.62] 50353.17 [0.57] H1N1 AREA YEAR Constant Yes No 3827725. in Models (23)e(26).22] 123137. Even though the individual pattern in each region is different. the turning point occurs when the number of WHSs ranges between 11 and 20.22*** [3. 7(B).39 [0.47] 309651.32] 828.27] 344.45* [1.50*** [2.47 [0.65] 442751.04] 18545.37*** [2. H.96 72 0.36] 106243.50] 284435.49* [1.
changes from negative to positive for Europe. Ethiopia (replaced by 2008 data). it should be noted that the size of the subsample used to perform the robustness check is relatively small so that the coefficients would become more sensitive than those in Model (15).3. Australia. The source of this negative effect of POP may be the Asian countries. Lin / Tourism Management 40 (2014) 46e58 Table 7 Contribution of newly-inscribed WHSs in 2011. The contribution of WHSs is obtained by multiplying the marginal effect of WHSs by the average receipts (expenditure) of inbound tourists in destination countries. Comparatively speaking. Evaluation of the economic contribution of WHSs In this section. and the marginal effect of WHSs on international tourist arrivals is around 375. possesses 19 WHSs. the latest list of newly-inscribed WHSs reflects the 2011 vision. the . these 25 countries are divided into two groups. or around 398 million USD. based on data provided by the World Development Indicators. even though the marginal effect of WHSs is higher in China than in Australia. The larger countries in Asia. the variety of its landscapes and the exceptional quality of its tourist infrastructure are likely to be among the reasons why tourists choose to take their holidays in Europe. The first is the in-sample country. while the average receipt is calculated by dividing the total tourism receipts in 2009 by the international tourist arrivals in 2009. Note that according to the number of WHSs in each country. the average receipts vary across countries.) Country # of WHSs Marginal effect of WHSs (1000) (A) Average receipt (USD) (B) C C C C C Mongolia Colombia Turkey Iran Japan 3 7 10 13 16 975 498 498 357 357 616 1244 965 1136 1846 600 620 480 405 659 N N C C Japan Australia Germany France 16 19 36 37 357 357 475 475 1846 4990 1959 763 659 1781 931 362 C C C China Spain Italy 41 43 47 475 475 475 838 1141 970 398 542 461 C United Arab Emirates Barbados Sudan Nicaragua Jordan Ukraine Syrian Arab Republic Kenya Kenya Senegal Vietnam Ethiopia 1 975 1032 1006 1 2 2 4 5 6 975 975 975 580 580 580 2162 712 358 916 209 621 2108 694 349 531 121 360 6 6 6 7 9 580 580 580 498 498 807 807 542 814 3391 468 468 314 405 1689 Out-of-sample countries Cultural Sites of Al Ain (Hafit. Bidaa Bint Saud and Oases Areas) Historic Bridgetown and its Garrison Archaeological Sites of the Island of Meroe León Cathedral Wadi Rum Protected Area Residence of Bukovinian and Dalmatian Metropolitans Ancient Villages of Northern Syria C C C M C C C N C C C Fort Jesus. Gardens and Archaeological Sites Representing the Buddhist Pure Land) Ogasawara Islands Ningaloo Coast Fagus Factory in Alfeld The Causses and the Cévennes. while the H1N1 outbreak was insignificant. The forecasted contribution of this newly-inscribed WHS is about 1781 million USD. Because the buying power and travel costs are different.3 million international tourists in 2003. the significant effect indicates that regional differences exist in Tables 5 and 6. are relatively poor in terms of security and sanitation. According to the World Heritage Center. the two global epidemics. such as China or Russia. Su. United Arab Emirates (replaced by 2005 data). which causes the coefficient to be positive. which is included in the 66 countries of our panel data. Senegal (replaced by 2007 data). SARS and H1N1.982 in 2009. In addition. international tourists may become hesitant to select them as their first choice. 2. On the contrary. according to the UNWTO. and so do the contributions of WHSs. In 2009. because the average receipt is much lower than for other countries. Moreover.-L. The wealth of European cultures. have indeed had negative impacts on international tourism worldwide in the last ten years. C: cultural site.56 Y. we employ our model to calculate the contribution of newly-inscribed WHSs to destination countries. for example. which is not captured by any other control variables.D. amounting to 4990 USD per person. our model proves that the marginal effect of WHS on international tourist arrivals differs from country to country. is captured by the variable POP. Table 7 lists these newly-inscribed WHSs and their related economic contributions. the United Kingdom and Germany. Places of the Power (568e774 A. In addition. the average receipt from international tourists is quite high. as for the control variables. H. which are the relatively large and more populated countries in Europe. The effect of population (POP) in Table 5. The SARS epidemic resulted in a significant reduction of around 2. the marginal effect comes from our model. with the number of international tourists being reduced by about 359. while the other is the out-of-sample country. the common factor of these countries. M: mixed site. In addition. Thus. Newly-inscribed WHSs in 2011 In-sample countries Petroglyphic Complexes of the Mongolian Altai Coffee Cultural Landscape of Colombia Selimiye Mosque and its Social Complex The Persian Garden Hiraizumi (Temples.-W. In addition. Mediterranean agro-pastoral Cultural Landscape West Lake Cultural Landscape of Hangzhou Cultural Landscape of the Serra de Tramuntana Longobards in Italy. Mombasa Kenya Lake System in the Great Rift Valley Saloum Delta Citadel of the Ho Dynasty Konso Cultural Landscape Contribution of WHSs (million USD) (A) (B) Type 1. for example. In Table 7. the contribution of WHSs is lower. namely. 4.000. Hili. However. Europe is the most frequently visited region in the world. Spain. Italy. France. N: natural site. five of the top ten countries for tourists in the world were in Europe. Thus. Missing data of tourist arrivals in 2009: Iran.
Specification test in econometrics. Econometrica. 13. increasing the number of WHSs will have a significantly and robustly positive effect on international tourist arrivals. 308e319.-H.. 827e837. C. Analysis of international tourist arrivals in China: the role of world heritage sites. & Lazzaretti. T. The effect of WHSs exhibits a U-shaped pattern as the number of WHSs increases. & D. Conclusion In this paper. & Miller. Even though the positive impact of WHSs on international tourist arrivals does not change across regions or time periods in our paper. This increase means that when a country possesses sufficient WHSs. To sum up. Tourism demand modeling and forecasting: a review of recent research. A. Analysis of Japanese tourist demand in Guam. a country possessing a WHS is in a win-win situation not only for the sustainable conservation of cultural achievements and natural resources. In International handbook on the economics of tourism (pp. Dhariwala. (2005).-L. because the consumption behavior of tourists may differ across countries. Gazing on communism: heritage tourism and post-communist identities in Germany. & Mervar. 7. We also study the effect of new inscriptions on the World Heritage List. However. E. On the contrary. Handbook of the economics of art and culture). 185e205. 29. 46. once unknown sites become famous after being inscribed on the WHS list. the marginal effects of WHSs demonstrate different patterns. & Li. How elastic are sea. A. respectively. P. this effect increases slightly. (2008). J. D. M. H.-L. 422e438. An econometric model for international tourism flow in Spain. It is because conservation is the only way to maintain sustainable tourism income from WHSs. Applied Economics.637.606 million for cultural and natural WHSs. U. F.. Literary places. Yang. for each region. 277e280.S. In addition. Tourism Economics. (2005). (2008)..-L. Amsterdam: North Holland. H. M. J. Lim. (2002). J. C. Creative cities.. 455e456. the number of inbound tourists will increase further. 1247e 1318).-C. Panel data and tourism: a case study of Tenerife. Frangouli. (2011). Culture in urban and regional development. but also for the development of the tourism economy. Annals of Tourism Research. Tourism Management. should 57 be explored using cost-benefit analysis. More information will be gained after extending the time span or the cross section of available data associated with WHSs. a gap between tourist arrivals and tourist incomes may exist. 61e82. A. (2008). King. In V. V. when a country possesses sufficient WHSs. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research. & Pagan. but rather complementary. 8. R. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing. These topics are thus both important and interesting for further research. for WHS-rich countries. the effect of natural WHSs is slightly larger than the effect of cultural ones. & Anastasopoulos. N. but also to the method in order to evaluate the economic contribution of WHSs and to budget for their conservation. A handbook of cultural economics). H. W. (2002). Modeling tourist flows to Indonesia and Malaysia. (2000). Cultural tourism. 25(1). cultural clusters and local economic development.. T. T. M. & Han. a country possessing one more WHS would increase its annual international tourist arrivals by 382. T. C. The determinants of tourist arrivals in Africa: a panel data regression analysis. 7. (pp. 26. Lin / Tourism Management 40 (2014) 46e58 economic contribution of WHSs can be seen as the lower bound of the increase in tourism income while other control variables are unchanged. Tourism Economics. Ginsburgh. 1865e1870. 1287e1294. we investigate the positive relationship between the WHSs and international tourist arrivals at the worldwide level using panel data for 66 countries between 2000 and 2009. A. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. InHandbook of econometrics. Affirming authenticity: consuming cultural heritage. tourism and the heritage experience. Vol. J. Lin and Han. there will be more visits from international tourists.. Evaluating natural attractions for tourism. A survey of tourism demand modeling practice: issues and implications. L. (2005). C. Wu. 111e119. Su. (2011). (2010). Z. & Schulze. Maloney. F. L. the improvement of transportation or increased political liability. MA: MIT Press. Furthermore. Yang.. After dividing our data into five equal parts. Tourism Management. A.. after considering the changes in other variables. W. extending the data will make the regional analysis more meaningful and reliable.. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. Deng. 12. 29(2). such as economic growth. Panel data. McIntosh. for the WHS-abundant countries (possessing more than 21 WHSs). Applied Economics Letters. 2. D. 11(3). 31. Basic linear unobserved effects panel data models. Ledesma-Rodriguez. & Montes-Rojas. 2(2). we use international tourist arrivals as the dependent variable. Cellini.. J. & Prentice. Dritsakis. Tourism Management. 203e230... Econometrica. R. G. G. (2007). & Perez-Rodriguez. Chamberlain. R. Lin. G. 47(5). G. Bangladesh Canada Denmark Germany Israel Lithuania Mongolia Philippines Slovakia Thailand Uruguay References Bille. Annals of Tourism Research. (2002). A. J. Competition in tourism among the Mediterranean countries. 37. A. B. Simple test for heteroscedasticity and random coefficient variation. Lin and Han: reply. Tourism Economics. & Saayman. (2003). Y. adding one more WHS would lead to smaller increases in inbound tourists than in the case of WHS-poor countries. (2004). 32. & Bauer.). Light. 589e612.. Tourism development of world heritage sites in China: a geographic perspective. & Cai. Cambridge.). which already possess many attractions and are famous in the global tourism market. (2000). W. 29. Towse (Ed. 12(2). and bring in more income from tourism. As for WHS-poor countries. A. (1979). Tourism Geographies. 365e391. 11(2).. Tourism Management. Dougan. Breusch. Cooke. P. 5.. (2001). 1251e1271. the marginal effects of WHSs increase instead. G. we could say that these two purposes are not contradictory. Tourist arrivals in India: how important are domestic disorders? Tourism Economics. Therefore.-H. Is UNESCO recognition effective in fostering tourism? A comment on Yang. which captures the international tourism demand. 79e88. (2005). Cointegration analysis of German and British tourism demand for Greece. C.. sand and sun? Dynamic panel estimates of the demand for tourism.. 32. & Amaral. Tan. Tourism Management. V. 312e333. 525e529. Wooldridge. the authorities of the destination countries could refer not only to the result. In R. Is UNESCO recognition effective in fostering tourism? A comment on Yang. Moreover. Navarro-Ibanez.-W. F. Appendix A. Thus. (1984). B. & Lin. Hungary and Romania. In addition. 75e88. V. and this tourism income is indispensable for the further preservation of WHSs. While both cultural and natural WHSs could enhance the inbound tourism.. 45e72). (1999). R. Moreover. in considering that the marginal effect may vary with the number of WHSs. 66 countries whose data were used (in alphabetical order) Argentina Belgium Chile Armenia Benin China Australia Brazil Colombia Austria Bulgaria Croatia Azerbaijan Cameroon Czech Republic Egypt Estonia Finland France Georgia Greece Hungary Indonesia Iran Ireland Italy Japan Korea Kyrgyzstan Latvia Madagascar Malaysia Mali Mexico Moldova Morocco Netherlands Norway Pakistan Peru Poland Portugal Romania Russia Saudi Arabia Slovenia South Africa Spain Sweden Switzerland Tunisia Turkey Ukraine U. and observe how this influence changes over time. However.. 103e109. the exchanges between tourist arrivals and incomes. Patsouratis. 452e454. Garin-Munoz.Y. However.. Annals of Tourism Research. the coefficient itself is different and deserves further study. (1978). (2006). That is. Li. 28(2).659 million and 418. J. compared with the costs of maintaining WHSs. (2008). 247e291). Throsby (Eds. Herbert. S. L.. H. . McCahon. Tourism Management. Naude. the 'gearing effect' of WHSs will emerge. A note on modeling tourism revenues in Croatia. According to the estimated results. Thus. Hausman. but our results remain quite robust in different time periods. Payne. the positive effect of WHSs was found to decline while the number of WHSs actually rose. G. (2002). J. (2001).. T. Bonet.K. In Econometric analysis of cross section and panel data (pp. we divided our sample into three and five equal parts to better understand the marginal effect of WHSs for a specific range of numbers. Amsterdam: North Holland-Elsevier. Song. 157e176. The marginal effects of WHSs on international tourist arrivals are 396. Applied Economics Letters.
Lin / Tourism Management 40 (2014) 46e58 Yu-Wen Su received Ph. .D. H. Her research focuses on econometrics. from National Taiwan University (NTU).-W.58 Y.-L. NTU. Su. She received Ph. from Brown University. Her research focuses on econometrics.D. industrial economics and tourism economics. Hui-Lin Lin is Professor of Economics. time series analysis and tourism economics.


text: #2064: Sudden death while clicking around on the journal ------------------------------------------+--------------------------------- Reporter: bernie | Owner: alsroot Type: defect | Status: new Priority: Unspecified by Maintainer | Milestone: Unspecified by Release Team Component: journal | Version: 0.88.x Severity: Unspecified | Keywords: Distribution: Unspecified | Status_field: Needinfo ------------------------------------------+--------------------------------- Comment(by tomeu): I'm not so convinced of (python-)dbus being a suspect here. Thousands of python instructions could have been executed since that message was printed. And normally when we get that message there's no crash. That said, Aleksey's patch looks like a good one to me. -- Ticket URL: <http://bugs.sugarlabs.org/ticket/2064#comment:9> Sugar Labs <http://sugarlabs.org/> Sugar Labs bug tracking system

subset: commoncrawl


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Home - Church Chandeliers - One-level church chandelier - 14
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Stephanie, generally, I have patients take 20 to 150mg a day for sleep +/- anxiety. Start low and go slow. Know the dosages of your product. Usually 2/3 to 3/4 of the daily dose is 1-2 hours before bedtime, and the other portion is upon waking (to improve wakefulness during the day). Other factors such as stress, hormone replacement, other meds & medical conditions, etc. play a role along with individual differences. I own a compounding pharmacy, so we see a lot of unique needs. I can't give more specific advice in this forum, but there is help!
One of the most experienced practitioners in this field is Los Angeles physician Bonni Goldstein, who has used the compound to treat dozens of children with intractable epilepsy. She says about half of these patients have seen a significant drop in the number of seizures. "Used in the right way, with the right patient, CBD is extremely powerful," she says.
Many monoecious varieties have also been described,[20] in which individual plants bear both male and female flowers.[21] (Although monoecious plants are often referred to as "hermaphrodites", true hermaphrodites – which are less common in Cannabis – bear staminate and pistillate structures together on individual flowers, whereas monoecious plants bear male and female flowers at different locations on the same plant.) Subdioecy (the occurrence of monoecious individuals and dioecious individuals within the same population) is widespread.[22][23][24] Many populations have been described as sexually labile.[25][26][27]
Generally, the context in which an individual lives is of great importance for both his health status and quality of their life It is increasingly recognized that health is maintained and improved not only through the advancement and application of health science, but also through the efforts and intelligent lifestyle choices of the individual and society. According to the World Health Organization, the main determinants of health include the social and economic environment, the physical environment and the person's individual characteristics and behaviors.[18]
Unlike other CBD oils, PureKana really does excel in CBD oil extractions due to their unique CO2 extraction process which provides a near 99% pure CBD oil. PureKana Natural CBD Oil is an unflavored, dietary and nutritional supplement for increased health and vitality. It is extremely effective in treating chronic pain, inflammation, swelling, anxiety and sleep disorders.
The US Office of National Drug control Policy issued a statement on industrial hemp in 1997 (www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/policy/hemp%5Fold.html) which included the following: "Our primary concern about the legalization of the cultivation of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa) is the message it would send to the public at large, especially to our youth at a time when adolescent drug use is rising rapidly... The second major concern is that legalizing hemp production may mean the de facto legalization of marijuana cultivation. Industrial hemp and marijuana are the product of the same plant, Cannabis sativa... Supporters of the hemp legalization effort claim hemp cultivation could be profitable for US farmers. However, according to the USDA and the US Department of Commerce, the profitability of industrial hemp is highly uncertain and probably unlikely. Hemp is a novelty product with limited sustainable development value even in a novelty market... For every proposed use of industrial hemp, there already exists an available product, or raw material, which is cheaper to manufacture and provides better market results.... Countries with low labor costs such as the Philippines and China have a competitive advantage over any US hemp producer."
Established over 25 years ago, Elixinol is one of the veterans in the CBD industry. Its CBD oils and other similar products were improved overtime to an unbeatable formula. It ships all around the USA. Despite the full spectrum cannabinoids do not include THC – the psychoactive substance in cannabis. Therefore, there are no risks regarding psychoactive effects or legal breaches.
However, if it was sourced from actual marijuana (i.e. cannabis that contains more than 2% THC by volume), then it is technically illegal. Most of the best CBD oils for pain that you find in dispensaries in states like Colorado, California, and Washington (as well as other states where weed is legal) will have been extracted from marijuana plants — not industrial hemp plants. Unfortunately, this means that these products are not allowed to be sold online and shipped across state lines to "non-legal" states.
Selective breeding of cannabis plants has expanded and diversified as commercial and therapeutic markets develop. Some growers in the U.S. succeeded in lowering the proportion of CBD-to-THC to accommodate customers who preferred varietals that were more mind-altering due to the higher THC and lower CBD content.[57] Hemp is classified as any part of the cannabis plant containing (depending on the jurisdiction) no more than 0.2% to 1.0% THC in dry weight form (not liquid or extracted form).[58][unreliable source?]
Despite its centrality in human cultures across the globe, the European taxonomists who bequeathed Cannabis sativa its name didn't quite get it right. When Carolus Linneaus came to naming the marijuana plant's genus, he thought there was only one species, instead of the three we now know exist. Hence the confusion surrounding the fact that there are three distinct species of the genus Cannabis sativa, one of which is the sativa species.
Researchers think that CBD interacts with receptors in your brain and immune system. Receptors are tiny proteins attached to your cells that receive chemical signals from different stimuli and help your cells respond. This creates anti-inflammatory and painkilling effects that help with pain management. This means that CBD oil may benefit people with chronic pain, such as chronic back pain.
The above uses are based on hemp as a mechanical strengthener of materials. Hemp can also be chemically combined with materials. For example, hemp with gypsum and binding agents may produce light panels that might compete with drywall. Hemp and lime mixtures make a high quality plaster. Hemp hurds are rich in silica (which occurs naturally in sand and flint), and the hurds mixed with lime undergo mineralization, to produce a stone-like material. The technology is most advanced in France (Fig. 26). The mineralized material can be blown or poured into the cavities of walls and in attics as insulation. The foundations, walls, floors, and ceilings of houses have been made using hemp hurds mixed with natural lime and water. Sometimes plaster of Paris (pure gypsum), cement, or sand is added. The resulting material can be poured like concrete, but has a texture vaguely reminiscent of cork—much lighter than cement, and with better heat and sound-insulating properties. An experimental "ceramic tile" made of hemp has recently been produced (Fig. 27).
Henry Ford recognized the utility of hemp in early times. In advance of today's automobile manufacturers, he constructed a car with certain components made of resin stiffened with hemp fiber (Fig. 19). Rather ironically in view of today's parallel situation, Henry Ford's hemp innovations in the 1920s occurred at a time of crisis for American farms, later to intensify with the depression. The need to produce new industrial markets for farm products led to a broad movement for scientific research in agriculture that came to be labeled "Farm Chemurgy," that today is embodied in chemical applications of crop constituents.
CBD is a compound called a cannabinoid, says Jordan Tishler, MD, a Harvard-trained doc who is an expert on using cannabis as medical treatment. It can be extracted from hemp or marijuana, two different plants from the Cannabis sativa L. ("cannabis") species. The big difference between the two: Marijuana contains higher levels of tetrahydrocannabinol ("THC"), the compound responsible for the psychoactive properties of pot (a.k.a., the stuff that makes you high). Hemp, on the other hand, is naturally very low in THC (0.3 percent), says Tishler.
In addition to the daily pain management program outlined above, many people find they still need a safe way to manage acute flare ups. Whether it's caused by a recent injury, cold weather, or general aggravation – we recommend vaporizing CBD isolate to combat these acute pain flare ups. The benefit of vaporizing or dabbing CBD isolate is that the relief can be felt almost instantaneously. CBD isolate is 99% pure CBD and provides a wave of relief that can be felt throughout the whole body.
How do I find CBD oil that contains no THC? I am concerned about failing a drug test but truly need the benefits CBD may provide for pain management. Is it more common in tinctures, vape products, or liquid? Should I be looking for anything specific? There is so much information I feel overwhelmed. How can I trust the sites word that it contains no THC? Any help any of you could provide would be so appreciative!
The United Kingdom and Germany resumed commercial production in the 1990s. British production is mostly used as bedding for horses; other uses are under development. Companies in Canada, the UK, the United States, and Germany, among many others, process hemp seed into a growing range of food products and cosmetics; many traditional growing countries still continue to produce textile-grade fibre.
The 2018 Farm Bill expands upon provisions in the 2014 version of the annual bill, which created Hemp Pilot Programs. These Hemp Pilot Programs "created a framework for the legal cultivation by states of 'industrial hemp' without a permit from the Drug Enforcement Administration." The 2014 Hemp Pilot Programs were a success for farmers and consumers across the U.S., from Colorado to North Carolina.
Still, as the saying goes, absence of evidence isn't necessarily evidence of absence, and there's a reason we don't have a ton of solid research on CBDs yet — "to study it, we need a good source, " said Ziva Cooper, who is an associate professor at Columbia University and was on the National Academies committee. CBD is hard to get because it's still technically a Schedule I drug, which limits its availability, Cooper said.
High-CBD strains tend to deliver very clear-headed, functional effects without the euphoric high associated with high-THC strains. They're typically preferred by consumers who are extremely sensitive to the side effects of THC (e.g., anxiety, paranoia, dizziness). A high-CBD strain would also be a great choice for someone needing to medicate throughout the day to control pain, inflammation, anxiety, or other chronic conditions.
Fatty Acids. The quality of an oil or fat is most importantly determined by its fatty acid composition. Hemp is of high nutritional quality because it contains high amounts of unsaturated fatty acids, mostly oleic acid (C18:1, 10%–16%), linoleic acid (C18:2, 50%–60%), alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3, 20%–25%), and gamma-linolenic acid (C18:3, 2%–5%) (Fig. 37). Linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid are the only two fatty acids that must be ingested and are considered essential to human health (Callaway 1998). In contrast to shorter-chain and more saturated fatty acids, these essential fatty acids do not serve as energy sources, but as raw materials for cell structure and as precursors for biosynthesis for many of the body's regulatory biochemicals. The essential fatty acids are available in other oils, particularly fish and flaxseed, but these tend to have unpleasant flavors compared to the mellow, slightly nutty flavor of hempseed oil. While the value of unsaturated fats is generally appreciated, it is much less well known that the North American diet is serious nutritionally unbalanced by an excess of linoleic over alpha-linonenic acid. In hempseed, linoleic and alpha-linolenic occur in a ratio of about 3:1, considered optimal in healthy human adipose tissue, and apparently unique among common plant oils (Deferne and Pate 1996). Gamma-linolenic acid or GLA is another significant component of hemp oil (1%–6%, depending on cultivar). GLA is a widely consumed supplement known to affect vital metabolic roles in humans, ranging from control of inflammation and vascular tone to initiation of contractions during childbirth. GLA has been found to alleviate psoriasis, atopic eczema, and mastalgia, and may also benefit cardiovascular, psychiatric, and immunological disorders. Ageing and pathology (diabetes, hypertension, etc.) may impair GLA metabolism, making supplementation desirable. As much as 15% of the human population may benefit from addition of GLA to their diet. At present, GLA is available in health food shops and pharmacies primarily as soft gelatin capsules of borage or evening primrose oil, but hemp is almost certainly a much more economic source. Although the content of GLA in the seeds is lower, hemp is far easier to cultivate and higher-yielding. It is important to note that hemp is the only current natural food source of GLA, i.e. not requiring the consumption of extracted dietary supplements. There are other fatty acids in small concentrations in hemp seed that have some dietary significance, including stearidonic acid (Callaway et al. 1996) and eicosenoic acid (Mölleken and Theimer 1997). Because of the extremely desirable fatty acid constitution of hemp oil, it is now being marketed as a dietary supplement in capsule form (Fig. 38).
I strongly agree they really are greedy and money hungry. Isn't it always funny how the big ones fall sooner or later? The government can't have everything, there are just some things that belong to the people. Medicine plants in general have been around since the start of creation, and it looks like we're just finding out which ones they are. Our forefathers know which ones they were and they knew how to use them but it's been a forgotten skill some generations have forgotten since modern medicine took over. That's not right. I saw some articles where the government was going to try to once again outlaw hemp and cannabis. I say if you really want some before it's outlawed, grab up as much as you can and hide it somewhere good where no one but you can ever find it. I would highly recommend putting it in an airtight container with as many other airtight layers around it as possible. That way, it will never be found by anyone who's not supposed to find it. The best advantage is to have enough handy to take care of yourself for life while everyone not in on ditching big Pharma is dying. If hamper and cannabis are outlawed, only the elite will be the ones still standing in the end
Nature's Script also sells a pet CBD tincture in 150mg, 300mg, and 1,000mg concentrations. As a general rule of thumb, low-concentration oils are a good option for smaller dogs while larger concentrations may be more suitable for larger breeds – but pet owners should always check with their vet beforehand. In addition to standard shipping, Nature's Script offers expedited delivery for customers in the contiguous U.S.
Kathy C, I will have to disagree about CBD oil being a "fad" or a scam. I have fibromyalgia ( guess you think fibro is a fake disease too ) been taking cbd oil for several months now and I've been able to wein myself off my fibro mess. Everyone's body chemistry is different so some oils and medicines may work wonders for some but not have much affect on others. I did my research and have great product. I hate taking pills! I also have DDD, RA, Fibro, sciatica, ruptured discs in lower back, brain lesions and seizures and adrenaline tumors (3)….
In the early 1990s, industrial hemp agriculture in North America began with the Hemp Awareness Committee at the University of Manitoba. The Committee worked with the provincial government to get research and development assistance, and was able to obtain test plot permits from the Canadian government. Their efforts led to the legalization of industrial hemp (hemp with only minute amounts of tetrahydrocannabinol) in Canada and the first harvest in 1998.[82][83]
I use a cbd oil that is 1/1 thc. I had desperately hoped for pain control but while it helped a little while on low dose fentanyl, without I get no relief to speak of. The positive is in its helping my severe digestive issues! I have not been able to eat or digest what I ate for many years and with the use of this oil I am actually gaining weight! I was losing as much as five pounds a week! Just wish it helped with pain control!
The term kief refers to the sticky, bulbous crystalline formations on the tip of a gland called a "trichome." Trichomes are external resin glands packed with the chemicals that give marijuana its flavors and smells, called "terpenes." They also contain high concentrations of cannabinoids. These chemicals which interact with our body to produce marijuana's signature effects.
Put simply, "indica" strains are those associated with a strong body-high, feelings of sedation and relaxation. For this reason, indicas are often thought of as the "heavier" strains of cannabis, offering stronger highs that impact the whole body. They're popular among marijuana users as pain relieving and sleep-inducing strains. Indicas are especially popular among medical cannabis patients.
While CBD is considered the major non-psychoactive component of cannabis, in studies using varied doses, routes of administration, and combination or whole products with THC, a number of side effects have been reported, including anxiety, changes in appetite and mood, diarrhea, dizziness, drowsiness, dry mouth, low blood pressure, mental confusion, nausea, and vomiting.


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With the insight of our Digital Media Designer, Nick Ridge, we complete our blog series on web design for beginners with part two of 10 Things […]Read more
With the insight of our Digital Media Designer, Nick Ridge, this week Wolf commence the first in a two part blog series on web design for […]Read more
A recent article published online at Tech City UK has revealed that despite the headlines you may read about robots taking over your job, in the last […]Read more
Yet another apprentice has successfully secured employment at Wolf! Michael Hoggins, 19, who began his software development apprenticeship at Wolf in August 2014, has secured a […]Read more
As a seasoned professional in B2B sales and account management, Carolyn McGregor gives an insight into her daily activity and explains what she thinks is the […]Read more
When it comes to implementing IT effectively, innovation can mean different things to different organisations. Some place a heavy emphasis on business outcomes, and tie deployment strongly to these. Others […]Read more
Newcastle United's charity the NU Foundation has invited Wolf Group to become one of their official partners. The charity, which aims to encourage learning and promote healthy […]Read more
Wolf Group has increased the footprint of its digital media team to help broaden its technical and creative expertise in web based user interfaces and mobile […]Read more
Gone are the days when cyber crime was an art. Today, anybody can gain the knowledge that enables them to access websites and databases in order […]Read more
Over the next month Wolf Group are working alongside our local schools to provide vital work experience placements to Year 10 students. This week our work […]Read more
People have plenty to say about the North East's skills gap, but do little to help the situation themselves. If you're in the business of hiring […]Read more
As IT projects become more complex and existing software continues to evolve, the need for testers to be involved throughout the development process becomes more and […]Read more


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The SoBo Team recently donated services to the Crystal Charity Ball Auction to help raise funds for a variety of children's charities in Dallas County. The Tree Care... Learn More
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The Latest News from Southern Botanical
Southern Botanical wins 2016 NALP Merit Awards
October 1, 2016, Dallas, Tx--Southern Botanical Inc. has been awarded two prestigious Merit Awards from the National Association of Landscape Professionals (NALP).The... Learn More
Grand Platinum Awarded to Southern Botanical at TNLA Awards Celebration
Dallas, Tx-- Southern Botanical Inc., for the eighth year in a row, has been awarded prestigious Gold Awards from the 2015-2016 TNLA Texas Excellence in Landscaping... Learn More
D Home names Southern Botanical "Editor's Choice" Best Yard Care
August 20, 2016, Dallas, Tx-- Southern Botanical was recently selected by D Home Magazine as Best of Big D "Editor's Choice" for Best Yard Care in Dallas! Earlier this... Learn More
D Magazine names Southern Botanical "Best of Big D" for 4th year!
July 19, 2016, Dallas, Tx--D Magazine announced the results of their Best of Big D award event today and for the fourth year, Southern Botanical topped the list in the... Learn More
Southern Botanical again named to Lawn & Landscape's national 2016 Top 100 list
May 31, 2016, Dallas, Tx --Landscape industry publication Lawn & Landscape recently released its prestigious Top 100 list of landscape companies nationwide and... Learn More
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Amazon FBA is a fantastic Way to make certain that you're in a placement to get your merchandise delivered and also sold immediately to customers so that you will don't need to be concerned about the transport and handling process. Additionally, it may be very valuable for companies that cannot have an ample amount of storage space FBA for goods, because they home your goods on location. With that said, Fulfillment By Amazon is actually the ideal aspect for each and every merchant. Before signing up, it's a smart idea to make sure that it's the ideal offer for you through deciding how your goods accomplish your customers, the way to have control of the procedure and the scalability of this plan.
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The number one Element to consider when selling along with Fulfillment By Amazon is the method your products will achieve Amazon Perfect customers. If you utilize Amazon FBA, all your consumers that possess an Amazon Prime accounts will be provided with the opportunity to select two-day delivery for free. As well as Prime consumers, frequent Amazon clients will have the ability to benefit from their free freight with purchases of $35.00 or more. Among the biggest advantages related to document with FBA is that your merchandise is going to be recorded without delivery price for Amazon Excellent customers, enabling you to boost your sales.
What is Amazon FBA Owner Central?
Amazon FBA Vendor Central is the facet of the Amazon site that you will have the ability to use to have complete handle on what stockroom your issues will be taken away in, how you need to report your issues, and how you're going to exhibit the actual selling options that come with your merchandise. It's basically a great whole dashboard dedicated to your products or services and how they'll be found from your general public. You'll have the ability to look for your items as soon as they have been added, check out the other costs of competing FBA vendors, and decide what steps you'll need Amazon to consider throughout the purchase such as sending the product or service. Seller Central is critical to this particular selling procedure since it will offer you that the"first impression" your customers get when they locate your merchandise.


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