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Sensitivity profile of the human EndoC-βH1 beta cell line to proinflammatory cytokines
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The aim of this study was to perform a detailed analysis of cytokine toxicity in the new human EndoC-βH1 beta cell line.
The expression profile of the antioxidative enzymes in the new human EndoC-βH1 beta cells was characterised and compared with that of primary beta cells in the human pancreas. The effects of proinflammatory cytokines on reactive oxygen species formation, insulin secretory responsiveness and apoptosis of EndoC-βH1 beta cells were determined.
EndoC-βH1 beta cells were sensitive to the toxic action of proinflammatory cytokines. Glucose-dependent stimulation of insulin secretion and an increase in the ATP/ADP ratio was abolished by proinflammatory cytokines without induction of IL-1β expression. Cytokine-mediated caspase-3 activation was accompanied by reactive oxygen species formation and developed more slowly than in rodent beta cells. Cytokines transiently increased the expression of unfolded protein response genes, without inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress-marker genes. Cytokine-mediated NFκB activation was too weak to induce inducible nitric oxide synthase expression. The resultant lack of nitric oxide generation in EndoC-βH1 cells, in contrast to rodent beta cells, makes these cells dependent on exogenously generated nitric oxide, which is released from infiltrating immune cells in human type 1 diabetes, for full expression of proinflammatory cytokine toxicity.
EndoC-βH1 beta cells are characterised by an imbalance between H2O2-generating and -inactivating enzymes, and react to cytokine exposure in a similar manner to primary human beta cells. They are a suitable beta cell surrogate for cytokine-toxicity studies.
KeywordsCytokine toxicity Diabetes Human EndoC-βH1 beta cells Insulin secretion Oxidative stress
- CuZnSOD
Copper-zinc superoxide dismutase
Diethylenetriamine–nitric oxide
Endoplasmic reticulum
- GPx
Glutathione peroxidase
Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion
- iNOS
Inducible nitric oxide synthase
- MnSOD
Manganese superoxide dismutase
Nitric oxide
Reactive oxygen species
Unfolded protein response
The generation of the new permanent human EndoC-βH1 beta cell line by Ravassard et al and Scharfmann et al [1, 2] has opened up new perspectives for diabetes research. This new human beta cell line has been shown to express all target structures crucial for physiological beta cell function and insulin secretion, and is characterised by excellent responsiveness to glucose and other secretagogues [1, 2, 3], but not to pyruvate and lactate [3]. Although this cell line has been used in a few studies exploring cytokine toxicity [4, 5, 6], the mechanisms of cytokine toxicity to human beta cells as they pertain to type 1 diabetes are not yet fully understood. Although the mechanisms of beta cell death in rat and mouse models of type 1 diabetes mellitus have been revealed in the last decades [7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15], our knowledge of in vitro cytokine action in human beta cells is limited. In the present study, we aimed to provide a detailed analysis of the mechanisms underlying cytokine action and toxicity in the human EndoC-βH1 beta cell line.
Maintenance and treatment of the human EndoC-βH1 beta cell line and EndoC-βH1 pseudoislets
EndoC-βH1 cells (Endocells, Paris, France) were cultured as previously described (see electronic supplementary material [ESM] Methods for details) [1]. Pseudoislets were generated and cultured as described in ESM Methods. The cell lines used were routinely checked for mycoplasma and were free from mycoplasma contamination. For cytokine toxicity analysis, cells and pseudoislets were treated with proinflammatory cytokines (see ESM Methods for details). 3-Morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1) (50 μmol/l) or diethylenetriamine (DETA)-nitric oxide (NO) (100 μmol/l) were applied in the absence or presence of cytokines for 7 days or 24 h, respectively.
RNA isolation, cDNA preparation, RT-PCR, western blotting and immunofluorescence
Total RNA was isolated using the RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). After quality control, 1 μg of RNA was reverse transcribed using random hexamer primers. QuantiTect SYBR Green (Qiagen) was employed, as described in detail in the ESM Methods. Antibodies against copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) (1:3000), manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) (1:3000), glutathione peroxidase (GPx)1 (1:7500), catalase (CAT) (1:5000), IL-1β (1:100), nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (NRF2) (1:1000) and β-actin (1:250) (as the loading control) were used to analyse protein expression by western blotting, as described in detail in the ESM Methods. For immunofluorescence, human EndoC-βH1 cells were stained with specific antibodies for CuZnSOD, MnSOD, GPx, CAT and insulin (for details, see ESM Methods).
Human pancreases and in situ PCR analysis
Human pancreases from non-diabetic donors were obtained by organ resection during surgical intervention or from organ donors (ESM Table 1). Tissue was handled and processed as approved by the Hannover Medical School Ethics Committee. The in situ PCR analysis was performed and quantified as previously described (for details, see ESM Table 2) [16]. The primer sequences used are listed in ESM Table 3.
Caspase-3 assay, flow cytometric quantification of total cell death and reactive oxygen species measurement
Cells were seeded at a density of 7000 cells/well onto 96-well coated plates 5 days before the addition of test compounds. A total of 50 pseudoislets of comparable size were handpicked, followed by treatment with the indicated cytokines. Activation of caspase-3 was quantified using the Caspase-Glo-3/7 kit (Promega, Mannheim, Germany) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Samples were measured on the GloMax-Multi Detection System (Promega) and data were imported into Instinct software version 3.1.2 (Promega) prior to data analysis. Data are expressed as percentages of cells without exposure to test compounds. Total cell death was quantified using flow cytometry (CyFlow ML, Partec, Münster, Germany), as described in the ESM Methods. Overall oxidative and nitrosative stress by DCF fluorescence and hydroxyl radical production by 3′-(p-hydroxyphenyl) fluorescein were assessed as previously described (see ESM Methods for details) [10].
Insulin secretion, ATP content and NFкB reporter gene assay
The assessment of insulin secretion and ATP content, and the quantification of NFкB activity, was performed using established methods [3]. Details are provided in the ESM Methods.
Data analysis
All data are expressed as means ± SEM. Unless otherwise stated statistical analyses were performed by one-way ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni test using the Prism analysis program (GraphPad, San Diego, CA, USA). Only p values of <0.05 were considered significant.
Antioxidative enzyme expression in human EndoC-βH1 beta cells
Gene and protein expression levels of antioxidative enzymes in human EndoC-βH1 beta cells
Antioxidative enzyme
Gene expression (arbitrary units)
Gene expression (% of CuZnSOD)
Protein expression (arbitrary units)
Protein expression (% of CuZnSOD)
0.177 ± 0.038 (5)
2.15 ± 0.23 (8)
0.152 ± 0.018 (8)
2.39 ± 0.23 (6)
0.004 ± 0.001 (6)
0.12 ± 0.03 (4)
0.012 ± 0.002 (9)
0.32 ± 0.03 (4)
Antioxidative enzyme expression in primary beta cells of human pancreases
Cytokine toxicity in human EndoC-βH1 beta cells
Next, we studied whether the formation of EndoC-βH1 islet-like structures (pseudoislets) rendered EndoC-βH1 beta cells more sensitive to proinflammatory cytokines. As shown in ESM Fig. 2a, 24 h exposure of pseudoislets to IL-1β alone and/or the cytokine mixture resulted in significant caspase-3 activation, suggesting that pseudoislets exhibit an earlier and greater sensitivity towards cytokine toxicity than equivalent EndoC-βH1 monolayers. These results were confirmed by counterstaining with propidium iodide and Hoechst dye (ESM Fig. 2b).
Insights into the mechanisms underlying cytokine-mediated toxicity in human EndoC-βH1 beta cells
Incubation of EndoC-βH1 cells for 24 h with IL-1β alone (60 U/ml) or with IL-1β in combination with TNF-α or with IFN-γ resulted in activation of the transcription factor NFκB (Fig. 3c). A comparable level of activation was also seen at the 10× concentration of IL-1β (600 U/ml) (Fig. 3c). TNF-α or IFN-γ alone or TNF-α and IFN-γ in combination showed no effect (Fig. 3c). The mixture of IL-1β, TNF-α and IFN-γ caused the strongest activation of NFκB (Fig. 3c). In addition, the gene expression of NRF1 and NRF2 (also known as NFE2L1 and NFE2L2) was determined in EndoC-βH1 cells before and after stimulation with beta cell toxic cytokines. As shown in ESM Fig. 3 exposure of EndoC-βH1 cells to IL-1β alone or a cytokine mixture for 1, 3, and 7 days had no effect on de novo synthesis of NRF1 (ESM Fig. 3a) or NRF2 (ESM Fig. 3b). This observation was confirmed by western blotting (ESM Fig. 3c). Thus, NRF2 is unlikely to be involved in regulating the antioxidant response upon cytokine-mediated toxicity in EndoC-βH1 cells.
Cytokines increased DCF fluorescence, a universal indicator of nitro-oxidative stress by reactive species, after 7 days of exposure (Fig. 3d). The most potent stimulation of DCF fluorescence was caused by the mixture of the three cytokines (Fig. 3d). The effects of IL-1β (60 and 600 U/ml) alone and in combination with TNF-α or IFN-γ were also significant, but less pronounced (Fig. 3d). Upon incubation with the cytokine mixture, a pronounced significant induction of hydroxyl radical formation was evident (Fig. 3e).
Expression of inducible (i) NO synthase (NOS) was undetectable in EndoC-βH1 beta cells. Cytokines failed to induce iNOS expression at either the gene or protein level at any analysed time point between 1 and 7 days of incubation (data not shown). Endothelial NOS and neuronal NOS were also not detected (data not shown). Incubation with an iNOS blocker, l-nitroarginine, reduced neither cytokine-mediated toxicity nor DCF oxidation (data not shown). Nevertheless, EndoC-βH1 cells were sensitive to NO toxicity, as documented by both caspase-3 activation and induction of DCF oxidation after exposure to the NO donors SIN-1 and DETA-NO (Fig. 3f–i). SIN-1 and DETA-NO had an additive effect on cytokine-mixture-mediated caspase-3 activation (Fig. 3f,g) and potentiated cytokine-mediated oxidative stress, as measured by DCF (Fig. 3h,i). We used these two NO donors because they differ in their actions and time lines. DETA-NO is known to be a pure NO donor and acts more quickly than SIN-1. SIN-1 is an NO donor that also releases a certain number of superoxide radicals as a by-product. It acts more slowly than other NO donors and therefore allows long-term co-incubations with cytokines (7 days) in studies with EndoC-βH1 cells.
Insulin secretory responsiveness of EndoC-βH1 beta cells to stimulation by glucose in the absence or presence of proinflammatory cytokines
ATP content of EndoC-βH1 beta cells in the absence or presence of proinflammatory cytokines
ATP content was not glucose-dependent (Fig. 5b). Exposure to a high concentration of IL-1β (600 U/ml) and to the cytokine mixture for 7 days led to a significant reduction of ATP content at 30 mmol/l glucose (Fig. 5b). The ATP/ADP ratio in human EndoC-βH1 beta cells increased along with increasing glucose concentrations (10 and 30 mmol/l) in the culture medium (Fig. 5c). This increase in the ATP/ADP ratio was blunted by IL-1β (600 U/ml) and the cytokine mixture (Fig. 5c).
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease characterised by a loss of pancreatic beta cells caused by proinflammatory cytokine-mediated toxicity [13, 17, 18, 19]. In the current study, maximal toxicity was observed with a mixture of three cytokines, IL-1β, TNF-α and IFN-γ, which has been shown to simulate the proinflammatory cytokine pattern in the infiltrating immune cells in the islets of Langerhans in patients with type 1 diabetes [13, 16, 20, 21]. Combinations of two of the cytokines (in particular with IL-1β) were less toxic, confirming an earlier observation [5]. However, the cytokine response was more sluggish in EndoC-βH1 beta cells than has been reported in other cell types, at around three times slower than in rodent beta cells [5, 10, 11]. The vulnerability of EndoC-βH1 beta cells towards proinflammatory cytokines could be significantly enhanced by a three-dimensional configuration of EndoC-βH1 beta cells as pseudoislets, which can be attributed to improved cell–cell contact. Our results in EndoC-βH1 beta cells are in line with previous observations in human islets [20, 22, 23, 24].
EndoC-βH1 beta cells are well equipped with all components of the cellular machinery for glucose responsiveness, as we have recently shown [3]. In the current study, insulin secretion from EndoC-βH1 beta cells responded to glucose stimulation, confirming earlier observations [1, 3]. Exposure to cytokines abolished GSIS, along with loss of a glucose-induced increase of the ATP/ADP ratio, consistent with previous observations in human islets [25, 26, 27]. The observed reduction in GSIS was not accompanied by a parallel induction of IL-1β expression in the EndoC-βH1 beta cells, as previously reported for human beta cells [28].
EndoC-βH1 beta cells show a profile of antioxidative enzyme equipment comparable with that of human and rat beta cells [23, 29]. In particular, they express the superoxide dismutase isoenzymes at a high level and show a very low expression of the H2O2- inactivating enzymes GPx and CAT. The expression of GPx was somewhat higher than that of peroxisomally expressed CAT. This imbalance of superoxide radical-dismutating and H2O2-detoxifying enzymes was also verified in beta cells of islets residing in the human pancreas parenchyma, using a special quantitative in situ PCR technique [16]. This method permits analysis of the gene expression level in each individual cell of the islet [16], thereby bypassing the problems with isolating single cells from isolated human islets [30]. These analyses also revealed that non-beta cells in human islets, in contrast to beta cells, express the H2O2-detoxifying enzymes at the same high level as the superoxide radical-dismutating enzymes. Thus, a comparison between expression levels in the EndoC-βH1 cell line and isolated whole islets is likely to overestimate the expression levels in the latter due to the non-beta cell component in primary human islets. It is therefore not surprising that somewhat higher expression levels of H2O2-inactivating enzymes have been found in isolated human islets [23, 31]. These results provide further support for the fact that beta cells in human pancreatic islets are more susceptible to proinflammatory cytokine toxicity than other islet cell types, further strengthening the concept of a particular vulnerability of beta cells [12]. Thus, the well-known imbalance between the generation and inactivation of H2O2 in pancreatic beta cells, in particular in mitochondria, which comprise the primary intracellular sites of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated cytokine toxicity [9, 10, 12, 14, 29, 32], is also likely to play a crucial role in cytokine toxicity in this new human beta cell line.
Activation of the transcription factor NFκB is a key element in cytokine-mediated beta cell death in rodent insulin-secreting cells [7]. We observed a rather mild activation of this transcription factor in EndoC-βH1 beta cells, much weaker than in rodent insulin-producing cells [11]. This NFκB activation was primarily dependent on IL-1β, which is in line with a corresponding observation in human islets [24]. The weak cytokine-mediated activation of NFκB in EndoC-βH1 beta cells, as in human islets, failed to induce the iNOS pathway [22, 24, 33], which is at variance to rodent beta cells [7, 13, 19, 21, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39]. Our results confirm recent studies in EndoC-βH1 beta cells that reported virtually no expression of iNOS [4, 40]. In addition, we documented a lack of expression of other NOS isoforms: endothelial NOS and neuronal NOS. Thus, similar to human islets [24, 41], EndoC-βH1 beta cells are apparently not capable of producing NO.
Nonetheless, we observed significant ROS production after stimulation with the cytokine mixture, and this production was not reduced by the iNOS blocker l-nitroarginine. This excludes an NO-mediated component in the increased DCF oxidation. The imbalance of the expression of superoxide radical-dismutating and H2O2-detoxifying enzymes in EndoC-βH1 beta cells supports the conclusion that H2O2 generation is responsible for the increased DCF fluorescence. In the case of proinflammatory cytokine toxicity, the mitochondria are the site of H2O2 formation [9], generated through the action of MnSOD upon superoxide radicals originating from the respiratory chain [10]. This increased H2O2 production is ultimately the basis for the generation of the highly toxic hydroxyl radical in the Fenton reaction [10]. Indeed, the results of this study show a significant production of hydroxyl radicals upon exposure to the cytokine mixture. The magnitude of hydroxyl radical production in EndoC-βH1 beta cells is lower than that in rodent cells, where hydroxyl radical formation is fostered through an interaction between H2O2 and NO [10].
ER stress is thought to contribute to the toxic effects of proinflammatory cytokines in rodent beta cells [8]. In the present study, we observed a significant activation of UPR genes fostering cytoprotective ER chaperone protein expression in EndoC-βH1 beta cells after 1 day, which vanished after longer exposure to the cytokine mixture. However, the cytokine mixture did not induce the expression of CHOP, the most important proapoptotic ER stress marker in rodent beta cells [8], or of other ER stress response genes, which is at variance with beta cells of rodent origin [11, 42, 43]. This observation is in contrast to a recent report by Brozzi et al [4]. This difference may be related to the use of 2% FCS in their incubation medium [4]. In our experiments, we followed the original tissue culture protocol devised for this particular cell line by the manufacturer (Endocells). A possible reason for the failure to detect ER stress in response to proinflammatory cytokines might be the lack of iNOS expression and concomitant NO production in EndoC-βH1 beta cells. This theory is supported by the observation that proinflammatory cytokines mildly increased the expression of ER stress markers in the presence of the NO donor DETA-NO. Our results are in agreement with the only partial and weak ER stress marker expression observed in pancreatic beta cells from patients with type 1 diabetes [44]. Thus, beta cells of human origin are apparently capable of better coping with cytokine-mediated stress.
An explanation for the observed discrepancy in cytokine toxicity between beta cells of rodent and human origin could be the lack of endogenous NO production in beta cells of human islets. In the pancreatic islets of type 1 diabetes patients, the membrane-permeable NO originates from the infiltrating immune cells [16]. This NO could, in the presence of a trace metal, promote (in a reaction with H2O2) the formation of the highly toxic hydroxyl radical [10], thereby contributing to beta cell demise. The observation that the NO donors SIN-1 and DETA-NO increased the sensitivity of EndoC-βH1 beta cells to cytokine toxicity provides support for a role of NO in the toxic effect of proinflammatory cytokines in beta cells of human origin. This situation is also known from other autoimmune diseases, where iNOS is induced only in the infiltrating immune cells, and not in the cells of the target organ [45]. This difference between the in vitro and in vivo situation might explain the weaker in vitro toxicity of the cytokines towards the EndoC-βH1 beta cells, as compared with rodent beta cells. The lack of NO production in human beta cells [22, 24] as well as in EndoC-βH1 beta cells thus emphasises the role of the beta cell as an innocent bystander, rather than an active participant, in the process of autoimmune-mediated beta cell destruction in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.
The excellent technical assistance of C. Schwab, M. Funck and A. Possler (Hannover Medical School) is gratefully acknowledged. The authors thank R. Scharfmann and P. Ravassard (Institut du cerveau et de la moelle (ICM), Biotechnology & Biotherapy Team, 75013 Paris, France) for advice with the EndoC-βH1 beta cell culture. The authors are very grateful to K. Dobashi (Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan) for the antibodies against CuZnSOD, MnSOD and GPx.
The work leading to this publication has received support from the Innovative Medicines Initiative Joint Undertaking (grant agreement no. 155005, IMIDIA), the resources of which comprise financial contributions from the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) and in-kind contributions from companies in the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations. EG-C was supported by the Menarini Award of the German Diabetes Association and the "Habilitationsförderung für Frauen" of Hannover Medical School.
Duality of interest
The authors declare that there is no duality of interest associated with this manuscript.
Contribution statement
EG-C and IM designed and performed experiments, analysed data, and created figures and tables; TP performed experiments with SIN-1; AJ performed in situ PCR experiments; and SL designed experiments, and supervised and coordinated the project. All authors wrote the manuscript and approved the final version of the manuscript. EG-C and IM are the guarantors of this work and take responsibility for the integrity of the data.
Supplementary material
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text:
Why Am I So Angry?
It is easy to think we should always be happy and that our sadness and anger is lack of education or poor mindset. It is in fact human to experience a range of emotions.
The art is learning how to experience them without imposing their affect on others. I believe the answer is to listen without judgment and let them have their space without letting them take up all your time and thinking.
Many find it hard to listen to anger, sadness or pain. It causes them to experience discomfort and so they stop listening and invariably the person telling the story suppresses that emotion instead of simply acknowledging and releasing it in the process of sharing.
And some let their emotions out either without concern for the impact or simply unaware of the pain it causes because they are able to listen to it and it doesn't impact them.
We are all different. I often feel the pain of others and I have to release it or it stays inside me. What about you? When you listen to someone being angry or sad what happens to you?
Thank you Mark
I would like to thank my husband who is always so patient when I hit this point. It is familiar which makes it frustrating but today I am choosing to simply be fascinated that I am back in this familiar place and grateful I can get back out. At least we know why it is happening and can and do quickly get ourselves out of it.
The Power of Sharing
When I have time to share my story or time to reflect, I can and do make better decisions. I am also a nicer person. Despite knowing sharing works, I don't always have someone to talk to in the moment. So I park the feeling and get busy and sometimes forget.
Today I woke and I was 'really' angry. It had been brewing most of yesterday and yet I ignored it.
Give angry space
When I gave angry my attention I noticed it was inside – tiny angry red face in my stomach. By the time I had finished writing/sharing/reflecting the red face had moved to my head and now my whole face was red. (metaphorically speaking)
As soon as as I saw my face red, it made me smile and I knew what the problem really was. One I was all in my head. It was all about the way I was thinking about the weekend and that was impacting how I felt and how I used my time.
And I smiled even more when I realised the angry red face was what I wanted. Only I wanted the red face to be from a really good workout that blew away the cobwebs. There is a saying that one of my clients uses which is "What you think about you bring about it"
I often say "Be careful for what you wish for" If you do not communicate with absolutely clarity you might actually get what you asked for just not in the way you wanted.
What brought it out was the fact I subconsciously knew I wanted to train. I had mentioned going to the beach last night but Mark didn't seem that interested so I let it go. Then today I became really frustrated because Mark was going out mountain biking today without me because I committed to work and encouraged him to go, saying I am busy. What I didn't do is listen to my desire to swim or workout yesterday.
I was saying I am working ALL weekend on the "FREE 7 Day Clarity Challenge".
Chatting with purpose
As I chat/write to you, my story revealed that during the course of many conversations, watching TV, reading and client sessions this week somethings had sparked curiosity and some pain.
I have a metaphorical wicker bin that I throw Sheryl's Crap in when I am working with clients and often by the time I have finished a session the stuff in the bin has dissolved and or resolved itself. And the weekend is also my time to process and let things go. When I don't have time for that or when lots of things come in at the same time the content of the bin get transferred to critic headquarters filing cabinet at the front of my head.
Stuck Behind The Listening
When I park and file my emotions like this, it works but only for certain lengths of time.
It is all too easy to get stuck behind listening, listening to everyone else and neglecting to share/listen to your own stories.
I guess that is why I write and why I am now blogging daily again and it is why I run Clarity and Confidence Retreats to give others space to off load their stories and edit them and only put back that which is useful and serves them.
As I push myself outside my comfort zone again with new challenges I am having more buttons pushed and more things end up in the bin and it would seem even more things are ending up in the critic filing cabinet.
When I fail to stop and share those stories with myself or someone else they build up and get stuck in my system which doesn't serve me. Today they arrived as anger, and it could have easily showed up as tears and or overeating.
What I know now is that I was telling myself a victim story of I am 'working all weekend' and my critic knew that I had somethings in my system that needed releasing and the way I was talking was inferring there wasn't time to share.
When I listened I also realised that my body is craving movement, heart beating activity that makes my face red. My soul is craving the sea and fresh air and I have cabin fever. I feel like I have been glued to my laptop for weeks. (I haven't, I just feel like I have)
Plan, Progress Praise
It is now 11.30am. I have been writing and editing this blog for 3 hours. Ironically it has taken much longer to process on my own than it would have been with someone who is skilled to listen. But that is where I am today.
What I do know is this. Even if I went to bed at 11.30pm I have 12 hours. I can actually do 5 hours of fun and relaxing soul nourishing stuff. I can have 3 hours cooking and that still leaves me 5 hours to work on the course. So my story is no longer "I am working all weekend" it is updated to I am working 5 hours today and I have already spent 3 hours nurturing my soul too.
That feels so much better and I can't wait to be red face and enjoying a swim in the sea as the summer starts to roll away and we move into the season of Autumn here in the UK.
What about you? How are you today?
The invitation today is to listen to your feelings, locate them if you can. Consider if they have a shape or size. That feeling is like what? And what would that feeling like to have happen? Whatever feeling or emotion you notice I would love to hear about your experience.
For research for book number two Do, delegate or Ditch – I would love to know if there is a relationship between your current feelings and the story you are telling yourself about time?
Please share below your thoughts as google likes to know you like me or join us for more private conversation in our closed Facebook group Manage your critic
If you are struggling to be heard and understood and it is preventing you from doing your best work and living your best life then please do book a FREE 30 minute call today to explore your next best step. Alternatively if you want to work through the process in private and would like to know when the FREE 7 Day Clarity Challenge will be available you can sign up here
I might be part of the solution you need and I might not, but by the end of the call you will you know your next best step. Or you can purchase a copy of my book here if buying in the UK. Alternatively you can go to www.smile.amazon.co.uk and purchase a copy here. If you don't yet have your amazon associated with a charity I would love if you would support Square Pegs Charity. A local charity that I support as trustee and patron.
About the Author – Sheryl Andrews – The Strength and Solution Detective
Sheryl Andrews, Founder of Step by Step Listening, is well known for her fast speaking and her passion to make things happen. But what many of you may not know is that in private behind closed doors she was also no stranger to lapses in self belief and an overwhelming sense of not being good enough.
That was until she learned the importance of being heard and asking for support. In her book she describes the step by step journey she took to learn how to manage her critic turning her overwhelm into clarity in 7 steps.
Sheryl now runs retreats that encourage you to really listen to what you need to work, learn and live at your best with others and the confidence to ask for those needs to be met.
Free Success without stress newsletter
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Manage your critic Facebook Community group
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Challenges Love or Hate Them They Are Part of Life
Just think for a minute what does the word challenge mean to you?
What kind of feelings does it conjure up?
For me it used to conjure up an instant feeling of dread and failing.
And yet for many the word 'challenge' really motivates and inspires. They thrive on it.
I am always curious how differently we each experience an individual word and how one word can have such an impact on how people think and feel and ultimatly respond. Continue reading Challenges Love or Hate Them They Are Part of Life
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I Will Never Do It, It's Too Hard
One of the many things I love about the Women's Business Club is the monthly speakers and this month did not fail.
Lynda Taverner from Raindancers joined us to talk about 'Believe'. In front of each of us we had been given a card with statements that many of Lynda's clients say. Things like:
"I will never do it, it's too hard" or "Why can't I do it as well as my friend" Continue reading I Will Never Do It, It's Too Hard
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How To Conquer The Time Monster?
One of the most common causes for overwhelm is the fear of not having enough time. It can create this massive monster in our mind and before we know it all we ever seem to say is "I don't have time."
Our thinking can become consumed with how little time we have rather than with productive and effective thinking about how we can maximise the time we have.
Time in my experience is not the problem and it is more our perception of time in relation to our desired outcomes that is the culprit.
When we lack clarity of what we want, why we want it, what works for us and how long it will take we often get consumed with indecision and procrastination quickly follows. That can often mean we don't have any sense of progress because it feels like nothing has been achieved and so the spiral of the time monster continues. Continue reading How To Conquer The Time Monster?
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Destination Addiction – Where Is Your Attention?
The Clarity Process
In my book Manage Your Critic – From Overwhelm to clarity in 7 steps I talk about C for curiosity and L for language. I attended the Southampton Positive Living Group last week to listen to Robert Holden.
As I listened to Robert Holden he talked about how we can become addicted to the destination and our language is about the future saying things like:
- 'I am getting there'
- 'When I have ….then I will…'
- 'One day I will ……'
- 'When I retire, then I will…'
It got me thinking about my goals this month which is to love and respect my body more. In the past with any weight loss journey I was focused on the destination. Continue reading Destination Addiction – Where Is Your Attention?
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A Year To Love My Body
One of the 7 steps to clarity is T – Trust.
Trust your own process and take your own advice
Since writing my book I have been forced, to be so much more aware of my own process and the advice I give others. I now proactively stop and listen to my own wisdom with the aim to take that advice myself.
Instead of projecting my wisdom on others with words and instructions, I aim to embed it, embrace it and be it.
In this weeks Motivational Monday I talk about my reflections on a question that took me 6 years to answer: Continue reading A Year To Love My Body
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How To Make Your Dreams A Reality?
Today I want to share my process to make things happen.
Over the years I have been known for my motivation and my ability to inspire change in others.
So what does it take to make something happen? Below is my process and the video to one of my recent Live Training sessions in the Manage Your Critic Group which has been getting some great reviews.
Continue reading How To Make Your Dreams A Reality?
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Why Planning Doesn't Work Without Reflection?
The truth is that goal setting, planning and thinking positively on it's own won't work because it only provides one of the 3 perspectives.
It is purely focused on the future and yet in every moment we are experiencing present, past and future.
Besides the future is over there, in the distance and often means you are working towards something. As the saying goes "tomorrow never comes" Continue reading Why Planning Doesn't Work Without Reflection?
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Why Is Christmas A Trigger?
Christmas is always intended to be a time for joy, laughter and connection and yet for many it can be a time of triggers and frustrations.
So why is Christmas a trigger?
For those that know my line of work – you know that I work with you to gain clarity of what you want and the confidence to ask for it.
Your 5 senses are processing information all of the time and it is your 5 senses that are used to recall memories.
And sometimes memories are triggered involuntary because of the association with certain smells, tastes or touch. It could be the sound or tone of something or someone that triggers a thought. You might be aware that certain words or epxressions push your buttons and annoy or frustrate you and for some the response is one that cannot be explained with words. You know those moments when you respond emotionally and even you know that the response is not rationally. Continue reading Why Is Christmas A Trigger?
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The Power of Pronouns
Working, learning and living with others is dependent on us having clarity of what want and the confidence to ask for it. And yet no matter how much you might practice what you are going to say or think before you speak somehow you can still be misunderstood.
When I am working with clients I notice language patterns and ask questions of specific words to help them gain clarity and insight. Sometimes they are not actually saying what they mean.

subset: commoncrawl


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Finding low cost homeowners insurance quotes for Polk, does not have to be difficult. Our website is designed to help consumers like you to compare multiple providers. Enter your Zip Code in the form above and get a quick look at the top-recommended options for your area.
Home Insurance Quotes That Will Give You Excellent RatesVery few people that get Polk homeowners insurance actually end up finding the best rates available. They will typically go with what their current insurance provider has for them, usually bundling that in order to get a discount. However, you can find several different Missouri companies that will charge far less than what your existing insurance policy actually offers. In fact, they may even give you more coverage for less money, but you have to obtain home insurance quotes on the web that can lead you to these exceptional deals.
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Make certain you have sufficient smoke detectors put in in your home. Older homes specially might need further kinds in buy to get a much better house insurance coverage quality. Even some newer homes can benefit monetarily from introducing further detectors aside from those required to meet the needs.
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If you have home insurance and also have a canine, make positive that you appear for plan alternatives that protect people who could be attacked by your puppy. It is a strange and backwards world at times, but an intruder can in fact sue you if your pet assaults him. Yeah, it's mad, but that is why they have these coverage choices.
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Make sure your home


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Welcome to Ndigbo News Blog
Ndigbo News Blog is an online blog that covers Nigeria.We are your one-stop Nigerian portal for all Nigerian news – politics, and much more. We offer 24/7 updates on the happenings all over Nigeria, and also Gossips all over the entertainment and musical industries We are the best, with the fastest updates on the hidden and encrypted political happenings in Nigeria. We publish across all formats also with this online platform where we hope to appeal to the bulk of our young and middle class elites with a vision of the future and a belief in social change and also Join our Facebook Group For all Ndigbo News Blog contact us using by sending us email: email@example.com Thank you
Comments on this blog are not posted by Ndigbo News therefore, she will not be liable for any comment made by readers.
Ndigbo News does NOT own any other blog/website apart from www.ndigbonews.com
Got a story for me? Contact me – firstname.lastname@example.com
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Scenic drive to Rocky Mountain National Park and Sprague Lake hike.
Our trip begins today in Denver, Colorado. Meet your guides at 1pm at our host hotel near the Denver International Airport. A brief orientation ensures we're all prepared before we load into our private van and set out for Rocky Mountain National Park. From Plains Indians to buffalo hunters, this region is rich in history and our guides take advantage of the scenic drive to begin to tell the story of this beautiful region. Upon arriving at the park, we stop at the Moraine Park Discovery Center before continuing on to our campsite. Our camp accommodations include oversized tents allowing plenty of room for us to stretch out and stow our gear. After dinner and some relaxation time, we head out for an evening hike to Sprague Lake, hoping to see some elk, moose, or deer. We end the night around a campfire under a star-filled Rocky Mountain sky. Dinner included.
Hiking: 1.5 miles with minimal elevation gain and loss. Transfer time: 2 hours. Camp elevation: 8,500'.
Earn a Junior Ranger badge and be first to spot bighorn sheep.
A hot breakfast prepared by the guides starts a fun-filled day of exploration and discovery. Our first activity is a 1.5-mile downhill hike through ponderosa forest and open meadows with spectacular views of the surrounding alpine landscape. After our warm-up hike, we continue to Hidden Valley, the headquarters of the park's Junior Ranger Program. Here, the kids have an opportunity to learn more about this mountainous wonderland from a park ranger and earn a Junior Ranger badge for participating. Later this afternoon, we explore the Alluvial Fan Trail – always on the lookout for Bighorn sheep – and finish the day's adventure with a two-mile hike across Moraine Park. All meals included.
Hiking: 4-5 miles with minimal elevation gain and loss.
Hike to sparkling alpine lakes surrounded by towering peaks.
The sounds of birds and chipmunks awaken us in our comfy tents, and we begin a full day of adventure in Rocky Mountain National Park. A hot breakfast is the prelude to our hike to a series of beautiful alpine lakes crowned by towering granite peaks. Situated in the Tyndall Gorge, Bear Lake is by far one of the most popular and most photographed lakes in the park. After Bear Lake, our trail takes us on a gradual ascent to Nymph Lake, lined by pond lilies and offering stunning views of Longs Peak and Glacier Gorge. Prepare for jaw-dropping scenery when we reach Emerald Lake, with the jagged spires of Hallett Peak and Flattop Mountain dominating the skyline. After soaking in the dramatic alpine scenery that surrounds us, we return to camp where a hearty dinner await us in our comfortable outdoor home. All meals included.
Hiking: 4.5 miles with 625' elevation gain and loss.
Raft the Cache la Poudre River and spend the night stargazing.
Today we see the Rockies from a new perspective. Fueled by a delicious camp breakfast, we load into our van and travel for an hour and a half to meet our river guides and get ready for a fun morning paddling the Cache La Poudre River. After a safety talk and rafting instruction, we hop in our rafts and enjoy equal measures of thrills and stunning scenery. Get ready for splashing and laughing on Colorado's only designated "Wild and Scenic River." We raft a stretch of the river that's perfect for families, even those with no previous rafting experience. After a delicious lunch recapping our paddling exploits, we return to camp in mid-afternoon and have plenty of time to play games, relax in the fresh mountain air, or catch up on some summer reading. Another night of stargazing and roasting marshmallows with newfound friends is the perfect end to an adventure-filled day. All meals included.
Rafting: 3 hours. Transfer time: 3 hours roundtrip.
Hike to a trio of beautiful backcountry waterfalls.
This morning we take a scenic drive along the eastern slope of Longs Peak in the Tahosa Valley to the Wild Basin Trailhead. Here we load up our daypacks with lunch, snacks and cameras before setting out to visit three beautiful, but distinctly unique waterfalls. Copeland Falls, Calypso Cascades, and Ouzel Falls all have their own special look and feel and offer a variety of great photographic opportunities. In the rushing streams, the songbird known as the water ouzel (or American dipper) entertains us as it flies, floats, swims and wades in a never-ending search for aquatic insects. Our guides prepare a special farewell dinner for us tonight, providing an opportunity to reflect on our adventures in this magnificent national park. All meals included.
Hiking: 5.4 miles with 970' elevation gain/loss.
Spot marmots, elk and pika on a scenic drive across Trail Ridge Road.
No experience in Rocky Mountain National Park would be complete without driving across the Trail Ridge Road, widely considered the most beautiful drive in America. Gaining 4,500' in elevation, we see the vegetation and terrain transform drastically while we try to spot marmots, pikas, elk herds and Bighorn sheep. We'll stop to enjoy a few short hikes high in the alpine tundra at over 11,000' before continuing westward on Trail Ridge Road across the backbone of the continent towards the west side of the park and the headwaters of the Colorado River. En route, we visit Holzwarth Historic Site for a short, easy walk before resuming our drive back to Denver. We anticipate getting back to the Denver host hotel between 6pm and 7pm. Breakfast and lunch included.
Hiking: 1.5 miles above 11,000' with minimal elevation gain/loss. Scenic drive on Trail Ridge Road: 2 hours with several breaks including short hikes. Total transfer time: 4 hours.


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Call Number
Material Type
Home Location
Item Holds
|Adult Non-Fiction
|Non-Fiction Area
|Adult Non-Fiction
|Open Shelf
On Order
A provocative look at the naked political agenda of today's Supreme Court, from one of America's foremost jurists.
In the fall of 2000, when the United States Supreme Court handed down a decision that effectively decided a Presidential election, the Court's role in political life suddenly was thrust onto center stage. But, as legendary attorney and activist Martin Garbus argues, the Court has been a hotbed of politics for years, and it's time we took off our blinders and stopped treating the justices as the protectors of objective truth.
For more than a generation, the Supreme Court has been quietly but aggressively rolling back legislation that has been fundamental to our justice system and economy since the days of Franklin Roosevelt. Although they remain on the books, laws concerning everything from abortion to the rights of suspects have been all but eviscerated. Most of the legal principles involved are subtle and technical, and often are lost on the general public. But in Courting Disaster Garbus brilliantly explicates the ways in which seemingly small decisions by the Court can preciptate radical change in American law, and then in American society.
Ultimately, Garbus issues a passionate, well-argued wake-up call to liberal forces, urging the restoration of the Court's bipartisanship and objectivity.
Author Notes
Martin Garbus is a trail lawyer. He lives in New York City.
Reviews 3
Booklist Review
Garbus dispels the myth that the U.S. Supreme Court and its composition are apolitical and places the High Court within the context of partisan political strategizing. From the strong political shift to the Right during the Reagan administration, when the plan to stack the federal judiciary was initiated, through the Supreme Court ruling in 2000 that declared George Bush president, trumping the Florida Supreme Court, the American public has seen a level of political activism that most conservative judiciaries have rhetorically opposed for years. Garbus objectively addresses this turnaround, reviewing the irony of the mid-twentieth century, when the Left sought refuge from state's rights by seeking out the U.S. Supreme Court. Garbus concludes that the current court is primarily result-oriented, with justices who are relatively comfortable with exerting conservative influence for the foreseeable future. As the Supreme Court takes fewer cases, circuit court decisions gain in significance, heightening the importance of the conservative strategy to secure appointees at the circuit level. Garbus advocates a counterforce to function in the political and public legal arenas to ensure a more evenhanded judiciary. --Vernon Ford
Publisher's Weekly Review
Garbus, a leading First Amendment lawyer and TV commentator, believes the U.S. Supreme Court, rather than protecting American democracy, poses a grave threat to it. He argues that the conservative bloc of the Court, driven by the ideological vision of William Rehnquist and intellectual vigor of Antonin Scalia, is "seizing power" and seeking to eviscerate individual freedoms most Americans assume to be their birthright. He fears even more that conservative Bush appointees would give the Rehnquist bloc the necessary votes to rewrite the Constitution and severely limit the right to abortion, significant First Amendment rights and protections against unreasonable searches and seizures. Garbus doesn't dumb down his subject; he discusses Supreme Court cases and the underlying judicial philosophy on the level of a law school class. The analysis of the Court's decisions on women's rights, race, affirmative action and religion will be familiar to sophisticated readers, but the discussion of the constitutional development of economic regulation will be new to most. Still, despite the density of the material, Garbus's writing is clear and comprehensible. Sympathetic that is, liberal readers will find his message chilling and will welcome his call for citizens to use their political influence to convince moderate senators, who will provide the pivotal votes on the next Supreme Court nominees, to insist on the appointment of more moderate justices. (Sept. 17) Forecast: Garbus's reputation should earn him reviews; his audience will consist primarily of the already converted. (c) Copyright PWxyz, LLC. All rights reserved
Library Journal Review
Like Noonan (see accompanying review), Garbus sees the Rehnquist Court as undermining the ability of both the Federal judiciary and especially Congress to play a prominent role in the progressive evolution of the modern state. A trial attorney who has appeared frequently as a legal commentator on NBC and CNBC, Garbus decries the Court's recent tendency to overturn congressional legislation by declaring unconstitutional the provisions of various bipartisan acts across a wide range of social, economic, and political spectra. Carefully explicating the conflicting Court perceptions of federalism, he paints a vivid picture of internal conflict among the justices. For each major point of constitutional contention, he considers how and where the case originally arose, issues at trial, appellate review, arguments before the Court, the nine justices and where they stand, the majority opinion, and the minority dissent. The author also properly assesses the impact of the dissents, should these someday become the majority viewpoint of the narrowly divided Court. In the current context, the ability of the federal government to exercise its Article I powers is rigidly constrained. As Garbus shows, attempts by Congress to assert its power over gun control, as in the Brady Bill, or to help rape victims, as in the Women Against Violence Act, will be, and have been, struck down as unconstitutional when legislated under the pretext of interstate commerce. Garbus spends more time analyzing case law, while Noonan emphasizes the Court's resolution of constitutional disputes, so the two books complement each other nicely. Highly recommended.-Philip Y. Blue, New York State Supreme Court Criminal Branch Law Lib., New York (c) Copyright 2010. Library Journals LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Media Source, Inc. No redistribution permitted.
Table of Contents
|1. The Unmaking of American Law
|p. 1
|2. The Right's Twenty-Year Attack on the Federal Judiciary
|p. 14
|3. Crime and Punishment
|p. 46
|4. Morality and Values: Sex, Abortion, and Women's Rights
|p. 80
|5. Federalism and States' Rights
|p. 121
|6. Capitalism and the Free Market: Rolling Back the Clock to the 1990s
|p. 161
|7. Race, Gender, and Ethnicity
|p. 188
|8. Affirmative Action: Putting the Nail in the Coffin
|p. 225
|9. Religion
|p. 251
|10. Conclusion: Courting Disaster
|p. 283
|p. 293
|p. 301
|p. 307
|p. 309


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I have read the entire book. I find Behe's first argument unconvincing
because he presents no data to support his contention that there MAY be a
future use found. That is true, but to rest your case on what the future
MAY find is escapist to the highest degree. One can avoid all his problems
by escaping into the future and IMAGINING all the solutions that await us
there. Then once we have IMAGINED all the solutions, we come back to the
present like a prophet and recommend that we wait. That is not science but
I find Behe's second argument unconvincing because it isn't true. He says,
"the second reason why Miller's argument fails to persuade is that even if
pseudogenes have no function, evolution has 'explained' nothing about how
pseudogenes arose. In order to make even a pseudocopy of a gene, a dozen
sophisticated proteins are required:..." p. 226
Now first, we do know how pseudogenes arise, because the processes of
backward transcription of RNA to DNA as well as insertion of DNA into the
genome at odd spots, have been observed in the lab. Behe's next sentence
confuses the origin of the reproductive system with the evidence for
evolution. Pseudogenes are evidence and I might add, strong evidence for
common descent.What follows is a sketch of how a pseudogene arises. A gene
is made up (for example) of several parts.
control region--coding region A-noncoding region--coding region B
The control region tells the machinery where the nocoding parts are. When
a protein is manufactured, the control region is removed and read, the two
coding regions are put together and a tail is put on the processed gene.
It looks like:
coding region A-coding region B--tail.
Occasionally the above form is mistakenly reinserted into the nuclear DNA
where the next generation will inherit it. While Behe may very well be
correct that the machinery to create pseudogenes must be created, the
pseudogenes clearly show that some common ancestor of humans and the apes
had a psuedogene for an immunoglobin gene manufactured and inserted at the
same place in the DNA in 4 species. Later half of the chimp pseudogene was
cut out, thus demonstrating that for the chimp it has no function. Edward
Max says,
"The crucial observation relating the discovery of pseudogenes to the
theory of evolution is this: some pseudogenes are shared between different
species. As examples, let's focus upon two human pseudogenes. . . My
colleagues and I were studying the human gene encoding immunoglobin epsilon (a
kind of antibody protein that participates in allergic reactions). We found
that, in addition to the expected functional gene, human DNA contains two
epsilon pseudogenes - one processed and one classical. Evidence from our
laboratory suggested that the processed epsilon pseudogene was inserted at the
same spot in both human and chimpanzee DNA. Dr. Honjo's group investigated
the DNA of other species and found evidence for this processed pseudogene in
gorillas as well as several monkey species. The classical pseudogene is found
within a large block of duplicated genes; the other genes in this block are
known to be functional, but one of the epsilon gene duplicates suffered a
deletion that removed DNA encoding about half of the amino acids of the
epsilon protein, thereby completely disabling the gene. This pseudogene is
apparently shared by man and gorilla, but but is not found in other apes or
monkeys. Other examples of shared pseudogenes are known, and additional
examples will almost certainly come to light as human and other mammalian DNAs
are studied. But even a single example is sufficient to make a strong
argument against the creationist viewpoint."Edward E. Max, "Plagarized Errors
and Molecular Genetics: Another Argument in the Creation-Evolution
Controversy,"Creation/Evolution 6:3, Winter 1986-87, p. 41-42
Later it was found that the chimps had a part of this pseudogene. Max writes:
"Alternatively, as I pointed out, the DNA corresponding to this sequence may
have been completely deleted in the chimpanzee lineage. Recent evident from
the laboratory of T. Honjo indicates that this is exactly what happened (Ueda
et al., 1988, Journal of Molecular Evolution 27:77). Cloning and DNA sequence
analysis of this region of chimpanzee DNA reveals a deletion of all four of
the major coding blocks of the epislon gene. What is left includes a portion
of the epsilon 'isotype switch region' on one side of the deletion and the
'epsilong membrane exons' on the other side (although the latter was not
demonstrated explicitly by sequence analysis); these are all that remain to
mark the position where a complete epsilon sequence once existed."~Edward E.
Max, "Letters", Creation/Evolution, Summer 1990, 10:1, p. 47.
Thus, neither of Behe's arguments do what he wants.
Adam, Apes and Anthropology
Foundation, Fall and Flood
& lots of creation/evolution information


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Affiliates work to introduce their visitors to the merchant's brand. They might write a post about a new product or promotion on the merchant's site, feature banner ads on their site that drive people to the merchant's site, or offer visitors a special coupon code. If people come from that affiliate's site and make a purchase, that affiliate gets paid.
I have yet to implement all the tools you have shared and recommended in this article, but I really like the way you explain things. It is written in a very easy-to-read style, and ho hype or exaggerated comments. Now I have to get busy and take the necessary time to study, and implement, your recommendations. Thank you for all that you have shared.
Amazon Associates is one of the first online affiliate marketing programs and was launched in 1996. The Amazon Associates program has a more than 12 year track record of developing solutions to help website owners, Web developers, and Amazon sellers make money by advertising millions of new and used products from Amazon.com and its subsidiaries, such as Endless.com and SmallParts.com. When website owners and bloggers who are Associates create links and customers click through those links and buy products from Amazon, they earn referral fees. It's free to join and easy to use.
First things first, choose a niche. You should choose something which interests you, you don't mind learning about, or have the ability to pay someone else to write about. Consider the potential costs carefully before delving into something which you know absolutely nothing about. Another important aspect is to be confident that it will be a lucrative niche to work in. There needs to be an abundance of products to promote, and the commission levels need to be significant enough to give you a good profit each time a sale is made.
Mention it in a blog post. A lot of bloggers get great initial results by working backward. Make a list of your top 5 or 10 blog posts. What things would be a natural fit in there? If it's a recipe post, maybe it's a few of the necessary tools needed to complete the recipe. Include your Amazon link. If it's a potty training tale, include a list of books you read or potty training supplies you recommend. Still not sure? Google posts similar to yours. What are those people promoting within those posts?
Same thing as affiliate tracking. A unique ID attached to the links you use to send traffic to the merchant that is specifically for you to track your sales for or referrals to the merchant. Example of a tracking code in a link: merchant.com/?ID=YOURUNIQUEID – You'll find an in-depth article on what affiliate tracking codes are and how to use them here.
But beyond these specific points, promoting affiliate products on Amazon really involves the same ground rules that apply to affiliate marketing in any form or on any other site or network. That is, know the products you're promoting, be honest in how you represent those products, and give people enough information to make an informed decision about the product.
Acorns is a micro-investing platform making a great new opportunity for those in the save money/make money niches. Acorns allows people to invest as little as $5 at a time and/or link up a debit or credit card and Acorns will roundup those purchases investing when you reach $5. They recently added a "Later" program which allows for IRA investments as well. It's an easy way to start saving for a rainy day. And the referral program isn't too shabby either! Earn $5 for every referral. Acorns will also give your friend their first $5 to invest. Why pass that up? Even better, because this is a new platform looking to grow its userbase they have been running some really lucrative referral bonuses. Some months have been, for example, "refer 12 people and get a $1000 bonus." Other months have been "refer 5 people and split a $100,000 pot." Definitely numbers small enough for everyone to play. Take advantage of it while you can.
^ Shashank SHEKHAR (2009-06-29). "Online Marketing System: Affiliate marketing". Feed Money.com. Archived from the original on 2011-05-15. Retrieved 2011-04-20. During November 1994, CDNOW released its BuyWeb program. With this program CDNOW was the first non-adult website to launch the concept of an affiliate or associate program with its idea of click-through purchasing.
In the case of cost per mille/click, the publisher is not concerned about whether a visitor is a member of the audience that the advertiser tries to attract and is able to convert, because at this point the publisher has already earned his commission. This leaves the greater, and, in case of cost per mille, the full risk and loss (if the visitor cannot be converted) to the advertiser.
A page on your website or blog that informs site visitors what you do with their personal information – whether received via contact forms, etc or through any anonymous tracking methods. A website is required to have a privacy policy by many merchants to participate in their affiliate program. It is also required to use Google AdSense and Google Analytics.
Some merchants will create a specific and custom landing page for an affiliate to send referrals to that contains both the merchant's branding and the referring affiliate's branding. Example – a merchant might create a page on the merchant's website that shows a lead form that contains both the merchant's logo and the specific affiliate's logo on the page. This is referred to as Co-branding. Many times merchants limit Co-Branding opportunities to only being available to Super Affiliates.
I absolutely see the value in affiliate sales (and Pay Flynn is one of the masters at doing this authentically and openly), but I got really turned off it when I saw a lot of bloggers I read and respect writing junky "How to set up a blog" posts that didn't seem relevant to their audiences purely so that the could get the sweet Bluehost commissions in.
Please note that some of the links below are affiliate links and at no additional cost to you, I may earn a commission. Know that I only recommend products, tools, services and learning resources I've personally used and believe are genuinely helpful, not because of the small commissions I make if you decide to purchase them. Most of all, I would never advocate for buying something that you can't afford or that you're not yet ready to implement.
The other type of Amazon affiliate link I use is when I'm mentioning a product in passing and/or a new product is announced. For example, when Nikon announced the Nikon D300s we immediately posted about the news because it was a notable and anticipated camera announcement. The camera was not yet available in stores and we were not able to get a review sample yet – but it was available for Pre-Order on Amazon so we linked to it.
I stumble upon a roadblock signing up as an affiliate for Amazon. On step 3 they ask for a number for verification. They are restricted from making calls to the Phils for verification. I thought of using a Google voice number (US based). Will that help? I don't want to try until I am sure for fear of getting rejected even before I start. Or what do you suggest? I tried a live chat with Amazon and all the CS said was yeah no call verification for a Philippine number. appreciate your help. Thank you.
Affiliate marketing is also called "performance marketing", in reference to how sales employees are typically being compensated. Such employees are typically paid a commission for each sale they close, and sometimes are paid performance incentives for exceeding objectives.[25] Affiliates are not employed by the advertiser whose products or services they promote, but the compensation models applied to affiliate marketing are very similar to the ones used for people in the advertisers' internal sales department.
In the past, large affiliates were the mainstay, as catch-all coupon and media sites gave traffic to hundreds or thousands of advertisers. This is not so much the case anymore. With consumers using long-tail keywords and searching for very specific products and services, influencers can leverage their hyper-focused niche for affiliate marketing success. Influencers may not send advertisers huge amounts of traffic, but the audience they do send is credible, targeted, and has higher conversion rates.
The above three give you cash, but many merchants give you store credit. Examples of those would be Stitch Fix, thredUP, Zulily, The Honest Company and more. Whether those would be worth it to you will be dependent on how much you shop there. Stitch Fix will give you up to $600 a year in referral credit. That's $600 worth of clothes that I don't have to pay for. That's worth it to me. Once I hit that $600 mark, I switch out the link for their Commission Junction affiliate link so I am still earning on any signups after I hit their referral threshold.
The three above examples are "referral" programs. That means you become a user of the platform yourself and they add more money to your account as you refer your friends. (Look for the refer-a-friend link on your dashboard.) These can often be more lucrative than their affiliate program counterparts and they are offered by so many companies these days.
I was able to make my first online dollars through Amazon Affiliate sales… It was never much and in the beginning I was just excited to make $10 in a month, which was enough for a free ebook or two. With regular updates and link inclusions in my posts over time I was able to grow the number up to like $300 a month–which I was pretty happy with. Of course the payout rates are paltry compared to a sale of an info product like one from Unconventional Guides, etc. Thing is, people seem to be more open to purchasing physical products rather than information products…
URL masking: Often, you'll find that affiliate links are a real, million character eyesore. It's likely that your links will look like Merchant.com/dlfjlfjlfjdskljdfgimmeallyourmoneyalajdlkaf2131032klfjfdjldsjf. And let's be honest, few people are going to want to click on that. URL masking is therefore when you create a prettier, cleaner "vanity URL" that makes your links more clickable. Some people use bit.ly, which has tracking purposes, or the WordPress Plugin Pretty Link.
The products and services you will be promoting to your audience must be relevant and good quality. Make sure you believe in them and know everything about them, because this will be crucial to you delivering the sales pitch to your audience. You need to build trust with your audience so make sure the products and services you choose to promote are trustworthy enough.
Hey Cliff, building a successful, informative blog is a whole (massive) topic to tackle in itself 🙂 My tips here are more meant for beginner/intermediate bloggers who are seeking to monetize their existing blogs through affiliate marketing. if you're looking for blogging advice though, there's plenty on the Blogging section of my site here: https://happytowander.com/category/blogging/ Hope that helps!
I have found that one size doesn't fit all. Rather, specific types promotions of particular products work well with Amazon. I have also had some success by getting people in the Amazon door for other reasons. For example I've experimented a couple of times on dPS with running a posts that gave readers a hypothetical $1000 to spend on photography gear and asked them to surf around Amazon and choose what they wanted to buy. The result was 350 comments (a fun community building exercise) and quite a few sales and commissions!
When you start with content it is really important to think about SEO and how you can make your commerce content rank well in search engine results. 40% of large publishers revenue on Skimlinks comes from article more than 60 days old. When you start our producing very specific content, you can use very specific keywords, which is exactly what search engines look for when they're deciding how prominently to rank content in search results. Theme posts around these special keywords and you should see your organic traffic begin to pick up as your most become indexed, and people discover them.
Pretty Link will help to cloak your links, so they look less spammy. For instance, if you have a link that looks like "amazon.com/product-one/76/dprertet4454354rwefsrer43545", people are less likely to click on it. With this plugin you can transform that link into something like "yoursite.com/go/product-one". This plugin also provides data and tracking information.
"I have been working with Brick Marketing for over 4 years now. Brick Marketing sends me the reports every month, but I don't need to read them. I already know what he does is extremely effective because of all the web requests I get, phone calls from customers when they see their page come up on the first page of Google! I have worked with many other companies that made promises they could not keep. Brick Marketing has gotten me results and that is why I continue to work with them. I don't have to micro-manage anything they do. I know that they always do what they say they are going to do. If you are looking for an SEO company, I would say, look no further as you have found the one that will do the job right! In addition to doing an excellent job, Nick Stamoulis is a pleasure to work with."
Cookie stuffing involves placing an affiliate tracking cookie on a website visitor's computer without their knowledge, which will then generate revenue for the person doing the cookie stuffing. This not only generates fraudulent affiliate sales but also has the potential to overwrite other affiliates' cookies, essentially stealing their legitimately earned commissions.
URL masking: Often, you'll find that affiliate links are a real, million character eyesore. It's likely that your links will look like Merchant.com/dlfjlfjlfjdskljdfgimmeallyourmoneyalajdlkaf2131032klfjfdjldsjf. And let's be honest, few people are going to want to click on that. URL masking is therefore when you create a prettier, cleaner "vanity URL" that makes your links more clickable. Some people use bit.ly, which has tracking purposes, or the WordPress Plugin Pretty Link.
A year ago, when I ran an ABestWeb contest for the best definition of affiliate marketing, Chris, who ended up winning the first prize, summarized things both eloquently and beautifully. He defined affiliate marketing as "the art of doing a merchant's marketing better than they can, and profiting from it." Many successful affiliates (also known as super affiliates) are truly better experts in what they do that most of the merchants that they promote. Consequently, they can market e-tailers' products/services in such a way that merchants get incremental business, while they themselves make a good living off the per sale commission they get.
Hiding content on a webpage or hiding affiliate tracking code in links. Hiding content on a webpage is bad as it is against the guidelines of the mainstream search engines such as Google. Hiding affiliate tracking in a link is an acceptable and widely used practice. If you'd like more information, I wrote an article on why and how I cloak affiliate links.
A page on your website or blog that informs site visitors what you do with their personal information – whether received via contact forms, etc or through any anonymous tracking methods. A website is required to have a privacy policy by many merchants to participate in their affiliate program. It is also required to use Google AdSense and Google Analytics.
Tell your email list about it. If you have an engaged email list, and I hope you do, it will almost always outperform a blog post. You may choose to (sparingly) write a dedicated email about something you love, or just link to it as it fits naturally within your story. Or, add a P.S. to the bottom of your email if you have a special sale or coupon code to share.
Once you are done writing your review, the next thing is to post it live by clicking on your blog posting the link (on WordPress you will see it as the Press It! Icon). You will see two pieces of link code on the posting form if it is WordPress you are using. The first one ends with "Associates Build-A-Link>". Delete all through that point. The other part is a link to the product having your Amazon Associate built in. So, go ahead and write your product review, select the most appropriate categories for it then click on Publish.
Alright, I know that was a lot to digest, but if making passive income was easy, don't you think we'd all be walking around, draped in velvet like the fancy people we truly are? Making money off blogging, passive income no less, is super difficult… and it takes hard work and dedication. With these basics out of the way, it is my genuine hope that you now feel (somewhat) less confused and more motivated than ever to tackle this beast. If you haven't run away to the woods yet, you might be wondering, "ugh crap what do I do now?"
I just LOVE your writing style, Christina! I recently purchased the Making Sense of Affiliate Marketing course, but have yet to really dig in. I had NO idea all of those crazy complications with Amazon! I've already been rejected once 😛 But luckily, though my ego was bruised, I pressed on and am now on round 2 (with no success so far..lol) Hopefully with this post and the course I will make something in the next 90 days!
The topic you choose must have enough depth that you can create a lot of content for it. This is important for building an authoritative site, for search engine optimization, and most importantly, for the end user. If you don't have enough content about a topic, you're not going to be taken very seriously as an authority on the topic and it's unlikely you can convince someone to make a purchase from you.
Of the many key reasons these sites are so massively successful, one stands out in particular: they are genuinely helpful to their visitors. When you need to renew your car insurance, do you seriously go filling in forms on every individual provider's website, or do you instead just fill in the one form on a site like Comparethemarket to get all the quotes you need at once? If you think about the answer honestly, you'll realise exactly why comparison websites like this are so genuinely useful to a visitor.
Websites and services based on Web 2.0 concepts—blogging and interactive online communities, for example—have impacted the affiliate marketing world as well. These platforms allow improved communication between merchants and affiliates. Web 2.0 platforms have also opened affiliate marketing channels to personal bloggers, writers, and independent website owners. Contextual ads allow publishers with lower levels of web traffic to place affiliate ads on websites.[citation needed]