text:
A Publication of OKCIR: The Omar Khayyam Center for Integrative Research in Utopia, Mysticism, and Science (Utopystics)
Journal of the Sociology of Self-
ISSN: 1540-5699. © Copyright by Ahead Publishing House (imprint: Okcir Press) and authors. All Rights Reserved.
Images Outside the Mirror?
Mozambique and Portugal in World History
Maria Paula Meneses
Centro de Estudos Sociais, Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Abstract: The author, speaking as a Mozambican researcher living and working in Portugal, examines the different types of knowledge about the history of the colonial relationship and the independence movement produced in the two countries. The colonial project entailed the construction of (at least) two divergent narratives on the meanings of the Portuguese presence in Mozambique, narratives that render difficult any possibility of mutual recognition. Colonialism involved much forgetting and silencing; the dominant Eurocentric perspective on colonial history needs to be questioned and problematized. This is not contradictory with a critical questioning of the official post-colonial narrative of the independent Mozambican state, whose nationbuilding function caused it to silence the diversity of memories generated by the interaction between colonizers and colonized and to justify the repression of those who questioned the official version of history. Public narratives, official or otherwise, that construct or reconstruct memories are inevitably in competition with each other and reflect power relations. But the full plurality of memory does not receive public attention; it must be dug out by activist researchers who are able to distinguish subject and object and to produce knowledge in full understanding of the complex relations created by historical legacies.
Não vamos esquecer o tempo que passou, Quem pode esquecer o que passou?1
1 "We will not forget the time that passed. Who can forget what passed?" Popular revolutionary song of Mozambique.
One cannot listen only to the tale of the hunter; the lion has its version too.2 This paper aims to discuss the role memories and history, as a bridge broaden the debate on the meanings decolonization and human movement
2 African
of to of in
Maria Paula Meneses is a senior researcher at the Centre for Social Studies, University of Coimbra. Previously she was a Professor at Eduardo Mondlane University (Mozambique). Her current research interests include post-colonial debates, legal pluralism, with especial reference to the relationships between the State and 'traditional authorities' in the African context, and the role of official history, memory and ´other histories´ within contemporary identity debates, with an emphasis on contemporary Africa. Currently she is coordinating two research projects focusing on the (dis)encounters prompted by the colonial encounter: "ALCORA: New perspectives on the Colonial War" and "'The collaborators´: Questioning the Future of the Past in Mozambique." Her work has been published in several countries. Recent publications include co-editing, with Boaventura de Sousa Santos, a volume on "Epistemologies of the Global South" (Almedina 2009 2011; Cortez 2010), integrating contributions of scholars from Africa, Asia, Latin America and Europe. The author wishes to thank everyone who has made this publication possible. She is grateful to FCT, whose grant PTDC/AFR/103057/2008 - FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-008664 funded part of this research.
Regarding the meaning of concepts we often use uncritically. etc. Catholic values. "The geographic expansion of Europe and its civilization […] submitted the world to its memory" (Mudimbe 1984:xxi). Questions of the memory or memories of colonization. Mapulanguene. is seeing to what extent we are not referring to an intellectual construction of western colonialism. Guinea Bissau. the Portuguese insisted instead that they had moral obligation to redeem the 'backward heathens' of Africa. in my view. even centuries. economic and scientific appropriation of the continent by the modern colonial machine was to deny. Entrepreneurs and scientists also participated in drawing the map of Africa as they searched for new investments based on the exploitation of natural and human resources.4 or exploiting local labor. this was the White Man's burden. indeed. 2000. in search of colonies. According to this reasoning. Mozambique. But according to Portuguese official rhetoric of the time. other histories…. by transforming the so-called natives into progressive citizens. vis-à-vis the 'official history' or the 'universal history. where many people frequently affirm. We. The Portuguese were going to bring light to Africa. instead. The result of this moral. an expression that seeks to include the complexity of the continent. History is what is written in the books. In this sense. The imperial European governments. one of the first questions that we have to ask is: What is 'Africa'? In Portugal. X.' that "what we remember is not history. What. WINTER 2012 . the Dark Continent. who had not yet reached a stage on the evolutionary scale that would allow them to develop or make responsible decisions on their own (Meneses 2010a). such as Angola. and the probing of the 4 As they did in other parts of the continent.122 MARIA PAULA MENESES spaces defined by the 'memory' of Africa in the specific geopolitical context of the Portuguese colonization in Mozambique. a map constructed through their knowledges and scientific horizons. the expression is quite often used to refer to the former African colonies. To speak of 'Africa' in an era that is still captive of old colonial epistemological legacies requires that we. political. the Portuguese administration assumed that it could make the Africans into progressive men and women. They drew this 'European' map according to their ideas of Africa. as in other former colonial metropolis. ready to take their place in the modern world. we have traditions. what do we know. although it would take long time. This 'new' Africa resulted from the colonial European imagination that constructed the African object. ISSUE 1. about exploitation but civilization. open the historic time to challenge representations of space. recognition of the diverse ways that the concept of 'Africa' is hidden and forgotten. HUMAN ARCHITECTURE: JOURNAL OF THE SOCIOLOGY OF SELF-KNOWLEDGE. With appropriate guidance and paternalistic love. scientific and literary. they presented themselves as self-appointed trustees for supposedly vulnerable natives. With the superiority of the race. an imaginary persists in many publications. the Portuguese were not actually stealing land from the people that occupied the territory later known as Mozambique. many academics have been addressing this matter. modern colonialism was not 3 Collective interview. science and economic know-how. This situation is neither unique nor original. and what do we know about Africa? This question is particularly important in Mozambique."3 To speak about Africa and to forget Africa are two different components of relatively recent colonial processes. above all. to perform such a radical transformation. This conception about the 'natives' remained relatively unchanged throughout much of the 20th century. is important when we speak of Africa. then and now. Mozambicans. created civilizing missions to save the souls of Africans.
Smouts 2007). this area of research continues to be actively suppressed from the European conscience of former colonial powers despite the fact that the theme of colonization is an object of specialized studies in specific thematic areas (Santos 2001. describes the African continent as having no history for it was still enveloped in the dark mantle of the night. it was 'removed' from African history and annexed to it. these times. Blancel & Lemaire 2005. through the artifice of exceptionalism. In Mudimbe's words. one risks to miss the broader picture of contacts established with other regions of the world—notably Asia— and its impact in the production of contemporary Africa. portrayed as being part of 'Mediterranean world. Rather than generalizations and simplifications that try to 'confine' Africa into a scheme developed to explain in linear fashion the progress of Occidental civilization. ISSUE 1. and still erases. To question coloniality and its impact on knowledges. all traces of African cultural imprints on the land. When colonized peoples have their memories.' the European Africa. they saw nothing but desolate lands. Africa and the other regions of the world. of a linear progression from ignorance (savagery) to knowledge (civilization). as Du Bois puts it. Eurocentric perspective would fulfill a responsible pedagogical public function. 8 Planted on places and bodies. diseases and 'natives' to be tamed. the case of Egyptian civilization. and power torn away from them. to inscribe other knowledges and epistemic references. The accumulated amnesias of this continent and the enforced silence regarding what 'the Africans' think about Europeans were intentional acts of forgetting signifying a denial of any possibility of mutual recognition. 7 When any part of the African continent exhibits marks that might compare favorably with the Western world. but still as a fellow man—an Othello or a Prester John or an Antar" (1915: 6).' that is. rewritten by people made invisible by colonial power.IMAGES OUTSIDE THE MIRROR? 123 meanings and impacts of the modern colonial abyssal fracture.5 In short. An 'other' possible historiography would need to address controversial issues that challenge the position and legitimacy of dominant representations. colonization promises a vision of progressive enrichment to the colonized" (1994:129). The modern. it requires another history. An alternative reconstruction of world history that includes voices that question and problematize the continuing dominant.'7 The Eurocentric memory became the beginning of history for all the colonized—a process that means the loss of their own history. by imposing the right to name. who. and the analysis of power relationships entailed in the multiplicity of contacts that occurred between Europe. such being. the very embodiment of 'world history. X. we face a double challenge: to explain the persistence of the colonial relation in the construction of world history while at the same time proposing alternatives as to how this story is interpreted. Forgetting and silencing are central moments of colonization. capitalist colonial world. symbolized in Hegel. the result is the destruction of the base from which people launch themselves into the world. Blanchard. World (Eurocentric) history8 became the imperial road to power and domination. land. demands the historicization of these spaces. Bertrand 2006). WINTER 2012 . continue to profoundly affect the contemporary academic and political field (Cooper & Stoler 1997. It became part of what Hegel termed 'unconscious nature.6 This memory of Africa erased. Constructing contextual 6 It is interesting to note that European medieval world. When the European colonizers contemplated Africa through the prism of their desire to conquer and dominate. by turning European thought into the supreme example of world development. in his lectures on the philosophy of history. and the persistence of misunderstandings and misreadings. for example. knows Africa only as a place of inferiority. HUMAN ARCHITECTURE: JOURNAL OF THE SOCIOLOGY OF SELF-KNOWLEDGE. 5 If one privileges the study of the relationship between Africa and Europe. "knew the black man chiefly as a legend or occasional curiosity. For the most part. "offering and imposing the desirability of its own memory.
HISTORIES AND MEMORIES The history of Africa has been marked by the devaluing of memories—in the plural—where the past acquires similar forms to the future. if anything? One can no longer speak of a single macro-narrative. for example. 'Our [Portuguese] Africa'. binding them together. competing with each other—as a single entity. the Portuguese. articulated within a web.124 MARIA PAULA MENESES histories.10 This thorny concept claims for a broader reconceptualization of the ruptures associated with the end of political colonization. erasing other histories or exceeding them—the ubiquitous link to Portugal. demanding that the subjects accept the names. What has actually changed. years after achievements of political independence. I. Thus. the 'PALOPs. the scale. the so-called Portuguese Africa was transformed into 'Lusophone Africa'.' or Portuguese-speaking African Countries. Bragança 1986 and Sheppard 2006. Francophone or Anglophone. Attempting to (re)create the land and its people. Even today. X. rather. full of problems and populated with dense silences. Further. was the settlement of white colonists who were expected to form the economic and political leading backbone of the colony. HUMAN ARCHITECTURE: JOURNAL OF THE SOCIOLOGY OF SELF-KNOWLEDGE. The Portuguese colonial ideology. ISSUE 1. But colonialism is a confrontation of different societies. is in the nature of all colonial conquests and systems of foreign occupation. they also derive from a present replete with amnesias. And this brings back the question of decolonization. the crisis of the meta-narrative in history. to reconfigure the territory. specifically regimes of totalitarian power that sought to control the regimes of memory in a centralized manner. Strategies of colonial interpretation of post-colonial situations operate by essentially trying to conserve an explanation that justifies and does not challenge the underlying colonial presence in the knowledge produced. the problem operates inside of a 'single analytical field' and is seen only at the discursive level. culture and history of the conqueror (Thiong'o 2009:9). references. in African contexts. would allow us to attain a cosmopolitan perspective of the world. the countries of the African continent are often identified as Lusophone. it does not make sense to exist without remembering the past and without 10 To explore the concept of decolonization from a postcolonial perspective. The issues.' along with Angola. WINTER 2012 . AFRICA. This phenomenon is not particularly European. asserted their right to name the land and its subjects. like other colonizers. each with its own memory.9 9 What made Mozambique unique in 'Portuguese colonial Africa. HISTORY. regarded the mass of African social formations—each having different and often particular memories. and the location of these places remain unresolved. one must question why there is such a resistance to opening up the canon of macro-history. Did the representations of the colonial world change the same way both in the former colonies and in the metropoles? Europe planted its memory in the very core of Africa. relentlessly present in their foundation. The crises of time—when it seems that one does not have time for memories—do not occur only because of the increasingly dominant presence of neoliberal globalization. they are connected to the crises of singular explanations of the world. The exceptionality of these countries draws from their 'belonging' to an old colonial project. For the case I am analyzing. This pitiful picture persists and is reproduced in many ways (Meneses 2010a). seemingly monolithic and supported by expansionist practices. the macronarrative of world history. of only one interpretation of history. see. As several people interviewed in Mozambique would state. In other words.
these intentional memory lapses and the work of the ethnographic collection undertaken by Africanist researchers. that makes them what they are. we risk making them immune to the modernization that also happens within these spaces and within the present. ting.12 and the dilemmas it confronts with the current economic crisis. being unique. is also worth celebrating. in his novel Ambiguous Adventure. as Aquino de Bragança and Jacques Depelchin once anticipated (1986) when analyzing the construction of Mozambican history after the country's independence. insightfully remarks the power of colonial schools in the subjugation of the colonized.11 The signs of this project can be traced everywhere. This is not to argue that the colonial archives cannot be used. magic. 12 In this sense. He credits the schools as having even more power than the cannons for they made conquest permanent. ISSUE 1. To starve or destroy memories results in liquidating the past. one needs to cautiously approach the relationship between forget11 Cheikh Hamidou Kane. the role of migrants from Mozambique in the mines of South Africa since the nineteen century must also be taken into consideration to broaden studies on how the revolutionary consciousness was developed in this region of the continent. While the persistent routes of nationalisms are not always healthy in their principles and intentions. such as religion and education. against amnesia. The quality of being unique is not allowing them/ others to identify with us.' etc. WINTER 2012 . This. but rather a medium" to do so (1999:576). Memory is essential to constructing an identity. which constructs narratives about the past. fetishism. HUMAN ARCHITECTURE: JOURNAL OF THE SOCIOLOGY OF SELF-KNOWLEDGE. and the traditional local authorities. questioning from where we came and to where we will go. are distinct from a single and vague general past. of a primal space and the continent's inescapable mark of delay. We risk making them immune to discussing the implication of authoritarian regimes in situations of multiparty. To impose a single history is to impose the weight of experiences it carries and its conceptions of self and otherness—indeed. The present. facts. and other institutions that are silenced and almost erased. Accentuating tradition impedes us from seeing and questioning the problems of a Mozambican working class that has been present for more than a century. the weight of its memory. Emphasizing the study of rural tradition prevents us from analyzing and conceptualizing the urban complexity of many African countries. Walter Benjamin writes that memory "is not an instrument for exploring the past. against attempts at silencing. The practices of producing knowledge about the African continent were. that of an individual as much as that of a collective. of other people/peoples. Possibly one central problem of this work has not been failing to develop some conceptual aspects such as rituals. quite the contrary. in part. This is a sign of the continuation of the struggle for liberation. paternalism. in actuality. signifies that we remain involved in the search for other parts of history/histories. Again. especially in claiming the memory or memories of collective pasts which. by ethnographers that fill the infinite shelves of the colonial library. of the implication of cultural 'uprootings. X. they at least signify that the situation of amnesia generates much conflict when imposed on a global scale. guided by objectives designed to operate and legitimize one determined project: the colonial mission (Meneses 2008). the history that binds people together. which includes several factors. Or rather. They should be used with necessary precautions that analytically take their potential biases into consideration. as "the cannon compels the body and the school bewitches the soul" (1963:49).IMAGES OUTSIDE THE MIRROR? 125 imagining the future. but the reaffirmation of tradition.
1975. now confronted with a dramatic change of power relations. O Africano. The end of authoritarian narratives does not necessarily mean that delayed realities remain incompatible with time forever. 13 HUMAN ARCHITECTURE: JOURNAL OF THE SOCIOLOGY OF SELF-KNOWLEDGE. Colonization hence goes much further than the restricted meanings we sometimes use to discuss the subject. it is part of time. etc. Analyzing the Mozambican reality. political. to give a meaning to life and to help explain the importance of fighting Portugal's colonial-fascist presence in Mozambique. are also characterized by multifaceted processes of appropriation. any process of appropriation encompassed a double relationship. independence called for a reanalysis of the histories. as a political process it impacts upon the multiple parts involved in the colonial relation." A current challenge is the recuperation and the production of memories. firstly. intellectual. brought about the need to reconstruct the history. that colonial relationships contributed to formatting any history. Aquino de Bragança would dare to affirm that the power transfer occurred without any impositions from Portugal. to speak of colonial legacies is to recognize. Colonial relations came in many forms. This aspect is extraordinarily important because it reveals how colonization describes situa- tions of political control over a given territory by a foreign force with objectives to incorporate and exploit it. ISSUE 1. In short. religious missions. questioning these colonial relations in our time opens the subject to perceiving the ruptures and continuities of the colonial relation. such as religious. suspended outside of it.126 MARIA PAULA MENESES II. Portugal's colonization of the African continent can be analyzed in terms of how the situation impacted the regions13 where the process took place and by examining how the very meaning of being European was objectively14 and subjectively constructed by the colonial experience. commerce and economic exploitation. such as conquest. often marked by domination and violence. MOZAMBIQUE: THE STRUGGLE CONTINUES The nationalist struggle in Mozambique. linguistic. Although asymmetrical. artistic. If decolonization is a political relationship. these appropriations and (re)creations generated contradictions and conflicts throughout this process. X. scientific exploration. the Mozambican case could mean the possibility of a political transition without the weight of the neocolonial relationships usually attached to it (Bragança 1986) In this context. education. suggesting that this relationship persists in how the world is perceived today—even though this legacy is not always recognized in a legal or cognitive sense by its potential heirs. Secondly. rebellions. 11 June 1913. With different intensities in space and in time. To question the place of memories implies questioning the place where we inquire into the memories about ourselves. colonial relations. confronting the dominant colonial narrative. In addition to the absolute denial of the colonized. WINTER 2012 . the concept of Portuguese citizenship does not refer to an abstract category—quite the contrary. economic. voyages. medical services. as in other contexts. It is not a synonym for the end of history because whatever existing society is. This means that what remains in the past is more than a memory. Thus. Identities were created and political alliances forged. "Amor e vinho (idílio pagão)" article published in the newspaper. Mozambique woke up independent. Within colonial juridical thought. now in the plural. There were numerous forms of appropriation. demographic. etc. or even worse. On June 25. As we sang at the time. with a sense of urgency regarding the reconstruction of its history. "we will not forget the time that passed. art.
In the more than three decades since its independence. it would be more precise to speak of two historical macro-narratives developed upon a common denominator within the same territory and the same conflict: a macro-narrative about a colonial war in the final era of the Portuguese imperial colonization. Albuquerque 1935. The legitimacy of their political power rested on the colonial mission to assimilate the 'less developed' into a model of life that was defined superior by the 'citizens' (Meneses 2007a). Working now as a researcher in Portugal. X. These two histories have distinct paths that were influenced by the social memory of what 'happened' and by how it was politically generated. Very few seek to understand why the war has two names that reflect different paths and different interpretations. the "Regime of Indigenato. Beyond historiography of a common period. socially concrete. A peculiar aspect of this knowledge production was the fact that many of the persons involved in its production were not professionally trained academics. and moral standard: it applied only to white men and women born in Portugal. well-educated and wealthy. it became possible to bring other voices. The 'blacks' were nationals of Mozambique and were deprived of rights to citizenship and submitted to a specific and extremely repressive disciplinary regime. After all. Still. 2007). Portugal and Mozambique shared places with each other but they hardly share memories. my commitment to research in the field of social sciences. a space dominated by a modern rationality which wore the color white. WINTER 2012 . when did the colonial war begin? What was the colonial war? Why is it said to have started only in 1960 when all who ponder over this theme have 'other' colonial wars in mind? The 'other' colonial wars date back to the very end of the 19th century and the early 20th century and were at the time called "campaigns of occupation. debates about agency and intervention. other problematics to the process of decolonizing Mozambique and freeing the country from the weight of colo14 An attentive reading of the legal codes reveals an abyssal frontier between nationality and citizenship. including empirical analysis. no one speaks of the reasons behind this war."16 15 The Portuguese colonial war. nial history. fought simultaneously in Angola. Guinea Bissau and Mozambique.15 and another one. it has been a curious transition from forgetting the 'omitted' to a growing presence of this relationship and sharing. the "genteel soul of colonization. about the process that led to the national independence of Mozambique. legal citizens (legal being the Portuguese)—acknowledged themselves as invested with the right to govern the subjects that were declared to be further behind on the road to progress and civilization. Yet even here. 2002. Mozambique. It also included scholarly and activist publications (Borges Coelho. To be European came to mean being part of a certain geopolitical strategy of power. Under this regime. This awareness raises very complex questions inherent to the memory of the relationship between the colonized and the colonizer. seen from the Mozambican side. Caetano 1947. HUMAN ARCHITECTURE: JOURNAL OF THE SOCIOLOGY OF SELF-KNOWLEDGE. 16 On this subject see ." In such a manner. Ennes 1971. ISSUE 1. to be European became a category that defined a status and determined these relationships. It might be more adequate to say that they have shared silences and a lack of contact. my perspective on contemporary Portuguese society begins its interrogation from spaces that are most familiar and from my places of belonging. These reflections also reflect my path. As a Mozambican researcher working in Portugal.IMAGES OUTSIDE THE MIRROR? 127 Portuguese citizenship identified a specific. Mozambique has come to grasp the difficulties that recognizing this aspect of sharing entails. philosophy and history. Part of this reflection reflects my place of questioning." abolished only in 1961. The political turbulence of the 1970s and the 1980s in Mozambique was informed by scholarship.
represented in the exile of Ngungunyane. from a strong remembrance of Portugal as a symbol of the colonial relation aimed at creating a sense of national unity. X. Afterwards. WINTER 2012 . On the other side. Throughout most of its short history. on the dawn of the coup d'etat of April 25th—and which came to symbolize the liberation from the colonial dictatorship in Portugal—to the war against the state of Gaza. 2007) when colonial enlargement policy sought to extend Portuguese identity to the overseas populations overseas in Africa. This colonial act was both a practice of power.20 The 'collaborators' were accused of having collaborated with the colonial system. The fate of Gaza state also symbolized the dismemberment of the colonial subjects from the individual and collective body. To put an end to all forms of possible continuities with the colonial past.' the sacred capital of Gaza state (now in Mozambique). for years. in Mozambique. by the attempt to bury all the memories these subjects carried. 19 FRELIMO is the nationalist movement that led the fight for the independence of Mozambique from Portuguese colonization. Ngungunyane died there. was characterized by dismemberment and omission of former political structures. When the Portuguese finally imprisoned the head of Gaza state. The Mozambican state has thereby sought to eliminate. ISSUE 1. FRELIMO.' 17 path. in Portugal. The fate of Ngungunyane—simultaneously acts of triumph and humiliation— embodies the colonial relationship between Portugal and Mozambique (Meneses 2010b). especially in the military. produced in Portugal to fight the guerrilla nationalist movements. the target of this policy became those caught in 'transition. defeated by the Portuguese in 1895. that is. Ngungunyane. the quest for memory has followed a different Chaimites were armored military vehicles. A thread of violence connects these violent campaigns with the final stage of the colonial presence of Portugal in Mozambique. Soon after independence.. both recent and distant (Meneses 2007a). in the 1960s. where the military campaign was against the state of Gaza. There are shared moments united by distinct memories. the 'Chaimites. they condemned him—together with his closest political advisors—a life of exile in the Azores. When the pressure of the liberation movement increased. both during the single-party and multi-party periods. The colonial fracture. carried out a complex political strategy that sought to deal with the ambivalent and hybrid identities that constitute the intricate colonial legacy.e.19 the leading political force in the country. such actions were taken to convey the idea that Mozambique was an integral part of the Portuguese nation and that all the former colonial subjects were Portuguese.'17 which occupied parts of Lisbon. of the political conflicts and errors of Portuguese colonialism. Or rather. they rest upon the thin lines that link the military vehicles.000 people). intended to pacify a populace. if not virtually omitted (the estimated size of the group is 100. 20 A process of 'Portuguese indoctrination' started in Mozambique during the 1960s (Borges Coelho 2003. the Mozambican state has pursued a nation-building policy that includes the political adoption of an official history grounded in a set of public (and intensely publicized) memories about its colonial past. without ever being submitted to trial. silence or make invisible the diversity of memories generated by the complex social interactions between the colonizers and colonized over the long period of Portuguese colonialism. the 'collaborators'—a rather diverse group that is rarely spoken of. it turned into a political party and has been in power since independence. in semi-captivity.128 MARIA PAULA MENESES In the south of Mozambique. Ennes 2002). They were named after 'Chaimite. up to the indepen18 Contained in the attribution. the struggle ended at the very end of the 19th century (Albuquerque 1935. Souto. HUMAN ARCHITECTURE: JOURNAL OF THE SOCIOLOGY OF SELF-KNOWLEDGE. and a performance of power intended to produce docile minds.18 people have been sliding toward forgetting. Chaimite became the symbol of the submission of the 'colonial other.' i.
had not 21 In this manner. if the question of political content and ideology confronted within the liberation movement in Mozambique is present in political analyses of these struggles. most of the 'collaborators' were recognized as politically re-educated and accepted as full citizens.' In 1977-78."21 The category of second-class citizens included many of those whom FRELIMO identified as having been allies or supporters of the Portuguese colonial presence (Meneses 2007b). in the early 1980s.22 They were those who had given in to temptation. The multiple meetings and the integration processes for the 'collaborators' can be seen as an unofficial Truth and Reconciliation Commission.' The myth of the guerrilla nationalist was created as an attempt to generate new political identities during the first years of independence. I have learned about the peculiarities of this situation. Their subsequent rehabilitation was obtained at the cost of erasing their past from the public sphere and treating it as a past that was to be kept a private. the introduction to the first electoral law in 1977 distinguished between those that were involved "in the colonial structures of the oppressor" and the "Mozambican people. it is directed towards comprehending the distinct geopolitical contexts of these countries. My work is not on Portugal and it is my objective to debate the course of historiography or the collective Portuguese memory from this period. Among them were former members of the Portuguese political colonial police. Meneses 2007b. silenced memory. members of ANP. culminating in an important public meeting in 1982. and offer knowledge about the complexity of these Mozambicans' history. then the president of Mozambique. the godmothers of war." This strategy aimed "to transform the collaborators based on presumption of guilt. punishment and re-education" (Coelho 2003:191). which sought to elucidate. is the rediscovery of African issues by 22 See. the model of the 'new man. HUMAN ARCHITECTURE: JOURNAL OF THE SOCIOLOGY OF SELF-KNOWLEDGE. politicians." the former being prohibited from political participation. ISSUE 1. WINTER 2012 . In Portugal. Acção Nacional Popular: the single political party that ruled Portugal throughout the period of the dictatorship. re-routing and re-educating memory through forgetting was an important task that Mozambique sought to fulfill. He addressed this issue in several speeches.23 soldiers in the Portuguese army. Samora Machel. Mozambique was cast as being made up of two main groups: those who had fought for independence and the others who made up the mass majority of Mozambican society. The 'collaborators' were a significant and extremely heterogeneous group. opted to form a Truth and Reconciliation Commission. These moments of hierarchization after independence derived from the necessity to "limit the electoral capacity of the citizens who were committed to fascist colonialism. the first signs of a political strategy seeking to deal with the memory of these colonial connections emerged. Shortly after independence. on this subject. X. The guerrilla nationalist was projected as the icon of the truly Mozambican citizen. In the aftermath of this political process. However. 23 PIDE-DGS: the repressive police during the dictatorship. What is surprising when analyzing the situation from Mozambique. FRELIMO's politics of memory was founded upon the idea of "not forgetting the time that passed. clarify. lumping together all who did not 'fit' into the epic story that fabricated the 'new man': the project of the new Mozambican citizen. repentance. FRELIMO sought to overcome the separation thus created between those deemed to be 'collaborators' and the 'Mozambican population. nevertheless. having committed themselves to the colonial system." Seen as the traces of the colonial presence. members of the lower echelons of the administrative apparatus. or those who "were not with us [with FRELIMO]. traditional authorities.IMAGES OUTSIDE THE MIRROR? 129 dence of Mozambique. the PIDE-DGS.
it was. etc. which still largely declines to recognize other memories of this war. the most visible expression of opposite narratives to those of the colonizers is the grand narrative generated by the anti-colonial struggle. The construction of this history rests upon a politicization that was exacerbated by the process of constructing the national political memory. Even if the territory was inhabited by a great majority of Mozambicans up to that point in time. concealing of knowledges.130 MARIA PAULA MENESES academia in Portugal. amended and. generating profound contradictions. In modern times. but organically local—emerged the idea of a Mozambique for Mozambicans. the reasons behind it. finally. subalternization. HUMAN ARCHITECTURE: JOURNAL OF THE SOCIOLOGY OF SELF-KNOWLEDGE. ethnic. In short.) and the elaboration of a national project for the future. without fracture and without difference. proposals that rejected. as I previously mentioned. religions. III. but mainly after independence. and religious) that have generated other presuppositions and concepts that have helped to define other geo-cultural places that came to be named as Mozambique. were united against a common enemy. posed a challenge to the hegemony of the national 24 Literature produced during the nationalist army struggle. In Mozambique. and the political projects involved in it.' who. For example. the heart of national history is located in the memory of the struggle for national liberation. with which Mozambique began. the political project of Mozambique and the political project of FRELIMO seemed to coincide. has translated into a co-habitation that was never peaceful (even when interpreted as such by those in power) and involved very little dialogue. and gender? Where is it situated in relation to the 'new' discursive hegemony that is linked to the national project? Before independence. The heroes are those produced by this struggle. and reli- gious archives were also present. how does one situate the idea of the nation driven by the anti-colonial struggle with other grand narratives. other cultural. The construction of membership was founded upon a political analysis that accentuated the dichotomization of spaces between "liberated areas" where "the new man was being produced" and the colonial territory perceived as a negative space of past legacies. legislated and historicized by the hand of colonialism. From this narrative. WINTER 2012 . it promoted the nation's struggle for 'recovery' and was imbued with the mission of inventing a single past that could create 'Mozambicans. and what came to be designated as Mozambicanness. necessary to extirpate it. such as ethnicity. centered upon denouncing colonialism and its vices (discrimination. or the modern territorial base that was mapped. The 'literature of combat'24 was one of armored weapons. ISSUE 1. but in which other peoples. colonization. racial. The country's call for equality caused the dramatic erasure of the differences that made its social fabric. and the successive (re)constructions of various identities that were present in the geocultural territory identifiable as the Mozambique of our times. synonymous with the continuities of imperial mechanisms that remain active (Meneses & Ribeiro 2008). race. X. The long duration of the history requires some analytical breath when focusing on the specificity that Mozambique is today. A MAP OF CONFLICTS: THE NATIONAL HISTORY The tension between the national project. linguistic. promising more of a new future than of a possible review of the past—and nationalist although quite Eurocentric in its core. This reality manifests itself in the successive reconfigurations of conflicting identities (ideological. These too are colonial legacies (Mbembe 2002).
music. Recognizing this problem brings us to the urgency of a critical engagement with current political consequences. 28 See Laban. had to play a key role in constructing national political memory. historical reinterpretations were necessary to rescue Mozambique from the silence of interpretations imposed by colonial history. The construction of proposed political alternatives to the colonial situation both denounced the empire and sought. for example. (Re)constructing 'Mozambican-ness' was necessary. WINTER 2012 . 26 The 2004 national constitution.27 In fact. as an academic discipline.' it became possible to integrate only very partially and in a very subaltern way the urban intellectual. This process did not need a mediating historiography. the living heroes that fought for national liberation. simultaneously. which are more elaborated than organic. rather. found upon the figure of revolutionary 'combatant. we will find that our legacies and memories are far short of decolonization. while simultaneously debating its discontinuity with the Mozambican state. recognizes the multicultural character of the country (art.' which was more likely to be disseminated than questioned or interpreted. The project of constructing the 'new man' did not captivate the memories of the past or the diversity of the present. history. in the literature of combat. 29 As Craveirinha later explained. ISSUE 1. From the outset. underwent a difficult period of political marginalization after independence (Laban 1998). Thus. to make a "new revolutionary subject" visible—the revolutionary Mozambican who identified with the people and whose purity was filtered by the modern nationalism distinguished by FRELIMO.29 If we allow decolonization to question 25 As a geopolitical project. Nevertheless. the time and space of liberation came to be 'made history.25 questioning its value as representing the Mozambican nation. in 1977. the opening to democracy and to a multiparty system that Mozambique witnessed in the 90s allowed the surfacing of other moments of questioning and other hidden spaces of violence. the impact of violent and exploitative relationships. of centuries of Western 'expansion' in the colonized world to dispute the naturalization and depoliticization of the world. This political context explains the trial of various nationalist ex-political prisoners (including such renowned poets as José Caveirinha and Rui Nogar. diversity insisted upon its presence. for it is a language which seeks to reflect upon processes of 'decolonization' as they take place in the spaces of the metropole and those in colonized spaces. 4). these former political prisoners. In one sense.IMAGES OUTSIDE THE MIRROR? 131 project created in the midst of an exogenous proposal. finding other forms of protests and affirmation: art. who were accused of treason and then submitted to re-education processes. with its heroes and national myths.26 Such narratives question the single sense of historiography. In the latter. X. literature. see Ncomo 2003. yet this new political project now had to integrate HUMAN ARCHITECTURE: JOURNAL OF THE SOCIOLOGY OF SELF-KNOWLEDGE. for contradicting the monopolizing vision of FRELIMO over the meaning of nationalism. 27 For example. For Aquino de Bragança and Jacques Depelchin (1986). the colonial situation emerged into an excellent space for research and inquiry into a new history from silenced memories. For academic consolation. both intellectual and social. postcolonialism is greater than the meeting of various perspectives and concepts of power. what was needed was to avoid inquiring about sources and about alternative interpretations that were likely to cause disputes. etc. and the painter Malangatana Valente28). 1998. However. this reinterpretation was imbued with revolutionary purity and was indisputable because it was constructed from the testimonies of FRELIMO's leaders. Mozambique is the result of the division of Africa carried out in the Berlin Conference in the late 19th century.
In this sense. Nevertheless. etc. 2009). Such constructions occur in many forms: music. time constructs the past. Public narratives. The History of Mozambique is the history found and taught through textbooks. but it is not the past. Let us return to the factor of time in our analysis. by politicians and African intellectuals alike (Hountondji 2002. It is not possible to construct official narratives by ignoring the collective memories of groups that are silenced for some reason. HUMAN ARCHITECTURE: JOURNAL OF THE SOCIOLOGY OF SELF-KNOWLEDGE. these plural memories reflect power relations by being one of many versions produced by players that predominate over others. explanations. These memories. art pieces.132 MARIA PAULA MENESES these other. "because our dead still speak very loud. Mozambican history needs colonial sources. with history as a macro-narrative of our societies. A political reading of the complex situation in Mozambique reveals a peculiar characteristic of its political process: the multipartidarism of a single party (Meneses & Santos 2008). the presence of multiple memories. however. the roots of the struggle and not the struggle itself. parallel memories.. As the elders frequently say. the conjoining of memories was due to a convocation of all memories—nationalist and colonial—to comprehend this moment of rupture. institutional. not just influential internal factors. and Portuguese history also needs to analyze the sources of the liberation movements involved in the war. A historical memory that is produced by historians is only one of many strands. Contrary to Portugal. less politically instrumental memories. oral history. An immaterial shadow of what happened. Yet again. all are forms of conjugating the past into the present. the epistemic 'discovery' of an otherness. IV. the emphasis in Mozambique was on the need to struggle for liberation. WINTER 2012 . CONSTRUCTING HISTORY The debate about investigation and presentation of the African continent exposes a problematic reality. etc. Political memory or official history already seeks to construct a unifying narrative within the national space to create social cohesion and legitimize political options. but it collides with other. There are in fact others that we cannot forget if we seek to make the analysis of our societies more complex. The second is recognizing the process of constructing history from this otherness and from its recuperation. All are forms of organizing time beyond formally written narratives. did not meet great challenges through new interpretations and new versions. a "theoretical extroversion" characterized by the importation of uncritical paradigms." in Mozambique it was not worth speaking of the past because that brings back the shadows of memories we do not want to remember. but all the factors resulting from the confrontation with colonial power. private. Therefore. the evolution of the nationalist movement can only be understood within its broader context. There are many actors that participate in the production of memories: individual actors. collective actors. taking into account. The armed struggle for national liberation could not be claimed as the only foundation of Mozambican unity since there were other conflicts and other political processes. problems and perspectives. constructions of official memories are always complex due to the number of players and the number of intentions that produce them. the past is a narrative created in the present. X. This is the first moment that announces changes in relation to the official memory. Always speeding ahead. ISSUE 1. These are two sides of many remaining histories to be studied. one needs to address these various 'locations' of memories. CONCLUSION: WEAVING NARRATIVES. Its discourse approaches the past.
recognizing that the presence of an 'other' implies that we must know the past and the paths of other(s). The objective is not to create a conceptual space for the other. since there are many variables at work in constructing HUMAN ARCHITECTURE: JOURNAL OF THE SOCIOLOGY OF SELF-KNOWLEDGE. the relationships between 'I' and the 'other' become spaces of struggle for recognition. ISSUE 1. the time outside the space of Western (read: colonial) modernity. Even the collective memory that we call 'our memory' and which seems to overlap with others.30 The questions raised by debt. or the social and political metamorphoses known to societies. On the contrary. 'our memory' is also a narration. applies to very restricted areas of the globe. Today the problem is more complex. as a concept. wars and severe conflict situations were experienced throughout the entire 20th century. Ferenczi & Boltanski 200. On the other hand. constructing contemporary histories in our times is perhaps one of the principal elements necessary for the (re)emergence of another subject as well as an active political actor. while we want to (re)construct other histories and (re)introduce ourselves to the debate of other memories. placing them as diverse narratives of histories about locations. etc. Ruscio 2005). If we agree that recognizing signifies remembering the other. or rather. in the case of the African continent. but recognizing that otherness is a constant in processes of social development. we often continue to make our interpretations from a center that still has not been 'decolonized. and institutional and epistemic racism are among the moments that bring to our atten30 Indeed. involves an obligation to think of identity processes. Imperial projects have hardly been reformulated. the denial of this condition resulted in keeping otherness outside the time of civilization and its transformation into the time of culture. Historians tend to use the notion of memory to incorporate unauthorized or unofficial versions of the past while groups whose identities rest upon a specific history challenge legitimate versions of the past and the monopoly of experts. new silencing occurs. migration. To think of memories in the plural. During the colonial period.) articulated within present power relations. contemporary Africa needs to confront two major inquiries: analysis of the implications of the colonial legacy for itself.' tion the persistence of colonization. In this sense.' It is hence through the eyes of Imperial Europe that these African spaces are still perceived through epistemically colonial lenses. the situation we observe reflects the difficulty of constructing another analytical grid which would escape from dominant interpretations and allow us to introduce the memories of other actors. by the 'officially' established bodies of power. the cold war. maintaining themselves in the essentially hegemonic conception of the Global North over the Global South despite the independence of African countries and the end of the so-called Cold War. WINTER 2012 . specifically. as a "duty to memory" (Bensoussan 1998. We become aware of ourselves and others. thus questioning the validity of the use of 'cold war. is not anything real or concrete. world poverty. weak or "problem" states. its political structures and its identities. As a result. On one hand. and the quest to recover that which came before colonization and has remained present in its social structures. as previously mentioned. Many academic relations in the fields of anthropology and history express and treat this colonial expression as the persistent memory of colonization and as a power relation. X. The integration of memories into a whole occurs though political filter managed by political memory. and. spaces of democratizing memory and of the knowledges that they convey. a story of 'arrival' and the resulting construction of memories (history. community.IMAGES OUTSIDE THE MIRROR? 133 Today.
or better yet. WINTER 2012 . and borrowing from Boaventura de Sousa Santos (2007). rests upon recognizing the mutuality of differences and similarities. X. nostalgia and envy. there will always be segments of memory that feel excluded or insufficiently integrated. yet the histories. and even radical presence of these 'other' historical actors—a condition for transforming the memories and narratives they produce. They would involve sentiments. universal history. if we are to accept the plural origin of collective memory. about a state of being when the knower identifies with the knowledge so completely. crossing the boundaries between the self as the knower and the knowledge of the world. Instead of shame.134 MARIA PAULA MENESES these memories. The struggle for Mozambique's independence was linked not only to other political processes via aid from the African continent. but also to other outside processes including the struggle against fascism in Portugal. which in the case of the activist involvement with a 'new subject'—the history of Mozambique—is the unfair world present 'out there. glory and solemnity" (Ibid. as Frantz Fanon insisted. but of an increasingly active. memories. We often speak of democratizing our societies. This kind of knowledge. it is fundamental to manage these diverse producers in an inclusive and democratic manner (Borges Coelho 2007). The legacies distilled in the memories would not simply be transmitted: they would be repudiated. which allows relationships between societies to be reconstructed. In this sense. HUMAN ARCHITECTURE: JOURNAL OF THE SOCIOLOGY OF SELF-KNOWLEDGE. where the distinction between the knower and the knowledge is so blurred that the knower is able to make a qualitative leap into the unknown" (2009:35). "triggers a chance of fundamental importance" (Fanon 1963:210) for the subaltern other. collective memories have various producers originating from a plural origin. To reclaim the past. What to remember. the 'silences' that other memories have been subjected to and their absence from imperial academic circuits strongly indicates the presence of alternative discourses that question insistently the centrality of a single. Like the colonial question. On the other side. On the one hand. On the other hand. knowledges and experiences of these groups escape from the space of this democratization. and for whom? Who are we and where are we going? The way to address the questions of memory is therefore to recognize two essential questions. historical legacies create relations (many times quite conflictive) between the potential heirs. fighting for recognition and suspicions of illegitimacy. falsified and modified through numerous demands and negotiations. the silences of the Otherness are not a synonym for the victimization of alterity. remembering and forgetting. the past should be branded with "dignity. This involved rejecting racial discrimination and the boundaries of difference in a call to join forces to resist colonial and fascist oppression. "activism involves transcending the subject-object divide. Questioning the colonial raises infinite questions in both imperial metropolitan and colonized spaces. Historical scholarship entails distancing the self from the objects of knowledge. and as Radha d'Souza reminds us. The production of this 'new' historical knowledge requires the acknowledgment of and distinguishing between the subject and the object. Speaking about others will therefore always have to be sustained by knowledge produced with others in a complex and symbiotic relationship. transforming them into a unified cause against a common oppressor. From this perspective. inter-knowledge. selectively accepted. whether it be the point of view of the distinct locations of distinct narrators or perspective of that which is being narrated and the forms the material assumes. simultaneously dividing and connecting the parts together.).' which the researcher only tackles minimally. ISSUE 1.
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text:
Am I correct in assuming that the fact that my conveyancer in Old Colwyn is not listed on my bank's conveyancing panel that there is a problem with the quality of his work?
That is more than likely a wrong assumption to make. There are all sorts of perfectly reasonable explanations. A recent report by the solicitors regulator indicated 76% of law firms surveyed had been removed from at least one lender panel. The most common reasons for removal are: (1) lack of transactions (2) the solicitor is a sole practitioner (3) as part of the HSBC panel reduction (4) regulatory contact by SRA (5) accidental removal. Should you be concerned you should contact the Old Colwyn conveyancing practice and enquire why they are no longer on the approved list for your mortgage company.
Me and my partner are acquiring our first house. Our solicitor has messagedto ask if we wish to purchase extra conveyancing searches. Frankly we have no idea as to what's needed for conveyancing in Old Colwyn
The scope of Old Colwyn conveyancing searches should be dictated entirely on the property, the location, the probability of any of these risks, your knowledge of the area and risks, your overall attitude to risk. What matters is that you adequately understand what information each search could give you. Then you can decide if you consider that you need that search. Should you be unclear, ask your solicitor to recommend.
I have a decision in principle. The lender mentioned the home loan came with free conveyancing. Is the implication that I have to use their panel conveyancer as I would prefer to instruct a specialised conveyancing solicitor in Old Colwyn?
You should check but the the likelihood is that allocate you one of their panel conveyancers if you accept the "fee-free" incentive. Contact the bank to explore if they make available a monetary alternative. Some banks have previously offered a £250 cashback as an alternative in which case that money can go towards the cost for your conveyancing solicitor in Old Colwyn.
This question may be naive but I am new to the home buying as a first time purchaser of a two bedroom flat in Old Colwyn. Do I receive the keys to the house on completion from my solicitor? If so, I will appoint a local conveyancing solicitor in Old Colwyn?
There is no need to visit the lawyers office on the day of completion. Conveyancing lawyers for you will arrange to send the purchase money to the vendor's solicitors, and once they have received this, you will be able to collect the keys from the Estate Agents and move into your new home. Usually this happens early afternoon.
Completion of my purchase has taken place for my property in Old Colwyn. Conveyancing was satisfactory but I would like to complain about the lender. How does one go about formally complaining?
Almost all banks and building societies have complaints procedures. Your first point of contact should be one of the lender's branches or the Customer Care Department at head office. Ordinarily complaints to a lender are sorted out very quickly. If you feel the matter is not resolved you can write to Financial Ombudsman Service who will take matters further.
I am due to exchange contracts on my apartment. I had a double glazing fitted in July 2010, but did not receive a FENSA certificate or Building Regulation Certificate. My buyer's mortgage company, HSBC are being a right pain. The Old Colwyn solicitor who is on the HSBC conveyancing panel is happy to accept 'lack of building regulation' insurance but HSBC are insisting on a building regulation certificate. Why do HSBC have a conveyancing panel if they don't accept advice from them?
It is probably the case that HSBC have referred the matter to their valuer. The reason why HSBC may not want to accept indemnity insurance is because it does not give them any reassurance that the double glazing was correctly and safely installed. The indemnity insurance merely protects against enforcement action which is very unlikely anyway.
I have been told that property searches are a common reason for stalling in Old Colwyn house deals. Is there any truth in this?
The Council of Property Search Organisations (CoPSO) released findings of a review by MoveWithUs that conveyancing searches do not figure within the top 10 causes of hindrances in the conveyancing process. Searches are unlikely to feature in any slowing down conveyancing in Old Colwyn.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Global Black Carbon Sensor Device Market Insights, Forecast to 2025
Description: The Black Carbon Sensor Device market was valued at xx Million US$ in 2018 and is projected to reach xx Million US$ by 2025, at a CAGR of xx% during the forecast period. In this study, 2018 has been considered as the base year and 2019 to 2025 as the forecast period to estimate the market size for Black Carbon Sensor Device. This report presents the worldwide Black Carbon Sensor Device market size (value, production and consumption), splits the breakdown (data status 2014-2019 and forecast to 2025), by manufacturers, region, type and application. This study also analyzes the market status, market share, growth rate, future trends, market drivers, opportunities and challenges, risks and entry barriers, sales channels, distributors and Porter's Five Forces Analysis. Sample of this report@ https://www.orbisresearch.com/contacts/requestsample/3014372?utm_source=Mohit The following manufacturers are covered in this report: Magee Scientific AethLabs KANOMAX MetOne Teledyne API Artium Black Carbon Sensor Device Breakdown Data by Type Handheld Type Desktop Type Black Carbon Sensor Device Breakdown Data by Application Environmental Monitoring Center & Meteorological Bureau Center for Disease Control Institute/University Others Black Carbon Sensor Device Production by Region United States Europe China Japan 2
Other Regions The study objectives are: To analyze and research the global Black Carbon Sensor Device status and future forecast?involving, production, revenue, consumption, historical and forecast. To present the key Black Carbon Sensor Device manufacturers, production, revenue, market share, and recent development. To split the breakdown data by regions, type, manufacturers and applications. To analyze the global and key regions market potential and advantage, opportunity and challenge, restraints and risks. To identify significant trends, drivers, influence factors in global and regions. To analyze competitive developments such as expansions, agreements, new product launches, and acquisitions in the market.
Access complete report at: https://www.orbisresearch.com/reports/index/global-black-carbonsensor-device-market-insights-forecast-to-2025?utm_source=Mohit
Some Points from TOC: Chapter One: Study Coverage 1.1 Black Carbon Sensor Device Product 1.2 Key Market Segments in This Study 1.3 Key Manufacturers Covered 1.4 Market by Type 1.4.1 Global Black Carbon Sensor Device Market Size Growth Rate by Type 1.4.2 Handheld Type 1.4.3 Desktop Type 1.5 Market by Application 1.5.1 Global Black Carbon Sensor Device Market Size Growth Rate by Application 1.5.2 Environmental Monitoring 1.5.3 Center & Meteorological Bureau 1.5.4 Center for Disease Control 1.5.5 Institute/University 1.5.6 Others 1.6 Study Objectives 1.7 Years Considered
Chapter Two: Executive Summary 2.1 Global Black Carbon Sensor Device Market Size 2.1.1 Global Black Carbon Sensor Device Revenue 2014-2025 2.1.2 Global Black Carbon Sensor Device Production 2014-2025 2.2 Black Carbon Sensor Device Growth Rate (CAGR) 2019-2025 2.3 Analysis of Competitive Landscape 2.3.1 Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CRChapter Five: and HHI) 2.3.2 Key Black Carbon Sensor Device Manufacturers 188.8.131.52 Black Carbon Sensor Device Manufacturing Base Distribution, Headquarters 220.127.116.11 Manufacturers Black Carbon Sensor Device Product Offered 126.96.36.199 Date of Manufacturers Enter into Black Carbon Sensor Device Market 2.4 Key Trends for Black Carbon Sensor Device Markets & Products Continued
If you have any Enquiry @ https://www.orbisresearch.com/contacts/enquiry-beforebuying/3014372?utm_source=Mohit
About Us:
Orbis Research (orbisresearch.com) is a single point aid for all your market research requirements. We have vast database of reports from the leading publishers and authors across the globe. We specialize in delivering customized reports as per the requirements of our clients. We have complete information about our publishers and hence are sure about the accuracy of the industries and verticals of their specialization. This helps our clients to map their needs and we produce the perfect required market research study for our clients. Contact Us: Hector Costello Senior Manager – Client Engagements 4144N Central Expressway, Suite 600, Dallas, Texas - 75204, U.S.A. Phone No.: +1 (214) 884-6817; +912064101019 Email ID: email@example.com
Orbis Research Present's "Global Black Carbon Sensor Device Market" Magnify the Decision Making Potentiality and Helps to Create an Effectiv...
Published on Apr 15, 2019
Orbis Research Present's "Global Black Carbon Sensor Device Market" Magnify the Decision Making Potentiality and Helps to Create an Effectiv...


text:
The race is on to deliver an affordable long-range electric car, with 200+ miles range and $35,000 MSRP as the next target. Several car makers are working on this, promising to deliver such vehicles in the next couple years. The rush to declare this vehicle or that a Tesla Killer has led some in the press to describe GM's Chevy Bolt as a clear Tesla Killer, because the Bolt's 238 mile EPA range is a little higher than what Tesla Motors suggested the Model 3 would have.
Is that the only measure of likely victory? What about charging networks? What if, once the car gets above 200 miles range that a few miles here or there doesn't matter as much as it does when the car has 100 miles range?
The primary feature of the Tesla Model S and Model X and the forthcoming Model 3 is the Supercharger network, and that in general Tesla designed in ultra-fast charging support from the get-go. Yes the Model S and Model X are very well built cars with tons of cool features, but I believe it's the Supercharger charging network that makes the difference.
Because of the Supercharger network, Tesla Model S/X owners are able to take cross-country trips with ease. Try that with a car from any other manufacturer and you'll find that the CHAdeMO and CCS fast charging infrastructure is woefully inadequate to inter-city trips much less cross-country trips. The exception to this is the USA East Coast and parts of Europe where there is sufficient DC Fast Charging that it's easy to hop between cities on CHAdeMO or CCS. Stray outside those areas and you're struggling.
To think that success is rooted solely in long range is simply incorrect. A long driving range is useless unless there's sufficient DC Fast Charging between cities.
Why do I say this? Most driving is within a short range of home, so surely inter-city fast charging is not needed? There's a point to that statement that's more-or-less true. However, the existence of inter-city gasoline stations demonstrates the need for long distance travel even though most driving is within a short range of home. The people who are about to buy 200+ mile range EV's will include many newcomers to the EV field. They will arrive with expectations of taking longer trips, I think. Why? One clue is that they passed up buying shorter-range EV's.
Why does the title say "Tesla is a threat to itself"? Tesla's ambitions are huge, and they're moving at an impossibly fast break-neck pace. One wonders how long the company will be able to keep up, and when will it (the whole company) collapse from exhaustion.
- No, Tesla is not phasing out the J1772 adapter - April 17, 2019
- Near destruction of the Notre Dame contains lesson in thinking ahead - April 16, 2019
- Nepotism bites VP Joe Biden as he starts 2020 Presidential run - April 13, 2019
- Tesla almost kills $35k Model 3, launches lease program, still shows misleading pricing - April 13, 2019
- Tesla CEO Elon Musk giving flawed charging advice on Twitter - April 11, 2019
- Did Toyota spur the electrification craze? What does history say about electric vehicles? - April 9, 2019
- Elon Musk claims Tesla Autopilot drivers less mentally fatigued after long drives - March 26, 2019
- Why doesn't Tesla install CHAdeMO or ComboChargingSystem charging stations? - March 22, 2019
- Tesla plans to keep more stores open, re-increase prices, backtracking on previous plan - March 11, 2019
- Imperial Beach CA backs off from "managed retreat" from the ocean that was their plan for sea level rise response - March 7, 2019


text:
Proceeds of this event support Youth Entrepreneurship Education initiatives at the Western Reserve Historical Society, which serves over 35,000 students annually in Northeast Ohio.
About the 100 Year Club
The 100 Year Club of the Western Reserve was created in 1953 to honor an elite group of our region's corporations and institutions that have been in continuous existence for at least one hundred years. The annual celebration recognizes the longstanding entrepreneurial and philanthropic spirit embodied in these Northeast Ohio organizations, which includes over 200 members.
The 100 Year Club annual dinner recognizes the longevity and success of the existing members and inducts new members who have reached the 100-year milestone. This dinner, held on December 2, 2019, is open to anyone who wishes to celebrate the accomplishments of new and existing members.
100 Year Club Induction
Date: December 2, 2019 | 5:30pm – 9:00pm
Tickets: $150 each.
Contact Kelly Ann Worthington, Development Associate, to purchase tickets and RSVP at email@example.com, or 216.721.5722 ext. 1404
COMING SOON: 2019 Inductees
For general questions about the HYC, or questions on how to be inducted into the 100-Year Club,
please contact Glenn Anderson Jr. at firstname.lastname@example.com
Thank you to our 2018 sponsors!
Peter Kelley
Cleveland Cultural Gardens Federation
Mary Jo and Don Dailey
Bruml Capital
Cleveland City Club


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- Tags8960
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Dragonball Z games
Order by
Play either as Goku or Vegeta and battle your rival! Take turns attacking each other and try to defeat your opponent! Goku Vs Vegeta RPG
Popularity: 10.0
Popularity: 10.0
The world is full of zombies! But you're alive and you don't give up that easily. Start the battle against the zombies and beat them up. Choose your favorite player and start the game! Combine attacks and do whatever it takes to defeat the zombies. Do you start the battle together with your friends or do you prefer to play this game alone? Crazy Zombie 7: Super Heroes 2
Popularity: 10.0
Popularity: 10.0
Oh no the zombie outbreak has finally happened. Luckily we are prepared. Not with guns and motorcycles. Thank god no! No we prepared with every super hero we ever invented. The most important ones. So Goku, Mario, Chicken Man. Get up and fight! Crazy Zombie 6.0
Popularity: 10.0
Popularity: 10.0
Z-Fighters unite! Are you the biggest Dragonball Z fan out there? Than this is your game. Pick one of your favorite warriors and fight against the computer or challenge your friends. Make combos, collect energy boost items and become the greatest warrior in the universe. Dragon Ball: Fierce Fighting 2.6
Popularity: 9.9
Popularity: 9.9
Never thought that Dragon Ball Z characters can chop trees? Well, you'd better believe it! How much can you chop before the red bar gets to zero? Will you manage to avoid the falling branches? Try to get the best score in order to unlock more and more new characters! Dragon Ball Z: Timber
Popularity: 9.7
Popularity: 9.7
Are you also a real Dragon Ball Z fan? Then this game is definitely something for you. Fight against your opponent and show your strengths. Dragon Ball Z: Devolution
Popularity: 9.7
Popularity: 9.7
Are you an anime fan? Choose your favorite and accept the fight! All anime legends are part of this game. Make sure you do everything possible to deafeat your enemy. Are you tired of fighting the computer? Then start a fight against a friend or collaborate to defeat the computer! Anime Legends
Popularity: 9.7
Popularity: 9.7
You are a warrior with a sigle mission: defend the dragon ball at all costs! Be careful, the enemies are going to surround you! Dragon Ball Defense
Popularity: 9.7
Popularity: 9.7
Choose your favorite character and start the battle! Continue attacking and dodge attacks to eventually win this battle. Dragon Ball Z Battle
Popularity: 8.9
Popularity: 8.9
The Dragon Ball Z warriors are back again for an awesome new Dragon Ball game. Choose your favorite character, with new entries like Brollie and Future Trunks and kick some ass. You want to follow the custom made stories we have or do you just want to duke it out. FIGHT! Dragon Ball Fierce Fighting 4
Popularity: 8.1
Popularity: 8.1
Welcome to the secret wars. The best anime fighters are invited to this secret tournament. One winner. One victor. Who will claim the championship? Will it be Sasuke? Will it be Cell? Orichimaru perhaps? Fight and decide. Anime Legends 2
Popularity: 8.1
Popularity: 8.1
Goku needs you! He's battling all his enemies, but he can't defeat them without your help. Choose your enemy and beat him up. Do you prefer playing against the computer or against a friends? You can do both! So start the battle and win! Dragon Ball: Goku Fight
Popularity: 8.6
Popularity: 8.6
Are you a fan of Dragonball Z? Then you can't miss this game! Choose your favorite Dragonball Z player and start the battle! You can fight against the computer, but also against your friends. Are you able to defeat everyone? Show everyone who the ultimate Dragonball Z fighter is and win! Dragon Ball Fierce Fighting 2.8
Popularity: 9.4
Popularity: 9.4
Pick your favorite Dragon Ball Z Fighter and fight your way through this game. Collect all the seven dragon balls and make your wish. Who will you choose? Will you play with Goku or does Freeza finally gets his chance? Dragon Ball Fierce Fighting 2.7
Popularity: 9.4
Popularity: 9.4
Pick your hero and brawl it out against other people. You can pick your favorite character like the incredible Hulk, Super Mario or the evil villain Freeza from Dragonball Z. Whoever you choose, prove that he is the best fighter. Crazy Zombie 5.0
Popularity: 9.1
Popularity: 9.1
Select one of the Anime characters and prepare to fight! Use different attacks to knock your opponents down and save your stronger special attacks for the perfect moment to win the match. Are you brave enough to challenge one of your own friends? Anime Battle 1.6
Popularity: 8.9
Popularity: 8.9
Select your favorite character and get ready to fight! Perform various attacks in order to defeat the enemy. Are you brave enough to challenge one of your friends to a fight, or would you rather team up against the computer? Comic Star Fighting 3.4
Popularity: 7.5
Popularity: 7.5
Goku wants to show how strong he really is! Help him to harness the most power by attacking at the right moment. Wait until the number gets closest to 100 to increase his strength! Dragon Ball: Perfect Hit
Popularity: 8.9
Popularity: 8.9
The world has been taken over by crazy zombies and other vicious creatures! It is your job to destroy everyone who dares to cross your path. Are you going to fight on your own or would you rather ask one of your friends to join you? Crazy Zombie 4.0
Popularity: 8.4
Popularity: 8.4
The awesome Dragon Ball fighters have returned! More characters, new skills and of course, more fun! Choose your character and start the fight! Prove that there is no better fighter than you! Dragon Ball Fierce Fighting 2.5
Popularity: 8.7
Popularity: 8.7
As a DragonBall character you are, of course, invincible! But do you dare to fight against all enemies at once? Make sure you charge your powers to the maximum before an attack, defeat your opponents and win this battle! Dragon Ball Fierce Fighting v2.4
Popularity: 9.2
Popularity: 9.2
Fight against all the super strong bosses in this game! Do you think that you can defeat them all? Hit them hard and let them feel the power of your special attacks. Do you have what it takes to become the winner? Comic Star Fighting 3.3
Popularity: 8.9
Popularity: 8.9
Fight against these comic stars and be the winner of the battle. Comic Stars Fighting 3.2
Popularity: 8.8
Popularity: 8.8
The tough characters from Goku are challenging you to play this game! Decide where to place the small figurines in order to achieve the maximum points. If you manage to achieve 2048 points, you will win this game! 2048 Goku
Popularity: 8.6
Popularity: 8.6
Play as Goku, Krillin or one of the other many Dragonball characters and battle your way through the story mode! Fight against familiar enemies or take on one of your own friends if you're up for a challenge. Will you be the last man standing? Dragon Ball: Fierce Fighting 2.3
Popularity: 8.6
Popularity: 8.6
Here you will find all kind of comic stars which, secretely, can fight very well. Comic Stars Fighting 1
Popularity: 7.6
Popularity: 7.6
Play as Goku and dodge the obstacles in your path! Click with your mouse in order to jump higher and keep this up for as long as possible! Flappy Goku
Popularity: 6.2
Popularity: 6.2
Goku has been teleported to another dimension, and now he's stuck in Mario's world! Make your way through the challenging levels and battle the familiar enemies. Will you be able to return to your own world? Dragonball RPG
Popularity: 9.1
Popularity: 9.1
Get into a fight with the other character of Dragon Ball. Use your special fighting techniques and show everyone how strong you are. Try to beat your opponent. Dragon Ball Fierce Fighting v2.2
Popularity: 8.7
Popularity: 8.7
Play as Goku, Vegeta, Frieza or one of the other famous Dragon Ball-characters and start the fight! Complete the missions, use numerous unique attack-combinations and become the most powerful fighter of all! You can even add a second player and go up against each other in a 1-vs-1 fight. Dragon Ball: Fierce Fighting 2.1
Popularity: 8.9
Popularity: 8.9
Dragonball Z games
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Help Goku crush his opponents in these Dragonball Z games! Win the fights and become a Super Saiyan! Kamehameha!


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Five-Minute Updates for PAN-DB Malware and Phishing URL Categories
The Malware and Phishing URL categories in the PAN-DB cloud are now updated every five minutes based on the latest information from the Threat Intelligence cloud. Firewalls with an active PAN-DB URL Filtering license automatically benefit from these more frequent URL category updates following the upgrade to PAN-OS 8.0.
With PAN-DB URL Filtering, the firewall holds a cache of URLs and their categorizations locally; when a user accesses a website that is not in the local cache or if the local cache entry has expired, the firewall queries the PAN-DB cloud to determine the URL category of the website. At this time, the firewall will get the very latest categorization for the URL from the PAN-DB cloud, and will add the new URL to the local cache. To ensure that the firewall is configured to then block access to malware and phishing sites based on the latest URL category updates, take the following steps.
- Enable PAN-DB URL Filtering.This includes obtaining and installing a PAN-DB URL Filtering license and activating URL filtering.
- Restrict access to malicious and phishing sites.
- Select ObjectsSecurity ProfilesURL Filtering and Add or
modify a URL filtering profile.Configure a best practice URL Filtering profile to ensure protection against URLs that have been observed hosting malware or exploitive content.
- Select Categories.
- Check that the Site Access for the malware and phishing categories is set to block.
- Click OK to save the profile.
- Select ObjectsSecurity ProfilesURL Filtering and Add or modify a URL filtering profile.
- (Optional) You can also enable the new Credential Phishing Prevention feature to prevent users from submitting credentials to untrusted sites, without blocking their access to those sites.
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