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A recent study compared diuretics with other types of blood pressure-lowering medications and found the diuretics were just as effective as the newer drugs in preventing heart attack or death due to heart disease. The new guidelines say these inexpensive drugs should be used as first-line treatment for most people who have high blood pressure without other risk factors such as heart failure, history of heart attack, diabetes, or kidney disease.
^ Jump up to: a b Daskalopoulou, Stella S.; Rabi, Doreen M.; Zarnke, Kelly B.; Dasgupta, Kaberi; Nerenberg, Kara; Cloutier, Lyne; Gelfer, Mark; Lamarre-Cliche, Maxime; Milot, Alain (2015-01-01). "The 2015 Canadian Hypertension Education Program Recommendations for Blood Pressure Measurement, Diagnosis, Assessment of Risk, Prevention, and Treatment of Hypertension". Canadian Journal of Cardiology. 31 (5): 549–68. doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2015.02.016. PMID 25936483.
The American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association certainly grabbed the attention of us busy primary care physicians with the recent release of their updated blood pressure guidelines. These organizations had piqued interest by declaring the release date and labeling it as "highly anticipated." I pooh-poohed all that drama, but upon reading through the 114-page executive summary PDF with 21 authors and almost a thousand references, I have to say, I am duly impressed.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo Jr. JL, Jones DW, Materson BJ, Oparil S, Wright Jr. JT, Roccella EJ, et al. (December 2003). "Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure". Hypertension. Joint National Committee On Prevention. 42 (6): 1206–52. doi:10.1161/01.HYP.0000107251.49515.c2. PMID 14656957. Archived from the original on 20 May 2012. Retrieved 1 January 2012.
Low blood pressure is also known as hypotension. This is usually defined in an adult as a systolic recording of less than 90 mmHg, although it has been suggested that for elderly people, below 110 mmHg is a more appropriate definition. Blood pressure and heart rate are controlled by the autonomic nervous system (the nervous system that controls bodily functions that we do not have to think about).
Excellent point! I can't speak for anyone specifically, but I can say that generally, doctors make the worst patients. We don't always follow the textbook guidelines nor abide by health recommendations. Then, there's genetics, a pretty powerful force, and one over which we have little control. And, of course, there is just plain bad luck (or fate, finger of God, however you choose to describe it). So, many factors can come into play when a doctor gets diagnosed with what can otherwise be considered a preventable disease.
Unlike high blood pressure, low blood pressure is defined primarily by signs and symptoms of low blood flow and not by a specific blood pressure number. Some individuals routinely may have blood pressure numbers of 90/50 with no symptoms and therefore do not have low blood pressure. However, others who normally have higher blood pressures may develop symptoms of low blood pressure if their blood pressure drops to 100/60.
High blood pressure is classified as either primary (essential) high blood pressure or secondary high blood pressure.[5] About 90–95% of cases are primary, defined as high blood pressure due to nonspecific lifestyle and genetic factors.[5][6] Lifestyle factors that increase the risk include excess salt in the diet, excess body weight, smoking, and alcohol use.[1][5] The remaining 5–10% of cases are categorized as secondary high blood pressure, defined as high blood pressure due to an identifiable cause, such as chronic kidney disease, narrowing of the kidney arteries, an endocrine disorder, or the use of birth control pills.[5]
Cut down on salt. As you get older, the body and blood pressure become more sensitive to salt (sodium), so you may need to watch how much salt is in your diet. Most of the salt comes from processed foods (for example, soup and baked goods). A low-salt diet, such as the DASH diet, might help lower your blood pressure. Talk with your doctor about eating less salt.
When a blood pressure reading is taken, the higher number represents the systolic pressure and the lower number represents the diastolic pressure. For example: 120/80 (120 over 80) in an adult means that the systolic pressure is 120 and the diastolic pressure is 80. As kids grow, their blood pressure increases from a systolic pressure of about 70–90 (as babies) to adult values (when they're teens).
James, Paul A.; Oparil, Suzanne; Carter, Barry L.; Cushman, William C.; Dennison-Himmelfarb, Cheryl; Handler, Joel; Lackland, Daniel T.; Lefevre, Michael L.; MacKenzie, Thomas D.; Ogedegbe, Olugbenga; Smith, Sidney C.; Svetkey, Laura P.; Taler, Sandra J.; Townsend, Raymond R.; Wright, Jackson T.; Narva, Andrew S.; Ortiz, Eduardo (18 December 2013). "2014 Evidence-Based Guideline for the Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults". JAMA. 311 (5): 507–20. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.284427. PMID 24352797.
It has been shown that meditation and other relaxation techniques can help lower blood pressure. Yoga, tai chi, and breathing exercises can also help reduce blood pressure. It's best when these are combined with changes in diet and exercise. Tell your doctor if you are taking any herbal remedies, since some of these preparations can actually raise blood pressure or interact with your blood pressure medications. The following are supplements that may lower blood pressure:
Hypertension is diagnosed on the basis of a persistently high resting blood pressure. The American Heart Association recommends at least three resting measurements on at least two separate health care visits.[74] The UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence recommends ambulatory blood pressure monitoring to confirm the diagnosis of hypertension if a clinic blood pressure is 140/90 mmHg or higher.[75]
Optimal blood pressure is less than 120/80 (systolic/diastolic). In healthy people, low blood pressure without any symptoms is not usually a concern and does not need to be treated. But low blood pressure can be a sign of an underlying problem -- especially in the elderly -- where it may cause inadequate blood flow to the heart, brain, and other vital organs.
Vasovagal syncope can be treated with several types of drugs such as beta blockers, for example, propanolol (Inderal, Inderal LA) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors such as fluoxetine (Prozac), escitalopram oxalate (Lexapro), paroxetine (Paxil), sertraline (Zoloft), citalopram (Celexa), and fluvoxamine (Luvox). Fludrocortisone (Florinef) (a drug that prevents dehydration by causing the kidney(s) to retain water) also may be used. A pacemaker can also be helpful when a patient fails drug therapy.
^ Jump up to: a b Acierno, Mark J.; Brown, Scott; Coleman, Amanda E.; Jepson, Rosanne E.; Papich, Mark; Stepien, Rebecca L.; Syme, Harriet M. (2018-10-24). "ACVIM consensus statement: Guidelines for the identification, evaluation, and management of systemic hypertension in dogs and cats". Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 32 (6): 1803–1822. doi:10.1111/jvim.15331. ISSN 1939-1676. PMC 6271319. PMID 30353952.
We tend not to think about our blood pressure — it's a normal function of our heart working regularly. However, when blood pressure stays high over an extended period it means the heart is working harder than it should. Since hypertension usually doesn't have symptoms, we don't know what is happening unless we measure it. Accurately measuring blood pressure provides a glimpse into what's happening inside our bodies without needing expensive diagnostic tests.
Up to 40% of patients taking clonidine (Catapres) will experience dry mouth and about a third will have drowsiness, headache, and sleepiness. Other common side effects include constipation, dizziness, and local skin reactions with use of the Catapres-TTS skin patch. Reserpine use is linked with possible side effects including nightmares, stuffy nose, depression, and an inability to fall asleep. Diarrhea and heartburn are also possible. Guanadrel and guanethidine can cause diarrhea and other gastrointestinal issues – as well as dizziness and drowsiness.
A reduction from 8% to 6% of cardiovascular events is known as an absolute risk reduction of 2%. This may seem small, but the translation is not small when applied to real world people. This can be understood more easily as something called "number needed to treat" which is calculated by 1 divided by the absolute risk reduction. In this case, an absolute risk reduction of 2% translates to a "number needed to treat" of 50 (1 divided by 0.02 = 50). This means that 50 people need to have a BP down to < 120/80 in order for 1 cardiovascular event to be prevented. In the context of many other things we do in our life (medical treatment or not), this is really good!
Lynda is a registered nurse with three years experience on a busy surgical floor in a city hospital. She graduated with an Associates degree in Nursing from Mercyhurst College Northeast in 2007 and lives in Erie, Pennsylvania in the United States. In her work, she took care of patients post operatively from open heart surgery, immediately post-operatively from gastric bypass, gastric banding surgery and post abdominal surgery. She also dealt with patient populations that experienced active chest pain, congestive heart failure, end stage renal disease, uncontrolled diabetes and a variety of other chronic, mental and surgical conditions. Her Website.
Hypertension (HTN or HT), also known as high blood pressure (HBP), is a long-term medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated.[10] High blood pressure typically does not cause symptoms.[1] Long-term high blood pressure, however, is a major risk factor for coronary artery disease, stroke, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, peripheral vascular disease, vision loss, chronic kidney disease, and dementia.[2][3][4][11]
1. Concentrate on foods that lower blood pressure. Sugary, processed foods contain salt, sugar, damaged fats, and food sensitivities like gluten that contribute to or exacerbate high blood pressure. Shifting to a whole, unprocessed foods diet can dramatically impact your blood pressure. Many whole, unprocessed foods are rich in potassium, a mineral that supports healthy blood pressure. Some research shows that too much sodium and low amounts of potassium – can contribute to high blood pressure. Research shows people with high blood pressure can benefit from increased potassium in foods including avocado, spinach, wild-caught salmon, and sweet potatoes.
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Anyone can develop hypotension, but certain groups of people are more likely to experience it, and there are different types. For instance, orthostatic (positional) hypotension, which occurs when you stand up after sitting or lying down, is more common in older adults. Typically, "your body has certain compensatory mechanisms to prevent your blood pressure from falling when you stand up," explains Willie Lawrence, MD, an interventional cardiologist at Research Medical Center in Kansas City, Missouri, and a spokesperson for the American Heart Association. But, he adds, "orthostatic hypotension is a problem for some people because these reflexes that should occur, don't occur."
Excellent point! I can't speak for anyone specifically, but I can say that generally, doctors make the worst patients. We don't always follow the textbook guidelines nor abide by health recommendations. Then, there's genetics, a pretty powerful force, and one over which we have little control. And, of course, there is just plain bad luck (or fate, finger of God, however you choose to describe it). So, many factors can come into play when a doctor gets diagnosed with what can otherwise be considered a preventable disease.
What is a normal blood pressure? Blood pressure is essential to life because it forces the blood around the body, delivering all the nutrients it needs. Here, we explain how to take your blood pressure, what the readings mean, and what counts as low, high, and normal. The article also offers some tips on how to maintain healthy blood pressure. Read now
Making sure your blood pressure numbers are normal is an investment for your future. Putting unnecessary strain on your arteries and your heart can ultimately lead to a heart attack or stroke. Heart disease and strokes are the leading causes of death in the United States. About 1,000 people die every day from complications stemming from high blood pressure.
Health care providers measure blood pressure with a sphygmomanometer (sfig-mo-muh-NAH-muh-ter), which has a cuff that's wrapped around the upper arm and pumped up to create pressure. When the cuff is inflated, it squeezes a large artery in the arm, stopping the blood flow for a moment. Blood pressure is measured as air is gradually let out of the cuff, which allows blood to flow through the artery again.
In normal blood pressure for elderly & adults over 50, increased systolic blood pressure is a major risk factor for heart disease. Systolic blood pressure tends to increase steadily over time due to stiff arteries, a build-up of plaque, and a higher rate of cardiac and vascular disease. This means older adults need to be even more vigilant about monitoring their blood pressure.
Moderate or severe bleeding can quickly deplete an individual's body of blood, leading to low blood pressure or orthostatic hypotension. Bleeding can result from trauma, surgical complications, or from gastrointestinal abnormalities such as ulcers, tumors, or diverticulosis. Occasionally, the bleeding may be so severe and rapid (for example, bleeding from a ruptured aortic aneurysm) that it causes shock and death rapidly.
^ Roerecke, Michael; Tobe, Sheldon W.; Kaczorowski, Janusz; Bacon, Simon L.; Vafaei, Afshin; Hasan, Omer S. M.; Krishnan, Rohin J.; Raifu, Amidu O.; Rehm, Jürgen (27 June 2018). "Sex‐Specific Associations Between Alcohol Consumption and Incidence of Hypertension: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Cohort Studies". Journal of the American Heart Association. 7 (13): e008202. doi:10.1161/JAHA.117.008202.
When blood pressure is measured, there are two numbers for each reading: for example, "120 over 80" is written as 120/80. This is because each heartbeat sends a pressure wave through the bloodstream. The higher number (systolic blood pressure) is the peak of the wave, when your heart contracts (the loud "thump" when you listen to your heartbeat). The lower number (diastolic blood pressure) is the lower "dip" or trough of the wave, when your heart relaxes.
There are a number of factors that likely work together to cause high blood pressure. A family history of high blood pressure can make you more likely to develop the condition, so genetics likely plays a role. High salt intake (too much salt in the diet) or salt sensitivity occurs in some people, which can lead to hypertension, particularly in the elderly, African Americans, people who are obese, or people with chronic kidney (renal) disease.
Everything you need to know about hypertension Hypertension or high blood pressure can lead to heart disease, stroke, and death and is a major global health concern. A range of risk factors may increase the chances of a person developing hypertension, but can it be prevented? Read on to find out what causes hypertension, its symptoms, types, and how to prevent it. Read now
Effective lifestyle modification may lower blood pressure as much as an individual antihypertensive medication. Combinations of two or more lifestyle modifications can achieve even better results.[87] There is considerable evidence that reducing dietary salt intake lowers blood pressure, but whether this translates into a reduction in mortality and cardiovascular disease remains uncertain.[96] Estimated sodium intake ≥6g/day and <3g/day are both associated with high risk of death or major cardiovascular disease, but the association between high sodium intake and adverse outcomes is only observed in people with hypertension.[97] Consequently, in the absence of results from randomized controlled trials, the wisdom of reducing levels of dietary salt intake below 3g/day has been questioned.[96]
High blood pressure is a common and dangerous condition. Having high blood pressure means the pressure of the blood in your blood vessels is higher than it should be. But you can take steps to control your blood pressure and lower your risk of heart disease and stroke. About 1 of 3 U.S. adults—or about 75 million people—have high blood pressure.1 Only about half (54%) of these people have their high blood pressure under control.1 Many youth are also being diagnosed with high blood pressure.2 This common condition increases the risk for heart disease and stroke, two of the leading causes of death for Americans.3 Get more quick facts about high blood pressure, or learn more about high blood pressure in the United States.
However, if a patient has any kind of cardiovascular disease and stage 1 hypertension (a blood pressure over 130 systolic or 80 diastolic), or no existing cardiovascular disease but a significant risk of developing it (over 10% risk within the next 10 years), then lifestyle changes plus medications are recommended. And, even if someone has less than a 10% risk, if their blood pressure is over 140 systolic or 90 diastolic, which is now stage 2 high blood pressure, they ought to be treated with medication as well.
Pulse pressure (the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure) is frequently increased in older people with hypertension. This can mean that systolic pressure is abnormally high, but diastolic pressure may be normal or low a condition termed isolated systolic hypertension.[59] The high pulse pressure in elderly people with hypertension or isolated systolic hypertension is explained by increased arterial stiffness, which typically accompanies aging and may be exacerbated by high blood pressure.[60]
A slow heart rate (bradycardia) can decrease the amount of blood pumped by the heart. The resting heart rate for a healthy adult is between 60 and 100 beats/minute. Bradycardia (resting heart rates slower than 60 beats/minute) does not always cause low blood pressure. In fact, some highly trained athletes can have resting heart rates in the 40s and 50s (beats per minute) without any symptoms. The slow heart rates are offset by more forceful contractions of the heart that pump more blood than in non-athletes. However, in many patients bradycardia can lead to low blood pressure, lightheadedness, dizziness, and even fainting.
What about our continued evolution? Are we saying that homo sapiens are stuck in time ? Being a science student I am totally puzzled. Our stomach was never made to digest wheat and rice and so many grains and pulseswe eat now but then this how we evolved from the cave dwelling and flesh eating beings to what we are today. Does any doctor estimated the systolic and diastolic of our ancestors ?
Some women with normal blood pressure develop high blood pressure during pregnancy. As part of your regular prenatal care, your doctor will measure your blood pressure at each visit. If you develop high blood pressure, your doctor will closely monitor you and your baby and provide special care to lower the chance of complications. With such care, most women and babies have good outcomes.
Unlike high blood pressure, low blood pressure is defined primarily by signs and symptoms of low blood flow and not by a specific blood pressure number. Some individuals routinely may have blood pressure numbers of 90/50 with no symptoms and therefore do not have low blood pressure. However, others who normally have higher blood pressures may develop symptoms of low blood pressure if their blood pressure drops to 100/60.
Dietary changes can help control blood pressure. One diet designed to promote lower blood pressure is known as the DASH diet. This stands for Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension. The DASH diet recommends eating more vegetables, fruits, whole grains, low-fat dairy products, poultry, nuts, and fish. Red meat, saturated fats, and sweets should be avoided. The DASH diet can lower blood pressure within 2 weeks. It can also help to reduce your intake of sodium. The following is the DASH diet suggested daily intake:
Drinking too much alcohol is a risk factor for high blood pressure. The American Heart Association guidelines recommend the consumption of no more than two alcoholic drinks per day for men and no more than one drink a day for women. One drink is defined as one 12-ounce beer, 4 ounces of wine, 1.5 ounces of 80-proof spirits, or 1 ounce of 100-proof spirits. Adults who consume more than three drinks in one sitting temporarily increase their blood pressure. However, binge drinking can lead to long-term increased blood pressure.
^ Aronow WS, Fleg JL, Pepine CJ, Artinian NT, Bakris G, Brown AS, Ferdinand KC, Ann Forciea M, Frishman WH, Jaigobin C, Kostis JB, Mancia G, Oparil S, Ortiz E, Reisin E, Rich MW, Schocken DD, Weber MA, Wesley DJ, Harrington RA, Bates ER, Bhatt DL, Bridges CR, Eisenberg MJ, Ferrari VA, Fisher JD, Gardner TJ, Gentile F, Gilson MF, Hlatky MA, Jacobs AK, Kaul S, Moliterno DJ, Mukherjee D, Rosenson RS, Stein JH, Weitz HH, Wesley DJ (2011). "ACCF/AHA 2011 expert consensus document on hypertension in the elderly: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Clinical Expert Consensus Documents developed in collaboration with the American Academy of Neurology, American Geriatrics Society, American Society for Preventive Cardiology, American Society of Hypertension, American Society of Nephrology, Association of Black Cardiologists, and European Society of Hypertension". J Am Soc Hypertens. 5 (4): 259–352. doi:10.1016/j.jash.2011.06.001. PMID 21771565.
In hypertensive emergency, there is evidence of direct damage to one or more organs.[27][28] The most affected organs include the brain, kidney, heart and lungs, producing symptoms which may include confusion, drowsiness, chest pain and breathlessness.[26] In hypertensive emergency, the blood pressure must be reduced more rapidly to stop ongoing organ damage,[26] however, there is a lack of randomized controlled trial evidence for this approach.[28]
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Some people have low blood pressure all the time. They have no symptoms and their low readings are normal for them. In other people, blood pressure drops below normal because of a medical condition or certain medicines. Some people may have symptoms of low blood pressure when standing up too quickly. Low blood pressure is a problem only if it causes dizziness, fainting or in extreme cases, shock.
Excellent point! I can't speak for anyone specifically, but I can say that generally, doctors make the worst patients. We don't always follow the textbook guidelines nor abide by health recommendations. Then, there's genetics, a pretty powerful force, and one over which we have little control. And, of course, there is just plain bad luck (or fate, finger of God, however you choose to describe it). So, many factors can come into play when a doctor gets diagnosed with what can otherwise be considered a preventable disease.
Dr. Charles "Pat" Davis, MD, PhD, is a board certified Emergency Medicine doctor who currently practices as a consultant and staff member for hospitals. He has a PhD in Microbiology (UT at Austin), and the MD (Univ. Texas Medical Branch, Galveston). He is a Clinical Professor (retired) in the Division of Emergency Medicine, UT Health Science Center at San Antonio, and has been the Chief of Emergency Medicine at UT Medical Branch and at UTHSCSA with over 250 publications.
The portal venous system contains veins coming from the stomach, intestine, spleen, and pancreas. These veins merge into the portal vein, which branches into smaller vessels and travel through the liver. Portal hypertension occurs when there is an increase in the blood pressure within the portal venous system. When the vessels in the liver are blocked due to liver damage, blood cannot flow properly through the liver. This causes high blood pressure in the portal system.
Normal systolic blood pressure is 90 to 119 mm of Hg and normal diastolic blood pressure is 60 to 79 mm Hg. Even in this range, the lower blood pressure is better. So even if one has a blood pressure of 118/78 mm Hg, adopting a healthier lifestyle (quitting smoking, reducing alcohol, reducing weight if obese, exercises, reduced salt intake, healthier diet, etc.) is a good choice. However, self-medications to reduce the blood pressure further should never be attempted.
In Europe hypertension occurs in about 30-45% of people as of 2013.[12] In 1995 it was estimated that 43 million people (24% of the population) in the United States had hypertension or were taking antihypertensive medication.[141] By 2004 this had increased to 29%[142][143] and further to 32% (76 million US adults) by 2017.[7] In 2017, with the change in definitions for hypertension, 46% of people in the United States are affected.[7] African-American adults in the United States have among the highest rates of hypertension in the world at 44%.[144] It is also more common in Filipino Americans and less common in US whites and Mexican Americans.[6][145] Differences in hypertension rates are multifactorial and under study.[146]
Postural hypotension occurs most frequently in people who are taking drugs to control high blood pressure (hypertension). It can also be related to pregnancy, strong emotions, hardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis), or diabetes. The elderly are particularly affected, especially those who have high blood pressure or autonomic nervous system dysfunction.
Blood pressure refers to the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels and constitutes one of the principal vital signs. The pressure of the circulating blood decreases as blood moves through arteries, arterioles, capillaries, and veins; the term blood pressure generally refers to arterial pressure, i.e., the pressure in the larger arteries, arteries being the blood vessels which take blood away from the heart.
Postural hypotension occurs most frequently in people who are taking drugs to control high blood pressure (hypertension). It can also be related to pregnancy, strong emotions, hardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis), or diabetes. The elderly are particularly affected, especially those who have high blood pressure or autonomic nervous system dysfunction.
The first chemical for hypertension, sodium thiocyanate, was used in 1900 but had many side effects and was unpopular.[152] Several other agents were developed after the Second World War, the most popular and reasonably effective of which were tetramethylammonium chloride, hexamethonium, hydralazine, and reserpine (derived from the medicinal plant Rauwolfia serpentina). None of these were well tolerated.[159][160] A major breakthrough was achieved with the discovery of the first well-tolerated orally available agents. The first was chlorothiazide, the first thiazide diuretic and developed from the antibiotic sulfanilamide, which became available in 1958.[152][161] Subsequently, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, and renin inhibitors were developed as antihypertensive agents.[158]
Changes in blood vessel function. The lining of blood vessels sustains more damage over time. This may be caused by oxidative stress or DNA damage, among other factors. With age, levels of the hormone angiotensin also rise, triggering inflammation in blood vessels. At the same time, vessels slowly lose the ability to release substances that protect or repair the lining. When the blood vessel lining does not work as well, higher diastolic blood pressures can result.
Your doctor may diagnose you with high blood pressure when you have consistent systolic readings of 140 mm Hg or higher or diastolic readings of 90 mm Hg or higher. Based on research, your doctor may also consider you to have high blood pressure if you are an adult or child age 13 or older who has consistent systolic readings of 130 to 139 mm Hg or diastolic readings of 80 to 89 mm Hg and you have other cardiovascular risk factors.
As blood travels throughout your body, it presses against the walls of your blood vessels, just like water in a hose or air in a tire. This is called blood pressure. When your heart beats (contracts), squeezing blood out and pumping it into your arteries, blood pressure peaks. This is called your systolic pressure. Between heartbeats, when your heart relaxes and blood flows back into it, your blood pressure is lower. This is your diastolic pressure.
Understanding the normal BP range with age can help the doctor and you to estimate your cardiovascular health. Blood pressure levels can fluctuate significantly from one reading to the next and it is important to remember that just one abnormally high reading does not signify that you have high blood pressure. Doctors usually use an average of multiple blood pressure readings taken over a period of several days to arrive at a diagnosis of high blood pressure.
Hypertension results from a complex interaction of genes and environmental factors. Numerous common genetic variants with small effects on blood pressure have been identified[34] as well as some rare genetic variants with large effects on blood pressure.[35] Also, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified 35 genetic loci related to blood pressure; 12 of these genetic loci influencing blood pressure were newly found.[36] Sentinel SNP for each new genetic locus identified has shown an association with DNA methylation at multiple nearby CpG sites. These sentinel SNP are located within genes related to vascular smooth muscle and renal function. DNA methylation might affect in some way linking common genetic variation to multiple phenotypes even though mechanisms underlying these associations are not understood. Single variant test performed in this study for the 35 sentinel SNP (known and new) showed that genetic variants singly or in aggregate contribute to risk of clinical phenotypes related to high blood pressure.[36]
We stimulate high-impact research. Our Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) Program includes participants with high blood pressure, which may help us understand how genes contribute to differences in disease severity and how patients respond to treatment. The NHLBI Strategic Vision highlights ways we may support research over the next decade, including new efforts for studying high blood pressure.
However, sometimes a high reading can occur temporarily and then your numbers will return to normal. If your blood pressure measures at this level, your doctor will likely take a second reading after a few minutes have passed. A second high reading indicates that you'll need treatment either as soon as possible or immediately depending on whether or not you have any of the symptoms described above.
High blood pressure is a common disease in which blood flows through blood vessels, or arteries, at higher than normal pressures. Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of your arteries as the heart pumps blood. High blood pressure, sometimes called hypertension, is when this force against the artery walls is too high. Your doctor may diagnose you with high blood pressure if you have consistently high blood pressure readings.
Stress leads to temporary elevations of blood pressure, but there is no proof that stress causes ongoing high blood pressure. Stress may have an indirect effect on blood pressure since it can influence other risk factors for heart disease. People who are under stress tend to engage more in unhealthy habits like poor nutrition, alcohol use, and smoking, all of which can play a role in the development of high blood pressure and heart disease.
6. Cultivate stress management. You don't need a meta-analysis of cohort studies to prove stress can raise blood pressure, but they exist. You can't eliminate stress, but you can minimize its impact. Research shows yoga and meditation create effective strategies to manage stress and blood pressure. If those aren't your thing, consider other stress-relieving tactics including deep breathing or practicing mindfulness.
There are even more medication types that can lower blood pressure. Some of these are alpha blockers, vasodilators, and central alpha agonists. Your doctor may prescribe these medications if other medications have been ineffective or if you have another condition along with hypertension. Side effects can include fast pulse, palpitations, dizziness, diarrhea, or headaches.
^ Martin-Cabezas, Rodrigo; Seelam, Narendra; Petit, Catherine; Agossa, Kévimy; Gaertner, Sébastien; Tenenbaum, Henri; Davideau, Jean-Luc; Huck, Olivier (October 2016). "Association between periodontitis and arterial hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis". American Heart Journal. 180: 98–112. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2016.07.018. ISSN 1097-6744. PMID 27659888.


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In 2001 a press conference saw 20 expert witnesses, of a full compliment of 400, give testimony of first hand accounts of interactions with alien life forms. An update in 2012 in the form of a documentary film called Sirius Disclosure exposed the audience to the Atacama EBE and more tangible public evidence of alien existence. In this episode we talk about Greer's legitimacy and how his new documentary Unacknowledged, which is on Netflix now, tells of a telepathic meditation practice practiced in the desert to experience a personal psychic encounter with aliens. Is Greer a snake oil salesman or has he got the ancient key to unlock the knowledge of other worldly beings. On this episode of Those Conspiracy Guys we discuss the monster on whom the story of The Boogeyman was based; The Werewofl of Wysteria, The Gray Man and one of the most prolific, evil and cruel murderers of the last two centuries, the sadomasochictic cannibal known as Albert Fish. Albert, like most gruesome murderers, had a messed up childhood. Brought up in an atmosphere of abuse in a childrens home, and with a family plagued by psycholigcal disorders; Albert was subjected to unimaginable cruelty at a very young age. He soon grew into this however and became one of the most disgusting and vile murderers we have done on this series so far. Known for raping, murdering and then eating his victims, Albert Fish ficussed primarily on children for his prey. When arrested for the kidnapping of Grace Budd, his reign of terror spread over more than 40 years, was over. We discuss the reasons behind this amazingly self destructive behaviour and what drive Albert Fish to commit the heinous crimes in the way he did. Or if you want to check out his podcast you can get it here.
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And what made colonial conquest, colonisation, and economic exploitation of non-European spaces feasible on such a global scale and for so long. These are the 'big questions' that underlie this module. Using documentary sources and specialist texts and articles, we shall investigate various aspects of British colonial rule from the perspective of its practitioners and from that of their colonial 'subjects'. The intention is to try and understand European imperialism on its own terms, to interrogate the cultural and conceptual discourses that underpinned its existence, and to reflect upon the many ways in which the history of European empire has shaped the modern world in which we live today. lease note that the title of this module is changing. Read more HI6072 - Vikings: A Global Saga (30 credits) Vikings, in the popular imagination, are commonly perceived as horn-helmeted, blood-thirsty pirates who killed and pillaged their way across Europe in the Middle Ages with their blood-stained axes. By the time the Norse settled down and ceased raiding in the second half of the eleventh century, they had fundamentally altered the political, religious, economic and military history of much of the known world. This course will attempt to separate fact from fiction by critically reading and analysing primary source documents alongside archaeological, linguistic and place-name evidence, and thereby uncover the real history that lies behind the well-known stories of the Viking World. In addition, the students will be introduced to the major historiographical debates related to the Viking Age. Read more HI767 - Churchill's Army: the British Army in the Second World War (30 credits) WAR STUDIES STUDENTS WILL HAVE PRIORITY ON THIS MODULE. he module will explore the nature of the British Army in the Second World War. How it reacted to the crushing defeats of 1940 in France and 1942 in the Far East before transforming itself into a war-winning force.
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AVAILABLE APRIL 19TH! Cute 3 bed - 1 bath house under renovation in wonderful Golden location. New paint, cabinetry, and flooring throughout. Brand new bathroom remodel. Washer / dryer hookups. Spacious fenced yard with large shed for storage. Dog friendly for up to 2 dogs with additional screening and additional Security Deposit. Sorry, no cats! *Bonus Amenity Included* A portion of resident's total monthly amount due will be used to have HVAC filters regularly delivered to their doorstep under the Utility & Maintenance Reduction Program. This saves 5-15% on your energy bill and helps ensure a clean, healthy living environment.
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Looking for the cheapest car insurance in Harriston, Mississippi? We can help you compare the best deals. Simply enter your Zip Code in the form above and you will be on your way to finding cheap Harriston, MS auto insurance quotes from the best providers in Mississippi.
Car Insurance Tips That Can Save You MoneyOne of the most important types of insurance that you can have if you are an adult is car insurance. It is legally required for all adult drivers. The type of insurance that you get can differ on each vehicle that you own. It depends upon whether or not you are making payments, or if you own the vehicle outright. Older vehicles will only need some form of liability insurance, whereas brand-new vehicles will need liability, collision, and comprehensive coverage. It can be very expensive if you own multiple vehicles, and if your rates have recently increased, it is definitely time to look for better premiums and coverage from a different provider. Here are a few of the best discount auto insurance coverage online tips that you can use as you are searching the web for the best rates available in Jefferson county.
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By Antje Maurer at November 04 2018 02:38:11
Another usual math game is a number- placement puzzle, commonly known as Sudoku. This game aims to fill a 9x9 grid that contains digits from 1 to 9. When you have completed the game, then it will form a square, one single number must not appear twice in the square, but in all columns and rows there must appear all of the 9x9 sub regions. This is a logic-based game and can be done alone. Your child will be able to learn to exercise their brain using logic which is a useful tool in mathematics. Worksheets for kids are an essential resource for teaching fundamental concepts of various subjects. Therefore, starting early with nursery worksheets can strengthen the foundation of knowledge for kids from 3 years to 7 years.
How committed am I to reaching this goal? Now that you've thought it through quite thoroughly, how passionate are you about going there? You can describe it with words or simply rate yourself out of ten. If you are not significantly committed to reaching a goal, consider dropping it and developing one that fires you up, rather than feeling guilty for an extended period of time before quitting. What's one simple thing I can do right now, at least today, to move toward my goal? It doesn't need to be a big thing, it just needs to be something. The sooner you take action, the sooner you will feel that sense of progress, and the sooner you will reach your destination.
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Route 32 expansion project receives environmental permits
The Environment Ministry's National Technical Secretariat (SETENA) has cleared the way for the expansion of Route 32, the main highway connecting Costa Rica's Central Valley to the Caribbean province of Limón.
President Luis Guillermo Solís confirmed the approval in a news release and through messages on his social media profiles.
"I have great news for the country: SETENA has granted environmental permits for Route 32," Solís said.
SETENA's permit allows the Public Works and Transport Ministry (MOPT) to move forward with the authorization for China Harbor Engineering Company (CHEC), the private contractor in charge of the project.
The Comptroller General's Office approved the $495 million contract in April. According to the project's timetable, construction will begin during the second half of 2017.
Project details
The project is key for Limón residents, the tourism sector and for the operation of the new Moín Cargo Terminal, currently under construction and scheduled for completion in January 2018. It involves the expansion from two to four lanes of a 107-kilometer stretch of Route 32, between Río Frío and downtown Limón.
It also includes the construction of 26 kilometers of bike paths, 26 kilometers of secondary routes and five intersections: one each at Río Frío, Guápiles and Siquirres, and two connecting to the Moín cargo dock.
Construction is expected to take 42 months, eight for design and 34 for construction. The Chinese government will fund $395 million and Costa Rica will add $100.5 million. The approved contract stipulates that CHEC will be responsible for both the design and the construction stages of the expansion.
Costa Rica will be in charge of outlining all supervising mechanisms for the project.
According to data from the Costa Rican Chamber of Exporters, 80 percent of the country's exports leave the country through Caribbean ports. MOPT data state that an average of 14,000 vehicles transit the route every day, many of them cargo trucks carrying export and import products, but also a large number of tourists.
Casa Presidencial reported in a news release that CHEC representatives and officials from the Chinese Embassy in San José met in August with government officials and confirmed their willingness to begin work as soon as SETENA granted the environmental permit.
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Radio and TV News
I Will Leave My Job For You If…, Dr Pounds Proposes To Vim Lady On Live Radio.
Maximus Addae-Mensah a.k.a Dr. Pounds on live Radio confessed his deep love and admiration for her colleague at Multimedia Afia Pokua known as the Vim Lady and promises to leave his job just to maintain their relationship, should she say yes.
The Host of the Hitz Gallery show, which airs on Mondays to Fridays at 7pm to 10pm pulled a surprise when he had Vim Lady on his show and took the sterling opportunity presented him to profess love for Afia and stated unequivocally he will quit his job for her to continue working at Multimedia to avoid too many eyes on them.
He said to the surprise of Afia, "I check you in this house paa ooh! If you will understand, then one will quit for the other to continue. I will leave for you to stay."
When asked by Afia how he will survive off his salary and if he could handle her, he responded, "I will run myself on the side small and take care of businesses I have, but how, I can handle you, you look hard on the outside but you are a cool person at home, I have freed my mind today" he ended.
Vim Lady, the popular radio, and television presenter who is known to be very outspoken did not hesitate to respond saying, "we will get you a young damsel, I'm older than you, you can't handle me, I'm not a difficult person but I'm principled" she said.
I think Dr Pounds might be in the good books of Vim Lady or she has a soft spot for him as her responses were mild and tender.
Dating back to November 2017, we saw Vim Lady blast a fan who spoke about her not being married, but it's obvious she is not in haste to walk down the aisle.
In 2015, Afia was rumored to be getting married to Captain Smart but it's obvious that news was the hoax of the year. But now that our brother Dr. Pounds have expressed interest in her, we wish him all the best.
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Radio and TV News
Jason EL- A Nominated as Male TV Personality In Ghana Entertainments Awards USA 2019
Jason Osman EL-Agha, known in the entertainment space as Jason EL-A has earned a nomination in this year's Ghana Entertainment Awards USA in the TV Personality-Male category.
Jason who is widely known as an artiste cum media entrepreneur was discovered 5 years ago by Berla Mundi when she had a programme in the University of Ghana Legon.
After his discovery, Jason has become a house hold name for entertainment lovers both on screen, as MC, Actor and as an artiste.
The young media personality is nominated among seven other male TV personalities who are Abeiku Santana, Akroboto, Patrice Ameghashie, Erskine Whyte, Johnnie Hughes, Giovanni Caleb and Bliss King.
According to organizers of the event, voting starts on Saturday April 20, 2019 on their website GHENTAWARDS.COM.
Radio and TV News
"Some Entertainment Pundits Are Indistinct" – Socrate Sarfo
The Director of Creative Arts responsible for Programs & Projects at the National Commission on Culture (NCC), Socrates Sarfo has revealed that, critics in a particular sector selected to present their views to the media are fluffy.
According to him, critics, precisely the entertainment pundits lacks depth of intellect or knowledge; they are concerned with what is obvious, making their submissions to developmental issue unsatisfactory.
Mr. Sarfo noted that, panel members lack morally admirable or positive qualities especially those suitable for a thing specified, making their constructive criticism on the country's entertainment sector intolerable to creative arts practictioners.
Mr. Socrates Sarfo made this asseverations in an interview on an Accra-based Onua 95.1 FM entertainment talkshow "Anigye Mmre" hosted by Christian Agyei Frimpong.
The one time movie producer, Mr. Sarfo noted that, entertainment practitioners who serve as panel members on radio or tv shows are not abreast with the difficulties and trauma encountered by Ghana's creative arts sector, contributing to bias remarks.
He added that, the people appointed to judge or criticise entertainment centred shows present themselves in a state of being hollow, emboldening them to make their submissions with personal sentiments and streets ignorance.
He stated that, radio managers must be privy to the fact that, radio and TV broadcasting is not limited to the enclave of music, revealing that, there are flagship and educational programmes that needs undiluted investments to enable it burst out of its shells.
The Director of Creative Arts Mr. Socrates Sarfo advised entertainment talkshow hosts and their producers to engage quality pundits on their shows to make constructive criticism that will elevate the creative arts sector from its retrogressing state.
By: Gerrard-Israel GB
Radio and TV News
Nana Aba Anamoah Hails Da Don.
Awards winning Ghanaian Journalist, Nana Aba Anamoah has eulogized illustrious Ghanaian entertainment critique, Prince Tsegah for playing a pivotal role in elevating Ghana's entertainment industry.
According to the Excellence In Broadcasting Network(EIB) Broadcaster, Prince Tsegah popularly known as Da Don is the best entertainment presenter in Ghana, as his articulateness serves as a straight edge to important questions and issues that is in dispute and must be concerted.
Nana Aba Anamoah also noted that, the Communications Head at Ghana Music Rights Organization, GHAMRO, objectives are undistorted by emotions or personal bias, insection of fictional matter; based on observable phenomena.
Controversial entertainment critique, Prince "Da Don" Tsegah has been perceived as the public's topmost enemy to Reggae/Dancehall crooner Shatta Wale and his army, Shatta Movement, as music fanatics noted that, he tilts negative criticisms to the camp.
However, in a tweet sighted by www.georgebritton.com, the TV personality stated that, contrary to the perception disseminated by entertainment fanatics, the Multimedia Group Limited Journalist, is the most objective entertainment presenter on radio.
The Ghanaian ace broadcaster reiterated that, Da Don posses morally admirable or positive qualities especially those suitable for a thing specified, making his constructive criticism on the country's entertainment sector telerant to creative arts practictioners.
Prince "Da Don" Tsegah serves as a pundict on an Accra based Hitz 103.9 FM's morning show dubbed "DayBreak Hitz" which is aired live every week days between the hours of 5:45am and 10:00am and also host of Asempa 94.7 FM's weekend entertainment show "Tete a Tete" which is broadcasted live on Saturdays at exactly 1:30pm.
By: Gerrard-Israel GB
Radio and TV News
Jay Foley Takes Over The "Muzik Box" Show On Hitz FM.
One of the most listened-to radio personalities in the country, John Foley known in the media landscape as Jay Foley, has taken over an Accra-based Hitz 103.9 FM's midmorning programme.
He takes over the station's midmorning show; "Muzik Box" formely hosted on Fridays by Sammy Forson and promises to deliver to the listeners the best and juicy entertainment, sports and tech news as well as all the favourite hits that are missing on other networks.
John Foley, popularly known as Jay Foley, is a radio and television presenter in Ghana who is known for representing Ghana to cover the 2013, 2015 and 2016 Black Entertainment Television (BET) Awards. He was appointed as the manager of a Ghanaian high-life singer, Bisa Kdei.
Jay Foley started a network for young people who had burning desire to become great achievers. He called it 2131, with the tagline, "Lead, Challenge or Just Forget It". He later joined Y FM, rising through the ranks to become the General Manager of the station in 2011.
Foley was the co-host of Live Breakfast Club, the morning show on LIVE 91.9 FM, where he also doubled as the Business and Programmes Manager and was later elevated to the office of General Manager. He is also the Manager at an Accra-based music and lifestyle channel FIESTA, on DSTV channel 329, an erstwhile media network geared towards promoting of Ghanaian music video content.
Amazingly, the Ghanaian celebrated media personality, Jay Foley cooperatively teamed up with a production crew to film one of the most exciting adventure tv series dubbed the SKY MARSHALS that took patrons by stormed and broke some records at the Box Office.
Foley hails from Sekondi-Takoradi in the Western Region, has all his programmes on radio and television have attracted a large number of listeners and viewers in Accra and its environs, just because of the way he handles the programmes.
He has carved a niche for himself due to his right composure, attitude and his ability to have a great impact on his audiences. With his good work, eloquence, great fashion sense, he is a great addition to help serve and uplift the station's name.
Media Mogul, Jay Foley is one of the good presenters in Ghana's entertainment setting who helped push entertainment in Accra to a higher level. He joins Hitz 103.9 FM with a rich background of experience in the radio industry. This move has got residents in Accra talking and eagerly anticipating his for his show.
Hitz FM is an entertainment radio station located in Accra, Ghana. It is owned and operated by Multimedia Group Limited, a media group launched in 1995. Some of its most popular programmes are Hitz Gospel, Hitz Gallery, Hitz in De Klub and Hilife Bosue, Day Break Hitz, Showbiz Fyla, Cruise Control.
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