text:
This long-range plan for the Klamath Restoration
Program not only updates the 1985 Klamath River Basin Fisheries Resource
Plan, it virtually replaces it by redirecting its principal thrusts. This
closing chapter first summarizes the new plan's overall nature, then follows
with a presentation of the major conclusions and recommendation of each
key chapter. Finally, the Plan's goals, objectives, policies and, in some
instances, project priorities, are presented in the "step-down" manner
in which the Plan will be maintained during the Restoration Program's formative
Overall, this plan:
o Recognizes the public policy and investment linkage between the 1986 act of Congress that launched the Klamath River Basin Restoration Program and the 1988 California legislation (SB-2261) that calls for the restoration of anadromous fish throughout the state.
o Presents explicit goals, objectives and policies that recognize the necessarily long-term nature of the Klamath Basin Restoration Program.
o Emphasizes the need for both fish habitat protection and fish habitat restoration from a total watershed, not simply an instream, perspective.
o Recognizes that instream structures improve fish habitat in specific and limited ways and that they are not a panacea for the underlying causes of fish habitat degradation.
o Recognizes that habitat typing and fish population estimates should precede all but the most obviously needed restoration projects.
o Recognizes that the success of the Restoration Program will depend largely on the support and cooperation of the Basin's landowners and water users.
o Stresses the importance of education and communication in promoting the public understanding of, and sustained support for, the Restoration Program.
o Contemplates the on-going evaluation of habitat and monitoring of fish populations throughout the Basin.
o Addresses the need for improving laws and regulations that do not provide sufficient protection for fish and fish habitat.
o Advocates the protection of all stock groups of anadromous fish in the Basin.
o Provides for the maintenance of the genetic integrity of wild fish stock.
o Provides both formal and informal means of coordinating Program efforts with interested public and private groups.
o Calls for the periodic reevaluation and, where experience indicates the need, redirection of the Plan and Program (i.e., adaptive management).
o Is presented in a "step-down" structure that attempts to relate specific policies and project priorities to the Plan's specific stated goals and objectives.
Habitat Protection and Management
1. The first priority of the Plan is the protection of watershed and stream habitat in order to address the cause of habitat degradation rather than just the symptoms.
2. While greatly improved in recent years, timber harvest practices are still observed to be causing harm to local stream habitat. A quantitative surveillance and evaluation of the impact of current practices, particularly of the State Forest Practice Rules, has not been done yet and is needed to identify where additional improvements need to be made and how effective they are. The Task Force can contribute to this evaluation process and then seek the needed changes in State and Federal regulations.
3. The Task Force will request needed timber harvest policy and rule changes to protect riparian vegetation, highly erodible soils, and presently unimpaired streams supporting sensitive wild fish populations.
4. Timely monitoring and evaluation information on both stream habitat quality and anadromous fish locations can assist foresters in preparing more complete and accurate timber harvest plans.
5. Aquatic impacts of suction dredge mining are partially controlled through existing regulations, which include the closure of summer steelhead streams. The California Department of Fish and Game also needs to extend the season opening to July 1 to protect steelhead eggs and fry, and to require dredgers to restore the streambed contours. Studies are needed to evaluate the potential impacts of concentrated or frequent dredging activity and of the larger suction dredges (6 to 10 inches). Education of miners could help prevent such adverse impacts as undercutting streambanks, removal of large woody debris and boulders, and the destruction of riparian vegetation.
6. Gravel, lode and placer mining impacts need to be anticipated and prevented through the existing regulatory agencies.
7. Agricultural management practices have reduced water quality and impaired anadromous fish habitat, particularly in the Scott and Shasta River drainages, through the removal of riparian vegetation, the runoff of fertilizers and animal wastes from fields into streams, as well as past stream channelization.
8. While progress is being made by concerned farmers and ranchers, the Task Force will help speed up the process in several ways: improved communication about causes and solutions, encouragement of "best management practices", promotion of riparian fencing, investigation of conservation easements and by offering some funding. Trends in water quality and riparian cover need to be monitored and evaluated.
9. Salmon and steelhead have been blocked for 80 years from their historic spawning grounds in the upper Klamath River Basin above Copco Dam. Previous analyses have recommended against providing fish access over the dams, with the most recent study having been done in 1966. Providing access to return anadromous fish to their former habitat needs to be evaluated again, considering current knowledge and conditions.
10. While Iron Gate Dam eliminated the extreme flow fluctuations in the mainstem Klamath caused by Copco's releases, adverse impacts on the aquatic habitat from Iron Gate Dam and Reservoir are a concern of this plan. The upcoming federal relicensing of this hydroelectric proejct provides an opportunity to identify ways to improve its operation to benefit the Restoration Program.
11. Although most of the Klamath River and its tributaries are protected from additional large dams through the State and Federal Wild and Scenic Rivers Acts, other portions are still vulnerable to new water storage and small hydroelectric projects. The Task Force will oppose any further storage or diversion projects that will adversely impact anadromous fish.
12. To protect the streamflows of the Klamath and Trinity Rivers Basins, the Task Force will oppose the exportation or marketing of any additional water.
13. Stream diversions for irrigation have reduced the salmon and steelhead populations of the Scott and Shasta Rivers to subsistence levels.
14. Through the cooperation of the farmers and ranchers, alternative practices could be implemented to provide a benefit to both the water users and the fishery. The Task Force is committed to creative solutions which will not substantially decrease agricultural productivity nor pose undue hardship on ranchers and farmers.
15. California water law for the Klamath Basin needs to be changed to provide 1) incentives for water conservation -- away from the "use it or lose it" philosophy; 2) instream water rights for fish; and 3) for water rights holders to sell their conserved water to an entity designated to protect instream uses.
Habitat Restoration
16. The Task Force will involve the citizens of the Basin communities, not just the established agencies, in the restoration of the region's anadromous fish habitat.
17. Given the substantial role that sediment plays in the degradation of the Basin's fish habitat, the Task Force will give high priority to the evaluation of erosion areas and to their abatement.
18. The Task Force will work closely with the Trinity River Restoration Task Force in that Task Force's efforts to maintain sufficient streamflow to rebuild the Trinity's natural anadromous fish production. The Task Force should work to maintain Klamath River flows below Iron Gate Dam at least at their present levels. Dependable streamflow down both rivers is essential to the health of the estuary.
19. High priority will be given to habitat restoration in the Shasta and Scott Rivers. The potential for fall chinook and steelhead production is great in both rivers.
20. Extreme care will be taken to prevent further damage to the Salmon River watershed. The area serves as a refuge for irreplacable wild stocks of spring chinook salmon and summer steelhead.
21. The Task Force will pursue cooperative agreements with landowners in the lower Klamath Basin, in particular, that provide for the analysis of erosion problems and the development of watershed stabilization measures.
22. Barrier removal and modification provides the greatest benefit among the Basin's instream habitat restoration projects. Projects serving both salmon and steelhead will be given highest priority. These projects should leave as much large woody debris in the channel as possible.
23. Screening of the Basin's water diversions should be expedited. Fish rescue efforts should be evaluated to determine if they are justified in terms of the survival of the rescued fish.
24. Consideration of structural approaches to habitat restoration other than barrier removal/modification and screening will be based upon the specific criteria discussed in this plan.
Fish Population Protection
25. The Restoration Program should be judged ultimately on its success in restoring runs of anadromous fish that successfully spawn, grow and survive outside hatchery environments or hatchery influences. These have been referred to as "wild" fish in this plan's text.
26. The Task Force will work with the Klamath Fishery Management Council to protect locally-adapted anadromous fish stocks that spawn in diverse portions of the Basin.
27. The Task Force will regard the fish populations that utilize diverse portions of the Basin as "stock groups" until analyses indicate that finer or broader distinctions better serve the objectives of the Restoration Program.
28. The Task Force will work with the California Department of Fish and Game toward the marking of all steelhead produced in the Basin's hatcheries to enable voluntary selective harvest of hatchery fish. Constant fractional marking of hatchery salmon should be continued to assist the assessment of the Basin's natural stocks and to enable selective harvest if it is needed.
29. The Task Force will promote anti-poaching campaigns through expanded law enforcement, strengthened court actions and neighborhood "stream watch" groups.
Fish Population Restoration
30. Through its Technical Team, the Task Force will continue to work with the California Department of Fish and Game to assure that the Basin's fish hatcheries achieve their mitigation goals without creating adverse effects on wild stocks. Areas of concern include the levels of hatchery releases, the fate and health of imported hatchery broodstock, the planting of hatchery fish into different or distant stock groups, and the practicality of marking all hatchery fish to strengthen stock assessments and evaluation of hatchery/wild population interactions.
31. Through its Technical Team, and in consultation with the Indian tribes involved with fish restoration and the Department of Fish and Game, the Task Force will recommend guidelines, for adoption and implementation by the tribes and the Department, for the operation of small fish rearing programs.
32. The Task Force shall improve the cost-effectiveness of those small scale rearing programs that now focus only on fall run chinook salmon by encouraging the culture of coho, steelhead and other species where it would contribute to Restoration Program objectives.
33. Given their uncertain condition, the Task Force will give high priority to green sturgeon restoration opportunities.
Education and Communication
34. The Task Force will continue its funding of salmon and steelhead classroom and field studies curricula and the development of a corps of mentor teachers within the Basin counties and school districts. The curricula should be complete and the mentor teachers recruited and trained no later than 1994.
35. The Task Force will schedule level funding throughout the life of the Restoration Program to sustain the interest of Basin counties and school districts in updating and improving the salmon and steelhead teaching methods and materials. This will enhance the chances that the salmon and steelhead-related studies will be integrated over time into the permanent curricula of the region's schools.
36. Restoration Program personnel will continue regular communications with the region's television and print journalists and should enhance coverage of the Restoration Program by building an inventory of professional quality film, videotape, photos and other visual and graphic materials and by making these materials available to journalists for use in television, magazine and newspaper stories.
37. The Task Force shall commission a summary of the Restoration Program for wide public distribution.
38. The Task Force will schedule preparation of a progress "report to the people" to be released in 1993, a the end of five full years of Restoration Program effort.
Program Administration
39. To date the Restoration Program has been funded with $1.0 million a year from the Federal government, through the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and at least $330,000 of non-Federal money from the California Department of Fish and Game. There are additional exisiting sources of Federal and non-Federal funding which could be made available to the Restoration Program, as well as potential sources which could be developed (e.g., new state bond acts, a Klamath River fishing stamp).
40. The sharing of the data and information gathered during the 20-year life of the Restoration Program can be facilitated through: a technical library in the Klamath River Fisheries Resource Office, a periodic newsletter, workshops and conferences, publications and computer databases. One of the databases with the greatest potential benefit to the Program is the water quality assessment and monitoring system maintained by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency on the U.S. Geological Survey "Reach" file. This benefit will grow in the years ahead as the State Water Resources Control Board adapts its water quality assessment record-keeping to the EPA/Reach system.
41. Coordination of all fishery restoration entities and activities in the Klamath River Basin will require a combination of formal and informal agreements and methods.
Goal I: Restore, by 2006, the biological productivity of the Klamath River Basin in order to provide for viable commercial and recreational ocean fisheries and in-river tribal (subsistence, ceremonial and commercial) and recreational fisheries.
Objective 2.A. Protect stream and riparian habitat from potential damages caused by timber harvesting and related activities.
2.A.1. Improve current timber harvest practices through the following:
a. Instigate local workshops and seminars on timber harvest methods, including erosion control and stream and riparian protection methods for timber operators and foresters by working with appropriate resource agencies and groups.
b. Develop salmonid habitat protection and management standards and guidelines (by the Technical Work Group) for agency endorsement and use.
c. Develop educational materials addressing stream protection measures for use by foresters, timber operators, and their employees.
d. Obtain existing fish habitat data and place into a data base system which can be easily accessed by agencies and field users.
e. Encourage foresters, land owners, and timber harvesters to view the existing regulations as minimum rather than maximum expectations.
f. Promote communication between timberland managers and salmon and steelhead users.
g. Foster Coordinated Resource Management and Planning in mixed ownership watersheds with important fish habitat (e.g., Blue Creek, Beaver Creek, French Creek, and others).
2.A.2. Contribute to evaluating the effectiveness of the current timber harvest practices in protecting stream habitat through:
a. Development of an index of habitat integrity to better understand the possible cumulative effects.
b. Incorporation of fish habitat and population data into clean water assessments of the State Water Resources Control Board and E.P.A.
c. Monitoring the recovery of stream habitat in logged watersheds.
d. Evaluating watershed and riparian conditions in logged areas.
2.A.3. If the results of the above and other evaluations reveal inadequacies, promote the necessary changes in:
a. The State's Forest Practice Rules and administrative actions.
b. The U.S. Forest Service's policies in its Land Management Plans, Best Management Practices, and administrative actions.
2.A.4. Anticipate potential stream protection problems by requesting:
a. Surveillance monitoring programs, which "208" certification requires, be conducted as soon as possible in Klamath Basin streams by the State Board of Forestry and the U.S. Forest Service.
b. Modification of the State Forest Practices Rules to:
1. Protect highly erodible soils like the decomposed granitic soils.
2. Incorporate watershed planning in THP reviews.
3. Provide adequate protection of riparian areas.
4. Allow for a longer review period for THPs in critical watersheds.
5. Provide a meaningful level of cumulative impact analysis.
6. Provide damaged fish habitat adequate time to recover before new timber harvesting or roads occur in watersheds that are over threshold.
c. Policies in the US Forest Service's Land Management Plans and changes in administrative actions to:
1. Give first priority to protection of salmonid habitat which is presently unimpaired (e.g., Clear Creek, Dillon Creek).
2. Protect highly erodible soils like the decomposed granitic soils.
3. Provide damaged fish habitat adequate time to recover before new timber sales or roads occur in watersheds that are over threshold.
4. Ensure the survival of anadromous salmonids through adequate protection of their habitat.
5. Provide adequate protection of riparian areas.
6. Provide a meaningful level of cumulative impact analysis.
7. Ensure the land base allocation and protective measure for water quality and fish habitat are adequate.
Objective 2.B. Ensure that mining activities do not cause habitat damage.
2.B.1. Seek to minimize impact of suction dredge mining on salmon and steelhead habitat and populations by:
a. Communicating with miners about fish habitat needs and possible impacts of dredging through personal contact as well as preparing a clear and concise illustrated handout to be distributed with suction dredge permits.
b. Evaluating the impacts of concentrated dredging activity, where cumulative effects may pose serious problems.
c. Supporting evaluation of the effects of the larger suction dredges (6 to 10 inch) on salmonid habitat.
d. Supporting CDFG in maintaining complete closure (no exceptions) of essential summer steelhead streams: Wooley Creek, Dillon Creek, and Clear Creek.
e. Requesting that the California Department of Fish and Game:
1. Change the season's beginning date from June 1 to July 1 to protect winter-run steelhead eggs and fry, which may still be in the gravels during early summer.
2. Require miners dredging in the river to mark the dredged site for safety reasons, and notify fishermen through the licensing process.
3. Promote a better record-keeping system through the permit process for collecting data on the numbers, locations, and sizes of dredge activity.
f. Based on the results of research, pursuing any necessary improvements in regulations and education to adequately protect the habitat.
2.B.2. Seek effective protections of salmonid habitat from potential impacts of other mining practices (gravel, lode, placer) by:
a. Promoting education of miners.
b. Supporting needed evaluations and monitoring.
c. Working with the appropriate regulatory agencies in establishing permit conditions.
d. Ensuring minimum reclamation standards be adopted, implemented and enforced.
e. Supporting a mandatory form of financial assurance (e.g., bond) to assure reclamation of mines.
f. Promoting the abatement of any water quality and habitat problems associated with abandoned mining operations.
g. Requesting lead SMARA agencies to assess penalties and fines for non-compliance with SMARA statute provisions, and also for failure to comply with reporting requirements.
2.B.3. Promote communication between miners and salmon and steelhead users.
Objective 2.C. Protect and improve the water quality of stream habitat from adverse agricultural practices.
2.C.1. Seek opportunities for farmers and ranchers to reduce their impact on stream water quality:
a. Instigate local workshops and seminars with local Resource Conservation Districts, County Farm Advisor, Soil Conservation Service, California Department of Fish and Game, Farm Bureau, Cattleman's Association, and others.
b. Encourage "best management practices" to reduce the amounts of animal waste and fertilizers entering watercourses, initially focusing on demonstration projects.
c. Promote the fencing of riparian areas in vulnerable sites to protect existing vegetation, to provide for natural regeneration, and to protect new plantings.
d. Explore the option of conservation easements to protect riparian zones.
e. Make funding available to help implement improvements which will provide a significant benefit to the fisheries.
f. Investigate and pursue other sources of financial assistance (e.g., ASCS, CDFG, SWRCB).
g. Promote communication between the farmers and ranchers and the salmon and steelhead users.
2.C.2. Monitor and assess stream quality to help evaluate the location, extent, and trends of water quality and riparian problems related to agricultural practices, particularly in the Shasta River, while coordinating with pertinent agencies.
Objective 2.E. Protect salmon and steelhead habitat from harmful effects of water and power projects in the Klamath Basin.
2.E.1. Support the evaluation of existing large water storage projects in the basin to determine their effect on limiting factors for anadromous fish production, including the following:
a. Reevaluate (from the 1966 study) the currently available spawning and rearing habitat located above Iron Gate Dam, where needed.
b. Monitor water quality, including water temperatures, above, within, and below the Copco and Iron Gate reservoirs, for a five year period to determine the effects of water storage and powerplant operations on downstream habitat conditions.
c. Evaluate the instream flow needs, using state-of-the-art methods, of each salmon and steelhead run and life stage affected by flows released from Iron Gate Dam.
d. Examine the impact of Lake Shastina on Shasta River's water quality problems.
2.E.2. Identify and implement methods to rectify habitat problems identified in #1 above, including the following:
a. Access above Iron Gate and Copco Dams to the Upper Klamath Basin.
b. Water quality above and below Iron Gate Dam.
c. Instream flow and habitat below Iron Gate Dam.
d. Water quality and flow from Lake Shastina.
2.E.3. Promote adequate fish protection requirements in the relicensing conditions for the Iron Gate Hydroelectric Project and other power projects by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission.
2.E.4. Advocate inclusion and enforcement of effective conditions for salmonid habitat protection on small and large hydroelectric projects and other water storage projects.
2.E.5. Oppose further large water storage projects until habitat problems caused by existing projects are rectified, and proof is available that any proposed project will not contribute to habitat problems.
2.E.6. Oppose the additional exportation (through water marketing or other means) of water from the Klamath River or Trinity River Basins, which is necessary to restore and protect anadromous fish populations.
2.E.7. Require water flows adequate to achieve optimal productivity of the basin.
2.E.8. Seek the establishment of law that mandates minimum streamflow standards.
2.E.9. Advocate improved streamflow releases from the Trinity River Project which will better mimic the natural or pre-dam streamflow patterns.
Objective 2.F. Protect the instream flow needs of salmon and steelhead in streams affected by water diversions.
2.F.1. As a first priority, seek opportunities for stream diverters to reduce their impact on salmon and steelhead habitat:
a. Involve landowners in the Scott and Shasta Valleys in developing solutions to the instream flow and water quality problems of the Scott and Shasta Rivers and their tributaries.
b. Develop an inventory of water conservation practices for agricultural users in the basin, and seek their implementation by working with the local Resource Conservation Districts, County Farm Advisor, Soil Conservation Service, Farm Bureau, Cattleman's Association, and other interested groups (e.g., through workshops, seminars, County Fair displays).
c. Promote more efficient water delivery practices in order to avoid serious waste of water in unlined ditches.
d. Support effective screening of all diversions.
e. Actively support needed changes in state water rights law so:
1. Water right holders will not be penalized for conserving water.
2. Instream uses like fish can have water rights.
3. Water right transfers can be made to instream uses.
f. If the above changes in water rights law occur, then support the purchase of water rights from willing sellers for the purpose of instream flow improvements.
g. Contribute financial support to water conservation measures which will provide significant benefit to the fisheries.
h. Investigate other sources of financial assistance which can help implement improved practices or purchase water rights (e.g., ASCS, DWR, Water Heritage Trust).
i. Promote communication between water users and salmon and steelhead users.
j. Evaluate the instream flow needs of the Scott and Shasta Rivers and their tributaries.
2.F.2. If fish population trends in a tributary system are found to be at critically low levels by the Task Force, the following policies will be instituted, along with necessary harvest restrictions:
a. Pursue appropriate agency solutions.
b. Exercise water allotment rights to provide emergency instream flows.
2.F.3. In the year 1995, if adequate progress towards improving instream flow conditions for salmonids has not been made as a result of Policy 2.F.1, then seriously pursue the available alternatives:
a. Seek enforcement of the conditions of the Scott River Adjudication through operation of Watermaster Service, including compliance with the October 15 diversion deadline for stream appropriations.
b. Encourage legal action by the US Forest Service to enable it to achieve the minimum fish flows required in the Scott River Adjudication.
c. Ask the State Water Resources Control Board to enforce the water rights condition pertaining to "unreasonable " use of water in agricultural irrigation practices in the Klamath River Basin.
2.F.4. In the year 2000, if adequate progress towards improving instream flow conditions for salmonids has not been made as a result of Policies 2.F.1. and 2.F.3., then investigate the option of reallocation of water rights under the public trust doctrine for protection of fish habitat.
Objective 3: Restore the habitat of anadromous fish of the Klamath River Basin by using appropriate methods that address the factors that limit the production of these species.
3.1 The Klamath River Basin Fisheries Restoration Task Force should solicit the support and cooperation of all the citizens of the Klamath River Basin in its mission to restore anadromous fisheries resources. The communities can be involved by:
a. Holding training sessions on restoration techniques and opportunities.
b. Holding training sessions to increase understanding of the contract and bid process to encourage local firms and groups to get involved.
c. Giving preference to projects that have strong local participation.
d. Encouraging the formation of local restoration groups to "adopt" subbasins and become advocates for fisheries resources and the Restoration Program.
3.2 Because large scale contributions of sediment continue to have substantial negative impacts on the ecosystem of the Klamath River, the Task Force will focus on evaluating areas where erosion continues to be a problem, and will work to solve the problem by:
a. Entering into formal long-term cooperative agreements with the U.S. Forest Service, Resource Conservation Districts, Indian Tribes other agencies.
b. Entering into Cooperative Resource Management Plans (CRMPs), with public and private landowners, with the objective of reducing erosion from their land.
c. Working with resource agencies such as the State Water Resources Control Board, the California Department of Forestry and the Environmental Protection Agency to identify problems, monitor progress on the abatement of sediment problems, and, where necessary, step up enforcement of clean water laws.
d. Exploring the feasibility of using a GIS system and the EPA Reach File to track the fate of sediment basinwide.
3.3 Technically sound habitat restoration measures which benefit depressed stock groups of concern will receive priority consideration for funding.
3.4 The Klamath River Task Force will support the Trinity River Task Force in its efforts to restore adequate streamflow for fisheries resources in the Trinity subbasin.
3.5 The Task Force will work to gain the release of flows of adequate quality and quantity for fishery resources from Iron Gate Dam.
3.6 The Shasta River should be given high priority in the Restoration Program because of its significant potential to produce fall chinook salmon and steelhead. Adequate streamflow for fish are needed here, together with the restoration of riparian areas.
3.7 The Scott River and its tributaries are also a high priority for restoration because of their substantial salmon and steelhead production potential. Solutions to the major problems in the basin include:
a. Improving stream flows and restoring riparian zones.
b. Using the recently completed sediment study to prioritize actions to control erosion of decomposed granite sands and identifying funds for their implementation.
c. Work with private timberland owners and others engaged in road construction and maintenance to insure that future activities do not continue to increase erosion.
3.8 The Salmon River, a refuge area for spring chinook salmon and summer steelhead, has a greatly elevated erosion risk as a result of recent fires. Therefore, the following actions will be taken:
a. Assess erosion problems in the Salmon River Basin, paying particular attention to areas burned during the 1987 fires.
b. Implement measures to stabilize subbasins as soon as possible using the results of the erosion control study to prioritize actions.
c. Make certain that any continuing timber harvest activities by the USFS in the Salmon River Basin do not contribute further to current high erosion hazard.
3.9 The Task Force will work closely with the Yurok Tribe to improve anadromous fisheries resources on the Reservation and on ancestral territories. Actions on lower Klamath tributaries will include:
a. Seeking cooperative agreements with the major private land owners to evaluate slope stability and take appropriate measures to avoid soil loss and related negative impacts on salmon, steelhead and cutthroat trout.
b. Funding a study using aerial photographs, such as the RAPID method, to speed the evaluation of erosion factors.
c. Seeking further agreements to expand fisheries restoration efforts if erosion hazards are reduced or found to be at lower-than-believed levels.
d. Join with the Hoopa and Yurok Tribes in making Pine Creek a model watershed through implementing erosion control and other fisheries restoration measures and working to minimize impacts from future land use.
3-10 The Task Force will pursue the following actions with regard to the middle Klamath tributaries:
a. Encourage the USFS to expand cooperative efforts in mixed ownership drainages having decomposed granite soils, such as Beaver Creek and Cottonwood Creek, to control erosion and modify future timber harvests and road building to prevent erosion from continuing.
b. Study the feasibility and cost of removing the fish migration barriers at or near the mouth of middle Klamath tributaries such as Humbug Creek.
c. Find a solution to the problem of fish passage over the diversion structure on Horse Creek.
d. Seek cooperation from farmers and ranchers in securing adequate flows for fish in drainages such as Seiad and Cottonwood Creeks.
3.11 Fish screens should be installed wherever needed. Adequate funds for screen maintenance shall be provided. An evaluation of fish rescue efforts will be made to determine how many of the rescued fish survive.
3.12 Proposed projects to structurally increase fisheries habitat in any Klamath tributary will be evaluated as to whether:
a. The erosion potential in the watershed and the expected sediment yield would place the project at risk during moderate storm events (10 year interval or less).
b. The stream channel remains highly aggraded and, thus, likely to threaten the stability of the proposed structure.
c. The project is properly engineered in terms of its setting (gradient and channel type) and expected flows.
d. Habitat assessment has been conducted and the suspected limiting factors identified.
e. The proposed project has a clear goal of remedying the identified limiting factors.
f. The proposal includes methods to evaluate whether the goal of the project has been reached after project implementation (ideally, a demonstration of its positive cost-benefit performance).
g. The project budget includes cost estimates for maintenance.
3.13 The Task Force will undertake an affordable evaluation and monitoring program, one which employs accepted, standardized techniques, in order to acquire the information needed for adaptive management. Specifically, the Task Force will:
a. Fund, or find funding from such cooperators as the USFS, for completion of habitat typing and other quantitative habitat assessment of all basin streams having significant restoration potential.
b. Work with agencies such as the EPA, SWRCB, and USFS, which have water quality protection responsibilities, to monitor stream conditions of interest to the Restoration Program.
3.14 The Task Force will seek to mandate by law, minimum habitat standards.
Objective 4: Strive to protect the genetic diversity of anadromous fishes in the Klamath River Basin.
4.1 Increases in populations of self-sustaining runs of fish separate in time or space from hatchery stocks, referred to here as "native" populations, will be the basis upon which the success of the Restoration Program will be judged.
4.2. The Task Force will work closely with the Klamath Fisheries Management Council to protect locally adapted anadromous fish stocks that return to all areas of the Klamath Basin, so that self-sustaining runs can be restored, with emphasis given to priority stocks for recovery.
4.3. The Task Force shall recognize the fish populations adapted to the various areas of the Klamath Basin as stock groups until further study indicates that finer or broader distinctions better serve the Klamath River Basin Fisheries Restoration Program. To this end, the following will be undertaken:
a. Fall chinook salmon escapement should continue to be monitored by use of weirs on the Shasta, Scott, and Salmon rivers and on Blue Creek, and an additional monitoring effort begun on a Middle Klamath tributary.
b. Native spring chinook populations shall continue to be monitored closely in the Salmon River and in the lower river net harvest.
c. CDFG will be requested to continue to monitor population trends of summer steelhead through direct observation surveys.
d. Study feasibility of weir operation later in the season to get more information on coho and steelhead.
e. The Task Force will provide training and supervision for community volunteers interested in conducting spawner surveys to help gather information about native salmon stocks, including coho.
f. Ask CDFG to analyze the angler success data currently collected from guides to provide a steelhead catch-per-effort baseline from which to measure the success of the Restoration Program.
g. Collect information on green sturgeon harvest.
h. Get the information suggested in Nicholas and Hankin (1988) with which to better identify stock groups, beginning with chinook salmon and proceeding on to all salmon and steelhead stock groups.
i. Include the fish counting methods suggested by Hankin and Reeves (1988) when habitat typing, in order to have consistent estimates of standing crops of juvenile fish.
j. Request NMFS to fund a study of green sturgeon, including its distribution, population structure, and level of harvest of Klamath stocks in other areas, to provide sufficient information so that a management plan for the Klamath green sturgeon can be devised.
k. Create incentives for graduate students and other qualified investigators on cutthroat trout, eulachon, and lamprey of the Klamath Basin.
4.4 The Task Force will work with the California Department of Fish and Game to:
a. Mark, by fin-clipping or other method, all hatchery steelhead at Iron Gate Hatchery as well as Trinity River Hatchery so that:
1. Voluntary selective harvest will be possible.
2. The problem of residualism can be investigated.
3. The contributions of hatchery and native steelhead to returns can be determined.
b. Mark a consistent fraction of all hatchery chinook salmon to help in the Natural Stocks Assessment study of the native-to-hatchery relationship of Klamath Basin chinook stocks.
c. Share information gathered through research in a timely manner to enable adaptive management techniques.
d. Investigate the practicality of closing anadromous fish producing streams to "trout" fishing.
e. Promote genetic stock identification or DNA programs for ocean and river sampling to determine fish stock identification.
4.5 To strengthen law enforcement protection of Klamath Basin fish populations, the Task Force will:
a. Encourage the formation of local citizen "watch groups" to help in the protection and monitoring of remnant fish populations throughout the basin.
b. Ask CDFG to seek cooperative agreements with other law enforcement agencies so that sheriffs' deputies, Forest Service and CDF officers, and highway patrolmen may be interested in helping wardens curb poaching.
4.6 The Task Force will encourage local judges to punish poachers to the full extent of the law. Where necessary, particularly to protect stocks in danger of becoming extinct, increases in penalties for poaching should be sought.
4.7 The Task Force will work towards determining spawning population levels appropriate to achieve optimal smolt production for all self sustaining populations of anadromous salmonids in the basin.
4.8 The Task Force will support the ban on the use of large-scale driftnets for fishing on the high seas.
Objective 5.A: Iron Gate Hatchery and Trinity River Hatchery should be operated to produce salmon and steelhead to mitigate for the losses of habitat above their dams and, at the same time, strive to reduce impacts on native fish.
5.A.1 The Task Force's Technical Team will work with CDFG to insure that the Basin's large-scale hatcheries operate to mitigate for loss of habitat above dams while limiting their impacts on wild stocks and maintaining the long term viability of hatchery broodstock. In coordination with Trinity River Task Force, the Task Force will:
a. Determine the optimal levels and composition of hatchery releases that can best achieve mitigation goals while minimizing impacts on native stocks.
b. Identify opportunities for enhancement and harvest supplementation using surplus hatchery eggs where it can be assured that there would be no disease transmission, genetic harm, in-river density dependent effects, or adverse harvest impacts to native stocks.
c. Encourage the continuation of hatchery practices that will maintain the fitness of hatchery broodstock and decrease undesirable impacts of straying on native fish.
d. Conduct a study to determine the resistance of Iron Gate Hatchery steelhead broodstock to Ceratomyxa shasta.
e. Support the CDFG in its effort to secure a water supply filter for Iron Gate Hatchery.
Objective 5.B: Small-scale rearing programs should be temporary measures, primarily for the purpose of accelerating the rebuilding of locally adapted native salmon and steelhead populations, and operated to maintain the genetic integrity of such populations. Ideally, small-scale rearing programs should be operated in conjunction with habitat restoration projects.
5.B.1 Those parties having management authority over small scale rearing and pond programs in the Klamath River Basin shall, through coordinated planning, formulate independent guidelines for activities which will avoid negative effects on the genetic characteristics of native stocks. (The relevant parties, in this instance, are the Yurok, Hoopa, and Karuk Tribes and the State of California, acting through the California Department of Fish and Game.)
5.B.2 The guidelines for small-scale facilities will, to the extent possible, be consistent in content. The guidelines will be developed in accordance with the best known biological practices and their development shall be guided by a technical advisory committee, appointed by the Task Force, having expertise in genetics and fish culture. The small-scale facilities guidelines shall consider, but need not be limited to:
a. Procedures for trapping, rearing, incubating, and transferring fish, and for the control of fish diseases.
b. Broodstock management rules that ensure the maintenance of genetic integrity and the diversity of the stocks handled.
c. Requirements that an appropriate number of fish produced by small scale rearing and enhancement programs are marked and coded wire tagged so that ocean migration may be determined and that inbreeding can be avoided.
d. Methods by which to determine release strategies for pond reared steelhead from rescue programs in order to minimize residual behavior.
e. Methods to by which to evaluate program success.
5.B.3 The Task Force shall encourage small-scale fish rearing project operators to participate in research to determine:
a. Habitat quality to assess appropriate stocking levels.
b. Early life histories of fish cultured so that appropriate time for release can be determined.
c. Those levels of spawning escapement that represent "full seeding" so the Task Force may determine when populations have recovered sufficiently to close or move a facility.
5.B.4 The Task Force will explore means of improving the cost effectiveness of those small-scale rearing programs now targeting late-run fall chinook by capturing other species, such as coho and steelhead, where such efforts would contribute to Restoration Program objectives.
5.B.5 The Task Force will explore the need for green sturgeon population restoration measures.
5.B.6 The Task Force will support the continuation of fish rescue efforts in the middle Klamath Basin and the Scott and Shasta rivers as a viable tool for providing additional salmon and steelhead production.
Objective 6: Promote public interest in the Klamath River Basin's anadromous fish, their beneficial use and habitat requirements and gain support for the Restoration Program's plans and efforts to restore fish habitat and population numbers.
6.1. The Task Force will maintain support for public school programs by:
a. Continuing to develop a curriculum and field activities for schools in the Klamath River Basin and adjacent counties.
b. Encouraging local school districts to make these materials part of the regular curriculum, once the materials are fully developed.
c. Sponsoring workshops and conferences on salmonid conservation to keep teachers interested in and updated about the Restoration Program.
d. Budgeting $5,000-10,000 a year for the operation and maintenance of class-room education projects once the current five-year development process is complete. Teachers should be encouraged to submit proposals to continue the development, operation and innovation of the Program, or for special projects.
6.2. The Task Force will support communications with the public by:
a. Supporting 4-H youth education projects involving riparian restoration.
b. Continuing to encourage the development of interpretive programs on the Yurok Reservation near the mouth of the Klamath River, at the Interstate 5 rest stop north of Yreka and within Yreka itself.
c. Assembling a suitable display for county fairs.
d. Working with angler groups, resort owners, guides, and county fish and game advisory committees to promote angler awareness of the Restoration Program's goals and objectives.
e. Cosponsoring workshops and seminars on water conservation with Resource Conservation Districts to assist the agricultural community.
f. Conducting workshops for state, county, and private road maintenance personnel concerning stream protection needs.
g. Setting up meetings between fisheries biologists and miners to explain the environmental requirements of fish and to learn more about mining activities.
h. Joining with the Klamath Basin tribes in sponsoring a conference about the Indian fisheries.
i. Cosponsoring workshops or "tailgate sessions" with foresters, road engineers, timber and equipment operators concerning watershed protection needs.
j. Providing public information services (e.g. Newsletters, Flyers) for the Klamath Fishery Management Council.
Policies for Program Administration
Objective 7: Provide adequate and effective administration to successfully implement the Restoration Plan and Program.
7.1. Involve interests or agencies not represented on the Task Force through several methods:
a. Decision-making: Task Force members should each try to reflect public interest and equity values in their decisions and not just the views of their organization.
b. Technical Work Group membership: Appointments of technical specialists from other agencies or groups should be made to this Task Force subcommittee, which solicits and evaluate project proposals.
c. Public Involvement: Task Force should continue seeking public opinion at its meetings but also develop or support working groups to address different problems or problem areas. Coordinated Resource Management and Planning (CRMP) is another method to involve a wide spectrum of participants.
d. Cooperative or interagency agreements should be used to carry out restoration activities with non-Task Force agencies, which may be jointly funded.
7.2. Ensure the decision-making process will work well.
a. Arrange a training session for the Task Force in the consensus decision-making process.
b. As an option, use the "abstention" position when a member does not feel strongly enough about a proposal to vote "no," yet cannot support the proposal.
c. Adoption of rules similar to the "T/F/W Ground Rules," under which each member agrees to work.
d. Actively seek to negotiate a compromise that considers the needs of all parties.
e. Retain the consensus approach to decision-making.
7.3. Assign Committees, made up of Task Force and Technical Work Group members or representatives, to monitor each of the Plan's major components: Habitat Protection and Management, Habitat Restoration, Population Protection (includes liaison with Council), Population Restoration, Education and Communication, and Administration. Committees shall report at each Task Force meeting about progress of policy implementation.
7.4. Formally evaluate plan and program progress and provide for amendments to the Plan.
a. A Program Review shall be done every 5 years during the Program's lifespan. The first Program Review should begin in 1995, followed by reviews in the years 2000 and 2005.
b. An Annual Progress Report appropriate for public review shall briefly summarize the results of Task Force actions and projects to date, including an accounting of the costs. Both Federally and non-Federally funded projects should be included.
c. Plan Amendments shall be provided for on a regular basis, as new information and conditions arise. Policy changes should be based on new findings in the text.
7.5. The Task Force will use any or all of the following options to fulfill staffing needs:
a. Continue using permanent USFWS staff:
1. Review all administrative functions every 2 to 5 years to ensure that they are fulfilling their original purpose, and to evaluate whether the original purpose needs to be revised and updated.
2. Council and Task Force Chairs shall consult together annually about the appropriate balance of staff time needed in the coming year.
3. Evaluate need for a Watershed Specialist (as used in the Trinity Program).
b. Use consultants under contract to implement selected portions of the Plan.
c. Make greater use of Task Force Committees and the Technical Work Group to help implement the Plan.
7.6. Ensure adequate funding is available to implement the Plan.
a. Inform interested parties of other funding opportunities as they arise, and encourage the use of these funds to implement the activities of the Operational Plan, where needed.
b. Facilitate the coordination of interstate funding needs in the Klamath Basin.
c. Maintain files in the Klamath River Fishery Resource Office on each funding source and provide access to the public.
d. Pursue additional new funding sources, if needed.
7.7. Promote and provide opportunities for information sharing.
a. Klamath River Fishery Resource Office should develop a catalogued technical library as the repository for completed project reports, historical and recent Klamath Basin references, and other pertinent restoration materials.
b. Klamath River Fishery Resource Office should regularly produce a newsletter for continuous communication about ongoing and completed projects and their results, as well as other related topics.
c. The Technical Work Group should evaluate and recommend the best software option(s) for data storage and retrieval obtained through Task Force funded projects.
d. Staff or the TWG should thoroughly investigate the use of the EPA/SWRCB water body monitoring data system as a basic file for Klamath River fish and fish habitat information. Evaluate and apply the system's potential for stimulating Clean Water Act efforts, including technical and financial assistance, of direct interest to the Restoration Program. Request financial assistance from the EPA to explore and establish Program use of its Sect.205(b) water body data system.
e. Support publication of the results of Task Force funded projects in the scientific literature, periodicals for the general public, and a Klamath River Fishery Resource Office Technical Report Series.
f. Encourage the dissemination of Program information, as well as the seeking of pertinent information from other areas, through conferences, workshops or similar means.
7.8. Improve the understanding of agency jurisdictions.
a. Resolve conflicts (existing or potential) resulting from overlapping jurisdictions by pursuing the coordination methods described in the text.
b. Continue clarifying the jurisdictions claimed by each agency involved with fishery or habitat management in the Klamath River Basin.
c. Encourage the expansion of jurisdiction in habitat activities having "underlapping" authority or little protection.
7.9. Ensure effective coordination through the following:
a. Support a combination of formal and informal methods for coordinating the implementation of the Program.
b. Develop a long-term, enduring Memorandum of Agreement among the various agencies and tribes, as required in the Act.
c. Promote local workshops and conferences on topics related to the Restoration Program.
d. Committees of the Task Force, Council, and the Trinity Task Force should meet with each other at least once a year to share progress reports and discuss mutual needs. Conclusions will then be shared with each policy-making body.
e. Monitor non-Program restoration and research work in the Basin.
f. Use the Task Force meeting as a forum for progress reports from the various agencies, tribes, and groups.
g. Promote the use of Coordinated Resource Management Plans (CRMP) to cooperatively implement projects or to better define a long-term coordination strategy in certain areas. Involve as broad a spectrum of participants as needed.
h. Provide adequate resources for coordination.
7.10. Ensure a practical and equitable project selection process.
a. Project solicitation by the USFWS Klamath River Fishery Resource Office shall be based on the annual Action Plan. This Action Plan shall be developed annually by the TWG, for approval by the Task Force, to define any necessary actions to implement the policies of this Plan. To the extent feasible, the CDFG projects for the Klamath Basin should also follow the Action Plan.
b. The Klamath River Fishery Resource Office should develop a complete Project Application Manual describing the project selection process and selection criteria to assist project proponents.
c. Clarify intent of Congress on the preferential employment requirement of the Act.
d. Cooperative Agreements with tribes or for work on Reservations shall be consistent with the Indian Self-Determination Act (PL 93-638), and Tribal Employment and Contracting Rights Ordinances (TECRO).
e. Seek coordination of project selection processes (e.g., timing and criteria) with Salmon Stamp Committee and CDFG.
7.11. Provide comments on proposed public and private projects within the Basin that have the potential for affecting the implementation and success of the Restoration Plan and Program.
a. The Klamath River Fishery Resource Office shall serve as the clearinghouse for all notices for proposed outside projects within the Basin.
b. The Task Force shall respond to those projects deemed to have the greatest potential for impact on the Restoration Plan and Program.
c. Task Force members are encouraged to respond to proposed projects on an individual basis consistent with the approved policies of the Task Force.
Goal II: Support the Klamath Fishery Management Council in development of harvest regulation recommendations that will provide for viable fisheries and escapement.
Goal III. Recommend to the Congress, state legislatures, and local governments the actions each must take to protect the fish and fish habitats of the Klamath River Basin.
Goal IV: Inform the public about the value of anadromous fish to the Klamath River region and gain their support for the Restoration Program.
Goal V: Promote cooperative relationships between lawful users of the Basin's land and water resources and those who are primarily concerned with the implementation of the Restoration Plan and Program.


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subset: commoncrawl


text:
A month later, Robbie is receiving care by his parents at home, but seeing him like this makes Peter feel guilty and upset. Mary Jane Watson tries to comfort him outside, but he still feels he is losing everybody he cares for. Octavius is deported to Germany, where the Nazis think that his disability renders him useless, and Felicia has recovered but wears a cat mask to cover all the scars on her face.[8]
While battling the first Zebra-Man, Bruce Wayne was accidentally irradiated by the same energy that had irradiated Jake Baker. Without an inhibitor belt, Bruce's diamagnetism powers were out of control, causing Robin to go on without him. Batman soon took advantage of the diamagnetism, however, and used it to attract Zebra-Man to him and attract both of them to Gotham City Police Department.
In the Roman Catholic Church, Halloween's Christian connection is acknowledged, and Halloween celebrations are common in many Catholic parochial schools.[222][223] Many fundamentalist and evangelical churches use "Hell houses" and comic-style tracts in order to make use of Halloween's popularity as an opportunity for evangelism.[224] Others consider Halloween to be completely incompatible with the Christian faith due to its putative origins in the Festival of the Dead celebration.[225] Indeed, even though Eastern Orthodox Christians observe All Hallows' Day on the First Sunday after Pentecost. The Eastern Orthodox Church recommends the observance of Vespers or a Paraklesis on the Western observance of All Hallows' Eve, out of the pastoral need to provide an alternative to popular celebrations.[226]
You know what's really cool? Unique stuff. That why we take our exclusive line of costumes very seriously. With industry leading quality and materials, our exclusive men's Halloween costumes are a cut above. And since we know that you're all about the classic and memorable pop culture characters, we have brand licenses from some of the top franchises around. Check out our favorite officially licensed exclusive men's costumes to help jump start your decision making!
If they are in need of something sneaky then check out our ninja options. Then, go for the complete opposite as a loud and nasty pirate captain, shouting orders to crew members. Halloween wouldn't be complete without tapping into the dark side of the holiday. Haunt the streets while trick-or-treating as a ghoul or zombie. Vampires are also a popular choice as they are the scariest beings of the night. Search around our popular boy's costume categories to find a fitting outfit for Halloween!
Spidercide was a major antagonist in the "Maximum Clonage" story arc. He first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #222 by Tom DeFalco and Sal Buscema.[67] He is depicted as an evil foil of Spider-Man, Ben Reilly, and Kaine. Introduced as a red herring to suggest the possibility of a third individual that was the original Peter Parker, he is one of the Spider-Man clones created by Jackal, to be Jackal's enforcer and protector. However, Spidercide is actually a clone to Ben Reilly, who is a direct genetic duplicate of Spider-Man.[40]
Batman stands tall above Gotham City, and often times he has the weight of the entire world on his shoulders. Does he have what it takes to defeat The Joker ? Bane? Doomsday? When your little one takes the mantle of The Dark Knight, there will be no need to fret over which villain is threatening the neighborhood, because we're sure he'll be able to just focus on his Halloween party and all of the trick-or-treating fun. But when it's time to strike a pose and show the world that he's The Bat, you're going to want to get the picture just right. A little breeze will make his cape look epic, and when he has his fists on his hips, the molded effect of this premier costume really stands out. A stern face will project his newfound power, but if he happens to crack a smile, that photo will look just as epic.
Peter's parents suddenly appeared in his life, claiming to have been abducted by communists. He had learned to love his "parents" and even revealed to them his secret identity. They turned out to be robots invented by the Chameleon to infiltrate Peter's life, discover his connections to Spider-Man and then kill him. The robot that masqueraded as Peter's father Richard was perfectly willing to accomplish his task and kill Peter, but the Mary robot had learned to love Peter and saw him as good person. Richard turned into a vicious engine of destruction. Before Richard could finish Peter off, Mary killed him using an electric cable. In return she was killed by the Vulture who was conspiring with the Chameleon. An enraged Spider-Man completely pummeled the Vulture but was stopped by the cries of his dying "mother". She told Peter in her last moments that despite everything, she still loved him. Spider-Man vowed to track down the Chameleon and make him suffer, which he eventually did after fighting through many assassins sent by the communist. Peter ultimately spared an emotionally broken Chameleon and left him for the authorities.
So, still a t-shirt, this costume requires just a little bit more of effort. You have to download the app onto your digital device! Then you simply slip your phone into the Velcro pocket inside the tee, and you'll have an animated effect right on your shirt. With still practically no work involved, this Digital Dudz shirt is the perfect easy choice for fans of horror movies, and we're sure you're going to get lots of attention.
When the Guardians of the Galaxy traveled to the 20th century on a mission to destroy the Badoon, the Uni-Power possessed a Badoon worker named L'Matto in order to prevent the planned genocide. L'Matto's newfound knowledge was able to keep the Guardians from attacking but the Brother Royal then used the Badoon Captain Universe as his champion in a gladiatorial challenge which he had coerced the Guardians into accepting. L'Matto easily overpowered Charlie-27 and was about to kill him when Vance Astro and Dr. Strange arrived and joined in the battle, with Nikki and Talon pitching in as well. Despite this, it was not until Aleta (who had become the new Starhawk) arrived and attacked alongside Dr. Strange that L'Matto was finally defeated, enabling Strange to exorcise the Uni-Power which L'Matto had abused and return it to Earth.[13]
Jump up ^ Simon, Joe, with Jim Simon. The Comic Book Makers (Crestwood/II, 1990) ISBN 1-887591-35-4. "There were a few holes in Jack's never-dependable memory. For instance, there was no Black Magic involved at all. ... Jack brought in the Spider-Man logo that I had loaned to him before we changed the name to The Silver Spider. Kirby laid out the story to Lee about the kid who finds a ring in a spiderweb, gets his powers from the ring, and goes forth to fight crime armed with The Silver Spider's old web-spinning pistol. Stan Lee said, 'Perfect, just what I want.' After obtaining permission from publisher Martin Goodman, Lee told Kirby to pencil-up an origin story. Kirby... using parts of an old rejected superhero named Night Fighter... revamped the old Silver Spider script, including revisions suggested by Lee. But when Kirby showed Lee the sample pages, it was Lee's turn to gripe. He had been expecting a skinny young kid who is transformed into a skinny young kid with spider powers. Kirby had him turn into... Captain America with cobwebs. He turned Spider-Man over to Steve Ditko, who... ignored Kirby's pages, tossed the character's magic ring, web-pistol and goggles... and completely redesigned Spider-Man's costume and equipment. In this life, he became high-school student Peter Parker, who gets his spider powers after being bitten by a radioactive spider. ... Lastly, the Spider-Man logo was redone and a dashing hyphen added".
Peter discovers that he is suffering from an unknown disease that is killing him. He seeks the help of the Marvel Universe's best scientists but none of them could help him so he decides to accept the inevitable. He is later attacked by the powerful Morlun, and after a brutal fight, the totem eater rips off Peter's eye, eats it and continues to beat Spider-Man to his apparent death. After his body is sent to the hospital, Morlun attempts to consume him, but after an intervention from Mary Jane, whom Morlun was about to kill, Spider-Man's form suddenly changed. His eyes glow red, his teeth become razor sharp and two poison stingers sprout from his arms. Peter attacks Morlun, stabs him in the shoulder with one of his stingers and bites him in the neck. He then apparently dies in MJ's arms. He finds himself face to face with a Spider monster who tells Peter that he has to either accept his spider side and evolve or die. Spider-Man embraces his "other" and recovers. He reunites with his friends and family and reveals that he has received new powers.
Oh how nice it is to have the ladies of the Big Apple back for The Real Housewives of New York City season 10. Bethenny Frankel, Dorinda Medley, Carole Radziwill, Sonja Morgan, Tinsley Mortmier and Luann de Lesseps wasted no time getting into the drama at Dorinda's Halloween party. The drinks were orange, bubbly and flowing. The outfits were tight and the weaves were almost as big as the attitudes.
As a trade-off, the flexible armor leaves Batman more vulnerable to injury from bullets or knives in favor of increased flexibility and lighter weight. As a result Batman was seriously injured when shot point blank by Two-Face. When coming out of retirement, he resorted to wearing some kind of enhancement harness under the slacks of the suit, now having to walk with a cane normally.
Catwoman has no shame about her preferred choice of action, stealing and being a top notch catburglar are at the top of her list. But when the times call for a hero, she has no problem standing side-by-side with Batman to team up and defeat the baddies. When she's on the prowl for precious jewels, though, is sure to be the most opportune time for a quick picture. Once she takes out the vital controls of the security system, she'll have no problem slipping into the joint and lining her pockets with a little extra cash or whatever she can find in the safety deposit box. Have her show her claws for the picture, and she can smile or look serious—either way this picture is going to be one to remember!
Jump up ^ Suarez, Essdras (29 October 2007). "Some Christians use 'Hell Houses' to reach out on Halloween". USA Today. Retrieved 7 November 2015. While some Christians aren't certain what to make of Halloween – unsure whether to embrace or ignore all the goblins and ghoulishness – some evangelical churches use Oct. 31 as a day to evangelize. ...Some use trick-or-treating as an evangelistic opportunity, giving out Bible tracts with candy.
He is a playable character in the video games Spider-Man Shattered Dimensions and Spider-Man: Edge of Time, with Edge of Time seeing him pitted against a psychotic version of Peter Parker in 2099, this Peter having become the CEO of Alchemax and attempting to rewrite the universe to fit his vision. CEO Peter uses an elaborate spider-based robot in his fight against Miguel, but Miguel is able to defeat him by using the tentacles of Atrocity- a twisted hybrid of Anti-Venom, Doctor Octopus, and Alchemax employee Walker Sloan- to weaken CEO Peter's powers. He is a playable character in Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2.
First, to the guy who said "Jesus" was a superhero. Jesus wasn't a superhero, he was a human being who actually lived on earth. Superheros are fictional. Second, to the guy who said Gilgamesh was a superhero. Gilgamesh isn't a superhero, he is an archtypal hero from mythology. A "superhero" is from a comic book, a "hero" is from mythology. You might say that comic books are just a modern form of mythology, but that is not true. Comic books are made for one reason; profit. They try to sell an entertaining story for money. Myths don't. Myths served an important purpose in ancient times, they weren't sold and they weren't just for entertainment value.
In 1982, Parker Brothers published the first Spider-Man game for the Atari 2600 titled Spider-Man. The game involves climbing a sky scraper, rescuing hostages and defusing bombs set by the Green Goblin. The 1990's saw a flood of Spider-Man Video Games. The first game of the decade released was The Amazing Spider-Man, a puzzle action game released for Amiga, PC:DOS, Commodore 64, and Atari ST. Another game, also titled The Amazing Spider-Man was released in 1990 for the Game Boy. The Game Boy titles spawned two sequels: The Amazing Spider-Man 2 and The Amazing Spider-Man 3: Invasion of the Spider-Slayers.
Peter becomes desperate to save May. He makes a deal with Mephisto who offers to save his aunt and restore the secrecy of his identity in exchange for erasing Peter's marriage to MJ. Mephisto gives the couple One More Day to decide (hence the title of the story) and Peter reluctantly agrees. He then wakes up in the house of May who is alive and well with no recollection of the deal. This marks the beginning of the Brand New Day era, in which Harry Osborn is alive and Spider-Man meets new friends and foes. He fights new villains including Mister Negative, Screwball, the Spider-Mugger, Menace who is the girlfriend of Harry, Kraven's daughter Ana Kravinoff in the story Kraven's First Hunt, the New Vulture in 24/7, teams-up with Anti-Venom to fight Norman Osborn's Thunderbolts in New Ways to Die and is accused of murder during the Character Assassination story. When the Secret Invasion took place, Spider-Man helped his fellow heroes in fighting off the invading Skrulls.
There are plenty of holidays throughout the year in addition to Halloween when kids want to dress up. With Spirit's boys seasonal costumes, they can dress up for those special days like Christmas or Easter, while the whole family oohs and aahs over how cute they look. For Christmas, he can dress as Jesus, one one of the wise men, or Santa. Be warned that if he chooses Santa, he'll surely be expecting some cookies and milk!
The first Halloween haunted house run by a nonprofit organization was produced in 1970 by the Sycamore-Deer Park Jaycees in Clifton, Ohio. It was cosponsored by WSAI, an AM radio station broadcasting out of Cincinnati, Ohio. It was last produced in 1982.[182] Other Jaycees followed suit with their own versions after the success of the Ohio house. The March of Dimes copyrighted a "Mini haunted house for the March of Dimes" in 1976 and began fundraising through their local chapters by conducting haunted houses soon after. Although they apparently quit supporting this type of event nationally sometime in the 1980s, some March of Dimes haunted houses have persisted until today.[183]
If Melmac's not far out enough for you, why not try a whole other galaxy (one that's far, far away!). The Wampa on the Ice Planet Hoth might have gotten *this close* to eating poor Luke Skywalker for breakfast, but this furry costume captures the animal's appearance before he had a run in with Luke's lightsaber. This intricately designed faux fur and vinyl detailed costume is Star Wars officially licensed, and ready for action right here on planet Earth!
Jump up ^ Spurlock, J. David, and John Romita. John Romita Sketchbook. (Vanguard Productions: Lebanon, N.J. 2002) ISBN 1-887591-27-3, p. 45: Romita: "I designed the Spider-Man balloon float. When we went to Macy's to talk about it, Manny Bass was there. He's the genius who creates all these balloon floats. I gave him the sketches and he turned them into reality".
In The New Batman Adventures (1997-1999) the Batsuit is revamped having the dark blue highlights on the cape, cowl, gloves, briefs, and boots changed to gray and the Bat-emblem is changed to a larger bat-emblem without the yellow ellipse and his utility belt is changed to light brown with the capsules being replaced with pouches. The Batsuit is based on the Batman: Year One costume.
Depending on how you classify these things, it's probably either Superman (the character who gave his name to the concept), Gilgamesh (powers beyond those of ordinary men!), or the Scarlet Pimpernel (who seems to be the first example, or at least the first that I can find, of the rich dandy who dons a mask to fight crime; Orczy's book predates Zorro by a smidge, and Zorro was pretty clearly an influence on Batman). Tarzan, Doc Savage, Mandrake, and other pulp characters don't seem to have some of the characteristics I'd look for.
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Peter Parker's re-emerged consciousness begins to explore his Mindscape, discovering the world is now a large empty space, with only the very few key memories left. Recalling that he's more than Peter Parker, he is Spider-Man, he declares that Otto had made a big mistake in leaving the memories that define him and promises to find a way to regain the control of his body. Continuing to explore the Mindscape for clues into reclaiming his body from Doctor Octopus, he makes a note that only 31 pieces of his memories are left and wonders what he can do with them. Just then, he stumbles upon the memory of his fight with the Green Goblin at the Brooklyn Bridge, wonders why Doctor Octopus is probing into this. Deciding to delve into Doctor Octopus's memories for a way out, he is overwhelmed by the amount of memories and struggles to hold on. He sees a bright light and witnesses the moment of Otto Octavius's birth. Peter Parker's consciousness struggles to fight against the deluge of Doctor Octopus' memories, but it proves too much and he convinces himself that he is Doctor Octopus merging with Otto's memories.
Costume design is the envisioning of clothing and the overall appearance of a character or performer. Costume may refer to the style of dress particular to a nation, a class, or a period. In many cases, it may contribute to the fullness of the artistic, visual world that is unique to a particular theatrical or cinematic production. The most basic designs are produced to denote status, provide protection or modesty, or provide visual interest to a character. Costumes may be for, but not limited to, theater, cinema, or musical performances. Costume design should not be confused with costume coordination, which merely involves altering existing clothing, although both processes are used to create stage clothes.
The game consequently incorporates some elements introduced in seasons (S17 on, largely) that were created shortly before or after the release of the previous game, such as PC Principal and Classi, who both debuted in Season Nineteen, as well as Crunchy's Micro-Brew which debuted the same season, and the re-designed Skeeer's Wine Bar, although much of ShiTpaTown is still missing. The layout of the map has been changed to include other more South Park locations, such as the Peppermint Hippo strip club. The game's development also effected the show, as it was Senior Producer Jason Schroeder who brought Matt and Trey's attention to the fan art about Tweek and Craig that became the cataylist for the episode "Tweek x Craig", which in turn informed the game's development.
For Spider-Man, what begins as a quiet patrol turns into a life-and-death struggle against two of his deadliest enemies--Lizard and Morbius, the Living Vampire. Both villains are after Eileen McKay, a scientist whose experiments could either cure Morbius of his vampire curse, or help Lizard create an army of humanoid reptiles to take over the world. Trapped between a savage Lizard and a bloodthirsty Morbius, Spidey is in for the fight of his life!
A folk costume (also regional costume, national costume, or traditional garment) expresses an identity through costume, which is usually associated with a geographic area or a period of time in history. It can also indicate social, marital or religious status. If the costume is used to represent the culture or identity of a specific ethnic group, it is usually known as ethnic costume (also ethnic dress, ethnic wear, ethnic clothing, traditional ethnic wear or traditional ethnic garment). Such costumes often come in two forms: one for everyday occasions, the other for traditional festivals and formal wear.
Jump up ^ Hutton, Ronald (15 February 2001). Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain. Oxford University Press. pp. 369, 373. ISBN 9780191578427. Fires were indeed lit in England on All Saints' Day, notably in Lancashire, and may well ultimately have descended from the same rites, but were essentially party of a Christian ceremony ... families still assembled at the midnight before All Saints' Day in the early nineteenth century. Each did so on a hill near its homestead, one person holding a large bunch of burning straw on the end of a fork. The rest in a circle around and prayed for the souls of relatives and friends until the flames burned out. The author who recorded this custom added that it gradually died out in the latter part of the century, but that before it had been very common and at nearby Whittingham such fires could be seen all around the horizon at Hallowe'en. He went on to say that the name 'Purgatory Field', found across northern Lancashire, testified to an even wider distribution, and that the rite itself was called 'Teen'lay'.
Eerder dit jaar zeiden we het al: het chatbot-tijdperk neemt een vlucht in 2018. De typische vraag-antwoord-bots kennen we inmiddels allemaal. Maar de vraag is waar de kansen van AI liggen bij 'complex' klantcontact, bijvoorbeeld in geval van een klacht, technisch support of voor aankoopadvies. Consumenten willen veelal goed, snel en persoonlijk geholpen worden, maar welke rol...
In parts of Britain, these customs came under attack during the Reformation as some Protestants berated purgatory as a "popish" doctrine incompatible with their notion of predestination. Thus, for some Nonconformist Protestants, the theology of All Hallows' Eve was redefined; without the doctrine of purgatory, "the returning souls cannot be journeying from Purgatory on their way to Heaven, as Catholics frequently believe and assert. Instead, the so-called ghosts are thought to be in actuality evil spirits. As such they are threatening."[101] Other Protestants maintained belief in an intermediate state, known as Hades (Bosom of Abraham),[107] and continued to observe the original customs, especially souling, candlelit processions and the ringing of church bells in memory of the dead.[71][108] Mark Donnelly, a professor of medieval archæology, and historian Daniel Diehl, with regard to the evil spirits, on Halloween, write that "barns and homes were blessed to protect people and livestock from the effect of witches, who were believed to accompany the malignant spirits as they traveled the earth."[109] In the 19th century, in some rural parts of England, families gathered on hills on the night of All Hallows' Eve. One held a bunch of burning straw on a pitchfork while the rest knelt around him in a circle, praying for the souls of relatives and friends until the flames went out. This was known as teen'lay.[110] The rising popularity of Guy Fawkes Night (5 November) from 1605 onward, saw many Halloween traditions appropriated by that holiday instead, and Halloween's popularity waned in Britain, with the noteworthy exception of Scotland.[111] There and in Ireland, they had been celebrating Samhain and Halloween since at least the early Middle Ages, and the Scottish kirk took a more pragmatic approach to Halloween, seeing it as important to the life cycle and rites of passage of communities and thus ensuring its survival in the country.[111]


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Ghana Look Books
Award winning Ghanaian fashion brand BW Haute Couture presents the look book for the Hors-La-Loi collection, a fashion compilation of formal outfits inspired by the lifestyles of lawyers and judges. The stripes which represents the limitations and regulations lawyers abide by and the checkered designs represent the checks they take on society.
The award winning Ghanaian designer brand was founded by Boatema Wiredu, Born in 1988, Ghana, Accra. A graduate from Accra Polytechnic and a former Da Viva interm who decided to further her passion for her gifted artistic talents by enrolling for an intensive one-year study at Vogue Style School of Fashion Design (VSSFD) in ***year***.
Boatema Wiredu's fist major recognition unfolded at FIMA where she was acknowledged as the first Runners up for the best designer awards. The international event as well as her unique designs set a fast pace for the growth of the brand internationally where she then went on to exhibit on other major platforms including Accra, Fashion Week, Ahoom Show, Kumasi Fashion Week and more.
Today Boatema Wiredu is recognized as one of Ghana's most eccentric and influential brands and works to give back to the nation by providing employment for various artisans and creatives.
See the designs below.
See More Look Books Here.
Bri Wireduah Halter Neck One Piece Swimsuit$65.00 Select options
Bri Wireduah One Piece Swimsuit With Side Straps$70.00 Select options
Cowry Shell Necklace Dress
$120.00Add to cart
Aboagye Kente Sleeves Pencil Dress
$120.00Select options
African Print Trainers (Select Any Print)
$120.00Add to cart
Afriken Detached Sleeves Top With Plain Skirt$70.00 – $150.00 Select options
Afriken Flare Sleeves Off Shoulder Top With Plain Skirt$70.00 – $150.00 Select options
Afriken Off Shoulder Top With Detailed Skirt$65.00 – $150.00 Select options


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2019 SEAT Tarraco In Paris Review & Changes – Following adding the focus on its tiniest crossover last night with the unveiling of the Arona TGI, a SEAT is now converting its attention toward its most significant high-cycling model. Unveiled earlier this 30 days, the Tarraco is essentially Spain's carry out the Skoda Kodiaq and this is much more evident now courtesy of an extended photo collection attached under.
In normal SEAT fashion, the Tarraco appears a bit sharper on the outdoors than its VAG equivalent and which should attract in youthful family members in require of one thing a bit a lot more fascinating than the quite mundane Kodiaq. Surprisingly, the new coming in the company's growing lineup paves the way for a new design route we will be seeing in the years to appear, which includes on the next-generation Leon thanks a while in 2019.
Like the equivalent Skoda and the heavily VW Tiguan / Tiguan Allspace, the new Tarraco will likely be available with a selection among five or seven seats. Customers won't provide a concern figuring out which trim to go for as there will probably only be two: Style and the fancier Xcellence. Standard across the range is LED lighting, with everything on the outside of the house and inside benefitting from light-emitting diodes.
The engine range is also quite simple, with 150-hp 1.5-liter and 190-hp 2.0-liter gasoline devices joined up with by a 2.0-liter diesel provided with 150 hp and 190 hp. Based on what you want and based on selected engine, the large SUV is available with front- and all-wheel drive, a six-speed manual, and a seven-speed DSG.
Placed previously mentioned the compact Ateca, the new midsize crossover charged as being the company's primary model was a joints energy among groups at home in Martorell and Wolfsburg in Germany. It would observe its general public debut next full week at the Paris Motor Show and is timetabled to continue on sale earlier 2019.


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AUD$150.53 - 171.17 / Lot ( 100 Pieces / Lot )
(US $105.03 - 119.43 / Lot)
Price on APP: AUD$148.95 - 169.38
Quantity: 1
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To United States Via FEDEX Est.Delivery May 09 and May 14
Occasion : Wedding
Cheap gift boxes for wedding, Buy Quality gift father directly from China gift fashion Suppliers: Free shipping 100pcs Antiqued love Bird Place Card Holder wedding party table decor bridal shower favor favours gift #FW
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Antiqued silver resin, exquisitely detailed bird place card holder Bird measures 1 1/2" h x 2 1/4" l x 1" d . Four coordinated place cards included Sold in sets of four .
Package: Each Bird in a OPP bag; Each bird has a paper card.
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Indulge in Unlimited Relaxation and FunAt AMResorts all-inclusive resorts you will enjoy Unlimited-Luxury® or Unlimited-Fun® experiences in beautiful locations in Mexico, the Caribbean and Central America, including endless snacks, gourmet dining, top-shelf spirits, 24-hour room service, activities, Wi-Fi, Unlimited Connectivity® and more! Each resort also offers sun-drenched beaches, elegant rooms and suites, a world-class spa and many other pampering amenities, offering you nearly limitless opportunities for entertainment and relaxation.
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I'm an avid traveler, and I've explored everything from the great cities of Europe to the beautiful coastlines of the Caribbean Islands and beyond. I love booking unique vacations for my clients, and I'll do everything to make your trip better tha...Learn more about me.
I'm an avid traveler, and I've explored everything from the great cities of Europe to the beautiful coastlines of the Caribbean Islands and beyond. I love booking unique vacations for my clients, and I'll do everything to make your trip better than your dreams! Every vacation deserves to be unique, and I strive to make all trips unforgettable. I'm an avid lifelong traveler with a passion for beaches and sunny destinations. I became a travel agent because I wanted to make a difference in people's lives by preparing the best vacations imaginable.
I specialize in all-inclusive resort packages, cruises, European vacations, plus honeymoons and destination weddings. I work with all types of travelers from families to couples and groups of all sizes. I tailor each itinerary to match your group and goals, and I'll work with you to ensure you love everything before departing.
Some recent bookings include trips to:
I have a lot of experience with the industry's leading brands as well, and I'll make sure to match you with the perfect cruise line or resort in any destination. Some brands and entities that I'm certified with include:
Booking a trip doesn't have to be overwhelming. I know how to simplify all aspects of traveling so you can enjoy a stress-free vacation at all times. I'll research everything and book according to your specifications to make your itinerary completely personalized and unique.
I love going on cruises, and I have worked with many of the world's best cruise lines over the years. I'll match you with the perfect cruise that has all of your favorite meals and activities so you can travel in bliss. From European river cruises to island-hopping routes through the Caribbean, I'll make sure you see everything you want with ease.
I'm also available to provide recommendations or assistance with anything you need during your travels. I've helped people reschedule after missing their flights, and I've made quick changes to accommodate the weather. Simply contact me at any time and I'll do everything to make your experience amazing!
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1 Rate is per person, land only, based on double occupancy for check-in on 6/3/19, in room categories shown. 2 Age restrictions may apply. Unless otherwise indicated: rates quoted are accurate at time of publication, & are per person, based on double occupancy. Airfare, taxes, surcharges, gratuities, transfers & excursions are additional. Advertised rates do not include any applicable daily resort or facility fees payable directly to the hotel at check-out; such fee amounts will be advised at the time of booking. Rates, terms, conditions, availability, itinerary, government taxes, surcharges, deposit, payment, cancellation terms/conditions & policies subject to change without notice at any time. Cruise rates capacity controlled. Other restrictions may apply, including, but not limited to baggage limitations & fees, standby policies & fees, non-refundable tickets & change fees with pre-flight notification deadlines, & blackout dates. Fees & policies vary among airlines. Contact airline directly for any details or questions. Not responsible for errors or omissions. Pleasant Holidays acts only as an agent for cruise & tour providers listed. CST# 1007939-10. Copyright© 2019 Pleasant Holidays, LLC. All Rights Reserved.


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Along is one of the old town of Arunachal Pradesh and is the headquarter of west Siang district. Set in a wide open valley where the Sipu river merges with Siyom against the backdrop of hills covered with snow during winters, it presents a panoramic view tot he delight of visitors. Along by night with hundreds of electric lights flickering and glowing over the broad valley looks like a wonderland from the top of the hills. It can be reached from Pasighat by bus or taxi in 4 hours.
Location: 125-km From Pasighat, Arunachal Pradesh
Main Attraction: Ramakrishna Mission Ashrama, Dayani Polo Temple
Famous Excursion: Akashiganga Falls
Best Time To Visit: April To October
Pasighat: 125-km North Lakhimpur: 147-km Silapathar: 169-km
Famous for its Ramakrishna Mission Ashrama another major attraction of this small town is the newly constructed Dayani Polo's temple. 'Dayani' means the Sun and 'Polo' the moon, the warranting deities of the tribals. Beside the temple there 's a museum and a craft center also worth a visit.
Akashiganga Falls:
In 8th century old Kalika Purana, the holy Sati Pith was referred - the head of Sati fell in Akashi-Ganga. Covering a distance of 25-km from Along to Assam on the way down to Silapathar flows the stream - hence the name Akashiganga Falls. Holy dips and fairs are arranged at the fall site during Chaitra Sankranti. The turbulent river Brahmaputra presents an enchanting view.
Air: Nearest airport is 263-km away Leelabari.
Rail: Buses ply to along from the nearest railway station 169-km away Silapathar.
Road: The first option is to reach Zero to Daporizo and from their catch a bus to along. Buses also ply from Itanagar early in the morning and reach along within 14-hrs time. Regular bus service is also available from 147-km away North Lakhimpur in Assam. One may come to Along from Likabali and Pasighat by bus or car.


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