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Pope Julius II (Italian: Papa Giulio II; Latin: Iulius II) (5 December 1443 – 21 February 1513), born Giuliano della Rovere, was head of the Roman Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 1503 to 1513. Nicknamed the Warrior Pope or the Fearsome Pope, he chose his papal name not in honor of Pope Julius but in emulation of Julius Caesar.[1] One of the most powerful and influential popes of all time, Julius II was the central figure of the High Renaissance and left a significant mark in world history.[2]
Julius II centralized the Papal States and created the Swiss Guards. He was a great patron of the arts, and commissioned the Raphael Rooms and Michelangelo's paintings in the Sistine Chapel. Julius II ratified the Treaty of Tordesillas between Castile and Portugal, establishing the first bishoprics in the Americas and beginning the catholicization of Latin America. Julius II opposed the conciliarist movement promoted by foreign monarchs, and affirmed ultramontanism at the Fifth Lateran Council.[3] In Italy, he crushed the Borgias and proved a bulwark against Venetian expansionism. Pope Julius II commissioned the rebuilding of St. Peter's Basilica and practised the selling of indulgences: Martin Luther's visit to Rome occurred during the pontificate of Julius II.[4]
Julius II became Pope in the context of the Italian wars, shortly after France occupied the Duchy of Milan and Aragonese troops arrived in the Kingdom of Naples. With France taking over the North of Italy after defeating Venice at the Battle of Agnadello and Ferdinand of Aragon coming to southern Italy to be crowned King of the Two Sicilies, Julius II planned to "free Italy from the barbarians" and orchestrated the liberation of the peninsula.[5] After Ferdinand of Aragon recognized the Two Sicilies as a Papal fief with a cardinal as viceroy, Julius II personally led the Papal armed forces at the Battle of Mirandola and forced the French of Louis XII out of Italy.[6]
A Holy League he formed came to include many European states, and Julius II planned to call for a crusade against the Ottoman Empire to retake Constantinople.[7] His death caused the collapse of the League, and Italy returned to the French-Aragonese status quo ante bellum with treaty of Brussels (1516). Neverthless, the Papal States remained independent and centralized as a result of his policies, continued by Leo X. Julius II was described as the ideal Prince by Machiavelli and Guicciardini. In his Julius Excluded from Heaven, the scholar Erasmus of Rotterdam described a Pope Julius II in the after-life planning to capture the Paradise. [8]
Julius II
|Bishop of Rome
|Papacy began
|1 November 1503
|Papacy ended
|21 February 1513
|Pius III
|Leo X
|1481 ?
by Sixtus IV
|Created cardinal
|15 December 1471
by Sixtus IV
|Personal details
|Birth name
|Giuliano della Rovere
|5 December 1443
Albisola, Republic of Genoa
|21 February 1513 (aged 69)
Rome, Papal States
|San Pietro in Vincoli, Rome
|Rafaello della Rovere and Theodora Manerola
|Felice della Rovere
|Previous post
|Archbishop of Avignon (1474–1503)
Cardinal-bishop of Sabina (1479–1483)
Camerlengo of the Cardinals (1479)
Cardinal-bishop of Ostia (1483–1503)
|Coat of arms
|Other popes named Julius
Giuliano della Rovere Albisola, was born near Savona in the Republic of Genoa. He was of a noble but impoverished family, the son of Raffaelo della Rovere.[a][8] and Theodora Manerola, a lady of Greek ancestry.[9] He had: Bartolomeo, a Franciscan friar who then became Bishop of Ferrara (1474–1494);[10] Leonardo; and Giovanni, Prefect of the City of Rome (1475–1501)[11] and Prince of Sorea and Senigallia. He also had a sister, Lucina (later the mother of Cardinal Sisto Gara della Rovere).[12] Giuliano was educated by his uncle, Fr. Francesco della Rovere, O.F.M. among the Franciscans, who took him under his special charge. He was later sent by this same uncle (who by that time had become Minister General of the Franciscans (1464–1469)), to the Franciscan friary in Perugia, where he could study the sciences at the University.[13][14][15]
Della Rovere, as a young man, showed traits of being rough, coarse and given to bad language. During the late 1490s he became more closely acquainted with Cardinal Medici and his nephew (both relatives), and the two dynasties became uneasy allies in the context of papal politics. Both houses desired an end to the occupation of Italian lands by the armies of France. He seemed less enthused by theology; rather Strathern argues his imagined heroes were military leaders such as Frederic Colonna.[16]
After his uncle was elected Pope Sixtus IV on 10 August 1471,[17] Giuliano was appointed Bishop of Carpentras in the Comtat Venaissin on 16 October 1471.[18] In an act of literal nepotism he was immediately raised to the cardinalate on 16 December 1471, and assigned the same titular church as that formerly held by his uncle, San Pietro in Vincoli.[19] Guilty of serial simony and pluralism he held several powerful offices at once: in addition to the archbishopric of Avignon he held no fewer than eight bishoprics, including Lausanne from 1472, and Coutances (1476–1477).[20] [21] [22]
In 1474, Giuliano led an army to Todi, Spoleto, and Città di Castello as papal legate. He returned to Rome in May, in the company of Duke Federigo of Urbino, who promised his daughter in marriage to Giuliano's brother Giovanni, who was subsequently named Lord of Senigallia and of Mondovì.[23] On 22 December 1475, Pope Sixtus IV created the new Archdiocese of Avignon, assigning to it as suffragan dioceses the Sees of Vaison, Cavaillon, and Carpentras. He appointed Giuliano as the first archbishop. Giuliano held the archdiocese until his later election to the papacy. In 1476 the office of Legate was added, and he left Rome for France in February. On 22 August 1476 he founded the Collegium de Ruvere in Avignon. He returned to Rome on 4 October 1476.[24]
In 1479, Cardinal Giuliano served his one-year term as Chamberlain of the College of Cardinals. In this office he was responsible for collecting all the revenues owed to the cardinals as a group (from ad limina visits, for example) and for the proper disbursements of appropriate shares to cardinals who were in service in the Roman Curia.[25]
Giuliano was again named Papal Legate to France on 28 April 1480, and left Rome on June 9. As Legate, his mission was threefold: to make peace between King Louis XI and the Emperor Maximilian of Austria; to raise funds for a war against the Ottoman Turks; and to negotiate the release of Cardinal Jean Balue and Bishop Guillaume d'Harancourt (who by then had been imprisoned by Louis for eleven years on charges of treason). He reached Paris in September, and finally, on 20 December 1480, Louis gave orders that Balue be handed over to the Archpriest of Loudun, who had been commissioned by the Legate to receive him in the name of the Pope.[26] He returned to Rome on 3 February 1482.[27] Shortly thereafter the sum of 300,000 ecus of gold was received from the French in subsidy of the war.[28]
On 31 January 1483 Cardinal della Rovere was promoted suburbicarian Bishop of Ostia, in succession to Cardinal Guillaume d'Estouteville who had died on January 22.[29] It was the privilege of the Bishop of Ostia to consecrate an elected pope a bishop, if he were not already a bishop. This actually occurred in the case of Pius III (Francesco Todeschini-Piccolomini), who was ordained a priest on 30 September 1503 and consecrated a bishop on 1 October 1503 by Cardinal Giuliano della Rovere.[30]
Around this time, in 1483, an illegitimate daughter was born, Felice della Rovere.[31][32]
On 3 November 1483, Cardinal della Rovere was named Bishop of Bologna and Papal Legate, succeeding Cardinal Francesco Gonzaga, who had died on 21 October. He held the diocese until 1502.[33] On 28 December 1484, Giuliano participated in the investiture of his brother Giovanni as Captain-General of the Papal Armies by Pope Innocent VIII.[34]
By 1484 Giuliano was living in the new palazzo which he had constructed next to the Basilica of the Twelve Apostles, which he had also restored. Pope Sixtus IV paid a formal visit to the newly restored building on 1 May 1482, and it may be that Giuliano was already in residence then.[35]
Sixtus IV died on 12 August 1484 and was succeeded by Innocent VIII. After the ceremonies of the election of Pope Innocent were completed, the cardinals were dismissed to their own homes, but Cardinal della Rovere accompanied the new Pope to the Vatican Palace, and was the only one to remain with him. Ludwig Pastor quotes the Florentine ambassador as remarking, "[Pope Innocent] gives the impression of a man who is guided rather by the advice of others than by his own lights." The ambassador of Ferrara stated, "While with his uncle [Della Rovere] had not the slightest influence, he now obtains whatever he likes from the new Pope."[36] Della Rovere was one of the five cardinals named to the committee to make the arrangements for the Coronation.[37]
In 1485 Pope Innocent and Cardinal della Rovere (as the Pope's new principal advisor), decided to involve themselves in the political affairs of the Kingdom of Naples, in what was called the Conspiracy of the Barons.[38] On Palm Sunday, 20 March, Cardinal della Rovere, concealing his activities from his principal rival, Cardinal Rodrigo Borgia (later Pope Alexander VI), rode out of Rome and took ship at Ostia, intending to head for Genoa and Avignon to prepare to wage war between the Church and the King of Naples, Ferdinand I (Ferrante).[39] On 28 June the Pope sent back to Naples the token gift of a palfrey which symbolized the King of Naples' submission, and demanded the full feudal submission of the Kingdom of Naples to the Roman Church according to long-standing tradition. In a second attempt to overthrow the Aragonese monarchy, the Prince of Salerno Antonello II dei Sanseverino, on the advice of Antonello Petrucci and Francesco Coppola, gathered together several feudal families belonging to the Guelph faction and supporting the Angevin claim to Naples. Antonello de Sanseverino was the brother-in-law of Cardinal della Rovere's brother Giovanni, who was a noble of Naples because of his fief of Sora. The principal complaints of the barons were the heavy taxation imposed by Ferdinand to finance his war against the Saracens, who had occupied Bari in 1480; and the vigorous efforts of Ferrante to centralize the administrative apparatus of the kingdom, moving it away from a feudal to a bureaucratic system. The barons seized L'Aquila, and appealed to the Pope for assistance as their feudal overlord. Genoa and Venice supported the Papacy, while Florence and Milan opted for Naples. In Rome the Orsini allied themselves with Ferrante's son Alfonso, and therefore the Colonna supported the Pope in the street fighting that ensued.[40] Ferrante reacted by seizing the fiefs of the barons, and, when the two parties met to negotiate a settlement, Ferrante had them arrested, and eventually executed. The prestige of the della Rovere family was seriously damaged, and in an attempt to exculpate himself Pope Innocent began to withdraw his support for them. Peace was restored in 1487, but Innocent VIII's papacy was discredited.[41]
On 23 March 1486, the pope sent Giuliano as Papal Legate to the Court of King Charles VIII of France to ask for help. A French entourage arrived in Rome on 31 May, but immediately relations broke down with the Pro-Spanish Cardinal Rodrigo. But Ferrante's army decided the pope's humiliation, Innocent backed down and on 10 August signed a treaty. Innocent looked for new allies and settled on the Republic of Florence.
On 2 March 1487, Giuliano was appointed legate in the March of Ancona and to the Republic of Venice. He encouraged trade with the sizeable Turkish community at these ports. But urgent reports arrived from the King of Hungary that the Ottoman Sultan was threatening Italy. He returned on 8 April 1488, and again took up his residence in the Palazzo Colonna next to the Basilica of the XII Apostles.[42]
In the Conclave of 1492, following the death of Innocent VIII, Cardinal della Rovere was supported for election by both King Charles VIII of France and by Charles' enemy King Ferrante of Naples. It was reported that France had deposited 200,000 ducats into a bank account to promote della Rovere's candidature, while the Republic of Genoa had deposited 100,000 ducats to the same end. Della Rovere, however, had enemies, both because of the influence he had exercised over Pope Sixtus IV, and because of his French sympathies. His rivals included Cardinal Ardicio della Porta and Cardinal Ascanio Sforza, both patronised by the Milanese.[43] Kellogg, Baynes & Smith, continue, a "rivalry had, however, gradually grown up between [della Rovere] and [then-Cardinal] Rodrigo Borgia, and on the death of Innocent VIII in 1492 Borgia by means of a secret agreement and simony with Ascanio Sforza succeeded in being elected by a large majority, under the name of Pope Alexander VI." Della Rovere, jealous and angry, hated Borgia for being elected over him.[44]
On 31 August 1492 the new Pope, Alexander VI, held a consistory in which he named six cardinal legates, one of whom was Giuliano della Rovere, who was appointed Legate in Avignon.[45] Cardinal Giuliano was increasingly alarmed by the powerful position assumed by Cardinal Ascanio Sforza and the Milanese faction in the Court of Alexander VI, and after Christmas Day in December 1492 chose to withdraw to his fortress in the town and diocese of Ostia, at the mouth of the Tiber River.[46] In that same month, Federico of Altamura, the second son of King Ferdinando (Ferrante) of Naples was in Rome to pay homage to the new pope, and he reported back to his father that Alexander and Cardinal Sforza were working on establishing new alliances, which would upset Ferrante's security arrangements. Ferrante therefore decided to use Della Rovere as the center of an anti-Sforza party at the papal court, a prospect made easier since Ferrante had prudently repaired his relations with Cardinal Giuliano after the War of the Barons. He also warned King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain that Alexander was intriguing with the French, which brought an immediate visit of a Spanish ambassador to the Pope. In June Federico of Altamura was back in Rome, and held conversations with Della Rovere, assuring him of Neapolitan protection. On 24 July 1493, Cardinal della Rovere returned to Rome (despite the warnings of Virginius Orsini) and dined with the Pope.[47]
Della Rovere at once determined to take refuge from Borgia's wrath at Ostia. On 23 April 1494, the Cardinal took ship, having placed his fortress at Ostia in the hands of his brother Giovanni della Rovere, and travelled to Genoa and then to Avignon. He was summoned by King Charles VIII to Lyons, where the two met on 1 June 1494.[48] He joined Charles VIII of France who undertook to take Italy back from the Borgias by military force.[9] The King entered Rome with his army on 31 December 1495, with Giuliano della Rovere riding on one side and Cardinal Ascanio Sforza riding on the other. The King made several demands of Pope Alexander, one of which was that the Castel S. Angelo be turned over to French forces.[49] This Pope Alexander refused to do, claiming that Cardinal della Rovere would occupy it and become master of Rome.[50] Charles soon conquered Naples, making his triumphal entry on 22 February 1495, but he was forced to remove most of his army. As he was returning to the north, his army was defeated at the Battle of Foronovo on 5 July 1495, and his Italian adventure came to an end. The last remnants of the French invasion were gone by November 1496.[51] Ostia, however, remained in French hands until March 1497, making difficulties in the provisioning of the city of Rome.[52]
Back in Lyon in 1496, Charles VIII and Giuliano della Rovere were planning another war. Giuliano was travelling back and forth from Lyon to Avignon, raising troops. It was being reported in France by June 1496, moreover, that King Charles intended to have a papal election in France and to have Cardinal della Rovere elected pope.[53]
In March 1497 Pope Alexander deprived Cardinal della Rovere of his benefices as an enemy of the Apostolic See, and Giovanni della Rovere of the Prefecture of Rome. His action against the Cardinal was done not only without the consent of the cardinals in consistory, but in fact over their vigorous objections.[54] By June, however, the Pope was in negotiations with the Cardinal for a reconciliation and return to Rome.[55] His benefices were restored to him after an apparent reconciliation with the Pope in August 1498.[56]
King Charles VIII of France, the last of the senior branch of the House of Valois, died on 7 April 1498 of a self-inflicted blow to the head. When Cesare Borgia passed through southern France in October 1498 on his way to meet King Louis XII for his investiture as Duke of Valentinois, he stopped in Avignon and was magnificently entertained by Cardinal della Rovere.[57] They then moved on to meet the King at Chinon, where Cesare Borgia fulfilled one of the terms of the treaty between Louis and Alexander by producing the red hat of a cardinal, which had been promised for the Archbishop of Rouen, Georges d'Amboise. It was Cardinal della Rovere, the Papal Legate, who placed the hat on Amboise's head.[58] Della Rovere, who was trying to repair his relations with the House of Borgia, was also involved in another clause of the treaty, the marriage between Cesare Borgia and Carlotta, the daughter of the King of Naples, who had been brought up at the French Court. Della Rovere was in favor of the marriage, but, according to Pope Alexander, King Louis XII was not, and, most especially, Carlotta was stubbornly refusing her consent. Alexander's plan of securing a royal throne for his son fell through, and he was very angry.[59]
The marriage produced a complete volta facie in Pope Alexander. He became an open partisan of the French and Venice, and accepted their goal, the destruction of the Sforza hold on Milan. On 14 July, Cardinal Ascanio Sforza, della Rovere's sworn enemy, fled Rome with all his property and friends.[60] Meanwhile, the French army crossed the Alps and captured Alessandria in the Piedmont. On 1 September 1499 Lodovico Il Moro fled Milan, and on 6 September the city surrendered to the French. Cardinal Giuliano was in the King's entourage when he entered Milan on 6 October.[61]
Pope Alexander then turned his attention, stimulated by the Venetians, to the threat of the Osmanli Turks. In the autumn of 1499 he called for a crusade, and sought aid and money from all Christendom. The rulers of Europe paid little attention, but to show his sincerity Alexander imposed a tithe on all the residents of the Papal States and a tithe on the clergy of the entire world. A list of cardinals and their incomes, drawn up for the occasion, shows that Cardinal della Rovere was the second-richest cardinal, with an annual income of 20,000 ducats.[62]
Another break in relations between Pope Alexander and Cardinal Giuliano came at the end of 1501 or the beginning of 1502, when Giuliano was transferred from the Bishopric of Bologna to the diocese of Vercelli.[63]
On 21 June 1502, Pope Alexander sent his secretary, Francesco Troche (Trochia), and Cardinal Amanieu d'Albret (brother-in-law of Cesare Borgia) to Savona to seize Cardinal della Rovere by stealth and bring him back to Rome as quickly as possible and turn him over to the Pope. The kidnapping party returned to Rome on 12 July, without having accomplished its mission.[64] On 20 July 1502, Cardinal Giovanni Battista Ferrari died in his rooms at the Vatican Palace; he had been poisoned, and his property was claimed by the Borgia.[65] On 3 January 1503, Cardinal Orsini was arrested and sent to the Castel S. Angelo; on 22 February he died there, poisoned on orders of Alexander VI.[66]
A veteran of the Sacred College, della Rovere had won influence for the election of Pope Pius III with the help of Florentine Ambassador to Naples, Lorenzo de' Medici. In spite of a violent temper della Rovere succeeded by dexterous diplomacy in winning the support of Cesare Borgia, whom he won over by his promise of money and continued papal backing for Borgia policies in the Romagna.[67] This election was, in Ludwig von Pastor's view, certainly achieved by means of bribery with money, but also with promises. "Giuliano, whom the popular voice seemed to indicate as the only possible pope, was as unscrupulous as any of his colleagues in the means which he employed. Where promises and persuasions were unavailing, he did not hesitate to have recourse to bribery."[68] Indeed, his election on 1 November 1503 took only a few hours, and the only two votes he did not receive were his own and the one of Georges d'Amboise, his most vigorous opponent and the favourite of the French monarchy.[69] In the end, as in all papal elections, the vote is made unanimous after the leading candidate has achieved the required number of votes for election.
Giuliano Della Rovere thenceforth took the name of his fourth century predecessor, Julius I, and was pope for nine years, from 1503 to 1513. From the beginning, Julius II set out to defeat the various powers that challenged his temporal authority; in a series of complicated stratagems he first succeeded in rendering it impossible for the Borgias to retain their power over the Papal States. Indeed, on the day of his election, he declared:
I will not live in the same rooms as the Borgias lived. He [Alexander VI] desecrated the Holy Church as none before. He usurped the papal power by the devil's aid, and I forbid under the pain of excommunication anyone to speak or think of Borgia again. His name and memory must be forgotten. It must be crossed out of every document and memorial. His reign must be obliterated. All paintings made of the Borgias or for them must be covered over with black crepe. All the tombs of the Borgias must be opened and their bodies sent back to where they belong—to Spain.[70]
Others indicate that his decision was taken on 26 November 1507, not in 1503.[71] The Borgia Apartments were turned to other uses. The Sala dei Papi was redecorated by two pupils of Raphael by order of Pope Leo X.[72] The rooms were used to accommodate the Emperor Charles V on his visit to the Vatican after the Sack of Rome, and subsequently they became the residence of the Cardinal-nephew and then the Secretary of State.[73]
Julius used his influence to reconcile two powerful Roman families, the Orsini and Colonna. Decrees were made in the interests of the Roman nobility, in whose shoes the new pope now stepped. Being thus secure in Rome and the surrounding country, he set himself the task to expel the Republic of Venice from Faenza, Rimini, and the other towns and fortresses of Italy which it occupied after the death of Pope Alexander.[9][74] In 1504, finding it impossible to succeed with the Doge of Venice by remonstrance, he brought about a union of the conflicting interests of France and the Holy Roman Empire, and sacrificed temporarily to some extent the independence of Italy to conclude with them an offensive and defensive alliance against Venice.[75][76] The combination was, however, at first little more than nominal, and was not immediately effective in compelling the Venetians to deliver up more than a few unimportant places in the Romagna.[9] With a campaign in 1506, he personally led an army to Perugia and Bologna, freeing the two papal cities from their despots, Giampolo Baglioni and Giovanni II Bentivoglio.[9]
In December 1503, Julius issued a dispensation allowing the future Henry VIII of England to marry Catherine of Aragon; Catherine had previously been briefly married to Henry's older brother Prince Arthur, who had died, but Henry later argued that she had remained a virgin for the five months of the marriage. Some twenty years later, when Henry was attempting to wed Anne Boleyn (since his son by Catherine of Aragon survived only a few days, and two of her sons were stillborn, and therefore he had no male heir), he sought to have his marriage annulled, claiming that the dispensation of Pope Julius should never have been issued. The retractation of the dispensation was refused by Pope Clement VII.[77]
The Bull entitled Ea quae pro bono pacis issued on 24 January 1506, confirmed papal approval of the mare clausum policy being pursued by Spain and Portugal amid their explorations, and approved the changes of the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas to previous papal bulls. In the same year, the Pope founded the Swiss Guard to provide a constant corps of soldiers to protect the Vatican City. As part of the Renaissance programme of reestablishing the glory of antiquity for the Christian capital, Rome, Julius II took considerable effort to present himself as a sort of emperor-pope, capable of leading a Latin-Christian empire. On Palm Sunday, 1507, "Julius II entered Rome . . . both as a second Julius Caesar, heir to the majesty of Rome's imperial glory, and in the likeness of Christ, whose vicar the pope was, and who in that capacity governed the universal Roman Church."[79] Julius, who modelled himself after his namesake Caesar, would personally lead his army across the Italian peninsula under the imperial war-cry, "Drive out the barbarians." Yet, despite the imperial rhetoric, the campaigns were highly localised.[80] Perugia voluntarily surrendered in March 1507 to direct control, as it had always been within the Papal States; it was in these endeavors he had enlisted French mercenaries.[81] Urbino's magnificent court palace was infiltrated by French soldiers in the pay of the Duke of Gonzaga; the Montefeltro Conspiracy against his loyal cousins earned the occupying armies the Pope's undying hatred.[82] Julius relied upon Guidobaldo's help to raise his nephew and heir Francesco Maria della Rovere; the intricate web of nepotism helped secure the Italian Papacy.[83] Moreover, the Pope's interest in Urbino was widely known in the French court.[84] Julius left a spy at the Urbino Palace, possibly Galeotto Franciotti della Rovere, Cardinal San Pietro, to watch the Mantua stables in total secret; the secular progress of the Papal Curia was growing in authority and significance. In Rome, the Pope watched from his private chapel to see how his court behaved. This was age of Renaissance conspiracy.[85]
In addition to an active military policy, the new pope personally led troops into battle on at least two occasions, the first to expel Giovanni Bentivoglio from Bologna (17 August 1506 – 23 March 1507), which was achieved successfully with the assistance of the Duchy of Urbino. The second was an attempt to recover Ferrara for the Papal States (1 September 1510 – 29 June 1512).[86] In 1508, Julius was fortuitously able to form the League of Cambrai with Louis XII, King of France, Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, and Ferdinand II, King of Aragon.[87] The League fought against the Republic of Venice.[b] Among other things, Julius wanted possession of Venetian Romagna; Emperor Maximilian I wanted Friuli and Veneto; Louis XII wanted Cremona; and Ferdinand II desired the Apulian ports.[74][88] This war was a conflict in what was collectively known as the "Italian Wars". In the spring of 1509, the Republic of Venice was placed under an interdict by Julius,[89] In May 1509 Julius sent troops to fight against the Venetians who had occupied parts of the Romagna winning back the Papal States in a decisive battle near Cremona.[9] During the War of the Holy League alliances kept changing: in 1510 Venice and France switched places, and by 1513, Venice had joined France.[90] The achievements of the League soon outstripped the primary intention of Julius. In one single battle, the Battle of Agnadello on 14 May 1509, the dominion of Venice in Italy was practically lost to His Holiness. Yet neither the King of France nor the Holy Roman Emperor were satisfied with merely effecting the purposes of the Pope, the latter found it necessary to enter into an arrangement with the Venetians to defend himself from those who immediately before had been his allies.[91] The Venetians, on making humble submission, were absolved at the beginning of 1510, and shortly afterward France was placed under papal interdict.[92]
Attempts to cause a rupture between France and England proved unsuccessful; on the other hand, at a synod convened by Louis at Tours in September 1510, the French bishops withdrew from papal obedience, and resolved, with the Emperor's co-operation, to seek dethronement of the pope. With some courage Julius marched his army to Bologna and then against the French to Mirandola.[9] In November 1511, a council met at Pisa, called by rebel cardinals with support from the French king and the Empire, they demanded the deposition of Charles II at Pisa.[93] Despite being seriously he refused to shave showing utter contempt for the hated French occupation. "per vendicarsi et diceva...anco fuora scazato el re Ludovico Franza d'Italia."[94]
Whereupon Julius entered into another Holy League of 1511: in alliance with Ferdinand II of Aragon and the Venetians he conspired against the Gallican liberties. In short time, both Henry VIII, King of England (1509–47), and Maximilian I also joined the Holy League of 1511 against France. Louis XII defeated the alliance at Battle of Ravenna on 11 April 1512. When a desperate battle felled over 20,000 men in a bloodbath the Pope commanded his protege, a newly-released young Cardinal Medici to re-take Florence with his Spanish army. The rescue of the city on 1 September 1512 saved Rome from another invasion, ousting Soderini, and returning the dynastic rule of the Medici. Julius had seemingly restored fortuna or control by exercising his manly vertu, just as Machiavelli wrote. This re-asserted strong relations between Florence and Rome; a lasting legacy of Julius II. Yet Machiavelli and his methods would not outlast Julius' Papacy.[95] Julius hired Swiss mercenaries to fight against the French in Milan in May 1512.[75][96]
When Swiss mercenaries came to the Pope's aid, the French army withdrew across the Alps into Savoy. The papacy gained control of Parma and Piacenza in central Italy, but now Spain took an interest in having occupying troops on the peninsula. During the last months of his life, Julius II engaged in negotiations with Ferdinand's diplomats, who obtained from him the ideological back-up necessary for Ferdinand II of Aragon's invasion of Navarre in the form of a number of papal bulls. In 1512 the French were driven across the Alps, but it was at the cost of the occupation of the peninsula by the Pope's enemies. Although Julius had securely established papal authority in the region immediately around Rome, he was as far as ever from realizing his dream of an independent Italian kingdom.
In May 1512 a general or ecumenical council, the Fifth Council of the Lateran, was held in Rome. According to an oath taken on his election to observe the Electoral Capitulations of the Conclave of October 1513,[97] Julius had sworn to summon a general council, but it had been delayed, he affirmed, because of the occupation of Italy by his enemies.[98] The real stimulus came from a false council which took place in 1511, called the Conciliabulum Pisanum, inspired by Louis XII and Maximilian I as a tactic to weaken Julius, and which threatened Julius II with deposition.[99] Julius' reply was the issuing of the bull Non sini gravi of 18 July 1511, which fixed the date of 19 April 1512 for the opening of his own council.[100] The Council actually convened on 3 May, and Paris de Grassis reports that the crowd at the basilica was estimated at 50,000.[101] It held its first working session on 10 May.[102] In the third plenary session, on 3 December 1512, Julius attended, though he was ill; but he wanted to witness and receive the formal adhesion of the Emperor Maximilian to the Lateran Council and his repudiation of the Conciliabulum Pisanum. This was one of Julius' great triumphs. The Pope was again in attendance at the fourth session on 10 December, this time to hear the accrediting of the Venetian Ambassador as the Serene Republic's representative at the Council; he then had the letter of King Louis XI (of 27 November 1461), in which he announced the revocation of the Pragmatic Sanction, read out to the assembly, and demanded that all persons who accepted the Pragmatic Sanction appear before the Council within sixty days to justify their conduct. This was directed against King Louis XII.[103]
The fifth session was held on 16 February, but Pope Julius was too ill to attend. Cardinal Raffaele Riario, the Dean of the College of Cardinals and Bishop of Ostia, presided. The Bishop of Como, Scaramuccia Trivulzio, then read from the pulpit a bull of Pope Julius, Si summus rerum, dated that very day and containing within its text the complete bull of 14 January 1505, Cum tam divino. The bull was submitted to the Council fathers for their consideration and ratification. Julius wanted to remind everyone of his legislation on papal conclaves, in particular against Simony, and to fix his regulations firmly in canon law so that they could not be dispensed or ignored. Julius was fully aware that his death was imminent, and though he had been a witness to a good deal of Simony at papal conclaves and had been a practitioner himself, he was determined to stamp out the abuse.[104] The reading of the bull Cum tam divino became a regular feature of the first day of every conclave.
On the Vigil of Pentecost in May 1512, Pope Julius, aware that he was seriously ill and that his health was failing, despite comments on the part of some cardinals about how well he looked, remarked to Paris de Grassis, "They are flattering me; I know better; my strength diminishes from day to day and I cannot live much longer. Therefore I beg you not to expect me at Vespers or at Mass from henceforth."[105] Nonetheless he continued his restless activities, including Masses, visits to churches, and audiences. On 24 June, in the morning Paris found the Pope debilem et semifebricantem.[106] On Christmas Eve, Julius ordered Paris to summon the College of Cardinals and the Sacristan of the Apostolic Palace, quia erat sic infirmus, quod non speraret posse diu supravivere.[107] From then until 6 January he was confined to bed, and most of the time with a fever; he had lost his appetite, but the doctors were unable to diagnose his languor. On 4 February he had an extensive conversation with Paris concerning the arrangements for his funeral.
Pope Julius was reported to be seriously ill in a dispatch received in Venice on 10 February 1513.[108] He received Holy Communion and was granted the plenary indulgence on the morning of 19 February, according to the Venetian Ambassador. On the 20th, according to Paris de Grassis, he received Holy Communion from the hands of Cardinal Raffaele Riario, the Camerlengo. He died of a fever in the night of 20–21 February 1513.[109]
In the evening of 21 February, Paris de Grassis conducted the funeral of Julius II, even though the Canons of the Vatican Basilica and the beneficiati refused to cooperate. The body was placed for a time at the Altar of Saint Andrew in the Basilica, and was then carried by the Imperial Ambassador, the papal Datary, and two of Paris' assistants to the altar of the Chapel of Pope Sixtus, where the Vicar of the Vatican Basilica performed the final absolution. At the third hour of the evening the body was laid in a sepulcher between the altar and the wall of the tribune.[110]
Despite the fact that the so-called "Tomb of Julius" by Michelangelo is in San Pietro in Vincoli in Rome, Julius is in fact buried in the Vatican.[111] Michelangelo's tomb was not completed until 1545 and represents a much abbreviated version of the planned original, which was initially intended for the new St. Peter's Basilica. His remains lay alongside his uncle, Pope Sixtus IV, but were later desecrated during the Sack of Rome in 1527. Today both men lie in St. Peter's Basilica in the floor in front of the monument to Pope Clement X. A simple marble tombstone marks the site. Julius II was succeeded by Pope Leo X.
In 1484 Cardinal Giuliano della Rovere had begun negotiations to persuade Marquis Francesco Gonzaga of Mantua to allow Andrea Mantegna to come to Rome, which finally bore fruit in 1488; Mantegna was given the commission to decorate the chapel of the Belvedere for Pope Innocent VIII, on which he spent two years.[112]
Beyond Julius II's political and military achievements, he enjoys a title to honor in his patronage of art, architecture, and literature.[113] He did much to improve and beautify the city.
Early in his papacy, Julius decided to revive the plan for replacing the dilpidated Constantianian basilica of St. Peter's. The idea was not his, but originally that of Nicholas V, who had commissioned designs from Bernardo Rossellino. Other more pressing problems distracted the attention of Nicholas and subsequent popes, but Julius was not the sort of person to be distracted once he had settled on an idea, in this case, for the greatest building on earth, for the glory of Saint Peter and himself. In the competition for a building plan, the design of Rossellino was immediately rejected as being out of date. A second design was submitted by Giuliano da Sangallo, an old friend of Julius, who had worked on several projects for him before, including the palazzo at S. Pietro in Vincoli, and who had left Rome with Julius when he fled the wrath of Alexander VI in 1495. Through Cardinal della Rovere, Sangallo had presented Charles VIII a plan for a palace, and in 1496 he had made a tour of the architectural monuments of Provence,[114] returning to his native Florence in 1497.[115] His proposals for S. Peter's, however, were not accepted despite what he believed to be a promise, and he retired in anger to Florence.[116]
On 18 April 1506 Pope Julius II laid the foundation stone of the new St. Peter's Basilica for the successful architect, Donato Bramante. However, he also began the demolition of the old St. Peter's Basilica, which had stood for more than 1,100 years. He was a friend and patron of Bramante and Raphael, and a patron of Michelangelo. Several of Michelangelo's greatest works (including the painting of the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel) were commissioned by Julius.
Long before he became Pope, Julius had a violent temper. He often treated subordinates and people who worked for him very badly. His manner was gruff and coarse, just as his peasant-like sense of humour. Others suggest that Julius had little sense of humor. Ludwig von Pastor wrote, "Paris de Grassis, his Master of Ceremonies, who has handed on to us so many characteristic features of his master's life, says that he hardly ever jested. He was generally absorbed in deep and silent thought...."[117]
To most historians Julius was manly and virile, an energetic man of action, whose courage saved the Papacy.[118] There was a sense that war caused him serious illness, exhaustion and fatigue, that most popes could not have withstood. To many Julius II has been described as the best in an era of exceptionally bad popes: Alexander VI was evil and despotic, exposing the future Julius II to a number of assassination attempts that required tremendous fortitude.
Julius II is usually depicted with a beard, after his appearance in the celebrated portrait by Raphael, the artist whom he first met in 1509. However, the pope only wore his beard from 27 June 1511 to March 1512, as a sign of mourning at the loss of the city of Bologna by the Papal States. He was nevertheless the first pope since antiquity to grow facial hair, a practice otherwise forbidden by canon law since the 13th century. The pope's hirsute chin may have raised severe, even vulgar criticism, as at one Bologna banquet held on 1510 at which papal legate Marco Cornaro was present. In overturning the ban on beards Pope Julius challenged Gregorian conventional wisdom in dangerous times. Julius shaved his beard again before his death, and his immediate successors were clean-shaven; nonetheless Pope Clement VII sported a beard when mourning the sack of Rome. Thenceforward, all popes were bearded until the death of Pope Innocent XII in 1700.
The frescoes on the ceiling of Stanza d'Eliodoro in the stanze of Raphael depict the traumatic events in 1510-11, when the Papacy regained its freedom. Although Raphael's original was lost, it was thought to relate closely to the personal iconography of Stanza della Segnatura, commissioned by Pope Julius himself. The Lateran Council that formed the Holy League marked a high point in his personal success. Saved by an allegory to the Expulsion of Helidorus, the French gone, Julius collapsed once again in late 1512, very seriously ill once more.
Julius was not the first pope to have fathered children before being elevated to high office, and is believed to have had a daughter born to Lucrezia Normanni in 1483 - after he had been made a cardinal.[c] Felice della Rovere survived into adulthood.[119] Shortly after Felice was born, Julius arranged for Lucrezia to marry Bernardino de Cupis, Chamberlain to Julius's cousin, Cardinal Girolamo Basso della Rovere.[120]
Despite producing an illegitimate daughter (and having at least one mistress), it was suggested that Julius may have had homosexual lovers - although there is little evidence that the pope was ever sexually active. His confrontational style inevitably created enemies and sodomy was the "common currency of insult and innuendo".[121] Such accusations were made to discredit him, but perhaps in so doing his accusers were attacking a perceived weakness. The Venetians, who were implacably opposed to the pope's new military policy, were among the most vociferous opponents; notable among them was diarist Girolamo Priuli,[122] and the historian Marino Sanudo.[123] Erasmus also impropriated sexual misconduct in his 1514 dialogues "Julius Excluded from Heaven"; a theme picked up in the denunciation made at the conciliabulum of Pisa.[124] Criticism was furthermore made of the sinister influence exerted by his advisor, Francesco Alidosi, whom Julius had made a cardinal in 1505. However, it is likely that the closeness was down to the fact that he simply knew how to handle him well.[121] This sexual reputation survived Julius, and the accusation continued to be made without reservation by Protestant opponents in their polemics against "papism" and Catholic decadence.[125] The French writer Philippe de Mornay (1549-1623) accused all Italians of being sodomites, but added specifically: "This horror is ascribed to good Julius."[126]
Giuliano was the son of the impoverished Rafaello della Rovere, Pope Sixtus IV's only brother.
|url= (help)
|Catholic Church titles
|Preceded by
Michel Anglici
| Bishop of Carpentras
|Succeeded by
Federico di Saluzzo
|Preceded by
Barthélémy Chuet
| Bishop of Lausanne
|Succeeded by
Benoît de Montferrand
|Preceded by
Guglielmo Belloni
| Bishop of Catania
|Succeeded by
Francesco de Campulo
|Preceded by
Alain de Coëtivy
| Archbishop of Avignon
|Succeeded by
Antoine Florès
|Preceded by
Benoît de Montferrand
| Bishop of Coutances
|Succeeded by
Galeazzo della Rovere
|Preceded by
Hélie de Pompadour
| Bishop of Viviers
|Succeeded by
Jean de Montchenu
|Preceded by
Jean de Petit
| Bishop of Mende
|Succeeded by
Clemente Grosso della Rovere
|Preceded by
Berardo Eroli
| Cardinal-bishop of Sabina
|Succeeded by
Oliviero Carafa
|Preceded by
Marco Barbo
| Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals
|Succeeded by
Giovanni Battista Zeno
|Preceded by
Giacomo Passarelli
| Bishop of Bologna
|Succeeded by
Vincenzo Carafa
|Preceded by
Guillaume d'Estouteville
| Cardinal-bishop of Ostia
|Succeeded by
Oliviero Carafa
|Preceded by
Jean de Corguilleray
| Bishop of Lodève
|Succeeded by
Guillaume Briçonnet
|Preceded by
Pietro Gara
| Bishop of Savona
|Succeeded by
Galeotto della Rovere
|Preceded by
Giovanni Stefano Ferrero
| Bishop of Vercelli
|Succeeded by
Giovanni Stefano Ferrero
|Preceded by
Pius III
| Pope
1 November 1503 – 21 February 1513
|Succeeded by
Leo X
A Season of Giants (Italian: La primavera di Michelangelo, also known as Michelangelo: The Last Giant) is a 1990 American-Italian biographical drama television film directed by Jerry London. Based on the Vincenzo Labella's book Una stagione di giganti, it depicts real life events of Michelangelo, his youth, his approach with art, his friendship with Leonardo da Vinci and Raphael, and his involvement in great political and religious events.Art patronage of Julius II
Pope Julius II (reigned 1503–1513), commissioned a series of highly influential art and architecture projects in Rome. The painting of the Sistine Chapel ceiling by Michelangelo and various rooms in the Vatican by Raphael are considered among the masterworks that mark the High Renaissance in Rome. His decision to rebuild St Peters led to the construction of the massive basilica we see now.
Julius died in 1513, and except for the Sistine Chapel ceiling, which he lived to see finished, his very largest commissions were finished after his death.Atlas Slave
The Atlas Slave is a 2.77m high marble statue by Michelangelo, dated to 1525–1530. It is one of the 'Prisoners', the series of unfinished sculptures for the tomb of Pope Julius II. It is now held in the Galleria dell'Accademia in Florence.Awakening Slave
The Awakening Slave is a 2.67m high marble statue by Michelangelo, dated to 1525-1530. It is one of the 'Prisoners', the series of unfinished sculptures for the tomb of Pope Julius II. It is now held in the Galleria dell'Accademia in Florence.Bearded Slave
The Bearded Slave (Italian: Schiavo barbuto) is a marble sculpture by Michelangelo datable to around 1525–1530 and kept in the Galleria dell'Accademia in Florence. It forms part of the series of "unfinished" Prigioni intended for the Tomb of Pope Julius II.Belvedere (structure)
A belvedere or belvidere (from Italian for "fair view") is an architectural structure sited to take advantage of a fine or scenic view. While a belvedere may be built in the upper part of a building the actual structure can be of any form, whether a turret, a cupola, or an open gallery. Or it may be a separate pavilion in a garden, or the term may be used for a paved terrace with a good viewpoint, but no actual building.
It may also be used for a whole building, as in the Belvedere, Vienna, a huge palace, or Belvedere Castle, a folly in New York.
On the hillside above the Vatican Palace, Antonio Pollaiuolo built a small pavilion (casino in Italian) named the palazzetto or the Belvedere for Pope Innocent VIII. Some years later Donato Bramante linked the Vatican with the Belvedere, under a commission from Pope Julius II by creating the Cortile del Belvedere ("Courtyard of the Belvedere"), in which stood the Apollo Belvedere, among the most famous of antique sculptures. This began the fashion in the 16th century for the belvedere.Cappella Giulia
The Cappella Giulia, officially the Reverend Musical Chapel Julia of the Sacrosanct Papal Basilica of Saint Peter in the Vatican, is the choir of St. Peter's Basilica that sings for all solemn functions of the Vatican Chapter, such as Holy Mass, Lauds, and Vespers, when these are not celebrated by the Pope (for functions celebrated by the Pope, the Sistine Chapel Choir sings instead). The choir has played an important role as an interpreter and a proponent of Gregorian chant and sacred polyphony.Dying Slave
The Dying Slave is a sculpture by the Italian Renaissance artist Michelangelo. Created between 1513 and 1516, it was to serve with another figure, the Rebellious Slave, at the tomb of Pope Julius II. It is a marble figure 2.15 metres (7' 4") in height, and is held at the Louvre, Paris.
In 1976 the art historian Richard Fly wrote that it "suggests that moment when life capitulates before the relentless force of dead matter".
However, in a recent scholarly volume entitled The Slave in European Art, Charles Robertson discusses the Dying Slave in the context of real slavery in Italy during the time of the Renaissance.Thirteen reproductions of the Dying Slave adorn the top storey of the 12th arrondissement police station in Paris. Although Art Deco in style, the building was designed in 1991 by architects Manuel Núñez Yanowsky and Miriam Teitelbaum.Julius Excluded from Heaven
Julius Excluded from Heaven (Latin: Iulius exclusus e coelis) is a dialogue that was written in 1514, commonly attributed to the Dutch humanist and theologian Desiderius Erasmus. It involves Pope Julius II, who had recently died, trying to persuade Saint Peter to allow him to enter Heaven by using the same tactics he applied when alive. The dialogue is also supplemented by a "Genius" (his guardian angel) who makes wry comments about the pope and his deeds.Leah (sculpture)
The Leah is a sculpture by Michelangelo of the Old Testament figure Leah. Like the Rachel, it was part of the final, 1542-1545 design for the tomb of Pope Julius II in San Pietro in Vincoli, on which it still remains.Moses (Michelangelo)
The Moses (Italian: Mosè [moˈzɛ]; c. 1513–1515) is a sculpture by the Italian High Renaissance artist Michelangelo Buonarroti, housed in the church of San Pietro in Vincoli in Rome. Commissioned in 1505 by Pope Julius II for his tomb, it depicts the biblical figure Moses with horns on his head, based on a description in chapter 34 of Exodus in the Vulgate, the Latin translation of the Bible used at that time.October 1503 papal conclave
The papal conclave of October 1503 elected Giuliano della Rovere as Pope Julius II to succeed Pope Pius III. The conclave took place during the Italian Wars barely a month after the papal conclave, September 1503, and none of the electors had travelled far enough from Rome to miss the conclave. The number of participating cardinals was thirty-eight, the College of Cardinals having been reduced by the election of Piccolomini as Pius III, who did not elevate cardinals. At a consistory on October 11, Pope Pius had proposed to make Cardinal d'Amboise's nephew a cardinal, as part of his effort to conciliate the French, but the response from the Cardinals was not enthusiastic.Ottaviano Maria Sforza
Ottaviano Maria Sforza (1475–1545) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Titular Patriarch of Alexandria (1541–1545), Bishop of Terracina, Priverno e Sezze (1541–1545), Bishop of Arezzo (1519–1525), and Bishop of Lodi (1497–1499, 1512–1519 and 1527–1530).Portrait of Pope Julius II
Portrait of Pope Julius II is an oil painting of 1511–12 by the Italian High Renaissance painter Raphael. The portrait of Pope Julius II was unusual for its time and would carry a long influence on papal portraiture. From early in its life, it was specially hung at the pillars of the church of Santa Maria del Popolo, on the main route from the north into Rome, on feast and high holy days. Giorgio Vasari, writing long after Julius' death, said that "it was so lifelike and true it frightened everyone who saw it, as if it were the living man himself".The painting exists in many versions and copies, and for many years, a version of the painting which now hangs in the Uffizi Gallery in Florence was believed to be the original or prime version, but in 1970 opinion shifted. The original is currently believed to be the version located in the National Gallery, London.Rachel (sculpture)
The Rachel is a sculpture by Michelangelo of the Old Testament figure Rachel. Like the Leah, it was part of the final, 1542-1545 design for the tomb of Pope Julius II in San Pietro in Vincoli, on which it still remains.Rebellious Slave
The Rebellious Slave is a 2.15m high marble statue by Michelangelo, dated to 1513. It is now held in the Louvre in Paris.The Agony and the Ecstasy (film)
The Agony and the Ecstasy is a 1965 American film directed by Carol Reed, starring Charlton Heston as Michelangelo and Rex Harrison as Pope Julius II (reigned 1503-1513). The film was partly based on Irving Stone's biographical novel The Agony and the Ecstasy. This film deals with the conflicts of Michelangelo and Pope Julius II during the painting of the Sistine Chapel's ceiling. It also features a soundtrack co-written by prolific composers Alex North and Jerry Goldsmith.The film was shot in Todd-AO and Cinemascope versions. The Todd-AO version was used for the DVD release because of its superior picture quality.The Genius of Victory
The Genius of Victory is a 1532–1534 marble sculpture by Michelangelo, produced as part of a design for the tomb of Pope Julius II. It is 2.61 m high and is now in the Salone dei Cinquecento of the Palazzo Vecchio in Florence.Tomb of Pope Julius II
The Tomb of Pope Julius II is a sculptural and architectural ensemble by Michelangelo and his assistants, originally commissioned in 1505 but not completed until 1545 on a much reduced scale. Originally intended for St. Peter's Basilica, the tomb was instead placed in the church of San Pietro in Vincoli on the Esquiline in Rome after the pope's death. This church was patronized by the della Rovere family from which Julius came, and he had been titular cardinal there.
As originally conceived, the tomb would have been a colossal structure that would have given Michelangelo the room he needed for his superhuman, tragic beings. This project became one of the great disappointments of Michelangelo's life when the pope, for unexplained reasons, interrupted the commission, possibly because funds had to be diverted for Bramante's rebuilding of St. Peter's. The original project called for a freestanding, three-level structure with some 40 statues. After the pope's death in 1513, the scale of the project was reduced step-by-step until, in April 1532, a final contract specified a simple wall tomb with fewer than one-third of the figures originally planned.The most famous sculpture associated with the tomb is the figure of Moses, which Michelangelo completed during one of the sporadic resumptions of the work in 1513. Michelangelo felt that this was his most lifelike creation. Legend has it that upon its completion he struck the right knee commanding, "now speak!" as he felt that life was the only thing left inside the marble. There is a scar on the knee thought to be the mark of Michelangelo's hammer.
Popes of the Catholic Church
|1st–4th centuries
During the Roman Empire (until 493)
including under Constantine (312–337)
|5th–8th centuries
Ostrogothic Papacy (493–537)
Byzantine Papacy (537–752)
Frankish Papacy (756–857)
|9th–12th centuries
Papal selection before 1059
Saeculum obscurum (904–964)
Crescentii era (974–1012)
Tusculan Papacy (1012–1044/1048)
Imperial Papacy (1048–1257)
|13th–16th centuries
Viterbo (1257–1281)
Orvieto (1262–1297)
Perugia (1228–1304)
Avignon Papacy (1309–1378)
Western Schism (1378–1417)
Renaissance Papacy (1417–1534)
Reformation Papacy (1534–1585)
Baroque Papacy (1585–1689)
|17th–20th centuries
Age of Enlightenment (c. 1640-1740)
Revolutionary Papacy (1775–1848)
Roman Question (1870–1929)
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982 BIRCH TREE Lane, Fond Du Lac WI 54935-1842 Sold for $189,900 on 06/22/2018
Features of 982 BIRCH TREE Lane, Fond Du Lac, WI 54935-1842
- Single Family Home
- Status: Sold
- Mailing City: Fond Du Lac
- County: Fond Du Lac
- 3 Bedrooms
- 2 Full Bathrooms
- Est. Square Footage: 1,809
- Garage Size: 2 Car
- Lot Size: 80X125
- School Dist: Fond du Lac
- Property Taxes: $3,708
- Property Tax Year: 2017
- Listing Company: Adashun Jones, Inc.
- Price/SqFt: $104
Property Description for 982 BIRCH TREE Lane, Fond Du Lac, WI 54935-1842
982 BIRCH TREE Lane, Fond Du Lac, WI 54935-1842 - Ready to Enjoy Summer? Here's the home you've been waiting for! Inviting Contemporary 2 Story has so much to offer! 3 Br's, 2 full baths, great room with fireplace, main floor master bedroom and bath, 2 bedrooms up with a loft and 2nd full bath. Enjoy summer with the heated in-ground pool, deck, and fenced yard too! Updates include bamboo flooring in main level, newer counter tops, sink, radon mitigation system, liner and pump for pool, and much more! Here's your chance, don't miss out! No showings until Monday, May 7th.
Room Dimensions for 982 BIRCH TREE Lane, Fond Du Lac, WI 54935-1842
- Master BR: 14X13
- Kitchen: 11X8
- Living/Great Rm: 16X11
- Dining Area: 9X8
- Den/Office: 15X9
- Family Rm: 27X15
- Full, Partial Finished, Radon Mitigation System, Stubbed For Bathroom, Sump Pump
Building and Construction
- Construction Type: E Contemporary
Land Features
- Waterfront/Access: N
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|May 4 2018 5:10PM
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Look no further for your one stop shop for relevant Memphis news and opinions. If you want to know where to be, what to eat, and what's going on in our great city, then you have arrived at the right place.
Let's Get Serious: Prince MONGO 2020
Think of some divisive figures. Historical or present day, it doesn't matter. Who comes to mind? Julian Assange maybe? How about Marcus Garvey, or Edward Snowden? Surely Donald Trump makes
In the Can (Ep. 06) — Annihilation
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This year's lineup has dropped, and it seems that we are experiencing an uncharacteristically loaded year for the Memphis music festival. Beale Street Music Fest
And the Best Picture Goes to . . . Three Billboards
Continuing our preview here at the BarnBurner of this Sunday's 90th Oscars ceremony, my choice for the winner of the show's most prestigious award goes to
The Dallas Mavericks: Future Darlings of Texas?
These days in the media, the teams that get the most love and attention are the ones who are winning. What the media forgets about is that those of us whose teams are losing are still people too! Our hearts are getting ripped out on a nightly basis as our teams struggle and crawl from city to city and our hope continues to wane.


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The warmest month (with the highest average high temperature) is August (32.3°C).
The month with the lowest average high temperature is January (24.3°C).
Months with the highest average low temperature are July and August (23.9°C).
The coldest month (with the lowest average low temperature) is February (15.6°C).
The wettest month (with the highest rainfall) is September (217.4mm).
The driest month (with the lowest rainfall) is April (66.8mm).
Months with the highest number of rainy days are August and September (19 days).
The month with the lowest number of rainy days is April (7 days).
Best months for swimming (with the highest average sea temperature) are July, August and September (29°C).
Coldest months (with the lowest average sea temperature) are February and March (24°C).
Months with the longest days are June and July (Average daylight: 14h).
Months with shortest days are January, February, November and December (Average daylight: 11h).
Months with most sunshine are March, April, May, June, July and August (Average sunshine: 9h).
Months with least sunshine are January, November and December (Average sunshine: 7).
Months with the highest UV index are May, June, July and August (UV index 11).
Months with the lowest UV index are January and December (UV index 5).


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Barbour's Leighton is a longer length jacket in Barbour's durable, weather resistant waxed cotton. The sit down heavy-cord collar has a subtle tartan reverse for added interest and a throat flap for breezy days. The jacket has a tartan for that authentic Barbour look. Benefits include six handy pockets for stowing those essentials and a supplied detachable hood.
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Just Frames Glasses
Effectively » The goal of this article is to simply express what you ought to do to purchase your first pair of glasses online. I'll not recommend particular suppliers, as you will get that info in a number of of my other articles and also browse the links on the right of this web page. Purchasing eyewear online seems daunting at first. If you're like me, purchasing and installing prescription glasses always seemed like a complex process best remaining to professionals. Just Frames Glasses
The truth is, if you know your prescription and also have your existing rx glasses useful, it is really quite simple to buy glasses online.
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your present prescription. I keep mine in the health file in my filing cabinet. If you cannot find your prescription, visit wherever you earlier had your sight examined and request a duplicate. Your optician, optometrist, or ophthalmologist is necessary by law to release your eyewear prescription to you. You now need to be aware of a few critical pieces of information from your prescription (see example above–click to enlarge). Among other information, you should see three columns on your prescription–sphere, cylinder, and axis.
Furthermore to these six numbers, there is one more critical quantity, the Pupillary Distance, or PD. This is a measure, in millimeters, of the space between your eye. Just Frames Glasses
Within the example prescription above, you will see the Pupillary Distance of the individual is 62. Jot down this number also, it is the seventh of your seven critical statistics.
A relatively less critical amount is your temple period. If you're blessed, you'll also see a temple duration and bridge size in your prescription. If not, don't perspire it, you can shape it out yourself. The temple size describes the distance of both bars that connect the eyeglasses to your ears. It is measured from where the 90-level curve from your zoom lens structure aside bars (temples) starts to the very end of the temple, like the curve. It is not measured from the flex point of the temples, because the "stub" between the flex point and zoom lens structure is not a standard size.
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Now, remove some measuring tape (ideally the sort of tape used for fitting clothes and sewing, as it's very flexible) and measure an existing couple of spectacles that fit perfectly. An average temple duration for men is 135mm or 145mm. For females, 130mm to 140mm is standard. If the tape only has inches, measure to the nearest eighth or sixteenth and multiply that number by 25.4 to find the way of measuring in millimeters. Temple lengths are usually available in 5mm increments, such as 130, 135, 140, 145, etc. At most online spectacles stores, temple duration is shown in just a frame description and is also not customizable. Therefore, you need to find a frame with an appropriate temple size. This occasionally varies if you are at a site focusing on designer glasses, where you have the option to input your own temple size.
Frankly, temple size is not a huge deal. I have one pair of glasses with 135mm temples and another with 140mm temples. Both pairs fit comfortably. If for some reason you can't think of a temple measurement, don't let that stop you from making an eyewear purchase online. Instead, simply choose 140mm temples if you are a guy and 135mm temples if you are a woman. It's likely that, this span will fit pleasantly.


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Our well-known jingle says it all—when you trust Roto-Rooter, we solve your residential plumbing and drain problems fast. Roto-Rooter is North America's #1 residential plumbing repair and drain service company. Homeowners everywhere have relied on Roto-Rooter since 1935 for honest, professional advice on all types of drain cleaning and plumbing services.
JJ's Plumbing Repair has no control over, and assumes no responsibility for, the content, privacy policies, or practices of any third party web sites or services. You further acknowledge and agree that JJ's Plumbing Repair shall not be responsible or liable, directly or indirectly, for any damage or loss caused or alleged to be caused by or in connection with use of or reliance on any such content, goods or services available on or through any such web sites or services.
For nonemergency projects -- a remodel or remedial work on your plumbing -- you need a pro who understands residential-system design and knows the code in your area. He also has to be able to work in a finished environment. That means putting down a piece of scrap carpeting to protect floors and cutting precise, easy-to-repair holes in walls, and, then, only when necessary.
When you need a plumber, it's not unusual to need one quickly. When you call us, you can be assured that your plumbing issue will be solved quickly and efficiently. Issues such as broken water heaters, overflowing toilets, and frozen pipes just can't be ignored. You need to deal with them quickly. No matter what plumbing issue you're experiencing, we can help to get it fixed.
Home repairs and maintenance shouldn't get pushed to the bottom of the to-do list. Unfortunately, most people don't think they need plumbing repair services until there's an emergency. While some plumbing issues may seem minor, they could actually be serious emergencies in the making. Routine repairs from Mr. Rooter® Plumbing are affordable, and they'll save you from paying for emergency plumbing rescue in the future.
I think it is rather rude and a bit dishonest for people to not divulge their total fees upfront, an of course we should know to ask. But the normal person wouldn't know the questions to ask until they are burnt once like this, and then there still could be costs for walking up stairs or charge another service call if they need to go somewhere to use the bathroom and come back. THAT ISN'T A QUESTION I WOULD THINK TO ASK.
Rooter Repair Company Denver
"After reaching out to Dallas area Leak Detection company all had me backed out for days for a response. I went to Thumbtack and found DC who was able to get right on the issue of a major leak I had flooding my home near the garage water heater closet. He was determined to find the leak which was diagnosed to be behind the wall and we were able to isolate and only tear out the area of damage and leak and he fixed the busted on the one and only Pex tubing on this house which had hairline crack during this last winter freeze. He fixed the leak and was very professional, responsive and most of all Punctual he drove far because I live up far North Dallas area in Grayson County. Also the value in the repair for where I am located was easier on my budget. I would definitely rehire and go to DC for my future plumbing needs. A real Winner in my book of tradesman."
Abacus' plumbers are also experts at sewer & pipe repairs, shower & tub repairs/installations, kitchen & bath faucet repair/installations, sink repairs/installation, plumbing inspections, water filtration, water softening, garbage disposal repair/installation, toilet repair/replacement, drain cleaning with drain camera inspections, leak detection/repair, plumbing repair/installation and back flow prevention for all Houston Texas homes & commercial business properties. Need an annual Plumbing Inspection on all your home's plumbing systems? Ask about the Abacus CLUB. The CLUB membership will give you the peace of mind that your plumbing system is working at top efficiency. Our licensed plumbers will conduct an inspection of your home to look for and fix any potential plumbing problems.
Every job is tailored to meet your specific needs and situation; you won't get a one-size-fits-all solution from us. You will receive an accurate diagnosis of the problem and honest recommendations on how to best resolve it. We take your specific needs and budget into account when tailoring a solution for you. We only carry out safe, proven methods to handle your plumbing issues. We always take into account the safety of your home and the environment. That's why we only use top-notch materials and techniques to handle your plumbing problems. Our team of experts is focused on providing exceptional customer service from start to finish. If you are not completely satisfied with the job we will do everything we can to make things right. Don't let a plumbing problem disrupt any more of your time. JD Precision Plumbing Services is ready to diagnose your problem and provide you with the best solution!
Some water leaks are visible and their source is obvious. Others are not, and the water travels through walls, ceilings and floors with resulting the visible damage occurring far away from the source. Tracing and detecting the source of water leaks is a job for Houston's premier plumbing company since 1965, John Moore Services. Our experienced plumbing team can interpret the signs and reveal the cause of the water leak quickly before more damage can be done to your home. A custom diagnosis and repair plan will be developed to fix the leak properly. In addition to our plumbing and repipe services, our Houston plumbers also offer water damage repair services for walls and floors so you can get your home back to normal faster. If you are hearing water trickling in your walls when the taps are off, seeing water spots on your walls, ceilings, or floors, or noticing buckling tiles or flooring, contact John Moore today for our leak detection service. Your home will thank you.
Every job is tailored to meet your specific needs and situation; you won't get a one-size-fits-all solution from us. You will receive an accurate diagnosis of the problem and honest recommendations on how to best resolve it. We take your specific needs and budget into account when tailoring a solution for you. We only carry out safe, proven methods to handle your plumbing issues. We always take into account the safety of your home and the environment. That's why we only use top-notch materials and techniques to handle your plumbing problems. Our team of experts is focused on providing exceptional customer service from start to finish. If you are not completely satisfied with the job we will do everything we can to make things right. Don't let a plumbing problem disrupt any more of your time. JD Precision Plumbing Services is ready to diagnose your problem and provide you with the best solution!
Call us today to learn more about the services that we offer. Look at our company history to know more about the experience we've had throughout the years. Go to our services to learn more about the plumbing jobs that we can provide. It has never been easier to hire a plumber in Kuala Lumpur these day. With KL1 Plumber, you can hire a plumber at the comfort of your own home. Call us today!
For nonemergency projects -- a remodel or remedial work on your plumbing -- you need a pro who understands residential-system design and knows the code in your area. He also has to be able to work in a finished environment. That means putting down a piece of scrap carpeting to protect floors and cutting precise, easy-to-repair holes in walls, and, then, only when necessary.
Amazon Home Services has a wide variety of plumbing services available to help you create and fix your bathroom, kitchen, sinks, faucets, drains, and even hot water dispensers and under-sink water filtration systems. Find top-notch plumbers through listing on Amazon Home Services to find great plumbing services at competitive prices. You can keep your bathroom in tip-top shape with our Toilet Replacement service, Showerhead Replacement service, Clogged Drain Repair service, and Bathtub Liner.
Houston water has been treated and deemed safe to drink. But do you know what is really in your tap water? Our Houston plumbers will help you find out and take action to protect your family. We will test your water do determine the hardness of the water and discover which contaminants are present. Then, we will develop a water treatment solution to address the issues with your water and transform your tap water into a healthier, fresh-tasting, and odor-free drinking water. No bottles required! Serving Houston since 1965, John Moore knows plumbing – which means that your water filtration and softener system will be properly installed and tied in to your water supply line without any threat of contamination. We also offer de-scaling solutions and water softener systems to help you reduce the toll that hard water can on your fixtures and appliances. Talk to the John Moore water quality specialists about your concerns. We're happy to help you find the best water filtration or softener solution for your home – and your health.
While certain plumbing issues, such as a minor toilet clog, can be quickly addressed with do-it-yourself methods, most plumbing problems require the assistance of a professional. Most homes' plumbing comprises a series of incredibly complex, interconnected systems that require the care and knowledge of an experienced plumber. With nearly 30 years in the industry, Horizon Services can handle your every plumbing need. From routine drain cleaning to water heater repair to emergency plumbing services, our highly-trained plumbers have seen it all! We rely on advanced techniques, including trenchless sewer repair, and cutting-edge technology in order to provide you with superior plumbing services, every time. We are proud to offer same day service and next day installation at no additional charge, and we provide emergency plumbing services at any time of day or night, including holidays, for the same low rate as our standard services.
In the United Kingdom the professional body is the Chartered Institute of Plumbing and Heating Engineering (educational charity status) and it is true that the trade still remains virtually ungoverned;[41] there are no systems in place to monitor or control the activities of unqualified plumbers or those home owners who choose to undertake installation and maintenance works themselves, despite the health and safety issues which arise from such works when they are undertaken incorrectly; see Health Aspects of Plumbing (HAP) published jointly by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the World Plumbing Council (WPC).[42][43] WPC has subsequently appointed a representative to the World Health Organization to take forward various projects related to Health Aspects of Plumbing.[44]
When you are faced with a plumbing emergency, time is of the essence. You don't want to have to spend time searching for a plumber near you that is open nights, weekends, and holidays that won't charge you exorbitant fees for immediate availability to address plumbing emergencies. Roto-Rooter plumbers offer a variety of emergency plumbing services around the clock at an affordable price, so you can get the plumbing services you need at a price that won't break the budget. Roto-Rooter professionals are always available for after hours plumbing services.
Even attempting to fix your plumbing repairs on your own without proper knowledge can cause massive problems down the line. Book your local plumber using the Handy platform and you'll be matched with plumbers near you who know just what they're doing. Experienced and practiced in their craft, they'll provide you with the best job at a price that won't break the bank. When you use Handy to find cheap plumbers near me, you can rest assured that you'll be connected with a capable plumbing service who will get your job done without you having to worry about how much a plumber costs ever again.
Even the smallest leak can be costly and lead to potential long-term damage, and letting them go untouched will only further deteriorate your home. Whether you need emergency service or a check-up to determine the location of the leak, call the professionals at Mike Diamond. We'll visually attempt to detect the leak in your plumbing and repair it the same day whenever possible.
One of the most critical systems of your home is the plumbing system that smoothly carries water throughout your home—when everything is working. When you have a clogged drain, leaky faucet, broken washing machine, standstill sump pump, a malfunctioning garbage disposal, a cracked sink, or an overflowing toilet, you need a plumber. Preferably, you need an experienced, local plumber who knows exactly what they're doing. Even when nothing's broken or going wrong, keeping your kitchen and bath areas well-maintained and in good repair can help improve your home's value—not to mention add to your enjoyment of living there. Keeping up with the maintenance and adding upgrades, such as replacing a sink, faucet, showerhead, toilet, or bathtub liner or wall surround, however, can be technically difficult and overwhelming, and that's where Amazon.com Plumbing Services, and the plumbers that list there, comes in.
If left unfixed, a running toilet or a leaky faucet can end up costing you hundreds of dollars. Check out your water bill and how your water is running. If you find your kitchen dripping non-stop and your water bill going higher, you may have a leak! Let Parker & Sons put a stop to those leaks. Our team of expert plumbers will make sure to get the work done faster, get it right the first time, and do it efficiently.
Cast iron and ductile iron pipe was long a lower-cost alternative to copper, before the advent of durable plastic materials but special non-conductive fittings must be used where transitions are to be made to other metallic pipes, except for terminal fittings, in order to avoid corrosion owing to electrochemical reactions between dissimilar metals (see galvanic cell).[18]
I had another lady who said she wanted to run to the grocery store to get some coffee to make for me and my guys while we were installing her new kitchen. She said she was just gonna run to the store and asked if we wouldn't mind keeping an eye out for her one-year-old daughter who was sleeping at the time. We said fine, but she ended up not returning until four hours later. The kid was screaming her head off and we didn't know what to do. We tried holding her. We didn't know if she was hungry or what to feed her. She just kept crying.


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Milwaukee Art Museum
From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia
Related e
The Milwaukee Art Museum (MAM) is an art museum in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Its collection contains nearly 25,000 works of art.
See also
- Argo, a sculpture on the grounds
- The Calling, a sculpture in the Museum's collection on adjacent O'Donnell Park
Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "Milwaukee Art Museum" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on original research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.


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Results showing 79% of local authorities (LAs) thought that source separated collections give reprocessers the best quality materials have been welcomed by the Campaign for Real Recycling (CRR). The figures were part of MRWs State of the Nation Report 2008 published earlier this month.
CRR spokesman Phil Hurst said: It is heartening that the vast majority of councils surveyed think that source separated collections give reprocessors the best quality materials.
If only the views of your readers were reflected in collection policy at the ground level. If 79% of all LAs, as many as agreed with the survey statement, practiced source segregation we would not need a Campaign for Real Recycling; collection costs for LAs would be lower; and our reprocessing industry would be looking to expand, employing more people and benefiting the UK economy as a whole."
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Trunk Muzik 3 Available Now
The exclusive SSLP20 Anniversary Merch Capsule will launch later this week on the Official Eminem Store. More below.
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The worst type of dietary fat is the kind known as trans fat. It is a byproduct of a process called hydrogenation that is used to turn healthy oils into solids and to prevent them from becoming rancid. Trans fats have no known health benefits and that there is no safe level of consumption. Therefore, they have been officially banned in the United States.
Olives are rich in monounsaturated fat. Add them to salads or snacks, and cook with olive oil whenever possible as part of a heart-healthy diet. "Olive oil is made up of triglycerides that contain a very large percentage of monounsaturated fatty acids," says Janet Bond Brill, PhD, a registered dietitian and author of Cholesterol Down: 10 Simple Steps to Lower Your Cholesterol in 4 Weeks Without Prescription Drugs and Prevent a Second Heart Attack: 8 Foods, 8 Weeks to Reverse Heart Disease. "Up to 80 percent of olive oil is monounsaturated, primarily the omega-9 fatty acid known as oleic acid. The high monounsaturated fatty acid content of olive oil is extremely cardioprotective — it cuts your 'bad' cholesterol level, helps prevent atherosclerosis, and can bump up your level of HDL, the 'good' cholesterol." Try this simple olive-based side dish of chard with green olives, currants, and goat cheese.
The benefits of avocados are so numerous that they're one of the healthiest fruits you can consume, not to mention one of the top healthy fats for keto. Avocado nutrition is rich in monounsaturated fats, which raises levels of good cholesterol while lowering the bad — talk about a double-whammy. Avocados are also packed with the benefits of vitamin E, which help fight free radical damage, boost immunity and act as an anti-aging nutrient for your skin. (7)
Smear some toast or apple slices with peanut butter and you have a breakfast or snack with staying power. The unsaturated fats in peanut butter help make the meal satisfying by making it take longer to digest, and it's also packed with protein. Stick to natural peanut butter to avoid the added sugars and unhealthy partially hydrogenated fats that are added to other kinds of peanut butter.
When comparing saturated vs. unsaturated fat, it's generally recommended that unsaturated fatty acids should make up the majority of your fat intake. One study in 2015 showed that replacing just 5 percent of calories from saturated fats with an equal amount from polyunsaturated or monounsaturated fatty acids resulted in a 25 percent and 15 percent reduced risk of heart disease, respectively. (6) However, both offer a unique set of benefits and can be included in moderation as part of a well-balanced and healthy diet.
Following the momentous Seven Countries Study, organizations like the American Heart Association began urging consumers to cut down on consumption of saturated fat to improve heart health despite the lack of evidence demonstrating a clear link between saturated fat and heart disease. Not only did this cause confusion for consumers about the differences between saturated versus unsaturated fat, but it also caused many people to associate overall fat intake with weight gain and heart problems.
A handful of nuts goes a long way! They provide a protective benefit for heart health and contain what is known as good fat. Nuts help to burn calories more efficiently and are proven to add a satiety factor into your daily diet. This, Warren says, helps with not overloading on calories from other foods. A creative way to use nuts as salad add-ins is by whipping up a simple nut sauce made with almond butter to dress your salad. You can also chop a few of your favorites—almonds and walnuts are particularly good in salads—and sprinkle them in.
Polyunsaturated fats are required for some of the normal body functions listed above, but the body can't produce them so they must be obtained from foods. Omega 3 fatty acids are a type of polyunsaturated fat and can be found in cold-water high-fat fish like salmon, mackerel, and sardines, and in flaxseeds, chia seeds, walnuts, canola oil (again look for non-GMO or organic), and unhydrogenated soybean oil (also look for non-GMO or organic as most soy products in the US are GMO unless they specifically state non-GMO or organic.) Omega 3's are also found in some greens, including romaine, spinach, and arugula. Note that the body only partially converts plant-based omega 3's to DHA and EPA, which are found in cold-water fish
As SELF has previously reported, research is starting to suggest that consuming full-fat dairy products over low-fat or fat-free ones may have weight-control benefits. It may even help reduce type 2 diabetes risk. One cup (8 ounces) of whole milk contains 8 grams of fat with 5 grams saturated fat versus skim milk, which contains none of either. Other proponents of keeping the fat in dairy products point out that you need fat to absorb the vitamin A and D in the milk, since they are fat-soluble vitamins.
So you might assume that fat is to blame for the obesity epidemic now plaguing our nation. Actually, fat is only part of the problem. Obesity is much more complicated than just overeating a single nutrient. Eating more calories -- from fats, carbohydrates, protein, and alcohol -- than you burn off leads to weight gain. Simply put, people who get little physical activity and eat a diet high in calories are going to gain weight. Genetics, age, sex, and lifestyle also weigh into the weight-gain formula.
Several studies explore and show the this type of saturated fat in coconut does not negatively affect cholesterol levels nor overall heart health like we were once told. Some studies have shown coconut oil moderately increases metabolic rate, which is often a "selling" point that it helps boost your metabolism and contribute to fat loss or weight control. I'll let these studies here, here, and here tell you what we do know.
Some forms of saturated fats, such as coconut oil, are comprised of medium-chain fatty acids, which are easier to metabolize than the long-chain fatty acids found in animal fats. This makes coconut oil much healthier for you. In fact, coconut oil has a whole host of other good properties, including lauric acid which is antiviral and antibacterial, and caprylic acid which is antifungal.
Avocado: One of the most widely known healthy fats, avocado makes an ideal addition to any dish at breakfast, lunch or dinner. It's also perfect as a stand alone snack! This powerhouse of a superfood isn't only a monounsaturated fat – it's also loaded with folate, potassium, fiber and vitamins E, C and B6. Don't forget to cook the pulp and eat it as well- the avocado seed is loaded with essential vitamins too! Don't let it go to waste!