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This document is an excerpt from the EUR-Lex website
Eligibility of expenditure of operations part-financed by the Structural Funds
Eligibility of expenditure of operations part-financed by the Structural Funds
Eligibility of expenditure of operations part-financed by the Structural Funds
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Eligibility of expenditure of operations part-financed by the Structural Funds
The Regulation establishes common rules at Community level on eligible expenditure for certain types of operations part-financed by the Structural Funds. The objective is to guarantee the uniform and fair implementation of the Structural Funds across the Community in 2000-06.
Commission Regulation (EC) No 1685/2000 of 28 July 2000 laying down detailed rules for the implementation of Council Regulation (EC) No 1260/1999 as regards eligibility of expenditure of operations co-financed by the Structural Funds [Official Journal L 193 of 29.07.2000] [See amending acts].
Where eligibility of expenditure is concerned, the general Regulation on the Structural Funds stipulates that the relevant national rules are to apply to eligible expenditure unless the Commission deems it necessary to adopt common rules.
The Regulations establishing the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), the European Agricultural Guidance and Guarantee Fund (EAGGF), the European Social Fund (ESF) and the Financial Instrument for Fisheries Guidance (FIFG) specify the types of operation that they may help to part-finance.
Expenditure is eligible when it is incurred between the date when eligibility commences (the date on which the Commission receives the grant application) and the final date of eligibility (fixed in the Commission Decision granting a contribution from the Funds).
These common rules on eligible expenditure apply to the following forms of assistance from the Funds: operational programmes (OPs), single programming documents (SPDs), Community Initiative programmes (CIPs), technical assistance and innovative actions. They do not affect which Fund can part-finance an operation. Moreover, Member States are always free to adopt stricter national provisions.
Rule No 1 - Expenditure actually incurred
As a general rule, the final beneficiaries are the bodies or public or private firms directly responsible for commissioning the operation concerned. In the case of State aid schemes and aid granted by bodies designated by the Member States, the final beneficiaries are the bodies which grant the aid to the individual recipients.
Payments by final beneficiaries (advance payments, intermediate payments and payments of the balance) are cash payments accompanied by receipted invoices or accounting documents of equivalent probative value. This provision is without prejudice to clauses in contracts signed under public procurement procedures and complies with the special rules applying to investment in the forestry sector. In some specific cases, other costs and contributions may be included in the payments by final beneficiaries:
The cost of depreciation of real estate or equipment counts as eligible expenditure provided that national or Community grants have not contributed towards their purchase, and provided the cost complies with accounting standards and relates to the part-financing period of the operation concerned.
Contributions in kind:
Contributions in kind count as eligible expenditure if they involve the provision of land or real estate, equipment or materials, research or professional activity, or unpaid voluntary work.
Such contributions must be valued by an independent expert or organisation. The value of unpaid voluntary work is assessed on the basis of the amount of time spent and the normal hourly and daily rate for the work carried out.
Overheads count as eligible expenditure provided that they are based on real costs and allocated pro rata to the operation, according to a duly justified fair and equitable method.
Payments into venture capital, loan and guarantee funds are treated as expenditure actually paid out.
Expenditure relating to subcontracts is not eligible where the contracts concerned result in an increase in the cost of implementing the project with no corresponding added value, or are with intermediaries or consultants paid a percentage of the total cost of the project.
Rule No 2 - Accounting treatment of revenue
Revenue may be derived from sales, rentals, services, enrolment fees or other equivalent receipts. It reduces the amount of the contribution from the Structural Funds. No later than at the closure of the assistance, revenue must be deducted from the eligible expenditure of the part-financed operation, either in full or in part depending on whether it was generated entirely or only in part by that operation.
Rule No 3 - Financial and other charges and legal expenses
Except in the case of global grants, interest on debts (other than expenditure on interest subsidies to reduce the cost of borrowing for businesses in the context of a State aid scheme), charges for financial transactions, exchange costs and other purely financial costs are not eligible for part-financing by the Structural Funds. Nor are fines, financial penalties and expenditure on disputes.
Conversely, the Structural Funds may part-finance the bank charges for opening and administering an account and the costs of legal advice, lawyers' fees, technical or financial expertise, accounting and audit. The same rules apply to trans-national financial transactions under the Peace II programme and the Interreg III, Leader+, Equal and Urban II Community Initiatives after deduction of the interest received on advance payments.
Rule No 4 - Purchase of second-hand material
The purchase of second-hand equipment is eligible provided the seller of the equipment provides a declaration stating its origin and confirming that at no point during the previous seven years has it been purchased with the aid of national or Community grants. The price of the equipment may not exceed its market value or the cost of similar new equipment. The equipment must have the technical characteristics necessary for the operation.
Rule No 5 - Purchase of land
The purchase of land which has not been built on is eligible for part-financing by the Structural Funds provided the transaction does not represent more than 10% of the total eligible expenditure of the operation. There must be a direct link between the purchase and the objectives of the operation. A qualified independent expert or an official body must confirm that the price of the land does not exceed the market value.
For environmental conservation operations, the managing authority authorises the purchase of land and its use for a period specified in the light of the operation's objectives. Under no circumstances may such land be used for agricultural purposes. The purchase must be made by or on behalf of a public institution or a body governed by public law.
Rule No 6 - Purchase of real estate
Real estate means buildings that have already been built and the land on which they are built. The purchase of real estate is eligible if there is a direct link between the purchase and the objectives of the operation. The building may not have received a national or Community grant within the previous ten years. A qualified independent expert or an official body must confirm that the price of the land does not exceed the market value.
Rule No 7 - VAT and other taxes and charges
In general, VAT counts as eligible expenditure only if it is genuinely and definitively borne by the final beneficiary (or by the individual recipient in the context of a State aid scheme) and if Directive 77/388/EEC has been complied with. Whether the final beneficiary or the individual recipient is a public or private body does not affect whether the VAT is eligible.
Other taxes, levies and charges (in particular direct taxes and social security contributions on wages and salaries) arising from part-financing by the Structural Funds are not eligible unless they have been genuinely and definitively borne by the final beneficiary (or by the individual recipient in the context of a State aid scheme).
Rule No 8 - Venture capital and loan funds
Venture capital funds, venture capital holding funds and loan funds are investment tools set up specifically to provide equity or other forms of risk capital, including loans, to small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). They are set up as independent legal entities governed by agreements between the shareholders, or as separate blocks of finance within an existing financial institution.
These funds are eligible for part-financing by the Structural Funds, whose participation may be accompanied by co-investments or guarantees from other Community financing instruments. Under no circumstances can the Commission become a partner or shareholder.
The part-financers or sponsors of funds must submit a prudent business plan specifying, among other things, the targeted market, the appropriations, the terms and conditions of financing, the operational budget of the fund, the part-financing partners, the fund's by-laws, the independence of the management and the provisions for winding up the fund. The managing authority must evaluate such business plans carefully.
Funds may invest only in the establishment, early stages (seed capital) or expansion of SMEs, and only in activities which are judged to be economically viable. They may not invest in firms in difficulty. Moreover, the contribution of such funds is subject to the ceilings laid down in the general Regulation on the Structural Funds.
When the operation is closed, the eligible expenditure of the fund (the final beneficiary) is the capital that has been invested in or loaned out to SMEs, including the management costs incurred. Management costs may not exceed 5% of the paid-up capital on a yearly average.
The Commission recommends (but does not insist on) the following standards of good practice:
Rule No 9 - Guarantee funds
Guarantee funds are financing instruments that guarantee venture capital, loan funds and other risk financing schemes against losses arising from their investments in SMEs. Such funds may be mutual funds subscribed by SMEs, commercially-run funds with private-sector partners, or wholly publicly-financed funds. Participation by the Structural Funds' should be accompanied by part-guarantees provided by other Community financing instruments.
Like venture-capital and loan funds, guarantee funds are set up as independent legal entities and the Commission may not become a partner or shareholder. The part-financers or sponsors of these funds must submit a prudent business plan. Any part of the Structural Funds' contribution left over after the guarantees have been honoured must be reused for SME development activities in the same eligible area.
When the operation is closed, the eligible expenditure of the fund (the final beneficiary) is the amount of the paid-up capital of the fund necessary, on the basis of an independent audit, to cover the guarantees provided, including the incurred management costs, which may not exceed 2% of the paid-up capital on a yearly average.
Rule No 10 - Leasing
Expenditure incurred in the context of leasing operations is eligible for part-financing by the Structural Funds on the following terms:
Aid granted to the lessor:
The lessor is the direct recipient of the Community part-financing, which is used to reduce all the leasing rentals made by the lessee for the duration of the leasing period for the assets covered by the leasing contract.
The expenditure eligible for part-financing is the purchase of the asset by the lessor, the amount of must be lower than the market value of the rented asset. Other costs connected with the leasing contract (tax, lessor's margin, interest refinancing costs, overheads, insurance charges, etc.) are not eligible expenditure.
Aid granted to the lessee:
The lessee is the direct recipient of the Community part-financing. Rent paid to the lessor is eligible for part-financing by the Member States. However, other costs connected with the leasing contract, (tax, lessor's margin, interest refinancing costs, overheads, insurance charges, etc.) are not eligible.
Sale and lease back:
Leasing rental paid by a lessee under a sale and lease-back scheme may count as eligible expenditure.
Rule No 11 - Costs incurred in managing and implementing the Structural Funds
As a general rule, the costs incurred in the management, implementation, monitoring and inspection of the Structural Funds are not eligible for part-financing. However, on certain conditions, exceptions can be made for expenditure:
Expenditure on salaries, including social security contributions, is eligible only for civil servants or other staff seconded to carry out the tasks referred to above and eligible for Community assistance.
In the context of general assistance from the Structural Funds (Objective 1 , Objective 2 , Objective 3), Community part-financing of expenditure on implementation, monitoring and inspection depends on the total amount of assistance and is subject to the following ceilings: (a) 2.5% where the total contribution is less than or equal to 100 million, (b) 2% where the total contribution is between 100 million and 500 million, (c) 1% where the total contribution is between 500 million and 1 billion, and (d) 0.5% where the total contribution is more than 1 billion. For the Community Initiatives, the special programme Peace II and innovative actions, the ceiling is 5% of the total contribution.
Technical assistance measures (studies, seminars, information measures, evaluation and the acquisition and installation of computerised systems for management, monitoring and evaluation) are not subject to ceilings.
Rule No 12 - Eligibility of operations depending on the location
As a general rule, operations part-financed by the Structural Funds should be located in the eligible region. Exceptions can be made in cases where a region concerned by a measure will benefit wholly or partly from an operation located outside that region. In such cases, the operation must be located in a NUTS III area immediately adjacent to the eligible region. The maximum eligible expenditure is then calculated pro rata to the expected benefits (at least 50%), but may not exceed 10% of total expenditure on the measure or 5% of the total expenditure on assistance.
In the case of operations financed by the FIFG or relating to the most remote regions, eligibility for part-financing is subject to the Commission's approval. The evaluation will take account in particular of the proximity of the operation to the region, the expected benefit to the region and the amount of the expenditure in proportion to the total expenditure under the measure.
Regulation (EC) No 1685/2000 is retroactive and applies from 5 August 2000.
Entry into force - Date of expiry
Deadline for transposition in the Member States
Official Journal
Regulation (EC) No 1685/2000
OJ L 193 of 29.07.2000
Amending act(s)
Entry into force
Deadline for transposition in the Member States
Official Journal
Regulation (EC) No 1685/2000
OJ L 193 of 29.07.2000
Commission Regulation (EC) No 1681/94 of 11 July 1994 concerning irregularities and the recovery of sums wrongly paid in connection with the financing of the structural policies and the organization of an information system in this field [Official Journal L 178 of 12.07.1994].
This regulation was amended by Regulation (EC) No 2035/2005 [Official Journal L 328 of 15.12.2005], whose provisions apply from 1 January 2006 onwards.
Last updated: 02.01.2006


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An outstanding fall sports season highlighted by superior team performances has put Hope in a familiar position atop the Commissioner's Cup standings of the Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association (MIAA).
An outstanding fall sports season highlighted by superior team performances has put Hope in a familiar position atop the Commissioner's Cup standings of the Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association (MIAA).
Hope's athletic program is bidding for a 12th consecutive Commissioner's Cup, which is presented to the member school with the best cumulative performance over an entire school year in the 18 league-sponsored sports for men and women.
The college's sports year is only one-third complete, but the Flying Dutch and Flying Dutchmen have served notice that the Cup won't easily be relinquished. Through the fall season, Hope has a 22-point advantage highlighted by league championships in men's golf and women's cross country. Across the eight fall sports, seven teams finished in second place or higher. A year ago, rival Calvin topped the Cup standings after the fall season by four points. With some outstanding spring-season play, Hope went on to win a record 33rd Cup, edging the college's rival at school-year's end by a mere four points.
The MIAA this year introduced a new approach for determining the league's qualifier to NCAA championship play. Regular-season play now determines the conference champion and a season-ending tournament involving the top four teams in a sport is held with the winner moving on to NCAA play. There were five opportunities for fall teams to qualify and advance. Hope was the only MIAA member to gain all five opportunities.
Coaching milestones were achieved in two sports. Becky Schmidt recorded her 200th victory as Hope's volleyball coach during Homecoming. It was accomplished in just her eighth season. Averaging nearly 26 victories a season, she has a 207-63 (77 percent) mark, won four MIAA championships and made five appearances in the NCAA tournament. Steven Smith, the dean of MIAA men's soccer coaches, posted his 300th all-time win. In 22 seasons he has guided the Flying Dutchmen to a record of 308-100-37 (77 percent), nine MIAA titles and 10 NCAA appearances. Entering the 2011 season, he ranked in the top 20 among the winningest all-time Division III coaches by percentage.
A fall sports highlight came in men's soccer, where the Flying Dutchmen advanced dramatically to the elite eight of the NCAA championships for the first time in school history.
Each of Hope's three victories in the NCAA tournament came in dramatic fashion, off a throw-in, on a corner kick and in a shootout. The Flying Dutchmen were ultimately eliminated in their fourth consecutive single-goal game. Coach Steven Smith's Dutchmen equaled the school record for victories in a season (17-5-4).
Senior goalkeeper Logan Neil of Holland, Mich., was voted the MIAA's most valuable player for a second consecutive year. He was joined on the All-MIAA first team by senior teammates David Whitaker of Vicksburg, Mich., and Shaun Groetsema of Augusta, Mich.
Brothers Logan and Grant Neil brought extra excitement to the soccer pitch. A senior Logan was the goalkeeper, while Grant, a sophomore, started at back. They are the sons of Matt Neil, Hope's men's basketball coach. A two-time MIAA most valuable player, Logan Neil yielded less than a goal per game over his career. Perhaps his most exciting moment came in an unusual dual role during a NCAA Sectional tournament game. With the game on the line in a shootout, Logan first stepped to the penalty shot line and nailed his kick. He then returned to his position in front of the net and turned away a shot by the opponent to give Hope the victory. Grant established his credentials for his ability on throw-ins. His long, accurate throw-ins over the course of the season resulted in eight Flying Dutchmen goals.
The Flying Dutch advanced to the MIAA women's soccer tournament by gaining the tie-breaker after tying with rival Calvin for fourth place in the regular season. Coach Leigh Sears' Dutch were 12-8 overall.
The Flying Dutchmen moved back atop the MIAA men's golf standing. The championship under coach Bob Ebels was Hope's tenth over the past 13 years. It was the comeback effort of the fall season. Hope was in fifth place early in the season and didn't move into first until there were two tournaments remaining. The team's margin of victory at the end was 19 strokes over eight tournaments. Junior Nick Campbell of Saline, Mich., received All-MIAA first-team honors for a third consecutive year, and senior Andy Thomson of Beaver Dam, Wis., was presented the league's sportsmanship award.
In women's golf, coach Greg Stafford's Flying Dutch had their best MIAA ending in eight years with a second-place finish. Achieving All-MIAA first team honors were junior Charlotte Park of Grosse Pointe Farms, Mich., and freshman Brittany Haight of Otsego, Mich.
Both golf teams are eligible to compete in the NCAA qualifying tournament next spring.
Cross Country
Strong season-ending performances propelled Hope to a league championship in women's cross country and a runner-up finish for the men. With five runners finishing within 18 seconds of one another at the league meet, the Flying Dutch edged defending champion Calvin by three points to claim their first league crown since 2004 and the sixth in school history. Team balance was also an attribute for the Flying Dutchmen, with the top five runners finishing within 47 seconds of one another.
Coached by Mark Northuis '82, the program counted three All-MIAA first team honorees: senior Nathan Love of Midland, Mich., sophomore Sheri McCormack of Holland, Mich., and senior Kate Nelson of Williamston, Mich.
The Flying Dutch went on to qualify as a team for the NCAA championships, where they finished 21st in a field of 32 teams. Nathan Love qualified as an individual for the second consecutive year, finishing 81st in the elite field of 279 runners.
The Flying Dutchmen of coach Dean Kreps enjoyed a comeback season, finishing second in the MIAA standings and posting an overall 7-3 mark, the team's best record since 2001.
Receiving All-MIAA first team honors were senior offensive tackle Josh Droppers of Kalamazoo, Mich., senior defensive lineman Dan Karam of Grosse Point Woods, Mich., sophomore linebacker Tim Klaus of Saugatuck, Mich., and senior defensive back Kyle Warren of Grandville, Mich. Droppers and Warren were each honored for a third consecutive year. For Droppers it was the continuation of a family football tradition. His grandfather, Donald "Doc" Van Hoeven '56, was All-MIAA in 1954; his father, Kurt Droppers '79, was All-MIAA in 1978; and his brother, Jake Droppers '08, was All-MIAA in 2006 and 2007. Who knows what the future holds: Joe Droppers, younger brother of Jake and Josh, was a freshman member of the team this fall. All have been linemen.
An individual season highlight came in the final game and received national recognition when sophomore Santino DiCesare of Dorr, Mich., returned a pass interception the full length of the field for a touchdown. It marked the second time in 102-year history of Hope football that an intercepted pass was returned 100 yards for a TD. The first time was in 1996 by Randy Ames against Adrian.
A rebuilding-season was actually a reloading-year for the Flying Dutch, who were nationally ranked the entire campaign. Finishing second in the MIAA behind rival Calvin, coach Becky Schmidt's Flying Dutch posted a 25-7 overall record and advanced to the NCAA championships for a fourth consecutive year. Receiving All-MIAA first team honors were junior Greer Bratschie of Grand Rapids, Mich., and freshman Jenna Grasmeyer of Hudsonville, Mich. They each received All-Region honors, and Grasmeyer was honored as the MIAA's freshman of the year.

subset: commoncrawl


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Start FREE CDL Air Brakes Montana (MT) Test #2 2016 Now:
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Test 2 of 2. Prepare for your CDL Air Brakes Test by using this great drivers ed. Use this FREE CDL Practice Test to check your knowledge and see if you are ready for the actual exam. The questions are very similar to the real CDL Air Brakes Test. Start your Free CDL MONTANA (MT) Training Now!
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A straight truck or bus air brakes system should not leak at the rate of more than ___ psi per minute with the engine off and the brakes released.
Which of these in NOT a proper time to apply the parking brakes?
With air brake vehicles, the parking brakes should be used:
Why should you drain water from compressed air tanks?
If the spring brakes are on, when should you push the brake pedal?
To check the free play of manual slack adjusters of S-cam brakes, you should park on:
Excessive heat caused by using your brakes too often can also cause:
If you must make an emergency stop, you should brake so you:
The use of brakes on a long and steep downgrade under normal conditions is only a supplement to:
The most important thing to do when a low air pressure warning comes on is
The parking or emergency brake on a heavy vehicle can only be held in position be something that cannot leak away like:
Air braking takes more time than hydraulic braking because air:
When brakes are applied the brake shoes will press against the:
At what pressure does the safety valve automatically discharge?
Emergency stab braking is:
A slack adjuster's free play needs to be adjusted if it is more than about ____how many inches when you pull hard on it?
If air pressure is not built up within the correct amount of time, then:
At what psi does the safety valve reduce pressure?
When brakes are applied the brake shoes will align to press against the:
The supply pressure gauge shows how much pressure:
The supply pressure gauge shows how much pressure:
The braking power of the spring brakes:
Your brakes are fading when:
If your vehicle has an alcohol evaporator, it is there to:
The air compressor governor controls:
Modern air brakes system combines three different systems. They are the service, the parking and the ____ brakes
If you do not have automatic tank drains, how often should you drain the oil and water from the bottom of the compressed air storage tanks?
In ideal conditions a truck or bus with an air brake going at 55 mph would require stopping distance of how many feet?
When is it OK to leave your truck unattended without applying the parking brakes and choking the wheels?
The stop light switch:
It is not safe to drive a vehicle that has brake drums with cracks that are longer than ____of the width of the friction area.
To test air service brakes you should:
If you are driving down the steep downgrade and you have reached the speed of 40 mph, you would apply the service brake until your speed dropped to below ____ mph.
The application pressure gauge shows how much air pressure you:
Some air brake systems have an alcohol evaporator. What may happen if you don't keep the proper level of an alcohol?


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Fox Hypes Bogus Theory That ATF Operation Meant To Lay Groundwork For Stricter Gun Laws
Research ››› ››› MIKE BURNS
Continuing its pattern of hyping ridiculous conspiracy theories to attack the Obama administration, Fox News baselessly suggested that the ATF's Operation Fast and Furious was deliberately designed to go badly in order to justify stricter U.S. gun laws. In fact, even a report prepared for House Oversight Committee Chairman Darrell Issa (R-CA) and Sen. Chuck Grassley (R-IA) refutes this theory.
Fox Forwards Theory That ATF Operation "Was Allowed To Happen To Justify Tougher Gun Laws In The U.S."
Fox Correspondent La Jeunesse: "Some Say [Operation Fast And Furious] Was Innocent, Others Believe It Was Allowed To Happen To Justify Tougher Gun Laws In The U.S." On the June 13 edition of Fox News' supposed "straight news" program Special Report, Fox News correspondent William La Jeunesse correctly noted that a Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives operation "put thousands of guns into the hands of Mexican cartels with the intent of seeing where those guns were going." But later in the segment, La Jeunesse treated the bogus theory that the operation "was allowed to happen to justify tougher gun laws in the U.S." as an equally plausible explanation for the program. From the segment:
BRET BAIER (host): Congress today looked into a secret government project to track guns to Mexican drug cartels that allegedly backfired in a spectacular and deadly fashion. Correspondent William La Jeunesse reports on the inquiry into Operation Fast and Furious.
ISSA: The American people deserve prompt and complete answers to the questions surrounding this operation.
LA JEUNESSE: House Government Oversight Committee Chairman Darrell Issa laid the legal groundwork to hold in contempt the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives Director Ken Melson and potentially Attorney General Eric Holder over their refusal to hand over documents regarding Operation Fast and Furious, the administration's secret program that put thousands of guns into the hands of Mexican cartels with the intent of seeing where those guns were going. Yet publicly it blamed U.S. gun stores.
BARACK OBAMA: More than 90 percent of the guns recovered in Mexico come from the United States.
LA JEUNESSE: For months the administration ignored Issa's subpoena for reports explaining how Fast and Furious got started, communications between the FBI and the ATF over guns related to the death of Border Agent Brian Terry, and documents between the ATF and the DOJ regarding Fast and Furious.
ISSA: Now the question is "Will DOJ give us the documents or will law enforcement officials little by little, as whistleblowers, give us exactly what we want to show that this problem goes to the highest levels?"
LA JEUNESSE: Documents show ATF allowed Jaime Avila to buy 47 weapons after it knew he smuggled them to Mexico, including the one that killed Agent Terry. The ATF also let Uriel Patino buy more than 600 guns, including dozens of AK-47s, while agents watched him on video camera.
REP. ELIJAH CUMMINGS (D-MD): We can issue subpoenas, we can demand documents, and we can conduct depositions. But we have to exercise that authority responsibly.
LA JEUNESSE: Some Democrats and the Department of Justice fear releasing the documents could hurt an inspector general's investigation. Today's panel disagreed.
LA JEUNESSE: The president told Mexican TV Fast and Furious was a mistake. Some say it was innocent, others believe it was allowed to happen to justify tougher gun laws in the U.S. [Fox News, Special Report, 6/13/11]
Fox's MacCallum: "The Program's Aim Was To ... Build Up Evidence That Would Blame Cartel Violence On Gun Stores And Owners And Lax U.S. Gun Laws." During a segment on the June 14 edition of Fox News' America Live discussing Operation Fast and Furious, guest host Martha MacCallum correctly reported that the operation's "aim was to try to track gun sales in Mexico, to Mexico, rather." But MacCallum added, incorrectly, that the operation sought to "blame cartel violence on ... lax U.S. gun laws." From the segment:
MacCALLUM: We have breaking news on the botched U.S. gun operation that intentionally put guns in the hands of drug cartel members in Mexico and the investigation into whether those guns were used in murders. Now, the House Oversight Committee is set to release a stunning new report today that we're hearing will suggest that the Justice Department supervised the program and then tried to stonewall attempts to find out what really happened when the program went awry in Mexico.
MacCALLUM: So we are now awaiting the official release of this report from the House Oversight Committee on what was called the Operation Fast and Furious. Now, the program's aim was to try to track gun sales in Mexico, to Mexico, rather, and to build up evidence that would blame cartel violence on gun stores and owners and lax U.S. gun laws, OK? Now, Attorney General Eric Holder claims neither he nor the president authorized this operation that essentially sent guns into Mexico in the hopes of following them and figuring out where they were going, and then they were used in murderous ways. [Fox News, America Live, 6/14/11]
FoxNews.com: "Critics Of The Program" Say Project Aimed To Track Gun Sales "To Build Up Evidence To Publicly Blame Cartel Violence On U.S. Gun Store Owners And Lax American Gun Laws." From a June 13 FoxNews.com article by La Jeunesse:
Since Watergate, Congress has held just 12 senior U.S. government officials in contempt for failure to produce subpoenaed documents. On Monday, that process begins again.
A hearing in the House Oversight and Government Reform Committee is laying the groundwork to compel U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder and the head of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives to turn over documents related to "Operation Fast and Furious," a secret Obama administration program that put thousands of guns into the hands of Mexican drug cartels.
Fast and Furious aimed to track gun sales to Mexico, allegedly, say critics of the program, to build up evidence to publicly blame cartel violence on U.S. gun store owners and lax American gun laws. [FoxNews.com, 6/13/11]
In March, Fox "Straight News" Program Hosted NRA's LaPierre To Push Theory That Government Tried To Create "A River Of Guns" Flowing Into Mexico For "Political Advantage." On March 10, Fox News' Happening Now hosted National Rifle Association executive vice president Wayne LaPierre to discuss the ATF program. LaPierre asserted that "the Obama administration, Hillary Clinton and Attorney General [Eric] Holder have blam[ed] Second Amendment freedom" for Mexican drug violence, but "can only prove a trickle of guns going down to Mexico." LaPierre then suggested that "someone in government decided to change that trickle into a river of guns going down there to seek political advantage." From the segment:
JON SCOTT (co-host): Your point, Wayne, is that a lot of these gun sales, in your view, would have been squelched, some of these gun dealers wanted to question the sales, wanted to prevent guns from going, but Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms wouldn't let them.
LaPIERRE: Yeah, that's right. I mean, there needs to be a thorough congressional investigation on all this. What it looks like to a lot of people is the Obama administration, Hillary Clinton, and Attorney General Holder have spent the last two and a half years blaming the Second Amendment freedom in this country for what's going on with the cartels in effort to set the stage for more gun restrictions on the law abiding people in this country. And yet they can only prove a trickle of guns going down to Mexico. Someone in the government, it looks like to a lot of people, decided to change that trickle into a river of guns going down there to seek political advantage. I mean, they have almost no prosecutions, very few out of it. They sent thousands and thousands of guns over to the cartels, and there was such a long period of time while great law enforcement officers said, "It's crazy, it's idiotic. Why are you going it? It makes no sense and people are going to get killed." [Fox News, Happening Now, 3/10/11, via Media Matters]
Even Issa's Report Found That "Purpose" Of Project Was To "Build A Large, Complex Conspiracy Case"
Issa Report: "The Purpose Was To Wait And Watch, In The Hope That Law Enforcement Could Identify Other Members Of A Trafficking Network And Build A Large, Complex Conspiracy Case." Fox's conspiracy theory is not even supported by a report prepared by members of Issa's and Grassley's staff. A "joint staff report" prepared for House Oversight Committee chairman Rep. Darrell Issa (R-CA) and Sen. Chuck Grassley (R-IA) found that the ultimate purpose of Operation Fast and Furious was to "identify other members of a trafficking network and build a large, complex conspiracy case." From the report:
In the fall of 2009, the Department of Justice (DOJ) developed a risky new strategy to combat gun trafficking along the Southwest Border. The new strategy directed federal law enforcement to shift its focus away from seizing firearms from criminals as soon as possible -- and to focus instead on identifying members of trafficking networks. The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) implemented that strategy using a reckless investigative technique that street agents call "gunwalking." ATF's Phoenix Field Division began allowing suspects to walk away with illegally purchased guns. The purpose was to wait and watch, in the hope that law enforcement could identify other members of a trafficking network and build a large, complex conspiracy case.
The operation's goal was to establish a nexus between straw purchasers of assault-style weapons in the United States and Mexican drug-trafficking organizations (DTOs) operating on both sides of the United States-Mexico border. Straw purchasers are individuals who are legally entitled to purchase firearms for themselves, but who unlawfully purchase weapons with the intent to transfer them into the hands of DTOs or other criminals. [Joint Staff Report on The Department Of Justice's Operation Fast And Furious: Accounts Of ATF Agents, 6/14/11]
- Issa Had Promised To Hold The Obama Administration Accountable "Like They've Never Been Held Accountable." Issa is unlikely to have let the Obama administration off the hook, given his reported promise that in his role as House Oversight Committee chairman, "the Obama Administration will be held accountable 'like they've never been held accountable.' " [Human Events 10/19/10]
Issa Report: "Unfortunately, ATF Never Achieved The Laudable Goal Of Dismantling A Drug Cartel." From the staff report prepared for Issa and Grassley.
Unfortunately, ATF never achieved the laudable goal of dismantling a drug cartel. In fact, ATF never even got close. After months and months of investigative work, Fast and Furious resulted only in indictments of 20 straw purchasers. Those indictments came only after the death of U.S. Border Patrol Agent Brian Terry. The indictments, filed January 19, 2011, focus mainly on what is known as "lying and buying." Lying and buying involves a straw purchaser falsely filling out ATF Form 4473, which is to be completed truthfully in order to legally acquire a firearm. Even worse, ATF knew most of the indicted straw purchasers to be straw purchasers before Fast and Furious even began. [Joint Staff Report on The Department Of Justice's Operation Fast And Furious: Accounts Of ATF Agents, 6/14/11]
Fox Has A History Of Hyping Baseless Conspiracy Theories To Attack Obama
Fox Has Repeatedly Hyped Birther Conspiracy Theories. As Media Matters has documented, many of Fox's premiere personalities, including Sean Hannity and Bill O'Reilly, called on Obama to release his long form birth certificate following Donald Trump's lead. Even after the long form birth certificate was released, Fox Business host Eric Bolling tried to cast doubt on the document's authenticity, speculating that a portion of the document "had to be Photoshopped in." [Media Matters, 4/20/11]
Fox Has Promoted Falsehoods About Obama's Faith. Fox personalities have also repeatedly spreading falsehoods about Obama's faith, including that Obama attended a "madrassa," and questioning whether he is a Muslim. For instance, Fox News' Special Report aired a quote by Obama national security official Denis McDonough, in which he talked about how Obama "experienced Islam on three continents" and grew up in Indonesia with a Muslim father, and asked: "Islam or Isn't He?" [Media Matters, 11/29/10]
Fox Has Promoted Oil Spill Conspiracy Theories To Attack Obama. In addition, Fox personalities have promoted the theory that the Obama administration deliberately chose to let the BP oil spill "get really bad" so it would have an "excuse" to "shut down offshore drilling" and that Obama refused help with the spill in order to pass cap and trade. [Media Matters, 11/29/10]
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Views: 1082
Thank you Erin and after reading my post today, it looks standoffish (is that even a real word? Looks funny.) I didn't mean for it to be. I also realize I didn't talk about the work force. As far as work, I'll take the quick reply route. Women will take over the entire world soon. I already have my cooking apron for my new roll in life, lol.
However, we are not EQUAL to men , even though we can do what they can do, proven that!
For topics such as this, I tend to limit 'equality' to equal protection under the law, and equality in opportunity. I see them as being the most realistically attainable, and ethically appropriate, and prevents the "I can do anything you can do" pissing contest.
But they have not seemed to even try to do what we can do, and I don't mean giving birth! I mean taking equal responsibility for caring for their families… women have to pick up the childcare side of the household work and this is no easy task.
This is a gross generalization. From everything I've read and seen, the erosion of the nuclear family has spawned a wide variety of "domestic situations". Working mothers and stay at home dads are more common, as is more equal custody time for divorced couples with children. We would probably see more single fathers, and equality in shared custody if the legal system wasn't still mired in the "traditional values" stereotypes of "nurturing mother" and "provider father", but then legal change usually follows social change, and not the other way around.
Our society does not value women, or "traditional" women's work, and that's why men think its degrading and won't do it
Another over-generalization. While older generations and the more fundamentally religious groups tend to cling more to the "traditional" role stereotypes, more and more people are adapting to the needs of the changing social and economic climate. Far bigger problems in this regard (and in general) are the culture of entitlement and instant gratification that infects both genders these days, and classist bias that is heavily influenced by race.
I do wonder if any of them ever feel its unfair that they don't get paternity leave or if their boss gives them a hard time for wanting to stay home with a sick kind, when that's where they know they should be!
If they don't, then they should. To achieve true equality, there should be a legal restructuring that focuses on:
-a return in focus to well rounded K-12 education instead of tracked education,
-equality in availability of student loans and education grants,
-equality in hiring/wage/promotion/bonus practices based on merit and ability,
-equality in paternity/materinity leave and other benefits,
-equality in divorce and child custoday procedings, with strict enforcement of perjury statues during them,
-equality in social services for health and welfare.
Feminists and MRAs both have their criticisms; dead beat dads, hypergamous gold-diggers, wage disparity in favor of men, divorce/child custody laws in favor of women, blaming the victim tendencies in situations of rape, false accusations of rape, domestic abuse against women, the lack of support for men who are victims of domestic abuse… and the list goes on. The problem is that in many cases the criticisms are simply parroted generalizations and stereotypes, and little more than a spleen vent against "the other".
I see these issues being handled more effectively by broadening the scope to include ethnicity, sexuality, gender identity, and socioeconomic classism. It helps to prevent an 'us vs. them' entrenchment, and gives proper focus to problems that have solutions in a far larger arena.
Egad, sorry about the length of this reply.
Nice post, Obfuskation.
I'd like to explore the idea that some people mentioned about how men who choose to do things that are considered feminine, or even act in a feminine way are put down by some. The idea that people who are not fitting into gender roles are not okay, is this part of the hatred towards homosexuals?
Regarding the former, I think it is part of the friction of evolving out of the traditional role mindset. Change always involves some sort of conflict. People just need to remember that they only get so much time in their life, and they should spend it doing things that make them happy, not things that other people necessarily approve of. As more people do it, and it becomes the norm, there will be less conflict.
Regarding the latter, it is interesting that studies show that homophobia tends to manifest in people who have homosexual tendencies, but are suppressing their natural urges due to being raised in "conservative" households. Then, of course, there are the 'holy' books and their fundamentalist adherents.
And for homosexual couples raising children, they must negotiate a way to decide who's going to do what, how do they do that?
They do like every other couple should be doing, they talk about what needs to be done, and agree on a plan on how to do it.
Again, each person or relationship is going to be different, so we can't say they all do this or they all do that. Anyone have any insight into this?
Since each person and relationship is different, different couples are going to have different methods to do the same thing. Like most things, there is an arc including methods that are more common, branching to those that are 'unconventional'. A good example of 'unconventional' is the couple that constantly argues and bitches back and forth, often in the middle of social activities that make everybody else uncomfortable. While it can be tedious for their friends, it works for them.
One of my favorite things about life is the fantastic variety between individuals and cultures, and the wealth of different things brought about by that variety. I think that the best way to navigate all of those differences, and enjoy them, is with respect, communication, and patience. Also, remembering that those differences are far more superficial than the things that make us the same.
Ugh, looks like my day for long posts.
I agree with the last few sentences of your article: things like maternity leave should be paralleled for men.
As far as the rest of it, I'm not really sure what you are implying needs to be done. If men are legitimately less interested than women in being homekeepers (and I think in general, they are), then what is the problem with the current state of the modern family?
Being "equal" doesn't mean being the same. It means having the same opportunities, and even with equality of opportunity, sociological forces will still shape the family into a unit with different roles. I mean, you wouldn't say it's unfair that women don't get penises, would you? The different sexes are fundamentally different (not unequal).


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The Contingent Value of Networked CollaborationVaarst Andersen, Kristina (Frederiksberg, 2011)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: Co-location of industry professionals often leads to development of collaboration networks, and multiple studies have emphasized the benefits of embedded collaboration. Due to higher levels of trust, embedded collaboration reduces transaction costs and facilitates ready knowledge exchanged. Other studies have pointed to dangers of over-embeddedness. The argument is that too high levels of embeddedness lead to habitual thinking, preferential treatment, and thereby mitigate performance. However, research on the conditions under which embeddedness in different types of collaboration networks primarily yields costs or benefits still leaves much to be investigated.... URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/8352
Files in this item: 1Kristina_Vaarst_Andersen.pdf (2.825Mb)
Leth Hougaard, Jens; Moreno-Ternero, Juan D.; Østerdal, Lars Peter (Frederiksberg, 2018)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: We study the optimal management of evolving hierarchies, which abound in real-life phenomena. An initiator invests into finding a subordinate, who will bring revenues to the joint venture and who will invest herself into finding another subordinate, and so on. The higher the individual investment (which is private information), the higher the probability of finding a subordinate. A transfer scheme specifies how revenues are reallocated, via upward transfers, as the hierarchy evolves. Each transfer scheme induces a game in which agents decide their investment choices. We consider two optimality notions for schemes: initiator-optimal and socially-optimal schemes. We show that the former are schemes imposing to each member a full transfer to two recipients (the predecessor and the initiator) with a constant ratio among the transfers. We show that the latter are schemes imposing full transfers to the immediate predecessors. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/9701
Files in this item: 1Hierarchies-2018-12-31.pdf (511.8Kb)
Ghiglino, Christian; Tvede, Mich (København, 1999)[More information][Less information]
URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/7548
Files in this item: 11998_8.pdf (389.0Kb)
Sørensen, Anders (København, 2006)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: Welfare ranking of policy instruments is addressed in a two-sector Ramsey model with monopoly pricing in one sector as the only distortion. When government spending is restricted, i.e. when a government is unable or unwilling to finance the required costs for implementing the optimum policy, subsidies that directly affect investment incentives may generate higher welfare effects than the direct instrument, which is a production subsidy. The driving mechanism is that an investment subsidy may be more cost effective than the direct instrument; and that the relative welfare gain from cost effectiveness can exceed the welfare loss from introducing new distortions. Moreover, it is found that the investment subsidy is gradually phased out of the welfare maximizing policy, which may be a policy combining the two subsidies, when the level of government spending is increased. Keywords: welfare ranking, indirect and direct policy instruments, restricted government spending JEL: E61, O21, O41 URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/7581
Files in this item: 1wp8-2006.pdf (362.5Kb)
Lando, Henrik (København, 2000)[More information][Less information]
URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/7144
Files in this item: 1wp2000-7.pdf (213.1Kb)
Lando, Henrik (København, 2008)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: When a court sets standards of due care in a tort or contract case with a view to how the standards will affect future behavior of parties similar to the litigants, it should sometimes realize that only one of the two future parties is likely to become informed of the standards. The standards can then only have a direct effect on the behavior of the informed party, and it may be thought that the court should hold the informed party strictly liable, which maximizes this effect. However, this ignores that the informed party may, although strictly liable, lower her level of care in order to induce the uninformed party to take greater care. In this situation, the negligence rule may do better than strict liability, since the discontinuity of the negligence rule can prevent the informed party from strategically lowering her level of care. Under the negligence rule, optimal standards are sensitive to whether the informed party acts first and to whether she is the injurer or the victim. For both the informed and the uninformed, there are circumstances in which the standard should be higher than first best and other circumstances where it should be lower. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/7221
Files in this item: 1wp01-2008.pdf (121.8Kb)
Måling, modeller og styringHansen, Flemming (København, 2003)[More information][Less information]
URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6659
Files in this item: 1
Blomgren-Hansen, Niels (København, 2008)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: In most countries labor is organzed in cooperating skill-speci c unions rather than in industrial unions or separately bargaining skill-speci c unions. Within an extremely simple model of a small open economy facing imperfect competition we show that this way of organizing labor can be explained as the outcome of rational (optimizing) behavior on the part of the unions and the employers. Organizing labor in local industrial cartels (regardless of skill) or a single economy wide cartel results in a real wage level that is inappropriately low both from the point of view of labor and the society as a whole unless labor has close to monopoly power in the wage setting process. Organizing labor in local or economy wide skill-speci c unions may result in a wage level that is too high. In addition, a labor market organized in non-cooperating unions is likely to be unstable. This dilemma calls for a compromise: A cartel of cooperating, independent skill-speci c unions. The degree and the form of the cooperation depend inter alia on the bargaining power of the employer, the number of skills and competing rms and the rigidity with which the unions enforce lines of demarcations. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/7599
Files in this item: 1wp3-2008.pdf (467.4Kb)
Klingler, Sven; Kim, Young Shin; Rachev, Svetlozar T.; Fabozzi, Frank J. (, 2013)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: In this paper, we introduce two new six-parameter processes based on time-changing tempered stable distributions and develop an option pricing model based on these processes. This model provides a good t to observed option prices. To demonstrate the advantages of the new processes, we conduct two empirical studies to compare their performance to other processes that have been used in the literature. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/9104
Files in this item: 1sven_klingler_option_pricing.pdf (279.7Kb)
Bechmann, Ken L.; Løchte Jørgensen, Peter (København, 2002)[More information][Less information]
URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/7183
Files in this item: 1bechmann_optionsafloenning.pdf (212.5Kb)
In-between organizing at Spira MirabilisPaunova, Minna; Svejenova, Silviya (Frederiksberg, 2016)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: Symphonic orchestras—"a mélange of musicians, volunteers, and paid staff whose contributions must be closely coordinated" (Allmendinger, Hackman, & Lehman, 1996: 194)—have been of growing interest for scholars of organization for their creative and collaborative performance through projects and their work under pressure. While their resemblance with bureaucratic and professional service organizations has been acknowledged, they have been found also akin to coordinated internal networks of multiple identities (Glynn, 2000; Karmowska & Child, 2014). However, scholars have depicted orchestras as rather established and hierarchical creative organizations that are bound by conventions and are dedicated to the pursuit of 'superior performance', as the opening quote suggests. As a consequence, they have paid less attention to their learning potential. Studies of other kinds of collaborative collectives, such as teams in management and education, have demonstrated interesting tensions between learning and performing (Bunderson & Suttcliffe, 2003; Paunova & Lee, 2016). URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/9384
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Busquets, Javier (Frederiksberg, 2010)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: This thesis is about innovation and power. Human nature has always been expressed by our capacity to innovate and adapt to almost any environment (Bowlby, 1962; Giddens, 1991). In the 20th century, the primary function of business organisations was to invent, produce and commercialise their products and services in different markets. As a matter of fact, business organisations in the last century proved to be the best way of disseminating innovation (Schön, 1971). Currently in the 21st century, there is a call to better understand how new ideas, technology and sources of knowledge are managed, based on the premise that novelty can unfold anywhere and that innovation cannot be considered a linear process consisting of a chain of activities. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/8164
Files in this item: 1Javier_Busquets.pdf (3.025Mb)
Consensus, Experientiality and Network Centrality in Transnational GovernanceFolke Henriksen, Lasse (Frederiksberg, 2014)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: When experts with diverse training and experiential backgrounds come together to make binding decisions they face the challenge of finding common ground in the absence of any particular shared abstract body of knowledge or organization specific set of evaluative principles. How does consensus emerge in situations marked by contentious friction? Network theory suggests that connectivity enables orchestration of alignment and coordination across difference. Occupants of strategically central positions in networks can thus be formally identified from the structural characteristics of those positions (White et al. 1976; Burt 1992, 2010; Vedres and Stark 2010). But the formal characteristics of positions only tell us about the potential advantage of occupants. Actual advantage is about mobilizing action from network positions to influence what goes on in the network (Burt 2010, 223ff). What does it take for occupants of advantageous position to take action on specific collective problems in the face of contentious situations? URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/8924
Files in this item: 1Lasse_Folke_Henriksen.pdf (233.1Kb)
towards improved research methodologiesMichailova, Snejina; Liuhto, Kari (København, 1999)[More information][Less information]
URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/7078
Files in this item: 1wp19.pdf (73.41Kb)
Entrepreneurship, Intrapreneurship and Public PolicyBorrás, Susana (Frederiksberg, 2016)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: Organisations are crucial elements in an innovation system. Yet, their role is so ubiquitous that it is difficult to grasp and to examine from the perspective of public policy. Besides, links between the literature at firm and system levels on the one hand, and public policy and governance studies on the other, are still scarce. The purpose of this paper is to define the conceptual background of innovation policy in relation to the role of organisations in general, and entrepreneurship and intrapreneurship in particular. In so doing, this paper aims at making three contributions. Firstly, it distinguishes between different types of organisations in the innovation system, a crucial topic in understanding innovation dynamics and blurring borders. Secondly, it identifies the organisation-related bottlenecks in the innovation system, and examines the policy instruments to solve them. Thirdly, it discusses the limits of public policy and suggests introducing a wider governance approach. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/9312
Files in this item: 1Working_paper_no90.pdf (315.7Kb)
Two European Case StudiesVestergaard, Jakob (København, 2003)[More information][Less information]
URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6379
Files in this item: 1wp18-2003jv.pdf (550.2Kb)
Knowledge hollowing-out and knowledge integrationBecker, Markus C.; Zirpoli, Francesco (København, 2003)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: The paper analyses the organization of the new product development process at FIAT from a resource-based perspective. The focus is on organizational resources for integrating dispersed specialist knowledge required in the development of complex products. The analysis shows how the application of a resource-based perspective is able to uncover negative long-term effects of outsourcing on the knowledge base (hollowing out), despite beneficial short-term effects on cost. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6908
Files in this item: 1linkwp2003-03.pdf (133.4Kb)
Organizational and Individual Level Antecedents of Procedural Governance in Knowledge Sharing AlliancesGry Knudsen, Line; Bernhard Nielsen, Bo (København, 2008)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: Inter-organizational collaboration is an organizational form that is used by an increasing number of firms to meet a wide range of organizational aims (Hagedoorn 1996; 2002; Narula, 2004; Casson and Mol, 2006). Inter-organizational alliances are a preferred way of sourcing a variety of resources (Eisenhardt and Shonhoven, 1996; Gulati, 1999; Van de Ven and Walker, 1998), and a prominent view of the strategic alliance literature suggests that inter-firm collaboration has a special strength in serving as a mechanism by which a firm can leverage its skills, acquire new competencies, and learn (e.g. Kogut, 1989; Hamel, Doz, and Prahalad, 1989; Huber, 1991; Larsson, Bengtsson, Henriksson, and Sparks, 1998; Lyles, 1988; Powell and Brantley, 1992; Inkpen and Tsang, 2008). As firms collaborate at an increasing rate (Khanna et al, 1998) it becomes still more important to understand how these firms can be instrumental in organizing and governing the various collaborative knowledge processes that take place in alliances. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/7416
Files in this item: 1smg wp 2008-17.pdf (312.7Kb)
Evaluating Clients' Personality Traits in two Danish Rehabilitation OrganizationsMik-Meyer, Nanna (København, 2005)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: This paper explores how two Danish rehabilitation organizations textual guidelines for assessment of clients' personality traits influence the actual evaluation of clients. The analysis will show how staff members produce institutional identities corresponding to organizational categories, which very often have little or no relevance for the clients evaluated. The goal of the article is to demonstrate how the institutional complex that frames the work of the organizations produces the client types pertaining to that organization. By applying the analytical strategy of institutional ethnography I elucidate how the two rehabilitation organizations local history, legislation, structural features of the present labour market and of social work result in a number of contradictions which make it difficult to deliver client-centred care. This exact goal is according to the staff one of the most important goals for 'good' social work. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6434
Files in this item: 1wp14-2005.pdf (201.8Kb)
A Revision of Hofstede's Theory of Industrialization Supported by Cases from Latin America, Africa and Germany in the 19th centuryKragh, Simon Ulrik (Frederiksberg, 2014)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: Drawing on a revised version ofHofstede's theory ofindustrialization and cultural change contained in his explanation of individualism and collectivism, the paper proposes that countries which are in the earlier stages of industrialization have a common culture that governs organizational behaviours. In-group/out-group particularist values that have been handed over from preindustrial society tend to overlay and replace impersonal and universalistic bureaucracies and market exchange typical ofindustrial society. The paper shows how these values shape the culture of organizations in Latin America, Africa and Germany around 1850. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/9105
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Minister of National Defense Kao Hua-chu (高華柱) yesterday again apologized for the death of army corporal Hung Chung-chiu (洪仲丘) and pledged to hold every responsible individual in the case accountable, and to carry out a comprehensive military reform.
It was the third time that Kao, who has offered to resign over the case, bowed in apology because details surrounding the death of the 23-year-old remain sketchy and suspicious more than two weeks after the unfortunate incident.
"We will uphold what we have promised at previous press conferences — to be honest about [what we have done wrong], to investigate and prosecute the case in accordance with the law, to reveal details, to discover the truth behind the matter and to conduct a thorough review of relevant systems [to prevent a similar case from happening]," Kao told a press conference organized by the Chinese Nationalist Party (KMT) caucus at the Legislative Yuan in Taipei.
Hung was found by a post-mortem examination to have died of heatstroke, which his family believes was brought on by excessive exercise forced upon him as punishment for taking a cellphone with a camera onto his army base without permission.
Kao still failed to explain what happened during the 80 minutes from 2pm and 3:20pm on July 1, when Hung was asked to perform a series of exercises in a field, and during the 30 minutes from 5:30pm and 6pm on July 3, before Hung fell down in the dining room of the disciplinary barracks and was sent to hospital.
Hung died in hospital in the early hours of the next day.
The ministry has provided surveillance video footage of events since Hung was punished with solitary confinement on June 28, but the situation in the two specific time slots remains unclear because the video footage filmed during those times is missing.
Kao did not answer why the ministry was unable to provide the two pieces of video footage recorded during those periods and referred the question to Senior Military Prosecutor Major-General Tsao Chin-sheng (曹金生), who was also present at the press conference.
Tsao said the video recording of Hung's training session on July 1 was submitted to the Ministry of Justice's Bureau of Investigation for examination in the hope that missing images of the 80-minute segment could be restored.
Given that the footage taken on July 1 was supposed to be hours of continuous video, "we were also eager to know why there were no images taken during the 80 minutes. Was it a result of mechanical failure or a deliberate man-made event? We will give an explanation soon, as the Ministry of Justice's Bureau of Investigation is examining the video," Tsao said.
Tsao said the 30 minutes Hung spent in the dining room were not captured on film because he was in a corner of the area, outside the surveillance camera's range.
Kao told the press conference that the ministry would present proposals to improve conditions in disciplinary confinement by the end of this month, including one that surveillance cameras should be able to film every corner of the army's confinement barracks.
The confinement barracks will remain closed until improvements are made, Kao said.
A total of 37 military officers, including Army Commander General Lee Hsiang-chou (李翔宙), have been reprimanded by the ministry over the case.
Separately yesterday, President Ma Ying-jeou (馬英九) reiterated his regret over the case and pledged efforts to have the Ministry of National Defense examine the military system and avoid abuse of power in the future.


text:
Over the past few years, there are a few concepts and programming patterns that have muscled their way into the hearts and minds of PHP developers from other languages and programming communities. These concepts range from the MVC application architecture as well as various modeling techniques (think ActiveRecord and Data Mapper), to a pure shift in the way we think about application architectures, like aspect-oriented programming (AoP) and event-driven programming. Perhaps it's because PHP has been adopted at an enterprise level thus increasing the demand for what developers might call enterprise quality programming patterns, or perhaps it's simply because of PHP's ever evolving object model that makes new things possible. After all, who doesn't like new shiny things? Whatever the reason, one of the newest concepts (at least over the past 3 years or so) that has emerged as one of our heated topics of debate is how to manage object dependencies. Interestingly, the argument of how to manage dependencies is generally named by the solution which its proponents give as the solution: dependency injection (the abstract principle is actually called Inversion of control).
In any circle of developers that are of the object-oriented persuasion, you'll never hear an argument that dependency injection itself, is bad. In these circles, it is generally accepted that injecting dependencies is the best way to go. Injecting object dependencies in PHP looks like this:
// construction injection
$dependency = new MyRequiredDependency;
$consumer = new ThingThatRequiresMyDependency($dependency);
That's basically it. There are many variations of this: setter injection, interface injection, call time injection, in addition to the above mentioned constructor injection. These are all valid ways of injecting the dependencies into the consuming object. Ultimately, the goal here is to avoid this:
class ThingThatHasAnExternalDependency
public function __construct() {
$this->dependency = new ARequiredDependency;
// or
$this->secondDependency = ARequiredDependency::getInstance();
The above code is an example of a violation of the Hollywood Principle, which basically states: "Don't call us, we'll call you.".
Yet, this is not the heart of the argument. Perhaps it was 4-5 years ago in the PHP community, but it's not anymore. The heart of the argument is not should we be doing it, but how do we go about doing it.
This article is not about the intricacies and implementation details of DI containers and DI frameworks. It's also not about the various ways and means of injecting dependencies into other objects, or which method might be better. In fact, this article has no opinion if injecting dependencies is even good for you or your application. This article is an exploration how adopting any DI framework for PHP affects the lifecycle of a project, both the code as well as the developer, team or organization that is constructing it.
A Brief History of Dependency Management In PHP
It is important to know why PHP is as popular as it is, after all, it's this popularity that DI Frameworks fight against for adoption inside a PHP application framework. To understand PHP's popularity, history, and evolution, let's look at this code:
// these 6 lines actually represent 5 different web centric "langauges"!
include_once 'includes/config.php'; // ultimately there is a mysql_connect() call in here somewhere
include_once 'templates/header.php';
$rows = mysql_query('SELECT * FROM users'); // magically uses the mysql_connect() resource
foreach ($rows as $row) {
echo '
' . $row['username'] . '
';
include_once 'templates/footer.php';
From the beginning, we've been trained into thinking that our dependencies are magically managed. As you can see above, the mysql_query() function, while it will accept a connection resource, does not require it. In fact, if it's not supplied, it will use the first open mysql connection it can find inside the PHP runtime. Assuming that the above mentioned delete-user.php script is part of a larger collection of PHP scripts, which we will call "the application" … it is important to note that even this script itself is pulling in its dependencies instead of them being injected. For all intents and purposes, the config.php, header.php and footer.php are all dependencies of this script, much like other scripts similar in nature to this delete-user.php. To sum it up, if there is a new dependency that is now required by the business logic portion of this application (ie: the lines between the header and footer), they now have to be introduced to all scripts in this application. This does not exactly adhere to the DRY principle.
But, let's take a step back and look at this snippet of code from the organizational perspective. To do this, we must first understand the various phases of the code's lifecycle within any organization. For the purposes of this example, let's assume that from idea to production, code will go through the following phases: development, build, deployment, to application start-up (in production). If this were a C/C++ or Java project, code will have been written (developed), it will have been compiled (built), then it would have been packaged or some deployment tool's process invoked (deployed); it them would have been run (executed via some startup script, or executing a binary.) PHP, and Perl at the time, achieved all of the same objectives but in fewer steps making it a wildly popular platform for highly iterative web projects. This same application in PHP would have been coded in some text editor (developed), and FTP'd up to a production server (deployed). You'll notice that it neither had to be built/compiled, or started on the server since the target, Apache, was already running with PHP embedded into it. For all intents and purposes, a cheap and easy FTP tool was both the build and deployment tool for this application's lifecycle.
It was this simplicity that made PHP the popular choice for web applications. This popularity was attained because the simplicity of the PHP platform allowed for two extremely important facets of development to emerge: the idea of building an application became approachable to even the novice individual, and without all the cruft that came along with the application lifecycle, building and deploying applications in PHP increased PHP's "fun-ness" factor.
While this style of building applications allowed for a proliferation of PHP applications to be developed, there was in fact a negative side to be revealed later in time. As applications quickly grew, their ability to be maintained decreased. We give them the name "Spaghetti code", and for all the right reasons. Objects, if they were even being used, were generally wrappers around procedural functionality. So object dependency management wasn't even a consideration for most developers. Looking back, perhaps it was this original simplicity that allowed developers to create applications without even having to know what a dependency was or how to find it. In any case, as these applications grew uncontrollably, maintaining them and hacking them started to lose the PHP fun factor exponentially.
A Brief History of DI Frameworks
As PHP developers started identifying the problems with their Model 1 applications, they started looking for solutions in other programming communities. At this time, the Java community was still heavily rooted in the enterprise/software development/software engineering world, and problems such as dependency management already had some interesting solutions. Most notably, there was the Spring Framework, who's primary facility for dependency management was a component called the IoC Container, or the Inversion of Control container. This container managed the fully lifecycle of object creation using callbacks. This meant that you no longer has to use the "new" keyword (the same new keyword in PHP). Also, it wired the dependencies for you at instantiation time. This meant that you no longer had to concern yourself with how dependencies were injection; be it through the constructor, properties or setter methods. The Spring Framework was one of the first frameworks that encouraged the use of definition files to manage the knowledge required to wire all your dependencies together. True to form in the Java community, these definition files were created in XML.
As it might seem, this is indeed a deviation from the PHP philosophy that had made PHP so popular. PHP allowed you to write the most minimal amount of code to complete your application. In the Java/DI world, particularly with the Spring framework, you had a much richer application lifecycle. Not only were you developing code for your appliation, but you were creating code about code to manage code. This is known as meta-programming. In addition to this meta-programming that was going on, you also now had this compilation phase required by the Java platform which was generally tucked away inside your build time tasks. Moreover, this application had to be deployed (there were generally tools for this too), and (for good measure), due to the platform, your application had to be started. Needless to say, this application lifecycle might seem heavier, for lack of a better term, to the average PHP developer.
Since then, several frameworks have cropped up that sport some kind of dependency management. Before this technique was picked up in PHP, they were all heavily rooted in the Java and .NET communities. A quick google search will return a few notable names like PicoContainer, Spring.NET, Unity, Butterfly and google-guice to name a few. These frameworks attain popularity since they attempt to ease some of the burdens that DI places upon the developer whether it be by using reflection to create definitions, or even adding an annotation system so that DI definitions can be written inside the code they are set to manage.
DI and PHP
To understand the attainability of having a dependency management framework for PHP, one should first understand how the counterparts in Java and .NET rely upon their respective platforms to do certain jobs. For a quick reference, see the images from this blog post. One of the more important facets to remember is that the expected application lifecycle of a Java/.NET application is much richer. You are expected to have build-time tasks. You are expected to have deployment tasks. And, generally, your application understand the difference between being in development, staging and production – so it can adjust how it runs accordingly. Moreover, the platform itself has facilities in place that aid the developer both in development time with code generation as well as in production.
PHP never expects or facilitates the usage of any kind of build-time tasks. PHP also does not have any kind of built-in annotation support (a meta-programming technique), nor does it have any kind of application scope or per-application memory space. What does this mean for someone who is creating a DI container? Let's explore.
Development Time
General speaking, any time you are writing, altering or just shifting code around, you are in development mode, your application should be running in a development environment. The structure of your application's classes, functions and files within the filesystem is probably changing with each time you click save. Dependency management systems require knowledge of your code in order to effectively do their job. This knowledge generally comes in the form of some kind of definition.
This definition can be created by hand, by the developer, generated at runtime by some application hooks, or generated with the use of a special tool. If this is done by hand, a developer is required to explicitly map the various functions/methods that will need to be called in order to inject a particular object dependency. The more dependencies you have, the more verbose this definition might become.
A better route would be to generate this definition file, after all, the code you've written, if written correctly will self-describe its dependencies. There are two options for generation, manual and automatic. An example of manual generation would be a developer giving a command line tool the minimal information it needs to be able to go parse your code, figure out the dependency map for itself, and generate some kind of definition to be used during runtime. Minimal information might include some kind of seed information like where to find your classes or perhaps what filters to use when inspecting classes. Sometimes, these tools might make use of special interfaces (also called interface injection) to understand that their purpose is to describe the various dependencies of the class implementing said interface. Another approach might be to utilize special annotations on classes and class methods that describe the various required and optional dependencies and how they are to be injected.
The same techniques employed in this manual approach could also be put to use in an automatic approach. In automatic approach, imagine this same command line tool from the manual approach was now a service of the application itself. While in development mode, it would run as often as need be in order to determine if code changes have happened. If they have, the service would regenerate the dependency definition file so that the rest of the application can utilize the dependency definition inside the DI container available to the application during runtime.
There are a couple of concerns that are specific to PHP with regards to dependency management. Since PHP is a share-nothing architecture with no application level memory, this definition would need to be loaded and parsed and put into memory on each request. The larger the dependency tree that you track, the larger the memory footprint of the dependency definition graph. Furthermore, since this definition has to be loaded on each request, if it is in a non-native format (meaning anything other than PHP code), there are certain costs with converting this format, be it XML, YAML, JSON, or INI to the in-memory structure that the dependency management container requires. What's more, the PHP platform does not keep track of file changes. So without some kind of user-land tracking, it is hard to know what files during development have changed. Thus, your dependency management system, if it's taking an automatic approach, would have to rescan the filesystem for changes upon each request during development – which has its own consequences.
Deployment Time
When one is done writing code and is ready to push this application into production, the act of pushing this application is called deployment. The mode for this application is now considered "production". In production, you can be sure that the structure of your code is stable and will not change, thus your dependency graph is now safe from changes too. Since this is the case, there is no longer a need to keep updating and regenerating this dependency definition file like you were during development.
Even though the definition is no longer changing, there still is the concern about how expensive it is to load this definition each request. Naturally, the cheapest form of definition would be a PHP array or structure describing the definition that can then be loaded in-memory. Other file types like XML, YAML, JSON, etc first have to go through a parsing phase before they can be used. This activity of parsing these files could be expensive, and could benefit from some kind of caching. Caching the definition in some way shape or form, would ensure there is minimal overhead per-request when the application is using this dependency management container.
Other Observations & Criticisms
It is important to realize that dependency management solutions in and of themselves are, in all the available words, full frameworks. They require that you understand both their philosophy as well have a minimal understanding of what facilities they are offering in order to use them effectively. To understand the true benefits of any framework one must first know the pain points the framework is attempting to solve. Seeing the end result of a framework without knowing what it is facilitating might lead to one to dismiss it as overkill or unintuitive. For example, take the following code (typical of dependency management systems)
$userRepository = $dic->get('UserRepository');
If you encounter this line of code without fully understanding the dependency injection container being used, you wouldn't be able to appreciate its usefulness. You could instantiate your Application\Model\UserRepository yourself, sure, but you'd also have to locate and inject the database adapter to use and into that you'd have to inject and load the configuration for that database connection. If you are doing this in multiple controller actions, there is a lot of repeated boilerplate code that is required to "wire" the UserRepository object. Internally, the DiC object is loading and consulting a definition, creating objects, injecting those objects, and returning the requested object that has been fully wired and ready to use.
The above code also demonstrates two common criticism of dependency management frameworks, which is also a criticism of frameworks in general. By using this framework, you are moving further away from the facilities of the language or platform itself. Instead of using the "new" keyword to create a new object, you've asked another object to create this requested object for you. What this has done has shifted developers away from utilizing the language's well understood API and onto the framework's API. Additionally, this kind of code is not easily understood by IDE's. While special features could be added to the IDE to support this framework, it does not inherently know what kind of object is being returned by the $dic->get(..) method call.
While dependency management frameworks have clear drop-in benefits, there exist a few considerations that have unknown or unexplored consequences. For example, if the benefit is such that all dependencies are managed, and all a developer has to do is configure it, does that encourage deeper object graphs when creating classes and class dependencies? If so, what is the performance impact of these deep object graphs, particularly on the PHP platform. What are the memory implications of such object graphs, what are the speed implications of them? Furthermore, if one needed to debug an object that has been generated by a dependency management framework, is that easily possible?
At the end of the day, whether or not to use a dependency management framework is a matter of cost versus benefit. In order to be able to make an informed decision, a developer should consider a few scenarios. First, one should know what code might look like with and without this new framework. This will give an indication of the cost/benefit at the code level, does it actually save lines of code, and developer headaches? Secondly, one should consider how much added knowledge a developer or a team of developers need in order to understand this framework. Lastly, one should consider what kind of performance impact implementing this new framework has on the application's throughput.
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The Kardashian sisters may have taken Miami, but they still have plenty to keep up with.
Kourtney, who is expecting her first child around Christmas, told People on Sunday that boyfriend Scott Disick is taking her advancing pregnancy in stride.
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"Scott keeps getting scared, but he's been great with my mood swings so far," she told the mag. "He's like, 'Just take a deep breath.' He heard that with the last three months [of a pregnancy] you really have mood swings so he was joking, 'Oh, you're not going to believe the mood swings!'"
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The Seahawks are releasing wide receiver Ben Obomanu.
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Obomanu has 87 career catches for 1,209 yards and seven TDs, all with Seattle, which drafted him in Round Seven in 2006.


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(Reuters) - Northern Ireland's Graeme McDowell and U.S. Open champion Webb Simpson took the RBC Heritage into a sudden-death playoff at Hilton Head Island in South Carolina on Sunday.
The pair finished the 72 regulation holes on nine-under-par 275, McDowell three-putting to bogey the last for a two-under 69 and American Simpson closing with a 71 in gusting winds at Harbour Town Golf Links.
(Reporting by Mark Lamport-Stokes in Los Angeles; Editing by Gene Cherry)


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