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Europe was the first of the major world regions to develop a modern economy based on commercial agriculture, industrial development, and the provision of specialized services. Its successful modernization can be traced to the continent's rich endowment of economic resources, its history of innovations, the evolution of a skilled and educated labour force, and the interconnectedness of all its parts—both naturally existing and man-made—which facilitated the easy movement of massive quantities of raw materials and finished goods and the communication of ideas.
Europe's economic modernization began with a marked improvement in agricultural output in the 17th century, particularly in England. The traditional method of cultivation involved periodically allowing land to remain fallow; this gave way to continuous cropping on more efficiently plowed fields that were fertilized with manure from animals raised as food for rapidly expanding urban markets. Greater wealth was accumulated by landowners at the same time that fewer farmhands were needed to work the land. The accumulated capital and abundant cheap labour created by this revolution in agriculture fueled the development of the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century.
The revolution had its beginnings in northern England in the 1730s with the development of water-driven machinery to spin and weave wool and cotton. By mid-century James Watt had developed a practical steam engine that emancipated machinery from sites adjacent to waterfalls and rapids. Britain had been nearly deforested by this time, and the incessant demand for more fuel to run the engines led to the increased exploitation of coal. Factories were built on the coalfields to minimize the cost of transporting coal over long distances. The increasingly surplus rural population flocked to the new manufacturing areas. Canals and other improvements in the transportation infrastructure were made in these regions, which made them attractive to other industries that were not necessarily dependent on coal, and thus prompted development in adjacent regions.
Industrialization outside England began in the 19th century in Belgium and northeastern France and spread to Germany, the Netherlands, southern Scandinavia, and other areas in conjunction with the construction of railways. By the 1870s the governments of the European nations had recognized the vital importance of factory production and had taken steps to encourage local development through subsidies and tariff protection against foreign competition. Large areas, however, remained virtually untouched by industrial development, including most of the Iberian Peninsula, southern Italy, a broad belt of eastern Europe extending from the Balkans northward to the Baltic Sea, and Finland and northern Scandinavia.
During the 20th century Europe experienced periods of considerable economic growth and prosperity, and industrial development proliferated much more widely throughout the continent. However, continued economic development was handicapped to some degree by the continent's multinational character—which spawned economic rivalries among states and two devastating world wars—as well as by the exhaustion of many of Europe's resources and by increased economic competition from overseas. Moreover, governmental protectionism, which tended to restrict the potential market for products, deprived many companies of the efficiencies of large-scale production serving a mass market. This tendency was greatly reduced with the establishment of the European Economic Community (EEC; ultimately replaced by the European Union [EU]) and the ongoing evolution of the EU.
In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, manufacturing remained important to Europe's economy but increasingly was overshadowed by the dramatic growth of the service sector. Manufacturing also showed great regional disparity. Western Europe tended to attract so-called "high-value-added" manufacturing industries (e.g., automobile fabrication and aerospace work), whose finished products are worth much more than the materials and labour needed to create them. Lower value-added manufacturing (e.g., textiles, apparel, and food processing) was prevalent in east-central and southeastern Europe. Meanwhile, the rise in service-sector employment helped to compensate for a loss of manufacturing jobs, while it also contributed to the growth of urban regions. Many metropolitan areas, particularly in western Europe, have become national and international centres of specialized business and high-technology services.
Within some individual countries there continue to be tensions between regions that have prospered and those that have not. This "core-periphery" problem has been particularly acute in situations where the contrasting regions are inhabited by different ethnic groups. Lessening such disparity continues to be a priority for national governments as well as the EU.
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing
Agricultural distribution
Arable land in Europe covers less than one-third of the total area, a favourable comparison, for example, with the United States (about one-fifth). Figures for individual countries vary sharply, from about one-half of the land in Denmark to less than one-twentieth in Norway. Europe's industrialization and urbanization tend to conceal the fact that it is a great producer of cereals, roots, edible oils, fibres, fruit, and livestock and livestock products. Its yields of rye, potatoes, oats, and wheat are among the world's largest.
Europe's climatic range has helped to delineate production areas. Olives, for example, are restricted to Mediterranean climatic regions, where olive trees often are planted on sloping, broken, and terraced land. Corn (maize), grown mainly for silage, is an important crop in the lower Danubian lowlands and southwestern Russia; it also appears in France and Italy. Rice (in northern Italy) and citrus fruits (in Spain, Sicily, and Cyprus) depend on irrigation. The northernmost countries grow few cereals (mainly oats) and concentrate on animal husbandry, especially cattle and dairying. Grain cultivation is found in the lowland belt—long cleared of extensive forests or steppe vegetation—that stretches from eastern Great Britain to the Urals. Wheat is grown on the better soils, oats and rye on the poorer soils and moister lands. Mixed farming and the use of well-tried crop rotations are widely practiced. Viticulture, although widely distributed south of about latitude 50° N, is especially important in Italy, France, and Germany. As for industrial crops, Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus are large producers of flax and hemp, sugar beets (also grown widely elsewhere as a rotation crop), and (except for Belarus) sunflower seeds (for edible oil). Tobacco is grown in Belarus and also is important in Bulgaria, Italy, and Macedonian Greece.
Agricultural organization
Throughout most of the 20th century there were sharp differences in European agricultural organization and regional efficiency. The pattern in the Soviet Union and in most eastern European countries was of centrally managed, government-controlled collective farming. Privately managed, economically independent systems—in which farmland might be individually owned, but in which processing and marketing usually were a cooperative effort—prevailed elsewhere on the continent, with the consolidation of smaller holdings progressing steadily in western Europe. The capital-intensive agriculture of such western countries as the Netherlands and the United Kingdom produced markedly higher yields per acre and per person than the extensive Soviet system, despite the benefits—notably mechanization—brought by collectivization. With the dissolution of the communist bloc, the system in eastern Europe has come to more closely resemble that of the west, but many former collective farms are still farmed cooperatively.
Disparities also exist between north and south. Only about 1 percent of the working population of the United Kingdom is engaged in agriculture, but about half the workers in Albania are so engaged. The higher figure indicates high rural population densities, a lack of investment capital, and underemployment (e.g., part-time or seasonal work). The relative use of fertilizers—high in the Netherlands, for instance, and historically lower in southern Europe—hints at the range of crop productivity.
Irrigated areas, lying mainly in southeastern Spain, the North Italian Plain, and Mediterranean France, are small but disproportionately productive. Long-term prospects for using the irrigation capacity of the lower Danube and Volga are good.
Dairying and livestock farming associated with pigs and poultry are characteristic of European farms, except in the Mediterranean lands, which are more suitable for sheep and goats. Pork, poultry, and egg production is especially important in northwestern Europe, where large farms with huge concentrations of livestock have generated concerns about the animals' welfare as well as their effects on the environment and consumers' health. Europe as a whole produces large quantities of meat, chiefly beef, pork, and bacon, but this is insufficient to meet rising living standards. Domestic production of wool, hides, and leather is also insufficient. Special features of western European farming include market gardens and the greenhouse production of tomatoes, cucumbers, green vegetables, and flowers for the urban markets. Still another feature is the production of primeurs: table fruits, new potatoes, vegetables, salad crops, and flowers, produced when prices are high and made possible by the early arrival of spring to the coasts of Brittany, Cornwall, and southern France.
The great advances made in agronomic science during the 20th century have benefited all of Europe, but the hazards of harvest shortfalls caused by unfavourable weather have not been eliminated. At times it has been necessary to import grain, especially from the United States and Canada.
Forestry and fishing
The timber and fisheries extractive industries are of considerable scale. Russia, Sweden, and Finland are major producers of softwood and hardwood and exporters of timber, wood pulp, and newsprint. Fishing is a large industry for Norway, Iceland, and Russia; catches yield not only food for humans but materials for many subsidiary industries. Fishing is also important in Denmark, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands, among other countries.
Resources and power
Mineral resources
With rocks and structures from virtually all geologic periods, Europe possesses a wide variety of useful minerals. Some, exploited since the Bronze Age, are depleted; others have been produced and consumed only since the Industrial Revolution. Useful minerals include those that provide energy, ferrous and nonferrous metals and ferroalloys, and those that furnish materials to the chemical and building industries. Europe has a long and commendable prospecting tradition, and mining provides employment in all countries—although for smaller numbers as mechanization is applied. As in the case of North Sea gas and oil, new discoveries are still possible. But in relation to the ever-mounting requirements of its economy, Europe—Russia and Ukraine apart—is heavily dependent on mineral imports.
Europe commands abundant resources of hard and soft coal, which remains of considerable, if declining, importance as a fuel for the smelting of minerals and as the source of many by-products. Only exceptionally does northern Europe have coal measures of commercial scale, but coal seams are preserved in Hercynian basins throughout the continent, lying diagonally across Britain, Belgium, the Netherlands, France (especially in Lorraine), Germany (particularly in North Rhine–Westphalia, Saarland, and Saxony), Poland (Silesia), and Ukraine (the Donets Basin). There are numerous fields, small but often of great locational value. Some, as in southwestern Scotland and southern Belgium, have been worked out or have become uneconomic. Major reserves, encompassing mostly hard deposits of coking, anthracite, and steam coal, lie in the German Ruhr, the United Kingdom, and Upper Silesia. Softer brown coal, or lignite, occurs in Germany and the Chomutov fields of the Czech Republic.
Petroleum and natural gas
Known petroleum and natural gas reserves are inadequate for Europe's rising requirements. European Russia contains the large Volga-Ural field, while Romania has reserves in the Carpathian and Subcarpathian zones. Norway and the United Kingdom have tapped gas and oil from beneath the North Sea bed. In the late 1980s Romania began extracting oil from the Black Sea. Other undersea petroleum resources may exist in the far northern Atlantic Ocean and in the Aegean Sea.
Sources of uranium for use in nuclear reactors have been discovered in many European countries, including France (centred on the Massif Central), Spain, Hungary (the Mecsek Mountains), Estonia, and Ukraine. In lesser amounts, other sources have been found in parts of central and eastern Europe.
Iron ores
Large iron reserves were historically found at Kryvyy Rih in Ukraine and at Magnitogorsk and in the Kursk region in Russia. High-quality ores (of 60 percent iron), however, have been exhausted or have become expensive to mine. The Kursk Magnetic Anomaly, located in southwestern Russia, has iron-rich quartzites. Sweden is another producer of iron ore, notably in the Kiruna region. Deposits in other European countries are small and for the most part inadequate for large-scale heavy industry.
Ferroalloy metals
The richest ferroalloy deposits occur in Russia—in the emerged shield rocks of the Kola Peninsula (titanium and molybdenum) and the Urals—and in Ukraine. Nickel is mined at Pechenga and Kola (Kola Peninsula) and at several Ural sites. The southern Urals also have deposits of manganese, required for basic steel manufacture, but these are dwarfed by the Ukrainian deposit at Nikopol, near the Kryvyy Rih iron ore field. Other countries have virtually no significant nickel or tin reserves and only small manganese resources. There are chromium deposits of some scale near the Russian city of Orsk and in the Balkan region, the latter of which also contains antimony and molybdenum. Wolframite (for tungsten) is mined from Iberian Hercynian rocks. Norway has molybdenum and titanium workings, and Finland has deposits of titanium, vanadium, and cobalt—valuable and scarce alloys for special steels. Russia also is an important producer of vanadium.
Nonferrous base metals
With notable exceptions, known European reserves of nonferrous base metals are small, partly as a result of the depletion, for example, of Cornish tin and Swedish copper. Deposits yielding copper, often from copper pyrites, are found in Scandinavia, the southern Urals, and Mediterranean lands. Bor in Serbia has one of the largest reserves of copper (low-grade) in Europe; Balkan reserves of lead and, especially, zinc are also high. Mercury is obtained near Kryvyy Rih (Ukraine), in the Balkans, and in southern Spain. Europe has much bauxite, the principal ore of aluminum, with Greece, Russia, and Hungary having large reserves. Nepheline, an alternative raw material for aluminum, is worked near Kola.
Precious metals
Europe's once widely available reserves of gold appear largely exhausted. Some gold and silver are still produced, mainly in Spain, Sweden, and southeastern Europe.
Nonmetallic deposits
Minerals within the large nonmetallic category are widely available. Clay minerals include fuller's earth, derived from the decomposition of feldspar and used to cleanse wool and to finish cloth. Kaolinite, of similar origin, is valuable as china clay and occurs in a pure form in southwestern England. Halite (rock salt), important in the chemical industry, occurs widely, much of it being precipitated in such geologically ancient salt lakes as Lake Baskunchak (in Russia's lower Volga basin). Other salts important for the chemical industry are produced in large quantities in Germany and France. Europe also has substantial sulfur deposits, and the mining of sulfur in beds during the Miocene Epoch (about 23 to 5.3 million years ago) in Sicily gave Italy a virtual monopoly before the opening up of New World deposits in Texas. The carbonate rock dolomite is used as a refractory material, as in lining metal furnaces, and is widespread. Graphite, a crystalline form of carbon used as a lubricant and the basis (with clay) of the "lead" in pencils, is worked in Austria, the Czech Republic, and England. Nitrates, for fertilizers and explosives, are made from the air electrolytically in England, Norway, and Russia, and deposits generating potash and phosphate fertilizers are relatively abundant. The Russian apatite (calcium phosphate) deposits of the Kola Peninsula are substantial, as are the potash deposits at Solikamsk, in the Urals. Corundum, a hard abrasive, occurs widely. Building materials for cement and bricks, as well as stone, are abundant, although only regionally available, depending on geologic structure. Particular building stones—marble from central Italy, granite from Norway and Scotland—have localized sources. Except in the Urals, precious stones are rare; those mountains also contain the chief European deposit of asbestos.
Water resources
The mountainous and upland areas of Europe collect great amounts of surface water, which supply the rivers and lakes; the lowlands, with lower rainfall, thus receive much water from the higher portions of their river basins. In the Mediterranean lands, surface water is minimal in summer—exceptions being northern and northwestern Iberia, which receives ample rain; the North Italian Plain, which has Alpine rivers, lakes, and springs and receives summer rain; and the Apennine zone of Italy, which has rivers fed by snowmelt and rain. In the east, surface water is relatively abundant in Belarus and central and northern Russia, but it decreases to the south and southeast; in the drier regions, however, rivers drain extensive basins, and dams on the Volga and Dnieper have created enormous reservoirs.
The increasing water requirements of thermal power stations and industry and, to a lesser extent, domestic needs make the little-populated and little-industrialized European highlands, which offer surplus water, indispensable to the lowlands. The pollution of water by effluents containing nonoxidizable detergents from urban areas and by those from oil refineries and chemical and metallurgical plants has reached such proportions as to present serious problems and to incur high reclamation costs. Water pollution has been especially severe in the section of the Rhine below Basel, Switz., and in the Ruhr, Lakes Geneva and Garda (Switzerland and Italy, respectively), and many areas in eastern Europe. In reaction to water shortages, water is, as in the Thames and Elbe, recycled many times.
Because the water table is normally not far below the surface in the lowlands, wells and springs are widely available there; underground water supplies (groundwater) that are held particularly in porous rocks are sporadically utilized through the process of pumping. A trend that appears to be growing is to artificially add to supplies of groundwater and thus integrate surface and underground water; much of Sweden's urban water requirements are thus supplied. The needs of the major European cities and of the industrial regions involve continuing efforts to collect enough water by impounding surface water, by pumping groundwater, and by encouraging the economy, reuse, and reclamation of water.
Biological resources
Some reference to plant, animal, and human resources is needed to complement any discussion of European resources. Reference has already been made above to what remains of Europe's plant and animal heritage, supplemented as this is by such vigorous developments as the breeding of livestock to specific purposes and the acclimatization of trees and plants of economic value, which have taken place throughout history.
The human resources of Europe, since they result from the efforts applied at an ever-rising technical level, are in some respects inexhaustible. Although the cultivation of soil and the mining and quarrying of metallic minerals were initiated in prehistoric times, the winning of some resources began only in relatively recent times, in response to new needs and technology. The clearing of woodlands for the plow has continued since the early Middle Ages; the cultivation of the steppe lowlands of Ukraine and the lower Danube basin commenced only in the late 18th century. Effective drainage, in which the Dutch have excelled, especially during and after the 17th century, has made use of former marshlands. The large-scale mining of coal and iron ore dates from the Industrial Revolution. Some industries—many of them concerned with the products of the chemical industry and the refining of aluminum—belong to the 20th century, during which electricity was developed as a form of energy and the internal-combustion engine was developed for use on land, at sea, and in the air. In the 20th and 21st centuries, as service industries came to dominate most European economies, the technical skills and intellectual abilities of the continent's people remained crucial.
Coal, used to drive steam engines and, as coke, in the smelting of metals, was long the predominant European power source. There was very little increase in coal production during the late 20th century, however, as European countries made greater use of other forms of energy. Nevertheless, in the early 21st century coal continued to provide energy to coalfield-based industries and was still important for the production of electricity. Petroleum and natural gas now provide a large share of the energy consumed. Natural gas has replaced coal gas in many parts of Europe, including Russia and the United Kingdom. Fuel oil is widely used by diesel locomotives and electricity-generating stations as well as for space heating. Ireland, which lacks both coal and oil, makes efficient use of abundant peat resources.
Nuclear reactors generate a significant amount of electricity. Nuclear energy is promoted by the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) in the EU countries.
Hydroelectric power has been markedly developed where precipitation and landforms provide good opportunities to dam rivers, as in northern and Alpine Europe and southwestern Russia. Norway, for example, derives almost all of its electric power from this source; Spain, Portugal, Switzerland, Austria, Sweden, and the Balkan countries derive a large fraction.
Geothermal energy—using underground waters heated by volcanic action—is available in Italy and Iceland. Wind power (especially in Germany, Spain, and Denmark) and tidal power (in France, for example) are being harnessed as well.
Heavy industry
The change from charcoal to coke as fuel in blast furnaces led to the localization of Europe's iron and steel industries on its coalfields to economize transport costs, although imported iron ore, cheap American coal, electric furnaces, and technological efficiency have loosened this tie. Thus, Northumberland and Durham (England), North Rhine–Westphalia (Germany), Upper Silesia (mostly in Poland), and the Donets Basin (Ukraine) historically have had coalfield furnaces and mills, while others are grouped near sources of the ore, as at Kryvyy Rih (Ukraine) and in Lorraine (France), or at such convenient estuary or port sites as Port Talbot (southern Wales), Genoa (Italy), and Dunkirk (France). Europe produces a significant portion of the world's steel and iron ore. Steel-using industries that make heavy machine tools and mining, smelting, construction, and electrical equipment favour coalfield locations, while those engaged in shipbuilding and motor-vehicle and aircraft construction show a wider distribution.
Chemical industries
Covering many products, chemical industries expanded greatly after 1945, partly in relation to hydroelectricity generation and partly as a result of the market-oriented use of refinery by-products. Many heavy chemicals have been produced on the coalfields, notably in the Ruhr, where by-products of coke ovens and metallurgical plants are available. Other chemical industries make use of Europe's deposits of salt, potash, phosphates, and sulfur. In the second half of the 20th century, the increased production of synthetic rubber, plastics, synthetic fibres, detergents, insecticides, and fertilizers, particularly from petrochemicals, revolutionized the chemical industries. Europe is also a large producer of pharmaceutical drugs.
Light industry and handicrafts
A wide range of light or small-scale industries (i.e., those that produce nondurable goods) is found throughout Europe, but some countries have reputations for specialty goods, as in the case of English, Italian, and Dutch bicycles, Swedish and Finnish glass, Parisian perfumes and fashion goods, and Swiss precision instruments. The United Kingdom's once-leading textile industry now concentrates on high-quality goods, including many synthetic fibres, of which the United Kingdom—together with Germany, France, and Italy—is a large producer. Many countries produce distinctive food products and beverages—notably the wines of the west and south, the northern beers, and the Scotch and Irish whiskeys. Printing and publishing, especially in English, French, German, and Russian, are substantial industries that have worldwide effects, notably in the educational field.
Of small importance in a continent where mass production predominates, handicrafts nevertheless survive to serve a wide market, including that of tourists who seek specialty goods. Knitwear and Harris tweed are produced in the Scottish islands; traditional clothing is made and worn in many eastern European countries; and custom tailoring for men, like dressmaking for women, survives as a supplement to ready-made clothing. Pottery making is another active craft.
With its ever more sophisticated industry producing outstanding exports and its large importation of petroleum products, metals, other raw materials, and foodstuffs, Europe accounts for a large percentage of world commerce. Internal and external trade, both by land and by sea, always has been a vigorous part of Europe's economy, no less so in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, when Europe faced such strong competitors as the United States, Japan, and China. Trade is made necessary by the regional specialization of production, largely initiated by capitalist enterprise in the past and now guided by national and, with the advent of the EEC and later the EU, supranational policy decisions. Trade is further aided by Europe's central position in the densely populated Northern Hemisphere, well served by oceanic and air transport systems.
Within the continent, there was a distinction for much of the 20th century between the general trade policy of western Europe and that of the now-disbanded Soviet bloc. Prior to the late 1960s the Soviet Union and the eastern European countries adhered to the doctrine of economic self-sufficiency with more interregional than international trade. In the late 1960s and the '70s these trading patterns began to change. Improved relations between the east and the west enabled the communist countries to meet an increased amount of their technological and agricultural needs with imports from western countries. As the countries of eastern Europe abandoned communism—and especially since Germany was reunited and the Soviet Union was dissolved into its constituent republics—interest in external trade has grown dramatically in those countries.
The nations of western Europe, on the other hand, have always relied heavily on international trade. For long periods of time, most of the western European countries held political dependencies overseas where they created captive markets, and several EU countries continue to conduct an important amount of trade with their former colonial territories. Similarly, the Commonwealth nations engage in much trade, now strictly competitive, with the United Kingdom.
Trade within Europe
Within each European country a wide variety of goods is moved continually from ports and production centres to urban markets. In addition, a major part of the trade of Europe takes place between the various countries, since—with regional specialization, dense populations, and relatively high standards of living—they provide strong markets. Germany supplies coking coal and chemicals to France, for example, which in turn provides Belgium with iron ore from Lorraine. Dutch natural gas is piped to such countries as France, Belgium, and Germany. Specialty foodstuffs—wines, cheeses, spring vegetables, and fruit—find an enlarged market far beyond their production centres, as do such manufactured items as fashion goods, automobiles, and major household appliances.
Active trading within groups of countries that have associated primarily for that purpose and to rationalize and so increase the profitability of their national economies advanced markedly in the 20th century. The policies of the EEC and, later, the EU have been directed toward economic specialization in increasingly interdependent member countries. The European Free Trade Association (EFTA) also has encouraged trade between its members—western European countries that did not join the EEC or the EU. In 1977 a free-trade agreement went into effect between the EEC and the EFTA. The agreement eliminated tariffs on most industrial goods originating in the member countries, thereby increasing trade between the countries in the two blocs. In 1994 a free-trade zone between the EFTA and the EU came into effect.
Much trade in eastern Europe and the republics of the former Soviet Union has remained intraregional, but trade between western and eastern Europe did increase markedly during the late 20th century. Russian natural gas was sold to such countries as Austria, Italy, France, and Germany, and western markets were also used for the sale of gold and diamonds in exchange for ships, machinery, and chemicals. Eastern European countries, known for supplying such goods as canned salmon and caviar, vodka, Polish bacon, Czech glass, and Hungarian and Balkan wines, increasingly exported a greater variety of high-value products. East-west exchanges continued to develop in the 21st century, particularly with the integration of several eastern European countries into the EU.
External trade
European trade extends to all other parts of the world. The extracontinental exports of Europe include machine tools, automobiles, aircraft, chemicals (including pharmaceutical drugs), and such consumer items as clothing, textiles, books, specialty food products, expert services, and works of art. Western Europe depends heavily on imported petroleum from the Middle East, Algeria, and Libya and on many imported raw materials and metals. Europe imports much natural rubber, tea, coffee, cacao, cane sugar, oilseeds, tobacco, and fruit—fresh, canned, and dried—although it has attempted to lessen its dependence on imported agricultural products with greater domestic production and the manufacture of synthetic substitutes for natural fibres.
The outstanding growth industry of tourism—supplementing business, professional, and student travel—brings employment and foreign exchange to many Europeans, especially in the Mediterranean countries, with their combination of sunshine, beaches, scenery, and historical monuments. The world-renowned cities of Europe attract large numbers of tourists as well. In fact, European countries are consistently among the top tourist destinations of the world; they draw visitors from within Europe as well as from other continents.
Expressways (the autobahns) were first planned in Germany in the 1930s. Other European countries, including the Netherlands and France, constructed expressways in the mid-20th century as well. Throughout much of Europe today a network of high-speed, limited-access highways provides fast movement for commerce and travel. Road tunnels supplement railway tunnels beneath the Alpine passes.
Railways link European ports with their hinterlands and fan out from capitals and major cities to points on the international frontiers, where they meet the railway systems of their neighbours. In some cases—notably from France to Spain and from Belarus and Ukraine to Poland and Slovakia—this has involved a change of gauge. Countries, notably Spain, have responded to the problem of varying gauges by adopting the standard European gauge, building mixed-gauge tracks, and using systems that allow a train's wheels to be adjusted to fit different gauges. Railways permit passage between the western and eastern European extremities but not quite to the extreme north; they also have lost some of their passengers and freight to the automobile, coach, and truck, and many uneconomic local lines have been closed. Even so, rail services have notably improved with the use of electrified track or diesel locomotives, faster intercity passenger trains, and container freight trains. An integrated network of very fast passenger trains—notably the French TGV (trains à grande vitesse, "high-speed trains")—has developed in western and central Europe, led by early developments in France, Italy, and Spain and integrated with the Channel Tunnel, the rail tunnel under the English Channel. Railways remain all-important in Russia and the other republics of the former Soviet Union. In addition, underground railways (subways), streetcar systems, and suburban railways play an indispensable role for metropolitan commuters across Europe.
Waterways and pipelines
Seaports have been modernized and enlarged to deal efficiently with the increased size of ships and volume of oceanic trade. Even landlocked Switzerland has seagoing ships that use Dutch port facilities. The United Kingdom, Norway, and Greece also hold large freighter tonnages for hire.
Inland waterway transport, slow but cheap, is regionally important for the carriage of heavy and bulky commodities. The best waterways—the Rhine below Rheinfelden (Switzerland) and the Danube below Belgrade (Serbia)—can carry 1,500-ton barges. The navigable Rhine has the legal status of an international waterway open to all users. Other rivers and canals are usable by smaller vessels. The Volga is a valuable waterway linking Moscow with Caspian ports and, via the Volga-Don Shipping Canal, gives water access to the Donets Basin.
Giant tankers, up to and beyond 300,000 gross registered tonnage and too deep in draught for most seaports, deliver their cargoes by pipelines that—for petroleum, natural gas, and water—provide the cheapest overland form of transport. They have been built in the United Kingdom for North Sea gas and oil; in France, Spain, and Italy for North African oil; and within and beyond Russia and Ukraine, where crude oil and natural gas are carried by pipeline to many European customers.
Air services between principal European cities and to all parts of the world are extensively organized. Airports at London, Frankfurt am Main, Paris, Madrid, Amsterdam, Munich, and Rome are among the busiest facilities. Passengers, mail, and commodities of high value in relation to their weight—such as diamonds and early spring flowers—make use of air transport.
Animal transport
Animal transport has minimal importance yet survives locally, often appealing to visitors from more prosperous regions, where the simple technology disappeared long ago. The horse-drawn cart may still be seen in east-central Europe, and the ox-drawn plow and the loaded ass, mule, and donkey—affordable and sure-footed in rough, hilly country—are still used in parts of southern Europe. In regions with long, snowy winters such as northern Russia and Scandinavia, sleds drawn by dogs or reindeer may be used.W. Gordon East Thomas M. Poulsen William H. Berentsen
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- industrial design
- motion pictures


text: Howdy Mark, and thanks for the reply. On Mon, 2003-01-06 at 18:33, Mark Hahn wrote: > > Anywho, I was thinking that the lib call was written in an asynchronous > > fashion, with various flags being set on the root node when a compute > > node completed its computation. Also, the only way the root would > > continue on with the application is when all nodes sent a response > > saying that they're done. > > well, that means the master becomes a potential bottleneck. Hmmm. I think that this would be application specific and really depend on the situation at hand. That is, I can see where some applications would only need to worry about the data they were crunching internally, and they wouldn't have to talk to other nodes, other than letting the root node know that they've completed. For other applications where nodes have to communicate with each other, it would seem that the model could just be duplicated on each compute node, including the windowing and statistics. Also, a compute node that's having a problem talking to another compute node could report this problem to the root/head, making sure that the problem node is watchdogged or removed from scheduling completely should it fail. That is, if I understand all of this parallel stuff correctly. > also consider what happens if the master fails... No problem. The head/root node could be setup as a failsafe cluster. Should the head node go down, another machine just takes over. I think that this would work, anyway. (Shrug.) BTW, all these statements shouldn't be seen in a "I know what the hell I'm talking about" context. Just brainstorming, and the replies I'm getting on and off list seem to be helping understand all of this stuff, too. Thanks, guys!. > > verbatim and stored off to disk. That is, if the recovery node didn't > > finish its work already, of course. You'd also have to tell the original > > node that straightened itself out "Never mind," of course. (Said with > > that's fine if each node has only trivial globally unique state. > but often, the reason you're using parallelism at all is because > you have a huge amount of global state, and each of N nodes owns 1/N of it. > can your program somehow survive when 1/N of its state disappears? Personally, I'd think survivability would depend on the capabilities of the people designing the code. I guess you could also set aside a node or two and use them as failsafe/backup nodes (or whatever the terminology is used here), and should a node a fail, one of them could take over. This all depends on if the node taking over would have access to the data.(Check-point files? UGH! :^) ). BTW, when I say "UGH!" here, I'm really not trashing check-point file usage. What I guess I'm really saying is that they're a necessary evil, and also that they are something I'm sure all of us wish didn't exist in any way, shape, or form. :^). I just hate seeing cycles being used this way, and if someone could figure out a way to get rid of them, I'm sure everyone in the field would be MUCH happier :^). > some codes don't have a lot of state. for instance, suppose you were > doing password cracking - a node's state is just its assigned subspace > within the set of possible cleartext passwords. if it dies, just > hand the space to some other node or distribute it among the survivors. Yep. Exactly what I was thinking. > if your problem is like that, you're utterly and completely golden - > not only can you handle failures easily, but you can also run just > fine on a grid. like prime-cracking, seti at home, etc. Yep :^). Nice talking to you, Mark, and best regards, Randall -- Randall Jouett Amateur Radio: AB5NI

subset: commoncrawl


text:
When looking for help sellng a home in Louisiana or Mississippi, you can fully rely on the real estate professionals at Latter & Blum Inc. Realtors. Whether you have sold a property before, or this is your first time, you should never attempt to do so without the help of an experienced real estate agent. We place the needs of our clients before all else, and we work hard to ensure you end up with the best value for your property.
When you sell your home with us, you can take advantage of a wide range of services designed for sellers. Most importantly, you can track the entire progress of your sale from the moment it appears in our listings to the time it is sold. You can even view valuable information like when it was advertised, how many views it has received, and so much more.
The current market is great for sellers in Louisiana and Mississippi, and we are here to help you get the most out of it. If you would like help selling a home, we invite you to browse this site to learn more about our services. Follow the links below to view additional information like our seller resources, selling guide, and so much more. If you have any questions, give us a call today to speak with a member of the team at Latter & Blum Inc. Realtors!
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Real Estate website solutions | Big data and market report products for the real estate industry


text:
The SiteSell Value Exchange
You need links. Not just any links, but high-quality, relevant ones. Why?
Because search engines use links (and other "off-page" criteria) to help decide how relevant your site is for your most important keywords. But not just any old link will do... the more relevant and higher in value, the better.
"Impressive leverage, nicely indexed
... monetize on an amplified scale."
- Paul Southren, sword-buyers-guide.com
That's why we call this the SiteSell Value Exchange (SVE) -- your eye must always be on value, and on value-for-value exchanges only. The SVE is a unique service that encourages and facilitates the exchanging of valuable business- and traffic-building connections between high quality, similarly themed sites.
Until now, there have always been two big drawbacks to building a solid Value Exchange program...
1) True, relevant value exchanging has been a tedious, back-breaking, low yield exercise.
2) Spammy automation underlies products that speed up the process, but almost all of these programs do more damage than good.
SVE eliminates both problems. It can never get you into trouble with a search engine because... we (SiteSell) simply put you together with a small number of other quality sites and then we stay out of the process.
SVE merely accelerates what happens (tediously) in "the real world."
The SiteSell Value Exchange is the simplest, fastest, most efficient, and (most importantly) most REAL way of exchanging value for value. It's a true use of the Web, the way that search engines want it -- relevant sites linking to relevant sites only. For that reason, it's also the most effective process... and it's free.
Two Special Tips
Tip #1
If you do not have a quality, theme-based site, one that you yourself would gladly link to, don't bother registering for the SVE.
Video By Webmaster (more)
"I Love My SBI!" (A Music Video)
Bad sites are removed. What's a bad site? A site that...
- has very little content, or low-value content
- has too many low-value links (i.e., link farms or banner farms, "free-for-all" links, tons of affiliate links)
- is a dead site (i.e., not available)
- promotes hate, spam, libel, or offensive or illegal activity
- provides an incorrect email address in the form below.
If this fits you, don't bother registering your site. No one will exchange with you and we'll delete your site from the exchange. Sorry to be blunt, but there's no room in this exchange for bad sites.
Also, your site should focus on a theme and not be of a "general interest" kind of nature. SVE finds other sites that have registered with subject matter that is related to yours. This pre-acceptance by a similarly niched site is part of the great acceleration of the SVE process!
No need to chase hundreds of sites that do not want to exchange with you. No need to beg. And you, in turn, will only receive letters from good, relevant sites, too.
In other words, SiteSell Value Exchange opportunities welcome your inquiries. They (quality matches) even come to you!
Tip #2
Building a link program is only a very small part of search engine optimization (SEO). And SEO is only a fraction of what's involved in building a successful online business.
Traditional "SEO" itself has a dubious future. Search engines are constantly refining their algorithms that evaluate on-page and countless off-page criteria (linking is just one of many off-page criteria). The complexity and sophistication of the engines increase monthly.
The marketplace offers a near-endless, confusing array of linking information, strategies and complicated tools, all geared towards helping you manipulate search engines in order to improve page ranking and attract traffic to your business.
But SEO manipulation does not work.
Adapt to that coming new reality today...
Register for the SiteSell Value Exchange by filling in the short form below. Your registration accomplishes two self-validating tasks at the same time...
It registers your site as one that is willing to exchange value with other sites that have a similar theme/topic content. (The engines weight the value of a link less heavily if the linking site is not of a similar nature to yours -- so why bother with any other kind of site?)
It simultaneously searches for similar sites, ones with topical content that relates to yours.
The two simultaneous tasks self-validate by eliminating the non-serious, the selfish, and the low-value sites. The outcome of "search-and-be-searched" means only high-value, relevant exchanges result... all under your control.
All we do is put the two of you together, at no charge. After that, we step back and you communicate with each other, deciding if and where to place your links to each other.
Simple concept. Excellent results. Free.
Of course, we're hoping that you'll see the merit of using SBI! to manage more than just this part of your value exchanging (the full Value Exchange for SBI! owners features management tools, automation and the cutting edge GoGetIt bot that combine to push Value Exchanging where no one else goes... all of it honest, real and powerfully effective)...
And we're hoping you'll consider that SBI! does much, much more than deliver its comprehensive set of value-exchange tools and automation. After all, SBI! has over 80 modules and sub-modules (a sub-module is a small piece of functionality, like the one on this page).
Many of these modules work automatically in the background, without you even having to lift a finger. For example...
- sub-modules that constantly work to build your traffic (spider-tracking, index-listing, rank-reporting, sitemap-updating)
- link-building and monitoring modules (one even finds new links to you and submits them to the engines!)
- traffic and click analysis modules
- and more.
Others happen in the foreground, under your control. For example...
- brainstorming hundreds of related, profitable keywords
- site-building with total flexibility and control
- e-zine publishing and mailing
- and more.
Bottom line...
SBI! does it all... it's the only all-in-1, step-by-step system of process-and-software that delivers profitable online businesses. Everything that you need to grow an e-business is built-in...
- Action Guide (follow its business-building process)
- All the tools, everything from the best keyword and niche-choosing software to unique mobile site-optimizing tools (execute each step with skill)
- Constant updates/upgrades of business-building information and tools (stay ahead of competitors, effortlessly)
- SiteSell Support (we're there for you with round-the-clock caring)
- SBI! Forums (thousands of motivated, positive people gather to lend each other helping hands in over 70 e-business forums that cover every conceivable topic).
And when you do realize that SBI! does it all... well, we're hoping that you'll consider using SBI! itself for your business-building efforts.
Click here for full SBI! information.
Ready? It's time to register and search for matches...
SiteSell Value Exchange Registration
(click the links for help and explanation of the fields)


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German town goes solar, buys local energy plant
After Chernobyl, the German town of Schönau didn't want to get its energy from nuclear power. So its citizens turned the town into an energy producer via solar panels and other green carbon neutral sources. Watch the short film by Journeyman Films. Sadly the German government has cut subsidies to the renewable energy industry, saying it's not sustainable economically. Hugely unfortunate and I think premature—and likely due to lobbying from the German energy industry. Angela Merkel has appointed someone to shut down the independent systems—he wants a system that is "market oriented" and "reliable" and "cheaper." It seems unfortunate to abort an incipient clean carbon-neutral industry by pulling the subsidy now, so early.
Read also Rebel energy from the Black Forest from the Goethe Institut.
Another town has done the same thing: Wildpoldsried.


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When word came that Cathedral Grammar School in the South End would close at the end of the academic year, many children were devastated. Parents, while upset, are determined to continue their children's Catholic education.
The Rev. Kevin O'Leary, rector at Cathedral of the Holy Cross, sent a letter to parents last week telling them that the century-old school that educates students from prekindergarten through sixth grade must shutter its doors because of declining enrollment caused by shifting demographics. By Friday, many parents, some traveling from as far away as Weymouth, already had ideas about where their children will attend school next fall.
Standing in the bitter afternoon cold waiting to pick up her bouncing first-grader, Tamisha Shaw said she has contacted administrators at Pope John Paul II Catholic Academy in Dorchester about enrolling her 7-year-old once the school year ends. "The morals, the values, they pray," the Randolph mother said. "I love that."
But Shaw's heart is heavy that her daughter's spiritual development won't continue at the place that helped her cognitive development flourish. "Cathedral really helped my daughter because when she was younger, she had a speech delay. Now, she's speaking fluently," Shaw said. "We're really going to miss the school. The teachers and administrators are all wonderful."
Attending Cathedral Grammar School is a tradition for Pronissa Gaines's family. Gaines's two older children — one in college, the other a high school senior — graduated from the school, which her youngest attends.
"Now, I have a third-grader here who is devastated," she said. "She doesn't want to go to any school at all."
Cathedral Grammar, like many Catholic schools across the country, finds itself in the increasingly common, albeit painful, position of consolidating with other campuses as a way to provide a thriving learning environment, specialists said. Archdioceses throughout the Northeast and Midwest are contending with population shifts, and merging schools helps ensure that buildings are filled with engaged students and vibrant faculty members, said Patricia Weitzel-O'Neill, executive director of the Roche Center for Catholic Education at Boston College's Lynch School of Education.
"Not as many young families are staying and living in these regions, and they're not having as many children as in years gone by," said Weitzel-O'Neill, who as superintendent of schools for the Archdiocese of Washington saw her district shrink from 113 to 97 schools. "It's a hard choice to make, but the population is shifting. We're not living in the same places, and we're not living the same way."
As a consequence, schools built to educate children born to European immigrants at the turn of the 20th century and, later, baby boomers now sit fallow. According to the cornerstone of the brick building on Harrison Avenue directly behind Cathedral of the Holy Cross, the grammar school was built in 1910. The parish will now use it for adult and religious education classes.
"Despite the tireless efforts of the school's faculty, parents, and administrators . . . shifting demographics and population trends have resulted in an ongoing decline in student enrollment," O'Leary wrote in his letter. "Forecasts indicate that these demographic shifts will continue unabated."
There are 130 students enrolled at Cathedral Grammar this year, 40 percent less than a decade ago, said Terrence Donilon, spokesman for the Boston archdiocese. As a result, the school will be consolidatedwith Mission Grammar School at Roxbury Crossing, Pope John Paul II Catholic Academy, and St. Patrick Elementary in Roxbury.
O'Leary said in his letter to parents that the school's closure doesn't mean an end to students' Catholic education, but "ensures our students' seamless transition into unique, yet equally excellent, Catholic schools."
The 90 students who attend Cathedral with financial support from the Catholic Schools Foundation will continue to receive their scholarships if they choose to enroll in another Catholic school.
"It's painful any time a school closes," said Michael Reardon, executive director of the foundation, which provides scholarships to 5,000 students in the Archdiocese of Boston. But, he added, sometimes consolidating schools is necessary to guarantee that Catholic education endures. "We need to be obedient to reality."
For the school's 16 faculty members, reality now includes the possibility of unemployment. Teachers, if they want to stay with the archdiocese, must apply for jobs at other Catholic schools.Akilah Johnson can be reached at email@example.com.
Follow her on Twitter @akjohnson1922.


text:
Perhaps the biggest testament to this homestay efficiency is that it has a regular clientele visiting throughout the year, even in the off-seasons. The homestay also has a loyal clientele and many of them return to stay here every year. All this has been made possible by the homestayâs smooth functioning, active promotions and an enviable reputation built over ten years.
Mr. Biju and his brother Madhu have been entertaining guests from all over the world. And as experienced tour operators they provide comprehensive packages beyond the stay in their home.
The homestay itself is 150 years old and very simple in nature. It has an air of old world charm to it which is heightened by details like four-panelled doors, wooden ceilings and even a special flooring that keeps the home naturally cool. The home has two deluxe bedrooms that are bedecked with period furniture and are spacious enough to house small families. The home also has two standard bedrooms that are cosy and convenient. All rooms are fully stocked and efficiently managed by the friendly staff. The sprawling living room is embellished with traditional artefacts and the dining room affords a view of the big backyard. A wide backwater canal flows parallel to the homestay and is just a few feet away.
As the home is located in the heart of Alleppey, everything of importance is in close proximity. The beach is merely 10 minutes away and the boat jetty is even closer with beautiful churches around. With years of experience in the field, Mr. Biju is a real asset for tourists. He knows every worthy place of interest by heart and can easily direct people to destinations according to their interest and time constraint. This homestay is a reliable option for those looking for friendly service and a convenient resting place.
CheersBye © 2019


text: On Tue, 2006-03-21 at 13:06 -0500, Joe Landman wrote: > > Not sure of the performance impact of this, but you could look at OpenVZ > or Xen as well (when it is ready). Xen has very little impact on performance. I saw some very good figures at a recent presentation at FOSDEM. I guess the biggest drawback for MPI type work would be the emulated NIC is pretty outdated. I think I remember Ian Pratt saying this will be changed.


text:
'Hobbit' still No. 1 film in North America
LOS ANGELES, Dec. 30 (UPI) -- "The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey" is the No. 1 movie in North America for a third week, raking in $32.9 million this week, receipts show.
Coming in at No. 2 at the U.S. and Canadian box office is "Django Unchained" with $30.68 million, followed by "Les Miserables" at No. 3 with $28 million, "Parental Guidance" at No. 4 with $14.8 million and "Jack Reacher" at No. 5 with $14 million, Box Office Mojo said.
Rounding out the top tier are "This is 40" at No. 6 with $13.18 million, "Lincoln" at No. 7 with $7.5 million, "The Guilt Trip" at No. 8 with $6.7 million,
"Monsters, Inc. [3D]" at No. 9 with $6.36 million and "Rise of the Guardians" at No. 10 with $4.9 million.
Robin Roberts won't be back on 'GMA' until at least May
NEW YORK, Dec. 30 (UPI) -- Robin Roberts will not return to "Good Morning America" until May at the earliest, TMZ reported.
Roberts, 52, is a breast cancer survivor who underwent a bone-marrow transplant to treat the rare blood disorder, myelodysplastic syndrome, in September. She has been recuperating since.
TMZ said "GMA" producers hoped she would be able to return in February, but her doctors don't think she will be strong enough to do so until at least May, but more likely June.
Zach Gilford and Kiele Sanchez wed in California
LOS ANGELES, Dec. 30 (UPI) -- Television stars Zach Gilford and Kiele Sanchez were married in California Saturday, UsMagazine.com reported.
No details about the wedding, including exactly where it took place, were immediately available.
The couple met in early 2010 and got engaged 13 months ago.
Gilford is best known for his work on the TV shows "Friday Night Lights" and "Mob Doctor."
Sanchez previously appeared on "Lost" and currently stars in "The Glades."
Ewan McGregor, Stella McCartney are OBE honorees
LONDON, Dec. 30 (UPI) -- Film star Ewan McGregor and fashion designer Stella McCartney have made Queen Elizabeth II's list of Order of the British Empire honorees.
"I'm delighted and touched to be on the New Year's Honors List," McGregor, star of "The Impossible" and "Salmon Fishing in the Yemen," told The Mirror newspaper.
McCartney is a second-generation member of her family to earn the distinction of the order of chivalry. Her father, rock 'n' roll icon Paul McCartney, also was honored by the monarch.
Also presented with OBE titles this year are singer-songwriter Kate Bush, illustrator Quentin Blake and actor Adrian Lester.


text:
Your Price:
Checking inventory..
Deck your youngster out in some exciting Louisville Cardinals swag when you get him this remarkable Giddy Up T-shirt & shorts two-piece set from Colosseum!
Stay updated on sales, new items and more:
©2019 Fanatics, Inc., All Rights Reserved. No portion of this site may be reproduced or duplicated without the express permission of Fanatics, Inc.


text:
Whats goin on now? Discuss dating, issues, popular trends here.
All local military chat here
Army Views...
Use this control to limit the display of threads to those newer than the specified time frame.
Allows you to choose the data by which the thread list will be sorted.
Order threads in...
Note: when sorting by date, 'descending order' will show the newest results first.
Forum Rules


text:
World Wrestling Entertainment has released another employee, but this one may not be due to speculated cost-cutting measures.
Through its website, wwe.com, the promotion announced that longtime personality and behind-the-scenes figure James E. Cornette is no longer with the company.
Cornette's release comes on the heels of an incident at an Ohio Valley Wrestling. According to Dave Meltzer of the Wrestling Observer, "Cornette slapped Johnny Geo Basco backstage numerous times after Geo Basco laughed during what was supposed to be a serious scary angle."
The incident occurred shortly after Cornette had come off a five-week suspension by WWE/OVW for losing his temper on numerous occasions.
Cornette has been with WWE since 1993. Originally an on-air personality as the manager of several wrestlers such as The Heavenly Bodies, Owen Hart, The British Bulldog and Vader, Cornette moved behind the microphone for some WWE programming, including the pilot episode of Smackdown. In 1996, he moved behind the scenes as a part of the WWE creative team, formatting television and pay-per-view events.
A native of Louisville, Kentucky, Cornette served as a photographer, ring announcer, and wrestling magazine correspondent from the age of 15 until in 1982, at 21, when he got the chance to be a manager. The "mama's boy" was a standout manager in the National Wrestling Alliance and World Championship Wrestling. Most famous for being the manager of the Midnight Express, Cornette would always be seen carrying around his tennis racket, which he would use to assist his wrestlers scure victories. Cornette was also ran the Smokey Mountain Wrestling promotion, and has made indie appearances for groups such as Ring of Honor Wrestling.
In OVW, Cornette was responsible for developing WWE prospects along with head trainer Danny Davis. It is a decidedly old-school promotion. Some of the names to have been developed/groomed by OVW include Batista, John Cena, Kane, The Headbangers, Rico, Eugene, John Heidenreich, Randy Orton and Rob Conway. As well, in early 2000, Cornette was named to the NWA Board of Directors.
Cornette could not be reached for comment.
Stay tuned to SLAM! for more on this breaking story.


text:
Looking for HBCU – opoly Cheats? We have got all the most useful cheat codes for you and all for free. With these HBCU – opoly Cheats you can unlock all in-game purchases items and set them to unlimited mode and also unlock all levels and powerups. By using our HBCU – opoly Cheats you can use the hidden God Mode in HBCU – opoly. Our HBCU – opoly mods are the best and easiest method used for hacking HBCU – opoly .It is safer than any other HBCU – opoly hacks and mods on the web. You don't need to download any of those sketchy hacktools or mods on your phone anymore since our HBCU – opoly Cheat Codes and be entered directly into the cheat console and without any extra tools or apps. Use the cheat console from the link below to use any of our HBCU – opoly Cheat codes.
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A working internet connection.


text:
OPJU Syllabus of all courses
OPJU Syllabus of all courses are rare to find on the web , here you can find the latest OPJU syllabus of every undergraduate course and postgraduate course with no cost .All syllabus are available in PDF format and any student can download the syllabus of OPJU of all subject in a single click.
Find here the complete syllabus of OPJU
Here is the pool of OPJU syllabus of all courses like B-Tech , BBA , BCA , MCA , Mtech , Btech , MCA , BJMC .Here you can find all the syllabus free of cost without spending a single penny, you can download any paper with just a single click without any login details , signup issue or security issue.
All syllabus of OPJU are present in pdf format which makes them easy to read and download also. You can also download the syllabus from mobile devices as website is fully responsive and compatible with all mobiles,so need to open you laptops or desktops to download the papers.Its very simple to download the syllabus you just simply click on the syllabus link and it will redirect to the official site of the university of the syllabus link and save them in pdf format. Syllabus is always required while studying to make clear which topic is having how much weight-age of marks. Here you can find detail syllabus of each subject and of each semester of OPJU. official links are also provided of the detailed syllabus of each course of O. P. Jindal Global University. For daily updates of the syllabus of OPJU one can subsvribe to our news letter or subscribe for mobile notification also. Feel free to contact for any information required about the syllabus of OPJU and is anyone having suggestions , they are most welcomed.
All the best for the exams.


text:
Speed Enforcement
Exceeding the posted limit or driving too fast for conditions is one of the most prevalent factors contributing to traffic crashes. Speed is a factor in nearly one-third of all fatal crashes. Speed related fatalities in New York State have been on the decline. Factors such as technological safety improvements to vehicles, improved road engineering, and economics have a hand in the overall trend, but enforcement and education have always been major contributors to reducing fatalities.
Enforcement Tools
Troopers use unique Stalker DSR radar units from Applied Concepts, Inc. and LTI Ultralyte LR B laser speed measurement devices from Laser Technology, Inc. The units, which use state of the art advancements in microelectronics, were purchased after extensive field testing.
Stalker DSR (Directional Sensing Radar) Radar
The Stalker DSR is police radar that features moving direction sensing technology. This breakthrough technology allows the DSR to know if targets are approaching or going away from the radar - in both stationary and moving modes.
The operator does not need to manually tell the Stalker DSR if same lane traffic is going faster or slower than the patrol vehicle. This makes same lane operation as simple and accurate as conventional moving mode operation. The Direction Sensing ability of the Stalker DSR allows the operator to select a specific direction of traffic to monitor. The DSR can measure closing targets while automatically ignoring vehicles that are going away - even if a target moving away is closer than a distant closing target. The DSR opens up whole new areas that can be worked effectively with stationary operation.
LTI Ultralyte LR B
Laser devices have pinpoint targeting, which is the most effective way to enforce speeds within multilane traffic. The laser's beam is approximately 3 feet wide when it reaches a distance of 1000 feet away. This is how it's possible for officers to visually identify a speeding vehicle, pinpoint its exact location on the roadway, and then validate its precise speed.
Due to the laser's signal being instantaneous, radar and lidar detectors are useless. Even if a lidar detector alarms the driver, it is already too late. What about laser jammers? LTI lasers will still capture a measurement and even indicate that a jammer was used.
New York State Troopers provide public information and education (PI&E) in many forms. They have public speaking roles at events such as the New York State Fair and numerous county fairs. The State Police produces numerous informational handouts that are disseminated at these events. For more information, visit SafeNY.NY.Gov


text:
Medical Nutrition Therapy
Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and fluids are all vital to organ function. Because the American diet tends to be "unhealthy," learning the real facts from a dietitian will provide the knowledge you need to make the right food choices and maintain good health.
The Medical Center Medical Nutrition Therapy services can assist you in managing your nutritional needs. If you have a personal or family history of heart disease, diabetes, cancer, obesity, and/or if you are concerned about your overall health, an individualized diet can help.
Our registered dietitian can:
- Plan a healthy diet based on your particular health needs.
- Select foods that give you the nutrients you need for good health.
- Choose a variety of foods to get the nutrients you need with just enough calories to maintain a weight that's right for you.
We welcome the opportunity to work with you on developing a healthy nutritional diet plan. To schedule an appointment or for more information about Medical Nutrition Therapy, call (270) 745-0942 or 1-877-800-3824.


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I defer to the group on this, but my own thinking was originally as follows: If I visited a shopping site for a pair of shoes, decided against the purchase in favor of something else and then became annoyed with retargeted ads offering that same pair of shoes to me on other locations across the web, my setting of DNT (in my mind at least) should not allow the retargeting network to continue hitting me with more retargeted ads for that same pair of shoes because it was previously "collected with consent". again, this is just my opinion. also, if i'm on anyone's holiday shopping list this year, my shoe size is 11... On Tue, Nov 29, 2011 at 12:48 PM, David Wainberg <firstname.lastname@example.com>wrote: > Assuming the data was collected with consent for that purpose, why not? > > > On 11/29/11 12:39 PM, Sean Harvey wrote: > > to my mind the first party should not be using any third party data for > targeting in a DNT-on context, and I thought that was stated elsewhere in > the email chain, though I can go back and check. > > > > > On Tue, Nov 29, 2011 at 12:26 PM, David Wainberg <firstname.lastname@example.com>wrote: > >> This raises an interesting issue with how this is going to work. If the >> user engaged DNT after the data was collected, we probably have consensus >> that prior collected data should not be used. However, if the user had DNT >> at the time the data was collected, but granted an exception to DNT, the >> data is ok to be used. The problem is, how does the 1st party know the >> difference? It will fall on the 3rd party to honor the user's choices, and >> the 1st party will have to trust them. >> >> >> >> On 11/29/11 9:50 AM, Jeffrey Chester wrote: >> >> If a DNT system is to work, it must address how first party sites >> incorporate third party data and also use ad exchanges. If a user has said >> they do not want to be tracked via a third party data service, such as >> eXelate, BlueKai or Experian (for example) then such user data should not >> be automatically imported or used by the First party site. Sites >> increasingly mix in-house data with third party targeting data. A user >> should have reasonable control of this process under DNT. >> >> >> >> Jeffrey Chester >> Center for Digital Democracy >> 1621 Connecticut Ave, NW, Suite 550 >> Washington, DC 20009 >> www.democraticmedia.org >> >> On Nov 28, 2011, at 7:59 PM, JC Cannon wrote: >> >> John, >> >> I believe we are already in agreement that DNT will not apply to 1st party >> sites. I understand the need to clarify that 3rd-party sharing will be >> limited to certain exceptions, but I don't want to revisit something we >> have already agreed on. >> >> JC >> Twitter <http://twitter.com/jccannon7> >> >> *From:* John Simpson [mailto:firstname.lastname@example.com<email@example.com> >> ] >> *Sent:* Monday, November 28, 2011 4:47 PM >> *To:* <firstname.lastname@example.com> (email@example.com) >> *Subject:* Issue-17, Issue-51 First party obligations >> >> Colleagues, >> >> I've been thinking a bit more about the idea of "1st Party" obligations >> if we use the frame of a 1st Party and 3rd Party distinction. It seems >> clear to me that there is consensus that the 1st Party must not share data >> (some will say there are exceptions) with a 3rd party when DNT is enabled. >> >> It does seem to me there are further obligations. When I go to a 1st >> party site and interact with it, I assume it is using my information for >> that transaction. If I >> have DNT enabled, I don't have ANY expectation that it will continue to >> use that information beyond that transaction. The site should ask me if it >> can continue to store the information and use it beyond that specific visit >> to the site. >> >> In other words from my perspective as a user, a 1st Party site should >> treat me as if I had cleared all my cookies the next time I visit the site >> if I have DNT enabled. >> >> When DNT is enabled, a 1st party should treat each session with a user >> as an entirely new session unless it has been given permission to store his >> information and use it again. >> >> 73s, >> John >> ---------- >> John M. Simpson >> Consumer Advocate >> Consumer Watchdog >> 1750 Ocean Park Blvd. ,Suite 200 >> Santa Monica, CA,90405 >> Tel: 310-392-7041 >> Cell: 310-292-1902 >> www.ConsumerWatchdog.org >> firstname.lastname@example.com >> >> >> >> > > > -- > Sean Harvey > Business Product Manager > Google, Inc. > 212-381-5330 > email@example.com > > -- Sean Harvey Business Product Manager Google, Inc. 212-381-5330 email@example.com on Tuesday, 29 November 2011 18:02:57 UTC
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June 24, 2012
By Bob Thomas, Seminoles.com
TALLAHASSEE, Fla. – More than a decade in the making, Lacy Janson can finally add the Olympian to her resume as one of the most decorated pole vaulters in US history.
Janson claimed the third and final spot on the US Olympic team Sunday at Hayward Field in Eugene, Oregon at the trials. The Sarasota native and Tallahassee resident cleared 4.50 meters (14-9), but had to await a final attempt at 4.55 by competitor Mary Saxer before securing a trip to the 2012 London Games.
"I felt on," Janson said. "I was on point through 4.50."
A strong headwind, which turned the women's pole vault competition into a four-athlete showdown for three slots, halted Janson's strong start. After clearing the first three bars (4.25m/4.40/4.50), each on her first attempt, the former Seminole star stalled at 4.55 with three consecutive misses.
"I was at the mercy of whatever was going to happen," Janson said, afterward. "I just walked away and said, `Whatevever happens, I accept it. I've tried my best.' I was waiting for the sound of the crowd to tell me what happen. I hate it for Mary. Fourth is the worst, but the sound of the crowd told me I was in third place and going to the Olympics. That was pretty awesome."
It was a moment of redemption for Janson, a six-time All-American at Florida State who had two NCAA and eight ACC titles to her credit, but finished 10th at the 2008 Olympic Trials.
Janson, who last competed for the Seminoles when she graduated as an Academic All-American in 2006, continues to train with FSU assistant coach Dennis Nobles.
Her Olympic berth was the highlight of an otherwise disappointing day for the Seminoles. Walter Dix, a 2008 Olympic bronze medalist in the 100, pulled up with an apparent hamstring injury in the semifinal and despite advancing, finished last in the finals.
Maurice Mitchell finished fourth in the first heat of the semifinals (10.23), right behind Dix, but could not overcome a slow start. Still, it marked the first time the Seminole star – who was sporting a Nike uniform – advanced to the semifinals of the US national championship meet in the 100 for the first time.
"It's better than last year," said FSU Director of Sprints, Hurdles & Relays Ken Harnden. "He did a good job. He didn't react well to the gun and that's frustrating … It was his worst race of the season and unfortunately it was at a bad time. We'll turn the page and get ready for Friday."
Mitchell and fellow Seminole Horatio Williams will compete in the preliminary round of the 200 on Friday in Eugene. Dix is also scheduled to compete but his status is unknown after he jogged through the final of the 100 Sunday.
Joe Allen, who last competed for Florida State in 2001 and holds the third-best long jump in school history, finished 10th in Sunday's long jump finals. Allen, who won ACC long jump titles in 2000 and 2001 for the `Noles, qualified sixth for the finals on Friday with a jump of 7.75 meters (25-5.25).
Michelle Jenije will compete in the triple jump finals Monday at 8:45 p.m. (ET) before the action slows down for the `Noles until later in the week on the University of Oregon campus.


text: Galen Arnold wrote: > I'm looking for some opinions (based on real cluster setups would be nice > too). If you've got nodes with lots of memory (>1GB) do you run with swap > space configured or not? > We're seeing the occasional run that misses its memory request by a lot > and it hangs nodes due to excessive paging. I recommend having swap space, perhaps half a gigabyte. At the same time, if a job uses alot of page, it must be killed without remorse. To be notified of the problem, I suppose (I have not tried it) you can modify a script of Big Brother. My point is, these days, when even main memory is considered slow relative to level one cache, a job that pages to disk will take a very, very long time to finish in comparison to the same job with a smaller dataset that does not use swap. On the other hand, there may be jobs that need the extra space for a limited amount of time, in which case the swap space would be useful. Alan


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oziman needed a new logo design and created a contest on 99designs.
A winner was selected from 66 designs submitted by 29 freelance designers.
There's a tremendous spiral towards debt and reckless spending on credit cards - Fiscal Freedom is all about changing that mindset and helping people get back on track - we need you to design the logo!
Fiscal Freedom
We want a logo designed that will reflect the idea of people being in charge of their money and free from debt.
Edited to add - As I see more entries I want something that's upbeat and hope inspiring - are audience is people who are not, at the best of times, in great financial situations.
- Something patriotic, representing freedom
- Lighter colors as opposed to darker
- upbeat and fun
bright neon type colors
all upper case
something too dark or depressing
Find out how a design contest works or learn more about our logo design services.


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T.G. Sheppard Hospitalized Again With 'Very Serious' and 'Severe' Blood Infection
T.G. Sheppard is back in the hospital just weeks after being released from a Nashville-area facility. According to a Facebook post from his wife, singer-songwriter Kelly Lang, the veteran entertainer is suffering from a "severe" blood infection.
Sheppard, who placed a string of 10 No. 1 hit singles on the country charts during his prime in the '70s and '80s, still tours actively at age 68. But in October, just days after a performance at the Reunion of Professional Entertainers banquet, he was admitted to the hospital with a bladder infection that progressed into his blood stream, as well as causing an elevated heart rate.
The 'Devil in the Bottle' hitmaker was discharged in mid-October, but apparently the situation is still dire. "Without going in to too much detail, TG has been admitted into the hospital again with severe blood infection," his concerned wife posted to Facebook Tuesday morning (Nov. 6). She added, "It is very serious. We need prayers."
There is no further information available at this time. Please join us at Taste of Country in extending our prayers and well wishes to T.G. Sheppard and his family in their time of need.


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Would you like to know how to better answer patron questions when it comes to e-books and e-readers? Become an e-reading expert by visiting the IHLS Technology Petting Zoo!Join us for a casual training to get your e-book questions answered. Lesley Zavediuk, E-Book Trainer/Coordinator (IHLS) will provide a number of devices for you to play with in a relaxed and supportive environment. We'll go over checking out e-books from the 3M Cloud and some basic information about each device. Each session is best suited to no more than 10 participants, so be sure to register early. Our petting zoo features the following devices:Apple iPad & iPad MiniApple iPod TouchApple Macbook AirBarnes & Noble Nook HD Tablets (2)Google Nexus 10 TabletKindle Fire HD TabletDo you have questions about a personal device? Feel free to bring it in and we'll take a look!
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HancomOffice: A Disruptive Disappointment
First, Do No Harm
January 15, 2001
Many years ago, probably during the Reagan administration, I purchased a little sailboat racing game at a computer show. I brought it home and ran its install routine. And I was horrified to discover that the install program copied the lone executable to the root directory of my boot drive and then rewrote my autoexec.bat file such that it now contained only the name of the game's executable file. Before I got the sailboat program, my autoexec.bat was a thing of beauty, running maybe three pages and tuned to squeeze the most out of my four-meg 80386-16 -- running command.com from a ramdisk, running a big disk cache, all kinds of good stuff, to say nothing of a high memory manager and a host of memory-resident applications that wouldn't work unless they were configured just so. The only thing I thought of as executable at that point was the author of the install routine for the sailboat program.
There is, or ought to be, a rule for application developers: Don't break other stuff on the computer or, if you must break some things, make it clear ahead of time that you're going to do this, so that prospective users can reconsider. Physicians are bound by the rule that it's better to do nothing than to do harm. Developers ought to embrace that notion.
The developers of HamcomOffice, a suite of applications from Korea, haven't.
Another Hybrid
On its face, HancomOffice seems promising: It's a fairly small (well, a 70-meg download, but at least you can run the apps one at a time, unlike StarOffice), seemingly well-designed collection of the usual suspects: word processor, spreadsheet, paint program, and presentation graphics program. Its version 1.0 was recently released. It comes as a compiled binary for $99, but a 60-day evaluation version is available.
One of its claims to fame is that it offers two-byte characters, meaning that it accommodates far-Eastern languages that a lot of programs do not.
It also does something vaguely troubling, introduced by Corel in its office suite for Linux last year: some of the applications are truly Linux-native, while some are ported via WINE. (One expects this from Corel, who released a Corel DRAW! for OS/2 a few years ago that was part OS/2-native and part Windows-native, and completely a mess.) With HancomOffice, everything except the word processor is written to some version of the QT libraries. The word processor, HamcomWord, is a WINE port. I do not know why they did this, but there are serious downsides in both cases.
The spreadsheet seems perfectly typical in just about every way and in fact resembles KSpread in the KOffice suite. The paint program could not be induced here to produce any workplace for doing the painting. The presentation program is a presentation program.
The word processor -- my real interest in any office suite, because I am still eager to find that someone, somewhere, has produced a competent word processor for Linux -- has a full set of features. It even allows page numbering beginning with "2" on page 2 (though customization is limited to the location of the number and whether or not it is surrounded by hyphens). As mentioned, it supports the two-byte characters. It is reasonably quick, has filters for Microsoft products, and brings, too, yet another proprietary file format to the table, in case we didn't have enough of those already to keep the filter industry in business.
Sadly, I don't think anybody is going to be developing filters to import HancomWord files, because I don't think anybody is going to stick with HancomWord long enough to produce any files. The reason is, the thing is monstrously ugly. By that I mean it actually hurts the eyes to look at it. Because it is a WINE port (or perhaps because of the way it was ported), the thing's furniture -- titlebar, toolbar icons, menu items -- shrink to tininess at 1024x768 or above. Okay, so do many of the same elements in, say, StarOffice. But with HamcomWord there's more: the screen fonts are the worst I've ever seen, and in Linux that's saying something. (The late, largely forgotten Maxwell somehow mastered putting letters and numbers on the screen, but its developers didn't master much else, including survival of their application. I do wish that someone would look at their code and see how they did it, though.)
Still, if one stayed at 800x600 and had no other choice, HancomWord would probably do. It doesn't seem to devour enormous resources and it is neither breathtakingly fast nor terribly slow. It works, it has a decent feature set, and one wishes it were Linux native from the get-go. But I'm really beginning to wish that people would forget WINE as an expedient toward porting Windows applications to Linux. In the OS/2 world there used to be Micrografx Mirrors which served much the same purpose with exactly the same effect: the production of bad semi-native applications. (Weirdly, it also brings along a qt-1.x library.)
I had hoped to delight you with screenshots of this case study in what an application should not look like, but before I really had the opportunity I discovered the utterly disqualifying feature of HancomOffice: it violates the prime directive. It breaks stuff. KDE, for instance.


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