text:
Final Update and FULL Refund
Greetings ARKYD backers!
When we announced plans for our crowdfunding campaign, "ARKYD: A Space Telescope for Everyone," the support from the Kickstarter community was (and still is) amazing! Our goal was lofty, and with your support, we raised a record-setting US$1.5 million in funds to support it. Thank you so much for the constant encouragement. You've provided us the support to try out a bold new idea with the potential for huge impact both on and off this planet.
So far, we have fulfilled the many T-shirt, sticker, and poster Rewards. We've provided scores of memberships to The Planetary Society, codes for the video game Planetary Annihilation, and developed an educational rocket science board game in partnership with Xtronaut Enterprises. In addition to these Kickstarter-funded activities, we've also progressed on our company roadmap and built and launched two Arkyd-3 test spacecraft (the first didn't make it very far off the ground!), and our two follow-on Arkyd-6 test satellites are finished and waiting for their next launch into space this summer. All this leads to the Arkyd 100 Space Telescope capability.
When we closed the campaign in June of 2013, we were confident that the tremendous enthusiasm from around the world would translate into continued financial support outside of the Kickstarter community to move our idea forward… but, what we discovered was unfortunate. Aside from all the progress we made in the underlying technology, the follow-on interest from the business and educational sectors to expand the ARKYD campaign into a fully-supported mission did not exist as we had anticipated. We have explored and exhausted a variety of opportunities big and small for the financial backing necessary to complete the project.
Due to the lack of necessary follow-on support, we are saddened to announce that we are unable to fulfill the "ARKYD: A Space Telescope for Everyone" campaign. While we regret we must wind-down the project, we are pleased that we can offer each of our 17,614 backers an immediate and FULL REFUND, with our sincere thanks for your longstanding support.
We've never been stronger in pursuing our goal of prospecting and mining asteroids, and you can read a recent update about our progress here.
So what happens now?
You may request your refund according to the following refund policy and notification of refund:
Each ARKYD Kickstarter backer will receive an e-mail with a personalized refund link (do not share this link with anyone). Refund request submissions must be made to the company by following this personalized refund link. We have used the email you have currently have on file with Kickstarter, so if this is not correct, please reach out to us HERE.
Once you receive your personalized refund email, follow the instructions to complete the refund form. The form must be completed accurately and in its entirety. The refund form will provide you with options to claim your refund either by check or through PayPal. Refunds may take up to thirty (30) days to process. We reserve the right to verify information contained on the refund request form. Requests that include illegible, missing, or erroneous information may be returned to you for correction, which may cause delay in the issuance of your refund. We reiterate that you will receive a FULL REFUND, and will not be charged for any transaction fees or pledge rewards you may have already received. We have you covered.
You will have 45 days from Thursday May 26, 2016 to accurately and fully complete and submit to us your refund request form. We will not honor refund requests following the the deadline of Monday, 11 July 2016. Alternatively, you may mail your request form to us in hardcopy format to the following address: ATTN: ARKYD Kickstarter Refund, 6742 185TH AVE NE, Redmond, WA 98052. We are not responsible for lost or undeliverable mail. If you do not respond to this notification, as a courtesy we will make a reasonable effort to notify you of the refund offer. Ultimately, requesting a refund is your responsibility and we will make no further attempts to contact you following the deadline.
It is with heavy heart that we share this news. The Kickstarter community is stellar and we continue to be inspired by your passion as we make our way into the Cosmos. One of the things we enjoy most in building technology to explore space is sharing that journey with others. You can rest assured we will continue to take you on our journey as we make our way to the asteroids and beyond.
Chris Lewicki
Your biggest fan & Chief Asteroid Miner, Planetary Resources, Inc.
Flinter Hex on
oh... lol well faaar to late now oh well.
Reston Eilers on
I missed the refund deadline, as well. I can't say I'm excited by that...
Jerry Eisner on
I, like many other, have missed the deadline for a refund. I must admit to being a bit taken aback that I was not made aware of this more aggressively. It is a lesson to be wary of Kickstarter projects and to be careful once you make a pledge, to follow up on it regularly.
Jeremy Steimel on
So you set a deadline, but didn't contact customers to inform them of it? I just saw this update, over a year too late. Very disappointing. This will definitely impact my decision to support the Planetary Society in the future.
Janet Bastiman on
Ahhh, was just tidying up my kickstarter account and found a few things that never happened, this being one of them. I'm way past the refund deadline. However, I'm pretty happy that my contribution helped progress the technology and we've moved forward because of it.
All investments of this type are a gamble, and space tech even more so, this shouldn't mean we should stop supporting people who have these ideas, just be aware of the risks.
Travis Hoyt on
Will never support anything on kickstarter again... The bad taste in my mouth is extreme.
AGA on
Chris Lewicki great way to make global enemies and pissed off people!!!! You should be ashamed of yourself for ripping off people, i will make sure i will email our 45k mailing list and inform them of your organisations disgraceful practices and recommend they war everyone they know of your organisations dishonest activities!!
Adam Jacob Gray on
So.. I just learned about this. Thats pretty shitty. Not failing but the manner in which you handled it. Since I'm not eligible for a refund.. well I don't know.
Tony N Monti on
Please donate my funds to the Chicago Police Department or Fire Department.
Suman Saraf on
Filled the form and followed up on e-mail 3 times. No refund yet. My e-mail is sumansaraf at gmail dot com.
Veovis on
Hola Planetary Resources!
I totally missed the refund period... Worry not though, I'm not asking for my money back, I only ask that the funds I provided be put to good use on some other noble project or worthy endeavor (like getting a mid afternoon Starbucks on a cold day)! Best wishes and success on all your future endeavors!
Planetary Resources Creator on
Thanks @Marc! We are thrilled to have had you as a backer, and a continued part of our mission. You will often see the No Sleep tshirt in the hallways here at Planetary Resources :)
Planetary Resources Creator on
Hi All,
If you submitted a payment more than 10 business days ago on PayPal (this ONLY pertains to PayPal, not checks), and have not yet received your payment, it is likely due to one or more of the following issues with your PayPal account:
-Did you provide the proper PayPal email/mobile number for your account? If not, please send us the correct email/mobile number for your PayPal account.
-Does your account have limited access? If so, you will need to contact PayPal to lift these limitations.
-Did you claim your payment within the 30 days that PayPal allows you to claim your payment, before it is returned to Planetary Resources? If you missed the timeframe to claim your payment, please email me and I will resubmit your payment: firstname.lastname@example.com
-Do you have a PayPal account? If not, please create one and send us your PayPal ID so I can resubmit your payment. email@example.com
-Does your country accept PayPal? Check this list, if your country is not on it, we can work with you to get your payment in another way: https://www.paypal.com/us/cgi-bin/webscr…
-Is the email you provided for PayPal payment, added to your PayPal account? If not, add your email to your PayPal account, and the payment should then go through.
-Is there any other reason your payment could have been denied or cancelled?
If you think you might be experiencing one of these issues, please first contact PayPal customer service to resolve.
Then, email us so we can resubmit your payment if needed: firstname.lastname@example.com.
As long as you submit your request by July 11th, 2016, we will ensure you get your FULL refund.
Caitlin O'Keefe
Director of Marketing
Planetary Resources
Planetary Resources Creator on
@Scott can you email me your information so I can look up your account and see what is happening with your payment? Thanks so much! firstname.lastname@example.com -Caitlin
Kelly Havlik on
Good insight, Scott, and yes, I see that their project is still progressing in a different fashion. 1.5MM makes a nice, interest accruing "loan" for them and their only repayment of this loan is based on the original note. They pocket the interest they've earned for the past three (?) years! The interest alone from their investment is staggering. What a nice deal for them. Kickstarter should prosecute folks like this (or we should). What they should be refunding to us is our initial outlay plus any interest they earned during the three years (?) that they had our money!
I have invested in several kickstarter projects, most of which had significant delays from what was promised and some of the products were a bit iffy but, in all other cases, I've ALWAYS received the end product. I had planned to use this "selfie in space" from ARKYD with my daughter as a Christmas card but now she's in college. Ridiculous and fraudulent! Should be prosecuted.
Scott Medwid on
I sent the refund form in a month ago (via the link) but I have not gotten a check yet or any communication from the company.
Note: the day you folks announce the refund to your KickStarter backers you announce a big private equity funder is on board with you. So many of us "believers" learned a lesson. My question is this; What future idea from an earnest start up is NOT going to get Kickstarted because of this bait and rebate low cost loan scheme of yours?
Darrell Thompson on
Apply the money to R&D, we need that more than I need a refund.
Planetary Resources Creator on
@Jozape: send me an email and I can look into this for you. Thanks! email@example.com
@Marc: a couple people have had the same thing, but we have confirmed our certificate is safe. Maybe try another browser, or network?
Michael Psarouthakis on
Sorry to hear this news and kudos to you for offering refunds! What I would suggest is that the company explore equity crowdfunding, which just went legal on May 16th, or explore accredited investor crowdfunding like Angel List. I would really like to put my refunded pledge back to work with your company! Good luck and keep pushing forward!
Lewis Ross-Jones on
Well, that's a shame. The first project I ever backed on Kickstarter and it's a damp squib.
I'm not sure I fully understand; you're still planning to develop the Arkyd 100, so why back out of this project?
Jozape on
I have to say that this is a very classy act by Planetary Resources. Too bad nobody was as interested as we the backers in funding this! I was so interested that I pledged more money in this KickStarter than any other before and after.
I am not certain that my refund successfully submitted, though. I just filled out the link sent to my e-mail, and after clicking submit, I got a mostly blank page with only a Planetary Resources logo at the top. Is there supposed be a confirmation that my refund was successfully submitted?
David RabanusSuperbackeron
Dear PlanetaryResources team, thanks for the offer of a refund! Sad to hear that it did not work out as expected, as a space selfie would be really something...
Is there a way for you to keep my pledge funds for a particular purpose in your company?
Regards and all the best - David
David Sheldon on
I pledged the $25 three years ago because 1) that's an amazing deal on a space-selfie, and 2) I believe in what you are trying to accomplish. It saddens me to hear that you weren't able to get the follow-on support that you needed, yet I can understand why investors would be wary. As for me, I won't miss the $25 and won't be requesting a refund, I would rather that this project continues down to the very last penny. Best of luck to you all :)
Planetary Resources Creator on
@Anton: I have responded to you via email, let me know if you need anything else. Thanks! Caitlin
Planetary Resources Creator on
@John C: I have reached out to you via email. Let us know if you still need help my sending us a note at email@example.com. Sometimes with gmail accounts, the email is going into the "promotions tab" so you might look there. Thanks! Caitlin
John Christou on
i never received my refund email link. please resend, thanks
Anton Kurkin on
I sent a message to email@example.com at May 27th and didn't get a reply yet. Delay is understandable, just want to be sure it wasn't lost
David Leacy on
Thanks for the memories. Ive never been so interested in a space program.
Planetary Resources Creator on
@Ronnie: I just re-sent your link to you. Let me know if you do not get it by emailing me at email@example.com. Thanks! Caitlin
W. Scott MeeksSuperbackeron
To follow up on Ken Burwood's thoughts, my pledge was small enough for my budget and my interested in your core business keen enough, that I'm okay with letting you keep my contribution. Is there anyway to indicate that? I assume otherwise you'll have to follow up with anyone who does not request a refund.
Ken Burwood on
Sad to hear, it was a great idea. I'm surprised that there wasn't more interest from at least the educational field--the educational potential of the ARKYD project was the entire reason that I backed it, I didn't care about the selfie myself.
I'm still contemplating whether I'll ask for a refund. I don't normally ask for refunds, since the couple projects that have failed have been small teams who tried, so I didn't mind letting it go even if they did offer some refunds. However, since you're a full-blown business and you've got the funding that you need for your main business, then I might consider it in this case--or more likely, ask if you can simply donate my refund to The Planetary Society. But, on the same hand, I like the idea of your core business too, so I wouldn't be averse to letting you keep the funding either.
To all of those who are complaining about it being an "interest free loan" and about the 21M in funding, you are completely incorrect in your assumptions.
You've forgotten that the ARKYD project was a specific SIDE-project for Planetary Resources, that was for educational purposes, and it would in fact require continued support even after the physical satellite itself was completed and launched. The ARKYD project was going to piggy-back on the R&D from their main business and use one of the resulting satellites, along with all of the necessary resources for managing the satellite and it's educational program after launch (managing usage time for schools, maintenance, personnel, etc).
The ARKYD funding was NOT for the creation of Planetary Resources as a business, nor was it for the research and development of their satellite technology. The satelites were already going to be built for use in their asteroid mining business, completely independently of this project. Planetary Resources was extremely clear about this when the project was originally underway.
It was that R&D, along with our initial funding, plus the future funding that they had hoped to get from the educational and business sectors that were going to enable them to also do the ARKYD as a sibling project. The ARKYD project is what has failed to survive, due to lack of needed interest from the business and educational communities.
The 21M in funding that Planetary Resources has received is NOT for the ARKYD project, it's for their main business--two separate things.
This was NOT an interest-free loan for them, since this money was never for the purpose of building their business--it was ONLY for the ARKYD project, and that has sadly failed. They've in fact eaten a huge chunk of money by giving us full refunds, since they had to pay Kickstarter fees, credit card fees and taxes on all of that money when they collected it. So yes, their offer of a full refund is in fact very thoughtful, and honest of them, and its much appreciated.
Planetary Resources Creator on
Hi All, a few backers with @gmail.com emails have noted the refund email is going to their "promotions" tab. Just a heads up in case you don't see the email with the unique link to your refund, that it might be in this tab. Thanks! Caitlin
drow on
kickstarter has got to be one of the worst ways to secure a loan. that it has effectively worked out something like that HAS NO BEARING on the motives and intentions of planetary resources. their original plan didn't pan out, they've had to pivot to survive, and are giving back what they can no longer use the way they hoped to use it. and since its a full refund, they're apparently eating the spent costs of the secondary rewards they've already sent. very sad, but far short of duplicitous or underhanded. my 2cp.
Simon Drake on
I still like the idea and maybe one day we will get to fund a privately owned Earth and Space Observational CubeSat.
Planetary Resources has done well, and it's good to get a refund.
Planetary Resources Creator on
@GEOFFERY R DUGDELL, I see you have successfully submitted your refund request. Let me know if you need anything else. Thanks! Caitlin
Planetary Resources Creator on
@Ren, send me an email so I can resend your refund link: firstname.lastname@example.com.
Also, for those who have already submitted their refund requests, we are working on getting everyone's funds to them in the 3-4 week timeline (or sooner) we stated in the refund form and customer service page FAQ's here: https://kickstarter.planetaryresources.com/…
Dan on
I appreciate that they're honoring the rules and refunding after not being able to deliver. It's nevertheless disappointing that they won't be delivering. I am curious about this "extra spectral" business and how it could be new given that Landsat data sets have been "multispectral" since the 1970s.
Hopefully they have an answer for long term calibration and correction of data. And maybe they will even keep some data open to the public. USGS/EROS provides some really nice pictures of the Earth.
Chris 'Spuggy' Yarrow on
Dick move. I hope Kickstarter blocks any future funding attempts.
Jamie Kinney on
@ren received the email link a few days ago. Refunds take 5-10 days to process through to Paypal.
Ren Shredder on
Anyone already get their e-mail with the refund link?
Kenrick Encinas on
those who are convinced that this was some underhanded loan, really need to understand the concept of evidence better.


text:
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Risks of tobacco
Alternative Names
Secondhand smoke - risks; Cigarette smoking - risks;Smoking and smokeless tobacco - risks; Risks of tobacco
Tobacco is a plant. Its leaves are smoked, chewed, or sniffed for a variety of effects.
- Tobacco is an addictive substance because it contains the chemical nicotine.
- Tobacco contains more than 19 known cancer-causing chemicals (most are called "tar.")
There are many more reasons to quit using tobacco. Knowing the serious health risks may help motivate you to quit. When used over a long period, tobacco and related chemicals such as tar and nicotine can increase your risk of many health problems.
- Heart and blood vessel problems:
Blood clotsand aneurysms in the brain, which can lead to stroke
- Blood clots in the legs, which may travel to the lungs
Coronary artery disease, including anginaand heart attacks High blood pressure
- Poor blood supply to the legs
- Problems with erections because of decreased blood flow into the penis
- Cancer (especially in the lung, mouth, larynx, esophagus, bladder, kidney, pancreas, and cervix)
- Poor wound healing, especially after surgery
- Lung problems such as emphysema and chronic bronchitis, or asthma that is harder to control
- Problems during pregnancy, such as babies born at low birth weight,
premature labor, miscarriage, and cleft lip
- Other health risks or problems:
- Decreased ability to taste and smell
- Harm to sperm, which contributes to
- Loss of sight due to an increased risk of
macular degeneration
- Tooth and gum diseases
- Wrinkling of the skin
Smokers who switch to smokeless tobacco instead of quitting tobacco completely stillhave anumber of health risks:
- Increased risk of mouth or nasal cancer
- Gum problems, tooth wear, and
- Worsening high blood pressure and angina
Those who are regularly around the smoke of others (secondhand smoke) have a higher risk of:
- Heart attacks and heart disease
Lung cancer
- Sudden and severe reactions, including those involving the eye, nose, throat, and lower respiratory tract
Infants and children who are regularly exposed to secondhand smoke are at risk of:
- Asthma (children with asthma who live with a smoker are much more likely to visit the emergency room)
- Infections, including virus-caused upper respiratory infections, ear infections, and
- Lung damage (poor lung function)
- Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
Like any addiction, quitting tobacco is difficult, especially if you are acting alone. There are a lot of ways to quit smoking and many resources to help you. See:
- Family members, friends, and coworkers may be supportive or encouraging.
- Talk to your doctor about
nicotine replacement therapyand smoking cessation medications.
- If you join smoking cessation programs, you have a much better chance of success. Such programs are offered by hospitals, health departments, community centers, and work sites. See:
Stop smoking support programs
Boffetta P, Hecht S, Gray N, Gupta P, Straif K. Smokeless tobacco and cancer. Lancet Oncol. 2008;9:667-675.
Parkes GT, Greenhalgh T, Griffin M, Dent R. Effect on smoking quit rate of telling patients their lung age: the Step 2 quit randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2008:336:598-600.
Boffetta P, Straif K. Use of smokeless tobacco and risk of myocardial infarction and stroke: systematic review with meta-analysis. BMJ. 2009;339:b3060. doi: 10.1136/bmj.b3060.
U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Counseling and interventions to prevent tobacco use and tobacco-caused disease in adults and pregnant women. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force reaffirmation recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2009;150:551-555.
George TP. Nicotine and tobacco. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds.Cecil Medicine. 24th ed.Philadelphia,PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2011:chap 31.


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This being the era of Facebook and Twitter, it only makes sense that online dating has become one of the main sources for meeting new people.
Online dating sites, from top contenders such as Plenty of Fish,to more niche sites such as Christian Mingle,drew nearly 626 million visits in January, according to Experian Hitwise.
But where are the best cities for singles to take the online dating plunge? Look at cities with the biggest pool of online daters, according to eHarmony,Match.comand the up-and-coming HowAboutWe,where people meet their match based on the types of dates they propose.
By Ellen T. Lee, Special to CNBC.com
Posted 8 February 2012


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Statporn: my most-read posts of 2012Monday, December 31st, 2012 01:16 am
In the traditional top ten format (it may help if you hum Sign of the Swingin' Cymbal to yourself as you read):
I am really, genuinely proud of #7 though.
I'd like to thank the 33,117 people who have visited my humble blog this year, especially because 61.23% of you were returning visitors. I hope I can continue to post things you want to read in the coming year.
- Lib Dem Leadership - the runners and riders. With added Star Trek metaphor! from the 27th of September. Predictably, many of the comments concentrate on the sci-fi rather than the Lib Demmery. But as (nearly) always on my blog, the comments are better than the post.
- I Hate It When Politicians Talk About "Hard-Working Families" (UPDATED) from August the 30th. A phrase which is coming out of Tory mouths much more than Lib Dem mouths these days, and I feel I can take some of the credit for that - me and the lovely Caron.
- Spotify Without Facebook an embarrassingly typo-ridden entry from the 10th of April. In which I ask people to add me to their Spotify f-lists the old-fashioned way.
- Questions for FCC and FPC candidates from the 9th of October. This is probably the thing I am proudest of doing all year. I can't take all the credit for it, by any means; a whole load of people on one of the Lib Dem email lists helped me with formulating questions, and obviously if nobody had answered it would have been a bit embarrassing. But I feel like I made a positive contribution to the internal democracy of the party, and I'm very glad of that.
- Chris Williamson MP: sadly misinformed, or a liar? from the 4th of June. In which I turn my ire on a Labour MP.
- Home Office Rape Campaign Goes Live from the 5th of March. In which I am full of praise for the awesome Lynne Featherstone.
- A Message For the Lib Dem Leadership: Stop trying to shut US up and do your jobs from the 2nd of April. The follow-up post to this comes in at #2.
- Oh Dear. Christian MPs demanding a reversal of the advertising ban on the healing power of prayer from the 26th of March. One of my periodic spats with Tim Farron, whom I really do genuinely get on with and respect on most things. But we tend to part company when it comes to religion... Go back to #9 if you want to see me being happy with Tim ;)
- I've Just Got Off The Phone After a Conference Call With the Office of the DPM from the 3rd of April. This one caused a bit of controversy. Apparently some people didn't expect that when a conference call was set up by bloggers, with a bunch of bloggers participating, that some of us might blog about it...
- Chris Chibnall: a Rant from the 27th August. My top post of 2012 is pretty intemperate but I still stand by it. I recommend magister's comment on the post too, detailing why this was not just a solitary occurrence, but part of a much larger pattern.
I am really, genuinely proud of #7 though.
I'd like to thank the 33,117 people who have visited my humble blog this year, especially because 61.23% of you were returning visitors. I hope I can continue to post things you want to read in the coming year.


text:
Hexen Mod 'Edge of Chaos' Released for Doom 3
The unofficial mod is a new adventure inspired by, and set in the world of, Hexen. The demo version contains the Cleric's first hub, with three maps and an estimated 1.5 to 2 hours of monster-slaying and puzzle-solving gameplay.
The original Hexen was released in 1995 as a sequel to 1994's Heretic, built upon id Software's Doom engine. Hexen 2 followed in 1997. The last entry in the series, 1998's Heretic 2, was something of a departure from the norm, set a thousand years after Hexen 2 and featuring a third-person perspective.
From The Chatty


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"We are pleased that the facts have begun to speak for themselves," said Gordon Brinser, president of SolarWorld Industries America Inc., based in Hillsboro, Ore. "China's plans for the U.S. market have been clear from its excessive and illegal subsidization of its export-heavy industry, its ever-escalating drive to dump product at artificially low prices on the U.S. marketplace and its contrived public-affairs tactics, including a new coalition for Chinese importers that purports to serve the interests of American consumers."
In reality, a survey published by the Solar Energy Industries Association is clear that the U.S. public cares deeply about the vitality of domestic manufacturing as it stands in China's crosshairs. The survey shows overwhelming bipartisan support – 82 percent – for U.S. solar manufacturing. Chinese companies have almost no production on U.S. soil.
CASM alleges that China's state-sponsored industry has mounted an onslaught of dumping that has included a surge of imports in recent months. Chinese exports into the United States in July alone exceeded those of all of 2010, according to federal trade data. To counter this alleged surge ahead of the U.S. investigation, the SolarWorld-led coalition is seeking a federal determination of "critical circumstances," requiring that any import duties required to offset alleged improper trade tactics be applied retroactively for three months.
Assuming the International Trade Commission finds on Dec. 5 that Chinese exports have harmed the domestic industry, the first possible determination on "critical circumstances" could come as soon as Jan. 12, meaning importers of record could later be required to deposit estimated duties on imports back to this past Oct. 14, according to CASM.
"The anti-competitive tactics of Chinese exporters have threatened to wipe out U.S. producers and jobs," Brinser said. "Domestic producers look forward to returning to steady increases in efficiency and sustainable decreases in pricing that directly result from legal international competition – and to advances in America's renewable-energy future."
SolarWorld manufactures and sells solar power solutions and in doing so contributes to a cleaner energy supply worldwide. As the largest solar producer in the United States and Europe, SolarWorld employs about 3,200 people and carries out production in Hillsboro, Ore., and Freiberg and Arnstadt, Germany. From the raw material silicon to solar wafers, cells and panels, SolarWorld manages all stages of production ‒ including its own research and development. The company maintains high social standards at all locations across the globe and is committed to resource- and energy-efficient production. Headquartered in Bonn, Germany, SolarWorld was founded in 1998 and has been publicly traded on the stock market since 1999. For more information, visit www.solarworld-usa.com.
Devon Cichoski
Media relations manager
SolarWorld Industries America
4650 Adohr Lane
Camarillo, CA 93012
Mobile: 805-377-2905
Office: 805-388-6388


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The news is stuffed with "studies" in which "experts" tell us how we should behave. One recently found that conservatives have lost their trust in science over the last 40 years. That's probably because the very political academics of "Science" are routinely summoned to prove the right-wingers are not only wrong, but dangerously wrong, andnot just dangerously wrong, but evil, too.
These "studies" are laughable. First, there was the study purporting to prove that conservatism appeals to low-intelligence racists "who have trouble grasping the complexity of the world." Then there was the "scientific" study that parents should be allowed to kill their newborn babies because they were "morally irrelevant."
The latest doozy tries to spread "science" on the notion that "homophobia" is just the conservative's resistance to his own repressed latent homosexuality. The gay site Lez Get Real announced "Sometimes it takes a study to prove exactly what everyone already knows." This came under the headline "Self-Loathing Closet Cases Often Virulent Homophobes."
A team at the University of Rochester, the University of California-Santa Barbara and the University of Essex in England announced their results. USA Today reported with delight that "Acceptance of gays and lesbians has never been higher, but anti-gay bias still exists. A new study suggests intense hostility toward homosexuals may be linked to a repressed same-sex attraction, combined with an authoritarian upbringing."
This isn't "science." It's psycho-babble mumbo-jumbo, where somehow our potty-training or our breast-feeding or our spankings have shaped our most deeply-held adult beliefs. The same liberals who complained it was utterly unscientific for Sen. Bill Frist to diagnose Terri Schiavo's medical condition from the Senate floor think it's scientific to guess about the "unconscious" things that conservatives have hidden from themselves inside their own brains.
In a video issued by his college, Richard Ryan of the University of Rochester explained that "authoritarian" parents are creating hatred of the "other" and destroying the natural harmony of the world. "If you're a parent who really strongly believes your child should be a heterosexual, and then you use whatever means you can to convince them that they're only good and worthy if they are, this would be very controlling. This creates a lot of conflict in the child, and what we see in this study is one way that gets resolved is by them being discriminating or hateful towards gay and lesbian others."
What if you're a religious parent who feels that the homosexual lifestyle is sinful, at odds with what God intended for humanity? These academics don't like to discuss religion, except by implying that religious parents are "controlling" and "authoritarian" and promoting "hateful" attitudes.
Secular leftists hate it when conservatives bring religion into politics, arguing it's unfair to say God favors the Republican agenda. But then they turn around and bring "science" into politics, insisting that "science" favors the liberal agenda, that "reality has a liberal bias."
Those who actually think this study is "science" should really check out some of the methods these "scientists" applied to uncover the unconscious homosexuality of conservatives. Science Daily explained some tactics:
1. In one experiment, college students were shown words and pictures on a computer screen and asked to put these in "gay" or "straight" categories. Before each of the 50 trials, participants were subliminally primed with either the word "me" or "others" flashed on the screen for 35 milliseconds. They were then shown the words "gay," "straight," "homosexual," and "heterosexual" as well as pictures of straight and gay couples, and the computer tracked precisely their response times. "A faster association of 'me' with 'gay' and a slower association of 'me' with 'straight' indicated an implicit gay orientation." What?
2. "A second experiment, in which subjects were free to browse same-sex or opposite-sex photos, provided an additional measure of implicit sexual attraction." Uh-huh.
3. Through a series of questionnaires, participants also reported on the type of parenting they experienced growing up, "democratic" or "authoritarian." For gauging the level of homophobia in a household, subjects responded to sentences like "It would be upsetting for my mom to find out she was alone with a lesbian" or "My dad avoids gay men whenever possible."
What a wheelbarrow full of nonsense this is! What's dressed up here as "science" is really just intellectual intimidation and political bullying. Tell the "homophobe" he's secretly gay! That will drive 'em crazy! This study proves nothing except the agenda of the alleged "scientists" and journalists pushing it.


text:
DeFife JA, Peart J, Bradley B, Ressler K, Drill R, Westen D. Validity of prototype diagnosis for mood and anxiety disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry. Published online December 3, 2012. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.270.
eAppendix. Prototype Matching Approach to Diagnosis
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DeFife JA, Peart J, Bradley B, Ressler K, Drill R, Westen D. Validity of Prototype Diagnosis for Mood and Anxiety Disorders. JAMA Psychiatry. 2013;70(2):140–148. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.270
© 2019
Context With growing recognition that most forms of psychopathology are best represented as dimensions or spectra, a central question becomes how to implement dimensional diagnosis in a way that is empirically sound and clinically useful. Prototype matching, which involves comparing a patient's clinical presentation with a prototypical description of the disorder, is an approach to diagnosis that has gained increasing attention with forthcoming revisions to both the DSM and the International Classification of Diseases.
Objective To examine prototype diagnosis for mood and anxiety disorders.
Design, Setting, and Patients In the first study, we examined clinicians' DSM-IV and prototype diagnoses with their ratings of the patients' adaptive functioning and patients' self-reported symptoms. In the second study, independent interviewers made prototype diagnoses following either a systematic clinical interview or a structured diagnostic interview. A third interviewer provided independent ratings of global adaptive functioning. Patients were recruited as outpatients (study 1; N = 84) and from primary care clinics (study 2; N = 143).
Main Outcome Measures Patients' self-reported mood, anxiety, and externalizing symptoms along with independent clinical ratings of adaptive functioning.
Results Clinicians' prototype diagnoses showed small to moderate correlations with patient-reported psychopathology and performed as well as or better than DSM-IV diagnoses. Prototype diagnoses from independent interviewers correlated on average r = .50 and showed substantial incremental validity over DSM-IV diagnoses in predicting adaptive functioning.
Conclusions Prototype matching is a viable alternative for psychiatric diagnosis. As in research on personality disorders, mood and anxiety disorder prototypes outperformed DSM-IV decision rules in predicting psychopathology and global functioning. Prototype matching has multiple advantages, including ease of use in clinical practice, reduced artifactual comorbidity, compatibility with naturally occurring cognitive processes in diagnosticians, and ready translation into both categorical and dimensional diagnosis.
Researchers have spent more than 3 decades trying to improve the classification of psychiatric disorders, leading to substantial empirical advances. Strikingly absent, however, has been a similar body of research on how to maximize diagnostic reliability, validity, and clinical utility in everyday practice. Although the procedures designed for diagnosing patients since DSM-III have produced greatly enhanced reliability in research protocols, they have not done so in clinical practice, where cumbersome lists of symptoms with complex coding algorithms that vary by disorder have proven largely untenable.1-4
Quiz Ref IDPerhaps not surprisingly, a manual that was not designed to take into account the cognitive processing parameters of the diagnostician2,5-7 is frequently not used, or not used as intended, by clinicians. Clinicians instead tend to diagnose in everyday practice by pattern matching rather than counting criteria and applying cutoffs for categorical diagnoses.5,6,8 When clinicians do apply the complex procedures required for diagnosis in DSM-IV, their interrater reliability tends to be disappointing.9,10 Even for research purposes, those decision rules tend to relegate much of psychopathology to "not otherwise specified" categories.11
Prototype matching is an alternative approach that more naturally fits the way humans (including clinicians) categorize.3,12 This approach has been tested extensively with personality disorders (PDs) and has outperformed DSM-IV diagnosis in interrater reliability, validity, and ratings of clinical utility in numerous studies by multiple research teams.1,2,13-18Quiz Ref IDPrototype diagnosis entails assessing the extent to which the patient's clinical presentation matches paragraph-length descriptions of disorders using a simple 5-point scale (eAppendix). A diagnosis of 4 or 5 means the patient resembles the diagnosis enough to be described as having the disorder ("caseness"); a diagnosis of 3 means the patient has features of the disorder; and the default value of 1 means the patient does not resemble the prototype. This system combines the advantages of categorical diagnosis (eg, patients can be described as having major depressive disorder [MDD]) with the advantages of dimensional diagnosis (ie, patients can be rated for the extent to which they have the disorder), reflecting the wealth of data suggesting that most psychopathology is better represented as dimensional than categorical.4
This article reports a 2-part study of the validity of prototype diagnosis in 2 independent samples using distinct methods, extending prior work on prototype diagnosis with PDs to a broader range of psychiatric disorders (mood and anxiety disorders). Since the work of Robins and Guze,19 researchers have identified a number of criteria that can be used to validate a classification system and compare alternative approaches to classification and diagnosis (similar to assessing construct validity20,21). External criteria address the question of whether proposed diagnostic groupings predict theoretically relevant criterion variables (eg, interview data, laboratory tests, adaptive functioning, etiology, molecular genetics and epigenetics, and prognosis and/or treatment response).19,21 The aim of the first study was to assess the validity of a prototype-matching approach compared with patient self-reports (ie, whether prototype diagnoses made by clinicians would correlate with patient self-reported dimensions with which they should correlate but not with those with which they should not). In the second study, we assessed the validity of prototype diagnoses across 3 independent research interviews. Independent interviewers completed prototype diagnoses following either a systematic clinical or life history interview or structured diagnostic interview for DSM-IV disorders, and a third interviewer assessed adaptive functioning. By examining the validity of prototype diagnosis compared with clinician-rated adaptive functioning and patient self-reported symptoms (study 1) and across multiple independent diagnostic interviewers (study 2), we extend a growing body of evidence supporting the use of dimensional prototype diagnosis to a broader range of psychiatric syndromes.
Participants were psychiatric outpatients receiving treatment in clinics in the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology at Emory University and in the Department of Psychiatry at Harvard Medical School at the Cambridge Health Alliance. They included 50 women and 34 men, ranging in age from 18 to 60 years (mean [SD] age, 37.9 [12.3] years). Patients were primarily white (81 patients [97%]), represented a wide array of socioeconomic and ethnic groups (35 middle-class patients [42%]), and varied in levels of functioning as evidenced by Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scores ranging from 28 to 90 (mean [SD] GAF score, 62.8 [10.8]). Clinician participants were licensed or postgraduate clinicians with at least 2 years of clinical experience.
Patients who agreed to participate and signed a consent form completed a packet of materials, after which the research coordinator contacted the treating clinician to complete a parallel packet. Clinicians were blind to any data obtained from the self-report instruments.
Clinical Data Form–Clinician Form. The Clinical Data Form–Clinician Form is a questionnaire designed for expert informants that gathers information on a wide range of demographic, diagnostic, and etiological variables, including a rating of the DSM-IV GAF scale. The Clinical Data Form–Clinician Form has been used for a variety of studies.22 Prior research finds ratings of adaptive functioning to be highly reliable and strongly correlated with ratings made by independent interviewers.23,24 Clinician-reports on the Clinical Data Form–Clinician Form strongly correlate with patient self-reports, with high diagnostic efficiency.25
Prototype Diagnosis. Clinicians made prototype diagnoses on 6 disorders selected for their prevalence in outpatient samples: MDD, dysthymic disorder, bipolar disorder, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Prototypes were constructed by weaving DSM-IV criteria together into paragraph-length descriptions (except for exclusion criteria that would prioritize one diagnosis over another or arbitrary time frames that could not be better captured with language signifying duration more generically).
DSM-IV Mood Disorder Diagnosis. Clinicians also made present vs absent mood disorder diagnoses for the 3 mood disorders (MDD, dysthymic disorder, and bipolar disorder) so we could compare them with their prototype diagnoses. To ensure that clinicians used DSM-IV criteria, we reproduced the relevant pages from the DSM-IV and asked the clinicians to review each criterion and the decision rules and then to indicate whether the disorder was present or absent.
Patients completed a range of well-validated measures. Based on prior research, these were predicted to correlate or not correlate with different disorders (convergent and discriminant validity).
Personality Assessment Inventory. The Personality Assessment Inventory26 (PAI) is an omnibus measure designed to assess a wide range of psychopathology. For the present study, we examined the following scales and subscales: depression, suicidal ideation, anxiety, and traumatic stress for convergent validity; substance use, aggression, and antisocial personality disorder for discriminant validity.
Positive and Negative Affect Schedule–Trait Version. The patients completed the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule–Trait Version27 (PANAS-T). This is a 20-item self-report measure consisting of 10 positive and 10 negative emotions.
Anxiety Sensitivity Index. The patients completed the Anxiety Sensitivity Index.28 It is a 16-item scale that measures fear of anxiety-related sensations, particularly those common in panic disorder.29
The aim of the study was to assess the validity of a prototype-matching approach to prevalent Axis I disorders. Our first goal was to assess whether prototype diagnosis would demonstrate validity, first compared with clinician-rated adaptive functioning and second compared with self-reported symptoms (ie, whether clinicians' prototype diagnoses would correlate with patients' self-reports where they should but not where they should not). These hypotheses were tested conservatively given the high base-rate intercorrelations of mood and anxiety symptoms and disorders. (Because of low base-rate prevalence in the study 1 sample, we did not carry forward analyses using bipolar disorder.) Thus, in a first analysis, we correlated clinician-diagnosed prototypes with GAF scores and self-reported psychopathology.
Table 1 presents the hypothesized direction and magnitude of correlations between prototype diagnoses and criterion variables. For example, as the GAF is a nonspecific measure of functioning,30,31 we hypothesized small to moderate inverse correlations across all diagnoses. With respect to criterion variables expected to distinguish particular disorders, a wealth of data has linked high negative affect to both mood and anxiety disorders but low positive affect uniquely to mood disorders.32 We thus hypothesized PANAS-T negative affect to be significantly correlated with both anxiety and depression prototypes but positive affect to show significant inverse correlations with depression diagnoses alone. Similarly, based on prior research,33 we expected the PAI traumatic stress subscale to uniquely discriminate a diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder. With respect to other measures, research has identified anxiety sensitivity as assessed by the Anxiety Sensitivity Index to be a prominent feature in panic disorder and secondarily in posttraumatic stress disorder34,35; recent research has shown moderately elevated Anxiety Sensitivity Index scores in some patients with MDD as well.36-38 To test the discriminant validity of prototype diagnoses, we included psychopathology variables not expected to be uniquely associated with specific mood and anxiety diagnoses (ie, substance abuse, aggression, and antisocial personality disorder as assessed from the PAI).
Next, to examine the degree of agreement between clinicians' prototype diagnoses and their categorical DSM-IV diagnoses on the same disorders, we calculated diagnostic efficiency statistics for the 2 mood disorders on which we had both carefully obtained but naturalistic DSM-IV diagnoses and sufficient variance in the sample (MDD and dysthymic disorder).
To test whether prototype diagnosis performs as well as categorical DSM-IV diagnosis for the disorders on which we had categorical data (the 2 mood disorders), we performed 2 additional sets of analyses. First, we examined the raw correlations between categorical diagnoses and the same criterion variables used to assess the prototypes. Second, to determine whether prototype diagnoses might show incremental validity over categorical DSM-IV diagnoses (ie, whether they might account for more variance in predicting relevant criterion variables over and above categorical DSM-IV diagnoses), we used hierarchical multiple regression, entering categorical DSM-IV diagnoses for each of the 2 mood disorders in step 1 (coded 0/1) and prototype diagnoses in step 2, to predict clinician-rated GAF scores and self-reported PAI depression.
Successive adult patients in the waiting rooms of the primary care and obstetrical-gynecological clinics of a university-affiliated urban public hospital were approached while either waiting for their medical appointments or waiting with others scheduled for medical appointments (typically significant others for obstetrics appointments). Exclusion criteria were minimal (mental retardation and active psychosis). The 143 participants (47 male [32%], 96 female [67%]) ranged in age from 18 to 74 years (mean [SD] age, 43.3 [13.4] years) and were predominantly African American (129 patients [90%]). They varied in levels of functioning as evidenced by GAF scores, ranging from 30 to 95 (mean [SD] GAF score, 70.4 [12.2]).
Patients meeting criteria for participation based on a brief battery of questionnaires were scheduled for an initial assessment for the larger project. This project included 2 to 3 hours of self-reports followed by 2 full days of biological and psychiatric assessments.39,40
The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders41 (SCID) is a structured clinical interview designed to assess Axis I diagnoses in psychiatric population studies. The reliability of the procedure is well established.42,43 The SCID interviews were conducted by trained clinical raters blinded to other assessment data.
The Clinical Diagnostic Interview (CDI) is a 2- to 3-hour systematic clinical interview designed to standardize the kind of interviewing approach typically used by experienced clinicians.44,45 Following initial questions about the nature and history of current symptoms, the interviewer asks patients about significant interpersonal relationships from the past and present, work history, moods and emotions, and characteristic ways of thinking (to assess clinical and subclinical thinking disturbances).
In contrast to study 1, where the treating clinician provided the clinical diagnostic data, study 2 used diagnostic data from independent clinical research interviewers. The SCID interviewers (blinded to all other interview and self-report data) assigned both categorical diagnoses according to DSM-IV algorithms and prototype diagnoses for the same 6 mood and anxiety disorders rated in study 1. The CDI interviewers (also blinded to all other interview and self-report data) completed prototype diagnoses for the 6 disorders.
The Longitudinal Interval Follow-up Evaluation–Baseline Version46 is a structured interview for assessing adaptive functioning across multiple domains. The validity of the Longitudinal Interval Follow-up Evaluation–Baseline Version has been previously demonstrated in multiple studies.46,47 The Longitudinal Interval Follow-up Evaluation–Baseline Version interview was conducted and scored by a third interviewer who provided a GAF rating and was blinded to all data from the SCID and CDI.
We first assessed the cross-observer validity of prototype diagnoses by correlating prototype diagnoses made following standard administration of the SCID with prototype diagnoses made from the systematic clinical interview (the CDI) by a different interviewer. We also examined the diagnostic efficiency of prototype ratings from the SCID interviewer to the standard categorical diagnoses obtained from SCID scoring algorithms.
Next, we assessed the incremental validity of prototype diagnosis over SCID DSM-IV diagnosis in a highly conservative way, by predicting GAF scores assessed from the Longitudinal Interval Follow-up Evaluation–Baseline Version interview from prototype diagnosis made by the SCID interviewer, entering the SCID-based prototype diagnosis in step 2 of a hierarchical regression for each disorder after entering the SCID interviewer's categorical DSM-IV diagnosis in step 1. Given that the prototypes were constructed using DSM-IV criteria, the only difference between the 2 diagnoses for each disorder was diagnostic method (whether the interviewer was evaluating each criterion individually and applying cutoffs for categorical caseness or was judging the match between the pattern of the patient's symptoms and the same criteria woven together into a diagnostic prototype).
Table 2 shows correlations between clinician-rated prototype and categorical DSM-IV diagnoses with clinician-rated adaptive functioning and self-reported psychopathology. Although we expected substantial cross-correlations between mood and anxiety disorders because of the common factor of negative affect they share,48-50 prototype diagnoses provided compelling evidence for convergent and discriminant validity, with moderate correlations on the same dimensions assessed by self-report, small correlations on indices with which they have proven comorbid in prior research, and correlations near or below 0 with variables included for discriminant validity.
For example, the MDD prototype showed significant positive correlations with measures assessing depression and negative affectivity, notably the PAI depression scale, the PAI suicidal ideation scale, and the PANAS-T negative affect scale. As predicted based on prior research on comorbidity, MDD correlated secondarily with PAI anxiety and anxiety sensitivity scores; however, unlike the anxiety disorder prototypes, it negatively correlated with the PANAS-T positive affect scale as predicted. As expected, MDD was also significantly associated with lower GAF scores.
Much like the MDD prototype, the dysthymic disorder prototype showed significant positive associations with measures related to negative affect, including the PAI depression scale, the PANAS-T negative affect scale, and the PAI suicidal ideation scale. Also as predicted, the dysthymic disorder prototype negatively correlated with the GAF score. Across measures, dysthymic disorder correlations were uniformly lower than those between the MDD prototype and the same criterion variables, as would be predicted by the severity of the depressive state.
The anxiety disorder prototypes functioned largely as expected, with GAD score associated positively with negative affect and the PAI anxiety scale. The PTSD prototype was uniquely associated with the PAI traumatic stress subscale, and the panic disorder prototype was most strongly associated with anxiety sensitivity. All prototypes were negatively related to the GAF score, although to somewhat different degrees, as expected by the severity of illness.
Quiz Ref IDTable 2 summarizes the associations between DSM-IV categorical mood diagnoses and the same criterion variables. The magnitudes of the correlations for DSM-IV MDD were similar to its corresponding prototype. However, the categorical DSM-IV dysthymic disorder diagnosis showed substantially weaker correlations with criterion variables than the dysthymic disorder prototype. Thus, the criterion validity results suggest that prototype diagnoses of MDD and dysthymic disorder performed as well as or better than DSM-IV diagnoses for the same disorders.
To assess the degree of agreement between clinicians' prototype diagnoses and their categorical DSM-IV diagnoses of the same disorders, we used diagnostic efficiency statistics (using receiver operating curve characteristics). Areas under the curve for MDD and dysthymic disorder prototype diagnosis in predicting DSM-IV categorical diagnosis ratings were 0.90 and 0.79, respectively (both significant at P < .001). Using the prototype's caseness cutoff of 4 or higher indicating a positive diagnosis, the MDD prototype had an overall correct classification rate of 0.85, with a sensitivity of 0.77 and specificity of 0.89. The dysthymic disorder prototype had an overall correct classification rate of 0.87, with a sensitivity of 0.60 and specificity of 0.97. These data suggest that clinicians are diagnosing essentially the same constructs whether using prototype diagnosis or applying the more familiar DSM-IV diagnostic criteria and diagnostic algorithms for categorical diagnosis specified in the manual.
Finally, to determine whether prototype diagnosis might actually show incremental validity compared with DSM-IV categorical diagnosis (ie, whether prototype diagnosis captures information that categorical DSM-IV diagnosis does not), we conducted a series of hierarchical multiple regressions to predict clinician-rated GAF scores and PAI depression for the 2 mood disorders, entering categorical diagnosis in step 1 and prototype diagnosis in step 2. The combination of prototype diagnosis and categorical diagnosis accounted for significant variance in PAI depression (MDD, R2 = 0.29; dysthymic disorder, R2 = 0.13) and GAF scores (MDD, R2 = 0.19; dysthymic disorder, R2 = 0.09). Adding prototype diagnosis (step 2) to categorical DSM-IV diagnosis alone (step 1) resulted in significant increments in predicted variance for clinician-reported adaptive functioning (MDD prototype, F change = 3.91, P < .05, Δ R2 = 0.05, β = −0.29, P < .05; dysthymic disorder prototype, F change = 6.02, P < .05, Δ R2 = 0.07, β = −0.33, P < .05). Prototype diagnosis similarly accounted for additional variance in self-reported depression (MDD prototype, F change = 4.70, P < .05, Δ R2 = 0.04, β = 0.29, P < .05; dysthymic disorder prototype, F change = 7.91, P < .05, Δ R2 = 0.09, β = 0.37, P < .01). In most cases, the standardized β values for categorical diagnosis accounted for nonsignificant variance when prototype diagnosis was included in the model (the exception being PAI depression and MDD, where prototype diagnosis was the stronger predictor but categorical diagnosis was predictive as well, β = 0.31, P < .01).
Given the degree of overlap between our categorical and dimensional diagnostic predictors (the prototypes were constructed from DSM-IV diagnostic criteria), to eliminate the possibility of statistical artifacts, we ran collinearity diagnostics with each regression. For each analysis, the magnitude of the variance inflation factor was well under 2. Variance inflation factors of 5 or greater raise concerns about multicollinearity51; thus, the validity results do not reflect overlap in the predictor variables.
The data from study 1, particularly the incremental validity data, are compelling in that clinicians were highly familiar with DSM-IV diagnosis but not with prototype diagnosis, yet prototypes showed substantial incremental validity in predicting not only GAF scores as rated by the clinician but also psychopathology as independently rated by a second informant, the patient. Nevertheless, the data were limited in several respects, most importantly the small number of disorders on which we could assess the relative validity of prototype diagnosis and the lack of reliable interview data for making categorical diagnoses. Further, although prior research has shown that prototype ratings of Axis II disorders show high interrater reliability and cross-observer convergence more generally,17 no data are available for Axis I syndromes, and it is unclear to what extent prototype diagnosis following the kind of less structured interviewing routinely conducted in clinical practice would correlate with data derived from a structured interview. We addressed these limitations in a second study, with patients sampled from a very different patient population and data obtained from 3 independent clinical research interviewers.
In the first set of analyses, we correlated prototype diagnoses from the SCID and the CDI. As Table 3 shows, prototype diagnosis made by 2 independent interviewers using 2 entirely different interviewing methods on different days correlated on average r = 0.50, whereas off-diagonal (discriminant validity) correlations, even for highly comorbid disorders, averaged only r = 0.15. With the exception of generalized anxiety disorder, which showed relatively nonspecific correlates in comparison with the other prototypes, the prototype diagnoses converged and diverged as expected, much as in study 1.
Also as in study 1, diagnostic efficiency analyses of SCID ratings demonstrated that dimensional prototype diagnoses for each disorder strongly converged with categorical diagnoses obtained using DSM-IV criterion scoring algorithms from the same clinical material (areas under the curve ranged from 0.87-0.99). A caseness prototype rating of 4 or higher resulted in strong diagnostic efficiency statistics across all disorders, with overall correct classifications from 0.91 to 0.98, sensitivities ranging from 0.53 to 1.00, and specificities between 0.95 and 1.00.
The next set of analyses used hierarchical multiple regression to assess the incremental validity of DSM-IV vs prototype diagnoses based on the same interview data (the SCID), essentially holding constant the method of interview, the interviewer, and the diagnostic criteria and varying only the way of assigning diagnoses (DSM-IV algorithms vs prototype matching). Table 3 and Table 4 report the incremental validity for prototype ratings based on the SCID interview after holding constant categorical DSM-IV diagnoses of the same disorders based on the same SCID interview. (Again, collinearity diagnostics were conducted and variance inflation factors were acceptably low, <2 in all cases.)
What is striking from both Table 3 and Table 4 and particularly from Table 5 (anxiety disorders) is the extent to which categorical diagnosis drops out as a predictor when prototype diagnosis is entered into the equation (or in the case of dysthymic disorder yields a β value in the wrong direction). (For bipolar disorder, variance was once again limited in this primary care sample, leading neither prototype nor DSM-IV diagnosis to be particularly predictive of GAF scores.) These analyses suggest that categorical diagnosis using DSM-IV decision rules loses a substantial amount of information obtained from an interview designed for DSM-IV categorical diagnosis (the SCID) that can be captured by prototype matching.
The data lead to the following conclusions. First, in comparison with the categorical DSM-IV diagnostic procedures with which clinicians are familiar, a novel prototype diagnosis approach correlates with patient self-reported psychopathology in ways that generate validity coefficients that are as strong or stronger. Prototype diagnosis is associated with coherent patterns among criterion variables, including in highly conservative analysis, such as the predicted positive associations between both MDD and dysthymic disorder with negative affect, the predicted positive associations between anxiety disorders and negative affect, and the unique negative associations of only MDD and dysthymic disorder with positive affect.
Second, prototype diagnosis using an interview designed to systematize the kind of clinical interviewing widely used in everyday practice (the CDI) correlates in predictable ways with prototype diagnosis made by the most widely used structured interview in psychiatric research (the SCID). Prototype diagnosis also converges with clinical caseness treated categorically.
Third, prototype diagnosis demonstrates substantial incremental validity over and above categorical DSM-IV diagnosis in predicting patient self-reported psychopathology as well as both clinicians' and independent interviewers' ratings of global functioning on the GAF. The increments in validity are not modest. With the exception of 1 analysis for MDD in the first study, the predictive value of DSM-IV diagnosis dropped to 0 when prototype diagnoses were included in the equation, and prototype diagnosis for each of the disorders examined in the second study eliminated all variance accounted for by DSM-IV diagnosis using the algorithms prescribed in the diagnostic manual, with precisely the same information available from the same structured interview. Perhaps the most striking example was dysthymic disorder, in which prototype diagnosis provided incremental validity above and beyond categorical diagnosis for GAF score and PAI depression in the first study and for GAF score (the only criterion variable examined) in the second. In both studies, categorical diagnoses, whether by the treating clinician or structured interview, failed to predict most criterion variables with prototype diagnosis held constant, whereas the reverse was not the case. (With respect to bipolar disorder, future research using inpatient samples is clearly needed.)
Quiz Ref IDFourth, prototype diagnosis appears to be relatively robust across experience level of diagnosticians, type of patients (psychiatric vs primary care/obstetrics), and populations (primarily white vs primarily African American). It is notable that clinicians in the first study were relatively inexperienced (eg, postgraduate years III and IV) and had not only been relatively recently trained in the use of the DSM but lacked the rich knowledge structures to "fill out" mental prototypes that come with years of seeing patients with the forms of psychopathology they were diagnosing, which should have attenuated correlations between prototype diagnoses and criterion variables. In fact, one of the advantages of providing clinicians with standardized diagnostic prototypes in a diagnostic manual is that they can then hang experience developed over time on shared prototypes rather than develop their own idiosyncratic mental prototypes that lead to unreliable diagnoses in clinical practice.18 The data presented here do not support the frequently asserted argument that the problem with the DSM is that clinicians are not following it. Rather, the problem is that the DSM is wedded to complex algorithms yielding categorical diagnoses that are less predictive in both clinical practice and research based on structured interviews of the most basic criterion variables described years ago by Robins and Guze19 as essential to establishing the validity of an approach to classification and diagnosis.
The studies reported here have a number of limitations, potential criticisms, and implications. The primary 2 limitations pertain to the samples and disorders examined. First, because all patients were outpatients, there was clear restriction of range for bipolar disorder. Second, we tested only a subset of disorders, focusing on highly prevalent mood and anxiety disorders. This study cannot address the extent to which the results generalize to other disorders, although it is worth noting the increasing evidence of the validity, reliability, and clinical utility of prototype diagnosis in research on personality disorders1,13,52,53 as well as mood disorders, including bipolar spectrum disorders.54
Third, it may well be that, as in the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision and proposals for the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, 11th Revision, we could produce even more reliable and valid findings if researchers and clinicians were to use versions of the same diagnoses that differ only in their method of application depending on the setting and goal. In multiple studies of several classes of disorder,1,2,14,18 clinicians have now rated prototype diagnosis far more clinically useful and less cumbersome than the complex algorithms prescribed in the DSM-IV (eg, for mood, anxiety, eating, and personality disorders). However, single-item prototype ratings are likely to be less reliable than multi-item scales, preferably scales (criterion sets) derived empirically using procedures such as factor analysis.52,54 Rather than relying on kinds of complex diagnostic procedures used since the DSM-III, however, researchers could rate the same criteria used to construct empirical prototypes for clinical use but do so using multi-item diagnostic scales that can be aggregated across items (much like the Hamilton Rating Scales, which do not require interviewers to tally 3 items from criterion A, 4 from criterion B, and so forth).
A final potential criticism is that these studies confounded a comparison between prototype diagnosis and DSM-IV diagnosis, with a comparison of dimensional and categorical diagnosis. A reasonable question is whether we can be certain that the prototypes did not outperform categorical diagnosis the same way other dimensional approaches might have. Two responses mitigate this argument. First, for better or worse, the current diagnostic system is categorical, and our goal was to test it against a practical dimensional alternative that also yields categorical diagnoses useful for clinical communication. The burden of proof is on advocates of other dimensional systems to show that they not only can match the incremental validity shown here but can also be implemented in ways that are clinically feasible. Second, research on personality disorders has clearly demonstrated that prototype approaches substantially outperform other dimensional approaches on measures of clinical utility without sacrificing validity.1,13,14 How other dimensional models might look for Axis I disorders and whether they could be implemented in reliable and clinically useful ways with disorders such as the mood and anxiety disorders examined here are unknown. Counting symptoms of Axis I disorders (the only dimensional alternative for Axis I of which we are aware that preserves the syndromal approach familiar to clinicians and provides continuity with 30 years of research) would be just as cumbersome as, if not more so than, the current categorical system, requiring clinicians to inquire about and tally hundreds of symptoms.
Quiz Ref IDIn contrast, prototype diagnosis has the advantage of other dimensional approaches in that it can minimize artifactual comorbidity and the use of "not otherwise specified" diagnoses while permitting clinicians to diagnose clinically important subthreshold pathology. At the same time, it preserves continuity with the current diagnostic system without burdening clinicians with procedures that cannot be implemented in everyday practice, an advantage that, empirically, clinicians tend to prefer.1,13,14,55 The current studies are by no means a definitive statement on dimensional diagnosis or prototype diagnosis, but they do highlight the cross-observer, concurrent, and incremental validity of prototype diagnosis as well as its viability as an alternative to a diagnosis approach that has been used for 30 years but has never been tested against a systematic empirical alternative and that has proven increasingly problematic.
Correspondence: Jared A. DeFife, PhD, Westen Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Emory University, 36 Eagle Row, Atlanta, GA 30322 (firstname.lastname@example.com).
Submitted for Publication: September 13, 2011; final revision received March 7, 2012; accepted March 7, 2012.
Published Online: December 3, 2012. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.270
Conflict of Interest Disclosures: None reported.
Funding/Support: This work was supported by grants 5R01-MH78100 (Dr Westen) and 5R01-MH071537 (Dr Ressler) from the National Institute of Mental Health.
Additional Contributions: Jack Beinashowitz, PhD, contributed to data acquisition and provided administrative support for this project.
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text: Hi Debasis, I think I can answer your questions; 1) G03 runs well on dual core Opterons/Athlon64 I would recommend Opterons and other server grade components including ECC memory unless you are on a tight budget. If your budget is tight and you are going to be doing mostly DFT type calcs you should get good value and performance with dual-core. If you are doing correlated methods then you may wany to consider single core processors since you will need access to fast scratch disk space (two cores will compete for the disks slowing down your jobs) 2) Yes, you will need to get a Linda license to go parallel over a network. 3) You would be OK with Intel but I can tell you that the people at Gaussian prefer AMD and SuSE linux. Also, I believe you will likely get your best price performance with AMD. 4) They grudgingly support RedHat but they use SuSE in house You should be OK with SuSE 10.0 ( SuSE 10.1 will out soon but go with 10.0 for g03 ) 5) If you have trouble with the install drop we a line. I can send you a simple bash environment script to drop in /etc/profile.d so you don't have to mess around with csh stuff. I recommend that you get a binary build rather than trying compile it yourself. Best wishes -Don > Sent to CCL by: Debasis Sengupta [dxs]=[cfdrc.com] > Hello Everybody, > > I am planning to buy sixteen AMD64 Athlon dual core machines (with > Linux) for running G03 in parallel. They will be connected by ethernet. > I never have any experience in running gaussian with Linux cluster. So > my questions are the following: > > 1. Can G03 be run parallel in the above configuration? > 2. Do you need to have Linda for running parallel in the above > configuration? > 3. Do you recommend any other processor? > 4. Which brand of Linux is good for running G03 parallel? > 5. Pals sharer your experience with running G03 parallel in Linux > cluster (like tricks, problems, failure etc). > > Thanks in advance > Debasis -- Dr. Donald B. Kinghorn Parallel Quantum Solutions LLC http://www.pqs-chem.com


text: A beowulf will work; you just need to complement it with a "distributed resource management" layer such as Grid Engine which will schedule and farm out your non-parallel tasks to the other COW nodes. These sorts of systems are great for handling large volumes of serial tasks, especially the 'not so parallelized' applications. Grid Engine really is (in my opinion) the best free product for this situation, especially for life science use cases and workflows. If you have a political problem with this you may want to have a discussion about "what is more important: politics or doing research?" within your organization. Especially if the political problem is coming from a hardware vendor or IT supplier or something equally silly. You can choose a less capable system (openpbs) or you can pay money for an excellent commercial solution (Platform LSF). Your call. I'd suggest researching Grid Engine further before you dismiss it as a possibility. My $.02 of course! -Chris Nicolas GUIOT wrote: > Hello everybody. > > I was just looking for a cluster management solution, and found out that Beowulf could be a good solution. > I then started reading this : http://www.phy.duke.edu/~rgb/Beowulf/beowulf_book/beowulf_book/index.html > > And I'm now wondering if my applications were right designed to run on the beowulf cluster. > >>From what I read so far, it seems beowulf is adapted to make ONE calculation on several nodes, but this is not my objective : > -I have a COW of about 20 to 40 computers, mostly differents, in terms of CPU, RAM, and so on > - We run several applications (Theoritical Bio-chemistry), not especially designed for parallel processing > > My goal is to have a master node to which everyone supplies his jobs, then the master dispatches the jobs to the different computers, according to criterias (CPU must be Intel, CPU must be over 2 GHz, need much RAM, etc....) > > So the question is : is beowulf adapted to my needs, and if it's not, do you know any available (free) solution for me ? (I've already heard about Sun Grid Engine, but for "political" reasons....) > > Thanks for your help > > Nicolas GUIOT


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Rather than risk the reputation and good will that we have worked very hard to build, on May 7, 2018, we'll be closing our doors for good. We want to thank all of our authors, artists, editors, employees, customers and friends for your help making this company a success.
This is not a decision made in haste, panic or financial distress. The market has changed over the past few years, and a four-person company can no longer compete effectively with a mega-store.
We want to assure you, our customers and friends, that we will remain in constant communication throughout the closing process. We will do our best to monitor social media during this busy time, but if you have questions, mail through the Contact Us page will be the best channel.
Thirteen years, more than three thousand titles and four hundred authors, and uncountable smiles--it's been a hell of a ride. From the bottom of our hearts, we thank you for sharing this journey.


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This tree is now officially dead and dug up July 2012.
Planted in April 2011. Brought from local garden center.
This is a tropical tree but unlike the Mango or Avacado, it doesnt look very tropical. Apparently they can start producing fruit pretty much straight away.
This is just about dead. Looks like it might be hanging in there but I dont think it will make the summer.
See what happens.
Im looking forward to eating some Guavas. The leaves were a bit manky like that in the garden center, i think it had been there for a while but it is already putting out green shoots.
This tree is really struggling. Hopefully it will make it through the first season but it cant seem to go a day without all the leaves lilting. You can see theres a lot of dead foilage which I think was due to the initial planting and maybe some drought, but there is new growth, however, its tempermental. I read elaswhere that the Guava Tree was drought resistant but maybe its just a bit too early for that yet. Im not convinced that its going to last to be honest, but im ever hopeful.


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Are you one of those people who gets up at the crack of dawn on Black Friday and races to the stores to score as many holiday deals as you can -- even if you were up super-late on Thanksgiving?
I'll be the first to admit that Black Friday just isn't my thing, mainly because I can't take the lines or the crowds. But some people are pretty passionate about starting their holiday shopping before their turkey even has time to digest -- and that's why plenty of people are freaking out over the fact that Walmart is starting Black Friday on Thursday this year. Yes, Thursday, as in Thanksgiving, as in one of the only days out of the year that is reserved solely for spending quality time with family and friends. (WTF?)
Ok, so before you totally panic, it's not like they're opening their doors at 7:00 a.m. or anything that extreme. Black Friday at Walmart will officially kick off at 8:00 p.m. on Thanksgiving Day, you know, right about the time that most parents are trying to get their kids into bed for the night. (Isn't that convenient?)
You're probably thinking to yourself, well, I guess it's not really that big of a deal, because there are plenty of other places I can shop for holiday gifts than Walmart before the early birds beat me to the deals at 8:00 p.m. Right?
WRONG. Guess who else has joined the party? Toys R' Us. (Toys R' freakin' Us!!) Um, call me crazy, but given the fact that probably 99.99 percent of people who shop at Toys R' Us on Black Friday are parents -- doesn't opening during the dreaded "witching hour" seem kind of biased and unfair? I mean, moms have cooked and cleaned all day, and stuffed themselves so full of carbs, gravy, and assorted baked goods that their pants don't fit -- and now there's a chance that they may not be able to find everything on their kids' wish lists because they're not ready to get their shop on at 8:00 p.m.?!? (I smell a conspiracy here.)
As of today, it doesn't look like any other major retail chains have hopped on the 8:00 p.m. Thursday bandwagon. But something tells me that once more stores realize they're going to miss out on four good hours of people rushing through their doors who are DYING to fork their money over -- they'll probably wind up doing the whole Black Thursday thing too. Stay tuned.
Are you a Black Friday shopper? If so, do the Thursday store openings bother you, and will you head out early to shop?
Image via Beth Rankin/Flickr


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Author Notes: I love the sweet, tart explosion of juice when you bite into a cherry tomato. But even more so than popping one into my mouth raw, I love what cherry tomatoes can do to a sauce, when they're subjected to intense heat, and finally given in, blister, and pop. I use this idea to make a quick and easy pan sauce for simple seared chicken. With the addition of a little butter and fresh basil, the result is tart, sweet, and decadently savory. —PhoebeLapine
Serves: 2
2 tablespoons unsalted butter
1 pound boneless, skinless chicken breasts (about 2-3)
Sea Salt
1 clove garlic, thinly sliced
1 pint assorted cherry tomatoes (I used mostly orange)
1 teaspoon sugar
1/4 cup chicken stock
2 tablespoons chopped fresh basil leaves, plus more for garnish
1/4 pound fresh mozzarella, torn into 1-inch pieces
In This Recipe
- In a large cast iron skillet, melt 1 tablespoon of butter over medium-high heat. Pat the chicken breasts dry with paper towels and season them generously on both sides with salt and paprika. Add the chicken to the pan and cook, lowering the heat to medium if your pan starts to smoke, until nicely browned on both sides and just pink in the middle, about 5 minutes per side. Remove to a plate and tent with foil.
- Add the remaining butter to the pan, along with the garlic and tomatoes. Cook until the tomatoes are beginning to burst, stirring occasionally and scraping up any brown bits of chicken from the bottom, about 5 minutes. Add the stock and sugar and using the back of your spoon, gently crush the tomatoes so they give up all their juices. Simmer the sauce for another 3 minutes until it's thickened and the acidity has mellowed.
- Stir in the basil and taste for seasoning, adding more salt as necessary. Add the chicken back to the pan and dot the top with the mozzarella pieces. Remove from the heat, garnish with a few basil leaves, and serve immediately, family style.
- This recipe was entered in the contest for Your Best Cherry Tomatoes
More Great Recipes:
Cherry|Chicken|Mozzarella|Paprika|Tomato|Chicken Breast|One-Pot Wonders|Make Ahead|Cast Iron|Entree


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Sometimes, when a member of a band is asked to describe his group's sound, he answers by citing a specific genre like rock, pop, folk or jazz. Other times, if the band member is like percussionist Andy Mathey of the Greenfield group Something Else, the answer can turn out to be quite cosmic.
"You are in an ocean wave that is thundering down from above," Mathey says when asked to describe the sound of Something Else. "The fear is palpable, yet you sense the massive gravity, that greater benevolence of nature, and spontaneously realize that there is no other choice but to surrender to its magnificence right now. You are a necessary part of the collective destruction; you are the loss of control that you are experiencing and in the undertow, you discover ecstasy."
While such a description may sound grandiose, the words Mathey uses are actually a good starting point for any discussion regarding the exploits of this Western Mass. octet. Featuring other members Louis Freilicher (guitar), Stephen Koziol (saxophone), Victor Signore (saxophone), J Starpoli (trombone), Brian Rodrix (bass), Bruce Todd (drums) and Leo Hwang (guitar), Something Else is more than a band. In fact, when performing the group more closely resembles a 16-armed collective, operating from one hive mind to challenge and entertain audiences as well as itself.
Taking its name from a variety of influences—including the titles of Cannonball Adderley and Ornette Coleman albums—the group shows traces of a jazz background. But with its frequent improvisation, it also owes just as big a debt to jam band acts like Phish and the Grateful Dead.
"I think there are equal parts James Brown, [John] Coltrane, Twinemen, [Frank] Zappa, perhaps a touch of Rage Against the Machine and/or Phish," says Hwang. "But if you wanted a non-referenced description, I think of us as creating conceptual music to dance to."
Indeed, some of Something Else's material does include grooves capable of inducing spontaneous booty-shaking in a crowd. But to truly appreciate the act, it's worth it to catch an entire set, in which the band often conjures entrancing rhythms and layers of texture seemingly out of thin air.
"The music we make is constantly evolving," says Signore. "It is a rarity to be in a band where everyone is open to devoting some time to everyone else's ideas. With eight of us bringing ideas to practice, we are continuously challenging each other and having fun in the process."
Next up for the group is recording an album—there's a trip to the studio scheduled for this spring. In the meantime, interested listeners can check out the band on Soundcloud or live at the Rendezvous in Turners Falls and the Arts Block in Greenfield.
Says Signore, "You may hear sounds that affect parts of your brain and body that you didn't know you had."•
Something Else performs with The Whoville String Dusters, The Fawns, Night of the Rabbit, The Warblers, Pachangacha and Cardinaux/Starpoli, March 15, 8 p.m., $7-10, The Arts Block and The Wheelhouse, 298 Main St., Greenfield, (413) 774-0150, theartsblock.com.
For more information on Something Else please visit facebook.com/pages/Something-Else/301438196562698; to listen to the band, check out soundcloud.com/fradubio.


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The exclusive modular system architecture means that increased power output is just an additional inverter/charger away. Our flagship FX series uses a sealed chassis that can operate in the harshest environmental conditions such as high humidity and corrosive salt air. The VFX series uses a vented chassis with "bug proof " screened openings that allow high output AC power in the hottest of operating conditions.
OutBack Power Inverter/Chargers are the only choice when you need a true sinewave, powerful, modular and reliable power solution for your home, business or extreme application.
Read more about this product here.


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Twins Winter Caravan 2014
January 16, 2014
- Cost:
- $6
- River's Edge Convention Center
- 10 Fourth Ave South, St. Cloud, MN 56301 United States
Additional Information
The Twins Winter Caravan is coming to St. Cloud!
Starting pitcher, Kyle Gibson and relief pitcher, Caleb Thielbar will be making a stop at the Rivers Edge Convention Center on Thursday, January 16, 2014. They will be bringing along former Twins player, Tony Olivia, Assistant General Manager, Rob Antony and radio play-by-play voice Cory Provus.
The program starts at 6:30 p.m. Tickets are $6 for adults and children ages 5 and under get in free with a children's ticket. A ball park style meal will be included courtesy of Shortstop Custom Catering.
All proceeds will benefit St. Cloud area youth baseball and softball.


text: Michael Krufky a écrit : > Steven Toth wrote: >> Frederic CAND wrote: >>> Hi all, >>> >>> we have here at our office an Hauppauge HVR 1300. It's working under >>> Linux 2.6.24 but we've not been able to make MPEG2/TS work. MPEG2/PS is >>> working fine though. >>> >>> From what I read, it looks like the Conexant CX23416 chipset should >>> supports Transport Stream but we've not been able to use it. Are we >>> missing something ? >> Last I heard transport mode was disabled in the firmware sometime ago by >> Conexant, in favor of some other feature being enabled. >> >> If you can find really early firmware for the PVR150 then you might try >> that. (Circa 3-4 years ago). >> > > Please note: if you do find the older firmware, you will have to patch cx88-blackbird.c to allow firmware size 262144. > > If this works for you, please post your results. > > Regards, > > Mike > Sure, I will. Regards. -- CAND Frederic Product Manager ANEVIA


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The story of how Walter Matthau came to be identified as Walter Matuschanskayasky is pretty well documented. He made it up himself. After arriving in the U.S. from Poland, his father had changed his name from Matuschansky to Matthow, which was Matthau's surname when he was born in 1920. Making fun of the original foreign-sounding name, Matthau would jokingly say it was Matuschanskayasky and some took him seriously.
This info is from his biography, Matthau, a Life, and I cannot shed any more light on these names. I cannot find the family in the census in any year with any name. His mother died with the name Matthow and there are possible sightings of his father in Ellis Island and draft records but nothing that gives a positive ID.
Goldie's story is quite different. I have no idea who made up the tale that her birth name was Studlendgehawn or what it is based on.
Here's her dad in 1920. He's listed as Rutledge, son of O.D. and Claire Hawn. Here he is again in 1910, this time listed as Edward R., son of Otto D. and Clara. All the way back through the census records for generations -- from Otto to Aaron to Alfred to Sampson to Christian to John -- all the way back to the first U.S. census -- the name is Hawn or Hahn or Haun.
The name is never anything at all like Studlendgehawn. As a matter of fact, I can't find a single person who ever existed with that name, can you?
27 April 2006
If Goldie Hawn had married Walter Matthau would she be Goldie Studlendgehawn-Matuschanskayasky?
Posted by Sharon at 9:49 AM
2 comments:
Totally uncorroborated and not sourced at all: Goldie herself came up with the name, as a joke, much like Mattheu. I recall reading an interview several years ago in which she said she had done it, and was sorry for it.
Walter Hawn ('sfar as I know, no relation; had a great-aunt named Goldie Bea Hawn who acted in silent films)
- June 04, 2007
- Janet Grace Riehl said...
Walter, I'm sure Goldie Hawn would adore being related to you, you 'ol softie!
Janet Riehl
- January 22, 2008
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Since the 2010 Nuclear Security Summit, Centers of Excellence have been recognized as an important part of the global nuclear security architecture. Centers of Excellence serve as a mechanism for ensuring individuals, whether facility managers, regulatory staff, scientists, engineers, or technicians, are trained on a wide number of important nuclear security issues. These centers focus on the important "human factor" of the global effort to secure nuclear material.
The importance of these centers is highlighted in the Nuclear Security Summit (Summit) communiqués and work plan. Several country participants at past Summits have highlighted their intention to establish a center of excellence or training center. A few have done so since that time, while other centers are still in progress. As a result of the increased attention to training and the human factor in nuclear security, the number of centers of excellence and training centers around the globe has increased, as has the global cadre of trained individuals in nuclear security. These centers can promote a regional, not just national, approach to nuclear security training.
The promotion of centers of excellence and training centers has also been strongly supported through "gift baskets," or joint commitments by a subset of Summit participants, at the last two Summits. At the 2014 Summit, Italy took the lead in a gift basket titled, "Nuclear Security Training and Support Centers/Centers of Excellence." The COE Gift Basket, endorsed by over 30 Summit participants, describes progress achieved since the 2012 Summit, and promotes the development of additional centers and deepening cooperation through the NSSC Network. This number of supporters of the gift basket was an increase from the 24 Summit participants that supported the gift basket in 2012.
In an effort to strengthen the coordination of the increasing number of centers of excellence and training centers, in 2012 the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) established a Nuclear Security Training and Support Center (NSSC) Network. This network, currently consisting of 108 members from 43 countries, promotes coordination, collaboration, and best practices among existing centers and centers under construction. The network is complemented by the IAEA Nuclear Security Education Network (INSEN), which is focused on the promotion of education in nuclear security at universities. INSEN has over 90 members from 38 countries. Both the NSSC and INSEN work towards the sustained development of educated and trained nuclear security personnel.
Gathering on the sidelines at the NSSC meetings, China, the Republic of Korea, and Japan have recently established an Asia Regional Network to promote coordination and collaboration among their training centers. Their goals are to share information about trainings, share good practices, and share resources. Through the NSSC Network, more such regional sub-groups can be established. As noted by participants in the Asia Network, these regional sub-groups can serve to help develop expertise across a broader range of topics, collaborate efficiently, identify gaps, better understand the needs of other centers in the region, and optimize the use of resources by avoiding duplication of effort.
As we move forward, strengthening the global nuclear security architecture to sustain the important efforts of the Summits is vital. Strengthening nuclear security sustainability and fostering an enduring nuclear security culture requires all individuals involved with nuclear matters on a daily basis be cognizant and appreciative of nuclear security, including by promoting its importance to peers and colleagues. Centers of excellence and training centers, which promote expertise in nuclear security, will remain an essential part of that effort.
About the Author: Ambassador Bonnie Jenkins serves as Coordinator for Threat Reduction Programs in the U.S. Department of State's Bureau of International Security and Nonproliferation.
Editor's Note: This entry also appears on the Harvard University Belfer Center's Nuclear Security Matters blog.


text: Rich, I absolutely agree with you! I've been thinking about this for a long time but I don't have any answers for you :) I think there are a number of people thinking about this same problem. My best suggestion is to use the web to launch and monitor jobs. Everyone know how to use a browser, so just going to a URL, logging in, and filling out a simple form to run a job would be great. I know that Platform (LSF), Altair (PBS), and Cluster Resources (MOAB) have solutions that do this. I started to look at them at my previous job. Not too bad in general. I also know that Joe Landman at Scalable Informatics also has a web interface (SWICE?) that he offers his customers. I also recently got an email about some kind of interface for CFD codes that allows you to easily submit jobs to various schedulers and watch the progress of the run (you could even do a simple plot if you wanted). I can't remember the name of it and it's on my home box right now. I think an API, whatever it looked like, that could submit jobs to various schedulers, was simple to use, simple to add other applications would work well. I really think the web interface is the way to go. This way you can submit jobs from any machine that has a browser (Linux, Windows, Mac, etc.). Jeff > Here is a proactive suggestion for keeping open source > ahead of Microsoft CCS: > 1. I think CCS will appeal to small shops with no prior cluster > and no admin capability beyond a part time windows person. > 2. such customers are the volume seats for a range of desktop > CAD/CAE tools. > 3. Such ISVs will see potential of license growth, and will > likely choose to tie-in to the Microsoft message of ease-of-use. > A big feature here, in my view, is the one-button-job-launch. > > This means, for Linux to have a position as the backend > compute cluster, we must have this one button job launch > capability. A Windows library must be available to > the ISV, to provide a job submission API to the batch > scheduler. With such a feature, the ISVs can be > persued to incoporate. > > Ideally the job submission API is a kind of standard, so > the ISV does not see duplicate work versus the batch scheduler > used. > > So, > a) we need a job submission API, and > b) we need the Windows library added to Linux batch schedulers. > (I'm not saying the scheduler runs on Windows, we just need > the submission/retrieve portion). > > Does such exist already? > > Thanks, Rich > Rich Altmaier, SGI > _______________________________________________ > Beowulf mailing list, Beowulf at beowulf.org > To change your subscription (digest mode or unsubscribe) visit http://www.beowulf.org/mailman/listinfo/beowulf