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A history of the digital autopilot that landed men on the Moon 30 years ago this summer - and a discussion of how it could be designed and implemented today using MATLAB, Simulink, and Stateflow.
As a young boy I always knew I wanted to become an engineer, but what I didn't know was that shortly after graduating from college, I would become involved in one of the greatest engineering projects ever. On September 12, 1962, President John F. Kennedy declared, "We choose to go to the Moon in this decade," and set this nation on an accelerated path to landing a man on the moon. That same year, I became a member of the Grumman Guidance and Control group and, as such, participated on field assignment, in the design of the Lunar Module digital autopilot at MIT Instrumentation Laboratories from 1963 to 1966.
Let's go back 30 years and describe the process used to program the digital control system that would run on the Guidance and Navigation Computer. Many of the procedures invented during this effort are now part of today's software engineering process. Thanks to The MathWorks, this process can be more efficient. The modern approach uses MATLAB®, Simulink®, Stateflow®, and Real-Time Workshop®.
The Lunar Module Digital Autopilot Design - 1961 to 1969
The Lunar Module (LM) hardware for the Apollo Space Program was designed and built by Grumman Corp. under contract to NASA. The original autopilot proposed for the LM was an analog system that used a modulator to pulse the reaction control jets on and off. While the control system was analog, the navigation and guidance functions ran on a digital computer that was common across the Command and Service Module (CSM) and the Apollo Booster. The algorithms for guidance and navigation were created by a team at the MIT Instrumentation Laboratories (MIT IL), now called Draper Labs.
Early in the Apollo program, NASA decided that a backup control system should be part of the LM design to enhance the mission reliability. They suggested programming the Guidance and Navigation Computer to serve as a backup control system for the LM. To do this, a design competition among three of the Apollo contractors (Grumman, MIT IL, and BellComm) was begun in early 1963.
The main issues with the digital autopilot design were its computer storage and speed. Roughly 2000 16-bit instructions were allocated to the digital autopilot, and these operations could not interfere with the primary guidance and navigation functions. Among the many problems that had to be solved was the fact that the computer was not designed to process time-critical events. For this reason, there was only one interrupt level and there were no digital-to-analog interfaces. Just to give a feel for how simple this computer was, Table 1 shows the entire set of its operation codes. To implement the digital autopilot, a second interrupt was required. We used the ones-complement structure of the computer, which meant that there was both a positive zero and a negative zero. This allowed a different interrupt to occur when a counter was incremented from a negative number or decremented from a positive number.
The following discussion will describe how this capability was exploited by MIT IL.
Proposing an Optimal Control System
In 1962, "modern control theory" was still an academic pursuit. There were no textbooks written on optimal control and recent graduates, including me, were not yet versed in state-space methods and certainly had not been exposed to optimal bang-bang control systems. Engineers at MIT IL worked very closely with students at MIT and, as a consequence, were early adopters of state-space modeling and optimal control techniques based on Pontryagin's Maximum Principle. One of the engineers at the Instrumentation labs, George Cherry, proposed using an optimal control system for controlling the vehicle. The unique insight created by using this approach was that the almost perfect knowledge of the dynamics of the rotational motion of a spacecraft in space allowed the control to be done at a very slow sample rate.
At the NASA meeting where members of each design team presented their approach, George Cherry invoked the image of Sir Isaac Newton standing by his side and telling the controller what to do. Needless to say, NASA selected the MIT design, and the decision to select this approach was the right one. The Grumman design required a sample time of .02 seconds or faster, whereas the MIT approach (with Newton's help) only required a sample time of 0.2 seconds (ten times slower than Grumman's design). Since MIT IL needed engineers at the time, a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity came my way to go to Massachusetts on a field assignment for Grumman. I became one quarter of the LM digital autopilot design team. (Yes, for over three years only four people worked on the autopilot.)
The Optimal Controller
The optimal controller developed by Cherry during the design competition was one that minimized a weighted mix of time and fuel. At the time, this theory was described in a book by Athans and Falb 2, which was available in manuscript form. The book was not published until 1966.
Figure 1 shows the logic for firing the reaction control jets programmed into the LM. The parabolas in the figure are the "switch curves" that determine when the reaction jets are turned on and off. To clarify this logic, a typical situation is diagrammed. The rate and the attitude of the LM are measured, and based on this measurement a set of jets are turned on. For the measurement shown at point #1, the decision must be made to fire jets that will give a negative acceleration. The logic for doing this is based on where the measurement is relative to the parabolas shown in the figure. As the jets fire, the trajectory in this "phase plane" is the parabola shown. When this parabola crosses the "off-switch curve" (the lower parabola), the jets are turned off. Since the rate is negative at this point, the attitude drifts to the left at a constant rate, until the trajectory crosses the switch curve for turning the jets on with a positive acceleration. The frequency at which the measurements are made is the difficult part of the design.
The computer speed and storage limits imposed severe constraints. For example, most control systems engineers would implement this controller by looking at the attitude and rate at some fast sample time to decide where in the phase plane the system currently was. Based on this, the jets would be either turned on or off. In fact, this is the way the autopilot was implemented when the space shuttle was designed. However, the computer constraints on the LM meant that this strategy would not work since there was not enough processing power to allow fast sample rates. Enter Newton.
The LM Autopilot Becomes the Primary System
When the MIT IL team proposed their autopilot, they proposed that the control be done by sampling the attitude and rate at a very slow rate. If these measurements were such that the jets needed to be turned on to correct the attitude error, a calculation of the time needed to reach the off-switch curve was computed, and the jets were turned on. The jets were turned off at the appropriate time using a counter in the computer to create an interrupt (hence the reason we needed two levels of interrupt) that would process the turn-off command. This was the fundamental idea that allowed the long sample times. It was accurate because of the low measurement noise and the ability to precisely predict the trajectory in the phase plane. The only uncertainties were the precise value of the acceleration due to variations in jet thrust, imprecise knowledge of the vehicle inertia, and the noise in the measurements. With this scheme, MIT IL was able to demonstrate that the autopilot needed to be sampled at 0.2 seconds (0.1 seconds during the ascent from the moon when the LM inertias were small and the acceleration was large). NASA was so impressed by this structure that they decided not only to implement this LM autopilot, but to make it the primary system and relegate the analog system as the backup.
Coding and Calculating by Hand
Many of the software processes that are part of the tools of the trade for today's software developer did not exist in 1963. As a consequence, many of these procedures had to be invented. These were often self-imposed disciplines that made the designer's life easier. One of the first tasks I was given at MIT IL was to develop logic for selecting the appropriate reaction control jets.
The code represented by the flow chart in Fig. 2, for example, shows self-imposed disciplines that I used to develop this logic. Each path in the code was timed by hand and both the number of instructions executed and the timing for each branch were calculated using the nominal cycle times for each instruction. In addition, each of the interrupt processing task-timing numbers was also calculated by hand. The flow chart in Fig. 2 is a part of the actual computer code in assembly language that took over a year to develop. This was only a single step in the overall process.
The control system design was developed and tested using a simulation that was written in Fortran at Grumman and in a language called MAC at MIT. Once the design was frozen, the assembly language code was written. This code was then tested in a simulation that also emulated the actual computer. This simulation used the actual assembly language code. To understand how cumbersome the process was, a single "computer run" took half a day. I would typically submit a run in the late afternoon (using IBM cards) and get the results back at 3:00 in the morning. Often, I would get up in the middle of the night and walk from my hotel to MIT IL to fix errors. I would then resubmit the run so that a new set of output would be available later in the morning. The results were always in the form of a ten-inch-thick stack of paper with the results of the calculations at each step in the execution of the code.
One reason why the code segment in Fig. 2 was so complex was that the number of jets that could be used to control the rotations about the pilot axes was large (see Fig. 3). A decision was made to change the axes that the autopilot was controlling to the "jet axes" shown in Fig. 3. This made a dramatic change in the number of lines of code and in the ability to program the autopilot in the existing computer. Without this improvement, it would have been impossible to have the autopilot use only 2000 words of storage. The lesson of this change is that when engineers are given the opportunity to code the computer with the system they are designing, they can often modify the design to greatly improve the code. These are changes that programmers would never suggest, since they only code what was written in a code specification. But with MATLAB, Simulink, and Stateflow, the design engineer can also be the one who codes the design (using Real-Time Workshop), and the gap between designer and coder is reduced.
How Would We Do The Lunar Module Digital Autopilot Today?
With today's tools we can analyze, design, simulate, and test a system as complex as the LM much more efficiently and completely. Tools from The MathWorks are ideal for this task. The top level of the model shown in Fig. 4 took about 1 hour to create. It represents the three-degree-of-freedom rotational motion of the LM.
Technical Computing Environment
Because of the unique design challenges presented by the LM autopilot, a powerful computing environment was required. In the 1960's we had to build this environment. Today, MATLAB can be used as the base environment. Design parameters, controller specifications, and analysis routines are all efficiently handled through MATLAB. As an example, all of the design parameters were stored as MATLAB workspace variables, making them easily accessible from within Simulink, Stateflow, and Real-Time Workshop (Fig. 5).
MATLAB can also be used to create an animated analysis plot for the phase plane in which the autopilot operated. You can watch this plot as the simulation is running to verify that the autopilot is firing the jets as designed (Fig. 6).
Top-Level Simulink Diagram of the LM Digital Autopilot
Simulink version 3.0 contains numerous features that enable teamwork by a group of engineers. Features such as the library and model browsers, configurable subsystems, and version management tools facilitate the design of larger and more complex systems. Although the LM was a complex machine for its time, the systems being designed and built with Simulink today are much more complex.
The LM digital autopilot is a subsystem in Fig. 4. The autopilot was developed in a fraction of the time it took for the original design. This is a result of the multiple functions, including simulation, analysis, and code generation, that Simulink provides. The diagram shown in Fig. 4 is truly an executable specification of the LM autopilot.
Reaction Jet Control System of the LM in Simulink
The reaction jet control (see Fig. 7) is performed in the Simulink subsystem called "Reaction Jet Control" and is stored in a Simulink Library. Libraries allow you to create reusable components for other engineers and analysts to work with. The original guidance and control group had approximately 30 engineers who needed to work in a group environment sharing models and ideas.
Using Simulink, we might need a significant staff of engineers that require access to portions of the model at different stages in the project. With library components, engineers can work separately on different pieces of the model, be they the plant dynamics models or the controllers. Then, the entire system can be brought together for overall system simulation.
Stateflow and Simulink Together Provide Complete System Modeling
A critical requirement of complex system-level design is the ability to accurately model and simulate reactive systems. Tightly integrated with Simulink, Stateflow provides engineers and designers with a solution for designing embedded systems by giving them an efficient way to incorporate complex control and supervisory logic within their Simulink models.
The Stateflow diagram (see Fig. 8) shows the logic that implements the phase-plane control algorithm described earlier (see Fig. 3). Depending on which region of the diagram the LM is executing, the Stateflow diagram will be in either a Fire_region or a Coast_region. Note the transitions between these different regions depend on certain parameters describing the arcs. These mathematical arcs are actually calculated in the Simulink portions of the model and passed to the Stateflow diagram. The Stateflow diagram determines whether or not to transition to another state and then computes which reaction jets to fire.
System Integration, Testing, and Deployment
With initial testing and verification completed, the next step in the development process is to verify performance through testing the software on the target hardware and running more complete system simulations. MIT IL, Grumman, and NASA had hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulations of the LM. These simulations were expensive and took many years to develop and implement. Grumman's simulation, for example, consisted of three floors in a building that covered over 12,000 square feet. The first floor was a complete mock-up of the LM cockpit, a motion base that had the inertial measurement system and other hardware that measured motions. The second floor of the building had an analog computer that simulated the rotational motion of the LM, while the third floor had a dedicated IBM 7090 computer (the best available at the time) to simulate trajectory, guidance, and navigation.
Today, using Real-Time Workshop, the LM project could implement HIL simulation with far fewer resources. Production versions of actuators, sensors, and other physical systems could interface with the real-time simulation of the software. Where physical components are impractical, Simulink models that mimic real-life measurement, system dynamics, and actuation signals could be used. In either case, Real-Time Workshop can generate code in appropriate formats. In addition, the customizable code formats allow for connecting inputs, outputs, and parameters to existing code where necessary.
Full System Testing
Real-Time Workshop's rapid simulation target also aids the testing and deployment of the LM system. It lets us run many different simulation runs with multiple parameter sets for this simulation. In the LM example, the knowledge of the plant dynamics was very good due to the lack of external disturbances to the spacecraft. However, the precise value of the acceleration due to variations in the jet thrust, the imprecise knowledge of the inertia and noise in the measurements are variables that needed to be analyzed. Monte Carlo analysis through the rapid simulation target is an ideal way to verify performance over the entire range of these uncertainties.
Embedded Code Generation
Unlike the labor-intensive way the code was developed for the original LM, the combination of MATLAB, Simulink, Stateflow, and Real-Time Workshop allows code to be rapidly developed. Thus, a team of engineers can work together to iteratively develop a good design.
The complete Simulink and Stateflow diagram for the LM autopilot affords us full system simulation. For code that is deployed, we only need the model hierarchy in the Reaction Jet Control subsystem and below. These sections of the model contain the behavior requirements for the embedded digital control system. Real-Time Workshop generates highly efficient embedded code for processors with stringent memory and resource requirements (Fig. 9).
Working on the design of the Lunar Module digital autopilot was the highlight of my career as an engineer. When Neil Armstrong stepped off the LM onto the moon's surface, every engineer who contributed to the Apollo program felt a sense of pride and accomplishment. We had succeeded in our goal. We had developed technology that never existed before, and through hard work and meticulous attention to detail, we had created a system that worked flawlessly.
Recreating the digital autopilot design using the MathWorks tools brought back a lot of the memories of the struggles we went through to create the original design. It also emphasized how much better the design process is today: computer performance is orders of magnitude better; designing a system with MATLAB, Simulink, Stateflow, and the toolboxes is far easier. A surprising attribute of today's process is the tight integration of conceptualizing and computing. It was possible for me to redo the entire LM digital autopilot design in about a week because I was able to conceptualize an approach and immediately see if the idea had merit. The analysis, simulation, and testing blend together into a seamless procedure. This, in my mind, is the power of the MathWorks family of tools.
1 Hall, Eldon, Journey to the Moon: The History of the Apollo Guidance Computer, AIAA Press, Reston, VA, 1996.
2 Athans, Michael and Peter L.Falb, Optimal Control: An Introduction to the Theory and Its Applications, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, 1966.


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If you lose your job tomorrow, don't count on any unemployment checks beyond the standard 26 weeks.
This, despite the fact that the current federal extensions allow for 73 weeks of the money meant to help you live between jobs.
The reason? The four tiers of federal unemployment insurance extensions above the state's 26 weeks won't pay beyond the week of Dec. 29 unless Congress and the president act.
Your unemployment checks would have needed to start coming in 2011 in order to receive a 73rd check by the December deadline. Otherwise, most people in the midst of the extensions will be cut off at the end of the year if they are beyond the state's 26 weeks. Some people will get their last payments the week of Jan. 2, depending on their claim schedule.
Since February 2010, more than 63,000 San Diego County residents have exhausted their unemployment benefits, the state Employment Development Department reports.
Until May, a Californian could potentially receive unemployment checks for 99 weeks. Unemployment checks pay between $40 and $450 per week. Losing the benefits could hinder both the people who receive them, and the overall economy, experts say.
"If you get less buying power in the economy that's going to have a negative impact, particularly since the people who are unemployed tend to spend most, if not all of that money," said Alan Gin, economist at the University of San Diego.
The question now is, will 26 weeks be enough for a worker to find a new job?
Nationally, in July, the median length of time an unemployed person had been without a job was a seasonally adjusted 17 weeks, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reports.
Still, Kelly Cunningham, economist at the National University System Institute for Policy Research, said 26 weeks isn't enough time to find a new job in San Diego County, where the unemployment rate is 9.2 percent. California's is even higher at 10.9 percent. The national jobless rate was 8.3 percent in July. The August figure will be released today.
"In a normal economy, then yes that would presumably be enough time, but in the stagnant, slow economic growth that we're having, then no it isn't," said Cunningham.
Another figure to consider: In December 2007, before the recession, each job ad received an average of 1.8 unemployed applicants. That jumped to 6.2 per opening in June 2009 but has since fallen back to 3.4 in June, the latest month available from the BLS.
"The situation's getting better, but it's still not where we were compared to pre-recession," Gin said. "So I think there's an argument for extending it beyond 26 weeks, but we're probably beyond the point where you need 99 weeks, although that should vary from state to state."
Unemployment extensions beyond 26 weeks began during the Great Recession.
In 2008, Congress and President George W. Bush enacted the Emergency Unemployment Compensation program.
The extensions, which eventually went to 99 weeks for states with the highest unemployment, including California, were extended through 2012 by Congress and President Barack Obama via the Middle Class Tax Relief and Job Creation Act passed in February. That act also included the payroll tax holiday, which expires at the end of the year.
The issue could be part of a larger legislative conversation regarding the looming "fiscal cliff" — expiration of the Bush era tax cuts and how to manage the budget deficit — at the end of 2012.
Previously in California, there were five extensions, with the first four generally adding up to 79 weeks. It fell to 73 weeks on Sunday.
A fifth tier, called the Federal-State Extended Duration Program, at one time allowed for up to 99 weeks of jobless benefits if a state qualified based on a formula.
California qualified until April, when its unemployment rate fell to a three-year low of 10.9 percent. San Diego County's jobless rate also hit a three-year low in April and May, of 8.8 percent. The fall wasn't necessarily due to job growth, but discouraged workers leaving the labor force. That month, employers added 2,600 people to their payrolls, but 12,400 San Diegans stopped looking for work, the state EDD reported.

subset: commoncrawl


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In a recent blog post on stories, and following some themes from an earlier talk by Tyler Cowen, David Evans ends by suggesting: "Vivid and touching tales move us more than statistics. So let's listen to some stories… then let's look at some hard data and rigorous analysis before we make any big decisions." Stories, in this sense, are potentially idiosyncratic and over-simplified and, therefore, may be misleading as well as moving. I acknowledge that this is a dangerous situation.
However, there are a couple things that are frustrating about the above quote, intentional or not.
- First, it equates 'hard data' with 'statistics,' as though qualitative (text/word) data cannot be hard (or, by implication, rigorously analysed). Qualitative twork – even when producing 'stories' – should move beyond mere anecdote (or even journalistic inquiry).
- Second, it suggests that the main role of stories (words) is to dress up and humanize statistics – or, at best, to generate hypotheses for future research. This seems both unfair and out-of-step with increasing calls for mixed-methods to take our understanding beyond 'what works' (average treatment effects) to 'why' (causal mechanisms) – with 'why' probably being fairly crucial to 'decision-making' (Paluck's piece worth checking out in this regard).
In this post, I try to make the case that there are important potential distinctions between anecdotes and stories/narratives that are too often overlooked when discussing qualitative data, focusing on representativeness and the counterfactual. Second, I suggest that just because many researchers do not collect or analyse qualitative work rigorously does not mean it cannot (or should not) be done this way. Third, I make a few remarks about numbers.
As a small soapbox and aside, even calls for mixed-methods for making causal claims give unnecessary priority to quantitative data and statistical analysis for making causal claims, in my opinion. A randomized-control trial – randomizing who gets a treatment and who will remain in the comparison group – is a method of assigning treatment. It doesn't *necessarily* imply what kind of data will be collected and analyzed within that framework.
Anecdotes, narratives and stories
As to the danger of stories, what Evans, Cowen, and others (partly) caution against is believing, using or being seduced by anecdotes – stories from a single point of view. Here I agree – development decisions (and legislative and policy decisions more generally) have too often been taken on the basis of a compelling anecdote. But not all stories are mere anecdotes, though this is what is implied when 'hard data' are equated with 'statistics' (an equation that becomes all the more odd when, say, the 'rigorous' bit of the analysis is referred to as the 'quantitative narrative').
Single stories from single points in time in single places – anecdotes – are indeed potentially dangerous and misleading. Anecdotes lack both representativeness and a counterfactual – both of which are important for making credible (causal) claims and both of which are feasible to accomplish with qualitative work. As revealed with the phrase 'quantitative narrative,' humans respond well to narratives – they help us make sense of things – the trick is to tell them from as many perspectives as possible to not un-mess the messiness too far.
Representitiveness: It is clear from the growing buzz about external validity that we need to be cautious of even the most objective and verifiable data analysed in the very most rigorous and internally valid way because it simply may not apply elsewhere (e.g. here and here). Putting this concern aside for a moment, both qualitative and quantitative data can be collected to be as representative of a particular time and place and circumstance as possible. I say more about this, below.
Counterfactuals: Cowen notes that many stories can be summed up as 'a stranger came to town.' True, to understand something causal about this (which is where anecdotes and tales following particular plot-lines can lead us astray), we would like to consider what would have happened if the stranger had not come to town and/or what happened in the town next door that the stranger by-passed. But those are still stories and they can be collected in multiple places, at multiple time points. Instead of dismissing it or using it only as window-dressing, we can demand more of qualitative data so that it can tell a multi-faceted, multi-perspectival, representative story.
That rigor thing
Perhaps it seems that we have a clearer idea of how to be rigorous with collecting and analysing quantitative data. I don't think this is necessarily true — but it does seem that many quant-focused researchers trying out mixed methods for the first time don't even bother to consider how to make the qualitative data more rigorous by applying similar criteria as they might to the quant part. This strikes me as very odd. We need to start holding qualitative data collection and analysis to higher standards, not be tempted to scrap it just because some people do it poorly.
An excellent piece on this (though there are plenty of manuals on qualitative data collection and analysis) is by Lincoln and Guba. They suggest that 'conventional' rigor addresses internal validity (which they take as 'truth value'), external validity, consistency/replicability and neutrality. (The extent to which quantitative research in the social sciences fulfils all these criteria is another debate for another time.) They highlight the concept of 'trustworthiness' – capturing credibility, transferrability, dependability and confirmability – as a counterpart to rigor in the quantitative social sciences. It's a paper worth reading.
Regardless of what types of data are being collected, representativeness is important to being able to accommodate messiness and heterogeneity. If a research team uses stratification along several to select its sample for quantitative data collection (or intends to look at specific heterogeneities/sub-groups for the analysis), it boggles my mind why those same criteria are not used to select participants for qualitative data. Why does representativeness so often get reduced to four focus groups among men and four among women? Equally puzzling, qualitative data are too often collected only in the 'treated' groups. Why does the counterfactual go out the window when we are discussing open-ended interview or textual data?
Similarly, qualitative work has a counterpart to statistical power and sample size considerations: saturation. Generally, when the researcher starts hearing the same answers over and over, saturation is 'reached.' A predetermined number of interviews or focus groups does not guarantee saturation. Research budgets and timetables that take qualitative work seriously should start to accommodate that reality. In addition, Lincoln and Guba suggest that length of engagement – with observations over time also enhancing representativeness – is critical to credibility. The nature of qualitative work, with more emphasis on simultaneous and iterative data collection and analysis can make use of that time to follow up on leads and insights revealed over the study period.
Also bizarre to me is that quant-focused researchers tend to spend much more time discussing data analysis than data collection and coding for quantitative stuff but then put absolutely all the focus (of the limited attention-slice qualitative gets) on collecting qualitative data and none into how those data are analysed or will be used. Too often, the report tells me that a focus group discussion was done and, if convenient, it is pointed out that the findings corroborate or 'explain' the numeric findings. Huh? If I am given no idea of the range of answers given (let's say the counterpart of a minimum and a maximum) or how 'common themes' were determined, that thing that one person said in a focus group just becomes an anecdote with no real 'place' in the reporting of the results except as a useful aside. One more thing on credibility – the equivalent of internal validity. Lincoln and Guba say that credibility *requires* using member-checks (stay tuned for a paper on this), which means sharing the results of the analysis back with those who provided the raw data so that interpretations can, at least in part, be co-constructed. This helps prevent off-the-mark speculation and situation analyses but also helps to breakdown the need to 'represent' people who 'cannot represent themselves' – as Said quotes from Marx. I've said a few things about this sort of shared interpretation here, recognizing that respondents' perceptions will reflect the stories they tell themselves. That said, as development researchers increasingly look at nudging behavior, the stories (not-always-rational) actors tell themselves are potentially all the more important. We need to collect and present them well.
One key hurdle I see with enhancing the perceived rigor and non-anecdotal-ness of qualitative work is that it is hard to display the equivalent of descriptive statistics for textual/interviewin data. That doesn't mean we shouldn't try. In addition, it is more difficult and unwieldy to share (even 'cleaned') qualitative data than the quantitative equivalent, as increasingly happens to allow for replication. Still, if this would enhance some of credibility of the multifaceted stories revealed by these data, it is worth pushing this frontier.
Numbers aren't always clean
In terms of stories we tell ourselves, one is that data are no longer messy (and, often by implication, are clean, hard, 'true') because they fit in a spreadsheet. Everything that happened in the field, all the surveyors' concerns about certain questions or reports of outright lying all often seem to fade from view as soon as the data make it into a spreadsheet. If you ask a farmer how many chickens he has and he gives you a story about how he had 5, 2 got stolen yesterday but his brother will give him 4 tomorrow, regardless of what number the enumerator records, the messiness has been contained for the analyst but not in the reality of the farmer that is meant to be represented.
In general, if we want to talk about creating credible, causal narratives that can be believed and that can inform decision-making at one or more levels, we need to talk about (a) careful collection of all types of data and (b) getting better at rigorously analysing and incorporating qualitative data into the overall 'narrative' for triangulating towards the 'hard' truth, not equating qualitative data with anecdotes.
Photo courtesy of ProtoplasmaKid (Own work) via Wikimedia Commons
This post first appeared on Heather's blog, hlanthorn.com
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I totally agree. Very good
I totally agree. Very good points.
Thanks much!
Thanks much!
Heather, great post! I am a
Heather, great post! I am a bit biased in agreeing with you since we, at UNDP, have been experimenting with micro-narratives, a method that on hand allows us to collect thousands of snippets of stories from citizens and on the others provides a structured method of self-interpretation (citizens themselves interpret stories as opposed to the consultants, so through disintermediation the bias is non existent) and analysis that allows us to follow almost real time trends in relations to subtle changes in perceptions, behaviors, priorities, etc.
In my view as well it has never been one way or another (quantitative vs qualitative) but how to fill in the very obvious gaps and weaknesses of hard, quantitative data. we are still early in the exploration but initial results are promising- id be more than happy to share!
thanks for the post once again!
Thanks again for this comment
Thanks again for this comment. Your work on micro-narratives is still sitting in my to-read pile and I promise to do so!
It's Tyler Cowen, not Cowan.
It's Tyler Cowen, not Cowan.
Thank you! It's been
Interesting piece, thanks.
Interesting piece, thanks. Could you please add a link or citation for the Lincoln and Guba paper that is referenced?
This is a great, and very
This is a great, and very thorough post. I agree that we need a mixture of the two to tell a complete story, and that an over-reliance on numbers alone isn't going to give the full picture. I thought you might also like to read why we tend to favour stories however, at least from a psych perspective. Here's my take on that, here on Whydev: http://www.whydev.org/why-personal-stories-trump-numbers-in-global-development/
Thanks much (and sorry for
Thanks much (and sorry for the belated response). Very interesting post! I agree very much with your point that "Even though we push for statistical information to demonstrate to the public the net effect of what works, and what doesn't, or talk about the need in terms of numbers of people, we still need to keep the message centered around human beings. Without a human story, our ability to empathise and understand is severely hampered." I do hope we start to see people collecting participant and other stakeholder perceptions with more care, analyzing them carefully and being transparent about which 'cases' they choose to present.
Whether you lean qualitative
Whether you lean qualitative or a quantitative, you've got to have stories to make information stick. Regardless of time or place, stories touch deep human's psychological processes of perception, learning and memory to help us do this. The human mind has evolved a narrative sensemaking faculty that allows us to perceive and experience the chaos of reality in such a way that the brain then reassembles the various bits of experience into a story in the effort to understand and remember. Stories balance the logical (sequence) and the emotional (empathy) aspects of our brains.
My question is: Is our sector's over-reliance on "killer facts" and numbers (e.g. the "data dash," obsessive measurement disorder) just a reflection of our fear and thus our unhealthy relationship with risk? In many development programs, precise ways of measuring results in order to make consequential judgments about how to help people and affect social change remain elusive. But that's hard for us do-gooders to admit.
Your question resonates with me, however, in my story I'd like to make a distinction between 'risk' and 'uncertainty'.
Risk with it's connotations around registers and measurement and costed mitigations, arguably is part of the problem, and perhaps this explains why people have an unhealthy relationship with it. Rather than perpetuating this way of thinking that starts from the premise that everything can be measured and I know everything, maybe it would be better to be a little more humble and accept the fact that we do not know everything and sometimes uncertainties play a part. [Even well tried recipes fail sometimes when you bake them in a different oven.]
So I suggest, and appeal to people reading this narrative, to differentiate between risk and uncertainty and embrace uncertainty rather than attempt to reduce everything to a risk.
Dear Jennifer and Gary:
Dear Jennifer and Gary:
Thank you so much for this conversation. I agree both that much of what we do in this sector is uncertain and that there is pressure to not admit to uncertainty - to receive funding, to move up in a priority list, etc.
At least retrospectively, though, we can learn a lot about why something did or did not work because, unlike burned cookies in a new oven, we have the advantage of being able to talk to a wide (and potentially systematic) variety of stakeholders about what happened, to carefully analyze this information, and to refer to it to make future efforts slightly less uncertain. To do this well, monitoring, process evaluation, stakeholder analyses and a variety of qualitative methods need to be treated as integral to evaluation and learning.
Your question resonates with me, however, in my story I'd like to make a distinction between 'risk' and 'uncertainty'.
Risk with it's connotations around registers and measurement and costed mitigations, arguably is part of the problem, and perhaps this explains why people have an unhealthy relationship with it. Rather than perpetuating this way of thinking that starts from the premise that everything can be measured and I know everything, maybe it would be better to be a little more humble and accept the fact that we do not know everything and sometimes uncertainties play a part. [Even well tried recipes fail sometimes when you bake them in a different oven.]
So I suggest, and appeal to people reading this narrative, to differentiate between risk and uncertainty and embrace uncertainty rather than attempt to reduce everything to a risk.


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Peter Parolin: Committed to UW Students
When fellow faculty members in the University of Wyoming Department of English try to describe the teaching style of Associate Professor Peter Parolin, "deft" and "amazing" are words that repeatedly emerge. That's no small accolade, considering the large number of the department's faculty members who have received teaching awards in the past. They know that Parolin stands above the rest.
For his efforts, Parolin has received the university's John P. Ellbogen Meritorious Classroom Teaching Award, established in 1977 by businessman John P. "Jack" Ellbogen to "foster, encourage and reward excellence in classroom teaching at UW."
Other recipients this year are Doug Russell, associate professor in the Department of Art; and Naomi Ward, assistant professor in the departments of Molecular Biology and Botany.
"I have never seen a faculty member who is better at engaging a whole class in discussion. Peter seems to do nothing special, but he does," wrote fellow Professor Duncan Harris. "He does not hesitate to call on students, and he uses their names and some reference to a past contribution to motivate them to speak. He cares enough about his students to remember what they have said, and that concern speaks volumes about Peter's commitment to his students."
A former department head, Janice Harris, praises Parolin's skill at engaging students, whether he is in a small classroom or a large auditorium.
"As they work through the knots, he is rigorous and demanding. He sets a high bar for the students' comprehension and writing. What he gives in return is a thorough preparation of the material at hand; a sincere commitment to the students' learning; and a warm-hearted affection for them as human beings."
His students excel in such an engaging environment.
"Dr. Parolin also possesses that very rare quality of being able to stimulate his brightest students while still reaching and validating those who struggle more," wrote Bob Weatherford, who was taught by Parolin as both an undergraduate and a graduate student. "He learns all of his students' names early on and then calls on those too timid to offer their own responses so that class discussions are not dominated by the confident and loud types. The man is truly miraculous in a classroom, and everyone can feel that and benefits from it."
Students also appreciate Parolin's sincerity. Lindsey Grubbs, a student who took part in a study abroad summer class of Shakespeare in England and Italy, noted, "His enthusiasm was infectious; his love of the theatre was obvious. Peter managed to make the class intellectually challenging and stimulating while balancing the thrill and distraction of traveling to foreign countries. The course was one of the most fascinating I have ever taken."
Such respect is reflected in student evaluations.
One student noted, "Dr. Parolin is by far one of the best professors I've had during my time at the university. His interaction with students is exemplary, his assignments are clear and fair, and his class is enjoyable and informative."
Parolin earned a B.A. degree in English and History (1988) at the University of British Columbia, and earned both his M.A. and Ph.D. in English at the University of Pennsylvania.


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Peace and Love,
Timothy T. Dickens
Smyrna, GA
firstname.lastname@example.com Home
firstname.lastname@example.com School
Please visit my website at:
Near Eastern specialist and Egyptologist. . .are too aware of the
isolationism often seen in traditional classics--or more precisely in
studies of Greek civilization--with its emphasis on the events of a
relatively short period, primarily in a particular exemplar of a single
group of cultures. Studies that appear to see fifth-century B.C.E Athens as
the defining experience of all civilization puzzle those whose interest lie
in other areas of the Mediterranean antiquity, and still more those
concerned with other regions of the world.
"On The Aims And Methods of Black Athena"
by John Baines in Black Athena Revisited


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STUART , Fla., March 4 (UPI) -- A Florida man was busted for DUI after he told the officer who pulled him over that he was trying to "drive it off" following an argument with his wife during which she told him that he'd drank too much.
"He also told me that his wife told him that he (had) been drinking too much so he decided to go out and 'drive it off,'" according to Michael Moore's arrest affidavit.
Moore -- not the filmmaker -- was pulled over around 12:35 a.m. Feb. 13 when a cop saw his SUV speeding on U.S. 1.
According to court records, Moore had glassy eyes and slurred speech when he was pulled over. The 61-year-old reportedly told the officer he'd had "a couple" of drinks and was heading to a bar for "a few" more.
After taking field sobriety exercises and being given a breathalyzer, Moore was arrested on a DUI charge.
[TC Palm]


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PS3 owners contribute $1.3M to Japan's recovery
Sony reports that PlayStation 3 owners have contributed more than $1.3 million to Japan relief efforts via the Great East Japan Earthquake relief campaign on the PlayStation Network.
Japan's disaster relief efforts are receiving a nice little power-up, thanks to purchases and donations from PlayStation 3 owners. Sony has announced that contributions totaling $1.32 million (¥109.6 million) to Japan relief efforts via the Great East Japan Earthquake relief campaign on the PlayStation Network. (via GamesIndustry.biz)
Launched in the West on March 19 and in Asia on March 24, the program is active in forty countries. The British Red Cross, the American Red Cross, the Japan Earthquake and Pacific Tsunami Fund, and the Central Community Chest of Japan/Red Feather Community Chest Movement for Japan and Asia will use the funding to enhance relief efforts in the affected regions.
Kazuo Hirai, President and Group CEO of Sony Computer Entertainment, reinforced Sony's continuing efforts to contribute to Japan's recovery. "While we continue to make every effort to help the recovery of the affected communities in the region," he said, "I would like to express our gratitude to every single PlayStation user across the world who made a contribution to the effort."
Comment on PS3 owners contribute $1.3M to Japan's recovery, by Jeff Mattas.


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Pearl Jam's Mike McCready Pushing for 2013 New Album Release
There have been differing trains of thought as to when we might see a Pearl Jam album, but guitarist Mike McCready says that if it were up to him, he'd push to make it sooner rather than later.
He tells Premiere Guitar, "We're gearing up to finish the second part of the record that we started about two years ago. We all decided to pull back a little bit after we had done about seven songs, which I think are going to be on the next record. I'm not really sure. It all depends upon how this next session goes. I have a feeling that we'll have something out this year."
The guitarist added about their process, "We are all very prolific in bringing in ideas and we're all in conversation and are starting to rehearse in about a month. I feel like we'll have something by this year. I don't know that everyone in the band feels that way, but I'm going to do my damndest to move it along if I can have any kind of say in it. I would really like to get it out this year because we would really like to do some touring and things like that."
McCready says the band members are very efficient when it comes to their music. He explains that he personally will demo any ideas he has before he meets with the group and if he can't get Matt Cameron (who is on tour with Soundgarden), he has a local drummer friend who will help him record, so he can bring fully realized demos to the band.
He also adds that his bandmates are great at adding to the equation. He explains, "Stone [Gossard] and Jeff [Ament] are great editors so once you have your demo you bring it in and people scrutinize it and they either like it or they don't. If they do then I just go, 'Dude, if you have any ideas, just go for it.' I also want to be able to add to people's songs in the way that I do and I think I'm kind of the coloring on top of a lot of ideas and melodies at times. I feel like if Ed [Vedder] brings in a song, I want to be able to do a solo that's cool for it. He may not have any ideas for what that is yet until I do it right there on the spot … Everyone brings in fully realized demos, too. It's like everything; we have a lot of stuff. We don't have any outside songwriters. (laughs)"
While a release date is not definite, the comments made by Pearl Jam's members in recent interviews have narrowed the window down to anywhere from late 2013 to early 2014.


text:
Take a Look At The Final Results
Extended Interview: Mike Gousha Talks with U.S. Sen. Russ Feingold
WISN TV, April 13, 2008
Feingold Hiring for His Patriot Corps
Century of the Common Iowan, April 12, 2008
Sen Russ Feingold: Gen Petraeus Iraq Surge Hearing
YouTube.com, April 9, 2008
FEINGOLD: Questions Gen. Petraeus
CapNewsNet, April 9, 2008
Feingold opening statement at Iraq hearing
The Fond du Lac Reporter, April 8, 2008
John Nichols: Then and now, Feingold right on Tibet
The Capital Times, April 8, 2008
Senator Russ Feingold Pushes For More Energy Assistance For Low-Income Families
All American Patriots, April 7, 2008
Suggest a Candidate Today!
Meet Our Newest 'Progressive Patriot' - Rick Noriega
Learn More
Many of us say they're patriotic? These are some of my thoughts ; I suspect that I am living in the best country ever made in the history of humankind. Basically after visiting each town and traveling the world, I'm certain of it. Also having studied other Dynasties and Empires, I'll say the USA is easily exceeding the very best of the very best.
Naturally I need to thank my very own ancestry for that.
We have built something great here ; something that should be studied and copied to help other races of the planet and their countries. Being suspicious of one's govt.
is a positive attribute, blindly following isn't smart. But feedback without suggestions, plans or volunteering to rise up and fix it yourself, well to me that's just water under the bridge and the peanut studio is about as old as the words said on the stage created by Thomas Neville and borrowed by Shakespeare. It's all "Sound and Ire signifying nothing!" Raising cash is tough enough after the financial crunch, some people are having to find money for emergencies by using payday advance services online after being turned away by regular banks. If the Emperor isn't told he's wearing no attire, no then he won't ever change, I'm not in favour of "YES MEN" I don't enjoy compliments.
I'd like to know what everybody is thinking, not just what they assert to remain pro. To me that's lying. I am really not a Yes Man that's true. But I refuse to bad mouth my country or President to any foreigner or on the Net. How patriotic are you? I'm not sure why any person would be shocked by the Nationalism of an American, who resides with excess surrounding him everywhere he goes? Your country is what YOU make of it. And "I" work terribly tricky to see that it is still powerful. With my mind, my writing, my volunteerism and my strength of personality and I'd hold up the entire damn thing if I had too. I'm undissuaded by anyone that bad mouths my country or President, even if they suffered from the economic slowdown and had to resort to debt loans to pay off their spiralling debts. It braces me and gives me a challenge to persist and I don't stand alone. But if I had to I'd. And I might win. Why so much fervour about one's country? Because I'm an American. How patriotic are you? Wake up folks, look round at what we have got here. Respect it and say thanks, don't bad mouth the best country ever made in the history of humankind. To do so lacks integrity and you'd be claiming a falsehood.
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HANG TIME CAPITAL BUREAU — While the Toronto Raptors and New York Knicks have made strong pushes for free-agent guard Steve Nash, the Los Angeles Lakers have quietly entered the fray for the 38-year-old guard and are making a strong bid to acquire him, according to a league source.
The Lakers, with a payroll already projected in excess of $83 million next season, would only be able to offer Nash an exception starting at $3.09 million for next season. It's unlikely Nash would take that, so a sign-and-trade deal would be a more realistic possibility.
The Lakers do have a viable starting point guard they could send Phoenix in such a deal, Ramon Sessions, who became an unrestricted free agent after surprisingly opting out of the last year of his contract. Forwards Jordan Hill and Matt Barnes are also free agents.
The Lakers have also been looking to rid themselves of forward Metta World Peace, who has two years and $15 million remaining on his deal. But the Suns aren't believed to be interested in World Peace.
Nash is mulling offers from the Raptors, who reportedly have a three-year, $36 million deal on the table, and the Knicks, who only have the $3 million exception to offer as well.
A source said Tuesday that Nash is allowing the Knicks time to try and create a sign-and-trade deal that would be palatable for Phoenix — and also get Nash a higher annual salary. But the Raptors put a crimp in New York's plans Tuesday when they reached a verbal agreement with restricted free-agent guard Landry Fields on an offer sheet worth $20 million for three years.
Fields was one of the players the Knicks had hoped to include in a potential sign and trade with the Suns. But the league's rules prohibit a team from trading a player who has signed an offer sheet as part of a sign-and-trade deal.
The Mavericks are also looking at Nash, who left Dallas as a free agent in 2004 for Phoenix, after Nets free agent guard Deron Williams opted to remain in Brooklyn on Tuesday. But the Mavericks, according to a league source, have other possibilities if they can't get Nash, including Clippers free agent Randy Foye, and Aaron Brooks, who played last season in China.
Because Brooks, who had played most recently in Phoenix in the NBA, wasn't on the Suns' roster at the end of last season, he can't be used by the Suns as part of any sign-and-trade deal.


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Baltimore City has awarded "an exclusive negotiating privilege" to an urban farming collective to buy two vacant, city-owned lots near a community garden in Hampden.
The collective, Baltimore Free Farm, is trying to buy the lots to prevent their development. The group was one of two bidders for the lots last month; the other is a developer, who has expressed interest in building housing on both lots, according to Baltimore Housing, which is selling the lots through its Vacants to Value program to encourage re-investment in properties in the city that suffer from neglect, abandonment and blight. City officials would not identify the developer.
"We will exclusively negotiate a land disposition agreement with" Baltimore Free Farm, Cheron Porter, spokeswoman for Baltimore Housing, said Wednesday. That means "we sell the property to them upon negotiation," Porter said.
"It's just plain old good news," said Billy Thomas, an organizing member of Baltimore Free Farm, who lives next to the garden. "We're very encouraged by it. It's going to lead to us being able to conitnue providing the services that we do."
Thomas thanked commumnity leaders and elected officials who supported the group's efforts to buy the land, including Baltimore City Council members Nick Mosby and Mary Pat Clarke, the Hampden Community Council and the Hampden Village Merchants Association.
He also referred peope to the group's website, www.baltimorefreefarm.org, for updates as the group goes through the process of acquiring the land from the city.
The lots are located at 1522 and 1524 Baldwin Street, around the corner from the 3500 block of Ash Street, where the urban farming group built and maintains Ash Street Garden, a popular community garden overlooking Interstate 83. The lots on Baldwin Street border lots on Ash Street, where the group plans to expand its operation, Porter said.
Through the city's Adopt-a-Lot program, which is part of Vacants to Value, Baltimore Free Farm began work on the garden in 2010. The group, which promotes urban farming, community gardening and environmental sustainability, has its offices across the street from the entrance to the garden.
More than 800 lots have been adopted by residents citywide, about a third of which are used for gardening of fresh produce, Baltimore Housing said in a press release.
"We know community-managed open space enhances quality of life and we support a balanced approach when considering development versus gardening," Housing Commissioner Paul Graziano said in the release. "Mayor (Stephanie) Rawlings-Blake is committed to both helping Baltimore grow by 10,000 households and helping Baltimoreans to grow fresh, local food."
The ambitious Ash Street Garden has its own front gate, underground irrigation system, chicken coop and greenhouse on a steep hillside. The garden consumes three lots on Ash Street.
Baltimore Free Farm has raised an unspecified amount of money to make a competitive bid on the lots, and has submitted a petition with more than 1,200 names to the city, asking for priority consideration, according to Reagan Hooton and Bill Thomas, organizing members of the group.
Baltimore Free Farm should have the edge because the group has spent several years reclaiming the lots from neglect, they said last month.
Although Baltimore Free Farm has formed a corporation, Horizontal Housing Co., to buy the lots, it also protested the sale as "unnecessary" last month on its website, http://www.baltimorefreefarm.org.
The group said it has given away hundreds of pounds of free produce and vegetables to area residents, and accused the city of shopping the lots "to those who provide the highest economic value, rather than those who provide the highest community value."


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#lake havasu boat rentals
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Sioux Falls Mayor Mike Huether Announces Citizen Board Appointments, Vacancies
Mayor Mike Huether has announced new citizen board appointments to the following board as approved by the Mayor and City Council:
- Sean Ervin - Planning Commission
- Larry Luetke - Planning Commission
If you are interested in serving on a citizen board, please log on to siouxfalls.org/boards-commissions for an application and a listing of current openings. For more information, please contact Julie Wilson in the Mayor's Office at 367-8827.
In addition, Huether has announced two vacancies to the Board of Health. The mission of the Board of Health is to exercise general supervision over the health of the city and to take all steps and use all measures necessary to promote the general health and well-being of the people and community served.
The Sioux Falls Board of Health is composed of seven members. The members are appointed by the Mayor, with the advice and consent of the City Council, and each member serves a three-year term.
Members of the health care sector, serving in leadership positions, are encouraged to apply. Interested persons should have a strong commitment to health promotion and disease prevention on a macro or population-based level, and to the mission of the Board of Health. Application forms may be obtained by logging onto siouxfalls.org/boards-commissions.
For more information, please contact Julie Wilson in the Mayor's Office at 367-8827.


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On Monday, gold (NYSEARCA:GLD) futures for December — the most active contract — dropped $5.50 to close at $1,327 per ounce, while silver (NYSEARCA:SLV) futures edged 7 cents lower to finish at $21.86.
Both precious metals closed off their lows as Federal Reserve President of New York William Dudley said the economy is not yet strong enough to dial down quantitative easing, which is currently running at a pace of $85 billion per month.
Continue Reading Below
In a speech on Monday at Fordham university, he said: "In my view, the economy is slowly healing. But, while significant progress has been made since the end of the recession, there remain a number of headwinds that have offset the improvement in the underlying fundamentals. As a result, we have yet to see any meaningful pickup in the economy's forward momentum. The most notable recent headwind, of course, has been the large amount of fiscal drag this year from the payroll and income tax increases and the budget sequester. Also noteworthy is the tightening of financial market conditions that has occurred since May."
Dudley also added that he needs to see the labor market and economy improve before the central bank starts to taper bond purchases. Although the unemployment rate has declined from 8.1 percent a year ago to 7.3 percent currently, the decline "overstates the degree of improvement," and "it is still hard for those who are unemployed to find jobs."
By the end of the trading day Monday, shares of the SPDR Gold Trust (NYSEARCA:GLD) closed 0.3 percent lower, while the iShares Silver Trust (NYSEARCA:SLV) declined 1 percent. Gold miners (NYSEARCA:GDX) Barrick Gold (NYSE:ABX) and Yamana Gold (NYSE:AUY) both fell more than 1 percent. Shares of Endeavour Silver (NYSE:EXK) sank 3.8 percent.
Don't Miss: Did the Federal Reserve Ignite a New Gold Rush?
Follow Eric on Twitter @Mr_Eric_WSCS
If you would like to receive professional analysis on miners and other precious metal investments, we invite you to try our premium service free for 14 days.
Disclosure: Long EXK, AG, HL, PHYS


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The Monterra collection features unique details such as hammered rivets at key intersections and embossed flat bars that envelope the cushioning of the chair, creating beautiful and distinctly comfortable deep seating.
An American family tradition, O.W. Lee Company has been dedicated to the design and production of fine, handcrafted casual furniture for over 60 years. From their manufacturing facility in Ontario, California, the O.W. Lee artisans combine centuries-old techniques with state-of-the-art equipment to produce beautiful casual furniture. What started in 1947 as a wrought-iron gate manufacturer for the luxurious estates of Southern California has evolved, three generations later, into a well-known and reputable manufacturer in the ever-growing casual furniture industry.
For the optimum strength of each piece, a full-circumference weld is applied wherever metal components intersect. This type of weld works to eliminate the possibility of moisture making its way into tube interiors or in a crevasse. The full-circumference weld guards against rust and corrosion. Finally, all welds are ground and sanded to create a seamless transition from one component to another.
Each frame is blasted with tiny steel particles to remove dirt and oil from the manufacturing process, which is then followed by a 5-step wash and chemical treatment, resulting in the best possible surface for the final finish. A hand-applied zinc-rich epoxy primer is used to create a protective undercoat against oxidation. This prohibits rust from spreading and helps protect the final finish. Finally, a durable polyurethane top coating is hand-applied, and oven-cured to ensure a long lasting finish.
Regular maintenance is the best way to keep your Sunbrella fabrics looking good and delay deep, vigorous cleaning. Brush off dirt before it becomes embedded in the fabrics, and wipe up spills as soon as they occur. For light cleaning, use a mild soap and water solution and a sponge, allowing your cleaning solution to soak into the fabric. Rinse thoroughly to remove all soap residue and allow fabric to air dry.
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The Seneca Regional Chamber of Commerce and Visitor Services and the Tiffin-Seneca Public Library are sponsoring a Christmas Essay Contest and Coloring Contest. A Seneca East student, Ella Martin, won the the first Christmas Essay Contest and read her essay at the Tiffin Christmas Tree Lighting Cermony. For more information about how to enter the Christmas Essay Contest and Coloring Contest, please click on the following links. The essay contsest deadline is January 12, 2018 and is open to students in Pre-K through high school. The theme this year is a happy Christmas memory. The coloring contest is aimed at young adults and older and the winner will receive $100 Chamber Cash.
Christmas Essay Registration Form


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Dude is a freak of nature. He's giant and fast. -- reestuart 03/04/2018 5:21PM
Scouts seem eager to see a player of Edmunds' size move like he does. Also -- reconhokie 03/04/2018 1:31PM
He undoubtedly made the right call -- Manbearpig 03/04/2018 3:10PM
As did Settle. Even though fans here disagreed ** -- uvabasher 03/04/2018 3:15PM
Might want to wait until after draft to say that ** -- hokiesrule98 03/06/2018 09:47AM
I said that before his workouts ** -- uvabasher 03/06/2018 10:02AM
Then you can't say he undoubtebly made the right call. Edmunds did. Settle -- hokiesrule98 03/06/2018 10:15AM
Today says otherwise -- Manbearpig 03/04/2018 6:46PM
Ever hear of Mike Mamula? Maybe Logan Thomas? -- Hokie Bird 94 03/05/2018 05:44AM
Mamula didn't leave early. He stayed all 5 years (incl RS) ** -- 48zip 03/05/2018 08:23AM
Whoosh. Mamula tested high in everything. Did nothing in the league. -- Hokie Bird 94 03/05/2018 6:31PM
Yesterday called and wants it's opinion back. Today not a good -- BG Hokie 03/04/2018 3:33PM
Settle is killing his stock at the combine. ** -- reestuart 03/04/2018 3:17PM
How's he killing his stock? Only saw his posted 40 which wasn't bad for his -- uvabasher 03/04/2018 3:42PM
It was 3rd worst among DL. He also fell down in a footwork drill. -- reestuart 03/04/2018 4:33PM
He has got great film, he weighs 329 pounds and also is showing a great -- OBX 03/04/2018 3:50PM
He had a lot to gain by preparing for the draft better though. Every fubar -- WhoopACC Hokie 03/04/2018 4:43PM
Yeah, I think once gets into an NFL camp -- reestuart 03/04/2018 4:45PM
Probably but discipline and preparation will be required and he is not -- WhoopACC Hokie 03/04/2018 4:48PM
Yeah, same here. He'll have a lot to prove. ** -- reestuart 03/04/2018 4:49PM
Poor metrics + obvious lack of prep = lower round, less $ ** -- WarDarnHokie 03/04/2018 5:55PM
Yep. He cost himself a bunch. Whoever -- reestuart 03/04/2018 6:03PM
He might have prepared well and just had a bad day -- Tombo 03/04/2018 11:09PM
Is it on the advisor or on Tim himself? ** -- WhoopACC Hokie 03/04/2018 7:01PM
Both. It boils down to self-scouting. He needs to know his -- reestuart 03/04/2018 7:14PM
Doesn't "self-scouting" imply it's on him, not both? ** -- NokieHokie 03/05/2018 09:36AM
It's mostly on him, but if he's paying somebody to help him out, they -- reestuart 03/05/2018 09:40AM
They can't prevent him from tripping over himself in a drill. ** -- NokieHokie 03/05/2018 12:59PM
Yeah, but they could have advised him to be in shape for the combine. ** -- reestuart 03/05/2018 1:10PM
I do not know who he hired but I do not imagine it was a first time coach. -- WhoopACC Hokie 03/04/2018 7:26PM
It's on Tim, it's on the player, first and last. ** -- laphroaig 03/04/2018 7:26PM
He stumbled and tripped on his own feet during the 3 cone drill -- WarDarnHokie 03/04/2018 3:46PM
His "game" video is why he will be drafted. Not drills in shorts. ** -- VT One 03/04/2018 4:33PM
Unfortunately he is short on that too, which is why he really -- BG Hokie 03/05/2018 08:59AM
Then why go thru all this? Because it makes a difference. ** -- laphroaig 03/04/2018 5:05PM
The drills in shorts goes along way in determining where he gets drafted. -- WhoopACC Hokie 03/04/2018 4:37PM
True but if people in the know did not like his film he would not have been -- VT One 03/04/2018 10:54PM
So, he looked good on his profile picture, but not as pretty in real life? -- WhoopACC Hokie 03/04/2018 11:25PM
I think your points and analogy are good but my point is that his film -- VT One 03/05/2018 07:22AM
I think he will be drafted as well. The shame of the matter though is that -- WhoopACC Hokie 03/05/2018 10:27AM
Yep. He is testing near the bottom of every drill. -- reestuart 03/04/2018 4:41PM
Preparation for the draft is far from evident unfortunately. Sad. ** -- WhoopACC Hokie 03/04/2018 4:45PM
He is 329 pounds and very top heavy. 3 cone drill not for DTs. I read -- OBX 03/04/2018 3:52PM
3 cone drills may not be for DTs but they're still keeping score. The DTs -- laphroaig 03/04/2018 5:03PM
Only negative I see is he got tight hips -- amp616 03/04/2018 3:07PM


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