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International payment and exchange, international exchange also called foreign exchange, respectively, any payment made by one country to another and the market in which national currencies are bought and sold by those who require them for such payments. Countries may make payments in settlement of a trade debt, for capital investment, or for other purposes. Other transactions may involve exporters, importers, multinational corporations, or persons wishing to send money to friends or relatives. The reasons for such payments, the methods of making them, and accounting for them are matters of importance for economists and national governments.
Economic life does not stop at national boundaries but flows back and forth across them. The money of one country, however, cannot as a rule be used in another country; the flow of payments must be interrupted at national boundaries by exchange transactions in which one national money is converted into another. These transactions serve to cover payments so long as there is a balance between them: local money can be exchanged against foreign money only insofar as there is a counterbalancing offer of foreign money in exchange.
In China and other countries with centralized economic planning, there are no legal private markets for foreign exchange; in those countries the state has a monopoly of the business of foreign trade, which is generally conducted through formal agreements on a country-by-country basis. While the currencies of the Communist countries have official par values, these bear no particular relationship to their purchasing power or to the prices at which goods are exchanged. The international economic relationships of those countries therefore fall outside the scope of this discussion.
Balance-of-payments accounting
The balance-of-payments accounts provide a record of transactions between the residents of one country and the residents of foreign nations. The two types of accounts used are the current account and the capital account.
The current account
When using balance-of-payments statistics, it is important to understand their basic concepts. The balance of payments includes, among other things, payments for goods and services; these are often referred to as the balance of trade, but the expression has been used in a variety of ways. In order to be more specific, some authorities have taken to using the expression "merchandise balance," which unmistakably refers to trade in goods and excludes services and other occasions of international payment.
Figures for the merchandise balance often quote exports valued on an FOB (free on board) basis and imports valued on a CIF basis (including cost, insurance, and freight to the point of destination). This swells the import figures relative to the export figures by the amount of the insurance and freight included. The reason for this practice has been that in many countries the trade statistics have been based on customs house data, which naturally include insurance and freight costs for imports but not for exports. The authorities have more recently made a point of providing estimates of imports valued on an FOB basis.
Another expression, "balance of goods and services," is often used. The British, however, continue to use the term invisibles for current services entering into international transactions. For many years the "visible" balance was taken to be equivalent to exports quoted FOB and imports CIF as explained above. The British authorities have more recently instituted another linguistic usage by which the visible balance is equivalent to the true merchandise balance. The old usage still lingers on in the less-expert literature.
And so the total current account is the balance of goods (merchandise) and services. The United Kingdom includes unilateral transfers among invisibles and in the current account. The United States statistics, more correctly, show them under a separate heading.
Services include such items as payments for shipping and civil aviation, travel, expenditures (including military) by the home government abroad and expenditures by foreign governments at home, interest and profits and dividends on investments, payments in respect of insurance, earnings of banking, merchanting, brokerage, telecommunications and postal services, films and television, royalties payable by branches, subsidiaries and associated companies, agency expenses in regard to advertising and other commercial services, expenditures by journalists and students, construction work abroad for which local payment is made and, conversely, earnings of temporary workers such as entertainers and domestic workers, and professional consultants' fees. This list contains the more important items but is not comprehensive.
Among unilateral transfers the more important are outright aid by governments, subscriptions to international agencies, grants by charitable foundations, and remittances by immigrants to their former home countries.
The capital account
There is also the capital account, which includes both long-term and short-term capital movements.
Long-term flows
Long-term capital movement divides into direct investments (in plant and equipment) and portfolio investments (in securities). In the 19th century direct investment in plant and equipment was preponderant. The United Kingdom was by far the most important contributor to direct investment overseas. In the early part of the century it even contributed to the industrial development of the United States; later its attention shifted to South America, Russia, other European countries, and India. Investment in what came to be called the "Commonwealth" and "Empire," not prominent at that time, became very important in the 20th century. The other countries of western Europe also made important contributions to direct investment overseas.
The most important items of direct investment were railways and other basic installations. In early stages direct investment may help developing countries to balance their payments, but in later stages there will have to be a flow of interest and profit in the opposite direction back to the investing country. The United Kingdom is frequently cited as the country whose overseas investments were most helpful for developing countries because its rapidly growing population and small cultivable land area permitted it to develop large net imports of food and to run corresponding deficits on its merchandise account. The complementary surplus this generated in the developing countries from which the imports came enabled them to pay the interest and profit on British capital without straining their balances of payments.
Between World War I and World War II the United States began to take a more active interest in overseas investment, but this was not always well-advised. After the great world slump, which started in 1929, international investment almost ceased for lack of profit opportunities.
After World War II the United States began to build up a leading position as overseas investor. The process accelerated in 1956 and afterward, both on direct investment and on portfolio investment accounts. This may have been partly due to the desire of U.S. firms to have plants inside the European Economic Community. Other countries also found more opportunities for capital export than there had been in the interwar period. The United Kingdom gave special attention to the Commonwealth. During the 1970s and 1980s Japan became a major overseas investor, financing its foreign investments with the funds accumulated with its large current account surpluses. The U.S. international position changed sharply in the 1980s. As a result of its large current account deficits, the United States accumulated large overseas debts. Its position changed from that of major net creditor (it had larger investments abroad than foreign nations had in the United States) to that of the largest debtor nation. Its liabilities to foreign nations came to exceed its foreign assets by hundreds of billions of dollars.
Short-term flows
A very important distinction must be drawn between the short-term capital that flows in the normal course of industrial and commercial development and that which flows because of exchange-rate movements. The first class of short-term capital may be thought of as going in the train of direct long-term investment. A parent company may desire from time to time to supply its branch or affiliate with working capital. There may also be repayments from time to time. The second type of short-term capital flow occurs because of expectations of changes in exchange rates. For example, if people expect that the price of the dollar will fall in terms of the Japanese yen, they have an incentive to sell dollars and buy yen.
An international capital market developed in the 1960s dealing in what are known as Eurocurrencies, of which much the most important was the Eurodollar. The prefix Euro is used because initially the market largely centred on the countries of Europe, but it has by no means been confined to them. Japan and the Middle Eastern oil states have been important dealers. While these short-term lendings normally move across national frontiers, they do not directly involve foreign exchange transactions. They may, however, indirectly cause such transactions to take place.
The nature of the market is as follows: In the ordinary course of affairs, an Italian, for example, acquiring dollars—say from exports or from a legacy—would sell these dollars for his own currency. But he may decide to deposit the dollars at his bank instead, with an instruction not to sell them for cash but to repay him in dollars at a later date. Thus the bank has dollars in hand and a commitment to pay them out in, say, three months. It may then proceed to lend these dollars to another bank, anywhere in the world. Since the lending and borrowing is done in dollars, no foreign exchange transaction is directly involved. The sum total of all operations of this sort is the Eurodollar market. It is not centred on any particular place and has no formal rules of procedure or constitution. It consists of a network of deals conducted by telephone and telex around the world. U.S. residents themselves lend to and borrow from this market.
One may ask why lenders and borrowers use this market in preference to more conventional methods of lending and borrowing. Ordinarily the answer is because they can get more favourable terms, since the market works on very narrow margins between lending and borrowing rates. This involves expertise; London has played the most important part in the creation of the market. The lender hopes to get a better rate of interest than he would on a time deposit in the United States (restrictions limiting interest payable on U.S. time deposits are said to have been a contributing cause of the growth of the market during the 1960s). At the same time, normally, the borrower will find that he has to pay a lower rate than he would on a loan from a commercial bank in the United States.
This has not always been the case. In 1969 Eurodollar interest rates went to very high levels. One reason for this was the set of restrictions imposed by the United States on its commercial banks lending abroad. The second was that although the prime lending rates of the principal U.S. banks might be below Eurodollar rates, many individuals, including U.S. citizens, found that they could not get loans from their banks because of the "credit squeeze."
Because this form of international lending does not involve the sale of one currency for another, it does not enter into balance-of-payments accounts. Nonetheless it may have a causal effect on the course of the exchanges. For instance, the Italian cited above might have chosen to sell his dollars had he not been tempted by the more attractive Eurodollar rate of interest. In this case, the market causes dollars not to be sold that otherwise would have been. Others who have liquid cash at their disposal for a time may even buy dollars in order to invest them in the market at short term. That would be helpful to the dollar. There are countercases. An individual who has to make a payment in dollars but lacks cash may borrow the dollars in the Eurodollar market, when otherwise he would have got credit in his own country and used that to buy dollars; in this case the market is damaging to the dollar because its existence prevents someone from buying dollars in the regular way.
Assessing the balance
To summarize, the overall balance of payments comprises the current account (merchandise and services), unilateral transfers (gifts, grants, remittances, and so on), and the capital account (long-term and short-term capital movements). If payments due in exceed those due out, a country is said to be in overall surplus; and when payments due out exceed payments due in, it is in overall deficit. The surplus or deficit must be balanced by a monetary movement in the opposite direction, and consequently the overall balance including monetary movements must always be equal.
In practice, great difficulties have been found in assessing whether a country is in deficit or in surplus. It is often important to establish this with a view to possible corrective measures. The United Kingdom stresses the combined balance of current and long-term capital account—i.e., excluding short-term capital. Such a balance, however, omits short-term movements that occur in the ordinary course of business, which may be called "normal" and which ought in principle to be included. On the other hand it is not desirable to include equilibrating or disequilibrating capital movements. These occur in consequence of a deficit (or surplus), actual or anticipated. But there may be great statistical difficulty in distinguishing between the normal short-term capital flows and those that are consequential on a surplus or deficit.
It has been noted that the overall balance, including monetary movements, must be equal, but it usually happens that the figures do not in fact balance. U.S. statisticians call the residual figure that has to be inserted to square the account "errors and omissions." If the average value of this figure over a substantial period, such as 10 years—an even longer period may have to be taken if a country is in persistent surplus or deficit—has a positive or negative value of substantial amount, then it may be taken to constitute genuine items that have escaped the statistical net. These may legitimately be included in assessing whether a country is in genuine surplus or deficit and whether corrective measures are needed.
The "errors and omissions" item is extremely volatile from year to year and often very large. Such movements up and down are probably caused by precautionary short-term capital movements. There have been periods when a minus item in the U.S. account was rather strikingly associated with a plus item in the U.K. account, and conversely. Accordingly, in the short term, the "errors and omissions" item should not be included in assessing whether a country is in surplus or deficit.
It has been noted that the United Kingdom stresses the balance of current and long-term capital accounts (which include unilateral transfers). The U.S. position is less clear. It traditionally published two overall balance-of-payments measures: the "Liquidity Balance" and the "Official Settlements Balance."
In distinguishing between monetary and nonmonetary items, the Liquidity Balance included any increase in the holding of short-term dollar securities abroad as part of the U.S. deficit during the period; but it did not include as counterweight any increase in short-term foreign claims held by U.S. resident banks or others (apart from official holdings). Thus, in this respect the treatment was asymmetrical. The rationale for this was precautionary. The argument was that short-term dollar assets held abroad outside the central banks might at any time be sold in the market or turned in to the central banks of the respective countries and thus constitute a drain, or the threat of a drain, on U.S. reserves. On the other hand the corresponding foreign short-term assets held by U.S. resident banks or others were not readily mobilizable by U.S. authorities for making payments. Thus by this reckoning, if during a period non-central-bank foreign holdings of short-term dollar securities and resident non-central-bank U.S. holdings of short-term foreign securities went up by an equal amount, the situation would be shown as having deteriorated, since the former class (liabilities) were a threat to U.S. reserves, while the latter class (assets) could not be mobilized by U.S. authorities to meet such a threat. Thus, though the motive for this asymmetrical treatment may have been understandable, it was statistically unsatisfactory and also unsatisfactory as a guide to corrective action. This balance is thus mainly of historical interest, and it has not been commonly used since 1971.
The U.S. Official Settlements Balance reckoned an increase in non-central-bank foreign holdings of short-term dollar assets as an inflow of short-term capital into the United States; similarly an increase in U.S. resident holdings of short-term foreign assets was an outflow of short-term capital. This was a logical treatment. But the balance thus defined proved in the 1960s to be extremely volatile. This was due to large movements of funds between foreign central banks and non-central-bank foreign holders, associated with the rise of the Eurodollar market. Oscillations of this kind do not represent changes in the fundamental balance that are needed in order to determine whether corrective measures are required. It may well be that the British method of omitting short-term capital movements altogether in the assessment of surplus or deficit is, although imperfect, the most practical available. Since exchange rates began to float in the early 1970s, the major industrial countries have paid much less attention to overall balance-of-payments measures. The current account and the trade account are the two measures that are now most commonly used in developing countries.Roy Forbes Harrod Paul Wonnacott
Adjusting for fundamental disequilibrium
A "fundamental disequilibrium" exists when outward payments have a continuing tendency not to balance inward payments. A disequilibrium may occur for various reasons. Some may be grouped under the head of structural change (resulting from changes in tastes, habits, institutions, technology, etc.). A fundamental imbalance may occur if wages and other costs rise faster in relation to productivity in one country than they do in others. Imbalance may also result when aggregate demand runs above the supply potential of a country, forcing prices up or raising imports. A war may have a profoundly disturbing effect on a country's economy.
The classical view
In the traditional "classical" view no intervention by the authorities was necessary to maintain external equilibrium, except for their readiness to convert currency into gold (or silver) upon demand. The system was supposed to work automatically. If a country had a deficit, gold would flow out, and the consequent reduction in the domestic money supply would cause prices to move downward. This would stimulate exports and tend to reduce imports. The process would continue until the deficit was eliminated. Classical doctrine did not embody a clear-cut theory about international capital movements. It was usually assumed that the trade balance (more strictly, balance on goods and services) would be tailored to accommodate any capital movement that occurred. Thus, if the country was exporting capital, gold flows would cause prices to move to such a level that exports minus imports would be equal to the capital flow; equilibrium in the overall balance was automatically secured.
In due course the classical scheme of thought came under criticism. Some critics asked if an outflow or inflow of specie would necessarily have a sufficient effect on the price level to ensure an equal balance of payments. More important, a reduction in the money supply, it was pointed out, might have a side effect on the level of economic activity. Some critics went further and argued that this side effect would be stronger than the effect on prices to such a degree as to cause unemployment to rise to an undesirable level.
Contemporary views
Monetary and fiscal measures
The belief grew that positive action by governments might be required as well. The doctrine was first related to monetary policy in particular. The idea was that interest-rate adjustments should be combined with open-market operations by a central bank to ensure that the domestic money supply and borrowing facilities were conducive to external long-period equilibrium. After World War II the idea came to be widely held that government budget policy (usually called fiscal policy) should be brought in to assist monetary policy. For instance, if aggregate domestic demand was running so high as to cause rising prices, this should be reduced both by having a tight monetary policy and by increasing taxation more than expenditure or reducing expenditure without reducing taxation. The correct apportionment of this task between the monetary and fiscal arms is still a subject of discussion.
Nor is there yet agreement about the scope of these policies or their ability to secure fundamental equilibrium in all cases. There is probably agreement that when overall demand is running in excess of the supply potential of the economy, it should be reduced by monetary and fiscal policies. There is difference of opinion, however, as to whether the reduction of aggregate demand will bring external payments into balance in all cases. For instance, a country may have a deficit owing to some underlying economic change (such as a shift in the pattern of world trade), even if domestic demand is not above the supply potential and prices are not rising. In this case, policies designed to reduce domestic demand (commonly called deflationary policies) would cause unemployment. Some hold that, if there is an external deficit, deflationary policies should be pursued to whatever extent may be needed to eliminate the deficit. Others hold that such a policy is socially unacceptable.
Opinions differ also about how deflationary measures work to improve the external balance. Some hold that they work mainly by reducing domestic activity and thereby the amount of imported materials that a country needs and the amount of income that people can afford to spend on imported goods. If this were the whole effect of a deflationary policy, it would improve the external balance only in proportion to the amount by which it increases unemployment. Those who hold that this is the only manner in which deflation affects the external balance are especially opposed to relying on deflationary policies alone to eliminate a deficit in conditions in which aggregate domestic demand is not running above the supply potential. Some hold that a reduction of home demand also helps because it makes producers look around more eagerly for export markets (and increase their selling efforts in the home market). This appears to be doubtful, however. There is further disagreement on the extent to which deflationary policies influence the course of prices. If aggregate demand is running above the supply potential of the economy, it is highly probable that deflationary policies will slow the increase of prices and thus make a country more competitive with foreign suppliers. There is not the same agreement about the effects when demand is initially running below the supply potential of the economy. Some hold that a deflationary policy, if pushed hard enough, will infallibly slow up price increases and so help the country's external balance. Others hold that it will not, and some even argue that higher interest rates and higher taxes (weapons of deflation) can cause prices to rise. Thus, it is not absolutely clear that monetary and fiscal policies will in all cases suffice to cure an external deficit, at least without socially unacceptable results.
There is also the opposite case of countries with a trade surplus. It is clear that these countries will be unwilling to encourage policies that cause domestic prices to rise. Price inflation is a social evil and politically unpopular.
In the case of surplus countries, the same distinction must be made between the situation in which aggregate demand is fully up to or above the supply potential of the economy and that in which it is not. In the former case a further increase in demand would almost certainly have an inflationary effect; accordingly, surplus countries in this condition will be unwilling to use monetary and fiscal policies to eliminate their external surpluses. On the other hand, if aggregate demand is running below supply potential, then a surplus country might reasonably be asked to increase aggregate demand by monetary and fiscal policies on the view that the increase will not cause inflation but will tend to remove the external surplus by inducing more imports and possibly causing producers to be less active in their selling efforts abroad.
Incomes policy
Prices may rise even when aggregate demand is not in excess of the supply potential. This may be due to wage increases and other factors. Some hold that this can be dealt with through efforts to discourage excessive wage increases by a direct approach, which may consist of a propaganda campaign on the evil effects of wage-price inflation, together with guidelines governing rates of wage increases. This direct attempt to deal with the problem is generally known as "incomes policy."
Changes in exchange rates
Exchange-rate movements work by making the products of a deficit country more price competitive or those of a surplus country less price competitive. Any program that seeks to rectify an imbalance by changing the level of prices will be effective only if demand is "price elastic." In other words, if the offer of an article at a lower price does not cause an increase in demand for it more than in proportion to the fall in price, the proceeds from its export will fall rather than increase. Economists believe that price elasticities are sufficiently great for most goods so that price reductions will increase revenues in the long run. The outcome is not quite so certain in the short run.
A fast means of changing relative price levels is devaluation, which is likely to have a quick effect on the prices of imported goods. This will raise the cost of living and may thereby accelerate demands for higher wages. If granted, these will probably cause rises in the prices of domestically produced goods. A "wage–price spiral" may follow. If this spiral moves too quickly it may frustrate the intended effect of the devaluation, namely that of enabling the country to offer its goods at lower prices in terms of foreign currency. This means that if the beneficial effects of a devaluation are not gathered in quickly, there may be no beneficial effect at all.
The authorities of a country that has just devalued must therefore be especially active in preventing or moderating domestic price increases. They will need to use the other policy measures discussed above. Devaluation (or the downward movement of a flexible rate) is thus not a remedy that makes other forms of official policy unnecessary. Some have argued that, if exchange rates were allowed to float, nothing further would have to be done officially to bring the external balance into equilibrium, but this is a minority view.
One further point must be made regarding exchange-rate movements. It has been found in practice that governments resist upward valuation more than they do devaluation. Under the IMF system prior to 1973, devaluations in fact were larger and more frequent than upward valuations. This had an unfortunate consequence. It meant that the aggregate amount of price inflation in deficit countries resorting to devaluation as a remedy was not offset by equivalent price decreases in the surplus countries. Therefore this system had a bias toward worldwide inflation.
Trade restrictions
Since World War II the major industrial countries have attempted to reduce interferences with international trade. This policy, by extending the international division of labour, should increase world economic welfare. An exception has had to be allowed in favour of the less-developed countries. In the early stages of the development of a country, the effectiveness and feasibility of the three types of adjustment mechanism discussed above, particularly monetary and fiscal policies, may be much less than in the more advanced countries. The less-developed countries may therefore be driven to protection or the control of imports, for lack of any other weapon, if they are to stay solvent. It has already been noted that, even in the case of a more advanced country, the effectiveness and appropriateness of the above-mentioned adjustment mechanisms are not always certain. Thus, there is no certainty that some limitation on foreign trade and on the international division of labour may not be a lesser evil than the consequences that might follow from a vigorous use of the other adjustment mechanisms, such as unemployment.
Restrictions on capital exports
Interference with capital movements is generally considered a lesser evil than interference with the free flow of trade. The theory of the optimum international movement of capital has not yet been thoroughly developed, but there may be a presumption in favour of absolutely free movement. The matter is not quite certain; for instance, it might be desirable from the point of view of the world optimum to channel the outflow of capital from a high-saving country into the less-developed countries, although the level of profit obtainable in other high-saving countries might be greater. Or it might be expedient to restrain wealthy individuals in less-developed countries, where domestic saving was in notably short supply, from sending their funds to high-saving countries.
While there may be good reasons for interfering with the free international flow of capital in certain cases, it is not obvious that the outflow of capital from, or inflow of capital into, a country should be tailored to surpluses or deficits in current external accounts. It may be that in some cases the sound remedy for a deficit (or surplus) is to adopt adjustment measures such as those discussed above, bearing upon current items, rather than taking the easier way of adjusting capital movements to the de facto balance on current account.
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The archaic vidcaster rattles to life, illuminating the room with its unearthly light.
On the monochromatic screen, a distinguished figure sits enthroned upon the bridge of a mighty ship. Daltian Timoth, renowned on a thousand worlds as the face of Janus Roark, Secret Inquisitor, is dressed in the gaudy heraldry of a successful Rogue Trader. He turns to the camera.
"Ave, citizen," he intones, in a voice poured like molten silver. "and glory to the God-Emperor. I invite you to sit, and give praise, for tonight I welcome you to the first volume of the videographic chronicle of the life and times of one of the Imperium's greatest heroes: Lord-Captain Wilberforce Macharius veBarro."
The image of Daltian on the bridge fades as his voice continues, adopting the measured lilt of a Calixian noble.
"To receive a Warrant of Trade is the greatest honour any servant of the Emperor can provide. It was on the trade-moon of Quaddeus Minor that I was first awarded the warrant, having spent the previous six months in glorious battle against the Pirates of Barasphine-"
Utter bollocks.
That's about all you can say about the authorised videography of Lord-Captain Wilberforce Macharius veBarro. Barasphine doesn't even have pirates, and it's nowhere near Quaddeus Minor.
Wilberforce certainly did not spend his youth battling pirates and orks in the Quaddean Main. He was born a minor scion of the veBarro trade dynasty, fully nineteen steps from the dynasty's mantle. His father, Cornelius Demarii veBarro, died a regrettable death from an embarrassing plague before the boy turned one, and his mother Anophelia was a distant socialite who cared more for hive-spire soirees than for her children. As a result, he was turned out to the best and furthest-away scholariums money could buy.
On the playing fields and in the doctrinaries of Groxford, Wilbeforce mastered the art of being passable at everything and excelling at nothing. Unmemorable, unambitious, and utterly unconcerned with anything besides the maintenance of a comfortable existence, he was packed off upon graduation to Quaddeus Minor. As a minor dynastic factor, he enjoyed an untaxing life overseeing the tea plantations that covered most of the agro-world.
And he would have stayed there, if it wasn't for the improbable rediscovery of the Blancheviperre*, the long-lost frigate of the veBarro dynasty, which tumbled out of the warp near Port Wander sometime in the late August of M41.957. The rediscovery of the Blancheviperre put the veBarro dynasty in somewhat of a dilemma: while they could not afford to let such a valuable relic of the dynasty be commanded by someone not of its blood, nor did any of the prominent candidates particularly want the honour of commanding the ship. The current Warrant-Holder, Lord-Captain Jonarion Dracobane veBarro, had no direct heirs; his brothers and sisters served in profitable positions aboard the Patriach of Tanis†or its attendant fleet, and the remaining members of the family were either too old, too mad, or engaged in vital activities on the other side of the galaxy.
It was the family's aging matriarch, Lady Jezmerelda diCaprio Sandlock veBarro, who first raised the possibility of appointing Wilberforce as Captain of the Blancheviperre. Given that the women held an intense hatred for Wilberforce and his parents, it's my belief that she thought the position would be the death of him.
And so, on an reasonably warm afternoon in late spring, Lady Jezmerelda descended upon Wilberforce, who was dozing in a comfortable chair. It was at this point - not in the governor's mansion, surrounded by the skulls of his enemies, but half asleep, borne down upon by his immensely fat aunt, and surrounded by seas of entirely harmless tea trees - that Wilberforce Macharius veBarro was awarded the position of Lord-Captain and received his (delegated) Warrant of Trade‡.
*On the subject of the Blancheviperre, I quote from the Annals of the Astronavis Vigilum Congregatio, Callixus Chapter, Volume XXVI:
"The Blancheviperre was comissioned late in the 38th millenium by the legendary Rogue Trader, Lord-Captain Macharius Semolina veBarro. It was conceived as a deep-void exploration vessel, an adjunct to the dynasty's main vessel, the Patriarch of Tanis that could scout far and wide for trading opportunities in the Calyx Expanse. After several profitable missions into the expanse under the direct command of Lord-Captain Macharius, the Blancheviperre was placed under the command of his daughter and to-be heir, Sarina Calvacade veBarro.
Its first voyage under the command of its new captain, however, was interrupted by the declaration of the Angevin Crusade by the Praetor Golgenna Angevin. With the sector thrown into chaos and the call to war sanctioned by the High Lords of Terra themselves, Lady-Captain Sarina saw fit to attach her vessel to the war-fleet of the young general Drusus - one day to be known as St. Drusus of the Calixis Sector.
The Blancheviperre accompanied the Saint on many of his most famous campaigns across the sector, scourging and liberating dozens of worlds. It is said that the Saint himself consulted with Lady Sarina on many a campaign, often spending several nights aboard the Blancheviperre in her personal quarters to plan the extensive campaigns of conquest across the sector.
In the closing years of the Crusade, the Saint received the assistance of the Rage Thirsters space marines chapter. The main battle-barge of the Rage Thirsters was destroyed by enemy fire at the Battle of Warlax, leaving the chapter without a monastery and without the records of its own gene-seed. It was deteremined that the chapter would be declared Nullius Anxietas and the remainder of the Rage Thirsters would be charged with throwing themselves against an implaccable foe to end their chapter's history in glorious battle.
Without a vessel of their own, the Rage Thirsters asked for the assistance of Lady-Captain Sarina to deliver them to the Halo Stars, where they could end their chapter's story in battle with the foulest of xenos who lurked amongst the stars. Despite the misgivings of Saint Drusus and the express command of her father, Lady-Captain Sarina accepted the chapter's request.
The Blancheviperre charted a course through the roiling warp-storms of the Halo Stars and vanished into the void - never to be seen again."
† The Patriarch of Tanis was the main vessel of the veBarro dynasty, an immense Ramses-pattern star freighter with an attendant fleet of dozens of smaller ships.
‡ Text repeated in full:
This document (hereby known as the DELEGATED WARRANT of TRADE), by dint of dynastic pedigree, grants the bearer (hereby known as the LORD-CAPTAIN) the right and responsibility to travel beyond the borders of the GLORIOUS IMPERIUM OF MAN, to spread the LIGHT OF THE HOLY GOD-EMPEROR, to trade with XENOS MOST FOUL and to acquire profit in the SERVICE OF THE IMPERIUM.
The bearer is further enjoined to maintain and venerate a shrine to the SAINT DRUSUS aboard the vessel BLANCHEVIPERRE, to chronicle and honor all records and artifacts of the RAGE THIRSTERS (Nullus Anxietas) Astartes chapter, and to grant all possible succor and aid to the agents of HIS EXCELLENCY'S MOST HOLY INQUISTION in the defense of the Imperium.
It is to be made hereby known that in this 957th year of the 41st millenium of Man, that the Lord-Captain WILBERFORCE MACHARIUS VEBARRO is to be granted all the rights and priveleges of a ROGUE TRADER.
-P Squiggle, Esq.-

subset: commoncrawl


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Gasoline Prices Creeping Higher
Gasoline prices are beginning to edge higher. The average cost of a gallon of regular gasoline climbed for the second consecutive week and now stands at $3.299. Prices have risen about four cents since just before Christmas.
However, prices are still eight cents lower than they were a year ago, when geopolitical tensions in the Middle East caused a spike.


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* Algerian PM: 38 dead civilians, 29 militants killed
* Dead Canadian named as "Chedad" coordinated attack -PM
* Of hostages, 37 foreigners killed; five more still missing
* Three Islamist assailants taken into custody
* Japanese, Filipinos, British, Norwegians among the dead
By Lamine Chikhi
ALGIERS, Jan 21 (Reuters) - Algeria said on Monday it had confirmed the deaths of at least 38 workers, all but one foreign, at the Sahara gas plant its forces stormed two days ago and said the Islamist gunmen had been led by a man with Canadian citizenship.
Named only as Chedad, a surname found among Arabs in North Africa, the Canadian was among 29 assailants from a local al Qaeda group killed during the four-day siege, Algerian Prime Minister Abdelmalek Sellal said. Another three were detained.
Among hostages confirmed dead by their own governments were three Americans, seven Japanese, six Filipinos and three Britons; others from Britain, Norway and elsewhere were listed as unaccounted for. Sellal said 37 foreigners died, of whom seven were unidentified, and a further five were missing.
Though nearly 700 Algerians and 100 other foreigners escaped or were rescued, the apparent ease with which a group could race over the nearby border from lawless Libya and seize a heavily defended and economically strategic facility has raised doubts for investors on the security of Algeria's vital energy sector.
An Algerian security source said investigators pursuing the possibility that the attackers had inside help to map the complex and gain entry were questioning at least two employees.
Claimed by an Algerian al Qaeda leader as a riposte to France's attack on his allies in neighbouring Mali the previous week, the four-day siege also drew global attention to Islamists in the Sahara and Sahel regions and brought pledges of support to African governments from Western powers whose toppling of Libya's Muammar Gaddafi helped flood the region with weapons.
Sellal, whose government ruled out negotiation with the hostage-takers from the start, vowed that Algeria, scarred by a bitter civil war against Islamists in the 1990s, would prevent the rise of an Afghan-style power base for al Qaeda in the south - there would be no "Sahelistan", he told a news conference.
Prime Minister David Cameron told parliament in London that Britain would increase its help to Algeria's intelligence and security forces and might do more for France in Mali, though he ruled out sending many of its stretched armed forces to Africa.
Noting a shift in the source of threats to British interests from Afghanistan to Africa, he also noted Sellal's rundown of a multinational group of assailants and said the region was becoming "a magnet for jihadists".
Alongside a "strong security response", however, he called for efforts to address long-standing grievances, such as poverty and political exclusion, which foster support for violence. Some militants in Algeria want autonomy for the south and complain of domination by an unchanging establishment in Algiers.
As Algerian forces combed the Tigantourine plant near the town of In Amenas for explosives and the missing, survivors and the bereaved told tales of terror, narrow escapes and of death.
"The terrorists lined up four hostages and assassinated them, shot them in the head," a brother of Kenneth Whiteside told Sky News, in an account of the Briton's death given to the family by an Algerian colleague who witnessed it. "Kenny just smiled the whole way through. He'd accepted his fate."
Filipino survivor Joseph Balmaceda said gunmen used him for cover: "Whenever government troops tried to use a helicopter to shoot at the enemy, we were used as human shields."
A Frenchman man hid for more than a day under his bed as jihadist fighters searched the residential complex.
Another Briton, Garry Barlow, called his wife from within the site before he was killed and said: "I'm sat here at my desk with Semtex strapped to my chest."
Several hostages died on Thursday when Algerian helicopters blasted jeeps in which the militants were trying to move them.
Others were able to flee: "We cut the wire with clippers and ran for it, all together, about 50 of us," one told the Times.
A Romanian said he walked 30 km (20 miles) across the desert with little water before running into an Algerian police patrol.
Citizens of nine countries including Algeria died, Sellal said, among them seven Japanese, six Filipinos, two Romanians, an American, a Frenchman and four Britons. Washington later name three dead Americans; Britain said only three Britons were dead but three plus a London-based Colombian were also believed dead.
Norway said the fate of five of its citizens was unclear; in addition to seven Japanese dead, Tokyo said three were missing.
An Algerian security source had earlier told Reuters that documents found on the bodies of two militants had identified them as Canadians: "A Canadian was among the militants. He was coordinating the attack," Sellal said, adding that the raiders had threatened to blow up the gas installation.
That Canadian's name was given only as Chedad. Algerian officials have also named other militants in recent days as having leadership roles among the attackers. Veteran Islamist Mokhtar Belmokhtar claimed responsibility on behalf of al Qaeda.
In a video distributed on the Internet, the one-eyed veteran of Afghan wars of the 1980s, of Algeria's civil war and of the lucrative trans-Sahara cigarette smuggling trade, said: "We in al Qaeda announce this blessed operation."
Dressed in combat fatigues and standing in front of a black Islamist banner, Belmokhtar demanded an end to French attacks on Islamist fighters in Mali. These began five days before the fighters swooped before dawn and seized a plant that produces 10 percent of Algeria's natural gas exports.
U.S. and European officials doubt such a complex raid could have been organised quickly enough to have been conceived as a direct response to the French military intervention. Sellal said it had been two months in the planning. However, French action could have triggered an operation that had already been planned.
It was not clear what evidence the Algerian authorities had for some of their information, including on the nationalities of the attackers; 11 of them, they said, were Tunisian, while only three were Algerian. Others came from Egypt, Mali, Niger and Mauritania, as well as from Canada.
In Ottawa, Canada's foreign affairs department said it was seeking information. Security experts noted that some Canadian citizens had been involved with international militants before.
The jihadists had planned the attack two months ago in neighbouring Mali, Sellal added. They had travelled from there through Niger and Libya, hence evading Algeria's strong security services, until close to In Amenas. Their aim, he said, had been to take foreign hostages to Mali, and they made a first attempt to take captives from a bus near the site early on Wednesday.
He said special forces and army units were deployed against the militants, who had planted explosives in the gas plant with a view to blowing up the facility. Normally producing 10 percent of Algeria's natural gas, it was shut down during the incident.
The government now aims to reopen it this week, although officials at Britain's BP and Norway's Statoil, which operate the plant with Algeria's state energy firm, were less certain.
An Algerian newspaper said they had arrived in cars painted in the colours of state-owned Sonatrach but registered in Libya, a country awash with heavy weaponry since Western powers backed a revolt to bring down Gaddafi in 2011. Using Libya's oil wealth, Gaddafi had exercised a degree of influence in the region and the consequences of his death are still unfolding.
In a sign of the complexities wrought by the Arab Spring revolts, Egypt, a former military dictatorship now led by one of the generals' Islamist foes, criticised France's intervention in Mali on Monday. President Mohamed Mursi called instead for more spending to address rebels' grievances and warned that the military moves would "inflame the conflict in this region".
The bloodshed also added strains to Algeria's long fraught relations with Western powers, where some complained about being left in the dark while the decision to storm the compound was being taken. Algiers portrayed the operation as a success.
And this week, Britain and France both defended the military action by Algeria, the strongest military power in the Sahara and an ally the West needs in combating the militants.
"This would have been a most demanding task for security forces anywhere in the world and we should acknowledge the resolve shown by the Algerians in undertaking it," British Prime Minister Cameron told parliament on Monday.
Chafik Mesbah, a former Algerian presidential security adviser, said: "The West did not criticise Algeria because it knows an assault was inevitable in the circumstances ... The victims were a minimum price to pay to solve the crisis."


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How a Second Grader Beats Wall Street: Golden Rules Any Investor Can Learn
How a Second Grader Beats Wall Street: Golden Rules Any Investor Can Learn
ISBN: 978-0-470-91903-3 January 2011 304 Pages
In How a Second Grader Beats Wall Street, you'll follow the story of Kevin Roth, an eight-year-old who was schooled in simple approaches to sound investing by his father, seasoned financial planner Allan Roth, and discover exactly how simple it can be to become a successful investor. Page by page, you'll learn how to create a portfolio with the widest diversification and lowest costs; one that can move up your financial freedom by a decade and dramatically increase your spending rate during retirement. And all this can be accomplished by using some common sense techniques.
Along the way, Kevin and his dad discuss fresh, new approaches to investing, and detail some tried-and-true, but lesser known approaches. They also take the time to debunk the financial myths and legends that many of us accept as true, and show you what it really takes to build long-term wealth with less risk.
- Discusses how to design a portfolio composed of a few basic building blocks that can be "tweaked" to fit your personal needs
- Addresses how you can reengineer your portfolio in order to stop needlessly paying taxes
- Reveals how you can increase returns, regardless of which direction the market goes, by picking the "low-hanging fruit" we all have in our portfolios
With just a little time and a little work, you can become a better investor. With this book as your guide, you'll discover how a simpler approach to today's markets can put you on the path to financial independence.
Table of contents
Introduction: The Seeds of Financial Success.
Chapter 1 The Claw Will Take Your Money: "10 – 2 = 8".
Chapter 2 Own the World: "Don't Put All of Your Eggs in One Basket".
Chapter 3 The Advantage of Having Wall Street Marketing Blinders (and Where Can I Get Some?): "I Don't Watch Cramer; I Like SpongeBob".
Chapter 4 Adults Behaving Badly: "Don't Act Silly When Something Is Important".
Chapter 5 Can You Beat a Second Grader's Portfolio?: "I'm Not Going to Win All Three Spins".
Chapter 6 Beyond the Second-Grader Portfolio: "If Dad Says There's a Better Way, I Might Try It, but I'm Not So Sure".
Chapter 7 Bonds—Your Portfolio's Shock Absorber: "Don't Lend Money to Someone Who Won't Pay You Back".
Chapter 8 Better Than Bonds: "If the Teacher Promises You'll Be Paid Back, Then It's Okay to Lend Randy Money".
Chapter 9 Simply Brilliant or Brilliantly Simple—Building Your Portfolio: "Don't Bet Your Lunch Money".
Chapter 10 Investors Who Love to Pay Taxes, and the IRS Who Loves Them: "Don't Pay Taxes If You Don't Have To".
Chapter 11 Nightmare off Wall Street—The Scary Tale of Trick-or-Treat Investing: "If the Game Is Too Hard to Understand, I'm Not Playing".
Chapter 12 Increase Your Return No Matter What the Market Does: "If You Pick the Low-Hanging Fruit, You Don't Have to Climb the Tree".
Chapter 13 Keep It Simple, Stupid (KISS): "Why Do Grownups Have to Make Things So Complicated?"
Kevin's Postscript.
About the Author.


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Scrub Typhus: Infection Reduces Viral Load in Some Patients
August 18, 2000
A note from TheBody.com: The field of medicine is constantly evolving. As a result, parts of this article may be outdated. Please keep this in mind, and be sure to visit other parts of our site for more recent information!
An accidental discovery in Thailand led researchers at the U.S. Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences in Bangkok and several other U.S. and Thai medical institutions to conduct additional research which found that the disease scrub typhus can produce unknown HIV suppressive factors, possibly certain antibodies, that can reduce HIV replication. This is the first infection known which can reduce HIV viral load (most infections increase HIV viral load temporarily). A five-page article on the finding was published recently in The Lancet1.
Scrub typhus, caused by bacteria, is common in parts of Asia; it is easily treated with antibiotics, but if untreated, varies in severity from mild to fatal. In this study patients received antibiotics for scrub typhus, but no antiretrovirals. The degree of HIV suppression varied greatly; the average viral load of the patients studied appears to have increased, although not as much as with other illnesses. However, two of the 10 patients with scrub typhus who were tested in this study had viral loads become temporarily undetectable, and they were also negative for HIV DNA (using a PCR test) -- even though all had advanced AIDS, with CD4 counts ranging from 7 to 161 when first admitted to the hospital. And two other patients in that group of ten also had substantial drops in their viral load. [No baseline viral load was available, as patients were already ill with scrub typhus when they came to the hospital, and their viral load may have already been affected; therefore their viral load during the illness was compared with the value at day 28, after their bacterial infection had been successfully treated and the viral load had presumably returned toward its usual set point.]
The great variation in anti-HIV effect suggests that perhaps only some scrub typhus bacteria produce the right antibodies or other factors to inhibit HIV.
A possible mechanism of action for the HIV suppression is the prevention of syncytia, clusters of cells which abnormally merge, become infected, and die. All 10 of the scrub typhus patients has NSI (non-syncytia-inducing) virus, while five of seven comparison patients who did not have scrub typhus has SI (syncytia-inducing) virus.
In another test, serum from an HIV-negative scrub typhus patient strongly inhibited HIV in a laboratory test. Depletion of antibodies from the serum significantly reduced this effect.
Interestingly, scrub typhus is not more severe in HIV-positive than in HIV-negative persons -- and one study found a lower, not higher, rate of positive scrub typhus blood culture in persons who are HIV positive.
An August 8 report by the wire service Agence France-Presse noted that in Thailand, 300,000 people have already died of AIDS, and fewer than 10% of HIV patients can afford the antiviral combinations used in richer countries. Researcher Dr. George Watt, quoted in the report, said that antibodies to scrub typhus could potentially be a very inexpensive treatment. "Every day at the hospital in Chiang Rai we have to tell dying HIV patients, 'Yes, there is treatment for HIV, but it's too expensive for you.' So the motivation is there for the scrub typhus work."
Copyright 2000 by John S. James. Permission granted for noncommercial reproduction, provided that our address and phone number are included if more than short quotations are used.
A note from TheBody.com: The field of medicine is constantly evolving. As a result, parts of this article may be outdated. Please keep this in mind, and be sure to visit other parts of our site for more recent information!
This article was provided by AIDS Treatment News. It is a part of the publication AIDS Treatment News.


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What is the BCA?The BCA brings the best in arts & entertainment to WIU and the surrounding communities. If you have ideas for who we can bring, please feel free to come to a general assembly meeting or post your idea to our Facebook wall. Otherwise, take a look at our Current and Upcoming Season. If you are interested in getting show tickets, you can GET TICKETS HERE! Discounted pricing is available for WIU Employees, senior citizens age 65 and older, and youth under age 18. If you are a WIU student, faculty, staff, or surrounding community member and are interested in gaining professional experience, look no further. In the BCA you will have many opportunities to get involved in funded marketing campaigns, legitimate production management, show selection, and so much more. Please email us at firstname.lastname@example.com if you have any questions.
BCA on Twitter: Follow @BCAwiu
BCA on Facebook:


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Cliquez sur une photo pour agrandir / Click on a picture to see a preview
Siblings having a "test" fight: a good lesson for these bears!
Wild brown bear cubs, Finland.
For some people, bears are these really cute animals. For some others, they are "dangerous" and should be avoided. One sure thing is that bears are magnificent animals and also an important species for their environment.
Early bird visitor
Early morning - a small animal is running between the trees. After taking some pictures, this little one was looking straight at me. Maybe because of the excitement I moved too much and I produced some noise, or maybe the camera shutter sound was too loud.
Small animal but still: a good encounter and a great feeling in the Finnish wilderness.
Finnish wilderness
The light is going down but life appears from the forest. A bear is taking its "nightly walk" along a lake to inspect the place. This scene happens almost every night here in Finland when bears are awake from hibernation, but showing it in a picture is an other story.
Capturing these moments to share it with others is the best way to understand how magnificent and unique some places are.
Wild white-tailed deer, always aware of what is happening around (even with small ears!)
Life & Safety
Safety is very important for bear cubs, specially when they are few months old like these little ones. Following their mum is essential to avoid the path of others bears.
First look?
One of my very first pictures while discovering new places in Finland
Playing time for this wild brown bear cub (and almost photobombed by a sibling...). It is a very important moment for a cub: this one will leave its mother in only few months and being safe will be one of the first rule to admit.
Breeding period for mooses, intense sounds are everywhere.
Close encounter with a female brown bear
The next generation
Young moose in its natural habitat
Flying cub
A 6 month old wild brown bear trying to... fly! The tree was indeed too small to support the small cub...
Look from a wild bear
Usually, I am not a big fan of close-up pictures, really not. But sometimes, you have to try, specially when a bear is looking at you!
Wild brown bear siblings during a small "fight", just on the border between Finland and Russia. Cubs are spending lot of time to play together. These small fights are important for their future: they will have to share the taiga with other bears.
A picture coming from the wild Finland. This wild bull moose did not pay that much attention to me, and this is fine! It was only few weeks before the mating season: bulls can sometimes be a bit unpredictable at this season...
Hidden moose in a dense untouched forest.
Finnish fall lights.
It is always funny and interesting to watch cubs exploring their environment. You can never get enough of these little guys in good light conditions.
Watch and look
Her calf was not far away, it was a chance to have a moment close to both of them. She never turned back or stopped having an eye contact on me: safety is the key to raise the young one.
The smell
Curious wild brown bear, always smelling around to make sure that the next steps are safe.
All images © 2019 Florent NICOLAS


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Insert-A-Shaft® Series 20 Right Angle Gearbox with Continuous Recirculating Lubricant (CRL™), 1:1 Ratio, Flush Mount, Right Hand Rotation, 'A' Bore .750 in. x 'B' Bore .750 in.
Pre-Production at this time. Consult factory for availability. 3D STEP CAD files available for ALL gearboxes. Please tell us your desired product number(s).
You must be logged in to add this product to a quote.
Electro Nickel Plating; Stainless Fasteners; Shaft Seals; Stainless Gearcase, Caps and Bearings; Metric Bore Sizes and Metric Threads Available.


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There are two standard API's for persistence in Java - Java Data Objects (JDO) and Java Persistence API (JPA). JDO is designed for all datastores, and JPA is designed for RDBMS datastores only. DataNucleus supports both, fully, and also provides support for a REST API. When choosing the persistence API to use in your application you should bear the following factors in mind
There is a further comparison of JDO and JPA on technical grounds over at Apache JDO.
To supplement the factors above to bear in mind when choosing your persistence API, there has been much FUD on the web about JDO and JPA, largely perpetrated by RDBMS vendors, and we provide a FAQ that corrects many of these points so you can base your decision on what is best for you
Q: Which specification was the original?
JDO was the first Java persistence specification, starting in 1999, and the JDO 1.0 specification being published in April 2002. This provided the persistence API, and was standardised as JSR012. In May 2006 JDO2 was released. This provided an update to the persistence API as well as a complete definition of ORM, standardised as JSR243. Later in May 2006 JPA1 was released. This provided a persistence API, and a limited definition of ORM, concentrating only on RDBMS, and was standardised as JSR220.
Q: Why did JPA come about when we already had a specification for Java persistence
in JDO?
Politics. RDBMS vendors apparently didn't like the idea of having a technology that allowed users to leverage a single API, and easily swap to a different type of datastore. Much pressure was applied to SUN to provide a different specification, and even to try to say that JPA was to supercede JDO. The JCP is dominated by large organisations and SUN capitulated. They even published a "FAQ" to try to justify their decision.
Q: Is JDO dead?
No. As part of SUN's capitulation above, they donated JDO to Apache to develop the technology further. There have been the following revisions to the JDO specification;
In addition, JDO3.1 is reaching its conclusion, adding on support for more JDOQL methods, as well as control over position of a column, size of a sequence etc.
Q: Will JPA replace JDO ?
It is very hard to see that happening since JPA provides nothing to cater for persistence of Java objects to non-RDBMS datastores (LDAP, ODBMS, XML, ODF, Excel etc). It doesn't even provide a complete definition of ORM, so cannot yet compete with JDO's ORM handling. Even in JPA2 (final in late 2009) there are still basic ORM concepts that are not handled by JPA yet JDO standardises them. JDO is still being developed, and while users require this technology then it will continue to exist. DataNucleus will continue to support both APIs since there is a need for both in modern enterprise applications despite what Oracle, IBM, et al try to impose on you.
Q: What differences are there between how JDO is developed and how JPA is developed ?
JPA is developed in isolation by an "expert group" though in JPA2.1 they have added a mailing list so you can see their discussion (not that they'll reply to input necessarily). JDO is developed in public by anybody interested in the technology. The tests to verify compliance with JPA are only available after signing non-disclosure agreements with SUN and this process can take up to 3 months just to get the test suite (if ever). The tests to verify compliance with JDO are freely downloadable and can be run by users or developers. This means that anybody can check whether an implementation is compliant with JDO, whereas the same is not true of JPA. DataNucleus runs the JDO3.x and JPA1 TCKs at frequent intervals and we publish the results on our website. DataNucleus has been prevented from accessing the JPA2 TCK (by Oracle and the JCP, documented in our blog).
Q: Why should I use JDO when JPA is supported by "large organisations" ?
By "large organisations" you presumably mean commercial organisations like Oracle, IBM, RedHat. And they have their own vested interest in RDBMS technologies, or in selling application servers. You should make your own decisions rather than just follow down the path you are shepherded in by any commercial organisation. Your application will be supported by you not by them. The technology you use should be the best for the job and what you feel most comfortable with. If you feel more comfortable with JPA and it provides all that your application needs then use it. Similarly if JDO provides what you need then you use that. For this reason DataNucleus provides support for both specifications.


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Bonhams Rome is organizing a valuation day for Chinese Art. Our London specialist is coming over to meet you. If you would like to make an appointment for a valuation with a view to sell or if you would like more information on what our specialists can do for you, please contact:
arch. Emma Dalla Libera
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Master class sessions
The conference organising committee is pleased to offer master classes in conjunction with the Cancer Nursing Under Construction Conference. An aim of the conference is to assist in providing nurses working with people living with cancer the opportunity to grow their 'toolbox' of knowledge and skills for practice. Experts will review the basics and explore more complex issues/innovations associated with each topic.
Master classes will be held on the following topics
• Central Venous Access Devices (CVAD)
• Pharmacology
• Wound care
As numbers will be limited, please indicate when you register for the conference if you will be attending these sessions.
Central Venous Access Devices
'As patients transition through the labyrinth of outpatients, hospital and post-acute care settings, it is imperative to do what's right in their vascular access voyage.' V Chopra 2016
This is an interactive class designed to augment your knowledge and develop critical thinking skills to achieve best patient outcomes. Review the decision making process to determine what is the right catheter and right reason for the individual person. Review strategies for maintaining vessel health preservation in tandem with current innovative trends in selection of catheter type, placement along with tunnelling options for Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters (PICCs), flush/lock solutions.
You will take a closer look at PICC securement practice, its link to complications and understand the influence of securement methods on care and maintenance such as the use of surgical adhesives and subcutaneous sutureless securement devices.
In this optional pharmacology class we provide a refresher on the basic principles of pharmacology and the role nurses play in administration of medicines. There will be an update on nurse prescribing along with presentations on drug classes used in the cancer setting.
Wound care
This session will start with the basics around wound care principals, management and use of products. The later part of the session would involve more complex issues related to radiation skin reactions and /or fungating wound management principles, and current practices.
Conference sessions
Euthanasia or Physician Assisted Dying (PAD)
Euthanasia or PAD is currently a very topical issue in New Zealand. Dr Amanda Landers is a palliative care consultant in Christchurch, she will give an overview of this broad topic and where this is currently in a New Zealand context. Amanda will discuss the legislative aspects that need consideration from a medical and nursing perspective on this extensive topic. This session will provide nurses the opportunity to understand this topic from a wider perspective and what impact legalisation may have on our role in cancer care.
Health literacy
This session will be run by a member of Health Literacy NZ with the aim to give a better understanding of what health literacy is and what it involves. Health literacy is complex and involves a number of aspects, not just the patient/client. The Three Step Model to building health literacy will be discussed which helps to reduce demands and build knowledge and skills. The speaker will aim to give nurses some concrete ideas on what they can do in each of the three steps. Useful resources will be identified to allow a better understanding of this topic, enabling nurses to gain a broader knowledge on the impact health literacy has on cancer nursing. This session will explore and address the concepts of the heart of health and discuss its particular significance in managing resilience and increasing compassion between ourselves and our patients in our busy working lives.
NZ Cancer Nurses Under Construction
The NZNO Cancer Nurses College has been instrumental in developing key documents to support cancer nursing in New Zealand. This includes the Cancer Nurses Knowledge and Skills Framework and the National Guidelines on Antineoplastic Administration. Sharron will provide an overview of these documents and how they have been utilised within the CDHB cancer services.
Technology influencing healthcare
"Health technology refers to any method that is used to promote health, to prevent, diagnose and treat diseases or to improve rehabilitation and long-term care" (MOH, 2016)
Hospital in the home
Hospital in the home has moved from being a concept to being utilised in many areas throughout the world to manage people with cancer. Elaine will present on the hospital in the home concept, eligibility criteria, how to move this from a concept to reality and the benefits and issues that it created.
Radiotherapy in cancer care
Patient wellness
People with a cancer diagnosis often lose themselves in the process. They can go from confident, independent people to where every aspect of their life is being managed by someone else which can impact the transition they have to undergo at the end of treatment. This session will focus on using exercise and relaxation to promote wellness not only during treatment but also during cancer rehabilitation.
Clinical trials
"If we knew what it was we were doing, it would not be called research, would it?" Albert Einstein
Since 2004, the Medical Oncology Group of Australia (MOGA) has led the Asia Pacific in educating health professionals in clinical trial design. Collaborating with international organisations including the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR), the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO), the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO), the Cancer Council Australia and the Clinical Oncological Society of Australia, MOGA has developed a six day educational program targeting all disciplines of cancer research to improve and advance clinical trial design in the Australia and Asia Pacific region.
Workshop participants are selected through a merit based application process whereby each individual applicant must present a clinical trial protocol to develop throughout the Workshop and subsequently conduct in a clinical setting. The underpinning goals of ACORD consist of imparting principles of good clinical trial design which yield clear results to apply in the clinic and future research and exposing participants to the full spectrum of challenges in clinical research, from conventional antineoplastic agents and multidisciplinary treatment regimens to biological therapy. A variety of educational components aid Workshop participants in successful protocol design, including development sessions where participants present and discuss their clinical trial proposal in detail.
Session topics are extensive and include areas such as global cancer research, principles of clinical trials design, phase I-III trials, basic biostatistics, epidemiology, meta-analysis and systematic review. This unique regional Workshop maintains a substantial position in oncology education due to its international focus and provision of hands-on collaboration and guidance by a world renowned Faculty. The ACORD Faculty includes some of the leading world experts in clinical trials design and oncology.
The ratio of Faculty to participants is maintained at three to one to facilitate individual project focus and learning. Participants, many fully sponsored, from all areas of the globe, come together to bridge cultural gaps in the name of science. Past Workshop participants have come from India, Nepal, Malaysia, China, Thailand, Singapore, Japan, United Kingdom, Taiwan, Iran, Bangladesh, Philippines, Pakistan, United States of America, Korea, Australia, and New Zealand.
Heart of the hospital
Heart of Health is a science-based, secular meditation-based compassionate care development programme in which staff learn and practice meditation, relaxation, mindfulness, compassion and self-compassion skills. It is mental and emotional fitness training within the team environment supporting a compassionate workplace and wellbeing of staff and enabling compassionate patient care.
Heart of Health was successfully piloted by the Sydney Local Health District (SLHD) at the Canterbury Emergency Department and RPA Oncology. SLHD have now extended this programme to 10 other teams across the health system with a projected 30+ teams participating in regular team-based meditation sessions by 2017. Evidence suggests that this programme has increased staff and patient satisfaction/ morale, increased staff resilience and reduced the incidence of sick leave.
Thursday 11 May
Pre-conference master classes
|12:30pm - 5.00pm
|Registration open
|1.00pm - 3.00pm
|CVAD master class
Elizabeth Culverwell, Canterbury District Health Board
|3.00pm - 3.15pm
|Afternoon tea
|3.15pm - 5.00pm
|Pharmacology master class
Fiona Stone
Ruth Tramschek
Mikaela Smith
|Wound care master class
Cathy Hammond, Nurse Maude
Jo Tuaine, Southern Blood and Cancer Service
Friday 12 May
|8:00am - 5.30pm
|Registration open
|8.45am - 9.15am
|Welcome mihi and housekeeping
|9.15am - 10.30am
Amanda Landers, Nurse Maude Association
|10.30am- 11.00am
|Morning tea amongst the exhibition
|11.00am- 12.00pm
|Complementary Therapies for Cancer - What works, what doesn't & how to tell the difference
Shaun Holt, Victoria University of Wellington
|12.00pm- 12.45pm
|Cancer Nurses College Biennial General Meeting
|12.45pm- 1.30pm
|Lunch amongst the exhibition
|1.30pm - 2.30pm
|Telehealth and patient symptom management
Eve Eynon, Townsville Hospital
|2.30pm - 3.15pm
|NZ Cancer Nursing Under Construction
Sharron Ellis, Canterbury District Health Board
|3.15pm - 3.40pm
|Afternoon tea amongst the exhibition
|Concurrent abstract sessions
|3.40pm- 4.10pm
|Miss A's treatment journey through a double cord stem cell transplant; The importance of palliative care input in stem cell transplant patients care
Natalie Meijer , Canterbury District Health Board
|How do New Zealand nurses who work in the area of oncology educate and provide follow-up support to patient who are prescribed oral capecitabine and what are nurses' perceptions of this process?
Carol Reid, Eastern Institute of Technology
|4.15pm - 4.45pm
|Men's experiences of cancer: An exploration of coping, adapting and living well
Kate Reid, University of Canterbury
|A clinic for care- practicing holistically in an IV clinic
Christine Shaw, Nurse Maude
|4.50pm- 5.20pm
|Living with and beyond cancer
Kate Reid, University of Canterbury
|The cancer patient Malaga: through Pasefika lenses
Leilani Jackson, Counties Manukau District Health Board
|5.30pm - 7.00pm
|Cocktail function
Tait Technology Centre Atrium
Saturday 13 May
|7.45am - 1.00pm
|Registration open
|8.00am - 9.00am
|Breakfast session (via Skype)
Hospital in the home
Elaine Lennan, Southampton University Hospital
|9.00am - 9.40am
|The biology of cancer
Jim Edwards, Canterbury District Health Board
|9.40am - 10.10am
|Morning tea amongst the exhibition
|10.15am - 11.05am
|Radiation therapy
Jo Tuaine, Southern Blood and Cancer Service, Dunedin
|Novel therapies
David Gibbs, Canterbury District Health Board
|11.10am - 12.00pm
|Patient wellness through exercise, relaxation and rehabilitation
Robyn Bayly, Physio NZ
|Clinical trials
Anne Fraser, Auckland District Health Board
|12.00pm - 1.00pm
|Lunch amongst the exhibition
|1.00pm - 2.00pm
|Heart of health
Nickolas Yu, Sydney South West Area Health Sevice
|2.00pm - 3.00pm
|Health literacy - the New Zealand Framework
Susan Reid, Health Literacy NZ
|3.00pm - 3.30pm
|Conference closing and presentations


text: On Mon, 21 Aug 2006, Joe Landman wrote: > I took a simple GSL program I used to introduce students to GSL, that > was a modified example from one of the GSL example files. Basically a > little Hooke's law bit to use as input to an LU solver. Really short > GSL program. Joe, Since you clearly have time on your hands and a mission (a GOOD thing, mind you:-) you might try SWIG (link on the previous post). It looked to be relatively easy to use, and MIGHT manage heavy lifting. If you really want to try to hook the GSL into perl, that is (an interesting proposition, actually, but I think a pretty major project and an associated long-term maintenance problem unless you want to port it and forget it). > What I discovered is that it doesn't take much to make this not work. > :( Specifically passing arrays and vectors back and forth between > C/Perl is hard (IMO). Well, remember that in the GSL arrays and vectors and so on are themselves often, nay usually, structs and not just flat memory blocks packed into standard **...pointer sets. I actual worked through them all once upon a time when trying to develop and extension of the GSL "matrix" type called "tensor" -- IIRC a matrix in the GSL is a block (itself a structured type) with additional metadata, and is something of an opaque data type where you have to (or rather, given that it is C, are "supposed to") access components via get/set functions from the OUTside. It wasn't terribly extensible to a generalized **..***tensor type of even moderate dimension, so I redid a lot of the basic pieces to flatten them out and make them a bit less objectoid and end up with a gsl-ish tensor type up to the 8th or 9th rank. Alas, the change would have broken too many functions (I guess) and was not warmly embraced, so the GSL still doesn't have a proper tensor beyond second rank. The real question about SWIG and friends is where one can draw the line. Any decent library has an API and its own data structs and macros and prototypes and so on. Most of these types are available to the end user only via #include files -- the library itself is simply relocatable code designed to pull those objects out of the right places when routines within it are called. An encapsulation program has to be ALMOST as smart as a compiler/linker, then -- it has to be able to parse out arbitrary data types from C source and map them not-too-badly into perl compatible memory constructs. This is NOT necessarily easy, since I might well have something like: typedef struct { int xdim; int ydim; int zdim; double ***tensor; } MyTensor; and might want to encapsulate: MyTensor *newtensor(int xdim; int ydim; int zdim) { int i,j; MyTensor *tensor; tensor = (MyTensor *)malloc(sizeof(MyTensor)); tensor->xdim = xdim; tensor->tensor = (double ***)malloc(xdim*sizeof(double **)); for(i=0;i<xdim;i++){ tensor->tensor[i] = (double **)malloc(ydim*sizeof(double *)); for(j=0;j<ydim;j++){ tensor->tensor[i][j] = (double *)malloc(zdim*sizeof(double)); } } return(tensor); } (with no error checking or initialization yet, of course). This is an obviously useful construct, although I would generally allocate all the actual memory for the tensor in a single block and do displacement arithmetic to pack the pointers into tensor->tensor[i][j] instead of the last malloc to ensure a contiguous block and retain the ability to pass the entire array as a (void *) pointer to a block of data. What is SWIG/perl supposed to do with this? What would perl do if I allocated a VECTOR of MyTensor **tensors so that dereferencing a particular element would look like tensor[i]->tensor[j][k][l] with loops that ran from 0 to tensor[i]->xdim etc.? If this isn't bad enough, what would perl do with a linked list (another common enough construct), especially a SPECIALIZED linked list whose members contained entire data structs? Could be it would do exactly the right thing, but even guessing what that thing might be requires a bit of knowledge about perl's internals. A really good encapsulation has to be as smart as most compilers, OR the encapsulating programmer has to be even smarter. This doesn't mean that it cannot be done and that some people aren't that smart. It's just that one has to REALLY want to do it to make it worthwhile. > > Since I don't do this on a regular basis, this isn't so bad. Also there > is this PDL thing > (http://search.cpan.org/~csoe/PDL-2.4.3/Basic/Pod/Impatient.pod) which > doesn't look so bad, but it still doesn't solve the issues I want solved. > >>> Only when you have some ... odd ... structures or objects passing back >>> and forth which require a bit more work. >> >> What's an odd structure? > > As I have discovered ... odd structures are arrays ... and anything more > complex :( > > [...] > >>> Python has similar facilities. Generally speaking the dynamic >>> languanges (Perl, Python, Ruby) are pretty easy to wrap around things >>> and link with other stuff, as long as the API/data structures are pretty >>> clean. >> >> Ay, that's the rub...;-) That and what you consider "pretty easy"...:-) > > Less time than I spent on this so far ! <A_C_love_story> O-ohh say, can you C? One of the (many) things that I truly love about C is that one retains precise control over how memory is used in a well-written C program. Nothing opaque about it, really. I can close my eyes and visualize just how the block of memory representing MyTensor above looks, for example. I know just what the offsets are (in absolute void * terms) from the starting address of a MyTensor object to any of its contents, and CAN arrange for a MyTensor object and all its contents to definitely be allocated as a single continguous block of memory to avoid performance-sapping fragmentation without "hoping" that the compiler and kernel will provide it for me. With that degree of control I can then do very specific things with loop blocking relative to cache size or I can create data objects that are like nothing any fortran programmer ever dreamed of but that perfectly describe the actual optimal data objects of the task at hand. Using void types I can move anonymous blocks of memory around as I need to and defeat the well-meant but sometimes stultifying "rules" associated with manipulating ordinary typed variables. Finally, I can (given all of this information and control) CHOOSE to treat the resulting object as an opaque/protected data type and only create, destroy, or access contents of the object via provided functions, I can CHOOSE to create structs with members that are structs, I can CHOOSE to closely emulate C++ programming style or even Fortran programming style (if I want to treat the C compiler as if it had recently had a lobotomy:-). This isn't intended to disrespect those other compilers -- they are both have virtues that make them desireable to at least certain kinds of programmers for certain kinds of programs. They just don't generally give you the same degree of control, at least if you use them the way God intended and don't defeat their strong typing and error checking. With assembler I would have -- slightly -- more precise control. But not much. Not much. Yet C is undeniably an structured language with a full complement of upper-level amenities. I've coded in C almost exclusively (as far as compilers go) since roughly the mid-80's -- about 20 years now -- and I STILL am learning new, sometimes amazing things about the language or tricks one can use to write ever more elegant and maintainable code. C is scary powerful (and scary dangerous in the sense that you can perhaps get yourself in more incomprehensible trouble with C than in many languages if you program with anything less than iron discipline). Perhaps the danger excites me. Perhaps mastering the tool in spite of the danger does -- I rarely indeed find myself in that kind of difficulty because instead I chose the discipline. To me one of the great miracles of life is that somebody could actually write a few nontrivial programs in C and not also fall in love with it. Oh, it still isn't a "universal" language -- there is no doubt that certain tasks are better suited for perl (or python, if you are lover of the snake:-) or PHP or even bash. For compiled general-purpose code, though, it reigns supreme, and I see little advantage in Fortran EXCEPT perhaps better compiler optimization as a payoff for working within its restricted traditional data types. So for me, porting C routines to other environments is ALMOST pointless. Oh, I can see where octave (for example) is useful in precisely the same sense that mopeds are useful -- an adequate way to get around for somebody who hasn't far to go and doesn't want to learn to drive, say, an F16. Good even for F16 pilots to go to the store, if the store is close by and doesn't have a big landing strip. The metaphor gets strained, of course, rather quickly. But the point still stands. C rocks. <\A_C_love_story> rgb -- Robert G. Brown http://www.phy.duke.edu/~rgb/ Duke University Dept. of Physics, Box 90305 Durham, N.C. 27708-0305 Phone: 1-919-660-2567 Fax: 919-660-2525 email:rgb at phy.duke.edu


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She is collecting donations from clients to afford Angela's family a trip to Costco for everyday items. (Julie and Dawn would do the shopping) Their goal is $300.
Julie stacked TP and tied it up with ribbon. She then put some pink straight pins and pre cut tags in small glasses next to the stacked TP. People could write on the tags words of encouragement to Angela and her family and pin it to some paper money and pin it to the rolls.
Here is Angela with her family.
This is Dawn styling Sheridan's hair.
What a great way to lighten the load of a friend!


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Azle, TX
If you are in the Azle, TX area our Fort Worth location is conveniently located just a few miles away.
Click to view Schedule and Register for your course here:
- BLS for Healthcare Provider MORNING Classclick to register
- ACLS Initial Courseclick to register
- ACLS Recertificationclick to register
- PALS Initial Courseclick to register
- PALS Recertificationclick to register
- Heartsaver CPR/AED / First Aidclick to register
- BLS for Healthcare Provider EVENING Classclick to register
- BLS Instructor Courseclick to register
- Heartsaver CPR/AED/First Aid Instructor Courseclick to register
Training Center Location:
6421 Camp Bowie Suite 403
Fort Worth, Texas 76116
The instructors of RC Health Services have several years of real world medical experiences and have managed several emergency cases of Code Blue situations. Our instructors are professional Registered Nurses, Paramedics, and EMTs. They are passionate about the subjects they teach and are prepared to deliver the best CPR BLS, ACLS, PALS, and First Aid courses in your area as well as in the Dallas, Houston, San Antonio, and Austin areas. We want that each of our classes to meet the expectations of our students and to make sure that they gain the knowledge they need to care for their patients. We constantly work together with the American Heart Association to make sure that all of our AHA courses follow their requirements and the guidelines of their updated curriculum. RC Health Services is also approved provider of EMS CEUs (Continuing Education Units) from the Texas Department of State Health Services. We are also working on our newest plan to offer Pre-Employment Drug Screening in the Austin and Houston areas as well as onsite drug screening for all of our corporate clients. We are also working on our CNA (Certified Nurse Aide) Program to launch in the beginning of 2012.


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Tough, stylish exterior; opulent interior appointments; strong V8 performance; impressive tow ratings; comfortable ride and handling for such a big truck-based vehicle; high-efficiency hybrid powertrain availability
The Escalade includes three different models--the standard Escalade and extended-length Escalade ESV, which are luxurious sport-utility vehicles; and the Escalade EXT, which includes most of the attributes of the Escalade SUV but offers a pickup bed.
No matter the style, the Escalade is powered by a 403-horsepower, 6.2L V8 engine that's also Flex-Fuel capable, meaning that it can run on up to 85% ethanol-gasoline mix. It's paired with a 6-speed automatic transmission and either rear or all-wheel drive. However, the full-time all-wheel drive system does not include a low range and is designed primarily for on-road duty.
The Escalade Hybrid employs a version of GM's 2-mode hybrid system, featuring an electric motor system that can capture energy when coasting or cruising and use it to assist when accelerating. The Hybrid's powertrain features a variable automatic transmission and a 300-volt nickel-metal hydride battery pack. The engine also has an auto-stop mode that shuts off the engine when possible to further aid in saving fuel, while the air conditioning compressor and power steering are driven electrically to save power. Altogether, the Hybrid delivers EPA ratings of 20 city, 23 highway, with a 5,800-pound tow rating.
The Escalade performs surprisingly well for a heavy, body-on-frame SUV. The V8 provides strong acceleration and impressive passing power. It also handles quite well and has been tuned for smooth, but not bouncy, ride quality. Across the lineup, big 4-wheel disc brakes are included, along with anti-lock brakes and GM's Stabilitrak electronic stability control, plus a full contingent of airbags.
Additional high-tech safety features offered on the Escalade include Side Blind Zone Alert, which sounds an audible and visual alert if there are objects detected in the blind zones. OnStar Turn-by-Turn Navigation allows the driver to download directions from an operator-assisted call center directly to the navigation system, while XM NavTraffic enables live traffic updates.
The key difference between the standard Escalade and the ESV is that the ESV's wheelbase is more than a foot longer. That means that while the ESV won't turn and park quite as neatly, it does offer a bit more legroom for the third row, along with more space behind it; access to the third row is improved as well. Both versions get a fold-and-tumble second row, however. Standard Escalades and ESV models have seating for up to seven, while the EXT has space for up to five, with two rows of seating and a small pickup bed that's just large enough for a piece of furniture or an ATV. What makes the EXT especially noteworthy is that the cargo bed can be extended into the cabin when necessary to accommodate larger items, while a lockable tonneau cover can be placed over items when you're not using the entire bed.
Escalade and Escalade ESV are offered in Base, Luxury, Premium, and Platinum editions. The Platinum models get a long list of exclusive equipment, including Magnetic Ride Control (which helps further improve both ride and handling), distinctive LED headlamps, Airline leather with contrasting stitching, special leather surfaces with French-stitched seams and special wood and aluminum trim. The standard Escalade cabin is nearly as lavish, with Ebony and Cashmere interior surfaces, white LED lighting, heated-and-cooled front seats and a heated steering wheel.
The Cadillac Escalade continues into 2013 essentially unchanged. The brakes have been recalibrated and there are a few new colors offered, but the 2013 Escalade is otherwise the same as last year's model.
The Cadillac Escalade has a lot in common with GM's other full-size SUVs-- the Chevrolet Tahoe/Suburban and GMC Yukon/XL, underneath--but its interior sets it apart. The Escalade's cabin is one of the most impressive, opulent interiors offered in an SUV, and ride quality and overall interior quality are top-notch. All the more impressive is the way the Escalade performs and handles considering its size and weight. The Hybrid version, though more expensive, doesn't give up any of the standard Escalade's luxury, handling, or ride quality, but does manage to get up to 50% better fuel economy.
Additional Details
Vehicle Price: 84,065.00
*Estimated payments are for informational purposes only and don't account for acquisition fees, destination charges, tax, title, and other fees and incentives or represent a financing offer or guarantee of credit from the seller.
Equipment that may affect values (standard equipment is pre-selected):
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CCM RBZ Stage 2
8 months ago, CCM & Taylormade took the hockey world by storm with the introduction of the CCM RBZ and pretty soon we started seeing a lot of NHL players Strap a Rocket to the Puck (RBZ Tagline). For more information on that stick, check out the RBZ blog. It's no surprise that the stick quickly grew in popularity and it didn't take very long to see RBZs in nearly every locker room. Looking to build off the success of the RBZ, CCM & Taylormade will release the CCM RBZ Stage 2 in July . The Stage 2 has already seen NHL action with top players like Gabriel Landeskog of the Avalanche & Toronto's Nazem Kadri. So let's take a look at what CCM and Taylormade improved on with their second shot at the RBZ.