text: > involved with Linux, and open source things such as XFS we would not > have the enterprise-level features that we see now. unclear in several ways. for instance, linux has hotplug cpu and memory support, but I really think this is dubious, since there's damn little hardware that supports it, _anywhere_. it's more of a "bank" feature rather than merely gold-plated "enterprise". XFS may have been fairly "enterprise" for its time - it's been available for linux for quite a while, I think. but if you look at options today, is it clearly the only "enterprise" choice? certainly not - ext3 and 4 are certainly viable, though perhaps not in every possible application. JFS is presumably also an example of big-corp contributed "enterprise" software, but I'd say has had even less of an effect. dare I mention advfs, which has now been open-sourced? from my position, XFS was a semi-fringe option for people who distrusted ext3 for some reason. (and there were a few solid ones, mainly just >8TB.) going forward, I expect to use ext4 and probably btrfs; I don't see a lasting impact of XFS. if IBM did buy Sun and made an effort to get ZFS Linux-ized (Linus-ized), it would be interesting. especially if they also did so with Lustre. > And enterprise > level features need the hardware - it is no good some geek imagining > what would happen on a 1024 processor 64 bit system as he compiles up > the kernel pathches on his laptop. cheap shot - don't you remember that linux was 64b quite early because DEC dropped an alpha on Linus? it was also SMP-aware pretty early. this is not to say that all the numa features existed at the time, though they're all pretty obvious (node-aware memory management, care taken with per-cpu features and layout, etc). I'm not denigrating the big-iron contributions, but it's certainly not a "wise mature enterprise gurus show pencil-necked linux punks how to do it right" ;) regards, mark hahn.


text:
Take a walking tour of western Pennsylvania at the world-renowned Miniature Railroad & Village®, sponsored by Bombardier, open for its 90th season!
This beloved exhibit's story began in 1920 with a man named Charles Bowdish of Brookville, Pa. Originally a holiday display on the second floor of his house, it moved to the Buhl Planetarium in 1954, and ultimately found its final home at Carnegie Science Center in 1992.
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More favorites include, Fallingwater, Forbes Field, Punxsutawney Phil at Gobbler's Knob, Luna Park, Sharon Steel Mill, a historic Pittsburgh incline, and more.
By the Numbers
The Miniature Railroad & Village® features:
The Miniature Railroad & Village® will close Oct. 8 for refurbishing and will reopen on Nov. 16.

subset: commoncrawl


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Geoff.newman needed a new logo design and created a contest on 99designs.
A winner was selected from 132 designs submitted by 44 freelance designers.
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Frequent Links
The Rashi script, originally used to write the language
|[dʒuˈðeo espaˈɲol][note 1]
|Native to
|Israel, Turkey, USA, France, Greece, Brazil, UK, Morocco, Bulgaria, Italy, Canada, Mexico, Argentina, Uruguay, Serbia, Bosnia Herzegovina, Macedonia, Tunisia, Belgium, South Africa, Austria and others
|Sephardim and Sabbateans
Native speakers
unknown (112,130 in Israel cited 1985)[1]
10,000 in Turkey (2007)
|Eastern/Oriental; Western/Occidental; Haketia
|mainly Latin alphabet; (originally Rashi and Solitreo) also Hebrew and Cyrillic and rarely Greek and Arabic
|Official status
|Regulated by
|Language codes
Linguist list
51-AAB-ba ... 51-AAB-bd
Judaeo-Spanish (also Judeo-Spanish and Judæo-Spanish: Judeo-Español, Hebrew script: גֿודֿיאו-איספאנייול, Cyrillic: Ђудео-Еспањол), commonly referred to as Ladino, is a Romance language derived from Old Spanish. Originally spoken in the former territories of the Ottoman Empire (the Balkans, Turkey, the Middle East, and North Africa) as well as in France, Italy, Netherlands, Morocco, and the UK, today it is spoken mainly by Sephardic minorities in more than 30 countries, most of the speakers residing in Israel. Although it has no official status in any country, it has been acknowledged as a minority language in Israel, Turkey and France.
The core vocabulary of Judaeo-Spanish is Old Spanish and it has numerous elements from all the old Romance languages of the Iberian Peninsula, such as Old Aragonese, Astur-Leonese, Old Catalan, Old Portuguese and Mozarabic. The language has been further enriched by Ottoman Turkish and Semitic vocabulary, such as Hebrew, Aramaic, and Arabic, especially in the domains of religion, law and spirituality and most of the vocabulary for new and modern concepts has been adopted through French and Italian. Furthermore the language is influenced to a lesser degree by other local languages of the Balkans as well, such as Greek, Bulgarian and Serbo-Croatian.
Historically, the Rashi script and its cursive form Solitreo have been the main orthographies for writing Judaeo-Spanish. However today, it is mainly written with the Latin alphabet, though some other alphabets such as Hebrew and Cyrillic are still in use. Judaeo-Spanish is also locally known by many different names, major ones being: Español/Espanyol, Judió/Djudyo (or Jidió/Djidyo), Judesmo/Djudezmo, Sefaradhí/Sefaradi and Ḥaketilla/Haketia. In Israel, the language is called (E)spanyolit and Ladino. In Turkey and formerly in the Ottoman Empire, the language has been traditionally called Yahudice, meaning the Jewish language.
Judaeo-Spanish, once the trade language of the Adriatic Sea, the Balkans and the Middle-East and renowned for its rich literature especially in Thessaloniki, today is under serious threat of extinction. Most native speakers are elderly and the language is not transmitted to their children or grandchildren for various reasons. In some expatriate communities in Latin America and elsewhere, there is a threat of dialect levelling resulting in extinction by assimilation into modern Spanish. However, it is experiencing a minor revival among Sephardic communities, especially in music.
- 1 Name
- 2 Variants
- 3 Sources of the language
- 4 Phonology
- 5 Morphology
- 6 Orthography
- 7 History
- 8 Religious use
- 9 Modern education
- 10 Samples
- 11 See also
- 12 References
- 13 External links
In Israel particularly, and in America, the language is commonly called Ladino (לאדינו) (a derivative of "Latin"), though the people who actually speak the language consider this use incorrect.[3] The language is also called judeo-espagnol,[note 2] judeo-español,[4] Sefardí, Judío, Judesmo, and Espanyol or Español sefardita; Haquetía (from the Arabic ħaka حكى, "tell") refers to the dialect of North Africa, especially Morocco. The dialect of the Oran area of Algeria was called Tetuani, after the Moroccan town Tétouan, since many Orani Jews came from this city. In Hebrew, the language is called Spanyolit.
According to the Ethnologue, "The name 'Judesmo' is used by Jewish linguists and Turkish Jews and American Jews; 'Judeo-Spanish' by Romance philologists; 'Ladino' by laymen, especially in Israel; 'Haketia' by Moroccan Jews; 'Spanyol' by some others."[5]
The derivation of the name Ladino is complicated. In pre-Expulsion times in the area known today as Spain the word meant literary Castilian as opposed to other dialects, or Romance in general as distinct from Arabic.[6] (The first European language grammar and dictionary, of Castilian, refers to it as ladino or ladina. In the Middle Ages, the word Latin was frequently used to mean simply "language", and in particular the language one understands: a latiner or latimer meant a translator.) Following the expulsion, Jews spoke of "the Ladino" to mean the traditional oral translation of the Bible into archaic Castilian. By extension it came to mean that style of Castilian generally, in the same way that (among Kurdish Jews) Targum has come to mean Judeo-Aramaic and (among Jews of Arabic-speaking background) sharħ has come to mean Judeo-Arabic.[7]
Informally, and especially in modern Israel, many speakers use Ladino to mean Judaeo-Spanish as a whole. The language was formerly regulated by a body called the Autoridad Nasionala del Ladino in Israel. More strictly, however, the term is confined to the style used in translation. According to the website of the Jewish Museum of Thessaloniki,
Ladino is not spoken, rather, it is the product of a word-for-word translation of Hebrew or Aramaic biblical or liturgical texts made by rabbis in the Jewish schools of Spain. In these, translations, a specific Hebrew or Aramaic word always corresponded to the same Spanish word, as long as no exegetical considerations prevented this. In short, Ladino is only Hebrew clothed in Spanish, or Spanish with Hebrew syntax. The famous Ladino translation of the Bible, the Biblia de Ferrara (1553), provided inspiration for the translation of numerous Spanish Christian Bibles."[3]
This Judaeo-Spanish ladino should not be confused with the ladino or Ladin language spoken in part of North-Eastern Italy, which is closely related with the rumantsch-ladin of Swiss Grisons (it is disputed whether or not they form a common Rhaeto-Romance language) and has nothing to do with either Jews or Spanish beyond being, like Spanish, a Romance language, a property they share with French, Italian, Portuguese and Romanian.
In modern standard Spanish, "ladino" is an adjective[8] that means "sly" or "cunning". In Guatemala, "ladino" refers to a person of non-Amerindian heritage, including mestizos, as well as an Amerindian who has adopted the culture of non-Amerindians.
At the time of the expulsion from Spain, the day-to-day language of the Jews of different regions of the peninsula was little if at all different from that of their Christian neighbors, though there may have been some dialect mixing to form a sort of Jewish lingua franca. There was however a special style of Castilian used for purposes of study or translation, featuring a more archaic dialect, a large number of Hebrew and Aramaic loan-words and a tendency to render Hebrew word order literally (e.g.: ha-laylah ha-zeh, meaning "this night", was rendered la noche la esta instead of the normal Spanish esta noche[9]). As mentioned above, some authorities would confine the term "Ladino" to this style.
Following the expulsion, the process of dialect mixing continued, though Castilian remained by far the largest contributor. The daily language was increasingly influenced both by the language of study and by the local non-Jewish vernaculars such as Greek and Turkish, and came to be known as Judesmo: in this respect the development is parallel to that of Yiddish. However, many speakers, especially among the community leaders, also had command of a more formal style nearer to the Spanish of the expulsion, referred to as Castellano.
Sources of the language
Castilian Spanish
The grammar of Judaeo-Spanish, its phonology and its core vocabulary (approx. 60% of its total vocabulary), are basically Castilian. In some respects it resembles southern and South American dialects of Spanish rather than the language of Castile itself: for example it exhibits both yeísmo ("she" is eya/ella [ˈeja] (Judaeo-Spanish) as against ella [ˈeʝa] (modern Spanish)) and seseo.
In many respects it reproduces the Spanish of the time of the expulsion rather than modern Spanish. Archaic features retained by Judaeo-Spanish are as follows:
- Modern Spanish j, pronounced [x], corresponds to two different phonemes in Old Castilian: x, pronounced /ʃ/, and j, pronounced /ʒ/. Judaeo-Spanish retains the original sounds. Similarly, g before e or i remains /ʒ/ and not [x].
- baṣo/baxo ("low" or "down", with /ʃ/, modern Spanish bajo) versus mujer ("woman" or "wife", with /ʒ/).
- Modern Spanish z (c before e or i), pronounced as "s" or [θ] (as the English "th" in "think"), according to dialect, corresponds to two different phonemes in Old Castilian: ç (c before e or i), pronounced "ts"; and z (in all positions), pronounced "dz". In Judaeo-Spanish they are pronounced [s] and [z] respectively.
- korasón/coraçón ("heart", with /s/, modern Spanish corazón) versus dezir ("to say", with /z/, modern Spanish decir).
- In modern Spanish, the use of the letters b and v is determined partially on the basis of earlier forms of the language and partially on the basis of Latin etymology: both letters are pronounced as the same bilabial phoneme, realized either as [b] or as [β] according to position. In Old Castilian and in Judeo-Spanish the choice is made phonetically: bivir [biˈviɾ], "to live" (modern Spanish vivir). In Judaeo-Spanish v is a labiodental "v" (as in English) rather than a bilabial.
Portuguese and other Iberian languages
However, the phonology of the consonants and part of the lexicon are in some respects closer to Galician-Portuguese or Catalan than to modern Castilian. This is explained not only by direct influence but because they retained characteristics of medieval Ibero-Romance that Castilian later lost. Compare for example Judaeo-Spanish aninda ("still") with Portuguese ainda (Galician aínda, Asturian aína or enaína) and Castilian aún, or the initial consonants in Judaeo-Spanish fija, favla ("daughter", "speech"), Portuguese filha, fala (Galician filla, fala, Asturian fía, fala, Aragonese filla, fabla, Catalan filla), Castilian hija, habla. This sometimes varied with dialect: in Judaeo-Spanish popular songs both fijo and hijo ("son") are found. The Judaeo-Spanish pronunciation of s as "[ʃ]" before a "k" sound or at the end of certain words (such as seis, pronounced [seʃ], for six) is also shared with Portuguese (only as spoken in Portugal) but not with Spanish.
Hebrew and Aramaic
Like other Jewish vernaculars, Judaeo-Spanish incorporates many Hebrew and Aramaic words, mostly for religious concepts and institutions. Examples are Haham (rabbi) and kal/cal (synagogue, from Hebrew qahal).
Arabic, Turkish, Greek etc.
Judaeo-Spanish has absorbed some words from the local languages, though sometimes Hispanicizing them in form: for example bilbilico (nightingale), from Persian (via Turkish) bülbül. This may be compared to the Slavic elements in Yiddish. It is not always clear whether some of these words antedate the expulsion, given the large number of Arabic words in Spanish generally.
Judaeo-Spanish phonology consists of 28 phonemes; 23 consonants and 5 vowels.
| [[close front unrounded vowel#REDIRECTmw:Help:Magic words#Other
This page is a soft redirect.i]]
| [[close back rounded vowel#REDIRECTmw:Help:Magic words#Other
This page is a soft redirect.u]]
| [[close-mid front unrounded vowel#REDIRECTmw:Help:Magic words#Other
This page is a soft redirect.e]]
| [[close-mid back rounded vowel#REDIRECTmw:Help:Magic words#Other
This page is a soft redirect.o]]
| ([[open-mid front unrounded vowel#REDIRECTmw:Help:Magic words#Other
This page is a soft redirect.ɛ]])
| ([[open-mid back rounded vowel#REDIRECTmw:Help:Magic words#Other
This page is a soft redirect.ɔ]])
| [[open central unrounded vowel#REDIRECTmw:Help:Magic words#Other
This page is a soft redirect.a]]
Judaeo-Spanish is distinguished from other Spanish dialects by the presence of the following features:
- With regard to pronouns, Judaeo-Spanish maintains the second-person pronouns as tú (informal singular), vos (formal singular), and vosotros (plural); the Spanish pronouns usted and ustedes do not exist
- In verbs, the preterite indicates that an action taken once in the past was also completed at some point in the past. This is as opposed to the imperfect, which refers to any continuous, habitual, unfinished or repetitive past action. Thus, "I ate falafel yesterday" would use the first-person preterite form of eat, komí/comí, whereas "When I lived in Izmir, I ran five miles every evening" would use the first-person imperfect form, koría/corría. Though some of the morphology has changed, usage is just as in normative Castilian.
Regular conjugation in the present:
| -er verbs
(comer: "to eat")
| -ir verbs
(bivir: "to live")
| -ar verbs
(favlar: "to speak")
|-o : como/komo, bivo, favlo
|-es : comes/komes, bives
|-as : favlas
|el, eya/ella
|-e : come/kome, bive
|-a : favla
|-emos : comemos/komemos
|-imos : bivimos
|-amos : favlamos
|vos, vozotros/vosotros
|-éş/éx : coméş/éx; koméş/éx
|-íş/íx : bivíş/íx
|-áş/áx : favláş/áx
|eyos/ellos, eyas/ellas
|-en : comen/komen, biven
|-an : favlan
Regular conjugation in the preterite:
| -er verbs
| -ir verbs
| -ar verbs
|-í : comí/komí, biví, favlí
|-ites : comites/komites, bivites
|-ates : favlates
|el, eya/ella
|-yó : comiókomió, bivió
|-ó : favló
|-imos : comimos/komimos, bivimos, favlimos
|vos, vozotros/vosotros
|-iteş/itex : comiteş/itex; komiteş/itex, bivites/itex
|-ateş/atex : favlateş/atex
|eyos/ellos, eyas/ellas
|-ieron : comieron/komieron, bivieron
|-aron : favlaron
The following systems of writing Judaeo-Spanish have been used or proposed.
- Traditionally, especially in Ladino religious texts, Judaeo-Spanish was printed in the Hebrew alphabet (especially in Rashi script), a practice that was very common, possibly almost universal, until the 19th century (and called aljamiado, by analogy with the equivalent use of the Arabic abjad). This occasionally persists today, especially in religious use. Everyday written records of the language used Solitreo, a semi-cursive script similar to Rashi script, shifting to square letter for Hebrew/Aramaic words. Solitreo is clearly different from the Ashkenazi Cursive Hebrew used today in Israel, though that is also related to Rashi script. (A comparative table is provided in that article.) In this script, there is free use of matres lectionis: final -a is written with ה (heh) and ו (waw) can represent /o/ or /u/. Both s (/s/) and x (/ʃ/) are generally written with ש, as ס is generally reserved for c before e or i and ç.
- The Greek alphabet and Cyrillic have been employed in the past,[11] but this is rare or nonexistent nowadays.
- In Turkey, Judaeo-Spanish is most commonly written in the Turkish variant of the Latin alphabet. This may be the most widespread system in use today, as following the decimation of Sephardic communities throughout much of Europe (particularly in Greece and the Balkans) during the Holocaust the greatest proportion of speakers remaining were Turkish Jews. However, the Judaeo-Spanish page of the Turkish Jewish newspaper Şalom now uses the Israeli system.
- The Israeli Autoridad Nasionala del Ladino promotes a phonetic transcription into the Latin alphabet, making no concessions to Spanish orthography, and uses it in its publication Aki Yerushalayim. The songs Non komo muestro Dio and Por una ninya, below, and the text in the sample paragraph, below, are written using this system.
- Works published in Spain usually adopt the standard orthography of modern Castilian, to make them easier for modern Spaniards to read.[12] These editions often use diacritics to show where the Judaeo-Spanish pronunciation differs from modern Spanish.
- Perhaps more conservative and less popular, others including Pablo Carvajal Valdés suggest that Judaeo-Spanish should adopt the orthography used during the time of the Jewish expulsion of 1492 from Spain.
Arguments for and against the 1492 orthography
|This article possibly contains original research. (July 2012)
The Castilian orthography of that time has been standardized and eventually changed by a series of orthographic reforms, the last of which occurred in the 18th century, to become the spelling of modern Spanish. Judaeo-Spanish has retained some of the pronunciation that at the time of reforms had become archaic in standard Castilian. Adopting 15th century Castilian orthography (similar to modern Portuguese orthography) would therefore closely fit the pronunciation of Judaeo-Spanish.
- The old spelling would reflect
- the /s/ (originally /ts/) – c (before e and i) and ç (cedilla), as in caça,
- the /s/ – ss, as in passo, and
- the /ʃ/ – x, as in dixo.
- The letter j would be retained, but only in instances, such as mujer, where the pronunciation is /ʒ/ in Judaeo-Spanish.
- The spelling of /z/ (originally /dz/) as z would be restored in words like fazer and dezir.
- The difference between b and v would be made phonetically, as in Old Castilian, rather than in accordance with the Latin etymology as in modern Spanish. For example Latin DEBET > post-1800 Castilian debe, would return to its Old Castilian spelling deve.
Some old spellings could be restored for the sake of historical interest, rather than to reflect Judaeo-Spanish phonology:
- The old digraphs ch, ph and th (today c/qu – /k/, f – /f/ and t – /t/ in standard Castilian respectively), formally abolished in 1803, would be used in words like orthographía, theología.
- Latin/Old Castilian q before words like quando, quanto and qual (modern Spanish cuando, cuanto and cual) would also be used.
The supporters of this orthography argue that classical and Golden Age Castilian literature might gain renewed interest, better appreciation and understanding should its orthography be used again.
It remains uncertain how to treat sounds that Old Castilian spelling failed to render phonetically.
- The s between vowels, as in casa, was probably pronounced /z/ in Old Castilian and is certainly so pronounced in Judaeo-Spanish. The same is true of s before m, d and other voiced consonants, as in mesmo or desde. Supporters of Carvajal's proposal are unsure about whether this should be written s as in Old Castilian or z in accordance with pronunciation.
- The distinctive Judaeo-Spanish pronunciation of s as /ʃ/ before a /k/ sound, as in buscar, cosquillas, mascar and pescar, or in is endings as in séis, favláis and sois, is probably derived from Portuguese: it is uncertain whether it occurred in Old Castilian. It is debated whether this should be written s as in Old Castilian or x in accordance with the sound.
- There is some dispute about the Spanish ll combination, which in Judaeo-Spanish (as in most areas of Spain) is pronounced like a y. Following Old Castilian orthography this should be written ll, but it is frequently written y in Ladino to avoid ambiguity and reflect the Hebrew spelling. The conservative option is to follow the etymology: caballero, but Mayorca.[note 3]
- On this system, it is uncertain how loanwords from Hebrew and other languages should be rendered.
Aki Yerushalayim orthography
Aki Yerushalayim, owned by Autoridad Nasionala del Ladino, promotes this orthography:
|A a
|B b
|Ch ch
|D d
|Dj dj
|E e
|F f
|G g
|H h
|I i
|J j
|K k
|L l
|M m
|N n
|Ny ny
|O o
|P p
|R r
|S s
|Sh sh
|T t
|U u
|V v
|X x
|Y y
|Z z
- A dot is written between s and h (s·h) to represent [sx], to avoid confusion with [ʃ]. For example: es·huenyo [esˈxweɲo] (dream).
- Unlike Spanish, stressed diacritics are not represented.
- Loanwords and foreign names retain their original spelling. So letters which are not in this orthography like q or w would be used only in these types of words.
Hebrew orthography
Judeo-Spanish is traditionally written in a Hebrew-based script, specially in Rashi script. The Hebrew orthography is not regulated, but sounds are generally represented by these letters:
|Square letter
|Rashi letter
|AY equivalent letter
|a, Ø, e, o
|dj, ch
|a, e
|u, o, v
|i, e, y
|k, h
|Ø, e, a
|sh, s
Jews in the Middle Ages were instrumental in the development of Castilian into a prestige language. Erudite Jews translated Arabic and Hebrew works – often translated earlier from Greek – into Castilian and Christians translated again into Latin for transmission to Europe.
Until recent times, the language was widely spoken throughout the Balkans, Turkey, the Middle East, and North Africa, having been brought there by Jewish refugees fleeing the area today known as Spain following the expulsion of the Jews in 1492.[13]
The contact among Jews of different regions and languages, including Catalan, Leonese and Portuguese developed a unified dialect differing in some aspects from the Castilian norm that was forming simultaneously in the area known today as Spain, though some of this mixing may have occurred in exile rather than in the peninsula itself. The language was known as Yahudice (Jewish language) in the Ottoman Empire. In late 18th century, Enderunlu Fazıl (Fazyl bin Tahir Enderuni) wrote in his Zenanname: "Castilians speak the Jewish language but they are not Jews."
The closeness and mutual comprehensibility between Judaeo-Spanish and Castilian favoured trade among Sephardim (often relatives) ranging from the Ottoman Empire to the Netherlands and the conversos of the Iberian Peninsula.
After the expulsion of the Jews, who were of mostly Portuguese descent, from Dutch Brazil in 1654, Jews were one of the influences on the African-Romance creole Papiamento of the Dutch Caribbean islands Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao.
Over time, a corpus of literature, both liturgical and secular, developed. Early literature was limited to translations from Hebrew. At the end of the 17th century, Hebrew was disappearing as the vehicle for Rabbinic instruction. Thus a literature in the popular tongue (Ladino) appeared in the 18th century, such as Me'am Lo'ez and poetry collections. By the end of the 19th century, Sephardim in the Ottoman Empire studied in schools of the Alliance Israélite Universelle. French became the language for foreign relations (as it did for Maronites), and Judaeo-Spanish drew from French for neologisms. New secular genres appeared: more than 300 journals, history, theatre, biographies.
Given the relative isolation of many communities, a number of regional dialects of Judaeo-Spanish appeared, many with only limited mutual comprehensibility. This is due largely to the adoption of large numbers of loanwords from the surrounding populations, including, depending on the location of the community, from Greek, Turkish, Arabic, and in the Balkans, Slavic languages, especially Bosnian, Bulgarian and Serbo-Croatian. The borrowing in many Judaeo-Spanish dialects is so heavy that up to 30% of these dialects is of non-Spanish origin. Some words also passed from Judaeo-Spanish into neighbouring languages: the word palavra "word" (Vulgar Latin = "parabola"; Greek = "parabole") for example passed into Turkish, Greek, and Romanian[14] with the meaning "bunk, hokum, humbug, bullshit" in Turkish and Romanian and "big talk, boastful talk" in Greek (cf. the English "palaver").
Judaeo-Spanish was the common language of Thessaloniki during the period of Ottoman rule. The city became part of the modern Greek Republic in 1912. Despite a major fire, economic oppression by Greek authorities, and mass settlement of Christian refugees, the language remained widely spoken in Thessaloniki until the deportation of 50,000 Thessalonikian Jews in the Holocaust during the Second World War. According to the 1928 census there were 62,999 native speakers of Ladino in Greece. This figure drops down to 53,094 native speakers in 1940 but 21,094 citizens also cited speaking Ladino "usually".[15]
Judaeo-Spanish was also a language used in Donmeh rites (Dönme in Turkish meaning convert and referring to adepts of Sabbatai Tsevi converted to the Moslem religion in the Ottoman Empire). An example is the recite Sabbatai Tsevi esperamos a ti. Today, the religious practices and ritual use of Judaeo-Spanish seems confined to elderly generations.
The Castilian colonization of Northern Africa favoured the role of polyglot Sephardim who bridged between Castilian colonizers and Arab and Berber speakers.
From the seventeenth to the nineteenth centuries, Judaeo-Spanish was the predominant Jewish language in the Holy Land, though the dialect was different in some respects from that spoken in Greece and Turkey. Some Sephardi families have lived in Jerusalem for centuries, and preserve Judaeo-Spanish for cultural and folklore purposes, though they now use Hebrew in everyday life.
An often told Sephardic anecdote from Bosnia-Herzegovina has it that, as a Spanish consulate was opened in Sarajevo between the two world wars, two Sephardic women were passing by and, upon hearing a Catholic priest speaking Spanish, thought thatTemplate:Spaced ndashgiven his languageTemplate:Spaced ndashhe was in fact Jewish![16]
In the twentieth century, the number of speakers declined sharply: entire communities were murdered in the Holocaust, while the remaining speakers, many of whom emigrated to Israel, adopted Hebrew. The governments of the new nation-states encouraged instruction in the official languages. At the same time, Judaeo-Spanish aroused the interest of philologists, since it conserved language and literature that existed prior to the standardisation of Castilian.
Judaeo-Spanish is in serious danger of extinction because many native speakers today are elderly olim (immigrants to Israel), who have not transmitted the language to their children or grandchildren. Nevertheless, it is experiencing a minor revival among Sephardic communities, especially in music. In addition, Sephardic communities in several Latin American countries still use Judaeo-Spanish. In these countries, there is an added danger of extinction by assimilation to modern Castilian Spanish.
Kol Yisrael[17] and Radio Nacional de España[18] hold regular radio broadcasts in Judaeo-Spanish. Law & Order: Criminal Intent showed an episode, titled "A Murderer Among Us", with references to the language. Films partially or totally in Judaeo-Spanish include Mexican film Novia que te vea (directed by Guita Schyfter), The House on Chelouche Street, and Every Time We Say Goodbye.
Efforts have been made to gather and publish modern Judaeo-Spanish fables and folktales. In 2001, the Jewish Publication Society published the first English translation of Judaeo-Spanish folk tales, collected by Matilda Koén-Sarano, Folktales of Joha, Jewish Trickster: The Misadventures of the Guileful Sephardic Prankster. A survivor of Auschwitz, Moshe Ha'elyon, issued his translation into Ladino of the ancient Greek epic The Odyssey in 2012, in his 87th year, and is now translating the sister epic, the Iliad, into his mother tongue.[19]
Religious use
The Jewish community of Bosnia-Herzegovina in Sarajevo and the Jewish community of Belgrade still chant part of the Sabbath Prayers (Mizmor David) in Ladino. The Sephardic Synagogue Ezra Bessaroth in Seattle, Washington (US) was formed by Jews from Turkey and the Island of Rhodes, and they use Ladino in some portions of their Shabbat services. The Siddur is called Zehut Yosef and was written by Hazzan Isaac Azose.
At Congregation Etz Ahaim[20] (a Sephardic congregation started by Jews from Thessaloniki in New Brunswick, N.J.) in Highland Park, New Jersey a reader chants the Aramaic prayer B'rich Shemay in Ladino before taking out the Torah on Shabbat; it is known as Bendichu su Nombre. Additionally, at the end of Shabbat services the entire congregation sings the well-known Hebrew song Ein Keloheinu as Non Como Muestro Dio in Ladino.
The late Rabbi Aryeh Kaplan translated some scholarly religious Ladino texts, including Me'am Loez, into Hebrew or English, or both.[21][22]
Modern education
As with Yiddish[23][24] the Ladino language is seeing a minor resurgence in educational interest in colleges across the United States and in Israel.[25] Still, given the ethnic demographics among American Jews, it is not surprising that more institutions offer Yiddish language courses than Ladino language courses. Today, the University of Pennsylvania[26][27] and Tufts University[28] offer Ladino language courses among colleges in the United States.[29] In Israel, Moshe David Gaon Center for Ladino Culture at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev is leading the way in education (Ladino language and literature courses, Community oriented activities) and research (a yearly scientific journal, international congresses and conferences etc.). Hebrew University also offers Ladino language courses.[30] The Complutense University of Madrid also has in the past.[31] Prof. David Bunis taught Ladino at the University of Washington, in Seattle during the 2013-14 academic year.[32]
Comparison with other languages
El djudeo-espanyol, djudio, djudezmo es la lingua favlada por los djudios sefardim ekspulsados de la Espanya enel 1492. Es una lingua derivada del espanyol i favlada por 150.000 personas en komunitas en Israel, la Turkia, antika Yugoslavia, la Gresia, el Maruekos, Mayorka, las Amerikas, entre munchos otros.
El judeo-español, djudio, djudezmo o ladino es la lengua hablada por los judíos sefardíes expulsados de España en 1492. Es una lengua derivada del español y hablada por 150.000 personas en comunidades en Israel, Turquía, la antigua Yugoslavia, Grecia, Marruecos, Mallorca, las Américas, entre muchos otros.
El judeocastellà, djudiu, djudezmo és la llengua parlada pels jueus sefardites expulsats d'Espanya al 1492. És una llengua derivada de l'espanyol i parlada per 150.000 persones en comunitats a Israel, Turquia, antiga Iugoslàvia, Grècia, el Marroc, Mallorca, les Amèriques, entre moltes altres.
El xudeoespañol, djudio, djudezmo ye la llingua falada polos xudíos sefardinos expulsados d'España en 1492. Ye una llingua derivada del español y falada por 150.000 persones en comunidaes n'Israel, Turquía, na antigua Yugoslavia, Grecia, Marruecos, Mayorca, nes Amériques, entre munchos otros.
O xudeo-español, djudio, djudezmo é a lingua falada polos xudeos sefardís expulsados de España en 1492. É unha lingua derivada do español e falada por 150.000 persoas en comunidades en Israel, en Turquía, na antiga Iugoslavia, Grecia, Marrocos, Maiorca, nas Américas, entre moitos outros [lugares].
Portuguese (both European, and Brazilian)
O judeo-espanhol, djudio, djudezmo é a língua falada pelos judeus sefarditas expulsos de/da Espanha em 1492. É uma língua derivada do espanhol e falada por 150.000 pessoas em comunidades em Israel, na Turquia, na antiga Jugoslávia (ou ex-Iugoslávia/ex-Yugoslávia), na Grécia, em/no Marrocos, em Maiorca (ou Mayorca/Malhorca), nas Américas, entre muitos outros [lugares].
Judeo-Spanish, Djudio, Judezmo, is a language spoken by the Sephardi Jews expelled from Spain in 1492. It is a language derived from Spanish and spoken by 150,000 people in communities in Israel, Turkey, the former Yugoslavia, Greece, Morocco, Majorca, the Americas, among many others [places].
Folklorists have been collecting romances and other folk songs, some dating from before the expulsion. Many religious songs in Judeo-Spanish are translations of the Hebrew, usually with a different tune. For example, Ein Keloheinu looks like this in Judeo-Spanish:
- Non komo muestro Dio,
- Non komo muestro Sinyor,
- Non komo muestro Rey,
- Non komo muestro Salvador.
- etc.
Other songs relate to secular themes such as love.
|Adio, kerida
|Tu madre kuando te pario
Y te kito al mundo,
|Va, bushkate otro amor,
Aharva otras puertas,
|Por una Ninya
|For a Girl (translation)
|Por una ninya tan fermoza
l'alma yo la vo a dar
un kuchilyo de dos kortes
en el korason entro.
|For a girl so beautiful
I will give my soul
a double-edged knife
pierced my heart.
|No me mires ke'stó kantando
es lyorar ke kero yo
los mis males son muy grandes
no los puedo somportar.
|Don't look at me; I am singing,
it is crying that I want,
my sorrows are so great
I can't bear them.
|No te lo kontengas tu, fijika,
ke sos blanka komo'l simit,
ay morenas en el mundo
ke kemaron Selanik.
|Don't hold your sorrows, young girl,
for you are white like bread,
there are dark girls in the world
who set fire to Thessaloniki.
|Quando el Rey Nimrod (Adaptation)
|When King Nimrod (translation)
|Quando el Rey Nimrod al campo salía
mirava en el cielo y en la estrellería
vido una luz santa en la djudería
que havía de nascer Avraham Avinu.
|When King Nimrod was going out to the fields
He was looking at heaven and at the stars
He saw a holy light in the Jewish quarter
[A sign] that Abraham, our father, must have been born.
|Avraham Avinu, Padre querido,
Padre bendicho, luz de Yisrael.
|Abraham Avinu [our Father], dear father
Blessed Father, light of Israel.
|Luego a las comadres encomendava
que toda mujer que prenyada quedara
si no pariera al punto, la matara
que havía de nascer Abraham Avinu.
|Then he was telling all the midwives
That every pregnant woman
Who did not give birth at once was going to be killed
because Abraham our father was going to born.
|Avraham Avinu, Padre querido,
Padre bendicho, luz de Yisrael.
|Abraham Avinu, dear father
Blessed Father, light of Israel.
|La mujer de Terach quedó prenyada
y de día en día le preguntava
¿De qué teneix la cara tan demudada?
ella ya sabía el bien que tenía.
|Terach's wife was pregnant
and each day he would ask her
Why do you look so distraught?
She already knew very well what she had.
|Avraham Avinu, Padre querido,
Padre bendicho, luz de Yisrael.
|Abraham Avinu, dear father
Blessed Father, light of Israel.
|En fin de nueve meses parir quería
iva caminando por campos y vinyas,
a su marido tal ni le descubría
topó una meara, allí lo pariría
|After nine months she wanted to give birth
She was walking through the fields and vineyards
Such would not even reach her husband
She found a manger; there, she would give birth.
|Avraham Avinu, Padre querido,
Padre bendicho, luz de Yisrael.
|Abraham Avinu, dear father
Blessed Father, light of Israel.
|En aquella hora el nascido avlava
"Andavos mi madre, de la meara
yo ya topó quen me alexara
mandará del cielo quen me accompanyará
porque so criado del Dio bendicho."
|In that hour the newborn was speaking
'Get away of the manger, my mother
I will somebody to take me out
He will send from the heaven the one that will go with me
Because I am a servant of the blessed God.'
|Avraham Avinu, Padre querido,
Padre bendicho, luz de Yisrael
|Abraham Avinu, dear father
Blessed Father, light of Israel.
Anachronistically, Abraham – who in the Bible is the very first Hebrew and the ancestor of all who followed, hence his appellation "Avinu" (Our Father) – is in the Judeo-Spanish song born already in the "djudería" (modern Spanish: judería), the Jewish quarter. This makes Terach and his wife into Hebrews, as are the parents of other babies killed by Nimrod. In essence, unlike its Biblical model, the song is about a Hebrew community persecuted by a cruel king and witnessing the birth of a miraculous saviour – a subject of obvious interest and attraction to the Jewish people who composed and sang it in Medieval Spain.
The song attributes to Abraham elements from the story of Moses's birth (the cruel king killing innocent babies, with the midwives ordered to kill them, the 'holy light' in the Jewish area) and from the careers of Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego who emerged unscathed from the fiery furnace. Nimrod is thus made to conflate the role and attributes of two archetypal cruel and persecuting kings – Nebuchadnezzar and Pharaoh. For more information, see Nimrod.
Jennifer Charles and Oren Bloedow from the New York-based band Elysian Fields released a CD in 2001 called La Mar Enfortuna, which featured modern versions of traditional Sephardic songs, many sung by Charles in Judeo-Spanish. The American singer, Tanja Solnik, has released several award-winning albums that feature songs sung in Ladino: From Generation to Generation: A Legacy of Lullabies and Lullabies and Love Songs. There are a number of groups in Turkey that sing in Judeo-Spanish, notably Janet – Jak Esim Ensemble, Sefarad, Los Pasharos Sefaradis, and the children's chorus Las Estreyikas d'Estambol. There is a Brazilian-born singer of Sephardic origins[citation needed] called Fortuna who researches and plays Judeo-Spanish music.
The Jewish Bosnian-American musician Flory Jagoda recorded two CDs of music taught to her by her grandmother, a Sephardic folk singer, among a larger discography.
The cantor Dr. Ramón Tasat, who learned Judeo-Spanish at his grandmother's knee in Buenos Aires, has recorded many songs in the language, with three of his CDs focusing primarily on that music.
The Israeli singer Yasmin Levy has also brought a new interpretation to the traditional songs by incorporating more "modern" sounds of Andalusian Flamenco. Her work revitalising Sephardi music has earned Levy the Anna Lindh Euro-Mediterranean Foundation Award for promoting cross-cultural dialogue between musicians from three cultures.[33] In Yasmin Levy's own words:
I am proud to combine the two cultures of Ladino and flamenco, while mixing in Middle Eastern influences. I am embarking on a 500 years old musical journey, taking Ladino to Andalusia and mixing it with flamenco, the style that still bears the musical memories of the old Moorish and Jewish-Spanish world with the sound of the Arab world. In a way it is a 'musical reconciliation' of history.[34]
Notable music groups performing in Judeo-Spanish include Voice of the Turtle, Oren Bloedow and Jennifer Charles' "La Mar Enfortuna" and Vanya Green, who was awarded a Fulbright Fellowship for her research and performance of this music. She was recently selected as one of the top ten world music artists by the We are Listening International World of Music Awards for her interpretations of the music.
Robin Greenstein, a New York-based musician, received a federal CETA grant in the 1980s to collect and perform Sephardic Ladino Music under the guidance of the American Jewish Congress. Her mentor was Joe Elias, noted Sephardic singer from Brooklyn. She recorded residents of the Sephardic Home for the Aged, a nursing home in Coney Island, NY singing songs from their childhood. Amongst the voices recorded was Victoria Hazan, a well known Sephardic singer who recorded many 78's in Ladino and Turkish from the 1930s and 1940s. Two Ladino songs can be found on her "Songs of the Season" holiday CD released in 2010 on Windy Records.
See also
- Haketia
- Jewish languages
- Judaism
- Judeo-Portuguese
- Judeo-Romance languages
- Mozarabic
- Aki Yerushalayim, an Israeli magazine in Judeo-Spanish published 2-3 times a year
- Şalom, a Turkish newspaper with a Judeo-Spanish page[35]
- Sephardic Jews
- Tetuani Ladino
- Knaanic language
- Yiddish language
- ^ Also pronounced [dʒuˈdeu spaˈɲol] (Western Judaeo-Spanish) and [ʒuˈðeo espaˈɲol] (Moroccan dialects).
- ^ Speakers use different orthographical conventions depending on their social, educational, national and personal backgrounds, thus there is no uniformity in spelling, although some established conventions exist. The endonym Judeo-Espanyol is thus also spelled as Cudeo-Espanyol, Djudeo-Espanyol, Djudeo-Espagnol, Judeo-Español, Judeo-Espaniol, Džudeo-Espanjol, Giudeo-Espagnol, Ǧudéo-Españól and Ĵudeo-Español.
- ^ The modern Spanish spelling Mallorca is a hypercorrection.
- ^ Judaeo-Spanish at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
- ^ Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Ladino". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
- ^ a b Jewish Museum of Thessaloniki. Jmth.gr. Retrieved on 19 October 2011.
- ^ Real Academia Española dictionary, entry: Judeo-Español in the Diccionario de la Real Academia Española (DRAE).
- ^ Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (2005). "Ladino". Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. SIL International. Retrieved 2008-09-25.
- ^ Invalid language code. DRAE: Ladino, 2nd sense. Buscon.rae.es. Retrieved on 19 October 2011.
- ^ Historia 16, 1978
- ^ 2001 Dictionary of the Royal Spanish Academy of the Spanish tongue, Diccionario de la lengua española de la Real Academia Española, Espasa.
- ^ "Clearing up Ladino, Judeo-Spanish, Sephardic Music" Judith Cohen, HaLapid, winter 2001; Sephardic Song Judith Cohen, Midstream July/August 2003
- ^ The UCLA Phonetics Lab archive
- ^ Verba Hispanica X: Los problemas del estudio de la lengua sefardí, Katja Šmid, Ljubljana, pages 113–124: Es interesante el hecho que en Bulgaria se imprimieron unas pocas publicaciones en alfabeto cirílico búlgaro y en Grecia en alfabeto griego. [...] Nezirović (1992: 128) anota que también en Bosnia se ha encontrado un documento en que la lengua sefardí está escrita en alfabeto cirilico. The Nezirović reference is: Nezirović, M., Jevrejsko-Španjolska književnost. Institut za književnost, Svjetlost, Sarajevo, Bosnia 1992.
- ^ See preface by Iacob M Hassán to Romero, Coplas Sefardíes, Cordoba, pp. 23–24.
- ^ "Ladinoikonunita: A quick explanation of Ladino (Judaeo-Spanish). Sephardicstudies.org. Retrieved on 19 October 2011.
- ^ palavră in the Dicționarul etimologic român, Alexandru Ciorănescu, Universidad de la Laguna, Tenerife, 1958–1966: Cuvînt introdus probabil prin. iud. sp: "Word introduced probably through Judaeo-Spanish.
- ^ Συγκριτικός πίνακας των στοιχείων των απογραφών του 1928, 1940 ΚΑΙ 1951 σχετικά με τις ομιλούμενες γλώσσες στην Ελλάδα. – Μεινοτικές γλώσσες στην Ελλάδα Κωνσταντίνος Τσιτσελίκης (2001), Πύλη για την Ελληνική Γλώσσα
- ^ Eliezer Papo: From the Wailing Wall (in Bosnian)
- ^ Reka Network: Kol Israel International
- ^ Radio Exterior de España: Emisión sefardí
- ^ Nir Hasson, Holocaust survivor revives Jewish dialect by translating Greek epic, at Haaretz, 9 March 2012.
- ^ Etz Ahaim home page
- ^ > Events > Exhibitions > Rare Book Library Collection Restoration Project – Ladino. American Sephardi Federation (23 April 1918). Retrieved on 19 October 2011.
- ^ Yalkut May'Am Loez, Jerusalem 5736 Hebrew translation from Ladino language.
- ^ Price, Sarah. (2005-08-25) Schools to Teach Ein Bisel Yiddish | Education. Jewish Journal. Retrieved on 19 October 2011.
- ^ The Mendele Review: Yiddish Literature and Language, Volume 11, No. 10. Yiddish.haifa.ac.il (30 September 2007). Retrieved on 19 October 2011.
- ^ EJP | News | Western Europe | Judaeo-Spanish language revived. Ejpress.org (19 September 2005). Retrieved on 19 October 2011.
- ^ Jewish Studies Program. Ccat.sas.upenn.edu. Retrieved on 19 October 2011.
- ^ Ladino Class at Penn Tries to Resuscitate Dormant Language. The Jewish Exponent (1 February 2007). Retrieved on 19 October 2011.
- ^ Department of German, Russian & Asian Languages and Literature – Tufts University. Ase.tufts.edu. Retrieved on 19 October 2011.
- ^ For love of Ladino – The Jewish Standard. Jstandard.com. Retrieved on 19 October 2011.
- ^ Courses – Ladino Studies At The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Pluto.huji.ac.il (30 July 2010). Retrieved on 19 October 2011.
- ^ "Hebrew Philology courses (in Spanish)". UCM. UCM. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
- ^ title=Why I'm teaching a new generation to read and write Ladino|url=http://jewishstudies.washington.edu/blog/why-im-teaching-a-new-generation-to-read-and-write-ladino
- ^ "2008 Event Media Release – Yasmin Levy". Sydney Opera House. Retrieved 2008-08-19.
- ^ "BBC – Awards for World Music 2007 – Yasmin Levy". BBC. Retrieved 2008-08-19.
- ^ Åžalom Gazetesi – 12.10.2011 – Judeo-Espanyol İçerikleri. Salom.com.tr. Retrieved on 19 October 2011.
- Barton, Thomas Immanuel (Toivi Cook) (2010) Judezmo Expressions. USA ISBN 978-89-00-35754-7
- Barton, Thomas Immanuel (Toivi Cook) (2008) Judezmo (Judeo-Castilian) Dictionary. USA ISBN 978-1-890035-73-0
- Bunis, David M. (1999) Judezmo: an introduction to the language of the Sephardic Jews of the Ottoman Empire. Jerusalem ISBN 978-965-493-024-6
- Габинский, Марк А. (1992) Сефардский (еврейской-испанский) язык (M. A. Gabinsky. Sephardic (Judeo-Spanish) language, in Russian). Chişinău: Ştiinţa
- Hemsi, Alberto (1995) Cancionero Sefardí; edited and with an introduction by Edwin Seroussi (Yuval Music Series; 4.) Jerusaelem: The Jewish Music Research Centre, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem
- Kohen, Elli; Kohen-Gordon, Dahlia (2000) Ladino-English, English-Ladino: concise encyclopedic dictionary. New York: Hippocrene Books
- Markova, Alla (2008) Beginner's Ladino with 2 Audio CDs. New York: Hippocrene Books ISBN 0-7818-1225-9
- Markus, Shimon (1965) Ha-safa ha-sefaradit-yehudit (The Judeo-Spanish language, in Hebrew). Jerusalem
- Molho, Michael (1950) Usos y costumbres de los judíos de Salónica
- Varol, Marie-Christine (2004) Manuel de Judéo-Espagnol, langue et culture (book & CD, in French), Paris: L'Asiathèque ISBN 2-911053-86-9
Further reading
- Lleal, Coloma (1992) "A propósito de una denominación: el judeoespañol", available at Centro Virtual Cervantes, http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/FichaObra.html?Ref=19944
- Saporta y Beja, Enrique, comp. (1978) Refranes de los judíos sefardíes y otras locuciones típicas de Salónica y otros sitios de Oriente. Barcelona: Ameller
External links
|Ladino edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ladino.
- Autoridad Nasionala del Ladino (Judaeo-Spanish)
- Ladino
- Jewish Museum of Thessaloniki
- Ladino Center
- Ladinokomunita, an email list in Ladino
- La pajina djudeo-espanyola de Aki Yerushalayim
- The Ladino Alphabet
- Judeo-Spanish (Ladino) at Orbis Latinus
- Ladino music by Suzy and Margalit Matitiahu
- Socolovsky, Jerome. "Lost Language of Ladino Revived in Spain", Morning Edition, National Public Radio, 19 March 2007.
- A randomly selected example of use of ladino on the Worldwide Web: La komponente kulinaria i linguístika turka en la kuzina djudeo-espanyola
- Israeli Ladino Language Forum (Hebrew)
- LadinoType – A Ladino Transliteration System for Solitreo, Meruba, and Rashi
- Habla Ladino? Sephardim meet to preserve language Friday 9 January 1998
- Edición SEFARAD, Radio programme in Ladino from Radio Nacional de España
- Etext of Nebrija's Gramática de la lengua castellana, showing orthography of Old Castilian.
- Sefarad, Revista de Estudios Hebraicos, Sefardíes y de Oriente Próximo, ILC, CSIC
- Judæo-Spanish Language (Ladino) and Literature, Jewish Encyclopedia
- Dr Yitshak (Itzik) Levy An authentic documentation of Ladino heritage and culture
- Sephardic Studies Digital Library & Museum - UW Stroum Jewish Studies
- Wikipedia in Ladino
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Driveway Diagnostics - Cracked Exhaust ManifoldPosted in How To: Engine on March 27, 2014
Welcome back to our series on properly diagnosing mechanical problems rather than blindly chucking money at replacement parts hoping to stumble on a fix. Granted, a cracked exhaust manifold doesn't rank very high on the tech-o-meter, but it's directly related to last month's topic of diagnosing a bad O2 sensor. And you'd be surprised at just how many fuel-injected 4.0L, 2.5L, and 3.8L-powered Jeeps are running around with a cracked exhaust manifold.
Cracked Manifold Causes and Effects
Jeeps are big, unaerodynamic boxes. To eke out as much EPA-regulated fuel economy as possible and meet emissions regulations, the ECU is programmed to run the engine on the lean side of the air/fuel curve. Running lean improves mileage, reduces emissions, and increases horsepower slightly, but it also contributes to higher exhaust gas temperatures. Adding things like a cold-air intake and after-cat exhaust only serve to further lean things out and increase temps. When you factor in aftermarket items such as bigger tires and heavy armor, the increased load put on the engine when climbing grades, towing, or accelerating can bring the exhaust manifolds close to cherry red. This constant cycle of superheating and cooling eventually fatigues the metal and cracks develop in the exhaust manifold.
A cracked exhaust manifold won't always be audible. However, if you find your mileage plummeting, your catalytic converter is running unusually hot (function of more unburned fuel and hydrocarbons in the exhaust stream), and/or your exhaust is overly rich chances are good air is entering the exhaust upstream of the O2 sensor and tricking the ECU into thinking the vehicle is running leaner than it actually is. To compensate, the ECU dumps fuel in an attempt to bring the air/fuel ratio into spec killing fuel mileage and exacerbating the problems listed above.
There are many old-school and Internet diagnostics that range from probing with an unlit propane torch to shoving rags into the tailpipe to force the exhaust out the cracks. In reality, the best diagnostic is visual. For engines with tubular manifolds, like most 4.0L engines, the cracks are usually visible with a flashlight. Check the areas where tubes come together. Normally they'll crack right in the valleys on the intersections at or right next to the welds. For cast iron manifolds, such as on earlier 2.5L and later 3.8L engines, it's a bit more complicated thanks to the integrated heat shrouds.
The leaks will be most evident at first startup with the engine cold. That's because as the manifolds heat up the metal expands and can diminish or even completely seal a leak that's evident with the engine cold. If you have an electric fan, complete this test before the engine comes up to temp. On a mechanical fan, either unbolt the fan or remove the fan belt so the pulley no longer spins. If you pull the belt, don't run the engine for more than a minute or so or you can roast it. So, with no fan blowing air across the bay, fire the engine and listen and feel for a blast of exhaust gas coming from between the manifold and shroud. Let your ears guide you to the right spot.
After chasing an audible exhaust leak on our '89 YJ and trying to seal the manifold-to-exhaust downtube several times, we eventually unbolted the fan and performed this test only to find a huge whack of exhaust coming from between the heat shield and manifold that wasn't noticeable when the cooling fan was spinning. Removing the manifold and snipping off the heat shield revealed major fissures throughout the cast iron.
The Fix
If you have a tubular exhaust manifold you can remove the manifold and weld up the cracks. This fix will hold for a while, but it's been our experience that the cracks will eventually return upstream or downstream of the welded fixes. The only real solution we've found is to replace the factory manifold with a quality aftermarket header.
On the cast iron manifolds welding is an option with a high-nickel rod and an arc welder and some have even had good luck slathering the cracks with JB Weld. Neither gives us a warm and fuzzy feeling. Some applications have aftermarket tubular headers available, but if not, Quadratec carries quality OE-spec replacements, so that's what we went with.


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text: At 02:32 PM 3/13/2003 -0500, Robert G. Brown wrote: >On Thu, 13 Mar 2003, Jim Lux wrote: > > > Anybody have any good ideas on how to synchronize the sampling from > > multiple sound cards in a cluster using Ethernet as the interconnect. The > > application would grab data from the sound card (notionally at 100 > > ksamples/second total, for two channels) and do a ton of signal > > processing. At some point in the processing, the streams of data need to > > be shared between processors (i.e. to do beamforming), and so, needs to be > > time registered. > > The bandwidth isn't a real challenge here (with, say, 16 processors, > that's > > only about 32 Mbps total), nor is latency, but synchronization is. > > > > One can fairly easily synchronize to a millisecond over Ethernet, but this > > application needs sync to, at worst, 1 sample time (20 microseconds) > > although order of a microsecond would be nice. > >a) Check out the documentation on http://www.ntp.org/documentation.html. > From what it says, you can synchronize at roughly the level of network >latency with ntp alone, so you can (I would expect) get an otherwise >quiet LAN sync'd to a millisecond or even less. NTP does correction >over a long time and damps to a common clock, so you MIGHT get down >below the 1 ms mark over time. I doubt that ntp alone would make 10 >usec. That was where I got my "easy to syc to a millisecond".. I've actually done it >b) Do you get to spend money? Can you purchase each node its own GPS >clock? The ntp docs suggest that if you have any sort of reference >clock (atomic, GPS, time pulse) your resolution is limited only by the >reference (and, probably things like gettimeofday, which are no better >than 2 usec as it is and can easily be worse). Better than that, one doesn't need absolute sync for this application, so a common signal distributed to all nodes might work. A lot of the NTP "clients" can take a "tick" on one of the serial port lines (like CD or DTR), but I was wondering if anyone had actually done this on a cluster. >c) If you don't get to spend money then you could TRY to use the onboard >tsc instead of coarsely adjusting the system clock per se. I'm using it >as a timer in my benchmark code and can give you a wrapped assembler >fragment for reading it. This clock is accurate to an inverse clock >(typically sub-nanosecond these days) BUT by the time you add the >overhead of reading it you diminish to perhaps 40-60 nanoseconds. >Still, in principle you have access to a clock with sub-usec resolution >(you can even measure and correct on average for the time required for >the wrapped call). In fact, this is sort of what NTP and all the related things do.. The real question is whether one can synchronize the sampling of the sound card. Synchronizing the processor to better than a microsecond is fairly straightforward (one could always use some interrupt line, for instance), but the interaction with a sound card is fairly complex.


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Spurs-Timberwolves Preview
Having fallen back under .500, the once-surprising Minnesota
Timberwolves might be stuck there for a while longer with games
against last season's NBA finalists up next.
A rejuvenated Tim Duncan will try to extend his best stretch of
the season as the San Antonio Spurs look to deal the Timberwolves
their seventh loss in nine games Wednesday night in Mexico
This is the NBA's 21st game south of the border but first in the
regular season since Dallas faced Houston on Dec. 6, 1997. This is
the first time playing in Mexico for Minnesota and the fifth for
San Antonio, and both teams will have two days off after this game
in the high altitude at Mexico City Arena.
"We have to be very aware on probably getting guys in earlier
than we normally would," Timberwolves coach Rick Adelman said. "We
had a scrimmage to get ready for it. Our substitutions will be
Following this matchup with a team tied atop the Western
Conference, Minnesota (9-10) plays its only other game this week
Saturday against Miami – second in the East after beating the Spurs
for the title in June.
Duncan averaged 22.8 points in the final four games of that
series but was at a career-low 11.3 through 13 games this season
while shooting 39.2 percent. He's snapped out of that funk by
scoring 20.7 per game in his last three, hitting 63.4 percent from
the field.
The 14-time All-Star is coming off his best performance with 23
points and a season-high 21 rebounds in a 102-100 victory over
Atlanta on Monday. He made a jumper with 0.4 seconds left to help
San Antonio (15-3) avoid its third loss in four games.
Duncan became the oldest player with 20 points and 20 rebounds
since the NBA began keeping track of rebounds during the 1985-86
season. It was just his third 20-20 game of the past seven-plus
"I feel a lot healthier now," the 37-year-old power forward
said. "For a while there, I was dealing with some stuff, but now my
body is feeling good and I'm starting to get my legs underneath
Duncan had 17 points and 14 rebounds in the most recent meeting
with the Timberwolves, but Tony Parker was limited to 15 points and
3 of 10 from the field in a 108-95 loss April 17 that snapped
Minnesota's 16-game losing streak in San Antonio.
Parker missed a 107-83 defeat in Minneapolis on March 12 after
scoring 31 in a 104-94 victory there Feb. 6. The Spurs, 9-0 against
the Timberwolves when Parker scores more than 20, now look to avoid
losing three straight meetings with Minnesota for the first time
since 1997.
The Timberwolves jumped out to a 5-2 start following a fourth
consecutive last-place finish in the Northwest Division last
season, but poor defense has caused a downfall. They've surrendered
an average of 109.2 points on 51.6 percent shooting – including
46.7 from 3-point range – while dropping four of five.
Minnesota allowed 35 points in the fourth quarter at Oklahoma
City on Sunday, blowing a five-point lead in a 113-103 loss.
"We played tired and lost our confidence with what we're
supposed to do," guard Kevin Martin told the league's official
website. "We'll learn from that and move on."
Martin finished with 24 points, Nikola Pekovic had 22 and 10
rebounds, and Kevin Love added his league-leading 18th
double-double with 16 and 12.
Love, however, is shooting 34.3 percent over his last four
games. He's averaging 22.0 points and 17.1 boards in his last seven
against the Spurs, though he missed last season's series due to
Parker missed a game last week with a sprained ankle but has
since totaled 42 points and 15 assists in two games for the Spurs,
who play their next three in three countries. After this matchup,
they host East-leading Indiana on Saturday before visiting Toronto
on Tuesday.


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Screen Protectors for HTC Droid Incredible 2
The first thing you'll want to do after getting your new Droid Incredible 2 is to protect your screen from all the elements that can cause scratches and dents. Why not protect your investment by picking up a screen protector for HTC Droid Incredible 2 that will not only enhance the quality of your display, but keep it out of harms way as well.
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Cleaning Cloths for HTC Droid Incredible 2
Droid Incredible 2 cleaning cloths are a great way to keep the screen of your phone looking clean and pristine at all times. These cleaning cloths for Droid Incredible 2 are the perfect size to carry with you wherever you go, ensuring that your device looks as good as the day you purchased it.


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UPDATED: September 3, 2013
The Eaton County Prosecuting Attorney's web site was established to serve the public with information about the role of a Prosecuting Attorney in the Michigan criminal justice system ... or, at least our little corner of it in Eaton County. Our pages are not a comprehensive resource for all aspects of Michigan criminal law.
The content of our web pages is based on criminal laws and procedures in the State of Michigan, United States of America (unless noted otherwise). Do not take legal action in reliance on the information posted on our pages. Criminal laws and procedures in other States and countries may differ significantly from Michigan's.
Our web pages provide general information that is intended, but not guaranteed, to be correct, complete and up-to-date. They are not presented as a source of legal advice. You should not rely, for legal advice, on statements or representations made within this web site or by any externally referenced Internet sites. If you need legal advice upon which you intend to rely in the course of your legal affairs, consult a competent, independent attorney in your area.
Eaton County and the Eaton County Prosecuting Attorney do not assume any responsibility for actions or non-actions taken by people who have visited this site, and no one shall be entitled to a claim for detrimental reliance on any information provided or expressed.
Links either to or from our Web pages do not constitute a referral. The existence of any particular link is simply intended to imply potential interest to the reader.
Authors linked to the Eaton County Prosecuting Attorney's web pages do not necessarily reflect this office's views or policies. Referenced sites have been reviewed to determine appropriate content before the link was created. Any change made to the site's content after we create a link is the author's decision and we do not assume responsibility for any of the information the new site may contain. This office is not responsible for any errors or omissions in pages linked from this site.
The webmaster of this site will gladly remove any link from this site upon request from the linked entity.
Acknowledgment of any business (e.g., Netscape or Microsoft), commercial product, process or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer on this site does not constitute Eaton County's or the Eaton County Prosecuting Attorney's support, endorsement or recommendation of its products or services.
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text: Loughborough Leisure Centre Lane Swim Main Pool 10.00 1 views Loughborough Leisure Centre Lane Swim Main Pool 10.00 Details More Info: http://www.fusion-lifestyle.com/centres/loughborough-leisure-centre Comments Leave a Reply Cancel replyYou must be logged in to post a comment. Feed fusion-lifestyle published - 2 weeks ago. Details Start: 04/18/2019 09:00 End: 04/18/2019 09:59 Timezone: UTC Uncategorized Where Loughborough Leisure Centre Browns Lane LE11 3HE Publisher Published on April 9, 2019 by fusion-lifestyle Member since: October 8, 2018


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Concern is being voiced in some circles about a plan to greatly increase cellular and Internet connectivity in some of the last places people might hope to get away from it all --national parks.
The plan is to be launched on a pilot basis. Rocky Mountain National Park is not on the short list of candidate parks at which the initiative -- reportedly to include, at first, five parks -- is to be launched.
"There is going to be a pilot project," said National Park Service spokesman Jeffrey Olson. "I don't have the names of the parks. They haven't been chosen yet. There is a short list of 10 to 12, and I think next week we might know which parks those are."
Olson said that Rocky Mountain National Park is not on that list. He was not able to say whether Mesa Verde National Park, in the southwest corner of the state, is one of the pilot parks.
In an email, Rocky Mountain National Park spokeswoman Kyle Patterson said, "I'm not familiar with any new aspects concerning this at RMNP with expanded cellular or Internet connectivity. ... We already have Wi-Fi at Beaver Meadows Visitor Center and Kawuneeche Visitor Center."
For those parks involved, change could be coming soon.
"We don't have a start date yet, but it could be this summer if things move along," Olson said. "It would probably be a couple of seasons before we make any decisions" about expansion of the program. "We would, of course, welcome public input. We're guessing that there will be interest from the public, and we will have formal input processes."
The plan is being pursued by the park service in cooperation with the National Park Hospitality Association, which represents concessionaires that operate stores, lodges and other commercial outlets within the parks.
Proponents of the initiative say the plan is not to wire every nook and cranny within the 59 national parks, which cover nearly 52 million acres across the U.S. Instead, the emphasis is on boosting cellphone and Internet coverage at park entrances, lodges, visitor centers and major traffic corridors.
"We're not wiring the backcountry," Olson said. "We know people are going to be worried about solitude in the parks. This is a pilot project, and we are aware of some criticisms already."
The strongest gripe to date comes from the 10,000-member Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility, a service organization representing people who work in pollution control, land management and public health agencies.
A news release issued by PEER raised the specter of "Disney-fying" the national park experience, complete with the replacement of park guides by "corporate icons."
Jeff Ruch, executive director of PEER, said in an interview Thursday, "These facilities being put up are private facilities to serve commercial subscribers, so it's private use of public land, and it impacts park values.
"Among the values are solitude. If you are going to get away from it all, you don't want to be disturbed by what we call the incessant chirping of the cellphones of people ordering pizza or talking to their stockbroker. There are also safety concerns, with distracted drivers. It's not only the human health factor, but also, in some of the larger parks, you have a fair amount of wildlife being killed by drivers now."
The initiative was defended by Derrick Crandall, counselor to the NPHA. He argued that increased connectivity is demanded by contemporary travelers, old and young, who are increasingly less inclined to leave their favorite technology at home.
"For PEER to throw a hand grenade like this is unappreciated, and frankly, they're missing an opportunity to be a constructive player at a critical time," Crandall said.
He said one example of how the increased connectivity can benefit park visitors is that, through the creation of "hot" Wi-Fi zones at park entrances and visitor centers, people will be able to download up-to-the-minute information on the park, rather than be handed a bundle of generic pamphlets and fliers that don't necessarily reflect current conditions and the most up-to-date visitor opportunities.
"Those are often printed up to a year in advance and might talk about Rocky Mountain National Park in the most generic terms," Crandall said. "Instead, people will now be able to download an app that tells them about the trails, the status of the trails, the weather, and what they should be doing in terms of preparing for their experience."
Development by telecommunications carriers of less conspicuous, directional antennas, Crandall said, is eliminating the need for intrusive towers and should greatly mitigate concerns of visual pollution in wilderness areas.
"If somebody wants a Domino's pizza delivered out of Estes Park and they are sitting up there two miles off the trail, they're not going to be able to do that," Crandall said.
"But, on the other hand, if someone hits an elk and they need to alert somebody and they're driving along the road, they're going to be able to make an instant call."
Eli Helmuth, a rock, alpine and ski mountaineering guide certified by the American Mountain Guides Association and who lives in Estes Park, called greater park connectivity a "two-edged sword."
He said existing limited cellphone service within Rocky Mountain National Park has already twice enabled him to initiate rescue efforts during his decade-plus of guiding work there. But on the other hand, Helmuth said he can imagine outdoors adventurers abusing the increased connectivity to call for unneeded rescue efforts. Also, he said it could trigger more reckless behavior on the part of people who know there's a safety net of easier connectivity to emergency responders.
"With the wilderness experience, part of the experience is getting away from cellphones and email," Helmuth said.
"I know you have the option not to bring it with you. We have somewhere in the ballpark of 1 percent wilderness in the lower 48 states. Can we leave ... maybe, this 1 percent, that doesn't need cell coverage?"
He answered his own question, saying, "It seems like it's probably inevitable."
Contact Camera Staff Writer Charlie Brennan at 303-473-1327 or firstname.lastname@example.com.


text:
Where are you headed? A number of companies offer bus and shuttle service to and from Toronto Pearson. Find routes to destinations throughout Ontario and to select U.S. cities, such as Buffalo and Detroit.
Information counters are located on the Ground Level of Terminal 1 and on the Arrivals Level of Terminal 3.
Hamilton Division
Tel: (905) 689-4460Fax: (905) 689-5556Website: www.airwaystransit.com
Kitchener-Waterloo Division
Tel: (519) 886-2121Fax: (519) 886-2141WebSite: www.airwaystransit.com
Tel: (705) 748-3961 or 1-800-465-5987Fax: (705) 748-0853Website: www.centurytransportation.ca
Tel: 1-800-661-8747Website: www.greyhound.ca
Please refer to the Greyhound Canada website for destinations served.
(a division of Tyler Transport)
Tel: (519) 853-1550 or 1-800-738-9537
Tel: (705) 474-7942 or 1-800-461-4219Fax: (705) 474-6704Website: www.northernairport.comEmail address: email@example.com
Quinte/Northumberland Airport Service
Tel: (613) 968-2058 or 1-888-677-4287Fax: (613) 968-9526Website: www.ontariocoachway.com


text:
Side Effects of HIV Drugs
July 16, 2018
Table of Contents
Side Effects and HIV Drugs
Over the years, many HIV drugs have been developed that help people live longer, healthier lives. Like all drugs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), HIV drugs are tested to make sure they are safe and effective in treating HIV. However, HIV drugs can also cause some effects that are different from what they were developed to do. These are called side effects. In most cases, the side effects of HIV drugs are mild, like a headache or an upset stomach. In some cases, however, more serious side effects, such as liver damage or peripheral neuropathy -- damage to the nerves connecting the hands and feet to the brain, can occur.
Side effects are most common during the first four to six weeks when you are taking a new HIV medication. After your body gets used to the new drug, the side effects usually get better or go away. Other side effects may show up later or last longer. There may also be long-term side effects we do not know about yet. Several of the HIV drugs have not been on the market long enough for us to know all possible long-term effects.
Knowing About Side Effects Can Help
Each HIV drug comes with information on its most common side effects. It can help to read this information. If you read the package insert provided by the drug manufacturer, the list of possible side effects can be very long and detailed. Drug manufacturers must list every possible side effect, even if it is very unlikely or affects very few people. For some, reading through that list can be downright scary. However, it is important to remember that this information lists side effects you might experience, not side effects you will experience. While all HIV drugs can cause side effects, not everyone will experience every side effect of each drug, and not everyone will experience the side effect(s) the same way.
Speak to your health care provider about side effects before starting a new treatment. It will help if you know what to expect and how to handle any problems that arise. Some important points:
Whether your side effects are considered mild or serious, if they are getting in the way of you taking your HIV drugs (see our article on adherence), they are a very important concern. If you do experience side effects, it is important that you not stop taking your medication on your own. Talk to your health care provider, who will help you by suggesting ways to address the side effect directly, changing the dose of the drug, or switching drugs.
Women and Side Effects
Although the total number of side effects among people on HIV drugs does not differ much between men and women, some side effects (listed below) appear to be more common in women living with HIV (HIV+) than in men.
This may be due to the fact that women have higher levels of certain HIV drugs in their bloodstreams, even though they take the same doses as men. A woman's smaller body size, metabolism (how we break down drugs in our bodies), or hormones may cause the higher levels. For example, with the protease inhibitor (PI) Norvir (ritonavir), women seem to experience more nausea, vomiting, and weakness than men.
Despite some differences in drug levels and side effects, women seem to benefit as much from HIV therapy as men. No changes in dosing have been recommended for women.
Related Stories
This article was provided by The Well Project. Visit The Well Project's Web site to learn more about their resources and initiatives for women living with HIV. The Well Project shares its content with TheBody.com to ensure all people have access to the highest quality treatment information available. The Well Project receives no advertising revenue from TheBody.com or the advertisers on this site. No advertiser on this site has any editorial input into The Well Project's content.
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Internet search results. Be careful when providing personal information! Before
adding your comment, please read TheBody.com's Comment Policy.)
The content on this page is free of advertiser influence and was produced by our editorial team. See our advertising policy.
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text:
MacCleanse 8.0 released!
View the full post for release notes. read more
We have spent over 20 years listening to customer feedback and tweaking our apps to perfection. We have solutions that you can depend on for the future, and a history of excellence in customer satisfaction.
Whenever possible, we develop Mac, Windows, and Mobile versions of our apps. Our desktop licenses will unlock the app across all desktop platforms, so there is never a need to buy different licenses depending on your operating system. Mobile licenses are always sold separately.
Our apps are continually bug tested against the latest versions of software, and always take advantage of new exciting technologies as they become available.
We offer free lifetime customer support for all of our products. Even if an older version of an app breaks on the most recent version of Mac OS or Windows, we'll give you a discount on the latest version.
Everything we design has a distinct mission: to make your life easier so that you can spend less time on the computer and more time living.
Manuals belong at the dawn of the technological era. We have put countless hours into ensuring that our apps just "make sense" and work the way a human, not computer, expects them to.
Designed for the home, but powerful enough for the office, you can rely on our apps to provide unparalleled strength and reliability. Enjoy the simplicity of Apple-like design, without sacrificing the full spectrum of functionality.
Wether you use our software every day, or a few times per year, we offer two versatile types of upgrade paths to match your budget.
An active annual subscription to our apps will ensure you always have the latest version, regardless of when your billing cycle falls. Say goodbye to worrying about having to pay for upgrades, and enjoy a lower annual fee. With a standard (traditional) license, normal upgrade fees apply; however, we offer a 6-month window of free upgrades should we release a new version. For additional information on the differences, please read our Frequently Asked Questions.
View and manage licenses and receipts and modify communication preferences. visit account
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In his State of the Union address, President Obama announced a "nonpartisan" commission led by two campaign lawyers "to improve the voting experience in America" because no one should have to wait in line for "five, six, seven hours just to cast their ballot." Obama cited the experience of Desiline Victor, the 102-year-old voter who allegedly waited in line for three hours to vote.
As Hans von Spakovsky shows, we can add Obama's assertions about "voting experience" to the long list of misleading or dishonest claims contained in the SOTU speech.
Note first that Ms. Victor did not vote on election day, but rather on the first day of early voting in Miami-Dade County. That was her choice, perhaps egged on by the Democratic machine which encourages all voters to vote early, not just those who can't vote on election day. If Victor had voted on election day, there is no reason to believe she would have waited for hours. According to von Spakovsky, the average wait time in Florida was 45 minutes. In Miami-Dade County, more than half of the precincts closed before 8 p.m., including the largest ones.
Alternatively, if Victor couldn't vote on election day, she had the option of voting by absentee ballot. This entails no waiting in line.
Nationwide, according to von Spakovsky, the average wait time on election day was only 14 minutes. To be sure, it was longer for African-Americans, but only by 7 minutes.
Moreover, there is no basis for concluding that this difference in average wait times is due to discrimination. Blacks tend to be concentrated in large urban areas and studies show, not surprisingly, that the most populous areas had longer wait times than those with fewer voters.
Even assuming there were a problem with the waiting times in urban areas, no need would exist for the commission proposed by Obama. As von Spakovsky points out, "these areas are almost exclusively under the control of the President's own party, whose local officials make the decisions about precinct size, voting equipment, and the number of poll workers." These factors, along with ballot length and turnout, determine the wait time for voting. We don't need a commission to point out the obvious.
In sum, Obama, in the finest tradition of liberalism, has identified a non-problem and proposed a "solution" that would not be needed even if the problem did exist.


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by Paula M. Riley
There is still a little more time to shop for your Christmas gifts in Chestnut Hill. Though you may be a bit rushed this late in the game, the Avenue offers many options for fun and interesting gifts for those on your list.
Chestnut Hill Sports
The Bridgestone NHL Winter Classic is going to be one of the biggest hockey events of the year. If you have any hockey fans on your list, be sure to visit Chestnut Hill Sports where they sell all the hockey accessories you might need (scarfs, hats, gloves and novelty items) to cheer the Flyers as they take on the Rangers at Citizens Bank Park in January.
Lavender Hill
Always a great place to find home furnishing and wonderful hostess gifts, Lavender Hill has extended their product offerings.
"We have branched out into carrying accessories," said owner Florence Maloumian, "We are selling wonderful fashion jewelry, scarves, and pillows with an interesting dog motif.
Once again this year, customers are enjoying Lavender Hill's permanent floral arrangements. These are colorful arrangements made with dry flowers and handmade paper flowers that offer a spectacular look and appeal to all tastes.
Delphine Gallery
This intimate offers a great selection of estate and designers jewelry and glass artists. Some of this year's most popular items include Simon Pearce tea lights and beautiful glass planets by Josh Simpson. You can find a nice variety of sterling silver hoop earring and owner Debbie is always very helpful.
Chestnut Hill Historical Society Bookstore
You will find great picture books celebrating the history of Chestnut Hill, Germantown and Mt. Airy at the Chestnut Hill Historical Society. These paperback books are published by Arcadia Publishing and two of them authored by CHHS curator Liz Jarvis. Hardcover coffee table books on local art, architecture and transportation are available as well. Maps make great stocking stuffers. For about $5 you can get an Architectural Guide and Map of Chestnut Hill, 20th Century Chestnut Hill Map & Self-Guided Tour or A walking tour of the St. Martins area of Chestnut Hill.
Community Organizations
The gift of membership to one of Chestnut Hill's organizations or institutions is a double gift. The recipient enjoys it and the community organization does as well. Friends, grandparents and families with children can all find something interesting at the Morris Arboretum where annual memberships offer many wonderful features.
Anyone who appreciates Chestnut Hill's architecture and history will benefit from a membership to the Chestnut Hill Historical Society which offers member discounts in their bookstore and Archives. A membership at the Woodmere Art Museum gives free admission to special exhibitions, discount in the Museum store and discounts to programs, classes and concerts.
Finally, when your loved one receives a Chestnut Hill Community Association membership, he will receive The Chestnut Hill Local each week at his home and also benefit from 10 percent discount at most area shops and restaurants.


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4 Suggestions In Order To Help Control Pet's Losing From Our Pet Medical Spa Katy Tx
Among the biggest concerns that pet proprietors face is the amount of fur that is spread around your home from our animals. The amount that a pet dog sheds will depend on the animal as well as the breed. Almost all pet dogs shed, as well as it is difficult to quit the shedding entirely. Nevertheless, there are ways that our Pet dog Health club Katy TX aids lessen the quantity of hair family pets will certainly drop. Below are several of our ideas in order to help you.
1. Brushing
Brushing your pet routinely is essential when you are trying to avoid a significant amount of shedding. Normal brushing gets rid of the loose hair and can assist maintain the skin clean. Your animal's layer will certainly come to be softer and cleaner the a lot more on a regular basis that you comb it. Just think of exactly what happens when you do not brush your hair, it gets matted. This also happens with hair.
2. Use the Right Brush
In a pet dog medspa Katy TX, you might have seen all the numerous type of brushes that get on hand. Pet dog shops additionally supply a huge amount of brushes. This is because some canines and also pet cats need more than one brush to eliminate all their loose hair. Most of the moment, softer brushes are best made use of on the head as well as pet's that has brief hair. A denser brush is most times used on the body and for thicker coats. If you are not exactly sure exactly what brushes you may need, you need to consult with the team at the pet medical spa Katy TX to figure out just what they recommend.
3. Feed Your Family pet the Appropriate Food
Your pet dog's layer is a representation about just what they have actually been consuming, and how healthy and balanced their diet is. You should be feeding your pet top notch foods, which have the right amount of nutrients for them. Many times, feeding your pet dog low-quality foods can cause excess losing and dull layers.
4. Check for Allergies and Fleas
Many times, when a pet has skin allergies, they will certainly have excess dropping and even bald places. The very same is true with fleas. If you are uncertain that your pet dog has allergies, you need to speak with your veterinarian for testing. The screening will certainly see if your animal dislikes common irritants. When you know just what the irritant is, you must try to prevent it. If you could not avoid the irritant, try to wash your pet right after they have actually been in contact keeping that irritant.
Routine check outs to a pet day spa Katy TX could aid restrict the amount of dropping that you will certainly have to take care of. All animals lost somehow, even people dropped since we lose hairs and skin cells. Caring for our pet dogs' hair is among the most effective ways to regulating dropping and has a healthier pet.
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Dudley Kingswinford 0, Birmingham and Solihull 36
DUDLEY Kingswinford extended their depressing run of results to 24 straight defeats this season and effectively relegated themselves from National League rugby in the process - writes nick pullen
Saddled with a yellow card to flanker Matt Squires within just 90 seconds of the kick-off, the DK's were immediately on the backfoot against a Bees side who still believe they can obtain a top four finish.
With DK's down to 14 players, Bees were quick to take advantage, running in two tries from fly half Adam Canning who raced over half the length of the pitch to score, while winger Chris Fensome snapped up a second try on the overlap.
Canning ran even further on the half hour, intercepting a wayward DK's pass on his own 22 to race over under the posts.
Right on the stroke of half time, Bees fly half Rod Petty spotted a gap in DK's defence and scampered over by the posts.
Canning converted three of the tries to put Bees out of sight by half time with a 26-0 lead.
The DK's enjoyed plenty of possession in the second half - but that was helped by the fact Bees were reduced to 13 having flanker Ashley Scriven and No.8 Steve Leach sent to the sin bin.
Despite their numerical advantage, DK's still failed to register a score.
Play was pretty even up front, but DK's lacked cutting edge in the backs - it's been the same story all season.
Fully replenished to 15, Bees finished the stronger side with second row Chris Goddard helping himself to a couple of tries after being propelled over the try-line by driving mauls.
The DK's reckon they'll now have a new Director of Rugby in place within a fortnight as more interviews need to take place.
Whoever is appointed can't arrive a moment too soon!


text: On Feb 11, 2013, at 7:29 PM, Lux, Jim (337C) wrote: >> In any event, your original statement used to be wholly correct. >> It has >> changed to a certain degree to "SSDs are about IOPs," which isn't >> quite the same thing. However, more pointedly, with modern HDDs >> barely approaching 200MB/s and SSD solutions approaching 2-4GB/s, >> this >> is an increasingly limited viewpoint. We have to start considering >> their use for bandwidth. > > Find me an application that needs big bandwidth and doesn't need > massive storage. > > > > Digital waveform recording and playback.. e.g. in radar > simulators. You need very wide bandwidth, but not a huge amount of > storage (e.g. If I'm playing back a synthetic response to a 1 > millisecond pulse with 2 GHz BW, I only need 10s of Megasamples at > most, but you need 10 Gsample/second sorts of bandwidth) > > One might thing, heck, just slap a few GByte of RAM in there and be > done with it, but if you're simulating a radar with 10 different > pulse types, and you have 10-20 simulated targets each with several > different viewing aspects, you pretty quickly need a "library" of > several thousand pulses/returns to choose from. Yeah well i remember negotiating about writing CUDA code for simulation software of something similar. Don't think that this example applies. You want it in RAM for a proper simulation :)