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Night of Eire
Saturday, March 16, 2019 at 7:00 p.m.
A planetarium program commemorating the old spirit of St. Patrick's Day
While the upper world convulses with the tumult of St, Patrick's Day revelers, the Southworth Planetarium will commemorate the holiday with a more elegiac and celestial observance: an event that blends the ancient Irish elements of stones, stories and stars. This program represents an amalgam of stone circles; celestial mythology; and Irish legends. Our stone circle scholar, Lawrence Price, will guide you through some of Ireland's most exquisitely beautiful and storied stone circles: such as Lough Crew, the witch's hill; and the Hill of Tara, which has witnessed the coronations of 142 ancient Irish kings. Also, the colossal Newgrange, designed to capture the solstice sunrise and, astonishingly, the moon cycles.
Experience Michele's Cheung's tales from Eire: an ancient world pervaded by sorcery and mysticism. Sages and songs from an island of story tellers.
We then turn our star projector westward: admiring the old Irish constellations: Laoch Caithete Saighead, the "Hero of the thrown arrows," or the river goddess Boann, We conclude our evening under the heavens: to admire the sky of the ancients.
Though the night of St. Patrick's Day eve promises to be furious and frenetic on Portland's surface we summon you down into the shadowy underworld to immerse yourself in the spirit and magic of ancient Ireland.
Admission by donation: (suggested donation $5 - 7).
Call 207-780-4249 or e-mail firstname.lastname@example.com to reserve your space or for more information.


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subset: commoncrawl


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My favorite holiday is just around the corner! This weekend, I'm pulling out some cute Halloween decor I made over the years. If you're looking for quick ways to add some spooktacular flair to your home, check out the following DIY projects/tutorials. These creepy creations are simple enough that kiddos can join in on the fun!
Looking to add quick Halloween decor? Swap out photos with these printables, my latest addition in my etsy shop.


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The good oil on aioli
I have been experimenting with making my own aioli as I want to have one free of preservatives to serve my family. We all love roasted purple-skinned kumara with a good creamy aioli. However, when I use extra virgin olive oil (I have been using the Australian Red Island one) it is too bitter. I tried a cold-pressed sunflower oil but that was worse, less bitter but an unpleasant flavour. Can you recommend a brand of olive oil that would work? I don't want to use canola.
Thanks, Anthea
I love a good aioli and also a tasty allioli - the Spanish version - but they can be as different as mustards depending on how you make them and what you make them from. I was in Valencia during the America's Cup years back and ordered bacalao with allioli, expecting a chunk of poached salt cod topped with glistening garlicky aioli, and instead was served a delicious dish smothered with garlic, cooked until golden brown and pungent in peppery and salty olive oil. I guess it was allioli (garlic and oil) but it wasn't what I'd expected. I've also ordered and thoroughly enjoyed le grand aioli in Provence, which is a fabulous sharing dish of boiled or steamed fish and vegetables, boiled eggs and clams - although I've heard it also sometimes has snails with it.
Years ago I was working with Fergus Henderson at The French House - he of Nose to Tail eating at St John these days - and I was amazed that he liked to make his aioli using 100 per cent extra virgin olive oil. It was extraordinary as, like you, I find aioli becomes way too bitter using only extra virgin oil, especially if made in a food processor which seems to increase the bitterness of the oil.
I've only ever made aioli using around 30 per cent extra virgin, always added at the end, with the rest being sunflower or canola oil. This gives me a much lighter, but very tasty, aioli.
It's also best if it's made at least a few hours beforehand as the flavours mellow and become less harsh. To be fair, Fergus has since successfully served several Olympic-sized swimming pools worth of his aioli with boiled carrots and eggs and no one has complained, so it's good to be aware that you need make what you feel is correct.
Bear in mind that different oils have different flavours. I tried a delicious Australian oil last year and there was a taste that I knew but couldn't pinpoint. It was eucalyptus. Who knew an oil could taste like that? Obviously the olive groves are located near native bush. However, I can't imagine an aioli made from it. Likewise the oils that are produced in New Zealand will vary greatly - from Waiheke Island to Marlborough and the Hawkes Bay - which is their appeal.
If all oils tasted the same then we'd be in a less exciting culinary world.
Just like wine, the terroir and variety of olive will define the finished product, along with the farming, harvesting and production methods.
And to give you even more choice, following is a great recipe for making aioli without using eggs at all, which is terrific for people on an eggless diet.
We make this at Bellota from time to time, as well as in London, and it's quick to knock up as long as you have a stick or bar blender.
Adding some soaked saffron at the start gives it a lovely golden hue and flavour as well and some chervil or chives snipped in towards the end is also great.
Finely puree four cloves of garlic with 125ml full fat milk - you need it super smooth. Slowly drizzle 200ml sunflower oil into the milk, as you would oil into a mayonnaise, until emulsified, then 100ml olive oil (ideally not extra virgin unless it isn't too strong). Stir in about tsp crushed flaky sea salt, to taste.
In our Ask Peter series, executive chef Peter Gordon answers your curly culinary questions. If you're stumped over something food-related, send your question to firstname.lastname@example.com and keep checking in for answers. You can read more on Peter on his website, have a read of his Ask Peter articles or check out his recipes on our site.


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American Academy of Arts and Sciences Honoree Adam Riess
Adam Riess, Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) astronomer and professor at the Johns Hopkins University is a newly elected Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. The Academy honors excellence by electing to membership remarkable men and women who have made preeminent contributions to their fields, and to the world. Riess is a leader of a team that, in 1998 co-discovered "dark energy", a mysterious repulsive force in the universe. Dark energy is the biggest mystery now confronting astrophysics, and Riess continues doing observations to deduce what dark energy is. The 38-year-old astrophysicist has been at STScI since 1999.


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formation of public opinion
History and Orientation
Neumann (1974) introduced the "spiral of silence" as an attempt to explain in part how public opinion is formed. She wondered why the Germans supported wrong political positions that led to national defeat, humiliation and ruin in the 1930s-1940s.
Core Assumptions and Statements
The phrase "spiral of silence" actually refers to how people tend to remain silent when they feel that their views are in the minority. The model is based on three premises: 1) people have a "quasi-statistical organ," a sixth-sense if you will, which allows them to know the prevailing public opinion, even without access to polls, 2) people have a fear of isolation and know what behaviors will increase their likelihood of being socially isolated, and 3) people are reticent to express their minority views, primarily out of fear of being isolated.
The closer a person believes the opinion held is similar to the prevailing public opinion, the more they are willing to openly disclose that opinion in public. Then, if public sentiment changes, the person will recognize that the opinion is less in favor and will be less willing to express that opinion publicly. As the perceived distance between public opinion and a person's personal opinion grows, the more unlikely the person is to express their opinion.
Conceptual Model
Source: Noelle-Neumann (1991).
Favorite Methods
To be added.
Scope and Application
It is related to the mass media, in such a way that mass media influences public opinion. Shifts in public opinion occur commonly and therefore this theory is used to search an explanation for behavior (speak up or stay silent).
The theory has also been criticized for ambiguity and methodological weakness, but the idea has persisted. Evidence of the spiral effect is usually small but significant.
This example shows an effect of the theory where during the 1991 Gulf War the U.S. support for the war was measured. Either it is a consensus view or did media coverage contribute to a spiral of silence that dampened opposition to the war? In a survey that asked about people's opinions, respondents were clearly less supportive of the war than the popular support depicted by the media. Those who watched television and perceived that the public supported the war, were more likely tot support the war themselves. This study supports the spiral of silence and suggests that people are swayed by bandwagon effects rather than fearing social isolation.
Key publications
- Glynn, J.C., Hayes, F.A. & Shanahan, J. (1997). "Perceived support for ones opinions sand willingness to speak out: A meta-analysis of survey studies on the 'spiral of silence'" Public Opinion Quarterly 61 (3):452-463.
- Glynn, J.C. & McLeod, J. (1984). "Public opinion du jour: An examination of the spiral of silence, " Public Opinion Quarterly 48 (4):731-740.
- Noelle-Neumann, E. (1984). The Spiral of Silence: Public Opinion -- Our social skin. Chicago: University of Chicago.
- Noelle-Neumann, E. (1991). The theory of public opinion: The concept of the Spiral of Silence. In J. A. Anderson (Ed.), Communication Yearbook 14, 256-287. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
- Simpson, C. (1996). "Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann's 'spiral of silence' and the historical context of communication theory." Journal of Communication 46 (3):149-173.
- Taylor, D.G. (1982). "Pluralistic ignorance and the spiral of silence: A formal analysis," Public Opinion Quarterly 46 (3):311-335. See also: Kennamer, J.D. (1990). "Self-serving biases in perceiving the opinions of others: Implications for the spiral of silence," Communication Research 17 (3):393-404; Yassin Ahmed Lashin (1984). Testing the spiral of silence hypothesis: Toward an integrated theory of public opinion. Unpublished dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.


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"America's Got Talent" voters sent the Virginia State University Gospel Chorale home. The singing group is not among the 12 acts advancing to the competition's semifinal round next week, Wednesday's show revealed.
Tuesday night, judge Howard Stern questioned whether voters would throw support behind a gospel group. In this case, they did not.
As the group left the stage, members got one last pat on the back from host Nick Cannon. "Virginia State, you guys were amazing," he told them.
Tuesday night, the singers from Virginia got the party started on NBC's "America's Got Talent." The Virginia State University Gospel Choir kicked off the action. As I reported in a previous post, that group includes six students from Hampton and Newport News.
Decked out in all-white, the group performed a peppy take on Madonna's 1989 hit "Like a Prayer" complete with synchronized movements and some impressive short solos.
Judge comments were generally positive. Mel B said the group's harmonies were "spot on." Heidi Klum said she liked the performance but wished they had picked a more contemporary tune. Howie Mandel exclaimed, "I have been healed!" Mandel said he hadn't heard a better gospel group.
While the Virginia State group is out of the running, there is one more vocalist from the Peninsula still hanging tough. The American Military Spouses Choir has already earned a place among the contest's semifinalists.
It includes Sonjia Penny, who lives at Fort Eustis and is married to an Army service member.
Here's a news release about Tuesday's show.
NEW YORK — Aug. 16, 2013 — The competition on NBC's "America's Got Talent" heats up next week as another four acts move on to the semifinals, and four lucky eliminated top-60 acts are named the judges' wild card choice and given a second chance to win the $1 million prize.
Comedian and "AGT" finalist Tom Cotter returns to the stage to perform on the Wednesday, Aug. 21 live results show (9-10 p.m. ET/PT). Cotter was named runner-up in last season's finale.
Cotter currently performs in some of the best comedy clubs across the country and recently headlined "America's Got Talent Live" at the Palazzo Las Vegas. Before becoming the first comedian to ever reach the finals of "America's Got Talent," Cotter won the Seattle International Comedy Competition, the grand prize at the Boston Comedy Festival and was voted best stand-up at the Las Vegas Comedy Festival.
He has become a familiar face on shows such as "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno," "Last Comic Standing" and "Today." He starred in his own special, "Comedy Central Presents…Tom Cotter" and in the WE TV series "Two Funny."
"America's Got Talent" wraps up the quarter-final rounds on Tuesday, Aug. 20 (9-11 p.m.) where the last of the top 60 acts perform for America's vote. Four of those acts will move on to the semifinals to compete against American Military Spouses Choir, Anna Christine, Angela Hoover, Branden James, Cami Bradley, Chicago Boyz Acrobatic Team, Collins Key, Forte, Innovative Force, Jimmy Rose, Jonathan Allen, Kenichi Ebina, KriStef Brothers, Marty Brown, Taylor Williamson and Timber Brown.
The 12 contestants performing Aug. 20 are:
2Unique (http://www.nbc.com/americas-got-talent/video/2-unique/n38539/)
Catapult Entertainment (http://www.nbc.com/americas-got-talent/video/catapult/n37611/)
D'Angelo & Amanda (http://www.nbc.com/americas-got-talent/video/dangelo-and-amanda-vegas-audition/n38989/)
Dave Fenley (http://www.nbc.com/americas-got-talent/video/dave-fenley-vegas-auditions/n39023/)
Duo Resonance (http://www.nbc.com/americas-got-talent/video/duo-resonance-vegas-audition/n38978/)
John Wing (http://www.nbc.com/americas-got-talent/video/john-wing-vegas-audition/n38984/)
Melody Caballero (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N8rtcA0LY7Y)
Ruby & Jonas (http://www.nbc.com/americas-got-talent/video/ruby-and-jonas-vegas-audition/n38988/)
Sam Johnson (http://www.nbc.com/americas-got-talent/video/sam-johnson-vegas-audition/n38995/)
Selena Mykenzie Gordon (http://www.nbc.com/americas-got-talent/video/selena-mykenzie-gordon-vegas-audition/n38975/)
Sprice (http://www.nbc.com/americas-got-talent/video/sprice/n38162/)
Virginia State University Gospel Chorale (http://www.nbc.com/americas-got-talent/video/the-virginia-state-university-gospel-choral/n38379/)
More information, including bios and social media contacts for each act, can be found at http://www.nbc.com/americas-got-talent/contestants/.
Now in its eighth season, "America's Got Talent" stars celebrity judges Howie Mandel, Mel B, Heidi Klum and Howard Stern. With the talent search open to acts of all ages, "America's Got Talent" has brought the variety format back to the forefront of American culture by showcasing performers from across the country.
"America's Got Talent" is produced by Simon Cowell's Syco Entertainment and FremantleMedia North America. Cowell, Jason Raff, Sam Donnelly, Trish Kinane and Rob Wade are the executive producers.
For embeddable clips and full episodes from NBC shows, please visit NBC.com's official show site: http://www.nbc.com/americasgottalent/
For artwork and a complete press kit from the show please visit the NBC Universal Media Village website at http://www.nbcumv.com/mediavillage/
Please like us on Facebook http://www.facebook.com/nbcagt and follow us on Twitter http://twitter.com/nbcagt or by using hashtag #AGT
For information on open call and online auditions for season 9 of "America's Got Talent," please visit http://www.americasgottalentauditions.com/


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Atalaya, Georgetown County, South Carolina
Atalaya was designed meant to resemble the Moorish style of architecture found along the Spanish coast. Built by local laborers under the direction of contractor William Thompson between 1931 and 1933, the building has been little altered over the years. Atalaya is significant for its unusual architectural style seldom found in this country, and as winter home of world famous sculptor, Anna Hyatt Huntington, and her philanthropist husband, Archer Milton Huntington, the designer of Atalaya. It is located approximately one hundred and fifty yards from the Atlantic Ocean within the boundaries of Huntington Beach State Park near Murrells Inlet in northeastern Georgetown County, South Carolina.
On January 24, 1930, Archer Milton and Anna Hyatt Huntington acquired four plantations consisting of 6,635 acres from the FMC Corporation Hunting Club. It was their idea to establish a wildlife and nature preserve which would act as a backdrop for Mrs. Huntington's sculptures and those of other modern sculptors. Their dream became a reality the following year when
The effects of the Depression had been devastating to the economy of the local community and in an effort to help alleviate this, Huntington hired local laborers. It is believed that these laborers, under the direction of contractor William Thompson, carried out the verbal instructions of Mr. Huntington since no blueprints were used to build Atalaya.
Atalaya is built in the shape of a square with the outer measurement of each wall being two hundred feet. It is a single story brick building and has a flat asphalt and gravel roof with a parapet of simple decorative brickwork. There are twenty-five chimneys located throughout the house capped with copper hoods which rotate with the winds. The exterior walls are stuccoed, while the inner courtyard walls have untooled mortar joints. All exterior walls are sprayed with a gray cement coating to help the building blend in with the environment. The eastern elevation faces the ocean and consists of three bays. The recessed center bay is fronted by a semicircular patio, which fills in the recession between the center and end bays. Entrance is through the center bay which has two single doorways. The center bay has three windows, while the southeast has eight and the northeast has six all at random intervals. The southern elevation has seven windows randomly spaced along its run and a door which opens into an inner courtyard. Windows are randomly spaced on the northern elevation. The western elevation has a large double gate which opens onto an entrance courtyard. This was the main entrance when the Huntington's occupied the house. There are two small inner courtyards to either side of the entrance which contain storage sheds.
Some of the details on Anna Hyatt Huntington are taken from The Huntington's, found at the Brookgreen Gardens website at http://www.brookgreen.org/huntington.cfm. The rest is from the National Register of Historic Places documentation on Atalaya prepared by Daniel Ray Sigmon, Historic Researcher for the South Carolina Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism on March 20, 1984, and the National Register of Historic Places documentation on Brookgreen Gardens by Kathy Kelly (Waccamaw Regional Planning and Development Council) John Califf and Julie Burr for the South Carolina. Department of Archives and History, February 4, 1978
Atalaya | Brookgreen Gardens |
Comments or Questions


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Texans Love Their Pickups (and So Do Thieves)
A recent report by the Theft Prevention Authority, a division of the Texas Department of Motor Vehicles shows thefts of pickup trucks in the state were the most-stolen vehicles.
Ford, Chevy and Dodge pickups top the Texas Department of Public Safety's list of most-stolen vehicles last year.
The Texas Auto Burglary and Theft Prevention Authority and its vehicle crime task forces say the latest results continue a yearly trend supporting the popularity of pickups.
Fourth on the list is the subcompact Honda Civic, followed by a full-size SUV, the Chevrolet Tahoe.
Rounding out the top 10 are the Honda Accord, GMC pickup, Chevy Impala, Toyota Camry and Ford Taurus.
The report indicates vehicle theft costs Texans more than any other single crime and topped $621 million in 2011.


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Europe, second smallest of the world's continents, composed of the westward-projecting peninsulas of Eurasia (the great landmass that it shares with Asia) and occupying nearly one-fifteenth of the world's total land area. It is bordered on the north by the Arctic Ocean, on the west by the Atlantic Ocean, and on the south (west to east) by the Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea, the Kuma-Manych Depression, and the Caspian Sea. The continent's eastern boundary (north to south) runs along the Ural Mountains and then roughly southwest along the Emba (Zhem) River, terminating at the northern Caspian coast.
Europe's largest islands and archipelagoes include Novaya Zemlya, Franz Josef Land, Svalbard, Iceland, the Faroe Islands, the British Isles, the Balearic Islands, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Malta, Crete, and Cyprus. Its major peninsulas include Jutland and the Scandinavian, Iberian, Italian, and Balkan peninsulas. Indented by numerous bays, fjords, and seas, continental Europe's highly irregular coastline is about 24,000 miles (38,000 km) long.
Among the continents, Europe is an anomaly. Larger only than Australia, it is a small appendage of Eurasia. Yet the peninsular and insular western extremity of the continent, thrusting toward the North Atlantic Ocean, provides—thanks to its latitude and its physical geography—a relatively genial human habitat, and the long processes of human history came to mark off the region as the home of a distinctive civilization. In spite of its internal diversity, Europe has thus functioned, from the time it first emerged in the human consciousness, as a world apart, concentrating—to borrow a phrase from Christopher Marlowe—"infinite riches in a little room."
As a conceptual construct, Europa, as the more learned of the ancient Greeks first conceived it, stood in sharp contrast to both Asia and Libya, the name then applied to the known northern part of Africa. Literally, Europa is now thought to have meant "Mainland," rather than the earlier interpretation, "Sunset." It appears to have suggested itself to the Greeks, in their maritime world, as an appropriate designation for the extensive northerly lands that lay beyond, lands with characteristics vaguely known yet clearly different from those inherent in the concepts of Asia and Libya—both of which, relatively prosperous and civilized, were associated closely with the culture of the Greeks and their predecessors. From the Greek perspective then, Europa was culturally backward and scantily settled. It was a barbarian world—that is, a non-Greek one, with its inhabitants making "bar-bar" noises in unintelligible tongues. Traders and travelers also reported that the Europe beyond Greece possessed distinctive physical units, with mountain systems and lowland river basins much larger than those familiar to inhabitants of the Mediterranean region. It was clear as well that a succession of climates, markedly different from those of the Mediterranean borderlands, were to be experienced as Europe was penetrated from the south. The spacious eastern steppes and, to the west and north, primeval forests as yet only marginally touched by human occupancy further underlined environmental contrasts.
The empire of ancient Rome, at its greatest extent in the 2nd century ce, revealed, and imprinted its culture on, much of the face of the continent. Trade relations beyond its frontiers also drew the remoter regions into its sphere. Yet it was not until the 19th and 20th centuries that modern science was able to draw with some precision the geologic and geographic lineaments of the European continent, the peoples of which had meanwhile achieved domination over—and set in motion vast countervailing movements among—the inhabitants of much of the rest of the globe (see Western colonialism).
As to the territorial limits of Europe, they may seem relatively clear on its seaward flanks, but many island groups far to the north and west—Svalbard, the Faroes, Iceland, and the Madeira and Canary islands—are considered European, while Greenland (though tied politically to Denmark) is conventionally allocated to North America. Furthermore, the Mediterranean coastlands of North Africa and southwestern Asia also exhibit some European physical and cultural affinities. Turkey and Cyprus in particular, while geologically Asian, possess elements of European culture and may be regarded as parts of Europe. Indeed, Turkey has sought membership in the European Union (EU), and the Republic of Cyprus joined the organization in 2004.
Europe's boundaries have been especially uncertain, and hence much debated, on the east, where the continent merges, without sundering physical boundaries, with parts of western Asia. The eastward limits now adopted by most geographers exclude the Caucasus region and encompass a small portion of Kazakhstan, where the European boundary formed by the northern Caspian coast is connected to that of the Urals by Kazakhstan's Emba River and Mughalzhar (Mugodzhar) Hills, themselves a southern extension of the Urals. Among the alternative boundaries proposed by geographers that have gained wide acceptance is a scheme that sees the crest of the Greater Caucasus range as the dividing line between Europe and Asia, placing Ciscaucasia, the northern part of the Caucasus region, in Europe and Transcaucasia, the southern part, in Asia. Another widely endorsed scheme puts the western portion of the Caucasus region in Europe and the eastern part—that is, the bulk of Azerbaijan and small portions of Armenia, Georgia, and Russia's Caspian Sea coast—in Asia. Still another scheme with many adherents locates the continental boundary along the Aras River and the Turkish border, thereby putting Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia in Europe.
Europe's eastern boundary, however, is not a cultural, political, or economic discontinuity on the land comparable, for example, to the insulating significance of the Himalayas, which clearly mark a northern limit to South Asian civilization. Inhabited plains, with only the minor interruption of the worn-down Urals, extend from central Europe to the Yenisey River in central Siberia. Slavic-based civilization dominates much of the territory occupied by the former Soviet Union from the Baltic and Black seas to the Pacific Ocean. That civilization is distinguished from the rest of Europe by legacies of a medieval Mongol-Tatar domination that precluded the sharing of many of the innovations and developments of European "Western civilization"; it became further distinctive during the relative isolation of the Soviet period. In partitioning the globe into meaningful large geographic units, therefore, most modern geographers treated the former Soviet Union as a distinct territorial entity, comparable to a continent, that was somewhat separate from Europe to the west and from Asia to the south and east; that distinction has been maintained for Russia, which constituted three-fourths of the Soviet Union.
Europe occupies some 4 million square miles (10 million square km) within the conventional borders assigned to it. That broad territory reveals no simple unity of geologic structure, landform, relief, or climate. Rocks of all geologic periods are exposed, and the operation of geologic forces during an immense succession of eras has contributed to the molding of the landscapes of mountain, plateau, and lowland and has bequeathed a variety of mineral reserves. Glaciation too has left its mark over wide areas, and the processes of erosion and deposition have created a highly variegated and compartmentalized countryside. Climatically, Europe benefits by having only a small proportion of its surface either too cold or too hot and dry for effective settlement and use. Regional climatic contrasts nevertheless exist: oceanic, Mediterranean, and continental types occur widely, as do gradations from one to the other. Associated vegetation and soil forms also show continual variety, but only portions of the dominant woodland that clothed most of the continent when humans first appeared now remain.
All in all, Europe enjoys a considerable and long-exploited resource base of soil, forest, sea, and minerals (notably coal), but its people are increasingly its principal resource. The continent, excluding Russia, contains less than one-tenth of the total population of the world, but in general its people are well educated and highly skilled. Europe also supports high densities of population, concentrated in urban-industrial regions. A growing percentage of people in urban areas are employed in a wide range of service activities, which have come to dominate the economies of most countries. Nonetheless, in manufacturing and agriculture Europe still occupies an eminent, if no longer necessarily predominant, position. The creation of the European Economic Community in 1957 and the EU in 1993 greatly enhanced economic cooperation between many of the continent's countries. Europe's continuing economic achievements are evidenced by its high standard of living and its successes in science, technology, and the arts.
This article treats the physical and human geography of Europe. For discussion of individual countries of the continent, see specific articles by name—e.g., Italy, Poland, and United Kingdom. For discussion of major cities of the continent, see specific articles by name—e.g., Rome, Warsaw, and London. The principal articles discussing the historical and cultural development of the continent include history of Europe; European exploration; Western colonialism; Aegean civilizations; ancient Greek civilization; ancient Rome; Byzantine Empire; and Holy Roman Empire. Related topics are discussed in such articles as those on religion (e.g., Judaism and Roman Catholicism) and literature (e.g., Greek literature; Dutch literature; and Spanish literature).
Geologic history
The geologic record of the continent of Europe is a classic example of how a continent has grown through time. The Precambrian rocks in Europe range in age from about 3.8 billion to 541 million years. They are succeeded by rocks of the Paleozoic Era, which continued to about 252 million years ago; of the Mesozoic Era, which lasted until about 66 million years ago; and of the Cenozoic Era (i.e., the past 66 million years). The present shape of Europe did not finally emerge until about 5 million years ago. The types of rocks, tectonic landforms, and sedimentary basins that developed throughout the geologic history of Europe strongly influence human activities today.
The largest area of oldest rocks in the continent is the Baltic Shield, which has been eroded down to a low relief. The youngest rocks occur in the Alpine system, which still survives as high mountains. Between those belts are basins of sedimentary rocks that form rolling hills, as in the Paris Basin and southeastern England, or extensive plains, as in the Russian Platform. The North Sea is a submarine sedimentary basin on the shallow-water continental margin of the Atlantic Ocean. Iceland is a unique occurrence in Europe: it is a volcanic island situated on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge within the still-opening Atlantic Ocean.
General considerations
Tectonic framework
Precambrian rocks occur in three basic tectonic environments. The first is in shields, like the Baltic Shield, which are large areas of stable Precambrian rocks usually surrounded by later orogenic (mountain-forming) belts. The second is as basement to younger coverings of Phanerozoic sediments (i.e., deposits that have been laid down since the beginning of the Paleozoic). For example, the sediments of the Russian Platform are underlain by Precambrian basement, which extends from the Baltic Shield to the Ural Mountains, and Precambrian rocks underlie the Phanerozoic sediments in southeastern England. The Ukrainian Massif is an uplifted block of Precambrian basement that rises above the surrounding plain of younger sediments. The third environment occurs as relicts (residual landforms) in younger orogenic belts. For example, there are Precambrian rocks in the Bohemian Massif that are 1 billion years old and rocks in the Channel Islands in the English Channel that are 1.6 billion years old, both of which are remnants from the Middle Proterozoic Era within the late Paleozoic Hercynian belt. In the Hercynian belt in Bavaria, detrital zircons have been dated to 3.84 billion years ago, but the source of those rocks is not known.
Paleozoic sedimentary rocks occur either in sedimentary basins like the Russian Platform—which has never been affected by any periods of mountain formation and thus has sediments that are still flat-lying and fossiliferous—or within orogenic belts such as the Caledonian and Hercynian, where they commonly have been deformed by folding and thrusting, partly recrystallized, and subjected to intrusion by granites. Mesozoic-Cenozoic sediments occur either in a well-preserved state in sedimentary basins unaffected by orogenesis, as within the Russian Platform and under the North Sea, or in a highly deformed and metamorphosed state, as in the Alpine system.
Chronological summary
The geologic development of Europe may be summarized as follows. Archean rocks (those more than 2.5 billion years old) are the oldest of the Precambrian and crop out in the northern Baltic Shield, Ukraine, and northwestern Scotland. Two major Proterozoic (i.e., from about 2.5 billion to 541 million years ago) orogenic belts extend across the central and southern Baltic Shield. Thus, the shield has a composite origin, containing remnants of several Precambrian orogenic belts.
About 540 to 500 million years ago a series of new oceans opened, and their eventual closure gave rise to the Caledonian, Hercynian, and Uralian orogenic belts. There is considerable evidence suggesting that those belts developed by plate-tectonic processes, and they each have a history that lasted hundreds of millions of years. Formation of the belts gave rise to the supercontinent of Pangea; its fragmentation, beginning about 200 million years ago, gave rise to a new ocean, the Tethys Sea. Closure of that ocean about 50 million years ago, by subduction and plate-tectonic processes, led to the Alpine orogeny—e.g., the formation of the Alpine orogenic system, which extends from the Atlantic Ocean to Turkey and contains many separate orogenic belts (which remain as mountain chains), including the Pyrenees, the Baetic Cordillera, the Atlas Mountains, the Swiss-Austrian Alps, the Apennine Range, the Carpathian Mountains, the Dinaric Alps, and the Taurus and Pontic mountains. During the time that the Tethys was opening (about 180 million years ago), the Atlantic Ocean also began to open.
The Atlantic is still opening along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge under the ocean, with Iceland constituting an area of the ridge that is raised above sea level. The youngest tectonic activity in Europe is represented by the present-day volcanic eruptions in Iceland; by volcanoes such as Etna and Vesuvius; and by earthquakes, as in the Aegean region and in the Alpine system, which result from current stresses between the Eurasian and African plates.
Stratigraphy and structure
Compared with most of the other continents, Europe has few exposed rocks from Precambrian time (subdivided into the older Archean and the younger Proterozoic eons). Some granitic gneisses, which are more than 3 billion years old, crop out in the northern Baltic Shield, the Ukrainian Massif, and northwestern Scotland. Those rocks were recrystallized at a depth of about 12 miles (20 km) in the Archean crust, but their tectonic environment is poorly understood. The Baltic Shield exhibits successively younger orogenic belts toward the south, from the Archean relicts in the north to the Late Proterozoic Sveconorwegian belt in southwestern Norway. A major orogenic belt in the north, the Svecofennian, developed in the Early Proterozoic Era (2.5 to 1.6 billion years ago); it now occupies the bulk of the Baltic Shield, especially in Finland and Sweden, where it extends from the Kola Peninsula to the Gulf of Finland near Helsinki. The younger Sveconorwegian is a north–south-trending orogenic belt that developed between 1.2 billion and 850 million years ago. It occupies southern Norway and the adjacent area of southwestern Sweden between Oslo (Norway) and Gothenburg (Sweden). On its northern side it has been reactivated almost beyond recognition within the Paleozoic Caledonian orogenic belt. The Ukrainian Massif and the small Laxfordian belt in northwestern Scotland consist mainly of granitic rocks and highly deformed and metamorphosed schists and gneisses that originally were sediments and volcanics; their age is similar to that of the Svecofennian belt. In northwestern Scotland there also is a north–south-trending belt of Proterozoic reddish brown sandstones and conglomerates that is about 1 billion years old; those sediments may be the erosional products or molasse of a 1.2-billion-year-old orogenic belt, of which there are a few relicts within the Caledonian belt of Scotland. The Bohemian Massif is a diamond-shaped block in the heart of Europe, which has been heavily affected by the late Paleozoic Hercynian orogeny.
Many of the rocks formed in the Late Archean (about 2.7 billion years ago) or Early Proterozoic (Svecofennian times) or even later in the Proterozoic (about 1 billion years ago) were strongly deformed in several Precambrian orogenies and thus are now schists, gneisses, and amphibolites, accompanied by a variety of granites. Near the end of the Precambrian—about 800 to 541 million years ago—there was widespread deposition of conglomerates, sandstones, clays, and some volcanic sediments, which make up the Eocambrian (or Vendian) group; those were derived from the erosion of uplifted Precambrian mountains. They are well known for two features. First are their glacial sediments, which were deposited at a time of worldwide glaciation; they occur in northwestern Scotland (Islay Island), western Ireland, Norway (Finnmark and West Spitzbergen), Sweden, France (Normandy), and the Czech Republic (Bohemian Massif). Second is the occurrence of impressions of soft-bodied organisms, such as seaweed, jellyfish, and worms, which represent the beginnings of metazoan (many-celled) life before the explosion of life-forms with hard parts for skeletons that became abundant in the early Cambrian Period. Those impressions occur in Charnwood Forest in central England, southern Wales, northern Sweden, Ukraine, and several localities in the Russian Platform. The Precambrian rocks of Europe provide a rich source of economic minerals that sustain human activities, such as major deposits of iron ore at Kiruna in northern Sweden and Kryvyy Rih in Ukraine; tin deposits associated with granites in Finland; extensive copper–nickel sulfide ores across Finland, especially at Outokumpu, and in Sweden; and magnetite ores containing vanadium and titanium in northern Finland.
Paleozoic Era
The Paleozoic (i.e., from about 541 to 252 million years ago) tectonic geology of Europe can be divided into two parts: the major orogenic belts of the Caledonian (or Caledonides), the Hercynian (or Hercynides), and the Uralian (or Uralides); and the undisturbed, mostly subsurface (and thus poorly known) Paleozoic sediments in the triangular area between the belts in the Russian Platform.
Caledonian orogenic belt
The major factor that controlled the early mid-Paleozoic development of Europe was the opening and closing of the Iapetus Ocean, which gave rise to the Caledonian orogenic belt that extends from Ireland and Wales through northern England and Scotland to western Norway and northward to Finnmark in northern Norway. The belt is confined between the stable blocks of the Baltic Shield and the Precambrian belt of northwestern Scotland. Remnants of the Iapetus seafloor are seen in ophiolites (slices of the seafloor that were thrust upward by the action of plate tectonics) at Ballantrae in the Strathclyde region of Scotland and near Bergen in Norway. During the Cambrian Period (about 541 to 485 million years ago), widening of the Iapetus gave rise to extensive shelf seas on the bordering continents, which deposited a thin cover of limestone and shale with a remarkable diversity of fossils of numerous marine invertebrates. The existence of that sea can be demonstrated by the presence of trilobite and graptolite fossils in northern Scotland, which was on one side of the sea, that are significantly different from those in central England and southern Norway, which were on the other side. In the Ordovician Period (about 485 to 444 million years ago) the sea began to close by subduction, giving rise to major magmatic belts with lavas and tuffs in the Lake District of northern England and in Snowdonia National Park in northern Wales—where there is associated gold and copper mineralization—and to many granites in the Highlands of Scotland.
In the Silurian Period (about 444 to 419 million years ago) the Iapetus Ocean closed, with the result that the bordering continental blocks collided, giving rise to deformation, metamorphism, and the orogeny of the Caledonian belt. In the late Silurian, early land plants and the first freshwater fish appeared in lakes on the belt. The rifts of the Orkney Basin developed in the Devonian Period (about 419 to 359 million years ago) on top of the thickened and unstable crust of the Caledonian orogenic belt in a manner comparable to the Quaternary rifts of Tibet (i.e., those that have appeared in the past 2.6 million years), which have a crust thickened by the Himalayan orogeny of the Paleogene and Neogene periods (about 66 to 2.6 million years ago). Erosion of the uplifted mountain belt in the Devonian led to deposition of sandstones and conglomerates in basins over a wide region from the British Isles to the western Russian Platform, often called the Old Red Sandstone continent.
Hercynian orogenic belt
The Hercynian, or Variscan, orogenic belt evolved during the Devonian and Carboniferous periods, from about 419 to 299 million years ago. The belt extends from Portugal and western Spain, southwestern Ireland, and southwestern England in the west through the Ardennes, France (Brittany, Massif Central, Vosges, and Corsica), Sardinia, and Germany (Odenwald, Black Forest, and Harz Mountains) to the Czech Republic (Bohemian Massif). The orogeny was formed by plate-tectonic processes that included seafloor spreading, continental drift, and the collision of plates. Remnants of the original ocean floor are preserved as ophiolites in the Harz mountain range in Germany and in the Lizard Peninsula of southwestern England. In the Devonian Period a continental margin ran along the north side of the belt in Devon and Cornwall (England) on which extensive sandstones derived from the continent were deposited. In the Carboniferous Period shallow-water limestones were laid down in the area of the Pennines of England on a shelf or carbonate bank; that formation passes southward into deeper-water shales of the Culm Trench of southwestern England, within which are found the pillow lavas (aggregates of ovoid masses, resembling pillows), gabbros, and serpentinites of the Lizard ophiolite. In Brittany there is an island arc with lavas and granites that resulted from subduction of the ocean floor. The main Hercynian suture zone of the collided plates extends from the south side of Brittany to the Massif Central.
Throughout much of Europe there is evidence of extensive thrusting, implying that there was appreciable thickening of the continental crust and the formation of a Tibetan-style plateau across the Hercynian orogeny. The thickening led to melting of the lower crust and the formation of large numbers of late Carboniferous granites, especially in the Massif Central. The plateau became overly thick and unstable, and that caused the formation of rifts that developed into coal-bearing basins—as in Silesia (Poland) and the Massif Central—in the late Carboniferous and Permian periods (i.e., between about 299 and 252 million years ago).
Indeed, the varied tectonic development of the Hercynian orogeny gave rise to widespread mineral deposits in many environments, which have been exploited in the economic development of many countries. Lead and zinc deposits occur in shelf carbonate sediments in Ireland and the Pennines of England; there are deposits of copper, lead, and zinc sulfides that formed in rifts in Silesia (Poland and eastern Germany) and at the Riotinto Mines in southwestern Spain; and important mineral deposits of tin, tungsten, and uranium are associated with crustal melt granites in Cornwall, the Massif Central, and Spain and Portugal.
Uralian orogenic belt
The Uralian orogenic belt, which forms the traditional eastern boundary of Europe, extends for about 2,175 miles (3,500 km) from the Aral Sea in the south to the northeasternmost tip of Severny Island, one of the two large islands that constitute most of the Novaya Zemlya archipelago in the Arctic Ocean. It encompasses the Mughalzhar (Mugodzhar) Hills north of the Aral Sea, the Ural Mountains proper (which stretch for some 1,550 miles [2,500 km] from the bend of the Ural River in the south to the fringe of the Arctic in the north), the northern fingerlike extension of the Pay-Khoy Ridge, and Novaya Zemlya. The belt developed late in the Paleozoic as a result of collision between Asia and Europe. The earliest rifts in old Precambrian basement rocks began about 500 million years ago, and those developed into the floor of a new ocean. Island arcs formed in the later Silurian Period, and countless ophiolitic slabs of ocean floor were thrust onto the continental margins. In Devonian times a considerable amount of thrusting and metamorphism occurred, and the final parts of the ocean floor were subducted; the result of that activity was that in the Permian Period there was a final collision between the continents of Europe and Asia that gave rise to the Uralian orogenic belt.
In the Permian Period there was widespread deposition of limestones followed by red sandstones, which were derived by erosion of the mountains. The Ural Mountains also are rich in mineral deposits—especially chromite, platinum, nickel, copper, and gold—which are associated with the major ophiolitic slabs of ocean floor distributed along the chain.
Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras
During the Mesozoic Era the Tethys Sea evolved in what is now southern Europe, and during the Cenozoic Era that ocean was destroyed by subduction as many small plates collided. Those events gave rise to the present-day tectonic mosaic that extends eastward from the Atlas Mountains of North Africa, the Baetic Cordillera of southern Spain, and the Pyrenees via the Alps of maritime France, Switzerland, and Austria to the Carpathians, the Apennines, the Dinaric Alps, the Balkan Mountains, and the Taurus and Pontic mountains of Turkey and finally to the Caucasus. Within those belts also must be included the Pannonian Basin of southeastern Europe and the Algerian (or Balearic), Alborán, Tyrrhenian, and Adriatic basins of the Mediterranean Sea. The main cause of the Alpine orogeny during the Cenozoic was the northward compression of Africa into Europe.
The first rifting of the older supercontinent, Pangea, began in the Triassic Period (i.e., about 252 to 201 million years ago). During that time salt and evaporites were deposited in lakes in rift valleys. By 220 million years ago, in the Late Triassic, the continental margins of the new, narrow Tethys Sea were commonly covered by shallow water over fossiliferous carbonate shelf sediments. During the Jurassic Period (about 201 to 145 million years ago) those carbonate shelves began to fragment, and in the Cretaceous Period (about 145 to 66 million years ago) the ocean floor was subducted in many places. That gave rise to volcanic island arcs, such as those of present-day Indonesia, and slabs of the Tethys ocean floor were thrust as ophiolites onto the continental margins. Extensive remnants of those ophiolites can be seen today, especially in the northern Apennines and in the Balkans, Greece, Turkey, and Cyprus.
Collisions between many of the continental microplates took place in the Eocene and Oligocene epochs (about 56 to 23 million years ago). For example, the Iberian Peninsula rotated to give rise to the Pyrenees, the Italian Peninsula drove northward and compressed into Europe, causing the growth of the Swiss-Austrian Alps, and Anatolia moved westward and gave rise to the Aegean arc and the mountains of Greece. It is interesting to consider that it was the opening of the Red Sea that caused the Arabian Peninsula to slide northward along the fault defined by the Dead Sea and the Jordan Valley and in so doing to form at its front the Zagros Mountains of Iran, which in turn pushed Anatolia westward and caused the deformation in Greece. That scenario illustrates the interlinking and interdependence of all of those movements and structures in Europe with those outside the continent.
In the Miocene Epoch (i.e., about 23 to 5.3 million years ago) many of the early Mediterranean basins (e.g., Balearic, Tyrrhenian, Ionian, and Levantine) became isolated from the main Atlantic and Indo-Pacific oceans. In those basins were laid down huge deposits of salt and gypsum in evaporites up to more than a mile thick. Several other important mineral deposits in the European Alpine system also can be related to the stages of geologic evolution described above. Lead and zinc deposits occur in Triassic shelf limestones at Blei Hill in western Germany. Chromite ores are found in the ophiolites of the Balkans, Greece, and Turkey. Copper ores formed in pillow-bearing basaltic lavas of the Tethyan ocean floor; copper mines have been worked since antiquity in Cyprus, which lent its name to the element. The Tethys, however, was a relatively narrow ocean, and thus its limited subduction was not able to give rise, for example, to many granites and volcanic rocks, which might have contained useful mineral deposits.
Active seismic disturbances expressed as earthquakes are a reflection of the continuing compression between several of the European microplates. They are common in the Atlas Mountains, the island arc of the south Aegean, Greece, the island arc of the Tyrrhenian Sea in southern Italy, Turkey, and the Caucasus Mountains.
North European and Russian platforms
The approximately triangular area between the Caledonian orogeny in the west, the Hercynian orogeny and the Alps in the south, and the Urals in the east includes the Russian and North European platforms, as well as the North Sea. (That sea is a subsided fragment of the continental margin of Europe that was flooded with water from the melted glaciers of the last ice age.) Within that area the sedimentary rocks formed since the beginning of the Paleozoic are either undeformed or only weakly deformed, and thus that area contrasts with the surrounding orogenic belts described above, where such sediments are strongly deformed. Therefore, throughout much of the extensive Russian Platform the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic sediments have escaped the effects of the surrounding orogenies, and they are almost as horizontal as when they were laid down. Farther west, in the portion of the North European Platform that includes southeastern England and northern France, Mesozoic and early Cenozoic sediments have been weakly deformed into anticlines (arches of stratified rock) and synclines (troughs of stratified rock) by the Cenozoic deformation of the Alpine orogenic belt to the south. The deformation took place at a shallow level of the crust, and the sediments are still unmetamorphosed. For those reasons, the best place to find beautifully preserved Phanerozoic fossils is in the central triangular area of Europe. Moreover, under the North Sea there are gas reserves in Permian and Triassic sediments, and there are major oil reservoirs in Jurassic sediments.
Cenozoic igneous provinces
From about 60 to 50 million years ago there were important igneous extrusions and intrusions in northwestern Britain. In Northern Ireland and northwestern Scotland, basaltic lava flows (e.g., in the Giant's Causeway and the northern part of the isle of Skye) are associated with northwest–southeast-trending basaltic dikes and many plutonic (igneous rock formed deep within the crust) complexes, which are probably the roots of volcanoes. The dikes extend southeastward across northern England and continue under the North Sea. Related lavas occur in the Faroe Islands. Those igneous rocks formed in the faulted and thinned continental margin of northwestern Europe contemporaneously with the rifting and seafloor spreading that gave rise to the Atlantic Ocean.
The Mid-Atlantic Ridge plate boundary, separating the North American and the Eurasian plates, extends through the centre of Iceland. Along that ridge the Atlantic Ocean is still growing, and on Iceland that activity is expressed as major rifts, volcanoes, and steam geysers. The entire island is made of lavas, the oldest of which, on the northwestern coast, came from eruptions about 16 million years ago. Iceland thus preserves a unique record of the last stages of development of one of the world's major accreting plate boundaries, most of which is elsewhere submarine.Brian Frederick Windley
Pleistocene glaciation
The Pleistocene Epoch occupies the Quaternary Period (i.e., the past 2.6 million years), with the exception of the past 11,700 years, which are called the Holocene Epoch. Although the precise causes of the ice ages that mark the Pleistocene are controversial, it is known that prior to that succession of glacial stages northern Europe had risen to a much higher elevation than now and that ice formed to great depths there, as in the rest of the Atlantic landmass and the Alpine areas. The Pleistocene was punctuated by warm interglacial periods separating glacial advances; during its latter part, humans occupied niches in the more southerly parts of the continent.
Glaciers are the most powerful engines provided by nature for the transport—by plucking or quarrying—of large masses of rock, and certainly the European glaciers transformed the physique both of their source areas and of the lands to which they moved. Many physical forms of northern and Alpine Europe resulted from glacial erosion, supplemented by weathering, and the surfaces of areas where the glaciers eventually withered away consisted of masses of transported material. Southern Scandinavia, southern Finland, the Swiss Plateau, and the North European Plain were thickly plastered with a variety of forms, including boulder-studded clay, gravels, sands, and the windblown deposits known as loess. New drainage patterns were formed as well. The melting of so much ice raised the level of the oceans by an estimated 320 feet (98 metres) or more, while former ice-clad lands, including the North Sea area, began to rise isostatically (see isostasy). It was not until quite late in the Holocene that the northern seas of Europe—the Irish, North, and Baltic—took, by stages, their present shape.
Modern geologic framework
Although the exposed rocks of Europe are increasingly obscured by the works of humans, and while detailed understanding of rock patterns presents challenges even to the expert, the major formations of the continent are clear. In the north lie wide areas of worn-down ancient rocks, stripped of soil by the glaciers but compensated in some measure by the coastal plains created by uplift. In contrast, southern Europe, although incorporating such relicts as massifs of Paleozoic rocks, is essentially a youthful world, not yet fully fashioned, as evidenced by continuing seismic disturbances. Eastern Europe, based on the vast Russian Platform, is a stable world still young in surface, since the floor of its shield rocks is deeply concealed beneath Mesozoic and Cenozoic deposits, above which glacial material covers the northern half and loess deposits enrich the south. Although in scale that platform is a continental area, river development facilitates access to inland seas in both the north and the south. Ancient rocks, lying near the surface, offer mineral wealth, and the former Volga-Ural seas have left a residue of petroleum and mineral salts. For the rest, western and central Europe show great diversity of landforms and landscape as well as varied soil and mineral resources. Alpine ranges in the south and southeast combine high altitude and relief with scenic attractions and—more importantly—with high precipitation and water dispersion. Highland areas, remnants of faulted Hercynian belts surrounded by younger strata, provide another type of wooded landscape, with their contained coalfields. Iceland has the youngest landscape of Europe, with its spectacular semi-active volcanoes, high waterfalls, extensive glaciers, and steam geysers. Lastly, lowlands, of great human value, recall their varied origins—former sea and lake basins, lowlands of glacial deposition, parts of eroded synclinal structures, and alluvial and marine plains won from the sea by isostasy or, as exemplified by the Dutch polders, by the work of humans.
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Make sure you always choose quality vs.. quantity when buying jewelry that is handmade, especially if this purchase is a gift for someone special. Purchasing a smaller, well-made piece is much better than buying a larger, poorer quality item for the same price. Speaking of price, those on a budget simply need to remember that good handmade jewelry is not always expensive. It is the quality and look that truly counts, not the amount paid.
What are the Benefits of Purchasing Handmade Jewelry Rather Than Mass-produced Jewelry?
The most basic definition of handmade jewelry is that it is crafted by hand as opposed to mechanically made by a machine. In its purest form, hand-assembled does not mean handmade. Handmade and hand-assembled are totally unrelated, but commonly misunderstood by both consumer and designer. Just because a piece is hand-assembled does not make it handmade. Handmade jewelers use old metal-smith skills, simple tools, and a broad variety of techniques to create their desired forms and shapes. In handmade jewelry you can often observe each item's uniqueness, its dissimilarity from similar pieces. Individuality, culture, and meaning are clearly evident in handmade objects. Making marketable and sought after handmade jewelry requires a considerable amount of dedication, skill, and creativity not often found in most mass-produced jewelry. The quality of a piece of fine handmade jewelry will definitely be recognized and appreciated by many over mass-produced jewelry.
Even though handmade jewelry might appear to be slightly flawed in the eyes of the casual observer, high quality handmade jewelry should nonetheless last a lifetime. More often than not, manufactured jewelry has a higher probability of breaking than its handmade counterpart. Many department stores sell "handmade jewelry" labels, but this doesn't necessarily mean high quality. Many of these "handmade" pieces are actually hand-assembled pieces that are composed of mass-produced components (findings) and are quickly assembled by hand. Mass-production facilities typically require artisans to meet efficiency quotas that result in poorly made jewelry, made with cheaper materials — even if it is technically made by hand. Over the long run, you would be much better off in terms of wear ability if you selected non-mass produced jewelry, or jewelry that wasn't made in huge production runs. High quality Atlanta handmade jewelry often has an artisan's name and reputation proudly attached to the finished product. Fortunately, quality and uniqueness are typically apparent to the careful observer.
Certainly the most important advantages to owning hand-crafted jewelry is that it gives the wearer the pleasure of wearing something one-of-a-kind which no one else has, that is created by a genuine artisan with love and passion for his or her work. Crafting well made and designed jewelry is an art form. This strength of feeling comes across in the design process, and in the finished jewelry itself. Mass-produced jewelry is just "soulless." One's personalized style, taste, individuality, and identity can be conveyed by and can be better reflected by wearing jewelry that is hand-made. Wearing mass-produced jewelry lends oneself to look mass-produced and off the rack. Regardless, mass-produced jewelry usually brings with it no special meaning or history — no story, no life. When you wear beautiful Atlanta handmade jewelry, it is a pleasure to be able to explain to admirers the actual story or history behind what you are wearing, or information about the artist, which is often possible with handmade jewelry bought from individual artisans or their representative galleries. Above all, it is simply a joy to wear jewelry that someone has personally and lovingly created by hand.


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Opulent in comfort, this firm tight top mattress is everything you have been searching for in a mattress and more. Different layers of comfort and support make it easy to drift off to sleep and awaken feeling refreshed and revitalized in a way you have never been before. The Sealy Stability™ Coil with new encased coils help distribute motion so the movement of your partner does not awaken you from your sublime slumber. Solid Edge™ HD provides two and a half inches of full PE foam edge for more perimeter support that you are sure to love. The Gel OrthoZone® II made up of Contoured poly foam provides you with the perfect tantalizingly refined night of sleep every night, making restless nights of sleep a thing of the past.
The Sealy Brand Level 3 Queen Plush Faux Euro Top Mattress and 5" Low Profile Foundation by Sealy at Pedigo Furniture in the Livingston, Onalaska, Trinity, Coldspring, Corrigan, Huntsville, TX area. Product availability may vary. Contact us for the most current availability on this product.
The Sealy Brand collection of mattresses by Sealy gives you an ideal blend of comfort, support, and value. Designed with a new look and stylish profile, these mattresses feature the contemporary style and quality you're looking for at a more affordable price. The SealyTech Innerspring provides the deep down support that is the cornerstone of the Sealy brand, ensuring a restorative sleep experience. Offered in a range of comfort choices, enjoy a restful night's sleep every night with a mattress from the Sealy Brand Collection.
The Sealy Brand Level 3 collection is a great option if you are looking for Mattresses in the Livingston, Onalaska, Trinity, Coldspring, Corrigan, Huntsville, TX area.
Browse other items in the Sealy Brand Level 3 collection from Pedigo Furniture in the Livingston, Onalaska, Trinity, Coldspring, Corrigan, Huntsville, TX area.
This item has been tagged as: Mattress Set, Mattress, Queen Mattress Set, King Mattress Set, California King Mattress Set, Full Mattress Set , Twin Mattress Set, Twin Size Set, Full Size, Set Queen Size Set, King Size Set, California King Size Set, Mattresses
Nothing on this page may be copied or reproduced without explicit permission.


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Ackroyd and Harvey
Jeff Koons
If you're the type to stop and smell the roses you probably have some appreciation for the natural world. Unfortunately, in this age of technology, less and less people take time to connect with our natural surroundings, which makes the works we're featuring here so important. The works of Jeff Koons, Ackroyd and Harvey, Binh Danh and Portia Munson all take plant-life and re-contextualize it; the viewer is faced with something familiar cast in a new light. In the cases of Koons and Ackroyd and Harvey, the scale of their works looms over the viewer to remind them that the nature of all things are continually evolving, even that of human civilization. With Portia Munson's Garden installations, we literally walk into a new world that is groomed yet overgrown, familiar yet psychedelic. Binh Danh's plant-based portraits balance the fragile surface of the leaves with the powerful imagery of the victims of the 1970's Cambodian unrest. Though the works are largely different, one thing binds them together, the power of nature to communicate a feeling and a message without words.


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Rucker Music Group, Media Mafia Productions, & Area 1 Entertainment Presents: Ruck (Feat. Zeke) - I Got The Feeling [Label Submitted]
Video Shot & Edited by: Brian 'Flex' Wynder of
Media Mafia Productions
Track Produced by: Benny 'Dada' Tillman of Area 1 Entertainment
Song Written by: Israel Rucker of Rucker Music Group
Model: Kimberly Dixon
Make Up by: Vandetta Clark
Fashion by: Maya Rucker
Special Thanks To: Patrick Delisser & Omar Parham
Go to www.ruckermusicgroup.com for more exclusive content & songs. "
Please click the "Report" button below if the video on this page is not working properly.
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Business and Productivity
99 Toolkit cache battery more« Business & Productivity « Downloads
|October 7, 2013
|10 times
|Business & Productivity
99Toolkit is essential toolkit of the android phone.
This is on the market today is the latest and best android toolkit which includes a dozen of common tool, and will add more.
√ 0. Desktop Widgets
# Real-time battery desktop widget
# Quick switch desktop widget
# Quick toolbox desktop widget
# Task killer widget
√ 1. System Status
# Graphical display of battery status
# Graphical display of memory state
# Graphical display of internal storage state
# Graphical display of SD card state
√ 2. Power saving settings
# Real-time display of battery status
# Custom power-saving mode, one tap to switch mode
# One tap to switch a set of setting
√ 3. Cache cleaner
# One Tap to clear all caches, release the internal phone storage
# Cache size alerts
√ 4. History clean up
# One Tap to clear historical data on the phone
# Supplementary clean way also provide
√ 5. Recent task
# Show all the recent tasks
# One Tap to terminate task
√ 6. Process Management
# Show all running process
# One Tap to kill process
# Auto kill process
√ 7. Service Management
# Shows all running service
# One Tap to terminate services
√ 8. File Manager
# Explore SD card
# Recognize the all kinds of files
√ 9. Uninstaller
# Display all user-installed applications
# One tap to backup all applications
# Support batch uninstall
# Support batch backup
# Display applications on phone storage
# Display applications on SD card
# Display applications which installed only phone storage
# Support move to the phone
# Support moveto SD card
# Support batch operation
√ 11. Installer
# Display the application stored on the SD card
# Support batch installation
√ 12. Battery Information
# Battery real-time information
# Support launcher widget
√ 13. Volume Setting
# Adjust the ring volume
# Adjust the notification volume
# Adjust the media volume
# Adjust the alarm volume
# Adjust the system volume
√ 14. System Information
# Display the phone's hardware information
# Display the phone's software information
# Display the phone's network information
Similar applications on the market including Android Assistant,Super aTool Box, ES Task Manager
99Toolkit is the latest and best android toolkit on the market, just try it.
If you have any questions, you can contact us: email@example.com
uninstall uninstaller uninstall tool application management backup app app2sd app 2 sd move to sd
task process service task killer process killer service killer task manager memory free save battery
history cleaner history eraser clean clipboard delete call log
cache clean cache clear cache phone storage
- DocuSign Ink
- Blackmart App Installer
- ES File Explorer File Manager
- Microsoft To-Do
- TeamViewer for Remote Control
- Documents To Go for Android
- Polaris Office for Android
- NQ Mobile Security & Antivirus
- CamScanner Phone PDF Creator
- Astro File Manager for Android
- Google Japanese Input
- Google Docs
- AutoCAD - DWG Viewer & Editor
- DTEK by BlackBerry


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By Hindustan Times
France's Cannes Film Festival says it has finally snagged Steven Spielberg to serve as president of the award jury this year. Gilles Jacob, the festival's president, recounted how he had been trying to get the award-winning director to head the jury for years - but the American was always
Finally, this year, Spielberg got in touch. "When this year I was told 'E.T., phone home,' I understood and immediately replied: 'At last!'" Jacob said in a statement posted on the festival's website on Thursday.
Spielberg, who was nominated but didn't win the directing Oscar for his biopic Lincoln this year, takes the reins from Italian Nanni Moretti. The festival takes place in the glamorous French Mediterranean resort of Cannes from May 15 to 26


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Dennys: News Politics Comedy Science Arts & Food: Best Funny Mothers Day Quotes, Trivia, Photography, Poetry: From Denny: Today is the day we honor the mothers in our lives. Sometimes, those mothering women are our fond memories of those who helped us to become better and stronger people today.
They may be our biological or adoptive mothers, grandmothers, aunts, older friends who mentored us, fabulous school teachers. Whoever the best women are in your lives, take a moment today and this week to enjoy the best of what they gave to you.
As I've blogged over the past few years, there are now a happy pile of women inspired posts and some very funny Mother's Day quotes to enjoy:


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ABS Durable Gyro Stress Reliever Pressure Reducing Toy for Office Worker - Blue
Availability:In Stock Hurry! Only 1 left!
Sale Ends On:--/-- App-Only:$0.00
Shipping & Payment Return Policy
Related Recommendations
- Description
- Reviews
Main Features:
- Challenge game of skill and action, easy to learn and play
- Fosters children's patience and flexibility
- A great toy for kids and adults to relieve stress and anxiety
- Funny decompression toy, suitable for the costume party, birthday party, Fools Day, etc.
- Suitable for kids up to 3 years old
The color of the middle axis is random
Deep blue and light blue are shipped at random
Frame material: ABS
Color: Blue
Package weight: 0.0500 kg
Product size (L x W x H): 6.00 x 6.00 x 1.80 cm / 2.36 x 2.36 x 0.71 inches
Package size (L x W x H): 8.00 x 8.00 x 3.00 cm / 3.15 x 3.15 x 1.18 inches
We do not accept any responsibility or liability for misuse of this or any other product. All our products are extensively tested to comply with rigorous and strict QC standards. For certain products (e.g. toys, knives, etc.), we recommend proper supervision as we cannot be held liable for misuse or accidents.
The item color and style(or pattern) is subject to stock availability, we reserve the right to substitute for another color/pattern.
We do not accept any responsibility or liability for the incorrect purchase of our products. All of the products on the website are extensively tested to comply with rigorous and strict QC standards. For all of our clothing products, items and accessories, please take careful note of the precise measurements, mainly shown in centimeters (CM). As part of our company policy, we will not be able to accept returns or provide refunds for items which are the wrong size.
Product photography is for illustration only. The product sold may have minor physical differences depending on manufacturer specifications, production batch, etc. Customers should carefully consider this before purchase.
These toys contain small parts, not for children under 3 years in case of swallowing or choking . We do not accept any responsibility or liability for misuse of this or any other product.
We give 10 R Points for a written review, and 20 R Points if you include photos.
Plus, if you're one of the first 5 to submit either review, you'll get DOUBLE R Points!
For any pre-sales questions,
please Contact Customer Service and get a response within 24 hours.
Wholesale Inquiry
We will reply your enquiry within 36 hours.


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Scientific Games Signs Central Monitoring System Contract with New Mexico Gaming Control Board
Jan 29, 2014, 04:10 ET
NEW YORK, Jan. 29, 2014 /PRNewswire/ -- Scientific Games Corporation (Nasdaq: SGMS) today announced that the Company has signed a contract to implement and support a Central Monitoring System for the New Mexico Gaming Control Board, an existing customer. Under the terms of the contract, Scientific Games will provide the Scientific Games SGVideo™ Gaming Central Monitoring System which will monitor and control licensed video gaming terminals, located in five racinos and up to 70 non-profit locations. The contract was awarded through a competitive procurement process, has an initial term of four years and may be extended by the Gaming Control Board for up to four additional years.
"We were impressed by the proposed solution from Scientific Games. We felt that Scientific Games had a real understanding of our goals and initiatives and provided the best overall approach," stated Frank Baca, Acting Executive Director/General Counsel. "We believe the experience and systems technology from Scientific Games offer the best solution for the State."
"Scientific Games is pleased to continue our longstanding relationship with the New Mexico Gaming Control Board by providing our SGVideo™ Gaming Central Monitoring System," said Brennen Lawrence, Senior Vice President of North American Gaming for Scientific Games. "Scientific Games continues to develop solutions that meet the changing needs of our customers. This system provides the powerful tools necessary for New Mexico to regulate gaming activity, evaluate financial positions and collect revenue."
About Scientific Games
Scientific Games Corporation is a leading developer of technology-based products and services and associated content for worldwide gaming and lottery markets. The Company's portfolio includes instant and draw-based lottery games; electronic gaming machines and game content; server-based lottery and gaming systems; sports betting technology; loyalty and rewards programs; and social, mobile and interactive content and services. For more information, please visit: www.scientificgames.com.
Company Contacts
Investor Relations:
Cindi Buckwalter, (212) 754-2233
William Pfund, (847) 785-3167
Media Relations:
Charles Alfaro, (212) 318-9152
Forward-Looking Statements
In this press release, the Company makes "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements describe future expectations, plans, results or strategies and can often be identified by the use of terminology such as "may," "will," "estimate," "intend," "continue," "believe," "expect," "anticipate," "should," "could," "potential," "opportunity," or similar terminology. Forward-looking statements may contain expectations regarding activities, financial position, operations, synergies and other results following our acquisition of WMS. These statements are based upon management's current expectations, assumptions and estimates and are not guarantees of timing, future results or performance. Actual results may differ materially from those contemplated in these statements due to a variety of risks and uncertainties and other factors, including, among other things: competition; material adverse changes in economic and industry conditions; technological change; retention and renewal of existing contracts and entry into new or revised contracts; effect of indebtedness on our operations and financial condition; availability and adequacy of cash flows to satisfy obligations and indebtedness or future needs; protection of our intellectual property; ability to license third party intellectual property; intellectual property rights of others; security and integrity of software and systems; reliance on information technology systems; laws and government regulation, including those relating to gaming licenses, permits and operations; inability to identify, complete and integrate future acquisitions; inability to benefit from, and risks associated with, strategic equity investments and relationships; inability of our joint venture to meet the net income targets or otherwise to realize the anticipated benefits under its private management agreement with the Illinois Lottery; inability of our joint venture to meet the net income targets or other requirements under its agreement to provide marketing and sales services to the New Jersey Lottery or otherwise to realize the anticipated benefits under such agreement (including as a result of a protest); failure to realize the anticipated benefits related to the award to our consortium of an instant ticket concession in Greece; the seasonality of our business; disruption of our current plans and operations in connection with our acquisition of WMS; failure to achieve the intended benefits of the WMS acquisition, including due to the inability to realize synergies in the anticipated amounts or within the contemplated time-frames or cost expectations, or at all; inability to identify and capitalize on trends and changes in the lottery and gaming industries, including the potential expansion of regulated gaming via the internet; inability to enhance and develop successful gaming concepts; slow growth of gaming jurisdictions or the casino industry; decline in the replacement cycle of gaming machines; consolidation or ownership changes in the casino industry; dependence on suppliers and manufacturers; liability for product defects; fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates and other factors associated with international operations; influence of certain stockholders; dependence on key personnel; failure to perform under our contracts; resolution of pending or future litigation; labor matters; and stock price volatility. Additional information regarding risks and uncertainties and other factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those contemplated in forward-looking statements is included from time to time in the Company's filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"), including in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 12, 2013 and in our subsequent periodic reports. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date they are made and, except for the Company's ongoing obligations under the U.S. federal securities laws, the Company undertakes no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statements whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.
SOURCE Scientific Games Corporation


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Center for Legal and Court Technology
Begun as the Courtroom 21 Project in 1993, the Center for Legal and Court Technology is a joint project of William & Mary Law School and the National Center for State Courts. CLCT's primary mission is "to improve the world's legal systems through the appropriate use of technology." To accomplish this, CLCT:
- is involved in judicial and lawyer education and training,
- provides needs assessments,
- holds legal technology demonstrations and discussions for jurists, lawyers, law faculty, court administrators, technologists, architects and others from throughout the world,
- is a world center for empirical and legal research on courtroom technology
Law School Support
CLCT places great emphasis on service to the Law School. CLCT is an integral part of the law school experience for students with many opportunities to get involved.
The center also conducts experimental trials, or "laboratory trials," which explore how technology can be used to advance the administration of justice. In conducting these trials, the Center often works with major national organizations such as the Justice Department and the Center for Missing and Exploited Children. We frequently use the assistance of the Courtroom 21 Participating Companies and Organizations that support us through the loan of equipment and expertise. Students serve as counsel and distinguished federal and state judges preside over lab trials. These trials often involve other universities; in the past, for example, we worked with affiliated programs at the University of Leeds, England, and the Queensland University of Technology, Australia. Lab trials are often tied to the Law School's courses that teach the use of technology for attorneys.
CLCT hosts a number of conferences in addition to the annual Court Affiliates Conference. Some notable examples include the Conference on Privacy and Public Access to Court Records, arranged with the support of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts; the Courthouse Construction and Renovation Conference; and the 10th Annual Conference on Substantive Technology in Legal Education and Practice with participants from many countries.
Other Projects
Courtroom 21 Court Affiliates includes courts that are interested in learning from each other's experiences.
Contact Us
Center for Legal and Court Technology
William & Mary Law School
P.O. Box 8795
Williamsburg, Virginia 23187
Phone: (757) 221-2494
Fax: (757) 221-3708 or 3261


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Hey All,
I have a standalone Win2k server running Terminal Services(remote admin mode) w/ SQL 2000 setup for development purposes. We currently have two instances (Dev, QA) setup on the same machine. We have contractors that will perform some of the lower-level tasks required by the client. I do not want the contractors to be able to access the QA instance. I have setup the proper directory permissions and confirmed that they can access the Dev instance of the web content as well as the SQL DB, but cannot access the QA instance. I configured TS to allow the Contractors (who are not Admins) to TS into the box, which works fine...mostly. My issue is that the contractors are unable to perform certain tasks on the machine. They cannot restart services or open the IIS admin console and view site properties. Does anyone know what permission level they need to be able to perform these tasks? I really don't want to give them full Admin rights if I don't have to, but they need to be able to perform those two tasks.


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Home|Specifications|Ordering Info|FAQ's|Products|Contact
Patio furniture lines offered by Dr Strap:
Commercial Patio Furniture
Commercial Patio Chairs
Commercial Chaise Lounges
Commercial Bar Stools
Commercial Bar Height Tables
Commercial Grade Dining Tables
Commercial Grade Side Tables
Sling lines
Island Line
Zodiac Line
Cayman Line
Oahu Line
Strap lines
Tahiti Line
Vegas Line
Patio Umbrellas and Bases
Patio Umbrellas
Patio Umbrella Bases
Patio Accesssories
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Still Waters Presents The 28th Anniversary Release Of "Life is A Saxophone"
Sunday, February 24, 2013 from 6:00 PM to 10:00 PM (PST)
Event Details
Sunday February 24th, 6:00pm
Still Waters Presents...
The 28th Anniversary Release of "Life is A Saxophone"
Starring The Legendary Poet Kamau Daáood
Includes interpretations of Daáood's work through
marital arts (Dadisi Sanyika), dance (Lula Washington),
art (Gale Fulton Ross) and musicians Billy Higgins, Roberto
Miranda, Dadisi Komolafe and Nirankar Singh Khalsa.
First released in 1985, the film has not been available for
two decades. In Life Is A Saxophone, poet Kamau Daáood,
"the word musician," looks at survival as an oral poet in
an electronic age.
- A Film By: S. Pearl Sharp
Red carpet & Award reception 6:00pm
Film 7:00pm - Performances 8:45pm
******Still Waters******
(Where Live Art, Music & Spoken word Explode!)
Live esemble - UnityInSounds
Live Art By - Enkone
Vegetarian soul food by: Chef Born Samaaj
Hosted By- Food4Thot & Socks
Early arrival strongly suggested!!!!
Advance tickets $20 - $25 at the door
For more info call: 424-646-3334
About the Artist...
Kamau Daáood is a mythic figure in the Southern California arts scene, a performance poet, educator and community arts activist who is widely acknowledged as a major driving force behind Los Angeles' black cultural renaissance. A native of Los Angeles, Kamau began working his craft in the 1960's as a member of the Watts Writer's Workshop, and honed his skills as a "word musician" working with Horace Tapscott's Pan Afrikan Peoples Arkestra.
His published work includes two books, "Ascension" and "Liberator Of The Spirit," the poetry collection "The Language Of Saxophones" (City Lights 2005) and the acclaimed spoken word CD, "Leimert Park" (Mamma Foundation 1997). In 1980 he and drummer Billy Higgins co-founded The World Stage in Los Angeles, which grew into a black creative epicenter. Daáood is Director of the performance group "An Army Of Healers," and was selected the 2005 Poet Laureate Of The Watts Towers Arts Center.
S. Pearl Sharp's award-winning films include The Healing Passage/Voices From The Water, Picking Tribes and several documentaries for the City of Los Angeles' CH 35. Her literary work includes Black Women For Beginners (distrib. Random House) and two poetry w/jazz CDs, On The Sharp Side and Higher Ground.
Looking forward to seeing you present.
Peace & Many Blessings
Still Waters
When & Where
817 N La Brea Ave
Sunday, February 24, 2013 from 6:00 PM to 10:00 PM (PST)
Add to my calendar


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Welcome to National Wires
National Wires is a leading & trusted name in the field of security fencing wires and wire products in the National & International market.
NATIONAL WIRES is the leading manufacturer specializing in the design, supply and installation of security fencing products in Punjab. We are the pioneers in manufacturing of Concertina Coils, Razor wire, Concertina wire, Barbed wire, Chainlink Fencing, Stay wire and are the major supplier of these products to various Government organizations including Ministry of Defence, Border Security force, CPWD, Airports, Nuclear power plants, Electricity boards etc.
Being in the business from last 20 years, company can handle any requirement of high quality fencing products and Security fencing, subject to total quality control and restrict delivery schedules. We are a leading Fencing wire manufacturer in Punjab.
Our high quality product range is highly admired by our National & International Clients, Govt. Departments, Ministry of Defence & DGS and D' Backed by our nearly two decades of industry experience and experienced manpower support, we successfully meet the superior range of security fencing wires and coils needs arising at client's end. These are manufactured using high quality raw materials like G. I. sheets, spring steel wires, G. I wires, stainless steel, aluminum, copper to ensure durable performance at client's end. [ More..]