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Carl Zeiss Distagon T* Otus 1.4/55 ZF.2 Nikon mounted on Nikon D800E : Tests and Reviews
Carl Zeiss Distagon T* Otus 1.4/55 ZF.2 Nikon Review
Carl Zeiss Distagon T* Otus 1,4/55 ZF.2 (Nikon) lens review: Outstanding Optical Performance
Introduction Zeiss already make a range of manual focus lenses for Canon and Nikon, but this new model is the first in a new range of high-end Otus lenses from the maker optimized for the next generation of full-frame high-resolution DSLRs. As with the Touits, the new naming of the series follows the maker's liking for adopting scientific names of birds for their lenses.Unlike those earlier lenses designed for mirrorless cameras, this fast standard is a retrofocus full-frame (35mm format) model, but the 55mm focal length also works well on APS-C cameras, where it has a
Further readings for the Carl Zeiss Distagon T* Otus 1.4/55 ZF.2 Nikon
To provide photographers with a broader perspective about mobiles, lenses and cameras, here are links to articles, reviews, and analyses of photographic equipment produced by DxOMark, renown websites, magazines or blogs.
Two years after the launch of the 35mm F1.4 DG HSM A, the first model in its highly-respected Art line, Sigma has finally introduced an 85mm version.
With a slightly narrower angle of view and a slightly greater image magnification than the 85mm, resulting in marginally more pronounced subject isolation, the 105mm has long been a popular alternative. This new high-speed F1.4 autofocus model from Nikon will eventually replace the earlier AF DC-Nikkor 105mm F2D (defocus control) model, and is currently the fastest of its type.
Nikon's latest flagship FX-mount, full-frame DSLR — the D5 — is a performance powerhouse, featuring a new 153-point autofocus system and 12 fps burst shooting of up to 200 14-bit RAW files. Designed for the traditional customer base of sports, press and wildlife pros demanding top performance, the D5's increased 20.8Mp resolution and enhanced low-light capabilities has further broadened the D5's appeal. As well as boasting enough pixels for advertising, magazine, and even landscape photography, the D5's image quality improvements at the mid-ISO 1600–12,800 range will interest a range of professionals looking for great results in low light.
With its natural perspective and selective focus at maximum aperture, the 85mm f/1.4 is the perhaps the most coveted of short telephoto lenses for portraiture both indoors and out. This new manual-focus lens from high-end maker Zeiss replaces the earlier 85mm model from the maker's Classic line, and features a new optical design and an exterior resembling that of the no-compromise Otus models.
Zeiss has replaced its so-called "Classic" range of Nikon ZF.2 and Canon ZE SLR lenses with redesigned models reminiscent of the company's high-end Otus range. Adopting the scientific name for a genus of birds of prey, the rebranded Milvus lens range consists of several models, with this particular 1.4/50 model featuring an all-new optical design as a replacement for the Planar T* 1,4/50.
Announced in January 2014, the Sigma 50mm F1.4 DG HSM is a high-speed premium AF lens with an image circle designed to cover full-frame sensors. When fitted to an APS-C camera, however, the angle of view is equivalent to a 75mm short telephoto.
Designed exclusively for Sony E-mount cameras and the full-frame A7 series models in particular, the Zeiss Loxia 2/50 (50mm f/2), like the Otus ZF models, deliberately avoids AF in favor of a mix of manual mechanical controls and electronic data transfer. Read on to find out how well this lens performs.
In Part 2 of "Best lenses for the Nikon D750" we're looking at the performance of primes on Nikon's latest full-frame DSLR. We've analyzed over 60 fixed-focal-length lenses on the D750, including Nikon's own Nikkor brand and third-party alternatives. Covering focal lengths from 14mm through to 600mm, the scores include some of the best results our technicians have ever recorded.
Nikon's mid-term refresh of the firm's hugely popular D800 and D800E models resulted in a single model, the D810. Like the D800E it aims to maximize the resolution of the full-frame 36-Mpix CMOS sensor and omits a modified AA filter completely. We've analyzed the image quality of over 100 different lenses mounted to the new camera to discover how well this new model performs.
Zeiss Otus 85mm f1.4 Apo Planar T* Canon ZE and Nikon ZF.2 mount lens reviews: World's best performing 85mm portrait lens?
Launched a little over 2-years ago, the first Zeiss Otus model was a triumph in optical and mechanical perfection, and now Zeiss has added a second model to the range, and high speed 85mm with a heady mix of six anomalous dispersion glass elements, one asphere and a floating system to reduce aberrations at close range. Read on to see how well this new exotic model performs.


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|Home » Greenware » Utensils / Eco-Friendly » Compostable Forks Pastel PLA - Package of one color of 50
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fredgleeck needed a new other design and created a contest on 99designs.
A winner was selected from 34 designs submitted by 10 freelance designers.
Fred Gleeck
Hi! I create and market a LOT of products on the internet. I help others do the same. One of the things I recommend people do is to write and create their own books. I've already done over 15 books and I want to be doing 4 a year for MYSELF. I also get asked for recommendations for people to help in the book creation process. I hope that the designer I select will work with me OFTEN and for a LONG time. I want someone who will think OUT OF THE BOX, yet commercial. This book should look as good as any book that sits on the shelf at Barnes and Noble or any bookstore.
The people who buy this book will be men and women between 25 and 50 who are interested in selling things on the internet.
I want you to create the front cover, the spine and the back cover. I'm attaching a sample of a back cover. The back cover will be pretty "standard". I'm not expecting you to copy the DESIGN, but the format must remain exactly as the sample. The spine of the book should be done using VERTICAL type. I think this looks better and stands out more on a bookshelf. The FRONT cover is where your creativity should come out. The title of the book is SELL YOUR BRAIN POWER. The subtitle is "Information Marketing in 7 Easy Steps". The image I want to convey on the cover has to do with showing readers that they can make MONEY with their knowledge they already have. This cover should be ALL ABOUT showing the potential reader that they can make a comfortable living from selling what they know, their BRAIN POWER. I could go on, but this says it all. Put on your creative hat, yet make sure that your design is one I could see on a book store shelf. I've attached a word document that has all the copy for the back copy. Use the copy I've attached and use the STYLE of the back cover I sent. You don't have to make it look identical, but it has to be put into that "system."


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The Harpmaster D features an easy to play, free blowing design with its solid ABS comb and focused note holes. The bendable laser tuned phosphor bronze reeds produce the clarity and rich, mellow tones you would expect from much more expensive harmonicas. The classically shaped reed covers offer the look and feel of the traditional harmonica and they are built from durable polished stainless steel. The Harpmaster will provide you with years of proven performance. The Harpmaster includes a hard shell carrying case.
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Swag - Moving On [Label Submitted]
"Video Directed by Swag & HD-TAY. Song off of Swag's upcoming mixtape "U Bitch!" dropping exclusively on SwaggaLife.com next week. Produced by Khrys Hollywood"
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U.S. Equal Employment
Opportunity Commission
Meeting of October 20, 2010 - Employer Use of Credit History as a Screening Tool
My name is Sarah Crawford, and I am Senior Counsel with the Employment Discrimination Project of the Lawyers. Committee for Civil Rights Under Law. I am honored to testify here today about the discriminatory effects of credit checks.
The Access Campaign of the Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law seeks to dismantle unnecessary and discriminatory barriers to gainful employment related to background checks. The Access Campaign also works to ensure that employers utilize the information gained from background checks responsibly and in accordance with their legal obligations.1
In light of research showing the lack of predictive value of credit information, credit checks create an unnecessary obstacle for those seeking gainful employment. Credit checks create barriers for those who apply for a job in order to support themselves and their families, to pay their bills, and to pull themselves out of debt. I am here today to comment on the negative impact of this practice, particularly for communities of color.
Credit checks are becoming an increasingly prevalent practice in the employment sector. According to a survey by the Society for Human Resource Management, approximately 60% of its employer members use credit checks as a hiring tool, compared to 35% of employers in 2001.2 Some employers report that they use credit checks in hiring for all positions.3 This practice is particularly troubling in light of research indicating that credit information bears no relation to job performance or risk of crime in the workplace.
Contrary to the fear mongering and false promises by credit bureaus that profit from selling credit reports to employers, credit information does not predict job performance or risk of theft in the workplace. A TransUnion official recently admitted under oath, "At this point we don.t have any research to show any statistical correlation between what's in somebody's credit report and their job performance or their likelihood to commit fraud."4
In fact, research has shown that credit information does not predict job performance.5 In 2004, Dr. Jerry Palmer and Dr. Laura Koppes of Eastern Kentucky University studied the credit reports of nearly 200 current and former employees working in the financial services areas of six companies.6 The study revealed that applicants with good credit reports were no more likely to receive positive performance evaluations and were no less likely to be terminated from their jobs.7In fact, one aspect of the study revealed that workers with a higher number of late payments actually received higher performance ratings.8
While credit reports may show whether bills have been paid on time, they do not reflect the circumstances surrounding debts or reasons for any late payments. For example, a credit report would not explain that a factory worker lost his job when his employer went out of business. A credit report would not explain that a man.s credit was destroyed because he was the victim of identity theft or a predatory lending scam. A credit report would not explain that a woman.s credit was destroyed as a result of divorce. And a credit report would not explain that a woman lost her job and her health coverage before developing breast cancer and incurring astronomical medical bills.
Medical debts reflected in credit reports raise particular concerns about the practice of employer credit checks. Medical debt often arises due to circumstances out of an individual's control and can have a catastrophic impact on an individual's financial situation. Seventeen percent of our citizens—15 million people—are uninsured, including 12% percent of whites, 21% of Blacks, and 32% of Hispanics.9
What happens when the uninsured face a major illness? Often, they incur medical debt. Such medical debts are often impossible to distinguish from other forms of debt listed in a credit report. Although most employers report that they do not base hiring decisions on medical debt, the impact of medical debt could be reflected in outstanding judgments, bankruptcies, foreclosures, and other forms of debts that employers may take into consideration. Over half of collections accounts are composed of medical debt, and Americans often are forced to pay for costly medical procedures with credit cards.
Medical debt is often hidden in credit card debt. A study by Demos and the Access Project showed that families with medical debt had 43% more credit card debt than those without medical debt. 10 The study also showed that more than half of low and middle income families used their credit cards to pay for medical expenses, including the costs of prescription drugs, dental expenses and visits to the doctor. However, a credit report would only reveal the amount of debt owed on the credit card; thus, an employer would lack the necessary information to understand that the debt arose out of a medical need.
The effects of medical debt raise particular concerns about the impact of credit checks on women and persons with disabilities. One study found that 33% of working age women, compared to 25% of men, faced medicals bills that caused them to take out a mortgage on their home or take on credit card debt.11 Persons with disabilities could also be disadvantaged by credit checks, due to the effects of incurring higher medical expenses. One out of every three adults with disabilities live in very low income households (defined as those with less than $15,000 of annual income), as compared to one out of every eight non-disabled adults.12
Allsup, a nationwide provider of Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) representation and Medicare services, reports that people with disabilities have experienced significant unemployment rates in the current recession.13 According to an Allsup senior claimant representative "Many people [with disabilities] have been laid off. They.re being hit with mortgage and credit problems, resulting in foreclosures and bankruptcies."14
Additionally, credit reports are rife with errors. One study found that 79% of the consumer credit reports surveyed contained some kind of error or mistake.15 This study found that 25% the reports surveyed contained serious errors such as false delinquencies or accounts that did not involve the consumer; 54% of the reports contained personal demographic information that was misspelled, long-outdated, belonged to a stranger, or was otherwise incorrect; 22% of the reports listed the same mortgage or loan twice; 8% of the credit reports were missing major credit, loan, mortgage, or other consumer accounts that demonstrate the creditworthiness of the consumer; and 30% of the reports contained credit accounts that had been closed by the consumer but remained listed as open.16
Another study found that some accounts showed balances that were not up to date, some creditors reported only negative information, and public records inconsistently reported actions such as bankruptcies and collections.17 This error rate is due in part to the sheer volume of data that credit reporting agencies handle. A Harvard report noted that credit reporting agencies are tasked with "matching over 2 billion trade line updates, 2 million public record items and an average of 1.2 million changes of household address, from 30,000 different furnishers, to the proper consumer credit files each month."18
Furthermore, there is no common standard among employers as to how to interpret credit reports. Human resources officials are given little guidance as to how to interpret technical financial information. Despite the claims of the credit reporting companies, these reports do not provide meaningful insight into a candidate's character, responsibility, or prospective job performance.
Credit background checks disproportionately impact communities of color. Various factors contribute to racial disparities in credit scores. Unemployment has skyrocketed in recent years, and the effects of the recession have fallen most harshly on minorities. Sixteen percent of blacks and 12% of Hispanics are unemployed, compared with 9% of whites.19 The Bureau of Labor Statistics has tracked the persistent and significant racial disparities in unemployment rates over the past decade:
Fourteen percent of Americans live in poverty—that is 43.6 million people living in poverty in this country.21 According to the Census Bureau, this is largest number in the 51 years for which poverty estimates are available. Twenty-five percent of Blacks and Hispanics live in poverty, compared to nine percent of Whites.22
The wealth gap for African Americans is startling. The average median wealth for whites is $94,599, compared to $2,109 for minorities. The wealth gap is particularly stark for women of color. A recent report revealed that the median wealth for single black women is only $100 and $120 for single Hispanic women, as compared to $41,000 for single white women.23
Credit checks only compound this crisis. A 2007 Freddie Mac study found a substantial correlation between race and credit. The study found that 43% of African Americans and 34% of Hispanics had lower credit scores, as compared to 27% of whites:
The study found that nearly half of black borrowers and a third of Hispanics have a record of delinquent loans or bankruptcy -- compared with a quarter of whites. Other studies, including a 2000 study by Freddie Mac24 and a 2006 study by the Brookings Institute, 25 have shown correlations between areas with high minority populations and lower average credit scores. The The Brookings study found that "[c]ounties with credit scores ranging from 850-720 (very low risk) had a 5% African-American and Hispanic population while counties with credit scores from 500-559 (very high risk) had a 49% African-American and Hispanic population."26
In a report to Congress on credit scoring and racial disparities, the Federal Reserve found that credit scores of African Americans were approximately half those of white non-Hispanics (54.0 out of 100 for white non-Hispanics versus 25.6 for African Americans and 38.2 for Hispanics.27 A 2008 survey by Demos studied low and middle income households and found that Blacks were more likely than whites to have declared bankruptcy, settled an agreement with a credit card company, been called by bill collectors, and to have had a car or other item repossessed.28 Among individuals with a bachelor.s degree, 27% of Blacks have debt of $30,500 or more, as compared to 16% of Whites.
The recent foreclosure crisis has also exacerbated credit disparities. Blacks and Hispanics are significantly more likely to receive high cost loans.29 Minorities are far more likely to have been steered toward the subprime loans that have experienced the highest rates of foreclosure. A study of the Washington, D.C., metro area showed that Hispanics were 70% more likely and Blacks were 80% more likely that white counterparts to receive a subprime loan. 30 Further, the study showed that almost 35% of those issued subprime loans actually qualified for fixed-rate, prime loans. Finally, the study also showed that Blacks were 20% more likely and Hispanics were 90% likely than white counterparts to go into foreclosure. As a result, Hispanics and Blacks in the Washington metro area are far more likely than white counterparts to have problems with their recent credit histories that may preclude them from employment.
In addition to impacting communities of color, credit checks can have a disparate impact on women. Women tend to earn less than their male counterparts in the workplace.31 "[W]omen who work full-time, year-round are paid only 77 cents for every dollar paid to their male counterparts. This gap in earnings translates into $10,622 less per year in female median earnings, leaving women and their families shortchanged."32 As a result of these disparities in income and other factors, women may struggle with credit more than their male counterparts. According to statistics from the Census Bureau, in 2009, adult woman were 32 percent more likely to be poor than adult men, with a poverty rate of 13.9% compared to a 10.5% rate for adult men. There were 16.4 million poor adult women compared to 11.7 million poor adult men."33
Credit checks can run afoul of the law. A number of states already have enacted laws to limit employers. use of credit information, including Washington, Hawaii, Oregon, and Illinois, and many others are considering similar legislation. At the federal level, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 196434 prohibits employers from using a practice that disproportionately screens out minorities or women, unless the employer has a "business need" to use the practice. Most employers would not be able to meet this standard, because research has shown that credit information does not predict job performance or risk of theft in the workplace. Even if employers could prove a business need for the practice of running credit checks, Title VII requires employers to explore a "less discriminatory alternative" to the discriminatory practice. As the Supreme Court has recognized in the landmark Griggs v. Duke Power disparate impact case, "[g]ood intent or absence of discriminatory intent does not redeem employment procedures or testing mechanisms that operate as "built-in headwinds. for minority groups and unrelated to measuring job capability.35
In a recent advisory letter interpreting Title VII.s disparate impact provisions, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission has cautioned that "if an employer.s use of credit information disproportionately excludes African-American and Hispanic candidates, the practice would be unlawful unless the employer could establish that the practice is needed for it to operate safely or efficiently."36 The EEOC's guidance on "Pre-Employment Inquiries and Credit Rating or Economic Status" states:
Inquiry into an applicant's current or past assets, liabilities, or credit rating, including bankruptcy or garnishment, refusal or cancellation of bonding, car ownership, rental or ownership of a house, length of residence at an address, charge accounts, furniture ownership, or bank accounts generally should be avoided because they tend to impact more adversely on minorities and females. Exceptions exist if the employer can show that such information is essential to the particular job in question.37
Additionally, EEOC's Guide to Pre-Employment Inquiries suggests that employers should avoid certain inquiries of job applicants, including credit history questions, as they could potentially expose the employer to liability for disparate impact discrimination.38 The guide explains that employment decisions made on the basis of information elicited from such questions violates Title VII "unless the information is needed to judge an applicant.s competence or qualification for the job in question."39
The Federal Trade Commission recently issued guidance on "Employment Background Checks and Credit Reports" as governed by the Fair Credit Reporting Act.40 While the EEOC has issued more comprehensive guidance on the use of arrest and conviction records by employers, 41 the EEOC has not yet issued the same level of guidance regarding credit checks. The EEOC should provide similar, more comprehensive guidance on the interplay of Title VII and the use of credit checks.
In the 1970s, the EEOC issued two decisions finding that the use of credit checks violates Title VII disparate impact provisions, if the credit checks are not justified by a legitimate business necessity.42 In the first case, EEOC Decision No. 72-427, an African-American applicant was not hired as a computer operator by a bank, at least partially because of his marginally poor credit record. 43 Although the Commission observed that the record was silent concerning the proportion of relatively poor credit records among African-American and White individuals residing within the area from which the bank drew its workforce, it noted that according to the 1967 Census Bureau figures 35.4 percent of the total number of ... non-White persons in the United States were below the poverty level, as compared with 10.3 percent of the total number ... of White persons. Inferring that the bank's credit record policy would have a foreseeably disproportionate impact upon African-Americans as a class, the Commission held that such a practice discriminated on the basis of race within the meaning of Title VII and, thus, was unlawful absent a showing by the bank that such a policy was required by business necessity.
Similarly, in EEOC Decision No. 74-2, the Commission held that an employer's inquiry into a job applicant's financial status, including disclosure of past-due loans, would have a foreseeable disproportionate adverse impact upon the employment opportunities of minorities as a class and, thus, violated Title VII absent a showing of business justification. The EEOC again inferred from the relevant Census Bureau statistics that minorities are significantly over-represented among low-income groups and that they are more likely to suffer financial difficulties than Caucasians.
To date, the EEOC has filed one additional Title VII complaint challenging an employer.s use of credit histories, in a case against a corporate event-planning company.44 The case of EEOC v. Freeman Co. was filed in 2009 in the District of Maryland.
In 2010, the Department of Labor.s Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs successfully challenged a federal contractor.s use of credit checks under Executive Order 11246. In January 2010, an administrative law judge with the Department of Labor found that Bank of America had discriminated against Blacks in hiring for entry-level clerical, administrative and teller positions, in part by using credit checks during the hiring process.45 The judge found that the percentage of candidates excluded due to a credit check was disproportionate based on the candidate.s race: 11.5% of Black candidates were excluded, versus 6.6% of white candidates.46 The judge was particularly troubled by the lack of criteria used by Bank of America when evaluating a candidate.s credit report, which led to a "highly subjective" process.47
The Equal Employment for All Act, H.R. 3149, would prohibit employers from using credit checks against prospective and current employees for most types of jobs, with certain exceptions. The bill would permit employers to use credit information in hiring for positions that require national security or FDIC clearance; state or local jobs that otherwise require a credit check; supervisory, managerial, professional, or executive positions with financial institutions; and when otherwise required by law. This legislation encourages employers to rely on valid, nondiscriminatory hiring tools that actually serve the intended purpose of selecting the best employees.
The Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law recently issued a letter in support of the Equal Employment for All Act. 48 The letter was joined by thirteen other prominent groups, including the Asian American Justice Center; Communications Workers of America, AFL-CIO; Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights; International Union, United Automobile, Aerospace & Agricultural Implement Workers of America, UAW; NAACP; NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund; National Community Reinvestment Coalition; National Council of La Raza; National Employment Lawyers Association; National Fair Housing Alliance; National Partnership for Women and Families; National Women.s Law Center; and Women Employed.
Despite the research, despite the disparate impact on communities of color and others, despite errors in credit reports, and despite existing legal restrictions on the practice, credit checks remain a prevalent practice. The practice is based on mistaken assumptions that credit information will ferret out poor performers or those who will steal from their employers. However, research has shown that these assumptions are wrong. For these reasons, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission should provide additional guidance on the use of credit checks, increase enforcement efforts, and offer education on employers. obligations and workers. rights.
1 More information about the Lawyers. Committee.s Access Campaign can be found at http://www.lawyerscommittee.org/projects/employment_discrimination?id=0008.
2 Society for Human Resource Management, Background Checking: Conducting Credit Background Checks, January 2010, available at http://www.shrm.org/Research/SurveyFindings/Articles/Pages/BackgroundChecking.aspx; Thomas Frank, Job Credit Checks Called Unfair. Needy hurt most; 5 states eye limits. USA Today, February 13, 2009, 1A.
4 Andrew Martin, As a Hiring Filter, Credit Checks Draw Questions, New York Times, April 9, 2010, available at http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/10/business/10credit.html.
5 Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Credit History Not a Good Predictor of Job Performance or Turnover, available at http://www.newswise.com/articles/view/502792/.
9 U.S. Census, Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009, available at http://www.census.gov/prod/2010pubs/p60-238.pdf.
10 Jose Garcia and Mike Rukavina, Fact Sheet: Medical Debt, Demos and the Access Project, at 1 (Dec. 2009).
11 Michelle M. Doty et al., Seeing Red: The Growing Burden of Medical Bills and Debt Faced by U.S. Families, 42 Commonwealth Fund pub. 1164 (Aug. 2008).
12 Office of Disability Employment Policy, A World In Which People With Disabilities Have Unlimited Employment Opportunities, available at http://www.dol.gov/odep/pubs/business/business.htm
13 See Allsup, Recession, Job Losses Hit Those with Disabilities Hard, Reports Allsup (2009), available at http://www.allsup.com/about-us/news-room/current-news/recession-job-losses-hit-those-with-disabilities.aspx.
15 U.S. PIRG, Mistakes Do Happen, a Look at Errors in Consumer Credit Reports, 2004, available at http://www.uspirg.org/home/reports/report-archives/financial-privacy--security/financial-privacy--security/mistakes-do-happen-a-look-at-errors-in-consumer-credit-reports .
17 U.S. General Accounting Office, Consumer Credit: Limited Information Exists on Extent of Credit Report Errors and Their Implications for Consumers, 2003, available at http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d031036t.pdf.
18 Michael E. Staten and Fred H. Cate, Does the Fair Credit Reporting Act Promote Accurate Credit Reporting?, Joint Center for Housing Studies, Harvard University, February 2004, p. 22.
19 Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Status of the Civilian Population by Race, Sex, and Age, September 3, 2010, available at http://www.bls.gov/news.release/empsit.t02.htm.
20 U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Unemployment Status- Current Population Survey.
21 U.S. Census, Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009, available at http://www.census.gov/prod/2010pubs/p60-238.pdf.
23 Mariko Chang, Lifting as We Climb: Women of Color, Wealth, and America's Future, March 2010, available at http://www.insightcced.org/uploads/CRWG/LiftingAsWeClimb-WomenWealth-Report-InsightCenter- Spring2010.pdf.
24Freddie Mac National Consumer Credit Survey (2000).
25 Matt Fellowes, The Brookings Inst., Credit Scores, Reports, and Getting Ahead in America 9-10 (2006), http://www.brookings.edu//media/Files/rc/reports/2006/05childrenfamilies_fellowes/20060501_creditscores.pdf.
27 Federal Reserve, Report to the Congress on Credit Scoring and Its Effects on the Availability and Affordability of Credit (August 2007).
28 Jose Garcia, The Color of Debt: Credit Card Debt by Race and Ethnicity, Demos (August 31, 2010).
29 See National Community Reinvestment Coalition, Income is No Shield against Racial Differences in Lending: A Comparison of High-Cost Lending in America's Metropolitan Areas, 2007, available at http://www.ncrc.org/images/stories/mediaCenter_reports/ncrc%20metro%20study%20race%20and%20income%20disparity%20july%2007.pdf.
30 Tamara Jayasundera et al., Foreclosure in the Nation's Capital: How Unfair and Reckless Lending Undermines Homeownership, National Community Reinvestment Coalition 3 (2010).
31 Warren E. Buliox, Employment discrimination on the basis of credit history?, The GSH 60-second Memo (Gonzalez, Saggio & Harlan LLP), Sep. 2, 2009.
32 National Women.s Law Center, Women.s Lower Wages Worsen their Circumstances In a Difficult Economy (Apr. 2009), available at http://www.pay-equity.org/PDFs/PFA-FactSheet-2010.pdf.
35 Griggs v. Duke Power, 41 U.S. 424, 432 (1971).
36 EEOC letter, Title VII: Employer Use of Credit Checks, March 9, 2010, available at http://www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/foia/letters/2010/titlevii-employer-creditck.html.
37 EEOC guidance, available at http://www.eeoc.gov/laws/practices/inquiries_credit.cfm.
38 See generally EEOC Guide to Pre-Employment Inquiries, 8A Fair Empl. Prac. Man. (BNA) 443:65 (1992); EEOC Employment Tests and Selection Procedures, www.eeoc.gov/policy/docs/factemployment_procedures.html
39 EEOC Guide to Pre-Employment Inquiries, 8A Fair Empl. Prac. Man. (BNA) 443:65 (1992);
40 FTC Guidance, available at http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/edu/pubs/consumer/credit/cre36.shtm.
41 EEOC Compliance Manual section 604 App. A, Policy Statement on the Issue of Conviction Records under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as amended, 42 USC 2000e et seq. (1982) February 4, 1987 (when considering conviction records, employers are to consider "(1) the nature and gravity of the offense; (2) the time that has passed since the conviction and/or completion of the sentence; and (3) the nature of the job held or sought."); EEOC Notice, Policy Guidance on the Consideration of Arrest Records in Employment Decisions under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as amended, 42 USC 2000e et seq. (1982), September 7, 1990 (exclusion from employment on the basis of arrest is only justified when it "appears that the applicant or employee engaged in the conduct for which he was arrested and that the conduct is job-related and relatively recent" and blanket policies are not allowed).
42 EEOC Dec. 72-1176, 6359 (CCH) (1972) (bank policy of using credit information to evaluate potential employees was unlawful without business justification); EEOC Dec. 74-02, 6386 (CCH) (manufacturing company's policy of using applicant.s financial status was unlawful without business necessity).
43 Roberto Concepcion, Jr., Pre-employment Credit Checks: Effectuating Disparate Impact on Racial Minorities Under the Guise Of Job-Relatedness and Business Necessity, 12 SCHOLAR 523, 533 (Spring 2010) (internal quotations omitted) (discussing EEOC decisions that address how employment-related credit checks can have a disproportionate adverse impact upon the employment opportunities of minorities as a class).
44 EEOC v. Freeman Cos., D. Md., No. 09-CV-02573, filed September 30, 2009.
45 Office of Fed. Contract Compliance Programs, U.S. Dep't of Labor v. Bank of America, Recommended Decision and Order, Case No.: 1997-OFC-16, at 64 (January 21, 2010).
48 Available at http://www.lawyerscommittee.org/admin/employment_discrimination/documents/files/Equal- Employment-for-All-Support-Letter.pdf.


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Bear Lake State Park
940 North Bear Lake Boulevard
Garden City, UT
Brilliantly blue waters combined with sandy beaches are what call park visitors to play, fish, boat, and camp here at Bear Lake State Park. Minera...
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Bear River State Park
601 Bear River Drive
Evanston, WY
About Bear River State Park and Travel Information Center are located on the eastern edge of Evanston, just off I-80 at Exit 6. Bear River is a y...
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Bruneau Dunes State Park
27608 Sand Dunes Road
Mountain Home, ID
Bruneau Dunes State Park boasts the tallest single-structured sand dune in North America with a peak rising 470 feet above the surrounding desert f...
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Castle Rocks State Park
748 East 2800 South
Almo, ID
Amenities: Flush toilets, showers, dump station, electricity Activities: Hiking, mountain biking, horseback riding, world-class rock cli...
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Deer Creek State Park
Utah 314
Wallsburg, UT
Deer Creek State Park is easily accessible from the Wasatch Front; within one-half hour from Provo and an hour from Salt Lake City. The reservoir a...
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East Canyon State Park
5535 S. Highway 66
Morgan, UT
East Canyon and the surrounding area are rich in pioneer history. The Donner Party, also called the Donner-Reed group, was a group of farmers from ...
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Five Rivers Lodge
12530 Highway 41
Dillon, MT
Five Rivers Lodge, open for Montana fly fishing year-round, offers comfortable elegance in a place considered to have the last un-crowded blue ribb...
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Harriman State Park
3489 Green Canyon Road
Island Park, ID
Owned by Union Pacific Railroad investors from 1902 to 1977, the park acreage served as a cattle ranch and private retreat for the Harriman and Gug...
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Henrys Lake State Park
Island Park, ID
One of Idaho's great high mountain lakes, Henrys Lake is the kind of place that fishers dream about. Anglers fish for cutthroat, brook and cut-bow ...
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Hyrum State Park
Hyrum, UT
Mormon settlers founded the area of Hyrum, which is located in Cache Valley. Hyrum is named after the brother of the founder of the Mormon Church. ...
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Jordanelle State Park
S.R. 319 #515 Box 4
Heber City, UT
Hailstone Recreation Area is the premier development of Jordanelle State Park, and is designed to accommodate active recreational pursuits. Camp, f...
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Lake Walcott State Park
959 E Minidoka Dam
Rupert, ID
Lake Walcott has a great disc golf course, awesome fishing opportunities, a canopied park perfect for group activities and a variety of campsites. ...
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Land of Yankee Fork State Park
24424 Hwy 75
Challis, ID
If you enjoy hiking, ATV or motorbike riding, Land of the Yankee Fork provides outstanding trail opportunities. Primitive and developed camping opp...
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Lone Mountain Ranch
750 Lone Mountain Ranch Road
Big Sky, MT
About Us:Lone Mountain Ranch was First Homesteaded as a Cattle Ranch in 1915.Since then, generations of owners, guests and crew have been inspired ...
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Rockport State Park
9040 N. State Highway 302
Peoa, UT
The Rockport area was colonized in 1860. It was named for the rock fort built to protect settlers from Indian uprisings. About 200 people lived the...
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Solitude Mountain Resort
12000 Big Cottonwood Canyon Road
Solitude, UT
about :This intimate village, developed over the years at Solitude, was designed to keep the serene mountain ambiance that surrounds the resort. Wi...
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Strawberry Reservoir
125 South State Street
Salt Lake City, UT
LOCATION: 65 miles east of Salt Lake City, 23 miles east of Heber City in Uinta National Forest ELEVATION: 7,602 feet Strawberry is a paradisical...
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Clearwater Florida
Distance: 2.72 miles SW
Location: 27.95° -82.8°
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Distance: 9.05 miles SW
Location: 27.8667° -82.85°
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Distance: 11.58 miles S
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Distance: 12.88 miles N
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Distance: 13.20 miles S
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Diskectomy is surgery to remove all or part of a cushion that helps protect your spinal column. These cushions, called disks, separate your spinal bones (vertebrae).
Alternative Names
Spinal microdiskectomy; Microdecompression; Laminotomy; Disk removal; Spine surgery - diskectomy
A surgeon may perform disk removal (diskectomy) in different ways.
- Microdiskectomy: When you have a microdiskectomy, the surgeon does not need to do much surgery on the bones, joints, ligaments, or muscles of your spine.
- Diskectomy in the lower part of your back (lumbar spine) may be part of a larger surgery that also includes a
laminectomy, foraminotomy, or spinal fusion.
- Diskectomy in your neck (cervical spine) is most often done along with laminectomy, foraminotomy, or fusion.
Microdiskectomy is done in a hospital or outpatient surgical center. You will be given
- The surgeon makes a small (1 to 1-1/2 inch) incision (cut) on your back and moves the back muscles away from the spine. The doctor uses a special microscope to see the problem disk or disks and nerves during surgery.
- The surgeon finds the nerve root and moves it away. Then the surgeon removes the injured disk tissue and pieces. The surgeon puts the back muscles back in place, and closes the wound with stitches or staples.
- The surgery takes about 1 to 2 hours.
Diskectomy and laminotomy is done in the hospital, using general anesthesia (asleep and pain-free).
- The surgeon makes a larger cut on your back over the spine. Muscles and tissue are moved to expose your spine.
- A small part of the lamina bone (part of the vertebrae that surrounds the spinal column and nerves) is cut away. The opening may be as large as the ligament that runs along your spine. The surgeon cuts a small hole in the disk that is causing your symptoms and removes material from inside. Other fragments of the disk may also be removed.
Why the Procedure Is Performed
When one of your disks
Many of the symptoms caused by a herniated disk get better or go away over time without surgery. Most people with low back or neck pain, numbness, or even mild weakness are often first treated with anti-inflammatory medicines, physical therapy, and exercise. Only a few people with a herniated disk need surgery.
Your doctor may recommend a diskectomy if you have a herniated disk and:
- Leg pain or numbness that is very bad or is not going away, making it hard to do daily tasks
- Severe weakness in muscles of your lower leg or buttocks
- Pain that spreads into your buttocks or legs
If you are having problems with your bowels or bladder, or the pain is so bad that strong pain drugs do not help, you will probably have surgery right away.
Risks for any anesthesia are:
- Reactions to medications
Breathing problems
Risks for any surgery include are:
- Infection
Risks for this surgery are:
- Damage to the nerves that come out of the spine, causing weakness or pain that does not go away.
- Your back pain does not get better or comes back again later.
- Pain after surgery due if all the disk fragments are not removed.
- Spinal fluid may leak.
- The disk may slip again.
Before the Procedure
Always tell your doctor or nurse what drugs you are taking, even drugs or herbs you bought without a prescription.
During the days before the surgery:
- Prepare your home for when you come back from the hospital.
- If you are a smoker, you need to stop. Your recovery will be slower and possibly not as good if you continue to smoke. Ask your doctor for help.
- Two weeks before surgery, you may be asked to stop taking drugs that make it harder for your blood to clot. These include aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), naproxen (Aleve, Naprosyn), and other drugs like these.
- If you have
diabetes, heart disease, or other medical problems, your surgeon will ask you to see your regular doctor.
- Talk with your doctor if you have been drinking a lot of alcohol.
- Ask your doctor which drugs you should still take on the day of the surgery.
- Always let your doctor know about any cold, flu, fever, herpes breakout, or other illnesses you may have.
- You may want to visit the physical therapist to learn some exercises to do before surgery and to practice using crutches.
On the day of the surgery:
- You will usually be asked not to drink or eat anything for 6 to 12 hours before the procedure.
- Take your drugs your doctor told you to take with a small sip of water.
- Bring your cane, walker, or wheelchair if you have one already. Also bring shoes with flat, nonskid soles.
- Your doctor or nurse will tell you when to arrive at the hospital.
After the Procedure
Your doctor or nurse will ask you to get up and walk around as soon as your anesthesia wears off. Most people go home the day of surgery. Do NOT drive yourself home.
Outlook (Prognosis)
Most people have pain relief and can move better after surgery. Numbness and tingling should get better or disappear. Your pain, numbness, or weakness may not get better or go away if your had nerve damage before surgery or if you have symptoms caused by other spinal conditions.
Further changes may occur in your spine over time and new symptoms may occur.
Talk with your doctor about how to prevent future back problems.
Chou R, Loeser JD, Owens DK, Rosenquist RW, et al; American Pain Society Low Back Pain Guideline Panel. Interventional therapies, surgery, and interdisciplinary rehabilitation for low back pain: an evidence-based clinical practice guideline from the American Pain Society. Spine. 2009;34(10):1066-77.
Chou R, Qaseem A, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of low back pain: a joint clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians and the American Pain Society. Ann Intern Med. 2007;147(7):478-491.
Gregory DS, Seto CK, Wortley GC, Shugart CM. Acute lumbar disk pain: navigating evaluation and treatment choices. Am Fam Physician. 2008;78(7):835-842.
Williams KD, Park AL. Lower back pain and disorders of intervertebral discs. In: Canale ST, Beatty JH, eds. Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics. 11th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Mosby Elsevier; 2007:chap 39.
Jegede KA, Ndu A, Grauer JN. Contemporary management of symptomatic lumbar disc herniations. Orthop Clin North Am. 2010 Apr;41(2):217-24.


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The Thunder Group 3201TP Rice/Noodle Bowl Only is a great looking, durable way to present a dish with an Asian twist. Made of non-toxic, break resistant melamine, these bowls will survive for years of service and the elegant design printed on the exterior will be as bright five years from now, as it was the day it was manufactured. The Thunder Group 3201TP Rice/Noodle Bowl Only is also known as: THU-3201TP
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Spammer goes broke, kills family.
http://ap.washingtontimes.com/dynami...S&SECTION=HOME"The picture we had was of a young couple starting out with a healthy future," Coakley said. But in reality, she said, "he had no money and really had no assets."
Among his Web site ventures: Millionmaker.co.uk, which promised customers as much as $6,000 in monthly earnings; srpublications.co.uk, which offered a manual that it said would help men enlarge their penises; and srpublications, which offered software at reduced prices on eBay.
The lure of easy money, and despair.


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After a red card in England's draw with Montenegro, Wayne Rooney will miss the first one or two games (depending on a disciplinary hearing) of next summer's European Championship. With three big warm-up matches before the tournament, England manager Fabio Capello is supposedly contemplating using Rooney as a sub, to give the starting XI for Euro 2012 time to gel.
"Sometimes he will come on at half-time," Capello said. "But not from the start; he will not start. We need to prepare the first XI who will start in the Euros."
Capello took it even further. If England should do well in its Rooney-less matches next year, there's no guarantee he would mess with success.
"I need to find the solution for the first game or two games that Rooney would have played. And then if we find a solution he needs to work to return to the first XI."
We can take this one of two ways. Either Capello is seriously willing to bench the best player in the country in the name of team chemistry, or he's using the oldest motivational trick in the book to light a fire under an immature star. Which one do you think will prove true? Spoiler: not the one The Sun is insinuating.


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Author Notes: I usually lean towards the savory rather than sweet when it comes to breakfast, but these scones win me over (the bakery where I worked growing up sold a scone by the same name, but sadly I never copped the recipe, so I noodled this version on my own). I don't know how 'old-fashioned' the combination of oats and cornmeal is, but it feels wholesome and homespun, perfect for a holiday morning. Unlike a lot of hockey-puck scones, these are delicate and tender, like a biscuit, and the cornmeal and ground oats add a bit of nubby, earthy sweetness (nicely offset by the tangy dried cherries and buttermilk).
If you want to make things even easier on yourself if you're doing holiday entertaining (or if you're just not a morning person), you can roll out the scones in advance and freeze them, uncooked (I par-freeze on a tray/plate, then toss them together into a sealed bag). The frozen scones can go directly in the oven, as indicated in the recipe, adding a few extra minutes of cooking time. —deensiebat
Makes: 20 small scones
1 1/2
cups rolled oats
2 1/2
cups flour (if desired, you can substitute whole wheat pastry flour for some measure of the flour)
cup cornmeal
teaspoon coarse salt
teaspoons baking powder
teaspoon baking soda
cup sugar, plus additional for dusting the tops
cup dried sour cherries (other dried fruit will work as well, but slightly tangy fruits are especially nice)
ounces cold, unsalted butter, cut into tablespoons
1-1 1/2
cups buttermilk, as needed
egg, beaten with a splash of water or milk (aka the egg wash)
- Preheat the oven to 400 degrees Farenheit, and line two cookie sheets with parchment (if making in advance and freezing, skip this step).
- Place the oats in the bowl of a food processor, and pulse until they're blitzed to a mostly floury powder, with a few bits here and there. Add the flour, cornmeal, salt, baking powder, baking soda, and sugar, and pulse until evenly mixed. Add the cold butter, and pulse a few times until the largest pieces of butter are about oatmeal-sized (it's better to under- rather than over-mix). If you have a pastry cutter, you can turn the flour mixture into a bowl, and cut the butter in by hand instead.
- Once the butter has been cut in, turn the mixture into a bowl. Add the dried fruit, and stir to combine. Add the buttermilk, starting with the smaller amount, until the dough comes together -- it will be moister than pie crust, but try not to add so much buttermilk so that it becomes gloppy. Again, try not to over-mix. As soon as the dough comes together in a cohesive mass, turn out onto a lightly floured countertop.
- Roll the dough out to a thickness of 1", and cut into circles with a 2.5" cutter. Place shaped scones on the prepared trays, and lightly mush together and re-roll the scraps until you've formed all the dough (if you're pre-making the scones, stop at this step and freeze them, then proceed with the recipe on baking day).
- Brush the tops of the scones with the egg wash, and sprinkle with a light dusting of sugar (you'll just need a few spoonfuls for each tray). Bake ~15-20 minutes, until they are starting to get lightly browned. Let cool on a rack and enjoy.
- This recipe was entered in the contest for Your Best Holiday Breakfast II
More Great Recipes:
Quick Bread|Buttermilk|Cherry|Cornmeal|Oat|Breakfast


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Taken today…in the pouring rain…
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Hannah accompanies Jessa to visit her father in upstate New York.
The opening scene shows them waiting at a sparse train station to be picked up, Jessa looking like Anne of Green Gables clutching her carpet bag. Their dialogue as they wait for Jessa's dad is deliciously funny.
Hannah has to pee but the station consists of only a platform. Jessa directs her towards some shrubbery to relieve herself. Hannah is aghast: "You want me to cross the tracks, and step on the third rail potentially."
"We're not in New York City. There is no third rail, Hannah," Jessa replies.
Hannah crouches down to do her business and asks Jessa if anyone's coming....


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To determine the relations between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) diagnosis, the likelihood of being diagnosed with a psychological condition, among obese veterans, after accounting for severity of obesity and the correlated nature of patients within facility. We hypothesized that (1) individuals with a diagnosis of OSA would be more likely to receive a diagnosis of a (a) mood disorder and (b) anxiety disorder, but not (c) substance use disorder.
Cross-sectional retrospective database review of outpatient medical records between October 2009 and September 2010, conducted across all 140 Veterans Health Administration (VHA) facilities.
The entire VA Health Care System.
Population-based sample of veterans with obesity (N = 2,485,658).
Physician- or psychologist-determined diagnosis of psychological conditions including mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders.
Using generalized linear mixed modeling, after accounting for the correlated nature of patients within facility and the severity of obesity, individuals with a diagnosis of sleep apnea had increased odds of receiving a mood disorder diagnosis (OR = 1.85; CI = 1.71-1.72; p < 0.001), anxiety disorder diagnosis (OR = 1.82; CI = 1.77-1.84; p < 0.001), but not a diagnosis of substance use disorder.
Among obese veterans within VA, OSA is associated with increased risk for having a mood and anxiety disorder, but not substance use disorder, with the strongest associations observed for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive disorder (MDD). In addition, this relation remained after accounting for severity of BMI.
Babson KA; Del Re AC; Bonn-Miller MO; Woodward SH. The comorbidity of sleep apnea and mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders among obese military veterans within the Veterans Health Administration. J Clin Sleep Med 2013;9(12):1253-1258.
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), defined as impaired patency of the upper airway during sleep, resulting in apneas (complete cessation of airflow for at least 10 seconds) and/ or hypopneas (50% reduction in airflow), is one of the most common forms of sleep disordered breathing (SDB). OSA can result in hundreds of brief arousals from sleep in a single night and affects approximately 2% of women and 4% of men nationwide,1 with higher rates documented among military veterans (6.5%).2 Indeed, OSA is one of the most common, yet underdiagnosed, causes of sleep disturbances among veterans, showing no remittance without treatment or lifestyle changes (loss of weight).3 The nearly twofold difference in prevalence of OSA among veterans, compared to community samples, is thought to be due, at least in part, to two risk factors which are common among veterans: male gender and obesity.4
In addition to direct effects (e.g., daytime fatigue, disturbed sleep, irritability, memory problems, and decreased quality of life),5,6 OSA is associated with a number of indirect physical and psychological complications. Such complications include hypertension, heart disease and heart failure, stroke, insulin resistance and impairments in neurocognitive functioning, workplace and driving accidents, and elevated psychological symptoms.7–11 While the associations between OSA and physiological conditions are well established, research is starting to expand our knowledge of the relation between OSA and psychopathology.
Current Knowledge/Study Rationale: Previous work has documented a relation between sleep apnea and psychopathology, however, limited work has examined this among veterans, a sample of individuals at elevated risk for both sleep apnea and psychopathology. The current study examines the relations between sleep apnea and the likelihood of being diagnosed with a psychological condition among veterans throughout the VA Health Care System.
Study Impact: Results indicate a strong association between mood and anxiety disorders and sleep apnea among obese veterans. This highlights the importance of conducting sleep apnea assessments among obese veterans with mood and anxiety disorders (especially MDD and PTSD), as well as conducting anxiety and mood assessments among obese veterans with sleep apnea; such information could aid in the allocation of resources in order to optimize treatments for psychopathology and sleep apnea.
To date the majority of studies investigating the association between OSA and psychopathology have focused on mood disorders, specifically major depressive disorder (MDD). While a few studies have demonstrated a lack of an association between OSA and MDD,12,13 a majority have pointed, instead, to a strong relation between OSA and MDD.14,15 For example, community-based epidemiological work has suggested that individuals with MDD are at a five-fold greater risk for having OSA than healthy controls,16 with between 44.6% and 56% of patients with OSA meeting criteria for MDD.17,18 Providing further support for the relation between OSA and MDD, intervention studies have demonstrated that treatment of OSA (via continuous positive airway pressure [CPAP] or surgery) results in improvements in depressive symptoms.19
Relatively less research has investigated the relation between OSA and anxiety disorders. The work that has been done in this area has demonstrated that 16.7% of military veterans with OSA also had an anxiety disorder.20 Though the comorbidity between OSA and anxiety is striking, the majority of work conducted on this association has specifically focused on the relation between OSA and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and to a lesser extent, panic disorder (PD). Indeed, 12.86% of veterans with OSA have a diagnosis of PTSD20; and OSA has been associated with nocturnal panic attacks and aggravation of panic symptoms.21,22 Intervention research further supports this association. Similar to findings with MDD, the treatment of OSA through the use of CPAP reduces symptoms of PTSD and panic.22–24 Unfortunately, over 50% of veterans with PTSD are non-adherent to CPAP, a significantly lower adherence rate than veterans without PTSD,25 suggesting that PTSD itself may interfere with successful treatment of OSA.
A relative dearth of research has investigated the relation between OSA and substance use disorders (SUDs), with generally mixed results among existing empirical investigations. Cross-sectional work has suggested a relation between OSA and SUDs, particularly alcohol use disorders.26 However, epidemiological work among military veterans has found no differences in SUD diagnosis (or alcohol use disorders, specifically) between those with and without OSA.20 While this finding may have been influenced by differential rates of diagnosis across Veterans Affairs (VA) facilities, further research is clearly needed to better understand the relation between OSA and SUDs.
Taken together, previous work has documented a relation between OSA and psychopathology,27 with the strongest associations being observed for MDD,16–18 anxiety disorders,20 and PTSD, specifically.28 To date, there has been only one study investigating the relation between OSA and psychopathology within the VA Health Care System, which is surprising given the heightened prevalence of OSA among veterans.2,22 This study was a cross-sectional retrospective review of a centralized VA database between the years 1998 and 2001. The sample included 4,060,504 military veterans with and without sleep apnea. ICD-9-CM codes were extracted to identify diagnostic status of sleep apnea and psychological conditions. Results from logistic regressions demonstrated that OSA was associated with increased risk for psychological diagnosis including MDD (21.8%), anxiety (16.7%), PTSD (11.9%), and bipolar disorder (3.3%). Two main extensions to this prior work are needed in order to inform our understanding of the relations between OSA and psychopathology among veterans. First, the study by Sharafkhaneh and colleagues20 did not account for differential diagnosis rates across VA facilities, which may explain the observed associations between OSA and psychological diagnosis. Second, relatively little work has accounted for third factors that may influence the observed associations. For example, it is possible that a common risk factor for both OSA and psychopathology may be driving these relations (e.g., severity of obesity14).
Obesity is associated with mood, anxiety, and somatoform disorders as well as elevations in psychological distress.29–31 In addition, obesity is one of the leading risk-factors for OSA.32 The relation between obesity and OSA is thought to be due to anatomical modifications that result in either upper airway constriction or reduction in lung volume, leading to a loss of caudal traction of the upper airway and pharyngeal collapse.33 In fact, a one standard deviation increase in body mass index (BMI) has been associated with a 4-fold increase in the prevalence of OSA.34 Indeed, of those with severe obesity (BMI > 40), the prevalence of OSA ranges between 40% and 90%.35 Given these associations, there is clearly a need to account for the severity of obesity when assessing relations between OSA and psychological diagnoses.
We sought to replicate and extend the work of Sharafkhaneh20 by examining the association between OSA and the likelihood of being diagnosed with a psychological condition. We aimed to test these associations among obese veterans across all 140 Veterans Health Administration (VHA) facilities, after accounting statistically for the potentially correlated nature of both patients and diagnostic conventions within each facility as well as severity of obesity (i.e., BMI). We examined these relations among obese veterans only, as we wanted to investigate if the pattern of these relations remained consistent with findings from Sharafkhaneh when examining a population at significant risk for both psychological conditions and OSA.32 Based on prior research,20 we hypothesized that individuals with a diagnosis of OSA would be more likely to be diagnosed with (a) mood disorders, and (b) anxiety disorders, but not (c) substance use disorders. In addition, we expected these relations would hold after accounting for severity of obesity (i.e., BMI).
The current study is a retrospective cross-sectional database review of all outpatient medical records collected across each of the 140 VHA facilities for fiscal year (FY) 2010 (October 2009-September 2010). Study procedures were approved by the VA Palo Alto Health Care System's research office and Stanford University's Human Research Protection program.
Data were obtained from the outpatient VHA Decision Support System (DSS) database. The DSS is a national clinical centralized relational database that includes encounter data from VHA clinical information systems. Patient information, including but not limited to, demographics, diagnoses, procedures, and services provided are updated on a daily basis. In order to construct a database appropriate for the current analyses, SAS v9.2 was used to extract demographic variables, body mass index (BMI), obesity-related physical conditions (ICD-9-CM codes), psychological diagnoses (ICD-9-CM codes), and diagnosis of sleep apnea. A unique identifier (scrambled social security number) was used to obtain complete patient records within the DSS.
Within the DSS we sought to identify veterans at-risk for sleep apnea as a function of obesity. From the 5,576,858 total VHA outpatients seen in FY2010 across the 140 facilities, 64% (N = 3,574,765) had at least one record entry of height and weight available to calculate BMI. Previous research using this database has indicated that 90% of within-person repeated measures demonstrated < 1-inch differences in height and < 2% had different values for weight.36 Based on this work, we included individuals with ≥ 1 measurement for height and weight in order to optimize our potential sample size. In the case of multiple values per patient, the largest biologically plausible (i.e., height < 84 inches and weight < 700 pounds), value was used to calculate BMI. The largest weight value was chosen because those fluctuating throughout the year in meeting obesity criteria were considered higher risk than those not meeting criteria at any point during the year. Patients were retained in the final sample (n = 2,485,658) if they had a (a) BMI ≥ 30, or (b) 25 ≤ BMI < 30 and at least one obesity associated comorbidity (e.g., diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, heart disease, congestive heart failure, cholelithiasis, osteoarthritis, low back pain, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and obstructive sleep apnea).
The primary outcomes of this study included psychological diagnostic status. All diagnoses were made by outpatient health care providers and are based on diagnostic criteria consistent with ICD-9-CM diagnoses. Previous work has vetted the accuracy of diagnoses within VA administrative databases.37 First, we investigated psychological diagnostic status across broad classifications including (a) mood disorders, (b) anxiety disorders, and (c) substance use disorders (SUDs; see Table 1 for corresponding ICD-9-CM codes). Second, in the event of a clinically significant finding within a classification, subsidiary analyses were then conducted for each specific disorder (e.g., PTSD, MDD, alcohol use disorder; see Table 1 for corresponding ICD-9-CM codes) comprising that classification. All outcomes were binary (0 = absence of diagnosis, 1 = presence of diagnosis).
ICD-9-CM Diagnostic Codes
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To determine patient characteristics associated with psychological diagnostic status, data on patient variables were obtained including: (a) BMI (defined as [703 × weight in pounds]/height in inches squared), (b) obesity-related comorbidities (diabetes: ICD-9-CM 250, 357.2, 362.0, 366.41; hypertension (401-405); 8 additional obesity-related comorbidities summarized in Table 1), and (c) sleep apnea (see Table 1 for details). All variables, with the exception of BMI, were binary (0 = absence, 1 = presence).
To describe and explore variability in facility-level rates of psychological diagnoses and sleep apnea diagnosis, we calculated the rate of each respective diagnosis (number of patients with the diagnosis divided by the total number of patients in the facility) in each of the 140 VHA facilities. Next, in order to evaluate the relation between sleep apnea, obesity, and psychological diagnoses (anxiety disorder, mood disorder, substance abuse disorder) we conducted three primary analyses using generalized linear mixed effects models. Independent models were generated for each binary dependent variable (i.e., anxiety disorder, mood disorder, substance use disorder). In the event of a clinically significant finding, subsidiary analyses were conducted for each specific disorder comprising the significant category of psychopathology. Within all models, a random effect for facility was included to account for grouping of patients within VHA facilities. PROC GLIMMIX procedures available within SAS V 9.2 were used to perform estimation and statistical inference for generalized linear mixed effects models.
In FY2010, PTSD (12.30%) was the most common psychological diagnosis among obese veterans, followed by: MDD (6.40%), SUD (4.19%), bipolar disorder (I and II; 2.63%), generalized anxiety disorder (1.75%), panic disorder (.91%), agoraphobia (.35%), and social anxiety disorder (0.11%). Additionally, 6.68% of obese veterans received a diagnosis of sleep apnea.
In relation to facility-level correlates of psychological diagnosis, the intraclass correlation (ICC) of the intercept-only model indicated that 9.4% of the total variance in mood disorder diagnosis was between facilities rather than explainable by patient factors. Similarly, 10.3% of the total variance in anxiety disorder diagnosis and 20.3% of variance in SUD diagnosis were attributable to differences between facilities.
Results from the final multi-predictor analyses are provided below. Results are discussed in relation to each diagnostic classification (i.e., mood disorders, anxiety disorders, SUDs). Next, in the case of a clinically significant finding, results are presented for each specific disorder comprising the respective classification of psychopathology.
After accounting for the correlated nature of patients within facility, individuals with a diagnosis of sleep apnea were at increased odds of receiving a mood disorder diagnosis (OR = 1.85; CI = 1.80-1.88; p < 0.001). Results remained after accounting for BMI, such that after holding BMI constant, a diagnosis of sleep apnea was associated with increased odds of a mood disorder diagnosis (OR = 1.75; CI = 1.62-1.89; p < 0.001). In comparison, when holding sleep apnea diagnosis constant, BMI was not associated with the odds of having a mood disorder diagnosis (OR = 1.04; CI = 1.03-1.04). Subsidiary analyses indicated that individuals with a sleep apnea diagnosis had a 1.4 times (p < 0.001) greater likelihood of having a diagnosis of MDD, and a 1.01 times (p < 0.001) greater likelihood in having a bipolar disorder diagnosis. Results remained after accounting for BMI such that when holding BMI constant, individuals with sleep apnea had greater odds of having a diagnosis of MDD (OR = 0.59; CI = 0.58-0.60; p < 0.001) and to a lesser extent, bipolar disorder (OR = 0.48; CI = 0.46-0.49; p < 0.001). Consistent with the primary analysis, results were nonsignificant when holding sleep apnea constant.
After accounting for the correlated nature of patients within facility, individuals with a diagnosis of sleep apnea were at greater odds of receiving an anxiety disorder diagnosis (OR = 1.82; CI = 1.77-1.84; p < 0.001). Results remained after accounting for BMI, such that after holding BMI constant, a diagnosis of sleep apnea was associated with increased odds of an anxiety disorder diagnosis (OR = 1.71; CI = 1.61-1.82). In comparison, when holding sleep apnea diagnosis constant, BMI was not clinically significantly associated with the odds of having an anxiety disorder diagnosis (OR = 1.02; CI = 1.02-1.02). Subsidiary analyses indicated that individuals with a sleep apnea diagnosis had 1.5-fold greater odds of having a PTSD diagnosis, a 1.3-fold increase in odds of a panic disorder diagnosis, and a 1.2-fold increase in having a diagnosis of both generalized anxiety disorder and agoraphobia (all p's < 0.001). Results remained after accounting for BMI. Here, when holding BMI constant, individuals with sleep apnea had the greatest odds of having a diagnosis of PTSD (OR = 0.58; CI = 0.58-0.59; p < 0.001), followed by panic disorder (OR = 0.55; CI = 0.53-0.56; p < 0.001), generalized anxiety disorder (OR = 0.54; CI = 0.53-0.56; p < 0.001), and agoraphobia (OR = 0.54; CI = 0.51-0.57; p < 0.001). Again, consistent with the primary analysis, results were nonsignificant when holding sleep apnea constant.
After accounting for the correlated nature of patients within facility, individuals with a diagnosis of sleep apnea were not at clinically greater odds of receiving a substance use disorder diagnosis (OR = 0.94; CI = 0.92-0.97). Due to the nonsignificant findings, further analyses were not conducted.
Results from this study demonstrate that, among obese veterans in the VA Health Care System, a diagnosis of sleep apnea is associated with increased risk for having a mood or anxiety disorder, but not a substance use disorder. The strongest associations were observed for MDD and PTSD. In addition, results remained after accounting for BMI, such that when holding BMI constant, individuals with sleep apnea had increased odds of both mood and anxiety disorders, specifically MDD, bipolar disorder, PTSD, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and agoraphobia.
Obese veterans with sleep apnea had clinically significant greater odds of having a mood disorder. This finding is consistent with previous research.20 In addition, when holding BMI constant, a significant relation emerged for mood disorders. This indicates that the association between sleep apnea and mood disorders is attributable, at least in part, to factors other than BMI. While mixed results exist for the relation between sleep apnea and MDD, results from specificity analyses supported previous research,20 indicating an association between sleep apnea and MDD (and to a lesser extent bipolar disorders) as the strongest association within the mood disorders. As results demonstrated that the association was above and beyond BMI, it is unlikely that among this sample BMI was affecting the nature of the relation between sleep apnea and MDD. Two primary theoretical models have been posited to explain this relation. First, some have suggested that the relation between sleep apnea and MDD is explained by depression secondary to a general medication condition.38 Additional work has suggested that hypoxemia, fragmented sleep, and the daytime consequences of poor sleep (fatigue, excessive daytime sleepiness) have been shown to increase depressed mood.39 Unfortunately, the cross-sectional nature of the present investigation does not allow for an understanding of the temporal relations of the observed associations.
Obese veterans with sleep apnea also had clinically significant greater odds of having an anxiety disorder. This finding adds to the literature base supporting an association between sleep apnea and anxiety.20 Further, results remained after accounting for BMI, such that when holding BMI constant, sleep apnea was still associated with anxiety disorders. Consistent with the findings regarding mood disorders, this suggests that the relation between sleep apnea and anxiety is above and beyond the impact of BMI. In terms of specific anxiety disorders, results indicated that sleep apnea had the strongest association with PTSD (followed by panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder), a consistent finding in the recent literature.20
As expected, we did not observe an association between sleep apnea and substance use disorders. This is consistent with previous research conducted among veterans,20 however, is in contrast to a host of additional work suggesting an association between substance use disorders and sleep apnea.40,41 This finding may be influenced by data collection methods. This is to say, all data were collected from outpatient VA records. It is possible that individuals with severe substance abuse disorders (a) do not seek treatment within the VA, or (b) are more likely to use inpatient and residential services, which were not included here.
While this study has a number of strengths, including the use of a large sample across the VA health care system, and accounting for differential rates of diagnosis across facilities, there are some limitations which should be considered when interpreting these results. First, the data presented here are cross-sectional in nature and therefore causal or temporal conclusions cannot be made, nor can we identify mechanisms that may be involved in the observed associations. However, as findings have replicated those of Sharafkhaneh and colleagues,20 future research would now benefit from determining mechanisms that may further explain the differential relations between sleep apnea and mood/anxiety versus substance use disorders. Second, a number of individuals were excluded due to missing height and/or weight assessments. Future research would benefit from more consistent inclusion of these assessments. Third, all data were obtained from a retrospective database review of ICD-9-CM diagnostic codes. While the reliance on ICD-9-CM diagnostic codes within DSS data introduces the potential for miscoding or misclassification, ICD-9-CM codes have generally been found to be a valid proxy for estimating disorder42 and have been consistently used within VA research.20,43 Future research would benefit from the inclusion of longitudinal work using standardized assessments. For example, inclusion of multi-modal assessment would strengthen confidence in diagnoses, especially in relation to sleep apnea. Here, inclusion of a sleep laboratory assessment to confirm sleep apnea status would be beneficial. This form of assessment would also allow for the determination of history and type of sleep apnea, as well as the patients' involvement in treatment for sleep apnea, which our current data cannot provide. Fourth, as our sample was comprised entirely of obese veterans, we may have a restricted range of BMI, which may have affected the observed findings. Finally, the use of an entirely veteran sample may limit the generalizability of the findings. While our prevalence rates of PTSD are consistent with past VA research20 and VA diagnostic trends,44 observed rates of MDD were significantly lower than among other VA samples.20 These findings should be replicated among other VA, as well as non-veteran and female samples.
Despite these limitations, results provide preliminary clinical implications. Namely, findings indicate a strong association between mood and anxiety disorders and sleep apnea among obese veterans. This highlights the importance of conducting sleep apnea assessments among obese veterans with mood and anxiety disorders (especially MDD and PTSD), as well as conducting anxiety and mood assessments among obese veterans with sleep apnea. Such information could aid in the allocation of resources in order to optimize treatments for psychopathology and sleep apnea.
This was not an industry supported study. This work was supported, in part, by Health Services Research and Development Service funds provided to Drs. Babson and Del Re. The expressed views do not necessarily represent those of the Department of Veterans Affairs. The authors have indicated no financial conflicts of interest.
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There's a certain something when you're rolled up on by five police cruisers while you're sitting half naked in your car.
Your car is your sanctuary, your fortress of solitude, your faithful steed, your one place left where you have something that resembles control.
Which is why it's a little embarrassing to have a flashlight shining through the window and a strategically-placed blanket is all that's keeping you and the person in the passenger seat from some more pointed questions other than 'what are you doing in this empty parking lot.'
Not that I would know anything about that.
What's your most embarrassing story that took place in a car?
Photo Credit: torbakhopper


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The sprawling homestay is located in the heart of Delhi and offers a very unique experience for the guests. Every inch of the two year-old homestay is stylish, posh and sleek. The homestay's smooth operation and impeccable appearance is a true credit to Mrs. Gopika Sanghi and her efficient staff. The large staff handles every aspect of its functioning with ease and a near professional standard. Under Gopika's watchful eye, the kitchen also dishes out one delicacy after another with ease and promptness. The home has five large guest rooms and two luxurious suites. One of the suites is located on the first floor and ideal for those who are looking for added privacy. This homestay will effortlessly satisfy even the most demanding travellers with its elite ambience and service. It is ideally suited for discerning tourists as well as business travellers. Other than its pristine decor, the homestay also has a host of services at the disposal of its guests. This homestay is an established brand in the city's grooming industry. The self-enhancement center is right next door to the homestay and guests can avail its plethora of services such as yoga sessions, meditation classes and much more. The center's gym and fitness center are great ways to start or end the day. The center is also acclaimed for its host of cosmetic beauty treatments. other than its invaluable neighbour, the homestay is also in close proximity to Delhi's biggest shopping centers such as South Extension, Connaught Place, Khan Market and many others. Trips to the famed Akshardham temple and the peaceful Bahai Temple are just short drives away.Read more
CheersBye © 2019


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Joe Budden & Slaughterhouse Get In A Bus Accident While Web Chattin! + Roasts The Hell Out His Boy + Joell Ortiz Loses 10 Stacks In Madden To Crooked I [Fixed Video]
Slaughterhouse gets their tour bus hit by a car while web chatting online & more
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Funeral Facility Funeral Home Directory - Finding the best funeral services
Selecting a Funeral Home
When selecting a funeral home a lot of things need to be considered. After all this is a very delicate matter and needs to be handled with care by someone you can trust. This is why when selecting a funeral hoe you shouldn't just choose the first one you find. A good idea making a decisions on funeral services is to do so yourself before death. This way you can have a look round the different funeral homes, see what each one offers and decide which one you can trust to take care of things when you are gone. However selecting a funeral home before death is not always an option. So this task is then left to the next of kin.
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Don't be afraid to ask if you can look around when selecting a funeral home. Again this is a very important time for you and you need to be absolutely sure you get it right. Ask to look at the viewing rooms when visiting your selected funeral homes. When choosing the location for a burial you should make sure you stick within an area that is convenient to you. You don't want to travel miles and mile to your selected funeral home. Also be aware that if your selected funeral home becomes far too pushy on certain things that you don't want, don't need or simply can't afford then you should probably look at selecting another funeral home that will be more helpful to you.
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Amenities and parking should also be considered when selecting a funeral home. If you need specific things such as disabled facilities or baby changing facilities you need to make sure the funeral home offer these. You may also what to look into their experience and reputation. Also how many years have they been in business? Although when selecting a funeral home you can't always tell from these things as it is always best to go to the funeral home and meet with them in person. This will give you the best idea of which funeral home to choose.


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1800's ghost town with natural hot springs
Luxury tented camp in the Colorado Rockies
1800's ghost town with natural hot springs
Historic home in the town of Telluride
Please click logos below to go to the associated website
Only Colorado Resort
To Win Award
Just across the mountain from Telluride, Dunton Hot Springs Resort is a romantic ghost town, set in an extraordinary alpine valley. Our resorts offer a variety of day and overnight packages, and the entire town or ranch can be rented exclusively for corporate retreats, family reunions and weddings.
Dunton Hot Springs is a small and exclusive resort nestled deep in the San Juan Mountains of the Colorado Rockies. This perfectly restored ghost town thrives on contradictions; hand- hewn log cabins exquisitely furnished, a life-worn saloon serving food of startling quality, lung torturing trails followed by pampering massages, sensuous hot springs beneath shimmering snow banks. Free of cell phones, this romantic old mining town still provides high speed wireless internet access in every cabin and video conferencing in our dance hall to the comforting sound of a tumbling waterfall.
Reopening for the season on June 1st, 2016, Dunton River Camp is an amazing addition to a stay at Dunton Hot Springs, with 8 luxury tents (and en-suite bathrooms), a stay at the River Camp is as soul enriching as it comes. Each tent has two mountain bikes for guests to use around the property or on the many trails surrounding the camp, and the West Fork of the Dolores river flows through the camp itself. There truly is something to experience for the whole family.
Named to the 2014 & 2016 Gold List - Conde Nast Traveler Magazine
Winner of "The Greatest Outdoors" - Mr & Mrs Smith Hotel Awards
Awarded #4 Best Hotel for Food Lovers in America - Bon Appétit Magazine