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St. John Paul II, Latin Johannes Paulus, original name Karol Józef Wojtyła, (born May 18, 1920, Wadowice, Poland—died April 2, 2005, Vatican City; beatified May 1, 2011; canonized April 27, 2014; feast day October 22), the bishop of Rome and head of the Roman Catholic Church (1978–2005), the first non-Italian pope in 455 years and the first from a Slavic country. His pontificate of more than 26 years was the third longest in history. As part of his effort to promote greater understanding between nations and between religions, he undertook numerous trips abroad, traveling far greater distances than had all other popes combined, and he extended his influence beyond the church by campaigning against political oppression and criticizing the materialism of the West. He also issued several unprecedented apologies to groups that historically had been wronged by Catholics, most notably Jews and Muslims. His unabashed Polish nationalism and his emphasis on nonviolent political activism aided the Solidarity movement in communist Poland in the 1980s and ultimately contributed to the peaceful dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. More generally, John Paul used his influence among Catholics and throughout the world to advance the recognition of human dignity and to deter the use of violence. His centralized style of church governance, however, dismayed some members of the clergy, who found it autocratic and stifling. He failed to reverse an overall decline in the numbers of priests and nuns, and his traditional interpretations of church teachings on personal and sexual morality alienated some segments of the laity.
Early life and influences
Wojtyła's childhood coincided with the only period of freedom that Poland would know between 1772 and 1989: the two decades between Marshal Józef Piłsudski's defeat of the Soviet Red Army in 1920 and the German invasion in 1939. Wojtyła thus grew up experiencing national freedom but also understanding its vulnerability. Although Wadowice, a town of about 8,000 Catholics and 2,000 Jews, lay only 15 miles (24 km) from the future site of Auschwitz, a Nazi death camp, there was apparently little anti-Semitism in the town before the war. One of Wojtyła's close boyhood friends was a son of the leader of Wadowice's Jewish community.
Wojtyła's father, Karol senior, was a lieutenant in the Polish army. His mother, Emilia Kaczorowska, died when he was eight years old; his brother, Edmund, who had become a physician, died less than four years later. Wojtyła was an outgoing youth, though always with a serious side. He excelled in academics and dramatics, played football (soccer), and, under his father's guidance, lived a disciplined life of routine religious observance. He regularly assisted Father Kazimierz Figlewicz, his confessor and first teacher in Catholicism, in Wadowice's main church, which was next door to the Wojtyła family's tiny apartment.
After graduating from secondary school as valedictorian, Wojtyła moved with his father to Kraków, where he attended the Jagiellonian University. His studies ended abruptly when Nazi Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. In the months that followed, Jews as well as non-Jewish cultural and political leaders, including professors and priests, were killed or deported to concentration camps by the Nazis, who considered the Slavs an inferior race.
Wojtyła and his father fled with thousands to the east but soon returned after learning that the Russians had also invaded Poland. Back in Kraków, Wojtyła continued his studies in clandestine classes. For the next four years, in order to avoid arrest and deportation, he worked in a factory owned by Solvay, a chemical firm that the Nazis considered essential to their war effort. Wojtyła was thus the only pope, at least in modern times, to have been a labourer.
During these years Wojtyła began to write nationalistic plays, and he joined the Rhapsodic Theatre, an underground resistance group that aimed to sustain Polish culture and morale through covert readings of poetry and drama. Through Jan Tyranowski, a tailor who conducted a youth ministry for the local church, Wojtyła was introduced to the teachings of St. John of the Cross, a Carmelite mystic who held that redemption could be gained through suffering and a "spirituality of abandonment." Tyranowski's example helped to convince Wojtyła that the church, even more than a renewed Polish theatre, might improve the world. Wojtyła's confessor continued to be his childhood mentor, Figlewicz, who had transferred to Wawel Cathedral in Kraków.
Decision to join the priesthood
In February 1941 Wojtyła returned from work one day to discover that his father had died alone; he prayed by the body all night. By the autumn of 1942 he had decided to enter the priesthood. For two years, while still working at the chemical factory, he attended illegal seminary classes run by Kraków's cardinal archbishop, Prince Adam Sapieha. After narrowly escaping a Nazi roundup of able-bodied men and boys in 1944, Wojtyła spent the rest of the war in the archbishop's palace, disguised as a cleric. As pope, Wojtyła recalled that witnessing Nazi horrors, including the murder of many priests, showed him the real meaning of the priesthood.
In 1945 the Soviets replaced the Germans as occupiers of Poland. In November 1946 Wojtyła was ordained by Sapieha into the Catholic priesthood. He chose to say his first mass, assisted by Figlewicz, in Wawel Cathedral's crypt chapel amid the sarcophagi of Polish monarchs and heroes, including those who had defended national freedom and European Christendom. He then began two years of study in Rome, where he completed his first doctorate, an examination of the theology of St. John of the Cross. Assigned to Kraków's St. Florian's parish in 1949, he studied, wrote, and lectured on philosophy and social and sexual ethics. During the next decade he completed a second doctorate, taught theology and ethics at the Jagiellonian University, and eventually was appointed to a full professorship at the Catholic University of Lublin.
The young priest wrote poetry, published anonymously, on a variety of religious, social, and personal themes. He also became the spiritual leader and mentor of a circle of young adult friends whom he joined on kayaking and camping trips. Together, they celebrated mass in the open at a time when unapproved worship outside of churches was forbidden by the communist regime. Experiences with these friends contributed to the ideas in his first book of nonfiction, Love and Responsibility (1960), an exploration of the several graces available in conjugal sexual relationships. The work was considered radical by those who held the traditional church view that sex was solely for the purpose of procreation.
Church leaders were impressed by Wojtyła's ability to operate a dynamic pastorate despite communist restrictions. In 1958 Pope Pius XII appointed him an auxiliary bishop of Kraków. At the Second Vatican Council (1962–65) Wojtyła so distinguished himself that halfway through the council, in December 1963, Pope Paul VI named him archbishop of Kraków.
The Second Vatican Council introduced Wojtyła to issues including the role of the laity, the church's relations with other religions, and its relations with the secular world. After the council's conclusion in 1965, Wojtyła was appointed to Pope Paul VI's Commission for the Study of Problems of the Family, Population, and Birth Rate. His work appears to have influenced Humanae vitae (1968; "Of Human Life"), Paul VI's encyclical rejecting artificial contraception, which became one of the church's most ignored teachings. Some bishops also disagreed with it, saying privately that, on this issue, Wojtyła may have made basic theological mistakes.
Actions as cardinal
Wojtyła was made a cardinal in June 1967. As cardinal archbishop of Kraków, he worked closely with Poland's powerful primate cardinal, Stefan Wyszyński, archbishop of Warsaw, who declared that Christianity, not communism, was the true protector of the poor and oppressed. In an effort that spanned two decades, Wojtyła lobbied for permission to build a church in Kraków's new industrial suburb, Nowa Huta. He planted a cross in the field where the church was to stand and defied communist authorities by holding masses there. He also applied for permission to hold traditional religious processions in the streets, though he was often turned down. Eventually Wojtyła prevailed, and he consecrated Nowa Huta's new Ark Church in 1977. Meanwhile, he had written his major philosophical work, The Acting Person (1969), which argues that moral actions—not simply thoughts or statements—create authentic personality and define what a person truly stands for.
Ironically, the authorities forced Wojtyła to develop a public speaking style that would eventually work against them: denied access to the media, he and fellow church leaders traveled ceaselessly among the people and grew skilled at communicating with large crowds. This ability would enhance the impact of the messages he delivered as pope to the faithful around the world, especially during his trips, when his ability to appeal to the millions who gathered to see him was captured in global television broadcasts.
Election as pope
When Pope Paul VI died in August 1978, the College of Cardinals, split between two powerful Italians, elected the Venetian Albino Luciani as Pope John Paul I. He died only 33 days later. When the cardinals entered the second conclave of 1978, the world did not know that Wojtyła had received votes in the first conclave. Wojtyła seemed in some ways a good compromise candidate who could hold together a divided church. Liberal interpretations of religious life that followed the Second Vatican Council had created rifts and defections; religious conservatives were digging in, claiming that the council had betrayed the church. Wojtyła appeared to be traditional in church discipline but forward-looking in his acceptance of Vatican Council reforms. The cardinals also hoped that his relative youthfulness would attract young people to the church. Wojtyła's election on October 16, 1978, made him the first non-Italian pope since the Dutch Adrian VI (reigned 1522–23).
In taking the name John Paul II—which his predecessor, John Paul I, had said honoured the two popes of the Second Vatican Council—he signaled his intention to continue with the council's reforms. His homily at an installation mass on October 22, 1978, repeated the refrain "Be not afraid!"—a Biblical phrase announcing the presence of God and Jesus Christ and calling for Christian courage. It also presaged the bold but nonviolent human rights campaigns that John Paul would conduct around the world.
First year of travels
John Paul's characteristic mixture of religion and politics—and its deep roots in Poland—became evident during the first year of his pontificate in his first four trips abroad. He went first to the Dominican Republic, Mexico, and The Bahamas (January–February 1979), where he reaffirmed for the bishops of Latin America, leaders of half the world's Catholics, that politics—especially as it concerns human rights, personal dignity, and religious freedom—is an area of human life in which priests as well as laity must be involved. While in Mexico, he attracted what was called the largest crowd ever assembled—estimated at some five million people.
His second trip (June 1979) was to Poland, where he declared to his audiences that their Catholic faith dictated that they had a right to be free. Many Poles said later that the sight of themselves assembled in enormous but orderly gatherings made them realize their own political strength and encouraged their subsequent defiance of the communist regime. John Paul's speeches and activities served as models for the Polish priests who would carry out his independence campaigns in the country after he returned to Rome.
John Paul's third trip (September–October 1979) took him to Ireland, where he condemned violence done in the name of religion, and to the United States, where he was given a Wall Street ticker-tape parade. To the chagrin of some Americans, John Paul used his U.S. visit to express serious disagreements with the West, including aspects of American capitalism. In particular, he decried the neglect of the poor and denounced the exploitation of poor nations by wealthy ones.
On his fourth trip (November 1979) he visited Turkey to meet with the titular head of the Eastern Orthodox Church, which included most of the state-allied churches of what was then the Soviet Union. He thereby indicated a possible intention to pressure Soviet leaders by means of church congregations across eastern Europe. Although such an eastern arm of his anti-Soviet campaign never materialized, the Soviet government viewed it as a serious threat.
Political and cultural messages
In travels during the next 10 years, John Paul preached to the world his messages of religious freedom, national independence, and human rights. He declared that all of Europe—"from the Atlantic to the Ural Mountains" (east of Moscow)—should be reunited through its common Christian heritage. Some Vatican clergy said privately that the new pope was traveling too much, giving a triumphalist face to Catholicism when he should have been concentrating more on rebuilding the church from behind his desk in the Vatican. John Paul kept traveling.
From the start of his papacy, John Paul strictly reasserted the canon law banning priests from any active participation in party politics. His intention was not to weaken Catholicism's political impact but to unify the church and to strengthen its moral authority. He wanted Catholic social doctrine—developed in part from Pope Leo XIII's seminal encyclical on workers' rights, Rerum novarum (1891; "Of New Things")—to be delivered with the singular political authority of the Vatican, unaltered by local politics.
On May 13, 1981, John Paul was shot in the abdomen and nearly killed by a 23-year-old Turkish man, Mehmet Ali Agca. Meanwhile, the Poles' other spiritual leader, Primate Cardinal Wyszyński, lay dying of cancer. The sudden prospect of losing both men unsettled the Solidarity movement. Although no conspiracy in the assassination attempt was ever proved in court, the widespread suspicion that the Soviets were involved (in the hope of demoralizing Solidarity) did much to diminish world opinion of the Soviet Union at the time. John Paul later publicly forgave his would-be assassin, who had shot him on the feast day of the Virgin of Fátima. John Paul said the Virgin had saved his life by guiding the bullet away from vital organs; in May 2000 the Vatican announced that the mysterious third message the Virgin gave the peasant children in Fátima, Portugal, in 1917 was a vision of the 1981 assassination attempt on Pope John Paul II. He made a pilgrimage to the shrine of the Virgin in Fátima on the first anniversary of the assassination attempt, but, during a ceremony in which John Paul consecrated the modern world to the Immaculate Heart of Mary, a priest ordained by (and subsequently disowned by) the dissident French archbishop Marcel Lefebvre lunged at the pope with a bayonet, narrowly missing him.
As the Polish Solidarity movement gained momentum, John Paul repeatedly emphasized to his fellow Poles the importance of pressing for change peacefully, so as not to give the communist regime a justification for using force and dismantling the trade union. In December 1981 Poland's premier, General Wojciech Jaruzelski, declared martial law. Despite the arrest of thousands of Solidarity members and years of uncertainty, the movement persevered. In April 1989 the communists legalized the trade union, and in June of that year Solidarity made a strong showing in free elections. In December 1989 Mikhail Gorbachev became the first Soviet leader to visit the Vatican. The collapse of the Soviet Union occurred two years later. Throughout the 1980s John Paul's continuing private discussions with Polish and Soviet leaders, and his persistent success in keeping Solidarity a nonviolent movement, helped inspire similar movements in other Soviet-bloc countries and eventually led Gorbachev to write that John Paul's approach had made a new kind of thinking possible.
John Paul's visits to other countries ruled by nondemocratic regimes, especially in Latin America, raised the political expectations of the people and thus contributed, in the opinion of some analysts, to the eventual emergence of democratic governments in those regions. In a 1995 address to the General Assembly of the United Nations (UN), he said that universal moral law could help the world move from "a century of violent coercion" to "a century of persuasion." His intervention in a territorial dispute between Chile and Argentina during the first year of his pontificate was credited with preventing a war between the two countries. Not all his political initiatives were successful, however. His fierce criticism of some U.S. actions, such as the First and Second Persian Gulf wars against Iraq and the economic embargo against Cuba, had little visible effect. His popular visit to communist Cuba in 1998, however—where he was openly welcomed by President Fidel Castro, who admired John Paul's criticisms of unbridled American capitalism—did lead to greater acceptance and freedom for the Roman Catholic Church there.
After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, John Paul continued to criticize what he considered the pernicious effects of materialism in the West, including consumerism and pornography. Western societies, he believed, were falling prey to a "culture of death" characterized by acceptance of abortion and euthanasia; he also chided their indifference to the suffering of the poor and the widely held belief that modern technologies can assure fundamental happiness. In the later years of his papacy, he strongly emphasized the message of nonviolence, reflecting a concern borne of his experience of the German and Soviet occupations of his homeland. He frequently made personal appeals for clemency in cases of prisoners sentenced with the death penalty, and he repeatedly insisted that religion should never be used as an excuse for violence of any kind.
Dialogue with other faiths
World religions
In 1986 John Paul invited the leaders of all major religions to Assisi, Italy, for a universal prayer service for world peace. The meeting was scorned by the ultraconservatives of several religions, including his own. The traditionalist archbishop Lefebvre called the pope's action a "scandal" and a betrayal of "the one true faith." Lefebvre also cited it as one of the reasons he consecrated his own bishops (without papal approval) in 1988—the first significant schism in reaction to the reforms of the Second Vatican Council and an act Lefebvre knew would result in his excommunication. Nevertheless, by the mid-1990s John Paul had orchestrated some dramatic acts of interfaith reconciliation, especially with the two other religions that stem from Abraham—Judaism and Islam. He worked to improve relations with these two faiths through frequent meetings that often garnered little public attention. Crucial to John Paul's approach to other religions was his unprecedented campaign to involve Catholics in general apologies for the sins of Catholics against others throughout history, including those committed during the Crusades and against indigenous peoples, women, suspected heretics, non-Catholic Christians, Muslims, and Jews.
From the start of his pontificate, John Paul cultivated personal contacts with Jewish leaders and continued to assert, as he had in Poland, that the Jews are, for Christians, "our elder brothers in faith." In 1986 he became the first pontiff known to have entered a synagogue, when he embraced the chief rabbi at the Great Synagogue of Rome. In 1990 he declared anti-Semitism a sin against God and humanity, and throughout his papacy he used his influence in efforts to help end nearly 2,000 years of oppression and violence inflicted on Jews by Christians. By the end of 1993 he had pushed the Vatican to recognize the State of Israel, overriding the objections of Vatican officials who worried about the consequences for Christian minorities in Arab countries, and on Holocaust Remembrance Day in 1994 he hosted Jews and Christians at an unprecedented memorial concert inside the Vatican. On the controversial question of Pope Pius XII's policy of neutrality during World War II, John Paul did not criticize his silence but asserted that Pius had acted with deep conscience in a terrible situation. The Vatican document We Remember: A Reflection on the Shoah (1998) reviewed various aspects of Catholic anti-Jewish prejudice that contributed to the Holocaust.
A few reconciliation efforts failed. John Paul's canonization of Jewish convert Edith Stein, a nun killed at Auschwitz because she was Jewish, offended many Jews who felt it usurped a Jewish tragedy for Catholic purposes. For them, John Paul only added to this offense by saying her new saint's day should be a Catholic remembrance of the Holocaust's Jewish victims. In March 2000 in Jerusalem, Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak welcomed John Paul to Yad Vashem, a memorial to Holocaust victims, with the words "Blessed are you in Israel." Three days later the pope prayed alone at the Western Wall, into which he placed a printed prayer requesting forgiveness and citing a desire for "genuine brotherhood with the People of the Covenant." These gestures were favourably received by most Israelis.
One month earlier, in Cairo, John Paul had become the first head of his church to meet with the Sheikh al-Azhar, one of Sunnī Islam's highest religious authorities. The next year, in May 2001, John Paul became the first pope ever to enter a mosque, the Great Mosque of Damascus (also known as the Umayyad Mosque), where, in the company of Muslim clerics, he prayed at the shrine of St. John the Baptist. From the beginning of his pontificate, he held nearly 50 substantive meetings with Muslim leaders—far more than those of all previous popes combined.
Christian ecumenism
John Paul's highly personalized encyclical Ut unum sint (1995; "That They May Be One") reviewed 30 years of ecumenical relations, including his visits—the first by any pope—to Canterbury Cathedral and to Lutheran churches in Germany and Sweden. Its invitation to non-Catholic churches to join John Paul in rethinking the role of the papacy in world Christianity sparked new ecumenical discussions.
Although his hopes of mending the 1,000-year rift with the Eastern Orthodox Church (see Schism of 1054) were advanced with his visits to a few nations of the former Soviet Union, the Russian Orthodox Church remained suspicious and did not invite him to visit the country.
Ecclesiastical and theological contributions
During his long pontificate, John Paul directed the rewriting of several major church texts. The revisions included the new Codex Juris Canonici (1983), the first update of the Code of Canon Law since 1917; Pastor Bonus (1988; "Good Shepherd"), the first reform of the Roman Curia since 1967; and the new Codex Canonum Ecclesiarum Orientalium (1990; "Code of Canons for the Eastern Churches"). In 1992 he promulgated the new Catechism of the Catholic Church, its first revision in more than four centuries (see catechism).
John Paul admired and encouraged the scientific search for truth but warned against the misuse of science in ways that undermine human dignity. He saw no basic contradiction between the findings of modern science and biblical accounts of the Creation, stating in a series of brief homilies (published as Original Unity of Man and Woman, 1981) that some stories in Genesis, including the story of Adam and Eve, should be understood as inspired metaphor. In 1984 the Vatican declared that the church's condemnation of Galileo in 1633 had been in error; John Paul subsequently stated that Galileo had been "imprudently opposed" by the church. In his encyclical Fides et ratio (1998; "Faith and Reason"), he argued for the importance of reason in the development of any meaningful faith. He was also the first pope to link the protection of the natural environment firmly to Catholic theology, declaring in 1999 that destruction of the environment "can be a grave sin" and "a sign of real contempt for man."
Final years
Beginning in the early 1990s, the once-robust John Paul was increasingly slowed by Parkinson disease and by a series of operations. Nonetheless, he maintained a rigorous schedule, insisting that his visible suffering was part of his ministry. To aides urging him to slow down, he reportedly said simply, "Si crollo, crollo" ("If I collapse, I collapse"). Although he may have considered the possibility of resignation, he remained silent on the subject (few popes had resigned, the last being Gregory XII in 1415). Even in old age he continued to attract enormous crowds; four million were estimated to have joined him at a mass in Manila in 1995, and two million assembled at a Kraków mass in 2002. After 2003, he appeared in public only when seated. By Easter 2005, following a tracheotomy, he was unable to speak to the people he blessed from his apartment window. He died at his Vatican residence in accordance with his wishes. His funeral in April 2005 drew to Rome millions of pilgrims as well as a number of the world's former and current political leaders. In May 2005 his successor, Pope Benedict XVI, waiving the usual five-year waiting period, allowed review to begin in the cause of John Paul II for beatification and canonization. In January 2011 the Vatican recognized the recovery of a French nun from Parkinson disease as a miracle performed by John Paul II. He was beatified on May 1 and canonized with Pope John XXIII on April 27, 2014.
John Paul II was, in a real sense, the first globally oriented pope. His election coincided with the arrival of routine, worldwide, instantaneous audiovisual communications, and many of his major efforts were intended to adjust—though not to challenge—the essential tenets of Catholicism for an open, interconnected world in which nations and religions must live in daily contact with one another. By publishing unprecedented papal meditations about other faiths, he demonstrated how a Catholic may approach them with reverence. He also hoped to strengthen Catholicism in many cultures around the world by canonizing far more saints—drawn from a broader geographical and occupational spectrum—than had any of his predecessors.
In 2000 John Paul centralized ecclesiastical and theological control over Catholic educational institutions around the world, prompting renewed criticism from members of the church hierarchy who believed that the Second Vatican Council had called upon the pope to be less of an autocrat and more of a collegial moderator. John Paul also proscribed the teachings of some dissident Catholic theologians. For example, early in his pontificate he censured Hans Küng for arguing that the Catholic church was wrong to invoke papal infallibility. In the 1980s John Paul's uneasiness with liberation theology (which he regarded as too closely allied with Marxism and Soviet communism) prompted him to withdraw bureaucratic and moral support from ecclesial base communities in parts of Latin America, a move that may have contributed to the defection of large numbers of Catholics in the region to Evangelical Protestantism.
Throughout his pontificate John Paul maintained traditional church positions on gender and sexual issues, denouncing abortion, artificial contraception, premarital sex, and—through Vatican teachings—homosexual practices (though not homosexual orientation). He continually rebuffed pleas for priests to be allowed to marry and denied requests from Catholic nuns who wanted a greater role in the church. And, though he often spoke out for full equality for women outside religious vocations, he rejected even any discussion of the ordination of women as priests—a stance that evoked sharp and continuing criticism from some quarters.
Some critics charged that John Paul's autocratic style of governing greatly discouraged American and European bishops from seeking the Vatican's help in responding to accusations, which began in the late 20th century, of sexual abuse of minors by clergy. Even as revelations of the abuse grew into a worldwide scandal, the church did little to confront the problem, allowing it to fester without intervention or punishment. In April 2002 the U.S. cardinals received an unprecedented papal summons to Rome, during which time John Paul declared that there was "no place in the priesthood" for anyone who would abuse children. In June 2002 all American bishops met in Dallas, Texas, to adopt strict new policies for investigating any charges of clergy abuse of minors and removing proven offenders. Ultimately, however, the church's reputation in the United States and Europe was gravely damaged. By 2005 the church in the United States had spent more than $1 billion in litigation and legal settlements.
John Paul's emphasis on human rights and national and religious freedom suggested to some a theology that was excessively "human-centred" and insufficiently "Christ-centred." A related criticism was that his political campaigns involved the church too directly in worldly affairs and thereby threatened to obscure its spiritual mission. His defenders argued that his humanistic Catholicism was based upon the person and inspiration of Christ and that his campaigns could be justified by the Catholic belief that it was his duty as the Vicar of Christ to help alleviate the world's suffering. Moreover, they urged, his activism only helped the church by showing that its essential values, advanced with commitment and courage, could improve the world. Other critics claimed that his pontifical writings were often unfocused, but supporters insisted that his encyclicals and other assertions were simply so numerous, varied, and farsighted that it would take years for their impact on Catholicism to be understood.
From the start of his pontificate, John Paul tried to reassert a sense of religious challenge and discipline by making firm declarations about personal morality and the religious life. This effort generally did not reverse a dramatic decline in vocations to the priesthood and sisterhood, nor did it improve church attendance in many Catholic countries. The cardinals who elected him had asked that he end the sense of confusion among many Catholics that seemed to stem from the reforms of the Second Vatican Council, but there was no consensus that he did. Nevertheless, John Paul is generally seen as having increased the global prestige of the papacy and thus to have laid a foundation for possible future revival within the church.
Learn More in these related Britannica articles:
20th-century international relations: The Reagan administration…Karol Cardinal Wojtyła as Pope John Paul II, the first non-Italian pope in 456 years, who in 1981 survived an assassination plot probably hatched in Bulgaria, a Soviet satellite. As unrest mounted in Poland, NATO countries warned against a Soviet military intervention, holding in reserve the threat of declaring Warsaw…
Christianity: Ethics: obeying the truth…in the encyclical letters of John Paul II,
Veritatis splendor(1993; "The Splendour of Truth") and Evangelium vitae(1995; "The Gospel of Life").…
Christianity: Contemporary viewsThe pope St. John Paul II's outreach to the world's religions may be seen as the practical application of the decisions of Vatican II. Within Protestant Christianity there is no comparable central authority, but most Protestant theologians, except within the extreme fundamentalist constituencies, have also moved away…
Christianity: Fourth transition, from 1950In 1986 Pope John Paul II invited world religious leaders to Assisi to pray for peace, and he subsequently prayed at a synagogue and a mosque. The pope offered further guidance on missions in his encyclical
Redemptoris missio(December 7, 1990; "The Mission of Christ the Redeemer"), renewing…
Roman Catholicism: The church since Vatican II…pivotal to the papacy of St. John Paul II, who prayed with world religious leaders in 1986, made a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, and prayed in a mosque and a synagogue.…
More About St. John Paul II36 references found in Britannica articles
Assorted References
- addition of mysteries
- Blessed Mother Teresa
- establishment of World Youth Day
- Fátima message
- In Fátima
- impact on the office of cardinal
- In cardinal
- Our Lady of Guadalupe
- protection by Swiss Guards
- In Swiss Guards
- role in Poland
- support of Opus Dei


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Honors & Awards
- 2012 AVCA Second-Team All-American
- 2012 AVCA First-Team All-Mideast Region
- 2012 First-Team All-Big Ten
- 2012 Academic All-Big Ten
- 2012 Ameritas Players Challenge All- Tournament Team MVP
- 2011 AVCA Honorable Mention All-American
- 2011 First-Team All-Big Ten
- 2011 AVCA Honorable Mention All-Mideast Region
- 2011 Preseason All-Big Ten
- 2011 AVCA Sports Imports Player of the Week (Nov. 22)
- Big Ten Player of the Week (Oct. 17, Nov. 21)
- 2010 Big 12 Defensive Player of the Year
- 2010 Second-Team AVCA All-American
- 2010 Third-Team Volleyball Magazine All-American
- 2010 First-Team AVCA All-Central Region
- 2010 First-Team All-Big 12
- 2010 BYU Nike Invitational All-Tournament Team
- 2009 AVCA National Freshman of the Year
- 2009 Honorable-Mention AVCA All-American
- 2009 AVCA Central Region Freshman of the Year
- 2009 Honorable-Mention AVCA All-Central Region
- 2009 Big 12 Freshman of the Year
- 2009 Honorable-Mention All-Big 12
- 2009 Big 12 All-Freshman Team
- Six-Time Big 12 Rookie of the Week
- Nebraska Scholar-Athlete Honor Roll (Fall 2012)
2012: Senior
Hannah Werth claimed AVCA Second-Team All-America and AVCA All-Mideast selections in 2012 • Earned first-team All-Big Ten and academic All-Big Ten honors • Recorded 360 total kills and an average of 3.05 kills per set for NU in 2012 • Chipped in a team-high 390 digs • Tallied 14 double-doubles on the season and totaled double-digit kills in 20 of Nebraska's 33 matches • Posted at least 10 digs in 21 matches • Led Nebraska in digs and finished the season ranked 10th in the Big Ten in digs, averaging 3.31 per set • Became the 11th Husker to reach the 1,000 career digs mark • Totaled 1,367 career digs to rank fourth at Nebraska • Finished her career with 1,286 kills, ranking ninth all-time at Nebraska • Joined Jennifer Saleaumua, Jordan Larson and Eileen Shannon as players who have recorded 1,000 career digs and kills • Opened the season by leading Nebraska in kills against Saint Louis, before recording 12 kills against UCLA, 11 against Notre Dame and 14 against Oklahoma • Also led Nebraska in digs against Colgate (12), UC Irvine (12) and Oklahoma (13) • Led Nebraska defensively against Penn State, recording a team-high 16 digs • Posted 10 digs and five blocks against Ohio State • Tabbed nine kills on 15 swings for a .467 hitting percentage against Michigan State • Recorded a team-leading 16 digs against the Wolverines on Sept. 30 • Notched a double-double against Indiana with 12 kills and 10 digs • Recorded hitting percentages of .396 and .308 against Wisconsin and Minnesota • Led Nebraska in digs against Illinois, totaling a season-high 18 • Recorded two double-doubles against Ohio State and Penn State, including a career-high 27 digs against Penn State, which ranked 12th among the top 20 individual digs performances at Nebraska • Notched 18 kills and 13 digs against Purdue in the Huskers' 3-2 win • Posted 31 total kills against Minnesota and Wisconsin, leading the team in Nebraska's 3-0 win against the Badgers • Also notched 17 kills and 13 digs in Nebraska's 3-1 win over Northwestern on senior night • Notched 11 kills against UMES in the NCAA first round • Posted nine kills and 22 digs against Washington in the NCAA Regional Semifinal • Had 10 kills and 14 digs in the Huskers' final match of the 2012 season.
2011: Junior
Werth led the Huskers to their first Big Ten Championship • Earned honorable-mention All-America accolades as a junior • Received first-team All-Big Ten accolades • Claimed AVCA honorable mention All-Mideast Region recognition • Named a preseason All-Big Ten pick • Honored as the AVCA Sports Imports Player of the Week on Nov. 22 after recording two double-doubles in four-set wins over then-No. 19 Minnesota with 14 kills, hitting .379 and tabbing 17 digs and against Wisconsin with 14 kills and 13 digs • Was the 12th Nebraska player to receive the AVCA award • Earned Big Ten Player-of-the-Week honors on Oct. 17 and Nov. 21 for helping the Huskers beat Wisconsin and Minnesota on both occasions • Recorded 10 double-doubles on the year, giving her 32 total double-doubles during her Nebraska career • Notched a career-high three aces twice on the season • Recorded a career-high six total blocks at Minnesota on Oct. 15 • Posted a season-high 17 kills on 28 attacks with a hitting percentage of .536 at Wisconsin on Oct. 14 • Posted 37 attacks and 15 kills at Minnesota on Oct. 15 • Finished with a hitting percentage of .632 at Iowa on Nov. 22 • Recorded 17 digs four times during the 2011 season, last against Minnesota on Nov. 16 • Averaged 2.80 kills per set and 3.11 digs per set on the season, while ranking second on the team in total digs with 348 on the year • Tabbed at least 10 kills in 18 matches, while notching at least 10 digs in 19 matches • Averaged a hitting percentage of .239 on the season, while hitting at least .300 on 10 occasions • Recorded at least 10 digs 19 times during her junior campaign, with a streak of eight matches where she posted at least 10 digs • Aided the Huskers with three aces at Michigan State on Sept. 30.
2010: Sophomore
Werth was one of the Huskers' most productive players during her sophomore campaign with a team-high 10 double-doubles • Hit over .300 on 11 occasions • Ranked third on the team in kills (2.80) and second in digs (3.09) per set, while adding 0.49 blocks per set • Became the fourth player in NU history to be named Big 12 Defensive Player of the Year, joining Jordan Larson (2006, 2008), Christina Houghtelling (2007) and Jennifer Saleaumua (2004, 2005) • Was a second-team AVCA All-America selection after earning honorable-mention accolades as a freshman • Ended the season with a team-high 16 kills and added 16 digs in a four-set loss to Washington in the NCAA Tournament on Dec. 10 • Opened the tournament with a .364 performance (5-1-11) in a sweep of Sacred Heart on Dec. 2 • Produced a match-high 17 digs and added nine kills in a home sweep of Oklahoma on Nov. 17 • Had 12 digs earlier in the week during a sweep of Colorado in Boulder on Nov. 13 • Tied her season high in kills with a match-high 13 at Kansas on Nov. 3 • Had a three-match run of hitting .400 or better and produced two double-doubles during the run • Started with a .474 performance at Kansas State on Oct. 16 with 10 kills and 10 digs • Hit .400 against Texas Tech on Oct. 20, while adding 11 kills and 12 digs • Ended the run by hitting .455 with 13 kills on 22 swings against Missouri on Oct. 23 • Posted a season-high 18 digs and added 11 kills in a 3-1 home win over Texas on Oct. 2 • Tallied back-to-back double-doubles against Kansas on Sept. 22 (12 kills, 11 digs) and at Baylor on Sept. 25 (10 kills, 16 digs) • Hit a career-best .727 (8-0-11) in two sets of action against Colorado at home on Sept. 18 • Opened the season with double-digit digs in three straight matches, including a season-opening win over Kentucky at the Runza/AVCA Showcase where she had 11 kills, 10 digs and hit .429 (11-2-21).
2009: Freshman
Werth proved to be one of the Big 12's top rookies, as she earned a spot in the starting lineup • Became the first Husker freshman to average more than three kills and three digs per set, posting a team-high 3.18 kills and 3.07 digs per set • Garnered honorable-mention All-America accolades, as she became the first freshman since 2004 to pace the Big Red in kills • Finished the season on NU's freshman charts in both digs (332, second) and kills (343, third) • Named the Big 12 Freshman of the Year, as she led all conference freshmen in kills and totaled 13 double-doubles (kills-digs) • Topped NU in kills a team-high 13 times and led NU in digs in six matches • Totaled nine kills and 13 digs in a sweep of No. 5 Iowa State on Dec. 11 • Turned in a strong opening weekend of the NCAA Tournament with 4.17 kills and 4.17 digs per set, including 13 kills on a season-best .476 hitting, 14 digs and four blocks against No. 20 Northern Iowa • Established team highs in both kills (13) and digs (13) at Kansas State on Nov. 25, including nine kills in the opening set • Led NU in kills (9) and digs (15) in a sweep at No. 8 Iowa State on Nov. 8 • Totaled a team-high 12 kills on .429 hitting versus Missouri on Nov. 4 • Picked up a double-double with match highs in kills (15) and digs (12) at Texas Tech on Oct. 29 • Put up a career-high 19 kills on .342 hitting against Oklahoma on Oct. 24 • Shined in a loss against No. 14 Iowa State with 13 kills and 17 digs on Oct. 21 • Recorded 17 kills and added 15 digs at Missouri on Oct. 17 • Picked up a double-double with a match-high 13 kills on .379 hitting and 12 digs at No. 19 Baylor on Oct. 14 • Hit .448 with 14 kills and nine digs against Kansas on Oct. 7 • Registered 17 kills and 10 digs in a win at Oklahoma on Sept. 30 • Recorded 14 kills and a season-high 23 digs against No. 8 UCLA on Sept. 13 • Collected 13 kills on .455 hitting against UL-Lafayette on Sept. 4.
High School
Werth was one of the nation's top high school players at Glenwood High School • Selected to Volleyball Magazine's Fab 50 in February of 2009 • Chosen as a first-team All-American by Volleyball Magazine and the AVCA after totaling 606 kills on .414 hitting, 252 assists, 220 digs and 54 aces • Earned MVP honors at the 2008 AVCA/Under Armour High School All-America match • Named the 2008 Gatorade Illinois High School Player of the Year, as she established the Illinois High School state record with 2,022 career kills • Rated the No. 4 senior by Prepvolleyball.com • Finished her career with school records for kills, digs (936), aces (183), blocks (252) and hitting percentage (.331) playing for Coach Larry Sample • Was a three-time all-state pick by the Champaign News-Gazette and Chicago Tribune, earning state player-of-the-year honors by the News-Gazette in 2008 • Ranked second in the state with 699 kills while also chipping in 350 digs as a junior • Participated on the gold-medal winning U.S. Junior National Team at the 2008 NORCECA Continental Women's Junior Championships • Played club volleyball for Coach Andy Erins at Illini Elite, earning MVP honors at the 2007 AAU National Championships after helping her team win the title • Her older brother (Jayson) starts for the Washington Nationals while her older sister (Hillary) competed in track at UCLA and is now training with the USA bobsled team• Hannah's mother (Kim Schofield Werth) was a track star at Florida who competed in the 1976 U.S. Olympic Trials in the long jump and 100 meters, while her father (Dennis) played four years for the New York Yankees and Kansas City Royals. Hannah's uncle (Dick Schofield) and grandfather (Dick "Ducky" Schofield) also played in the Major Leagues • Recruited by Illinois, Florida, UCLA, Stanford and Wisconsin before choosing Nebraska.

subset: commoncrawl


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Security Clearances >> Browse Articles
Browse Security Clearances Articles
A Day In The Life Of: Transportation Security Inspectors (TSI)In an effort to explain the many different positions we have in the field, I've asked a Transportation Security Inspector (TSI) from Cincinnati to talk a little about his position. Jim is from the Aviation side of Inspections, so keep in mind that TSA has a cadre of inspectors in the field. We'll highlight their jobs in the future as well. ...Published about 10 years ago |
Am I Eligible for Security Clearance?Introduction The following guidelines are established for all individuals who require access to classified information. They apply to persons being considered for initial or continued eligibility, and are used by government departments and agencies in all final clearance determinations. Investigative Process The determination of whether the granting or continuing of eligibility for a security clearance is based upon careful consideration of ...Published over 10 years ago |
5 Steps to Gaining a Security ClearanceA security clearance is often essential to landing a job with government contractors or federal agencies who handle sensitive information. Since the creation of the Department of Homeland Security and a huge demand for internet security work, there has never been a greater demand for employees to work on classified programs. Therefore, qualified job seekers will find that they have a ...Published over 10 years ago |
What is a Background Investigation?Q: Why are you going to investigate me? I'm only applying for an entry level job and I don't need a security clearance. A: The interests of the national security require that all persons privileged to be employed in the departments and agencies of the government shall be reliable, trustworthy, of good conduct and character, and of complete and unswerving loyalty ...Published over 10 years ago |
3 Levels of Security Clearanceh3. Classification Levels National security information that requires protection against unauthorized disclosure are classified at one of the following three levels. Top Secret Clearance Top Secret is applied to information that reasonably could be expected to cause exceptionally grave damage to the national security if disclosed to unauthorized sources. This level needs to be reinvestigated every 5 years. [widget:security_clearance] Secret ...Published over 10 years ago |
Don't Let Your Security Clearance ExpireEventually, the time comes for many of us to evaluate the marketability of the skills, qualifications, and experiences we have gained through government service. We hope a prospective employer will appreciate our proven leadership abilities, sharp intellect, and valuable training - fortunately, many do. One of the most valuable, and perpetually underestimated, qualifications that many of us bring to the table ...Published over 10 years ago |
Insider's Guide to Homeland Security JobsWith a $44.9 Billion dollar annual budget and over 200,000 employees in the Department of Homeland Security alone, homeland security careers are some of the most stable, fastest growing, and most rewarding jobs available today. There's only one thing growing faster than homeland security job offers - and that's job seekers who want careers in homeland security. In fact, in every ...Published over 10 years ago |
Find a Career With the U.S. Border PatrolThe US Border Patrol offers a fast-paced, challenging law enforcement career in which fluency in Spanish is a definite advantage. Now part of the Department of Homeland Security, the Border Patrol is responsible for patrolling all 6,000 miles of the US land borders and 2,000 miles of coast around Florida and Puerto Rico. Its greatest focus, however, is on the border ...Published almost 11 years ago |
How to Obtain a Security ClearanceSuppose you've come across an hourly job that looks like a great fit. There's just one small matter: The position requires a US security clearance, and you don't have one. You may think that you can just apply for the clearance and in no time the job will be yours, but the process isn't quite that simple. You cannot obtain a ...Published almost 11 years ago |
National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationThe mission of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is to "pioneer the future in space exploration, scientific discovery and aeronautics research". More specifically, NASA represents four principle organizations, referred to as mission directorates: ● Aeronautics: pioneers and proves new flight technologies that improve our ability to explore and which have practical applications on Earth. ● Exploration Systems: creates new ...Published almost 11 years ago |
Department of Homeland SecurityIf you've looked into federal employment before, you'll find significant changes since early 2003. Public Law 107-296 established the Department of Homeland Security on January 24, 2003, in response to the September 11th attacks. Many functions were transferred to Homeland Security from other departments, including: 1) Immigration and naturalization from the Department of Justice. 2) Transportation Security Administration and the US ...Published almost 12 years ago |
Department of the ArmyThe U.S. Army's mission is to provide necessary forces and capabilities to the Combatant Commanders in support of the National Security and Defense Strategies. The Army recruits, organizes, trains, and equips Soldiers who, as vital members of their units and the Joint Team, conduct prompt, sustained combat and stability operations on land. It is also charged with providing logistics and support ...Published almost 12 years ago |
Department of the Air Force: Federal Jobs OverviewThe mission of the United States Air Force is to deliver sovereign options for the defense of the United States of America and its global interests - to fly and fight in Air, Space, and Cyberspace. To achieve that mission, the Air Force has a vision of Global Vigilance, Reach and Power. That vision orbits around three core competencies: Developing Airmen, ...Published over 11 years ago |
Department of the Army: Federal Jobs OverviewThe U.S. Army's mission is to provide necessary forces and capabilities to the Combatant Commanders in support of the National Security and Defense Strategies. The Army recruits, organizes, trains, and equips Soldiers who, as vital members of their units and the Joint Team, conduct prompt, sustained combat and stability operations on land. It is also charged with providing logistics and support ...Published over 11 years ago |
U.S. Citizenship and Immigration ServicesUSCIS is responsible for the administration of immigration and naturalization adjudication functions and establishing immigration services policies and priorities. These functions include: adjudication of immigrant visa petitions; adjudication of naturalization petitions; adjudication of asylum and refugee applications; adjudications performed at the service centers. USCIS was called Immigration and Naturalization Services (INS) before it became part of the Department of Homeland Security ...Published over 11 years ago |
Department of Homeland Security: Federal Jobs OverviewDHS leads a national effort to secure America, prevents and deters terrorist attacks, protects against and responds to threats to the nation, ensures safe and secure borders, and welcomes lawful immigrants and visitors. The Department is expected to be doing extensive hiring over the next three years with a specific focus on border control and airport security personnel. Number of Employees ...Published over 11 years ago |
Department of JusticeDOJ's mission is to enforce the law and defend the interests of the United States according to the law, to ensure public safety against threats foreign and domestic, to provide federal leadership in preventing and controlling crime, to seek just punishment for those guilty of unlawful behavior, and to ensure fair and impartial administration of justice for all Americans. Number of ...Published over 11 years ago |
Department of State: Federal Jobs OverviewThe State Department creates a more secure, democratic and prosperous world for the benefit of the American people and the international community. Conducts the nation's foreign affairs and diplomatic initiatives; oversees the Nation's embassies and consulates; issues passports; monitors U.S. interests abroad; and represents the U.S. before international organizations. A key component of this mission is the U.S. Foreign Service which ...Published over 11 years ago |
Department of Defense: Federal Jobs OverviewThe mission of the Department of Defense (DoD) is to protects and advance the security and interests of the United States, deters aggressors and, if deterrence fails, defeats any adversary. Unlike the other executive level departments, DoD includes three sub-departments, the Departments of the Navy, Army and Air Force. Each of these departments includes a multitude of individual agencies administered by ...Published over 11 years ago |
Counterterrorism AnalystCounterterrorism Analysts perform and lead the performance of all-source analysis of terrorist groups' activities and actions against U.S. (specifically DoD) interests. They assess developments related to terrorism worldwide, and support U.S. policymakers by monitoring and assessing the leadership, motivations, plans, and intentions of foreign terrorist groups and their state and nonstate sponsors. In addition, Counterterrorism Analysts provide current and longer-term intelligence ...Published over 11 years ago |


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Slovenia's Hiše s tradicijo (Houses of Tradition) cordially invites you to experience a unique, richer holiday atmosphere in a traditional environment.
Houses of Tradition are distinguished by tradition and character – the legacy these houses inherited from their former owners. Tradition is reflected in the preserved architecture of the building and decoration, and through the customs and habits passed down the generations. The high standard of accommodation is complemented by the carefully preserved natural environment and diverse, healthy, lovingly home-grown food and excellent Slovenian wines on offer. At your request, the host shall prepare a traditional dinner, during which you will become acquainted with the history of the house and the location itself.
Houses of tradition are located throughout Slovenia and are an appropriate starting point in order to learn about the diversity of Slovenian cultural and natural heritage, as well as Slovenian cuisine. Most of the Houses have accommodation available, but some can only be viewed by prior arrangement. There is an ethnological collection on display and, more often than not, the hosts will welcome you in the time-honoured custom, share with you the way life was in the past and treat you to traditional dishes.
Most Houses of Tradition are located in the countryside, away from the city rush, where you can take time out to enjoy the peace and unspoiled natural beauty of Slovenia, participate in traditional tasks and practices, or opt for some of the many outdoor activities on offer such as cycling, hiking, fishing, riding, playing golf, swimming, skiing, cross-country skiing, and so forth...
We invite you to peruse the range of services available at the Houses of Tradition and choose a suitable spot for a relaxed holiday.


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ClubfootClubfoot - Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment
What is clubfoot?
Clubfoot, also known as talipes equinovarus, is a congenital (present at birth) foot deformity. It affects the bones, muscles, tendons, and blood vessels and can affect one or both feet. The foot is usually short and broad in appearance and the heel points downward while the front half of the foot (forefoot) turns inward. The heel cord (Achilles tendon) is tight. The heel can appear narrow and the muscles in the calf are smaller compared to a normal lower leg.
Clubfoot occurs in approximately 1 in every 1,000 births, with boys slightly outnumbering girls. One or both feet may be affected.
What causes clubfoot?
Clubfoot is considered a "multifactorial trait." Multifactorial inheritance means there are many factors involved in causing a birth defect. The factors are usually both genetic and environmental.
Often one gender (either male or female) is affected more frequently than the other in multifactorial traits. There appears to be a different "threshold of expression," which means that one gender is more likely to show the problem than the other gender. For example, clubfoot is twice as common in males as it is in females. Once a child has been born with clubfoot, the chance for it to happen again in a male or female child is about 4 percent overall. In other words, there is a 96 percent chance that another child would not be born with clubfoot.
What are the risk factors for clubfoot?
Risk factors may include:
family history of clubfoot
position of the baby in the uterus
increased occurrences in those children with neuromuscular disorders, such as cerebral palsy (CP) and spina bifida
oligohydramnios (decreased amount of amniotic fluid surrounding the fetus in the uterus) during pregnancy
Babies born with clubfoot may also be at increased risk of having an associated hip condition, known as developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH). DDH is a condition of the hip joint in which the top of the thigh bone (femur) slips in and out of its socket because the socket is too shallow to keep the joint intact.
How is clubfoot diagnosed?
Your child's physician makes the diagnosis of clubfoot at birth with a physical examination. During the examination, your child's physician obtains a complete prenatal and birth history of the child and asks if other family members are known to have clubfoot. If the diagnosis of clubfoot is made in an older infant or child, your child's physician will also ask about developmental milestones since clubfoot can be associated with other neuromuscular disorders. Developmental delays may require further medical follow up to evaluate for underlying problems.
Diagnostic procedures of the foot may include:
x-ray - a diagnostic test which uses invisible electromagnetic energy beams to produce images of internal tissues, bones, and organs onto film.
computed tomography scan (Also called a CT or CAT scan.) - a diagnostic imaging procedure that uses a combination of x-rays and computer technology to produce cross-sectional images (often called slices), both horizontally and vertically, of the body. A CT scan shows detailed images of any part of the body, including the bones, muscles, fat, and organs. CT scans are more detailed than general x-rays.
The affected foot may be flexible, known as a "positional clubfoot." This flexible type of clubfoot is caused by the baby's position in the uterus. Positional clubfoot can easily be positioned into a neutral (not curved) position by hand. A true clubfoot is stiff, or rigid, and very hard to manipulate.
The symptoms of clubfoot may resemble other medical conditions of the foot. Always consult your child's physician for a diagnosis.
Treatment for clubfoot:
Specific treatment for clubfoot will be determined by your child's physician based on:
your child's age, overall health, and medical history
the extent of the condition
your child's tolerance for specific medications, procedures, or therapies
expectations for the course of the condition
your opinion or preference
The goal of treatment is to straighten the foot so that it can grow and develop normally. Treatment options for infants include:
nonsurgical treatment
There are various methods of nonsurgical treatment for infants with clubfoot. These methods include serial manipulation and casting, taping, physical therapy and splinting, and use of a machine that provides continuous passive motion. A nonsurgical treatment should be the first type of treatment for clubfoot, regardless of how severe the deformity is.
According to the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS), the Ponseti method, which uses manipulation and casting, is the most frequently used method in the US to treat clubfoot. Most cases of clubfoot in infants can be corrected within 2 to 3 months using this method. It is recommended that Ponseti method treatment be started as soon as clubfoot has been diagnosed, even as soon as one week of age. The AAOS states that infants with clubfoot occasionally have a deformity severe enough that manipulation and casting will not be effective.
Because clubfoot may recur, braces are worn for several years to prevent relapse. Initially, the braces are worn for 23 hours a day for up to 3 months, then at night for 2 to 4 years.
Surgical treatment for clubfoot may be required in these situations: when nonsurgical treatment fails to correct the deformity, or when the deformity recurs and does not respond to nonsurgical treatment. The specific surgical procedure and extent of surgery will depend on the type and extent of the deformity. Postoperatively, surgical wires, pins, and/or a cast may be used to maintain the corrected foot position until it has healed. Splints may also be needed for several months up to a few years after surgery.
What are long leg casts?
Long leg casts are applied from the upper thigh to the foot. These casts are used for thigh, knee, or lower leg fractures. They can also be used with knee dislocations or after surgery on the leg or knee area.
What are short leg casts?
A short leg cast is applied to the area below the knee to the foot. This type of leg cast is used for leg fractures and severe ankle sprains/strains or fractures. A short leg cast may also be used to hold the leg or foot muscles and tendon in place after surgery to allow healing.
Cast care instructions:
Keep the cast clean and dry.
Check for cracks or breaks in the cast.
Rough edges can be padded to protect the skin from scratches.
Do not scratch the skin under the cast by inserting objects inside the cast.
Use a hairdryer placed on a cool setting to blow air under the cast and cool down the hot, itchy skin. Never blow warm or hot air into the cast.
Do not put powders or lotion inside the cast.
Cover the cast while your child is eating to prevent food spills from entering the cast.
Prevent small toys or objects from being put inside the cast.
Elevate the cast above the level of the heart to decrease swelling.
When to call your child's physician:
Contact your physician if your child develops one or more of the following symptoms:
fever greater than 101? F
increased pain
increased swelling above or below the cast
complaints of numbness or tingling
drainage or foul odor from the cast
cool or cold toes
Long-term outlook for a child with clubfoot:
Most infants with clubfoot can be corrected with serial manipulation and casting. Some infants may require surgery to help correct the position of the foot. Additional surgeries may be necessary since the deformity may come back as the child grows and develops.


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Susan Sarandon
STARmeterTop 5000
Down 137 this week
Susan Sarandon was born Susan Abigail Tomalin in New York City, NY, to Lenora Marie (Criscione), no profession, and Phillip Leslie Tomalin, an advertising executive. She is of Italian (mother) and English, Irish, Welsh, and German (father) descent. It was after the 1968 Democratic convention and there was a casting call for a film with several ... See full bio »
Born:in New York City, New York, USA
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BASE jumping
BASE jumping, also sometimes written as B.A.S.E. jumping, is parachuting or wingsuit flying from a fixed structure or cliff. "BASE" is an acronym that stands for four categories of fixed objects from which one can jump: building, antenna, span, and earth (cliff).[1][2] Due to the lower altitudes of the jumps, BASE jumping is significantly more dangerous than skydiving from a plane. In the U.S., BASE jumping is currently regarded by many as a fringe extreme sport or stunt.[3]
The acronym "B.A.S.E." (now more commonly "BASE") was coined by filmmaker Carl Boenish, his wife Jean Boenish, Phil Smith, and Phil Mayfield.[4] Carl Boenish was the catalyst behind modern BASE jumping, and in 1978, he filmed the first BASE jumps which were made using ram-air parachutes and the freefall tracking technique (from El Capitan in Yosemite National Park).[5] While BASE jumps had been made prior to that time, the El Capitan activity was the effective birth of what is now called BASE jumping.
BASE numbers are awarded to those who have made at least one jump from each of the four categories (buildings, antennas, spans and earth). When Phil Smith and Phil Mayfield jumped together from a Houston skyscraper on 18 January 1981, they became the first to attain the exclusive BASE numbers (BASE #1 and #2, respectively), having already jumped from an antenna, spans, and earthen objects. Jean and Carl Boenish qualified for BASE numbers 3 and 4 soon after. A separate "award" was soon enacted for Night BASE jumping when Mayfield completed each category at night, becoming Night BASE #1, with Smith qualifying a few weeks later.
Fausto Veranzio is widely believed to have performed a parachute jumping experiment for real[6] and, therefore, to be the first man to build and test a parachute: according to the story passed on, Veranzio, in 1617, then over sixty-five years old, implemented his design and tested the parachute by jumping from St Mark's Campanile in Venice.[7] This event was documented some 30 years later in a book Mathematical Magick or, the Wonders that may be Performed by Mechanical Geometry (London, 1648) written by John Wilkins, the secretary of the Royal Society in London.
However, these and other sporadic incidents were one-time experiments, not the systematic pursuit of a new form of parachuting. After 1978, the filmed jumps from El Capitan were repeated, not as a publicity exercise or as a movie stunt, but as a true recreational activity. It was this that popularized BASE jumping more widely among parachutists.[citation needed] Carl Boenish continued to publish films and informational magazines on BASE jumping until his death in 1984 after a BASE jump off the Troll Wall. By this time, the concept had spread among skydivers worldwide, with hundreds of participants making fixed-object jumps.
During the early eighties, nearly all BASE jumps were made using standard skydiving equipment, including two parachutes (main and reserve), and deployment components. Later on, specialized equipment and techniques were developed specifically for the unique needs of BASE jumping.
Upon completing a jump from all of the four object categories, a jumper may choose to apply for a "BASE number", awarded sequentially.[8] The 1000th application for a BASE number was filed in March 2005 and BASE #1000 was awarded to Matt "Harley" Moilanen of Grand Rapids, Michigan. As of May 2017[update], over 2,000 BASE numbers have been issued.[9]
Guinness World Records first listed a BASE jumping record with Carl Boenish's 1984 leap from Trollveggen (Troll Wall) in Norway. It was described as the highest BASE jump. The jump was made two days before Boenish's death at the same site. This record category is still in the Guinness book and is currently held by Valery Rozov. On 5 October 2016, Russia's Valery Rozov leapt from a height of around 7,700 m (25,262 ft) from Cho Oyu, the sixth-highest mountain in the Himalayas, located on the China/Nepal border. He fell for around 90 seconds before opening his parachute, landing on a glacier approximately two minutes later at an altitude of around 6,000 m (19,685 ft). On July 8, 2006 Captain Daniel G. Schilling set the Guinness World Record for the most BASE jumps in a twenty-four-hour period. Schilling jumped off the Perrine Bridge in Twin Falls, Idaho, a record 201 times.
BASE competitions have been held since the early 1980s, with accurate landings or free fall aerobatics used as the judging criteria. Recent years have seen a formal competition held at the 452 metres (1,483 ft) high Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, judged on landing accuracy.[10][citation needed]
In 2018 at Eikesdalen, Norway a world record was set with 69 BASE jumpers jumping from the cliff Katthammaren.[citation needed]
Notable jumps[edit]
- In 1912, Franz Reichelt, tailor, jumped from the first deck of the Eiffel Tower testing his invention, the coat parachute, and died when he hit the ground. It was his first-ever attempt with the parachute and both the authorities and the spectators believed he intended to test it using a dummy.[11]
- February 2, 1912 Rodman Law parachuted from the top of the candle/torch of the Statue of Liberty. The top of the candle is 305 ft 11 in above the ground.
- In 1913, it is claimed that Štefan Banič successfully jumped from a 15-story building to demonstrate his parachute design.[12][13]
- In 1913, Russian student Vladimir Ossovski (Владимир Оссовский), from the Saint-Petersburg Conservatory, jumped from the 53-meter high bridge over the river Seine in Rouen (France), using the parachute RK-1, invented a year before that by Gleb Kotelnikov (1872–1944). Ossovski planned to jump from the Eiffel Tower too, but the Parisian authorities did not allow it.[14]
- In 1965, Erich Felbermayr from Wels jumped from the Kleine Zinne / Cima piccola di Lavaredo in the Dolomites.[15]
- In 1966, Michael Pelkey and Brian Schubert jumped from El Capitan in the Yosemite Valley.[16]
- On January 31, 1972, Rick Sylvester skied off Yosemite Valley's El Capitan, making the first skiBASE jump (he termed it a "ski/parachute jump" since the acronym BASE had yet to be coined), falling approximately halfway down, about 1500 feet, before deploying his Thunderbow chute. He did this twice more, approximately two weeks later and a year later.[17]
- On November 9, 1975, the first person to parachute off the CN Tower in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, was Bill Eustace, a member of the tower's construction crew. He was fired.[18]
- In 1975, Owen J. Quinn parachuted from the south tower of the World Trade Center to publicize the plight of the poor.[19]
- In 1976, Rick Sylvester skied off Canada's Mount Asgard for the ski chase sequence of the James Bond movie The Spy Who Loved Me, giving the wider world its first look at BASE jumping.[20]
- On February 22, 1982, Wayne Allwood, an Australian skydiving accuracy champion, parachuted from a helicopter over the Sydney CBD and landed on the small top area of Sydney's Centrepoint Tower, approximately 300 metres (980 ft) above the ground. Upon landing, Allwood discarded and secured his parachute, then used a full-sized reserve parachute to BASE jump into Hyde Park below.[21] Video footage is also included in the Australian Base Associations' 2001 video compilation, Fistful of F-111.
- In 1986, Welshman Eric Jones became the first person to BASE jump from the Eiger.
- In 1987, Steve Dines (Australian) BASE 157 made the first jump from the top of the Sydney Harbour Bridge.
- In 1990, Russell Powell (British) BASE 230 illegally jumped from the Whispering Gallery inside St Paul's Cathedral London. It was the lowest indoor BASE jump in the world at 31.1 m.[22]
- On May 6, 1991, John Vincent performed a base jump from the South Tower of the World Trade Center. He bypassed the observation deck anti-suicide fence and climbed over a window washing machine apparatus. No charges were ever applied.[23]
- On August 26, 1992, Australians Nic Feteris and Glenn Singleman made a BASE jump from an altitude of 20,600 feet (6286 meters) jump off Great Trango Towers Pakistan. It was the world's highest BASE jump off the earth at the time.[24]
- In 1996, one jumper was injured and three landed safely in the only authorized BASE jump from Seattle's Space Needle.[25]
- On October 23, 1998, Avner Tshori and Inbar Raz BASE jumped from Azrieli Center's round building which was at that time the highest tower in the Middle-East, in the first documented BASE jump in Israel.[26]
- On October 22, 1999, Jan Davis died while attempting a BASE jump from El Capitan in Yosemite Valley. Davis' jump was part of an organized act of civil disobedience protesting the NPS air delivery regulations (36 CFR 2.17(a)), which make BASE jumping illegal in national park areas. The chute she was using failed to deploy.
- In 2000, Hannes Arch and Ueli Gegenschatz were the first to dare a BASE jump from the imposing 1800-metre-high north face of the Eiger.[27]
- In 2005, Karina Hollekim became the first woman to perform a ski-BASE.
- In April 2008, Hervé Le Gallou and David McDonnell infiltrated Burj Khalifa and jumped off a balcony on the 155th floor. They evaded arrest following their successful jump. However, on a second attempt two days later, Le Gallou was caught and subsequently detained in Dubai for three months.[28][29][30]
- In 2009, three women—29-year-old Australian Livia Dickie, 28-year-old Venezuelan Ana Isabel Dao, and 32-year-old Norwegian Anniken Binz[31]—base-jumped from Angel Falls, the highest waterfall in the world. Ana Isabel Dao was the first Venezuelan woman to jump off Angel Falls.[32]
- On January 8, 2010, Nasr Al Niyadi and Omar Al Hegelan broke the then current world record for the highest building BASE jump after they leapt from a crane suspended platform attached to the Burj Khalifa's 160th floor at 672 metres (2,205 ft).[33]
- On May 5, 2013, Russian Valery Rozov, 48, jumped off Changtse's north face from a height of 7,220 metres (23,690 ft). Using a specially-developed wingsuit, he flew to the Rongbuk glacier, breaking the world record for highest base jump.[34]
- In September 2013, three men jumped off the then-under-construction One World Trade Center in New York City. Footage of their jump was recorded using head cams and can be seen on YouTube.[35] In March 2014, the three jumpers and one accomplice on the ground were arrested after turning themselves in.[36][37]
- On April 21, 2014, Fred Fugen and Vince Reffet (both from France) broke the Guinness World Record for Highest BASE Jump From a Building with a jump of 828 m (2,716 ft 6 in) from the Burj Khalifa tower in Dubai.[38][39]
- On May 27, 2014, Whisper became the world's first wingsuit BASE-jumping dog.[40]
- On August 21, 2014, Ramón Rojas of Chile broke the record for highest earth-based wingsuit ski jump, 4,100 metres (13,500 ft) off of Cerro El Plomo.[41]
Comparison with skydiving[edit]
BASE jumping grew out of skydiving. BASE jumps are generally made from much lower altitudes than skydives, and a BASE jump takes place close to the object serving as the jump platform. Because BASE jumps generally entail slower airspeeds than typical skydives (due to the limited altitude), a BASE jumper does not always reach terminal velocity. Because higher airspeeds enable jumpers more aerodynamic control of their bodies, as well as more positive and quick parachute openings, the longer the delay, the better. BASE jumping is significantly more dangerous than similar sports such as skydiving from aircraft.[3]
Skydivers use the air flow to stabilize their position, allowing the parachute to deploy cleanly. BASE jumpers, falling at lower speeds, have less aerodynamic control, and may tumble. The attitude of the body at the moment of jumping determines the stability of flight in the first few seconds, before sufficient airspeed has built up to enable aerodynamic stability. On low BASE jumps, parachute deployment takes place during this early phase of flight, so if a poor "launch" leads into a tumble, the jumper may not be able to correct this before the opening. If the parachute is deployed while the jumper is tumbling, there is a high risk of entanglement or malfunction. The jumper may also not be facing the right direction. Such an off-heading opening is not as problematic in skydiving, but an off-heading opening that results in object strike has caused many serious injuries and deaths in BASE jumping.
At an altitude of 600 metres (2,000 ft), having been in free-fall for at least 300 metres (980 ft), a skydiver is falling at approximately 55 metres per second (120 mph), and is approximately 10.9 seconds from the ground. Most BASE jumps are made from less than 600 metres (2,000 ft). For example, a BASE jump from a 150 metres (490 ft) object is about 5.6 seconds from the ground if the jumper remains in free fall. On a BASE jump, the parachute must open at about half the airspeed of a similar skydive, and more quickly (in a shorter distance fallen). Standard skydiving parachute systems are not designed for this situation, so BASE jumpers often use specially designed harnesses and parachute containers, with extra large pilot chutes, and many jump with only one parachute, since there would be little time to utilize a reserve parachute. In the early days of BASE jumping, people used modified skydiving gear, such as by removing the deployment bag and slider, stowing the lines in a tail pocket, and fitting a large pilot chute. However, modified skydiving gear is then prone to kinds of malfunction that are rare in normal skydiving (such as "line-overs" and broken lines). Modern purpose-built BASE jumping equipment is considered to be much safer and more reliable.
Another risk is that most BASE jumping venues have very small areas in which to land. A beginner skydiver, after parachute deployment, may have a three-minute or more parachute ride to the ground. A BASE jump from 150 metres (490 ft) will have a parachute ride of only 10 to 15 seconds.
One way to make a parachute open very quickly is to use a static line or direct bag. These devices form an attachment between the parachute and the jump platform, which stretches out the parachute and suspension lines as the jumper falls, before separating and allowing the parachute to inflate. This method enables the very lowest jumps—below 60 metres (200 ft)—to be made, although most BASE jumpers are more motivated to make higher jumps involving free fall. This method is similar to the paratrooper's deployment system, also called a PCA (short for pilot chute assist).
BASE jumping itself is generally not illegal in most places. However, in many cases such as building and antenna jumps, jumping is done covertly, because the owners of these objects are generally reluctant to allow their object to be used as a platform. Jumpers who are caught can expect to be charged with trespassing, as well as having charges like breaking and entering, reckless endangerment, vandalism, or other such charges pressed against them. In some jurisdictions it may be permissible to use land until specifically told not to. The Perrine Bridge in Twin Falls, Idaho, is an example of a manmade structure in the United States where BASE jumping is allowed year-round without a permit.
Once a year, on the third Saturday in October ("Bridge Day"), permission to BASE jump has explicitly been granted at the New River Gorge Bridge in Fayetteville, West Virginia. The New River Gorge Bridge deck is 876 feet (267 m) above the river. This annual event attracts about 450 BASE jumpers and nearly 200,000 spectators.[42] 1,100 jumps may occur during the six hours that it's legal provided good conditions. On October 21, 2006, veteran BASE jumper Brian Lee Schubert of Alta Loma, California, died while jumping from the New River Gorge Bridge during Bridge Day activities because his parachute opened late; he plummeted to his death in the waters below. Jumps continued after the recovery of his body.[43] He and his friend Michael Pelkey were the first to make a BASE jump from El Capitan in Yosemite National Park in 1966.
The National Park Service has the authority to ban specific activities in U.S. National Parks and has done so for BASE jumping. The authority comes from 36 CFR 2.17(3), which prohibits, "Delivering or retrieving a person or object by parachute, helicopter, or other airborne means, except in emergencies involving public safety or serious property loss, or pursuant to the terms and conditions of a permit." Under that Regulation, BASE is not banned, but is allowable if a permit is issued by the Superintendent, which means that a mechanism to allow BASE in National Parks was always in place. The 2001 National Park Service Management Policies state that BASE "is not an appropriate public use activity within national park areas ..." (2001 Management Policy 188.8.131.52.) However, Policy 220.127.116.11 in the 2006 volume of National Park Service Management Policies, which superseded the 2001 edition, states "Parachuting (or BASE jumping), whether from an aircraft, structure, or natural feature, is generally prohibited by 36 CFR 2.17(a)(3). However, if determined through a park planning process to be an appropriate activity, it may be allowed pursuant to the terms and conditions of a permit."
During the early days of BASE jumping, the NPS issued permits that authorized jumps from El Capitan. This program ran for three months in 1980 and then collapsed amid allegations of abuse by unauthorized jumpers. The NPS has since vigorously enforced the ban, charging jumpers with "aerial delivery into a National Park". One jumper drowned in the Merced River while evading arresting park rangers, having declared "No way are they gonna get me. Let them chase me—I'll just laugh in their faces and jump in the river".[44] Despite incidents like this one, illegal jumps continue in Yosemite at a rate estimated at a few hundred per year, often at night or dawn. El Capitan, Half Dome, and Glacier Point have been used as jump sites.
Other U.S. public land, including land controlled by the Bureau of Land Management, does not ban air delivery,[citation needed] and there are numerous jumpable objects on BLM land.[citation needed]
The legal position is different at other sites and in other countries. For example, in Norway's Lysefjord (from the mountain Kjerag), BASE jumpers are made welcome. Many sites in the European Alps, near Chamonix and on the Eiger, are also open to jumpers. Some other Norwegian places, like the Troll Wall, are banned because of dangerous rescue missions in the past. In Austria, jumping from mountain cliffs is generally allowed, whereas the use of bridges (such as the Europabruecke near Innsbruck, Tirol) or dams is generally prohibited. Australia has some of the toughest stances on BASE jumping: it specifically bans BASE jumping from certain objects, such as the Sydney Harbour Bridge.[45]
A study of BASE jumping fatalities estimated that the overall annual fatality risk during the year 2002 was one fatality per 60 participants.[46] A study of 20,850 BASE jumps from the same site (the Kjerag Massif in Norway) reported nine fatalities over the 11-year period from 1995 to 2005, or one in every 2,317 jumps.[47][48] However, at that site, one in every 254 jumps over that period resulted in a nonfatal accident.[47] BASE jumping is one of the most dangerous recreational activities in the world, with a fatality and injury rate 43 times higher than parachuting from a plane.[47][48]
As of 14 October 2017[update], the BASE Fatality List maintained by Blincmagazine.com records 328 deaths for BASE jumping since April 1981.[49]
- 2015-07-21: American BASE jumper Ian Flanders dies in Kemaliye, Turkey, after his parachute became tangled in his feet, causing him to fall into the Karasu river at high speed. The jump was broadcast live on a local television station.[50]
- 2017-11-11: Russian BASE jumper Valery Rozov dies whilst base jumping from a 22,000-foot mountain in the Himalayas in Nepal.[51]
- 2018-11-22: German BASE jumper Dominik Loyen dies whilst base jumping in Portugal. Dominic's parachute did not open during the 100m fall. He hit several rocks on his way down and could not be revived at the scene. He had previously cited he would be giving up BASE jumping due to losing close friends to the extreme sport, but instead he said "You worry about it and then you decide to carry on anyway".[52]
In popular culture[edit]
BASE jumping is often featured in action movies. The 2002 Vin Diesel film XXX includes a scene where Diesel's character catapults himself off the Foresthill Bridge in an open-topped car, landing safely as the car crashes on the ground. The movie Lara Croft Tomb Raider: The Cradle of Life includes a scene in which the main characters jump with wingsuits from the IFC Tower in Hong Kong and fly over the Bank of China, finally opening their parachutes to land on a moving freighter. The stunt was done live, with no special effects, by base jumpers Martin Rosén and Per Eriksson, members of the Swedish "Team Bautasten". The scene was filmed by air-to-air cameraman Mikael Nordqvist, from the same team. Since the 1976 Mount Asgard jump featured in the pre-credit sequence to The Spy Who Loved Me, James Bond movies have featured several BASE jumps, including one from the Eiffel Tower in 1985's A View to a Kill, the Rock of Gibraltar in 1987's The Living Daylights, and in 2002's Die Another Day, Pierce Brosnan as James Bond jumps from a melting iceberg. Of the James Bond jumps, only the Mount Asgard and Eiffel Tower jumps were filmed live; the rest were special effects. In 2005's Batman Begins, Bruce Wayne uses BASE jumping as inspiration for his memory cloth cape. A series of BASE jumps are featured in the video for a remix of M83's "Lower Your Eyelids to Die With the Sun".[53]
The 1938 Sierra Club film Three on a Rope ends with a climber jumping off Baldy Mountain rather than dealing with the hassle of rappelling, to the horror of a climbing partner, only to deploy a parachute hidden in his pack.[54]
- ^ "BASENumbers.org". BASENumbers.org. Retrieved 2014-02-03.
- ^ Sangiro. "BASE Jumping Resource and Community". Basejumper.com. Retrieved 2014-02-03.
- ^ a b Dizikes, Cynthia. "BASE jumpers fall for thrill-seeking lifestyle".
- ^ Rosenblatt, Roger (July 1999). "The Whole World Is Jumpable". Time. 154 (3): 94. ISSN 0040-781X.
- ^ McCallum, Jack (August 26, 1985). "Who Needs An Airplane?". Sports Illustrated. 63 (9).
- ^ Francis Trevelyan Miller, The world in the air: the story of flying in pictures, G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1930, pages 101-106
- ^ He's in the paratroops now, Alfred Day Rathbone, R.M. McBride & Company, 1943, University of California.
- ^ "Base Numbers". Base Numbers. Archived from the original on 11 May 2010. Retrieved 2010-05-18.
- ^ "BASENumbers.org". BASENumbers.org. Retrieved 2017-05-19.
- ^ "Base Jumping - history, informations and facts". base-jumping.eu. Retrieved 2016-10-10.
- ^ "Chute mortelle d'un inventeur de un parachute". Le Temps (in French). February 5, 1912. p. 4. Retrieved July 12, 2013.
- ^ "100 years ago Banic received a patent for his parachute" ("Pred 100 rokmi získal Štefan Banič patent na svoj padák"), 24.08.2014, cas.sk (Slovak)
- ^ "Štefan Banič, Konštruktér, vynálezca-(Stefan Banic, Designer, Inventor)" (in Slovak). Slovenská akadémia vied, obituary. Retrieved 2010-10-21.
- ^ Russian edition of GEO magazine, issue 11, November 2006, GEO
- ^ Erich Felbermayr, eine Legende Archived 2011-08-13 at the Wayback Machine (in German)
- ^ "Mike Pelkey - A BASE Pioneer". Paradigm Adventures, Inc. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
- ^ "THE INSANE STORY OF SKIING'S FIRST BASE JUMP", Jul 21, 2014, Christian W Dietzel, tetongravity.com
- ^ Saltzman, Devyani (May 2010). "A towering work of fiction: Toronto's most famous structure narrates a novel that aims high". Literary Review of Canada. Archived from the original on 2012-07-08. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
- ^ Geoff Craighead (July 15, 2009). "Daredevils, Protestors and Suicides". High-Rise Security and Fire Life Safety. Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 116. ISBN 9780080877853. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
Quoting from: Gillespie, Angus K. "Twin Towers: the Life of New York City's World Trade Center." Rutgers University Press, 1999
- ^ Chic Scott, Pushing the Limits: The Story of Canadian Mountaineering, Calgary: Rocky Mountain Books, 2000, ISBN 0-921102-59-3, p. 298.
- ^ "Centrepoint Tower BASE jump 1982". YouTube. 2010-02-13. Retrieved 2014-02-04.
- ^ "Xtreme Sports Photography" (Xtreme Series) RotoVision (publisher) Simon Fraser (Author), ISBN 2-88046-755-1, Chapter on Photographing BASE Jumping by Doug Blane. October 2004
- ^ https://jointheteem.com/base-jumping-videos/throwback-thursday-john-vincent-famous-1991-base-jump-off-world-trade-center/
- ^ "Leap from the top of the world". Sydney Morning Herald. 2006-06-08.
- ^ "CNN - Parachutist's jump from Space Needle goes awry - Nov. 21, 1996".
- ^ "חדשות - בארץ nrg - על גגות ת"א מישהו קופץ עם שחר". www.makorrishon.co.il. Retrieved 2018-10-26.
- ^ Arch, ©2016 Hannes. "Biographie - Hannes Arch". Hannes Arch. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
- ^ Caesar, Ed (8 March 2009). "The Men Who Fall To Earth". The Sunday Times. Archived from the original on 11 May 2013. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
- ^ Tom Spender (24 November 2008). "Daredevils jumped off Burj Dubai undetected". The National. Archived from the original on 10 January 2010. Retrieved 4 January 2010.
- ^ Jan Bednarz; Robin Schmidt; Andy Harvey; DMC; Hervé Le Gallou (2008). "World record BASE jump". Current Edge. Current TV. Archived from the original on 14 January 2010. Retrieved 4 January 2010.[full citation needed] Video documentary about the jump from the Burj Dubai tower.
- ^ Falling Angels | Anniken Binz | Blogs | Cooler - snow, surf, life & style Archived October 1, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "El Nacional Todo en Domingo". Impresodigital.el-nacional.com. Retrieved 2010-05-18.
- ^ Highest base jump-Nasr Al Niyadi and Omar Al Hegelan sets world record. Retrieved 2010-01-09.
- ^ "Daredevil makes record-breaking leap from Mount Everest". The Telegraph. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
- ^ NYC B.A.S.E. Jump (24 March 2014). "NYC Freedom Tower B.A.S.E. Jump" – via YouTube.
- ^ Haley Draznin (26 March 2014). "Four men arrested in One World Trade Center jump stunt". CNN website. Retrieved 29 March 2014.
- ^ "Three men who base jumped off World Trade Center to hand themselves in".
- ^ "Highest BASE jump from a building". Guinness World Records Limited. Retrieved 26 Apr 2014.
- ^ "Fred Fugen and Vincent Reffet took BASE jumping higher than ever before in Dubai". Red Bull. Retrieved 26 Apr 2014.
- ^ Video: When Dogs Fly – Dean Potter Takes His Dog Whisper BASE Jumping National Geographic.
- ^ "Falleció Ramón Rojas, chileno récord mundial de salto base" (in Spanish). El Mercurio. 20 September 2014. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
- ^ "Bridge Day 2013 - BASE Jumping Registration and Event Information". Bridgeday.info. Retrieved 2014-02-04.
- ^ "BASE jumper dies at bridge event in West Virginia". USA Today. 22 October 2006. Retrieved 26 April 2010.
- ^ "Frank Gambalie Lived and Died for BASE Jumping". ESPN Magazine. 2000-02-21.
- ^ "Bridge BASE jumper faces charges if he lives". The Sydney Morning Herald. 2005-04-14. Retrieved 2018-10-17.
- ^ Westman, A; Rosen, M; Berggren, P; Bjornstig, U (7 April 2008). "Parachuting from fixed objects: descriptive study of 106 fatal events in BASE jumping 1981-2006". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 42 (6): 431–436. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2008.046565. PMID 18523039. Archived from the original on 1 March 2012.
- ^ a b c Soreide, K; Ellingsen, CL; Knutson, V (May 2007). "How dangerous is BASE jumping? An analysis of adverse events in 20,850 jumps from the Kjerag Massif, Norway". The Journal of Trauma. 62 (5): 1113–7. doi:10.1097/01.ta.0000239815.73858.88. PMID 17495709.
- ^ a b "Risk of dying and sporting activities". Medicine.ox.ac.uk. 2003-05-26. Archived from the original on 2012-09-04. Retrieved 2014-02-04.
- ^ "BASE Fatality List". Blincmagazine.com. Retrieved 2016-06-20.
- ^ "American BASE jumper dies in fatal plunge in Turkey". CBS News. 22 July 2015. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
- ^ "Legendary daredevil dies while attempting 22,000-foot base jump". www.msn.com. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
- ^ "German base jumper dies in Portugal jump". BBC News. 2018-11-22. Retrieved 2018-11-23.
- ^ "Video for "Lower Your Eyelids to Die With the Sun" by M83 (KTWC's Electropic Remix)". Youtube.com. 2012-01-04. Retrieved 2013-01-28.
- ^ "YouTube". www.youtube.com. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
Further reading[edit]
- "The Great Book of BASE". BirdBrain Publishing. July, 2010.
- "The Ground's the Limit". Texas Monthly. December 1981.
External links[edit]
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to BASE jumping.


text:
Please read this regarding the future of TM. Total Miner on Steam
0 Members and 1 Guest are viewing this topic.
Yes... just yes. Black makes anything good.
I have updated the Hermes Wraith, Suggestions are welcome, Of course color scheme is likely to change
Its more than just a simple recolor :p, I redesigned nearly the entire structure. You could say its almost a completely different avatar especially when viewing it 360%
Yeah, I`ve noticed the halo has changed and the staff is cooler. Nice work Steve.
forgot to mention,I've added Miss Cellany and Grimtimes to the unlock list for the HermesWraith avatar for contributing content as well.This will help balance the avatar's scrutiny, And they both have put many hours helping create content toimprove TM.I hope you two enjoy my avatar. Derfen,
I just hope this new version doesn't take an age to load in. The current one is bad enough at that.
I have actually Reduced both the standing and crouching dimensions,


text:
4月17日,有网友在微博曝光章泽天在朋友圈招助理的消息,从截图来看章泽天招一个助理的要求不简单,要求:"本人诚意招聘一名个人助理,协助我处理慈善、投资、商务活动及出差安排,同时协助处理家庭事务。希望女生,有海外生活经历,英语好,两年以上工作经验。 base北京或香港,需要偶尔出差。最重要是细心,责任心,主动性,能够长期稳定工作。同等条件下爱好摄影者优先。"
Zhang Zetian English exposure properly Curve Wrecker to guaizhao assistant requirements is not simple Zhang Zetian In June 15th, Zhang Zetian Fans group in micro-blog drying out Zhang Zetian in College English six class transcripts, so as to wish the exam students get good grades. In the performance, show tea sister's six grades for 541 points, of which listening 174 points, read 203 points, writing and translation 164 points. 541 points in the six test is high marks, it seems that tea sister is properly appropriate learning tyrants ah! Zhang Zetian English transcript six In April 17th, there are users in the micro-blog exposure Zhang Zetian assistant message in the circle of friends, from the screenshot Zhang Zetian recruit a assistant does not require simple request: "I sincerely looking for a personal assistant, to help me deal with charity, investment, business activities and travel arrangements, to assist in dealing with family matters at the same time. I hope girls have overseas life experience, English is good, more than two years work experience. Base, Beijing or Hongkong, occasional travel is required. The most important thing is to be careful, responsible and proactive, and able to work steadily for a long time. Prefer photography under equal conditions." Zhang Zetian After the recruitment of information exposure, users have onlookers message that "shocked."!" Among them, some netizens are ashamed to say: "focus on: women, business, investment, charity, study abroad, good English, willing to be a long-term nanny, and photography."" "Think of so much older, even they do little girl assistants are not qualified!" But some netizens said: "well done, this is a springboard, after which you can jump directly to the management, and Zhang Zetian attended the occasion are high-level field."!" Zhang Zetian Day ago, tea sister Zhang Zetian in INS uploaded a demo electric car beauty photos. In the photo, Zhang Zetian under the help of the staff wear dark blue overalls, white lips, sweet smile, very slender, very handsome and valiant and heroic in bearing.


text:
AAA: LocationsBoxford Johnson Fields
Johnson Fields, 9 Spofford Rd, Boxford
(same entrance as new Town Hall)
Near corner of Ipswich Rd & Spofford Rd
From 95, exit 52 Topsfield Rd towards Boxford.
Right onto Elm/Georgetown Rd.
Left onto Ipswich Rd.
Right (after police station) onto Spofford.
1st right into Town Hall/DPW/Johnson Field
Fuller Meadow Elementary School
Fields are located behind the Fuller Meadow elementary School on S. Main St.(Across from Richardson's Ice Cream)
S. Main St
Middleton, Massachusetts 01949
Georgetown Middle/High School
Georgetown Middle / High School
From 95 take exit 54b (from the south) or exit 54 (from the north) onto Route 133 west. Take your first right, after the Dunkin Donuts, onto Winter Street. Go straight into the school parking lot. The softball field is behind the school on your right when you are looking at the school.
Groveland Pines Recreation Area
Pines Recreation Area
From the North
Route 95 S to 113 W (Exit 57 toward W. Newbury)
Follow Route 113 for 6.9 miles
Pines Recreation Area is the first right after Groveland Town Hall Complex
From the South
Take Route 95 N to Route 133 W exit (54B) you will be merging onto East Main Street
Follow East Main Street 3.2 miles into Georgetown Center
Keep going straight (east main street) turns into Route 97
Stay on Route 97 for 2.3 miles into Groveland Center
Take a right onto Route 133
Pines Recreation area is 0.5 miles on the right.
Howe Manning School
Fields are located behind the Howe-Manning School
Central St
Middleton, Massachusetts 01949
Ipswich Bialak Park
4 Linebrook Road
Ipswich, Massachusetts
ME High School
495 to exit 53. Turn towards town (away from the river). Follow Broad street to end (at fire/police station). Take a left and follow through center of town. Turn left onto Locust (at Paul Roger's Funeral Home). School/Fields are on right. Softball field is to the left of the school by the tennis courts.
North Shore Technical High School
Girl's Softball Games
30 Log Bridge Rd
Middleton, Massachusetts 01949
Bob Corso
Rowley Pine Grove School
Pine Grove School
95 to Exit 54A (Rowley) stay on Route 133 (Haverhill Street) to intersection of BankNorth and Agawam Diner. Go straight thru intersection until the end o Haverhill street. Take a left onto Route 1A (Main Street) past the Town Hall, Post Office and Rowley Pharmacy. Go straight thru the lights at Rowley Pharmacy and Pine Grove School is on the Right. Field is on the left hand side behind the school.
Salisbury Lions Field
Lions Field (behind the Fire Station on Route 1)
From Newburyport: Route 1 North; thru Salisbury square; + 1/3 mile; left into parking lot at Fire Station / Hilton Senior Center / DPW
From Route 95: Exit 56; + 3 traffic lights; +1 mile; right into parking lot at Fire Station / Hilton Senior Center / DPW
Topsfield Klock Park
Klock Park ( North and South)
Travel Interstate 95 N take exit 50 to Route 1. Proceed 4 miles to the North, passing the Topsfield Fairgrounds on the right and crossing Route 97, to reach the Ipswich Road Intersection. This is marked by a traffic light and two gas stations. Turn left into Ipswich Road and after 500 yards turn right into North Street where signs will direct you to Klock Park South, the first entrance on your right. Klock Park North entrance is an additional 200 yards further down North Street on your right.
West Newbury
West Newbury
John C. Page School 694 Main Street (Rt. 113) West Newbury, MA
From the North / South:
Rt. 95 to Exit 57 Rt. 113
From Haverhill:
Rt. 97 to Rt. 113 in Groveland