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Print Bar Code and RFID Labels Using XML
Tharo Systems provides an easy solution for printing bar code and RFID labels using XML enabled enterprise systems.
Easylabel 5 Platinum's XML Monitor will 'watch' a file directory or TCP/IP port and will automatically print RFID or bar code labels when a compatible XML file is received. This feature provides a direct connection to any application capable of generating a properly formatted XML file.
The XML Generator enables users to generate XML from a given format file(s). The Generator prompts for the format(s), the number of labels to print, which printer to use, and the variable data used to populate the fields on the format. The XML file that results from the Generator can be used as a template that can be uploaded to and populated from within an XML enabled application. The .Net framework and Windows 2000 or Windows XP is required to use the XML Generator.Download Product Specs


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AdmissionStudents wishing to major in informatics or computer science must be admitted to Indiana University and first enter the University Division at IUB. Freshmen should begin to satisfy specific degree requirements in the first year. Undergraduates who wish to be admitted to the School of Informatics and Computing must first satisfy the following requirements:
- Complete 26 credit hours of course work that can count toward a bachelor of science degree in informatics or computer science with a minimum cumulative grade point average of 2.0 (C).
- Complete the English composition requirement (ENG-W 131 or equivalent) with a minimum grade of C.
- Individual programs may have additional requirements.
- Complete INFO-I 101, Introduction to Informatics, with a minimum grade of C.
- Complete the fundamental math skills requirement (MATH-M 118, or equivalent) with a minimum grade of C.

subset: commoncrawl


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It's a game I consciously have to pay attention to. I guess just the way it look, the name, all of that are making this a game that screams generic to me despite the fact it clearly isn't, or at least not some brainless hack and slash I don't care about normally anyway. There's a demo coming up, I'll just have to hope it's good.


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About three years ago, Eric Casaburi noticed that a few of his Retrofitness members chose to work out in a dimly lit section of the club. Most of the members were not in the best of shape, and they preferred not to be seen with the club's more fit members. If someone entered the dark cardio room and turned on the lights, more than one member working out there would playfully throw a towel or a water bottle at them.
"Turn the lights out!" they would say.
It soon dawned on Casaburi that one way to keep these members motivated — while keeping the lights off — was to put a big screen on the wall and show movies. And, keeping with the 1980s-themed club, what better movies to show than such classics as "Ferris Bueller's Day Off" or "Sixteen Candles"? The idea was a hit, and now Retrofitness, based in Colts Neck, NJ, has a RetroTheater section in each one of its 39 clubs across the United States, most of which are in New Jersey and Pennsylvania.
Casaburi is not the first club owner to come up with the movie theater idea. Gold's Gym International, Irving, TX, and Urban Active, Lexington, KY (which broke away from the Gold's chain two years ago), also play movies for their members. Crunch, New York, shows movies in a club that sits in an historic San Francisco building that was converted from a movie theater.
From a bank of TV screens in front of cardio machines to screens right on the machines themselves, the trend of entertaining members as they work out now appears headed for the big screen, at least for some clubs.
"It's adding a new experience to the workout and making the workout more enjoyable," says Dave Reiseman, director of communications for Gold's Gym International. "Imagine a real movie theater experience with treadmills, ellipticals and stairclimbers instead of seats. The intent is to really create the feeling that you are inside a movie theater. Entertainment has become such a big part of the workout experience, and this is an extension of that."
About 50 of the Gold's Gyms have what Gold's calls Cardio Cinema. Gold's has a library of movies that club owners can show. Sometimes members request the movies, says Reiseman, who adds that most clubs show about two or three movies a day. Some of the movies star Gold's Gym's celebrity members, such as Dwayne Johnson (The Rock), Hilary Swank and, of course, Arnold Schwarzenegger.
"What we've heard from our members is that it makes their workouts fly by," Reiseman says. "They get really into the movie, and all of a sudden, they've got a 45-minute cardio workout in. Some will come in and just watch part of the movie. Some will do kind of like a little indoor triathlon, where they'll do treadmill, then elliptical, then stairclimber."
Most of the movies shown in Gold's clubs are either action movies, comedies or have an upbeat tone, keeping with the theme of the activity in the cardio room.
"We probably would not be playing 'Beaches' or 'Terms of Endearment,'" Reiseman says.
All but one of the 29 Urban Active clubs has a movie theater setting, says Bill Robinson, senior vice president of sales, northern division, for Urban Active. The movie screens are projection-based and range between 15 and 20 feet diagonally. The rooms, which range between 1,500 and 3,000 square feet, have 5.1 surround sound and between 40 and 60 pieces of cardio equipment.
"It's almost like you kind of go into your own little world in there," Robinson says. "This area is dimly lit, so you can have that piece of privacy. Once you get lost in that movie, you lose track of time."
Urban Active tries to be conscientious of content, Robinson says, and it does not show R-rated movies. Only one movie is shown per day, he adds, and the movie is advertised at the club's front desk.
"A lot of times, our members say, 'I don't rent movies with the frequency that I used to because I can go to Urban Active and catch up on some of the new stuff,'" Robinson says.
Urban Active already is expanding its offerings in some of its clubs, Robinson says, and has concert nights in which live concerts are shown on the big screen.
Retrofitness has movie theater-style signs in the clubs promoting the movies being shown, Casaburi says. In the future, Casaburi plans to download movies and send them to all of his clubs so that the selection and showing of the movies can be controlled from the corporate office. Members also can watch the movies outside of the RetroTheater room by selecting the movie's channel on the TV in front of them.
"We always place our theaters right as close to the walking path of a locker room, so members can come in and come out and not be in the general public," Casaburi says. "These people want to be [in the RetroTheater] because they want to be left alone."
Crunch may have the most unique setting of any club company. One of its clubs in San Francisco is inside the Alhambra Theater that was built in the 1920s.
"Because it's this landmark historical building, we had to leave a lot of things intact," Crunch Chief Operating Officer Keith Worts says. "The woodworking and the original lighting is all still there. The movie theater is above the original stage. It's a full-size movie screen."
Only one movie plays during the day, says Worts, who adds that once a week, the club holds a drawing to see which requested movie gets chosen. The lucky member whose movie choice is selected gets a free personal training session. Periodically, the club shuts down for a night so that members and their friends and families can sit on the group fitness floor and watch a movie, complete with a popcorn machine.
The 19,000-square-foot Crunch club shows more than just movies, though. Leading up to the release of the "Sex and the City" movie last spring, the club showed all previous episodes of the TV show. The club also shows special live events on the big screen, such as the Olympics.
License to Show
Club companies that play movies in their clubs must secure a license with the Motion Picture Licensing Corp.(MPLC) to avoid breaking the federal Copyright Act. Sal Laudicina, president of the licensing division for the MPLC, says his company has agreements with many of the top companies in the club industry.
Currently, more than 250,000 locations are covered under the MPLC umbrella license, including multi-national corporations, federal, state and local government agencies, and nonprofit organizations. The MPLC, which works with about 100 movie producers and studios, allows the viewing of all types of motion pictures, regardless of whether they were purchased by the health club or rented from a place like Blockbuster or Netflix.
"We have licensed a majority of the major operators out there, and those that aren't, terrific," Laudicina says. "We want to encourage this use, we embrace it, and we just want to make sure that people are doing the right thing. Everybody needs to play from a level playing field."
A Netflix representative says that the company does not have the legal rights to sell movies to people who will be sharing them with a larger audience, such as people in health clubs, universities and assisted-living centers. When asked if Netflix was OK with the idea of health clubs showing movies rented from Netflix to their members, Steve Swasey, vice president of corporate communications for Netflix, said that the company's terms of agreement clearly state that Netflix members are renting movies for personal enjoyment and not for commercial purposes. Swasey declined to comment further.
At one time, an agreement was in place between the MPLC and the International Health, Racquet and Sportsclub Association, but that agreement no longer exists, Laudicina says. Years ago, when VCRs were the norm, clubs had agreements with the MPLC specifically to show videos in their child care areas, adds Laudicina. Now the MPLC has agreements for child care areas, for general club use and for a room with a large screen, such as the Cardio Cinema in Gold's Gyms.
The annual MPLC fee for clubs is $235 for the child care area, $520 for general club use and $780 for the large screen premium. If clubs want to include the child care area in their general club use, the fee is $700 a year. A fee of $900 a year covers every area of the club (child care, general area and the room with a large screen). Fees can be reduced for clubs that have multiple locations, Laudicina says.
The penalties for breaking the law vary, from $750 for incidental exhibitions to anywhere from $30,000 to $150,000 for egregious violations, according to the Copyright Act.
"All we're doing is we're collecting the performance rights, and then paying the copyright holders," Laudicina says. "We can carry a big stick, but we don't like to. We're not here to send cease-and-desist letters to people. We could, and we have, but that's the last thing we want to do."
All of the clubs interviewed for this story say they have an agreement or a system in place that allows them to show movies in their clubs.
In addition to its 39 clubs, Retrofitness has 80 more in development, Casaburi says, and every one of them will have a RetroTheater in them.
"That amenity has garnered some membership interest," Casaburi says. "Members are always intrigued by it. They're excited about it. There is a definitive correlation to some members saying, 'This is a cool thing. I like this. This is one of the reasons I joined the club.'"
"Entertainment Gets Personal and Profitable," http://fitnessbusinesspro.com/mag/fitness_entertainment_gets_personal/index.html
"Clubs and Manufacturers Go Beyond Exertainment," http://fitnessbusinesspro.com/forprofits/fitness_clubs_manufacturers_go/index.html
"How to Design for the Optimal Cardio Experience," http://fitnessbusinesspro.com/stepbystep/design/design-optimal-cardio-experience/index.html


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ACParadise Network: American Cosplay Paradise American Cosplay Experience American Cosplay Snapshots
4/11/19 - We're continuing to fix errors related to the server migration, but we see some people able to upload photos again. If you see a page display an error, you may want to refresh it once or twice, as there seems to be caching enabled on the server side.
Hello! Jubei-chan here! Just like to say that I love to cosplay. Its quickly becomming a mainstay in my life, and I wouldn't have it any other way. Starting in 2002 when I put together my first anime costume, till now when I'm planning several costumes for the con season, I think its easy to say I'm addicted. I'm an otaku! I cosplay for the love of the character first and foremost! Though I will do costumes for specific groups if asked, and I'm available. I'm really easy to get along with, though high strung at time, so feel free to IM me to chat about anime or costumes. Thanks! Have fun!
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- sagittarius_1 says, "STOP STEALING MY NAME FER! ITS DISCONCERTING EVERYTIME I SEE YOU LABELED AS MY SECRET WHITE PERSON NAME!!! <3 Anyway you guys look fabulous!!! I love this idea! but ....ONE OF THEM DOES NOT BELONG. jk jk! Still jealous didn't get to go with you guys!"
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In an era where truly upscale laptops seem like an endangered species, it's always nice to run across a well-built system with few compromises, such as the HP Envy 17. We've always liked the Envy line in general, and the two most-recent models, the 14-inch Envy 14 and this 17-inch Envy 17, manage to surpass last year's original 13- and 15-inch versions by coming in at much more reasonable prices.
The feature-packed Envy 17 includes a Blu-ray drive, both HDMI and DisplayPort outputs, and a USB 3.0 port (although very little current hardware can take advantage of it). As the slim (for its size) Envy 17 is one of the only laptops that looks and feels like a real alternative to Apple's 17-inch MacBook Pro, its $1,399 starting price is even more attractive, as the 17-inch MacBook goes for $2,299 and up.
With a not-too-thick (but slightly too heavy) aluminum and magnesium chassis, the Envy 17 is less of a desk-hogging system than many of its 17- or 18-inch counterparts, hence our comparison to the (still slimmer) 17-inch MacBook Pro. The similarities extend to the backlit keyboard and oversize clickpad (the preferred term used for touch pads that integrate the mouse buttons into the pad itself), which both feel very Mac-like.
The same subtle pattern of imprinted squares covers the wrist rest and back of the lid as we've seen on other Envy laptops, and the construction feels rock solid and durable. Even better, this is one of the few truly fingerprint-proof laptops we've ever run across.
The flat-topped, widely spaced island-style keys are standard across most of the laptop industry at this point, and this example is generally comfortable and easy to use. But even with a full number pad included on the right side, there's still plenty of room in the keyboard tray, and the keyboard feels undersized relative to the system's overall dimensions. We also ran into a mysterious, but faint, noise while typing, which we eventually traced to a slightly squeaky space bar. In the four Envy 17 laptops we've tested, this is the first such problem we found, but it's distracting nonetheless.
The large clickpad evokes Apple's version, with the left and right mouse buttons built right into the clickable surface. The size is decent, but could easily be even larger, and the multitouch functionality can't hold a candle to Apple's (which is something that can currently be said of any non-Mac laptop). We especially missed handy Mac gestures such as two-finger right-click tapping and the four-finger swipe for hiding all open windows.
On of the system's highlights is its big 1,920×1,080-pixel display. Under edge-to-edge glass, the full-HD screen looks great, and is exactly the right resolution for Blu-ray and other HD video content. As in the other Envy laptops, HP has teamed with Beats Audio to include special bass-boosting software and hardware that purportedly works especially well with Beats-branded headphones, but certainly also sounds clear and hefty with other headphones or through the system speakers. It won't fill the room for your next house party, but it certainly sounds very good for laptop speakers.
The biggest selling point for the Envy's ports and connections collection may be the inclusion of a still-rare USB 3.0 jack. Though there are a handful of USB 3.0 portable hard drives out there, most of your hardware won't be able to take advantage of the faster data transfer speeds right now. In fact, one of our most-often-used USB devices, Avid's ProTools Mbox, just got a hardware refresh that moved it from USB 1.1 to USB 2.0 support.
The Envy 17's performance was on-par with other high-end Intel Core 17 laptops, even though this configuration had the lowest-end processor option available, a 1.6GHz Intel Core i7 720QM. Upgrades to the Core i7-740QM and Core i7-840QM are available for $100 and $400, respectively. It is possible to find a faster laptop, such as the most recent Alienware M15x we reviewed, which had a more powerful 2GHz Intel Core i7-920XM, but for practical purposes, it's hard to imagine any multitasking situation where the Envy 17 would run into much slowdown or stuttering.
There's only one GPU option available, and that's the ATI Radeon HD5850. It's more than fine for mid-to-high-end gaming, even with resolutions cranked up to 1,920×1,080 pixels. Our only real knock is that without Nvidia's Optimus system, the GPU can't turn itself off automatically to save battery life. Playing Unreal Tournament 3 at the full 1,920×1,080-pixel resolution, we got 86.2 frames per second.


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"WE DON'T WORK toward justice; we bring about justice through systemic change," says Rev. Cindy Weber, with a fierce and loving smile, when asked how her congregation, Jeff Street Baptist Community at Liberty, seeks justice through reaching out to the community. There is no pride or bravado in her statement, but a firmness that comes from more than 20 years of pastoring a small, community church that actively helps bring about God's peace on earth.
Jeff Street, located in Louisville, Ky., has an active membership of approximately 100 people—a David-sized congregation compared to many mainline or mega-churches. However, the creativity, dedication, and passion of the church's members, manifested in hospitality programs for and with the homeless, have made a giant-sized impact on local economic justice issues. And the congregation didn't stop there; as part of a coalition of area churches, Citizens of Louisville Organized and United Together (CLOUT), the church has made an impression with policy work and community organizing on the state level as well. Jeff Street's commitment to empower poor people has even reached internationally: Members have invested in Oikocredit micro-lending programs to the tune of $180,000.
"We are a church that knows the difference between justice and charity, and also between charity and hospitality," says Weber.


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Make sure your young fan has sweet dreams of Golden Eagles victories in these team logo flannel pajama pants. These super soft comfortable pants feature allover team name and logo graphics, so they can rest up before cheering alongside you at the next Southern Miss game!
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Milestone for Museum's Richard Gilder Graduate School main content.
by AMNH on
To discover, interpret, and disseminate—through scientific research and education—knowledge about human cultures, the natural world, and the universe. —Mission statement of the American Museum of Natural History
For more than a century, graduate students from universities far and wide have been coming to the Museum to study the collections and to train with the scientists here.
But in 2008, with the opening of the Richard Gilder Graduate School, the American Museum of Natural History started enrolling graduate students of its own for the first time. Offering a degree in Comparative Biology, the American Museum of Natural History became the first Ph.D.-degree-granting museum in the Western Hemisphere.
With an accelerated four-year program culminating in a dissertation and, ultimately, a Ph.D. in Comparative Biology, the Richard Gilder Graduate School's interdisciplinary curriculum was designed to provide all students—whatever their ultimate specialty within comparative biology, be it microbe, fish, or invertebrate evolution, or speciation, genomics or paleobiology—with a deep understanding of evolution; systematics and biogeography; and the ability to ably communicate their ideas.
This graduate program is also designed to take advantage of the Museum's unique set of resources.
These include natural history collections containing about 32 million specimens and artifacts; a long tradition of intensive field expeditions, in which the graduate students were invited to participate; myriad opportunities to teach students of all ages, as well as the public; and a faculty committed to working closely with their students. (In fact, the graduate school offers an almost-unheard of faculty-student ratio of 2:1.)
On September 30, 2013, the first group of graduates will receive their Doctor of Philosophy degrees at the inaugural commencement for the graduate school—a banner day in the history of the Museum and of the Richard Gilder Graduate School.
During the next few weeks, we'll profile the seven graduates on the Museum's blog.
Click here to read more about the Richard Gilder Graduate School.


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Steve Njumbi
Steve Njumbi is currently IFAW East Africa's Head of Programmes. He is a wildlife ecologist by training with a Master of Philosophy in Wildlife Management and is pursuing a PhD on the topic of human dimensions of wildlife ecology.
Steve has been with IFAW since 2000 and was instrumental in the five year habitat restoration project of Meru National Park between 2000 and 2005. In February of this year, he was the technical team leader of a massive total aerial count of elephants in the Tsavo ecosystem in addition to playing the same role in the collaring of elephants at Tsavo East National Park in March.
He started his career in 1990 as part of the famed Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) Elephant Programme team that was led at the time by world renowned elephant scientist Dr Joyce Poole, and that benefitted from mentorship by leading biologists including Dr Iain Douglas-Hamilton and Dr Cynthia Moss.
Steve believes that through proper land use planning and respect for other forms of life, the world can be a better place for both wildlife and humans, and is dedicated to contributing his part to the realization of this vision through projects such as the Tsavo elephant collaring and monitoring project.


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Keep Download the whole Talich Quartet discography on iTunes.
Talich Quartet's latest recording, DVOŘÁK / String Quartets Nos 10 & 11, in The Qobuz Minute#29, 5 artists/albums of the moment.
Talich Quartet chosen in Sinfini Music's Top 10 Greatest string quartets of the 20th and 21st century!
Follow us on Facebook to get the latest updates, insights and concert diary
Mendelssohn Complete String Quartets are hard to find on CD. This reissue by the Talich Quartet offers terrific playing and outstanding sound. The interpretations are spontaneous enough to seem live.
"Here is a set of brilliant performances of Mendelssohn's Complete String Quartets. The Talich Quartet illuminates the music but never blind the listener with empty demonstration of the player's virtuosity. Included in the booklet is a long, excellent historical and descriptive note, which has been translated (as it notoriously not always the case) into good English prose. An outstanding issue."
Gramophone Magazine


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Hi there,
When I'm not playing with my owner, I love to play games and hang out with my friends. Unis are naturally really athletic, so of course I usually win. Afterwards we all have a snack, like ice cream or chocolate cake - vegetables are so uncivilized!
I always use NeoGlo shampoo and conditioner to keep my mane and tail tangle-free and shining. My owner will tell you that I accept nothing but the best to buff and polish my pretty petite hooves. Oh, what's a Uni to do? I hope I have the outfit to match.....
I am not just a pretty face however, I read books regularly and once a week oxecan takes me to the Neopian Battledome to watch the tournament. I would like to enter, it looks such fun but I am afraid I might chip a hoof.
I really love my owner and I think I am the luckiest pet in all Neopia. If you would like to play with me or chat with my owner, NeoMessage oxecan!


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By Kate Andrews, ChildFund Staff Writer
For 50 days, ChildFund is joining with numerous organizations to demonstrate support for government policies and programs that will allow women and girls to be healthy, empowered, and safe — no matter where they live. Improving the Health of Women and Girls is this week's theme.
Visiting the doctor is usually a mild inconvenience in the United States. It may entail a drive across town and a sit in a waiting room filled with people coughing and sneezing. But in Senegal, which has only 822 doctors serving a population of more than 12 million, seeking medical attention is a major undertaking.
For some families, it's too much. Sadio is the mother of 2-year-old twin girls in the village of Pakala, which is often flooded during the rainy season. This makes it difficult to travel 6 kilometers (more than 3 miles) to the nearest health post staffed by nurses. Awa and Adama suffer from respiratory problems, and Adama is especially sickly, having come down with a debilitating cold that required a doctor's care — a 30-mile journey from home to a hospital.
Sadio and her husband Moussa, a farmer, have experienced loss before; their first child, Matar, died in 2007 at 13 months from diarrhea and a respiratory infection. But today their village has a health hut, which is staffed by a matron, community health workers and birth attendants. They can help patients with basic needs, but more complicated illnesses and ailments still call for a trip to the health post 3 miles away or 30 miles to the hospital.
Sadio reports that her diet improved during her pregnancy with the twins after receiving advice at the health hut, but her girls still face challenges from the respiratory infection; also, they were born underweight.
The health of women and girls is important to ChildFund, as we work with local partners to provide access to health care in isolated villages as well as underserved urban areas in developing nations. In Senegal, ChildFund is leading the implementation of a $40 million grant from USAID to establish community health care services for children and families in great need.
Over five years, we plan to establish 2,151 health huts and 1,717 outreach sites throughout the country, along with a sustainable national community health policy working in partnership with USAID and other key community development organizations. By the end of the project, we expect to have helped more than 9 million Senegalese people in 72 districts.


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Fast and Furious
Racing games and the iPhone is a match made in heaven. The in-built tilt technology lends itself perfectly to manoeuvring the car as it mimics a steering wheel. Unlike many other racing games the developers of Fast and Furious really seemed to have nailed the interface between the game controls and the iPhone's accelerometer. There is no ridiculous over steer or need to tilt your iPhone too far in one direction to make the car budge an inch. Sensitivity is often a problem with racing games but Fast and Furious has been perfectly calibrated to provide players with a game that feels realistic but with an element of control in place. Read the rest of this entry »


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Spend a year teaching English and learning Chinese in Shenzhen. This large, well-established, government-sponsored program is now in its 16th year. Shenzhen is a Mandarin-speaking city. It is the only program of its kind.
Preparatory training at Peking University includes the TEFL in China Certificate training and Mandarin classes (4 levels available) in August. Teach English September - June in a Shenzhen public school, and continue your study of Mandarin in our own courses, taught by Shenzhen University faculty.
- Salary, housing, and contract bonus
- Housing & tours during the training
- On-Site Coordinators
- Airline tickets reimbursed
- Paid 3-week vacation Jan/Feb
Requirements: College degree (by June 2013), native speaker of English with citizenship USA / Canada / UK / Ireland / Australia / New Zealand
All majors are welcome. Teaching experience is not required. Prior study of Chinese is not required.
For information and an application visit: www.chinaprogram.org
E-mail: email@example.com
Shenzhen English Teaching Program, Center for Teaching & Learning in China LLC


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SOURCE: Plandai Biotechnology, Inc.
March 20, 2014 09:35 ET
Phytofare™ Catechin Complex Delivers "Statistically Significant" Anti-Aging Benefits
Phytofare™ Catechin Complex Delivers "Statistically Significant" Anti-Aging Benefits
SEATTLE, WA--(Marketwired - Mar 20, 2014) - Plandaí Biotechnology, Inc. (OTCQB: PLPL), a producer of highly bioavailable plant extracts for industries including health, wellness, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical, today announced favorable results from a recent human clinical trial involving a topical preparation of its Phytofare™ Catechin Complex. The study, which was undertaken by Prof. Banie Boneschans, North West University in Potchefstroom, South Africa, one of the leading research universities on the continent, was a double-blind study that tested the anti-aging properties of Phytofare. Specifically, the trial tested surface parameters (scaling and roughness), skin hydration, and skin elasticity.
The results, which were released to the company on March 17, stated that Phytofare yielded "statistically significant" results when compared to a baseline product. The trial involved 35 female Caucasian test subjects who applied two topical creams daily, the only difference being that one contained Phytofare™, to skin patches which were tested at 14, 28, and 42 days.
The process of aging has a direct impact on the status of the skin surface. Skin imperfections, such as wrinkles and scaliness, reflect light differently than smooth, younger skin. A UVA-light camera with a black-and-white video sensor was used to photograph the skin surface and then measured the differences in texture. The study showed that the addition of Phytofare™ improved skin roughness by as much as 15% at 28 days, and a reduction in scaliness of the stratum corneum by 20%. Both of these measures were deemed "statistically significant" by the researcher.
In testing skin hydration, a Corneometer® was used to measure the change in the dielectric constant due to skin surface hydration. The study showed the Phytofare increased skin hydration by 15% at both 28 and 42 days, compared to .9% and 7.8% for the base product. The study pointed out that skin hydration improved significantly at 28 days and then maintained that level throughout the study.
The elastic properties reflect the skin's ability to return to its initial position after deformation and can be effected by chronological- and photo aging of the skin. Skin elasticity was evaluated by means of a Cutometer®. The study showed an average improvement in skin elasticity of 1% at 42 days, though there was significant inter subject variation which rendered the results inconclusive with a recommendation for a larger sample size and longer duration for a future study.
Plandaí Vice President Jamen Shively commented, "This study validates the last decade of research and illustrate the benefits of enhanced bioavailability. We envision our Phytofare™ topical formulation serving as the backbone for a host of potential cosmetic products and look forward to sharing the results with our distribution partners as we near release of Phytofare to the market."
The company has placed an abstract of the study on its website: www.plandaibiotech.com.
About Plandaí Biotechnology, Inc.
Plandaí Biotechnology, Inc. and its subsidiaries develop highly bioavailable, phytonutrient rich extracts which are being utilized to deliver a new family of drugs to safely and affordably treat a multitude of diseases and conditions. Plandaí Biotechnology controls every aspect of the process, from growing the raw materials on its farms in South Africa, to producing its patented Phytofare™ extracts in-house, allowing the Company to guarantee the continuity of supply as well as quality control throughout the entire process. Targeted industries for the Company's products include beverage, cosmeceutical, wellness, nutraceutical, anti-aging, and pharmaceutical. For more information, please visit http://www.plandaibiotech.com.
Safe Harbor Statement
The information provided may contain forward-looking statements and involve risks and uncertainties. Results, events and performances could vary from those contemplated. These statements involve risks and uncertainties which may cause actual results, expressed or implied, to differ from predicted outcomes. Risks and uncertainties include product demand, market competition, and Plandaí's ability to meet current or future plans. Investors should study and understand all risks before making an investment decision. Readers are recommended not to place undue reliance on forward-looking statements or information. Plandaí is not obliged to publicly release revisions to any forward-looking statement, to reflect events or circumstances afterward, or to disclose unanticipated occurrences, except as required under applicable laws.
Andrew Beyer
Phone: 619-202-7456
Email: investor@Plandaíbiotech.com
Andrew Beyer
Phone: 619-202-7456
Email: investor@Plandaíbiotech.com
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News flash: Wishing for a toned, flat stomach doesn't work. (We tried it!) So what does work? Going after what you want with passion, of course.
That's why we created Ab Attack!—the newest DVD from the makers of The Spartacus Workout. Here's a sneak peek of the DVD:
The Spartacus Workout: Ab Attack! DVD is for women who are ready to take what's theirs. It's designed to shrink your waist, pummel your pooch, and tighten your tummy—to give you a sexy, rock-hard core like never before.
In this 33-minute workout, we give you an incredible ab workout like you've never tried. All to help you:
*Melt Your Muffin-Top! *Ignite Your Metabolism! *Strip Away Belly-Fat! *Tone Your Abs!
There's no gimmicky equipment involved. All you need to do The Spartacus Workout: Ab Attack! DVD is a couple of pair of dumbbells and about six-feet of open space. And before you think, "Hey, The Spartacus Workout is for guys," know this: All of the Spartacus Workouts are designed by a woman—Rachel Cosgrove, CSCS, the 2012 IDEA Personal Trainer of the Year who uses these very workouts with women every day at her gym.
Getting started is as easy as popping in the DVD and hitting play—the rest is up to you. What will it be: Are you going to wish for abs or make them a reality?
Check out The Spartacus Workout: Ab Attack! DVD today!
Discover the cutting edge workout that will give you a toned, sexy stomach! Order The Spartacus Ab Attack! DVD now!


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Lately, I have been reading article after article, column after column, and seeing advertisements for system after system — each of them about the subject of member retention. It seems as though we can't get our fill of retention in this industry these days.
I'd like to set the record straight, at least from my point of view, that retention is not the be-all or end-all answer to the woes plaguing health clubs today. After all, I may have delivered the first retention seminar way back in the 1980s. So this is certainly not a new subject.
Al and Laura Ries in their brilliant book "The Origin of Brands" (Harper Collins Publishers, 2004) state that "…a company that devotes all its efforts to 'satisfying its customers' is a company headed for trouble." They contend that a company should create marketing opportunities for introducing new categories and further assert that "…almost any company in any industry could be stronger and financially healthier by selling…or discontinuing some of its operations."
This certainly flies in the face of the current rationale in many sectors of the health club industry, but I believe it is sound business advice. As I look back over the modern era of the health club business, while I see some evidence for facilities doing the best they can to take care of members, I do not believe that most clubs benefit greatly from all-out membership retention efforts or from the adoption of sophisticated retention systems. I think this opinion is borne out by the fact that, despite our best intentions to hold onto members, we have not significantly impacted a 40 percent attrition ratio that has basically stood for nearly 15 years.
We should have learned two critical lessons in the past decade:
People are fickle; most people don't like to exercise; and the majority of people are not highly self-motivated — no matter what we do to try to change that.
It is extremely challenging to turn non-users into users. Thus, it is hard once they are out of the loop to get them back into the loop. It necessitates behavioral change of the highest order, and I do not see many behaviorists at the helm of health clubs.
Let's take a little time trip to study the core of the retention phenomenon. In our initial stages, way back in the 1970s and 1980s, it was easy to see that we had a whole bunch of "early adopters" who flocked into health clubs as new members. As the industry grew into the 1990s, it became clear that we were no longer attracting only early adopters (we called them "gym rats"), but that we had already shifted into the "early majority" stage of product development — that point on the bell curve where you are beginning to approach the top of the curve (we called this the introduction of the "deconditioned market" into our membership).
We have been riding that crest for about a dozen years, and, in my opinion, we have gone over the top of the curve and are now sliding down the other side as we have entered the "late majority" phase of customer attraction. The market segments that remain to be tapped, though timing is challenging to ascertain, are the dregs of the late majority group and then the laggards.
Statistically, though others will say different, we have sold more than half of the member-eligible markets, and we have done a poor job of keeping them in the game. We now realize, as the industry grows in numbers and types of facilities, that we do not have nearly the remaining prospect market that we thought we had. So, we suddenly pay big-time heed to retention — possibly too much, too late. (I believe this factor has given rise to the "Curves phenomenon" and to the introduction of the LPQ clubs [low price quality] — but that is subject matter for a future column.)
It seems to me as though our industry suffers from what I'll call "elementary confusion." The magazines and trades and many consultants now say we have to take care of those we have already sold and/or that we have to get them back. That's like saying we ought to put a sprinkler system in the barn while the barn is better than half-burned-down and the stock is all out.
Seth Godin says it eloquently and simply in his little gem "Purple Cow," a must-read book for anyone intent on learning modern marketing. He says, "…it [used to be] up to the marketers to decide who would pay attention and when. Today, it's the consumers who choose." He advises that "…you must develop products, services and techniques that the market will actually seek out."
I think it is high time we paid less attention to retention and focused more on the new customer's experience at the same that we build viable alternative products (non-membership memberships and short-term program offerings as examples) to better appeal to a more savvy marketplace. I believe the day of re-marketing what we already marketed and delivered poorly is past.
Michael Scott Scudder is a 30-year veteran of the fitness industry. He is a personal business trainer operating Fitness Focus, a consulting company that offers private workshops on pertinent fitness business matters. Questions and comments are welcomed by Michael at 505-690-5974 or email@example.com.


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Welcome to the Giveaway Gala.
A collection of featured giveaways from five blogs including a linky for you to link up your giveaways!
This linky will be hosted on all five blogs giving you the benefit of reaching all of our combined readers. So feel free to check out giveaways and link up your giveaways. We only ask you link directly to your giveaway, any links to your homepage will be removed.
Week 5/20 Featured Host Giveaways:
Just Like June:
Have Sippy Will Travel:
3 Princes and a Princess 2:
Closer To Lucy:
That's What She Said:


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Wanted to let Boston-area readers know about an upcoming fundraiser to benefit the West End House Boys and Girls Club. On Your Feet Project, a local non-profit organization working to get young professionals volunteering, is holding this event at Mantra this Thursday, June 18th, from 6 to 9pm.
Cocktails 101
Join us at Mantra in Downtown Crossing for an evening of old-style cocktail making, drinking, and eating.
Complimentary appetizers and drink samplings are included in ticket price. Lessons will be given by the Boston Shaker's Adam Lantheaume. The evening will benefit the children at The West End House Boys and Girls Club.
The West End House is Boston's most diverse after-school program in Boston, offering life-shaping opportunities to more than 1,000 youth representing 40 countries. Through caring relationships with trusted adults, as well as experiences and instruction in education, fitness, leadership and the arts, Boston youth receive the guidance and support needed to grow into strong, healthy, self-sufficient adults.
Other sponsors include Berkshire Mountain Distillers, Preiss Imports and Vin Divino.
Let me tell you something, kids. If Adam's involved, this will be a good event.


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IUCN has partnered up with Eunomia and the Marine Conservation Society for a study that will explore the relationship between marine debris and migratory species. It is hoped the investigation will shed some further light on the marine waste problem and the solutions that are needed to tackle this menace to the marine environment.
Marine debris has become an issue of growing concern over recent years as it has become a threat to over 650 species (GEF, 2012) worldwide and approximately 15% of the species affected through entanglement and ingestion are on the IUCN Red List. It affects marine fish, mammals, birds and sea turtles and of particular concern is the amount of plastic as it makes up the majority of debris items found in the marine environment.
The study has been commissioned by the Convention on Migratory Species and IUCN will be providing expert advice concerning the impacts of marine debris on migratory species.
The study aims to explore the following aspects:
• Knowledge gaps in marine debris management and impacts on migratory species;
• Best practice strategies for waste management used on board commercial marine vessels, identifying and taking into account existing work and codes of conduct, and making recommendations for improvement or development of new codes; and
• Facilitating analysis of the effectiveness of current public awareness and education campaigns, and making recommendations for improvement.
The scope of the three review areas was defined in Resolution10.4 on Marine Debris, as adopted at the 10th Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Migratory species in 2011.
It is expected that the final study will be published in the first half of 2014.
For more information, contact [email protected]


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Our made in the USA Route 66 beanies come in one size and 3 colors: navy blue, gray, or black.
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The J Paul Company Contact Information
Key Account RepresentativeAndy EskildsenĀĀĀĀĀĀĀĀĀĀPhone:972-418-4977Fax:972-418-6053Cell:972-679-5675Email:firstname.lastname@example.com
The J. Paul Company values customers and respects their privacy. We collect only the customer information that is necessary to fulfill your order and send you an e-mail message confirming that your order has been received. Additionally, we may need to contact you via phone, postal mail, or e-mail if we have other questions regarding your order. We do not sell, rent or share the information you provide us online to third parties. We use Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) technology to ensure the security of your online order information. Consistent with the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act of 1998, we will never knowingly request personally identifiable information from anyone under the age of 13 without prior, verifiable parental consent. If we become aware that an individual who has purchased from us is under the age of 13, we will remove his or her personally identifiable information from our files.


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Nat Rothschild, Co-founder of Bumi stepped up the bitter battle for control of the Indonesia-focused miner, attacking both the board for its inaction and CEO Nick von Schirnding for "embellishing his CV."
"He is not at all qualified to be the CEO of a global mining company, not just because he tried to make himself more well-qualified by embellishing his CV last week. It's staggering that there are board members who for two years have been so vociferous in their objections to me, against me raising the subject of bad corporate governance at the company. This is the collective responsibility of the board and I seem to be the lone voice in trying to deal with the serious issues at hand," Rothschild told CNBC.


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29,478 visitors visualized
Global mass wedding
More than 20,000 people gathered at Sun Moon University campus in Asan, south of Seoul for mass wedding ceremony. The photo above illustrates what kadinlaricin.net meetup would look like if all 29478 of kadinlaricin.net daily visitors met in one place, fell in love and decided to have a mass wedding ceremony. In addition to that, since kadinlaricin.net has more than 20,000, this meetup would also set a new world record.
View Site Details


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Jeremy Rahr Wins Our NCAA Tournament Bracket Challenge
The NCAA Tournament has come to a close, and we have our winner in our NCAA Bracket Challenge!
Congratulations are in order to Jeremy Rahr, who edged second place by one point to win our first-ever Million Dollar Bracket Challenge. While no one had a perfect bracket to earn $1 million or get 60 games right for $10,000, Jeremy still gets to go home with a brand new iPad Mini for winning our local contest.
It was a crazy year in March Madness, but Jeremy held on with his pick of Louisville to win it all, and that helped him bring home the victory. Congrats, Jeremy!
You can still check out the bracket below to see how you finished -- and see how our local DJs performed compared to the rest of you. Lucky Larry is our Townsquare Media Tyler | Longview champion. But he only wins bragging rights!
Thank you all for participating, and thank you to Coaches Sports Bar for sponsoring. We'll do it again next year!
[ncaabracket market="Tyler"]


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Pharmacognosy Research is a peer-reviewed, quarterly publication that intends to increase its readership's understanding of medicines obtained from plants or other natural sources. The publication features articles on many types of products, as well as research on pharmacognosy and its related fields.
Chief Scientific Officer Dr. David Vollmer, Vice President of Research and Development Dr. Brent Vaughn, and Director of Scientific and Regulatory Affairs Dr. Paula Brock authored the article and oversaw the study. The article is part of the Research and Development department's ongoing initiative to publish open forums so that scholars and scientists can access the research behind 4Life Transfer Factor™ products.
Dr. Brock: "At 4Life®, we believe in supporting our products with highly-credible science. The full 4LifeTransform Burn article is free and available online. This publication focused on the mechanisms of action in the product and its effect on the body. 4LifeTransform Burn acts on our natural fat-burning process, or thermogenesis, to stimulate fat loss. We designed and managed the studies, but they were performed by an independent laboratory to reduce any potential bias."
4Life is committed to research, development, and publication of the company's scientific findings and knowledge base. This recent publication joins many other company publications in Biochimie Open; Nutrition & Metabolism; Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism; Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition; and Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise.
4Life has 24 offices around the world to serve a global network of independent distributors and their customers.
For more information:
Calvin Jolley
Vice President, Communications
4Life Research USA, LLC
[email protected]
You are trying to view a My4Life page. Please log out in order to view this website.


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Dinner for Two: Cornish Game Hens with Prosciutto and Rosemary with White Beans
Quick recipes for you and your dinner mate.
This meal is a show-stopper. An elegant and expeditious way to serve a roasted bird for a small crowd at the holidays. Although, you could make as many of these as you needed to, to serve a crowd.
Buy a couple of poussin (which are essentially what we call Cornish game hens in the United States), and, using some strong kitchen shears, cut out their backbones. Now, you have a flat bird that you rub with olive oil, salt, pepper, fresh garlic and rosemary needles. As the crowning glory, wrap the birds in prosciutto di Parma. As the birds roast, the skin bronzes, the garlic and rosemary perfumes the meat, and the prosciutto crisps to a salty shell. They're cooked in under 25 minutes.
All that's left to do is stir creamy cannellini beans into the juices, and let them roast for five minutes while the chickens relax on the counter. Then, you have a hearty but charming Italian roast dinner. Serve a mound of the garlicky beans, and top with the gorgeous poussin.
As I made this, Mr. English kept coming into the kitchen, sniffing around the oven, demanding "what's in there?!" He wasn't disappointed.
This post may contain links to Amazon or other partners; your purchases via these links can benefit Serious Eats. Read more about our affiliate linking policy.


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davidebs needed a new stationery design and created a contest on 99designs.
A winner was selected from 83 designs submitted by 33 freelance designers.
libreria Serra Tarantola
I's an old library ,100 years old the first one in town,very well known,a bit old style with various kind of book from the very cheap to the expensive ones.Located in the most famous street of the town
We woul like to improve the target trying also to find young people because now is expecially for mature people.WE would like also to give an idea of historic places but in the same time of a trendy place.New into the old.
You can be creative but we have to remember that is a small town ,a smart and famous street and an historic library. We need something useful for all the application.We have to suggest people culture and a need of finding something useful for their mind.
Try to show also a shopper and something to use also inside the bookshop to show the news and the new arrival.
or see in our website http://www.tarantola.it
Please feel free to experiment with colors!
The files we will require are:
Print file format - .ai (CMYK)
Web file format - .jpg and layered .psd (RGB)
Please do not use any stock images or clip art in the logo


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Assessment |
Biopsychology |
Comparative |
Cognitive |
Developmental |
Language |
Individual differences |
Personality |
Philosophy |
Social |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
Biological: Behavioural genetics · Evolutionary psychology · Neuroanatomy · Neurochemistry · Neuroendocrinology · Neuroscience · Psychoneuroimmunology · Physiological Psychology · Psychopharmacology (Index, Outline)
Age is a major risk factor for most common neurodegenerative diseases, including Mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease, cerebrovascular disease, Parkinson's disease and Lou Gehrig's disease. While much research has focused on diseases of aging, there are few informative studies on the molecular biology of the aging brain (usually spelled ageing brain in British English) in the absence of neurodegenerative disease or the neuropsychological profile of healthy older adults . However, research does suggest that the aging process is associated with several structural, chemical, and functional changes in the brain as well as a host of neurocognitive changes. This page is devoted to reviewing the changes associated with healthy aging.
Structural ChangesEdit
Aging entails many physical, biological, chemical, and psychological changes. Therefore, it is logical to assume the brain is no exception to this phenomenon. Computed Tomography (CT) studies have found that the cerebral ventricles expand as a function of age, and this process is known as ventriculomegaly. More recent MRI studies have reported age-related regional decreases in cerebral volume.[1][2] Regional volume reduction is not uniform; some brain regions shrink at a rate of up to 1% per year, whereas others remain relatively stable until the end of the life-span.[3] The brain is very complex, and is composed of many different areas and types of tissue, or matter. The different functions of different tissues in the brain may be more or less susceptible to age-induced changes.[1] The brain matter can be broadly classified as either grey matter, or white matter. Grey matter consists of cell bodies in the cortex and subcortical nuclei, whereas white matter consists of tightly packed myelinated axons connecting the neurons of the cerebral cortex to each other and with the periphery.[1] |isbn=0-585-20234-6 |oclc=44957002
Loss of Neural Circuits and Brain PlasticityEdit
Brain plasticity refers to the brain's ability to change structure and function.[4][5] This ties into that old phrase, "if you don't use it, you lose it," which is another way of saying, if you don't use it, your brain will devote less somatotopic space for it. One proposed mechanism for the observed age-related plasticity deficits in animals is the result of age-induced alterations in calcium regulation.[6] The changes in our abilities to handle calcium will ultimately influence neuronal firing and the ability to propagate action potentials, which in turn would affect the ability of the brain to alter its structure or function (i.e. its plastic nature). Due to the complexity of the brain, with all of its structures and functions, it is logical to assume that some areas would be more vulnerable to aging than others. Two circuits worth mentioning here are the hippocampal and neocortical circuits.[7] It has been suggested that age-related cognitive decline is due in part not to neuronal death but to synaptic alterations. Evidence in support of this idea from animal work has also suggested that this cognitive deficit is due to functional and biochemical factors such as changes in enzymatic activity, chemical messengers, or gene expression in cortical circuits.[7]
Thinning of the CortexEdit
Advances in MRI technology have provided the ability to see the brain structure in great detail in an easy, non-invasive manner in vivo.[8] Bartzokis et al., has noted that there is a decrease in grey matter volume between adulthood and old age, whereas white matter volume was found to increase from age 19-40, and decline after this age.[8] Studies using Voxel-based morphometry have identified areas such as the insula and superior parietal gyri as being especially vulnerable to age-related losses in grey matter of older adults.[8] Sowell et al., reported that the first 6 decades of an individual's life were correlated with the most rapid decreases in grey matter density, and this occurred over dorsal, frontal, and parietal lobes on both interhemispheric and lateral brain surfaces. It is also worth noting that areas such as the cingulate gyrus, and occipital cortex surrounding the calcarine sulcus appear exempt from this decrease in grey matter density over time.[8] Age effects on grey matter density in the posterior temporal cortex appear more predominantly in the left versus right hemisphere, and were confined to posterior language cortices. Certain language functions such as word retrieval and production were found to be located to more anterior language cortices, and deteriorate as a function of age. Sowell et al., also reported that these anterior language cortices were found to mature and decline earlier than the more posterior language cortices.[8] It has also been found that the width of sulcus not only increases with age,[9] but also with cognitive decline in the elderly.[10]
Age-Related Neuronal MorphologyEdit
There is converging evidence from cognitive neuroscientists around the world that age-induced cognitive deficits may not be due to neuronal loss or cell death, but rather may be the result of small region-specific changes to the morphology of neurons.[6] Studies by Duan et al., have shown that dendritic arbors and dendritic spines of cortical pyramidal neurons decrease in size and/or number in specific regions and layers of human and non-human primate cortex as a result of age (Duan et al., 2003; morph). Interestingly, a 46% decrease in spine number and spine density has been reported in humans older than 50 compared with younger individuals.[7] An electron microscopy study in monkeys reported a 50% loss in spines on the apical dendritic tufts of pyramidal cells in prefrontal cortex of old animals (27–32 years old) compared with young ones (6–9 years old).[7]
Neurofibrillary TanglesEdit
Age-related neuro-pathologies such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, diabetes, hypertension and arteriosclerosis make it difficult to distinguish the normal patterns of aging.[11] One of the important differences between normal aging and pathological aging is the location of neurofibrillary tangles. Neurofibrillary tangles are composed of paired helical filaments (PHF).[12] In normal, non-demented aging, the number of tangles in each affected cell body is relatively low[12] and restricted to the olfactory nucleus, parahippocampal gyrus, amygdala and entorhinal cortex.[13] As the non-demented individual ages, there is a general increase in the density of tangles, but no significant difference in where tangles are found.[13] The other main neurodegenerative contributor commonly found in the brain of patients with AD is amyloid plaques. However, unlike tangles, plaques have not been found to be a consistent feature of normal aging.[13]
Role of Oxidative StressEdit
- Main article: Oxidative stress
Cognitive impairment has been attributed to oxidative stress, inflammatory reactions and changes in the cerebral microvasculature.[14] The exact impact of each of these mechanisms in affecting cognitive aging is unknown. Oxidative stress is the most controllable risk factor and is the best understood. The online Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary defines oxidative stress as, "physiological stress on the body that is caused by the cumulative damage done by free radicals inadequately neutralized by antioxidants and that is to be associated with aging."[15] Hence oxidative stress is the damage done to the cells by free radicals that have been released from the oxidation process.
Compared to other tissues in the body, the brain is deemed unusually sensitive to oxidative damage.[16] Increased oxidative damage has been associated with neurodegenerative diseases, mild cognitive impairment and individual differences in cognition in healthy elderly people. In 'normal aging', the brain is undergoing oxidative stress in a multitude of ways. The main contributors include protein oxidation, lipid peroxidation and oxidative modifications in nuclear and mitochondrial DNA.[16] Oxidative stress can damage DNA replication and inhibit repair through many complex processes, including telomere shortening in DNA components.[17] Each time a somatic cell replicates, the telomeric DNA component shortens. As telomere length is partly inheritable,[17] there are individual differences in the age of onset of cognitive decline.
DNA DamageEdit
At least 25 studies have demonstrated that DNA damages accumulate with age in the mammalian brain. These DNA damages include the oxidized nucleoside 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), single- and double-strand breaks, DNA-protein crosslinks and malondialdehyde adducts (reviewed in Bernstein et al.[18]). Increases in DNA damages with age have been reported in the brains of mouse, rat, gerbil, rabbit, dog, and human. Young 4-day-old rats have about 3,000 single-strand breaks and 156 double-strand breaks per neuron, whereas in rats older than 2 years the level of damage increases to about 7,400 single-strand breaks and 600 double-strand breaks per neuron.[19]
Lu et al.[20] studied the transcriptional profiles of the human frontal cortex of individuals ranging from 26 to 106 years of age. This led to the identification of a set of genes whose expression was altered after age 40. They further found that the promoter sequences of these particular genes accumulated oxidative DNA damages, including 8-OHdG, with age (see DNA damage theory of aging). They concluded that DNA damage may reduce the expression of selectively vulnerable genes involved in learning, memory and neuronal survival, initiating a pattern of brain aging that starts early in life.
Chemical changes Edit
In addition to the structural changes that the brain incurs with age, the aging process also entails a broad range of biochemical changes. More specifically, neurons communicate with each other via specialized chemical messengers called neurotransmitters. Several studies have identified a number of these neurotransmitters, as well as their receptors, that exhibit a marked alteration in different regions of the brain as part of the normal aging process.
Dopamine Edit
An overwhelming number of studies have reported age-related changes in dopamine synthesis, binding sites, and number of receptors. Studies using positron emission tomography (PET) in living human subjects have shown a significant age-related decline in dopamine synthesis,[21] notably in the striatum and extrastriatal regions (excluding the midbrain).[22] Significant age-related decreases in dopamine receptors D1, D2, and D3 have also been highly reported.[23][24][25][26][27] A general decrease in D1 and D2 receptors has been shown,[25] and more specifically a decrease of D1 and D2 receptor binding in the caudate nucleus and putamen.[24][27] A general decrease in D1 receptor density has also been shown to occur with age. Significant age-related declines in dopamine receptors, D2 and D3 were detected in the anterior cingulate cortex, frontal cortex, lateral temporal cortex, hippocampus, medial temporal cortex, amygdala, medial thalamus, and lateral thalamus[23] One study also indicated a significant inverse correlation between dopamine binding in the occipital cortex and age.[24] Postmortem studies also show that the number of D1 and D2 receptors decline with age in both the caudate nucleus and the putamen, although the ratio of these receptors did not show age-related changes.[26] The loss of dopamine with age is thought to be responsible for many neurological symptoms that increase in frequency with age, such as decreased arm swing and increased rigidity.[28] Changes in dopamine levels may also cause age-related changes in cognitive flexibility.[28]
Decreasing levels of different serotonin receptors and the serotonin transporter, 5-HTT, have also been shown to occur with age. Studies conducted using PET methods on humans, in vivo, show that levels of the S2 receptor in the caudate nucleus, putamen, and frontal cerebral cortex, decline with age.[27] A decreased binding capacity of the 5-HT2 receptor in the frontal cortex was also found,[25] as well as a decreased binding capacity of the serotonin transporter, 5-HHT, in the thalamus and the midbrain.[29] Postmortem studies on humans have indicated decreased binding capacities of serotonin and a decrease in the number of S1 receptors in the frontal cortex and hippocampus as well as a decrease in affinity in the putamen.[30]
Glutamate is another neurotransmitter that tends to decrease with age.[31][32][33] Studies have shown older subjects to have lower glutamate concentration in the motor cortex compared to younger subjects[33] A significant age-related decline especially in the parietal gray matter, basal ganglia, and to a lesser degree, the frontal white matter, has also been noted.[31][32] Although these levels were studied in the normal human brain, the parietal and basal ganglia regions are often affected in degenerative brain diseases associated with aging and it has therefore been suggested that brain glutamate may be useful as a marker of brain diseases that are affected by aging.[31]
Neuropsychological ChangesEdit
Changes in OrientationEdit
Orientation is defined as the awareness of self in relation to one's surroundings[34] Often orientation is examined by distinguishing whether a person has a sense of time, place, and person. Deficits in orientation are one of the most common symptoms of brain disease, hence tests of orientation are included in almost all medical and neuropsychological evaluations.[35] While research has primarily focused on levels of orientation among clinical populations, a small number of studies have examined whether there is a normal decline in orientation among healthy aging adults. Results have been somewhat inconclusive. Some studies suggest that orientation does not decline over the lifespan.[36][37] For example, in one study 92% of normal elderly adults (65–84 years) presented with perfect or near perfect orientation.[38] However some data suggest that mild changes in orientation may be a normal part of aging.[39][40] For example, Sweet and colleagues concluded that "older persons with normal, healthy memory may have mild orientation difficulties. In contrast, younger people with normal memory have virtually no orientation problems"[40] (p. 505). So although current research suggests that normal aging is not usually associated with significant declines in orientation, mild difficulties may be a part of normal aging and not necessarily a sign of pathology.
Changes in AttentionEdit
Many older adults notice a decline in their attentional abilities.[41] Attention is a broad construct that refers to "the cognitive ability that allows us to deal with the inherent processing limitations of the human brain by selecting information for further processing" (p. 334).[42] Since the human brain has limited resources, people use their attention to zone in on specific stimuli and block out others.
If older adults have fewer attentional resources than younger adults, we would expect that when two tasks must be carried out at the same time, older adults' performance will decline more than that of younger adults. However, a large review of studies on cognition and aging suggest that this hypothesis has not been wholly supported.[43] While some studies have found that older adults have a more difficult time encoding and retrieving information when their attention is divided, other studies have not found meaningful differences from younger adults. Similarly, one might expect older adults to do poorly on tasks of sustained attention, which measure the ability to attend to and respond to stimuli for an extended period of time. However, studies suggest that sustained attention shows no decline with age. Results suggest that sustained attention increases in early adulthood and then remains relatively stable, at least through the seventh decade of life.[44] More research is needed on how normal aging impacts attention after age eighty.
It is worth noting that there are factors other than true attentional abilities that might relate to difficulty paying attention. For example, it is possible that sensory deficits impact older adults' attentional abilities. In other words, impaired hearing or vision may make it more difficult for older adults to do well on tasks of visual and verbal attention.[41]
Changes in memory Edit
- Main article: Memory and aging
There have been many different types of memory identified in humans, such as episodic, semantic, strategic, working, source spatial, and non-declarative.[1] Studies done by Rapp et al., have found that memory functions, more specifically those associated with the medial temporal lobe are especially vulnerable to age-related decline.[7] A number of studies utilizing a variety of methods such as histological, structural imaging, functional imaging, and receptor binding have supplied converging evidence that the frontal lobes and frontal-striatal dopaminergic pathways are especially affected by age-related processes resulting in memory changes.[1]
Genetic changes Edit
Variation in the effects of aging among individuals can be attributed to both genetic and environmental factors. As in so many other science disciplines, the nature versus nurture debate is an ongoing conflict in the field of cognitive neuroscience.[11][12] The search for genetic factors has always been an important aspect in trying to understand neuro-pathological processes. Research focused on discovering the genetic component in developing AD has also contributed greatly to the understanding the genetics behind normal or "non-pathological" aging.[12]
The human brain shows a decline in function and a change in gene expression. This modulation in gene expression may be due to oxidative DNA damage at promoter regions in the genome.[20] Genes that are down-regulated over the age of 40 include:
- GluR1 AMPA receptor subunit
- NMDA R2A receptor subunit (involved in learning)
- Subunits of the GABA-A receptor
- Genes involved in long-term potentiation e.g. calmodulin 1 and CAM kinase II alpha.
- Calcium signaling genes
- Synaptic plasticity genes
- Synaptic vesicle release and recycling genes
Genes that are upregulated include:
- Genes associated with stress response and DNA repair
- Antioxidant defence
Delaying the Effects of AgingEdit
The process of aging may be inevitable, however one may potentially delay the effects and severity of this progression. While there is no consensus of efficacy, the following are reported as delaying cognitive decline:
- High level of education[12][45]
- Physical exercise[46]
- Staying intellectually engaged, i.e. reading and mental activities (such as crossword puzzles)[47]
- Maintaining social and friendship networks[48]
- Maintaining a healthy diet, including omega-3 fatty acids, and protective antioxidants.[11]
"Super Agers"Edit
Longitudinal research studies have recently conducted genetic analyses of centenarians and their offspring to identify biomarkers as protective factors against the negative effects of aging. In particular, the cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) gene is linked to prevention of cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease.[49] Specifically, valine CETP homozygotes but not heterozygotes experienced a relative 51% less decline in memory compared to a reference group after adjusting for demographic factors and APOE status.
Cognitive ReserveEdit
- Main article: Cognitive reserve
The ability of an individual to demonstrate no cognitive signs of aging despite an aging brain is called cognitive reserve.[14][45] This hypothesis suggests that two patients might have the same brain pathology, with one person experiencing noticeable clinical symptoms, while the other continues to function relatively normally. Studies of cognitive reserve explore the specific biological, genetic and environmental differences which make one person susceptible to cognitive decline, and allow another to age more gracefully.
Nun StudyEdit
- Main article: Nun Study
A study funded by the National Institute of Aging followed a group of 678 Roman Catholic sisters and recorded the effects of aging. The researchers used autobiographical essays collected as the nuns joined their Sisterhood. Findings suggest that early idea density, defined by number of ideas expressed and use of complex prepositions in these essays, was a significant predictor of lower risk for developing Alzheimer's disease in old age. Lower idea density was found to be significantly associated with lower brain weight, higher brain atrophy, and more neurofibrillary tangles[50]
Hypothalamus Inflammation and GnRHEdit
In a very recent study (published May 1st, 2013), its is suggested that the inflammation of the hypothalamus may be connected to our overall aging bodies. They focused on the activation of the protein complex NF-κB in mice test subjects, which showed increased activation as mice test subjects aged in the study. This activation not only affects aging, but affects a hormone known as GnRH, which has shown new anti-aging properties when injected into mice outside the hypothalamus, while causing the opposite effect when injected into the hypothalamus. It'll be some time before this can be applied to humans in a meaningful way, as more studies on this pathway are necessary to understand the mechanics of GnRH's anti-aging properties.[51]
See alsoEdit
- Aging
- Aging movement control
- Alzheimer's disease
- Dementia
- DNA damage theory of aging
- Genetics of aging
- Life extension
- List of life extension related topics
- Neuropsychological test
- Reliability theory of aging and longevity
- Senescence
- Sensory stimulation therapy
Compare with the analog in computer science: software aging
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Craik, F. (2000). The Handbook of Aging and Cognition, 2nd, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
- ↑ Raz, Naftali (2005). Regional Brain Changes in Aging Healthy Adults: General Trends, Individual Differences and Modifiers. Cereb. Cortex 15 (11): 1676–1689.
- ↑ Raz, Naftali (2006). Differential aging of the brain: Patterns, cognitive correlates and modifiers. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 30 (6): 730–748.
- ↑ (1998). BRAIN PLASTICITY AND BEHAVIOR. Annual Review of Psychology 49 (1): 43–64.
- ↑ (2003). Brain plasticity and behavior. Current Directions in Psychological Science 12 (1): 1–5.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Barnes, C. (2006). Neural plasticity in the ageing brain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 7 (1): 30–40.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Hof PR, Morrison JH (October 2004). The aging brain: morphomolecular senescence of cortical circuits. Trends Neurosci. 27 (10): 607–13.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 Sowell ER, Peterson BS, Thompson PM, Welcome SE, Henkenius AL, Toga AW (March 2003). Mapping cortical change across the human life span. Nat. Neurosci. 6 (3): 309–15.
- ↑ Tao Liu, Wei Wen, Wanlin Zhu, Julian Trollor, Simone Reppermund, John Crawford, Jesse S Jin, Suhuai Luo, Henry Brodaty, Perminder Sachdev (2010). The effects of age and sex on cortical sulci in the elderly. Neuroimage 51 (1).
- ↑ Tao Liu, Wei Wen, Wanlin Zhu, Nicole A Kochan, Julian N Trollor, Simone Reppermund, Jesse S Jin, Suhuai Luo, Henry Brodaty, Perminder S Sachdev (2011). The relationship between cortical sulcal variability and cognitive performance in the elderly. Neuroimage 56 (3): 865–873.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Gabrieli, J. (2004). Insights into the ageing mind: a view from cognitive neuroscience. Nature Reviews 5 (2): 87–96.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 Anderton BH (April 2002). Ageing of the brain. Mech. Ageing Dev. 123 (7): 811–7.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Davis, P. (1991). The distribution of tangles, plaques, and related immunohistochemical markers in healthy aging and Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiology of Aging 12 (4): 295–312.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 Whalley LJ, Deary IJ, Appleton CL, Starr JM (November 2004). Cognitive reserve and the neurobiology of cognitive aging. Ageing Res. Rev. 3 (4): 369–82.
- ↑ Oxidative Stress. (n.d.) In Merriam-Webster Dictionary online. Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/oxidative stress
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 Keller JN, Schmitt FA, Scheff SW, et al. (April 2005). Evidence of increased oxidative damage in subjects with mild cognitive impairment. Neurology 64 (7): 1152–6.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 Harris SE, Deary IJ, MacIntyre A, et al. (October 2006). The association between telomere length, physical health, cognitive ageing, and mortality in non-demented older people. Neurosci. Lett. 406 (3): 260–4.
- ↑ Bernstein H, Payne CM, Bernstein C, Garewal H, Dvorak K. (2008) Cancer and aging as consequences of un-repaired DNA damage. In: New Research on DNA Damage (Editors: Honoka Kimura And Aoi Suzuki) Nova Science Publishers, Inc., New York, Chapter 1, pp. 1-47. see pg. 18. ISBN 978-1-60456-581-2
- ↑ Mandavilli BS, Rao KS (1996). Accumulation of DNA damage in aging neurons occurs through a mechanism other than apoptosis. J Neurochem 67 (4): 1559–65.
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 Lu T, Pan Y, Kao SY, Li C, Kohane I, Chan J, Yankner BA (2004). Gene regulation and DNA damage in the ageing human brain. Nature 429 (6994): 883–891.
- ↑ Mobbs, Charles V.; Hof, Patrick R. (2009). Handbook of the neuroscience of aging, Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic Press.
- ↑ Ota, M. (2006). Age-related decline of dopamine synthesis in the living human brain measured by positron emission tomography with L-[β-11C]DOPA. Life Sciences 79 (8): 730–736.
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 Kaasinen, V. (2000). Age-related dopamine D2/D3 receptor loss in extrastriatal regions of the human brain. Neurobiology of Aging 21 (5): 683–688.
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 Wang, Y. (1998). Age-Dependent Decline of Dopamine D1 Receptors in Human Brain: A PET Study. Synapse 30 (1): 56–61.
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 Iyo, T. (1993). The detection of age-related decrease of dopamine, D1, D2 and serotonin 5-HT2 receptors in living human brain. Prog. Neuro-Psycopharmacol & Biol. Psychait. 17 (3): 415–421.
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 Rinne, Juha O. (1989). Age-dependent decline in human brain dopamine D1 and D2 receptors. Brain Research 508: 349–352.
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 Wong, D. F. (1984). Effects of age on dopamine and serotonin receptors measured by positron tomography in the living human brain. Science 226 (4681): 1393–1396.
- ↑ 28.0 28.1 Wang, E. (1998). Handbook of the aging brain, San Diego, California: Academic Press.
- ↑ Yamamoto, M. (2001). Age-related decline of serotonin transporters in living human brain of healthy males. Life Sciences 71: 751–757.
- ↑ Marcusson, J. (1984). Effect of age on human brain serotonin (S-1) binding sites. Journal of Neurochemistry 43 (6): 1699–1705.
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 Chang L, Jiang CS, Ernst T (January 2009). Effects of age and sex on brain glutamate and other metabolites. Magn Reson Imaging 27 (1): 142–5.
- ↑ 32.0 32.1 Sailasuta N, Ernst T, Chang L (June 2008). Regional variations and the effects of age and gender on glutamate concentrations in the human brain. Magn Reson Imaging 26 (5): 667–75.
- ↑ 33.0 33.1 Kaiser LG, Schuff N, Cashdollar N, Weiner MW (May 2005). Age-related glutamate and glutamine concentration changes in normal human brain: 1H MR spectroscopy study at 4 T. Neurobiol. Aging 26 (5): 665–72.
- ↑ Lezak, M.D (2004). Neuropsychological Assessment, 4th, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- ↑ Alverzo JP (2006). A review of the literature on orientation as an indicator of level of consciousness. J Nurs Scholarsh 38 (2): 159–164.
- ↑ Brotchie, J. (1985). Temporal orientation in the presenium and old age.. British Journal of Psychiatry 147: 692–695.
- ↑ Hopp, G.A. (1997). Longitudinal and psychometric profiles of two cognitive status tests in very old adults.. Journal of Clinical Psychology 53: 673–686.
- ↑ Benton, A.L. (1981). Normative observations on neuropsychological test performances in old age.. Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology 3: 33–42.
- ↑ Ishizaki, J. (1998). A normative community based study of mini-mental state in elderly adults: The effect of age and educational level.. Journal of Gerontology 53: 359–363.
- ↑ 40.0 40.1 Sweet, J.J. (1999). Normative clinical relationships between orientation and memory: Age as an important moderator variable.. The Clinical Neuropsychologist. 13 (4): 495–508.
- ↑ 41.0 41.1 Kensinger, E.A (2009). Cognition in aging and age related disease. In P. R. Hof & C. V. Mobbs (Eds.), Handbook of the neuroscience of aging (249-256)., London: Elsevier Press.
- ↑ Banich, M. T. (2011). Cognitive neuroscience, Belmont,CA: Wadsworth.
- ↑ Light, L.L. (1991). Memory and aging: Four hypotheses in search of data. Annual Review of Psychology 42: 333–376.
- ↑ Carrier, J. S. A. (2010). Age trends for failures of sustained attention. Psychology and Aging 25 (3): 569–574.
- ↑ 45.0 45.1 Scarmeas, N. (2003). Cognitive reserve and lifestyle. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 25 (5): 625–633.
- ↑ Baker, L.D. (2010). Effects of aerobic exercise on mile cognitive impairment: A controlled trial. Archives of Neurology 67 (1): 71–79.
- ↑ Hall, C.B. (2009). Cognitive activities delay onset of memory decline in persons who develop dementia. Neurology 73 (5): 356–361.
- ↑ Barnes, L. L. (2004). Social resources and cognitive decline in a population of older African Americans and whites. Neurology 63 (12): 2322–2326.
- ↑ Sanders, Amy (2011). Association of a functional polymorphism in the cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) gene with memory decline and incidence of dementia. Journal of the American Medical Association 303 (2): 150–158.
- ↑ Riley KP, Snowdon DA, Desrosiers MF, Markesbery WR (2005). Early life linguistic ability, late life cognitive function, and neuropathology: Findings from the Nun Study. Neurobiology of Aging 26 (3).
- ↑ Zhang Guo, Guo (2013). Hypothalamic programming of systemic ageing involving IKK-[bgr, NF-[kgr]B and GnRH]. Nature.
External linksEdit
- National Institute on Aging: Instruments to Detect Cognitive Impairment in Older Adults.
|This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).


text:
Former president Chen Shui-bian (陳水扁) yesterday would file for a constitutional interpretation from the Council of Grand Justices after the Taiwan High Court turned down an appeal against his detention.
In addition to declining the appeal, the high court ruled that no further appeals over his detention — by Chen or prosecutors — would be allowed.
Taiwan High Court spokesman Wen Yao-yuan (溫耀源) said judges turned down Chen's appeal because they accepted the prosecutors' argument that his release would undermine the progress of the case and pose a threat to defendants and witnesses.
"Under these circumstances, we cannot release him on bail," Wen said.
Three high court judges spent more than 24 hours considering Tuesday's appeal.
According to the Code of Criminal Procedure (刑事訴訟法), Chen may be detained for up to six months, at which point he would either be released or begin his sentences, if any.
"We will not give up, because we see flaws in the procedure," said Cheng Wen-lung (鄭文龍), Chen's lawyer.
Cheng called it "illegal" and "unconstitutional, adding that changing the presiding judge was wrong.
"It seems Taiwanese courts usually do a U-turn when they handle cases concerning politicians," he said.
Cheng accused the judiciary of violating due process and compromising the credibility of the judiciary. He also lambasted the judges' handling of the case and the Special Investigation Panel for "stealthily substituting" the interview records of other witnesses and quoting their interviews out of context.
In addition to the appeal, Chen's lawyer had requested that the presiding judge of the Chen case be removed to avoid what he called a conflict of interest. The request, however, was also rejected.
As Chen's lawyers seem to have exhausted all standard means available to appeal againt his detention, they are now turning to the Council of Grand Justices. Chen's lawyers yesterday said they planned to file the request after the Lunar New Year.
Another tactic available is to exercise Chen's right of silence in the court to stage a protest, a member of his legal team said.
Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) Legislator Chen Chieh-ju (陳節如), who visited the former president along with DPP Taipei chapter director Huang Ching-lin (黃慶林) at the Taipei Detention Center yesterday, described the court ruling as "political persecution."
Chen Chieh-ju said Chen Shui-bian remained hopeful and that he would make every effort to defend his rights, including via a constitutional interpretation.
The former president is readying to publish a book before the Lunar New Year, she said. The tentative title of the book is The Cross of Taiwan. It will contain his writings during his time at the Taipei Detention Center late last year, she said.
Another of Chen Shui-bian's defense lawyers, Cheng Sheng-chu (鄭勝助), who also visited the former president, said he informed his client of the court's decision and that the former president accepted it reluctantly.
Cheng Sheng-chu dismissed speculation that the former president felt lost after learning of the verdict, saying it was quite clear "they have an iron cage there waiting for him."
Meanwhile, following the Taipei District Court's rejection on Tuesday of the appeal by Chen's lawyer to have the presiding judge in Chen's case removed to avoid what they called a conflict of interest, the lawyers yesterday said they would apply again.


text:
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fluid - Tagged Pages
List of Threads tagged - fluid on Studynama.com:
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) - BDS Lecture Notes PDF Download
Hi Guys, I am sharing BDS Lecture Notes on Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) in PDF format.1 This BDS Lecture Notes on Cerebrospinal Fluid is available in PDF format for easy viewing and download. Just click on the link below to download BDS Lecture Notes on Cerebrospinal Fluid in PDF format. You...
Feb 15, 2018
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Fluid Mechanics Ebook/lecture notes pdf download for ME/IP/AU
Hi friends On this thread i have uploaded high quality notes/ebook for the subject Fluid Mechanics. It is a very important subject of the course and i am sure these notes will help you prepare well for the semester exams.1 Topics Covered: Definition of a fluid Viscosity FLUID STATICS...
Mar 27, 2017
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HC Verma physics solutions - chapter 13 fluid mechanics pdf download
HC Verma is one of the most important physics book for students preparing for the JEE mains/advanced and other engineering entrance examination. This book teaches you concepts in a subtle manner and then tests you with some tricky questions. To answer these questions you need to have thorough...
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text:
cwilliams needed a new logo design and created a contest on 99designs.
2 winners were selected from 353 designs submitted by 100 freelance designers.
We are a small company starting out with our first project to build an app for a London based band (Electro Dance). We are able to advertise ourselves both on the application and on the bands website. The background of the founder is in the Energy industry, providing software for traders and consultancy services. It is envisaged that the company will also build applications for corporates. We also have a number of ideas for games, apps with media content and gimmicks to go on the iPhone also, which we are looking forward to developing (when there is enough time!!). We are extremely flexible in what we can offer and professional regarding the development process, customer service and final product delivered. We also have a sense of fun about what we do but not at the expense of our what we offer.
This is wide and therefore makes the design all the more challenging. Primarily, we would like to catch the eye of business searching for an iphone development company or looking at our website for more information on who we are (i.e. the logo should show that we are credible and have a sense that we are larger than we are). However, it must appeal to the clubbing/ music industry and not be too corporate to be included on cool sites.
The Logo should be eye catching and designed so that it can be easily added to websites and apps, stationary and business cards (if it is possible to get a grey scale "embossed look" version for websites so that colours do not clash with other schemes that would be great).
Colour and look entirely up to the designer but the target audience is important - flaming flamingos may not appeal to an Oil Company looking to buy an app from us. However, too corporate and bands will think we are a bit too stiff.
We are not big fans of cartoonish logos or fonts.
The Logo should include the company name Quotien (either with a capital Q or small q whatever looks right in the design).
Here is a logo which we liked the look of from the site. The colour scheme was good although perhaps too much black and the shadow would perhaps get lost if used as an advert on a site:
Find out how a design contest works or learn more about our logo design services.


text:
Diversity of Education
Institutions in Australia offer a wide variety of courses and degrees, making it easy for international students to find the fit that is right for them. When choosing a degree program, international students who wish to study in Australia should first decide on the type of school they are interested in. Students can choose among universities, vocational education, and English language training. These education sectors are linked, making it easier for students to move from one qualification level to the next and from one institution to another.
Australian universities offer programs that lead to bachelor degrees and higher qualifications in a large variety of fields. Australian universities provide their students with the opportunity to study every major discipline, in both individual and collaborative projects.
Although the bachelor degree is the most common qualification offered in Australia, master's degree and doctoral degree programs are also offered. These provide students with opportunities for specialized research training and professional development. Postgraduate students in Australia develop skills in research that puts them at the forefront of the development and application of new technologies.
Vocational Education
Australia's vocational education and training (VET) institutions offer students the opportunity to hone their skills in both real and simulated work environments. These institutions offer their students the chance to study a wide variety of disciplines such as business and management, science and technology, design and arts, communications, sport and recreation, community service and health, tourism and hospitality, engineering and building, horticulture and land management, and English.
These programs are provided by public Technical and Further Education (TAFE) Institutes, private colleges, and a number of schools and universities. Industry and Government work together in developing training outcomes, which are then implemented according to nationally endorsed training packages. This allows the students in these programs to apply the knowledge they learn inside the classroom in the real world.
The training gained through vocational education can be used towards higher education. In other words, Australian universities may provide students with degrees or certificates from vocational education institutes with credit towards a degree.
English Language Training
As with any language, the best way to improve knowledge of the English language is to live among and converse with native speakers. Studying in Australia provides non-native English speakers with the opportunity to use and improve their English every day. Students in Australian English language classrooms learn not through reciting lists from text books, but by practical application of their skills. Students who wish to study English in Australia will be able to find a program that's right for them and suits their specific needs, no matter what their level of proficiency in the language.
There are five main types of English courses taught in Australia:
- General English – focuses on the development of communication skills, particularly in speaking and listening.
- English for Academic Purposes – prepares students to study at an English-speaking university or vocational institute.
- English for Specific Purposes – focuses on practical English skills for specific course areas such as English for Business, Aviation, or Tourism.
- Secondary School Preparation – develops English skills for entry into an Australian secondary school.
- Examination Preparation – prepares students for English language proficiency exams, such as the International English Language Testing System (IELTS), Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL), and Cambridge Certificates.
- Students can enroll in English language courses at any time during the year. The length of full-time courses can range from four weeks to 48 weeks. Students who enroll in these courses should expect to spend about 25 hours a week studying. This includes both time spent in class and studying on their own.


text:
Corridor 30 Implementation / Madison is an important point along Corridor 30« on: May 27, 2010, 09:36:13 pm »
Tomorrow I am starting very early with a very light bicycle and little gear and riding from Highland Park, Illinois, Madison, Wisconsin (146 miles). For most people, I would recommend 2 days for such a journey. I expect to just make it into Madison by dark. I will be using parts of what could become Corridor 37 and Corridor 30, cutting the corner around Milwaukee from Racine to Waukesha. This will be my longest ride since I turned 50.
The State of Wisconsin has done a wonderful job of converting rails to trails. It's now possible to cross much of the state in many different directions entirely on rail trails and minor paved roads with little traffic. Wisconsin should be a bicycle touring mecca.
I'd like to be active in planning the routes through Illinois and Wisconsin.
Howard Metzenberg