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The gunman who killed Joe Cahill told police he feared for his life.
He made that statement two hours after the shooting, one year ago today, to New Orleans investigators who apparently have accepted his account — something Cahill's siblings can't yet bring themselves to do.
New Orleans police have never revealed his identity because they consider the shooter in a justified homicide to be a victim.
Conversely, a police report classifies Cahill — the 40-year-old Boulder resident and Leftover Salmon crew member killed after entering a stranger's home during the New Orelans Jazz & Heritge Festival — as a "perpetrator."
The shooter, after having been read his Miranda rights, told police he was in the back room of the house asleep when he was awakened by his mother's scream. He went to the front room and saw a shirtless man in a chair.
A Death in New Orleans: Part 2
The first part of this story, detailing the events leading up to the shooting of Boulder's Joe Cahill, was published in Sunday's Daily Camera. Read A Death in New Orleans: Part 1.
He ordered Cahill to leave.
"(Expletive) you!" the interloper allegedly said. "I'm not going anywhere."
The gunman's father approached Cahill and again asked him to get out, the police were told, but Cahill refused and yelled more obscenities. At that point, a physical altercation ensued, during which the gunman's father was pushed to the floor, and the gunman struck Cahill with a broomstick.
Cahill, the report said, then sat back down in a chair.
The son retreated to his bedroom and came back armed with his Sig Sauer .40 caliber pistol. He told police he pointed it at Cahill, ordering him to leave, hoping the sight of a gun would be adequate persuasion.
Again, Cahill allegedly said, "(Expletive) you!"
The gunman then fired a single warning shot into the floor, he told police, hoping that would scare Cahill out of the residence. Instead, Cahill began to approach him, he said. He fired, striking Cahill, he said, but Cahill kept coming at him. He fired three more times.
The shooter explained to police that "he did not want to kill the male, which is why he aimed for the male's midsection instead of his head," according to the police report.
He "went on to explain that he believed he and his family's life were in danger when the subject became aggressive and became more fearful when the male continued to approach while he ... had the gun in his hand."
The shooter's neighbor, who gave only his first name, Frank, said, "I think he feels the same as anybody else would. He feels like he did the right thing. He knows he did the right thing. Why else would anybody want to do anything like that? You've got to live with that decision the rest of your life."
Following the gunfire, at around 2:15 p.m., the shooter placed his pistol at the foot of his bed and waited for police.
The subsequent search of his family's residence would also turn up a .44 Magnum Rossi revolver, a Mossberg .22 caliber long rifle, a Hi-Point .380 semi-automatic pistol, eight boxes of live ammunition and two magazines holding another 38 live rounds. Also recovered was a broken broom handle from the living room floor, stained with blood.
Police responding to the scene initially reported incorrectly that Cahill had been shot in the head —- they were thrown off by the blood already there before he came in the door. But each of the four gunshot wounds was to Cahill's abdomen.
He was rushed to Interim Louisiana State University Public Hospital, where his condition rapidly deteriorated. He was pronounced dead by 6 p.m.
Included in Cahill's possessions recovered at the hospital were a keychain, $87 and a clear plastic bag containing a powdery white substance.
Ken Cahill and his sister Pat McCullough are left with many questions they say have not been answered to their satisfaction. They go back to several hours before the shooting took place, starting with their brother Joe Cahill's cab ride with Wendy Pabian.
Ken Cahill, the son of a cop, has pursued as aggressive an investigation as he can, short of going to New Orleans. He has filed criminal records requests for materials including diagrams of the shooting scene — for which he is still waiting.
"To me, I thought it was an incomplete investigation," Ken Cahill said. "Did they check phone records? Did they (Joe Cahill and the shooter) bump heads before this? Did Joe seek this place out as a safe haven?
"Why did he pass six or seven other houses" before entering 1509 N. Broad St. "Why is it so random? Did he just get tired and stop there? Had he gone in there like a raving lunatic and started tearing the place apart, I would understand this.
"He went in there and (expletive) sat in a chair. That's what makes it not sit so easy with me."
His older sister, McCullough, said, "The fact that these people didn't leave the house, rather than shoot him, that's incomprehensible. He's (already) injured, from what we understand. The mother got out. The father got out. Why didn't the other guy?"
The inexplicable behavior of Joe Cahill in his final hours leaves many who knew him puzzled over what might have driven him to possibly injure himself, spar briefly with police on the streets of New Orleans and then refuse to leave a stranger's home — even at the point of a gun.
"I don't believe that he took anything knowingly that put him in any kind of altered state," McCullough said. "I just don't believe it. That blows my mind."
"For him to have passed in this fashion, it seemed so polar opposite to the person who lived in my house," said Kara Murphy, Cahill's Gunbarrel housemate. "But also, I am not blind to the fact that the boys liked to have a good time.
"And sometimes, a good time turns into a bad time."
Benefit fund
A fund has been established at the Bank of the West to benefit Joe Cahill's 17-year-old daughter, Cassidy. Contributions can be made at the bank's branches in the name of Cassidy Cahill.
Ken Cahill theorized that his brother, and whomever he was with in his final hours, might have ingested something that "hit 'em wrong" or that they were unaware they were consuming.
At the request of the Daily Camera, Arapahoe County Coroner Dr. Michael Dobersen reviewed Joe Cahill's autopsy report, including the toxicology results, which revealed relatively modest amounts of cocaine and alcohol.
For example, Cahill's blood alcohol level was .081, just barely above the .08 standard for legal intoxication — although it's not known if that was taken from a sample at the time of his admission to the hospital or after he had died, three hours later.
The powdery substance in the bag in his possession when he died also proved to be cocaine.
"With cocaine and ethanol combined, you get something called cocaethylene, and cocaethylene is a very long-lasting compound, so the effects of cocaine are going to last longer," Dobersen said.
Dobersen said even modest amounts of drugs such as methamphetamine, PCP and cocaine can trigger "an excited delirium, an overdrive-type syndrome," sending body temperatures soaring as high as 106, accompanied by erratic or violent behavior, sometimes requiring several people to subdue a person in its throes.
"The levels of cocaine that he had were relatively small, but there is no level of cocaine that's safe," Dobersen said. "It is such an unpredictable drug and has unpredictable effects. And that would be my best explanation for what happened, leading to the shooting."
Despite having read his brother's autopsy report, Ken Cahill said he does not accept that it was only cocaine and alcohol that his brother consumed, knowingly or unknowingly, "but I wouldn't know what to look for in the toxicology report."
The autopsy report also showed minor head injuries, as well as a scalp hemorrhage, which Dobersen described as "superficial" in nature.
Dobersen said it is not uncommon to find next of kin not willing to accept the bottom line of a toxicology at autopsy.
However, Dobersen said, "If this were my case, I wouldn't feel compelled to look for anything else. The alcohol and the cocaine, even if there wasn't alcohol, the cocaine is enough to explain his behavior, and unfortunately, leading to him getting shot. The screen usually picks up every abused drug that's out there, with a few exceptions."
The city of New Orleans recorded 155 killings in 2013 that were classified as murders. That was a 20 percent drop from the previous year's 193.
In addition, there were nine more violent deaths in the city that were not classified as murders.
Of those additional nine deaths, three were classified as justifiable homicides. According to Benjamin Hammond in the New Orleans Police Department's public affairs office, the shooting of Cahill was one of those justified killings, and, "The case is now closed."
But Christopher Bowman, an assistant district attorney in the Orleans Parish District Attorney's Office, would not put a label on the status of the Cahill case.
"I'm not going to say it's justified; I'm not going to say it's not justified," said Bowman, who pointed out that murder has no statute of limitations. "We do not feel like we have evidence to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that a crime took place.
"Should someone come back at some time in the future and show us different evidence, we would, of course, look at it again, as we do in all murders. At this time, we have not filed charges."
Requests to speak with the man who shot Joe Cahill at his home were rebuffed by his parents, who also declined interviews themselves.
His neighbor, Frank, stated in an email that the shooter still fears "retaliation or backlash."
"This is not an uncommon fear in this town," Frank wrote. "And he does not feel like having to go over all the details again."
And despite Cahill's siblings' lengthy efforts to learn more about his tragic end, they are still not positive they even know the gunman's identity. After spending months believing he knew the name, in recent weeks Ken Cahill has zeroed in on another person.
Katherine Mattes, professor and director of the Criminal Litigation Clinic at the Tulane University Law School in New Orleans, said prosecutors likely weighed the Cahill shooting in the context of the so-called "castle doctrine."
"The premise of the castle doctrine is a man's home is his castle, and he has a right to defend it," Mattes said. "You can defend your property if you are lawfully inside your dwelling, your business or your car."
And, she said, lethal force is justifiable if one reasonably believes he or she is in imminent danger of death or great bodily harm.
She was not directly familiar with the facts in Cahill's case but said, "The D.A. is mandated to protect the citizenry of the city. And, if they, after analysis, determined the use of force here is appropriate, it would be a further tragedy to force that homeowner to defend against a prosecution."
"Fare thee well now, let your life proceed by its own design
Nothing to tell now, let the words be yours, I'm done with mine"
— "Cassidy," by John Perry Barlow and Bob Weir
The tragic events of April 28, 2013, leave a 17-year-old girl without her father, and the many people who knew Joe Cahill still grieving and concerned that a well-loved man and great friend might be remembered for the wrong steps taken on the last and worst day of his life, at the expense of all that he did right.
It also left some witnesses to the events insisting that while their city is very much an adult playground, it is not a place that people who can party responsibly need have any fear of visiting.
Jazz Fest, as it's known, drew an estimated 425,000 people to New Orleans last year — roughly half of them from out of state.
"The neighborhood here is not so bad," said Jessie Clark, the North Broad Street resident who saw Cahill in his final minutes, wobbling, stepping dangerously into traffic. "It's a mixed neighborhood, African people, white people. And everybody kind of keeps an eye on each other."
Jarrett Johnson, the eye doctor whose office is on the same block where Cahill died, admitted it can be a rough area.
"The hard thing is, I think, people are afraid. This is New Orleans," she said. "That's the fear that people have. Most people probably have some fear — 'Why is that person coming in my house?'"
"Unfortunately, he walked into the wrong place," said Barry Davis, a Laharpe Street resident who also saw Cahill not long before he died. "It doesn't matter if you're white, black, yellow, pink or brown, or whatever. You have to defend yourself."
Davis compared New Orleans to Las Vegas, noting, "People can do stuff here they can't do back at home. You can do stuff here, and don't nobody else have to know about it."
He added, "Unfortunately, he got caught up and lost in the sauce. Did he deserve to get shot? No."
Quentin Young, a writer with the Camera's sister paper, the Longmont Times-Call, who went to college with Cahill and lived with him in Fort Collins, said, "I loved the guy. The guy was my best friend for a little while, and like I said, he was full of love. He might have had dark forces that animated him, as well, but he never meant anybody harm. And otherwise, he was a beautiful person."
Murphy, his housemate years later in Gunbarrel, remembers being regaled by his stories of daughter Cassidy, that father and daughter talked daily, and the many evenings she would visit to enjoy her dad's "best-ever" chicken parmesan.
"I knew him as the most amazing dad, I knew him as a great friend, and I knew him as someone who took care of me. He protected me from a lot of stuff," Murphy said.
Mario Casilio, Cahill's Leftover Salmon crewmate in the last year of his life, said, "He was funny and had the excitable boy kind of vibe, as well. But the work ethic is what impressed me about him. He was really dedicated to his work. I was impressed by that, and that made it enjoyable to work with him and inspirational. That was the thing that was always Joe, for me."
Each of Cahill's siblings has processed Joe Cahill's death in different ways — or tried to. They are united by a belief that it didn't need to happen.
"No matter how much we wish we could turn back the clock and stop this senseless tragedy, our sense of helplessness lingers, and nothing we can do will bring him back," said Ken Cahill, who believes New Orleans police "failed miserably" in their handling of the incident and the investigation.
Cahill is hardly the first to take shots at the New Orleans department. In July 2012, the NOPD and the U.S. Justice Department reached a 122-page "consent decree," or agreement to overhaul practices within a department that was found through a 10-month investigation to be in a state of "systemic failure."
Ken Cahill is haunted by the fact that two officers were in direct physical contact with his brother — a man already injured and intoxicated — minutes before he died, and that they were just outside the residence where he died.
But tragedy was not averted.
"Two men alone in a room," Ken Cahill said. "One — uninvited, shirtless, bleeding profusely and semi-coherent, apparently just wanting to sit down, seeking a temporary haven for a while; the other, a legal resident, armed with a gun. ... The armed man lives, the already wounded man dies.
"We do not believe this was a justifiable homicide."
Contact Camera Staff Writer Charlie Brennan at 303-473-1327, email@example.com or twitter.com/chasbrennan.


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Inside the Mission: Getting Bin Laden
Aired May 14, 2011 - 20:00 ET
(BEGIN VIDEOTAPE) CHRIS LAWRENCE, CNN PENTAGON CORRESPONDENT (voice-over): He was no ordinary fugitive and this was no ordinary hunt. PETER BERGEN, CNN NATIONAL SECURITY ANALYST: There was only one way to find him, which was through the couriers. LAWRENCE: Following the trail would take years. MICHAEL HAYDEN, FORMER CIA DIRECTOR: Not brick by brick, but pebble by pebble. LAWRENCE: The decision was risky. ED HENRY, CNN SENIOR WHITE HOUSE CORRESPONDENT: One of his aides started repeating again, "Well, we got option A. We got option B." And he interrupted and said, "We're going in." LAWRENCE: The chance of failure: high. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: SEALs would rather die than be captured. BARBARA STARR, CNN PENTAGON CORRESPONDENT: At the end of the day, it was a leap of faith. (MUSIC) SUBTITLE: "Inside the Mission: Getting Bin Laden" LAWRENCE: Friday, April 29th, just after 8:20 a.m., the mission begins. The president gives the go. HENRY: The president, after a long night's sleep, basically came in and immediately told the staff, "You've got the green light. Let's go." LAWRENCE: As President Obama departs for the tornado-ravaged South, the U.S. military's best-kept secret is underway. STARR: The troops were ready and in place. The equipment was ready to go. The plan had been practiced again and again and again. LAWRENCE: America's most wanted man may finally be in reach, Osama bin Laden. The architect of 9/11 had eluded the world's most powerful nation for more than a decade. HAYDEN: The trail was quite cold. LAWRENCE: Former CIA director, Michael Hayden, recalls the early misfires. HAYDEN: Most of what we had looked more like Elvis sightings than they did substantive intelligence. LAWRENCE: The trail caught fire last August when U.S. intelligence zeroed in on this compound. HAYDEN: An unusual compound, unusual in its security, unusual in its size, and, frankly, unusual in its location. LAWRENCE: Its location, just over a mile from Pakistan's premier military academy, north of Islamabad. The compound was discovered after tracking down bin Laden's trusted courier. GLORIA BORGER, CNN SENIOR POLITICAL ANALYST: One of my sources said to me, you know, one of the reasons it was so interesting to us is that we knew bin Laden was in the construction business. And this was well-constructed. LAWRENCE: More clues begin to emerge from behind the 18-foot- high walls. STARR: What they began to notice is the occupant burned their trash. They couldn't determine that there was any Internet access or telephone in this compound. BERGEN: It was a lack of things they did that was really interesting. You know, for a family that lived there for several years. They never went to the movies. They never went grocery shopping. LAWRENCE: To build a better case, CIA Director Leon Panetta looks for any guarantee bin Laden is inside. LEON PANETTA, CIA DIRECTOR: Problem was we never really certain whether or not bin Laden was there. We noticed an individual who was pacing in the courtyard who at least had some of the appearances of it, but we were never able to verify that, in fact, it was him. BORGER: This was a circumstantial case. And I've heard lots of percentages thrown around. Some say 50/50. Some say 60/40. Whatever. Certainly not 100 percent clear identification of Osama bin Laden. LAWRENCE (on camera): There's no smoking gun, no photograph of bin Laden -- just a tall shadowy figure in a compound that arouses suspicion. Still, the odds are good enough for Panetta to make a case to the president. HAYDEN: I think the argument was this was the best chance we've ever had. The odds have never been higher and if we don't take this opportunity, the odds may never be this good again. LAWRENCE (voice-over): Panetta tapped Special Operations commander, Vice Admiral William McRaven to hatch an action plan. Three options are put on the table. STARR: One of them was to just go in and bomb it, obliterate it. The problem with that is you probably wouldn't have a body left and you couldn't show evidence that Osama bin Laden was really there. The next option was to send in an unmanned drone with a missile, a predator. LAWRENCE: Both scenarios are ruled out for fear of collateral damage, leaving the riskiest game plan of all -- a commando-style assault. STARR: The risks are unimaginable. Everything could have gone wrong. But the reward was: if it worked, they would come out with a body. They'd come out with DNA analysis. LAWRENCE: President Obama shared what weighed on his mind in a CBS interview on "60 Minutes." BARACK OBAMA, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES: These guys are going in the darkest of night. And they don't know what they are going to find. They don't know if the building is rigged. They don't know if, you know, there are explosives that are triggered by a particular door opening. So, huge risks that these guys are taking. And so, my number one concern was: if I send them in, can I get them out? LAWRENCE: And those men are willing to risk everything. Navy SEALs known as Team Six, a covert commando force -- made up of some of the military's best. Like former Navy SEAL Howard Wasdin. HOWARD WASDIN, FORMER NAVY SEAL: It's like being part of an elite team that made it to the Super Bowl. LAWRENCE: Wasdin's Super Bowl came in 1993, during a raid against a Somali warlord. Shot three times, Wasdin nearly lost his right leg. WASDIN: I started thinking then -- I'm really not going to make it out of here. This -- this is it. I'm going to die today. LAWRENCE: The battle better known as Black Hawk Down left 18 Americans dead and scores wounded. A failure, Wasdin says, because the security of the mission was compromised. WASDIN: We were in there with the United Nations and these guys did not know how to keep operational security. LAWRENCE: Painful memories of Black Hawk Down would trouble the president and advisers. The decision is made to keep Pakistan in the dark. HENRY: To not tip them of in order to maintain the secrecy shows, number one, that there is not a lot of trust between the U.S. and Pakistan. But, number two, it showed that this was an even bigger gamble. LAWRENCE: That April morning in Alabama, surrounded by the wreckage of Mother Nature, President Obama hides any sign of worry. HENRY: He really kept a pretty good game face on to not let the public know at all that there was something else cooking behind the scenes. LAWRENCE: A high risk plan is now in motion, but the ghosts of Tora Bora will haunt the mission to get bin Laden. (END VIDEOTAPE) (COMMERCIAL BREAK) (BEGIN VIDEOTAPE) LAWRENCE (voice-over): It was 10 years ago that Osama bin Laden became America's worst enemy. GEORGE W. BUSH, FORMER U.S. PRESIDENT: There's an old poster out West as I recall that said "Wanted: dead or alive." LAWRENCE: Bin Laden's base of operations is Afghanistan. Here, the fundamentalist Taliban regime provides sanctuary. So, immediately after September 11th, small U.S. commando teams begin working with local warlords who oppose the Taliban to get bin Laden. CIA officer Gary Berntsen is on the ground helping lead the mission. GARY BERNTSEN, FORMER CIA OFFICER: Keep pushing people forward. Keep taking ground. Keep working with northern alliance or other tribal units to seize territory and to kill the enemy. LAWRENCE: Concerned that a large deployment of American troops would provoke a backlash, the Americans are, in effect, outsourcing the hunt for bin Laden -- using caches of cash. BERNTSEN: We paid the enemy off to get them to surrender at times. We paid for our allies. We used cash as a tool. And it was quite effective. LAWRENCE: Within weeks, Afghanistan is falling. Bin Laden is on the run, east to the mountains, nestled among the 14,000-foot peaks, a complex of caves known a Tora Bora. BERGEN: It was an excellent place to hide because Bin Laden had spent many years living in and around that region. He had a house with a small rudimentary swimming pool. There was a bakery. There was -- he had a whole set-up there. And, you know, he had this little mini-jihadist kingdom that he would retreat to. It was his country retreat. LAWRENCE: Six years earlier, journalist Abdel Bari Atwan had interviewed bin Laden here, in a cave turned into a command center. ABDEL BARI ATWAN, JOURNALIST: He told me that he feels safe in these caves. He knows the area very well. And he knows it is very difficult for anybody to come and follow him there. LAWRENCE: But now, bin Laden is being followed. BERNTSEN: And at that point, I only had about 20 Americans in the province, and, you know, working with a couple thousand Afghans that we had put online. We'd paid a number of Afghans. TIM LISTER, CNN EXECUTIVE EDITOR: The journalists all gathered up on the mountainside there. LAWRENCE: Tim Lister was part of the CNN team covering the war. LISTER: We undoubtedly outnumbered the number of U.S. personnel that were on the ground. LAWRENCE: The Americans call for airstrikes and they come with thundering force. (EXPLOSIONS) BERNTSEN: We brought in gunships which can put a bullet on every inch of a football field. LISTER: The amount of ordinance dropped over a period of two weeks almost defies belief. The mountains were rearranged. LAWRENCE: From a radio stripped of a dead al Qaeda fighter, the Americans hear bin Laden trying to rally his men. BERNTSEN: We listen to him apologize to them for having led them into this trap, and having led them into a location where they are having airstrikes called on them just relentlessly. LAWRENCE: With bin Laden in the crosshairs, Berntsen wants U.S. forces sent in to finish the job. BERNTSEN: In the first two or three days of December, I would write a message back to Washington recommending the insertion of U.S. forces on the ground. I was looking for 600 to 800 Rangers, roughly a battalion. They never came. LAWRENCE: Instead, the U.S. relies on its hired guns. BERGEN: Yes. It was not a professional military force by any stretch of the imagination. Some of them reportedly were -- you know, took bribes from members of al Qaeda to look the other way. LAWRENCE: Outsourcing fails. Bin Laden vanishes into the mountains. BERNTSEN: He was there. We were listening to him on the radio. Bin Laden and roughly 180 would escape. LISTER: The moral of the story, I think, is that to capture someone as resourceful as Osama bin Laden who has so many local contacts and local friends, you had to do the job yourself. LAWRENCE: Though he has disappeared, his threats continue. OSAMA BIN LADEN, AL QAEDA LEADER: This speech is to tell you how to avoid another tragedy. BERGEN: The fact that he communicates through videotapes and audio tapes I don't think that's a sign of weakness. I think that he just -- he had a choice which was to say nothing and become irrelevant or to continue saying things publicly and stay relevant. And he chose the latter. BIN LADEN: Just as you destroy our security, we will destroy yours. BERGEN: And so, you know, his message continues to kind of resonate even when he was on the run. LAWRENCE: With a $25 million bounty on his head, bin Laden is now the most wanted man on the planet. (END VIDEOTAPE) (COMMERCIAL BREAK) (BEGIN VIDEOTAPE) LAWRENCE (voice-over): In the years after Tora Bora, bin Laden seems to have vanished, appearing only in video messages that mysteriously materialize, but leave no trace of his whereabouts. General Michael Hayden headed up the CIA at the time. HAYDEN: For most of my time in office, I would even publicly say that the trail was quite cold. We didn't have a whole lot of evidence in which we had much confidence. LAWRENCE: Tough interrogations of al Qaeda detainees, some at secret prisons, begin to provide the clues that will lead to a compound in Pakistan, the mansion hideout of Osama bin Laden. HAYDEN: We began to focus, drill down on the courier network as perhaps a way to chase after bin Laden. We knew he was communicating, but we were convinced he could not possibly be communicating electronically; otherwise, we would have picked that up. So, it had to be human-to-human contact, hence, the courier system. LISTER: Amongst people who were detained soon after Tora Bora were Iman al-Qahtani (ph). He had tried to enter the United States as the 20th hijacker. He never got around to that because he was never admitted to the United States. LAWRENCE: According to this interrogation log obtained by "TIME" magazine, the would-be 9/11 hijacker doesn't give up information easily to investigators at Guantanamo Bay. So, they subject him to standing nude and to having pictures of scantily-clad women hung around his neck. According to this FBI letter, they also make him endure months of intense isolation in a cell always flooded with light. At some point, he starts talking. LISTER: And as far as we can tell from looking at the detainee assessments that were published by WikiLeaks, he mentioned quite a lot of names. One of those he mentioned was this gentleman Abu Ahmad al- Kuwaiti, who in turns out was a courier. LAWRENCE: A courier who had been with Osama bin Laden at Tora Bora, a tantalizing tidbit. But is it the one nugget out of thousands that's worth pursuing? HAYDEN: We could sense the trail getting warmer. LAWRENCE: Hayden credits the enhanced interrogation techniques or EITs. HAYDEN: Well, we actually found out that the EITs were productive. Now, look, honest men can differ as to whether or not they want their country doing them. I understand that. That's a very honorable position. But a lot of folks like to make the argument I don't want you doing it and it didn't work. I have not met anyone who has actually been involved in this program who would say that this didn't work. LAWRENCE: Amid much controversy, waterboarding and other enhanced interrogation techniques were banned by President Obama shortly after he took office, but the story of the trail that led to bin Laden has re-opened the debate. Steven Kleinman is an experienced military interrogator. STEVEN KLEINMAN, MILITARY INTERROGATOR: I've spent about 27 years now, all in human intelligence-related activities, most of it on active duty in the Air Force and the remainder in the Air Force Reserve. To get useful information on a consistent basis and a reliable basis, the use of coercion is not the way to go. HAYDEN: Given how much we learned from detainees, particularly in the first three or four years after 9/11, it's hard for me to conceive of an operation like the one that happened a couple of weeks ago taking place without relying on information that we got from this program. KLEINMAN: I had a number of colleagues from the FBI, from the military, who had more direct access to what was going on with those interrogations than I, who suggest very strongly that coercion was not involved. LAWRENCE: Whatever techniques the interrogators are using, they are finally taking the first steps along the path that will take them to Osama bin Laden's front door. BORGER: What they had was not the courier's name, but a nickname. And it took them a couple more years to try and figure out who this courier was, whether or not this courier was important or not important. One of the interesting things here is that they went to Khalid Sheikh Mohammed and al-Libi, both very high vale detainees. Khalid Sheikh Mohammed had been waterboarded 183 times. LAWRENCE: They asked him what he knows about the courier. BORGER: And Khalid Sheikh Mohammed was completely dismissive -- completely dismissive about who this person was and said, "Not important." And it was the lie, as my source said, that was alerting -- the lie of Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, the lie of al-Libi. Those two men lying about this courier made them understand that, in fact, the courier was actually important, because they knew from other sources that the courier had been a protege of KSM. And he made believe he didn't know who he was. So, bingo, right? Then, they had to go about finding him. LAWRENCE: Investigators established the courier's name and begin to monitor his family's phone calls and e-mails. LISTER: Once they established one cell phone call then it was a question of making inquiries at the ground level, listening out for any further calls. They were beginning to close in on him at this stage. What we believe happened is that al-Kuwaiti was tracked to a particular vehicle and once they found that vehicle, perhaps in the environs of Peshawar, it was waiting to see where he went. BORGER: Last August -- August 2010, they finally had the courier lead them to the compound. And my source said to me -- one of my sources said to me -- "When we got a picture of that compound, we said, 'Wow, this is different.'" LAWRENCE: Despite constant surveillance, there's never 100 percent certainty that Osama bin Laden is inside. But back in the United States, an elite force has begun to train for a top secret mission -- getting bin Laden. (END VIDEOTAPE) (COMMERCIAL BREAK) DON LEMON, CNN ANCHOR: Hello everyone. I'm Don Lemon. Here are your headlines this hour. For the first time in 38 years the Morganza Spillway in Louisiana has been opened. Historic flooding along the Mississippi River made the move necessary to prevent the river from overwhelming the levies in Baton Rouge and New Orleans. The last time the Morganza Spillway was opened was 1973. Thousands of people must evacuate ahead of the rising water. Two Florida Imams, a father and son, have been arrested on charges of providing support to the Pakistani Taliban and another son in the same family has also been arrested. A federal indictment accuses the three men, along with three others inside Pakistan, of supporting a conspiracy to kill, injure, and kidnap people abroad. We are told the arrests are not linked to the recent killing of Osama bin Laden. Those are your headlines this hour. We now return you to the CNN Presents Special: Inside The Mission, Getting bin Laden. (BEGIN VIDEOTAPE) LAWRENCE: Osama bin Laden has survived attack, eluded detection, and hidden away for 10 years. But, finally, U.S. Intelligence believes they've found him. Now, it will take an ambitious plan to get bin Laden. It will take some of the best of the American military. It will take the Navy SEALS. STARR: They are very highly trained. They do a lot of very tough jobs around the world. These are the commandos. These are the ones that were going to kick down the door, take Osama bin Laden, dead or alive, and get the job done. LAWRENCE: For an elite unit a special kind of sailor. HOWARD WASDIN, FORMER NAVY SEAL: The heart and soul of a Navy SEAL is somebody who's committed to their country and committed to their teammates. LAWRENCE: Howard Wasdin was a Navy SEAL for nine years. WASDIN: And I think that's somebody who just wants to be part of the best. It's like, I really want to do something special and that's the SEAL law and motive, someone special. You want to be special? OK, prove it. LAWRENCE: Proving it means surviving a training program so long and so tough that most don't make it. They call it BUDSS. WASDIN: Basic Underwater Demolition Seal School. It all starts there. My class started, I think, around 126, 130, and we graduated around 22 to 25. LAWRENCE: Every day begins with physical training, miles of swimming, running, hundreds of situps, pushups, all before the day's real work begins. And even more important than preparing the body is preparing the mind. Case in point, an exercise called drown proofing. WASDIN: Candidates' hands are tied behind their back. Their feet are tied together and then you're thrown into the pool. You better not panic, you better remain calm. You control your breathing, you control your heart rate. They tell you day one at BUDSS, mental toughness, not physical toughness. It's what's between the ears that keeps the body going. LAWRENCE: And then comes hell week. Six days, little sleep, submerged in frigid water or running hundreds of miles. WASDIN: Now, the important thing to remember about that 200 miles, you're running that 200 miles with a boat on top of your head. You have to paddle out in those boats, dump the boats over and right them, paddle back in, do tons of paddling, tons of swimming. LAWRENCE: Even the toughest are pushed to their limit. WASDIN: I always get asked, did you ever think about quitting? I've never spoke to anybody in the teams that said at one point they didn't at least think about it. The difference is, just like going into battle, controlling your fear. You don't quit. LAWRENCE: For months after hell week the training continues until these sailors become Navy SEALS. RYAN ZINKE,SENATOR, MONTANA (R): That sequence of developing confidence is part of SEAL training. LAWRENCE: Ryan Zinke was a SEAL team commander. ZINKE: That's why, at the end, you know, they're tough guys and when I go toe to toe against somebody there is an absolute belief that they'll win. Failure isn't an option and -- and guys will not give up, ever -- ever. LAWRENCE: That's why, when the target is Osama bin Laden the President turns to the Navy SEALS and a special unit, Seal Team Six. Wasdin and Zinke were both members. WASDIN: Seal Team Six is a different unit than the rest of the SEAL teams and as much as they concentrate primarily on one thing, counter-terrorism, hostage rescue. ZINKE: It's the nation's 911. This our nation's best that is trained and equipped, superbly led to do the missions that help strategic importance worldwide. That's a big responsibility. LAWRENCE: So, how do you prepare to go get bin Laden? Practice. WASDIN: It's perpetual training all the time and that's why America should be proud of these guys. They make their lifestyle so that when they get up in the morning they start training and they never quit training because the training is forever. LAWRENCE: And, for this mission, an extraordinary step. Training on an actual model of the compound. Navy SEALS hope for the best but prepare for the worst. ZINKE: They what if it to death and -- and that's what's called the murder board. If you take things and you basically have so many contingencies, so many what ifs, that -- that you kill the plan. LAWRENCE: There is plenty in this operation that could go wrong. STARR: They hadn't been to Osama bin Laden's compound. They had no idea what they would find. Would there be booby traps? How would they get through the compound walls? How would they kick down the doors? How would they even find Osama bin Laden in this compound? LAWRENCE: The training complete, the plan prepared, finally it's go time. ZINKE: For every seal on the ground there was 50 to 100 maybe 200 people that were supporting the mission in some capacity. And you're amped. I mean, you board the helicopter. Your adrenaline is rushing. But, also, is that the sequence of events, you've rehearsed it, it's not your first rodeo. LAWRENCE: For Seal Team Six total focus. Howard Wasdin remembers. WASDIN: I would say a little prayer, first of all, for me and my teammates. The next thing that would be in my mind is paying attention to right now. Double checking everything, have I gone over this in my mind enough? And then, just going out, taking my place on that bird and going systematically through that same mental checklist until the job's over. LAWRENCE: On their minds, the mission. But, on their shoulders, a President's legacy and a nation's grief. (COMMERCIAL BREAK) (VIDEO CLIP) UNIDENTIFIED MALE: The President of the United Status. LAWRENCE: Saturday, April 30th, 2011. BARACK OBAMA, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES: It is wonderful to be here at the White House Correspondent's Dinner. Just in case there are any lingering questions, tonight, for the first time, I am releasing my official birth video. (LAUGHTER/APPLAUSE) LAWRENCE: But, behind the laughter it is a defining moment for Obama's presidency. (END VIDEO CLIP) ED HENRY, SENIOR WHITE HOUSE CORRESPONDENT, CNN: Little did we know what he knew, which is that we were just a few hours away from killing Osama bin Laden. LAWRENCE: Just hours earlier, the President made a final phone call to Vice Admiral McCraven. HENRY: It was very dramatic because the President basically said, you know, Godspeed, we've given you all we can, you know, to get the job done. Now it's up to you and your men. LAWRENCE: Seven thousand miles away at a U.S. military base in Afghanistan a handful of America's elite commandos are gearing up for the most important mission of their lives, capturing or killing Osama bin Laden. Under the cover of darkness in the early morning hours of Monday, May 2nd, two U.S. Military Blackhawks with 25 Navy SEALS descend on the compound, believed to be hiding the world's most wanted terrorist. WASDIN: You've got endorphins being released, you've got epinephrine or, you know, adrenaline being released. If you control that fear you fight. LAWRENCE: An intense mission with no room for error. But, as the SEALS close in on their target. STARR: Something went very wrong. One of the helicopters lost lift and crashed. The whole plan had been that they would rope down from helicopters hovering overhead. It doesn't work any more. The SEALS on that helicopter had to get out and assault the compound from the ground. LAWRENCE: Now, the second chopper shifts gears and lands outside the compound. The SEALS have to breach the outer wall. MICHAEL HAYDEN, FORMER CIA DIRECTOR: I am sure that the folks monitoring the operation had their hearts in their throats when that happened. LAWRENCE: President Obama and his National Security Team are following the mission in realtime from the White House Situation Room. For 25 anxious minutes there are no updates from the ground. The President and his staff wait. JOHN BRENNAN, WHITE HOUSE COUNTERTERRORISM ADVISOR: The minutes passed like days. It was clearly very tense, a lot of people holding their breath, and there was a fair degree of silence as it -- as it progressed. LAWRENCE: From the ground, the teams approached the buildings ready for battle. Former SEAL Howard Wasdin knows what it was like. WASDIN: Now everything is coming faster, faster, faster. Heart's going to beat a little quicker, going to breathe a little faster. LAWRENCE: The SEALS encounter enemy fire from the guest house at the south end of the compound and kill a man who turns out to be the courier, Al-Kuwaiti. The SEALS move through the main house. WASDIN: You come through that door and you don't know what's on the other side. You don't know what they're holding, if they're good guys, if they're bad guys, how the room's set up. ZINKE: These Navy SEALS didn't know whether there was going to be some sort of booby trap, whether or not there'd be suicide vests, whether or not they would walk in, essentially, to a killing field. LAWRENCE: Inside the house, they confront and kill the courier's wife and brother and one of bin Laden's sons. Then, they climb to the third floor where they come face to face with the target they came for. STARR: Bin Laden knows they're coming, sticks his head out in the hallway. There is a first shot. It misses. That would be a very tough shot to take. Remember, it's night time. It's night vision goggles the SEALS are wearing. Things are loud and confused. But, then, bin Laden goes back in the room by all accounts, all very quickly, in seconds. The SEALS kick down the door. LAWRENCE: Bin Laden's wife rushes them and they shoot her in the leg and they go for bin Laden. STARR: The first shot is to bin Laden's chest. By all accounts he moves -- he reels backwards from the impact and then they shoot him very quickly above the left eye in the forehead. This is the classic double tap. Two rapid nearly simultaneous shots. The target is dead. He falls to the floor. LAWRENCE: In the Situation Room the President's team is still holding their breath. STARR: And nobody knows what's going on until Admiral McCraven is able to report back to Washington that they've gotten him, that they have bin Laden and he's dead. LAWRENCE: But it's not over yet. STARR: Nobody takes an easy breath until the helicopters are back, everybody's back home, everyone is accounted for. LAWRENCE: At the compound, the SEALS move quickly out of the house, taking with them a treasure trove of intelligence data and bin Laden's body. They destroy the disabled chopper to protect its reported cutting edge technology. 38 minutes after the daring raid began the SEALS are gone before Pakistani fighter jets can scramble to reach them. WASDIN: I've never been on an op that went that smoothly. I've never even heard of an op that went that smoothly. Nobody was injured or killed and they achieved all their objectives. STARR: The risks are unimaginable. Everything could have gone wrong but the reward was if it worked they would come out with a body, they'd come out with the intelligence on the ground that they gathered up, the computers, the DVDs, the thumb drives, all the things that would have been destroyed in a bombing or missile attack and show the world. LAWRENCE: Bin Laden's body is flown to the U.S.S. Carl Vinson. Following Islamic tradition, within 12 hours the body is washed, wrapped in a white cloth, and buried at sea. At 11:35 p.m. Eastern Time on Sunday night, President Obama speaks to the nation, delivering the news Americans have waited a decade to hear. (BEGIN VIDEO CLIP) OBAMA: Tonight I can report to the American people and to the world that the United States has conducted an operation that killed Osama bin Laden, the leader of Al Qaeda. (END VIDEO CLIP) LAWRENCE: A risky decision, a daring mission, and soon the world would see bin Laden as they'd never seen him before. (COMMERCIAL BREAK) LAWRENCE: Ground Zero, May 2nd, 2011. Almost a decade earlier the site of unspeakable tragedy. Now, a place of celebration. Osama bin Laden is dead. It is a scene that plays out in cities across the U.S. and around the world. NIC ROBERTSON, CORRESPONDENT, CNN: You can understand that people are ready to celebrate that he's gone. It's what they've been waiting for, for 10 years. It's a completely different feel. LAWRENCE: CNN's Nic Robertson is one of the first reporters to arrive in Abbottabad. ROBERTSON: I think there was a lot of surprise. They were -- they knew about the helicopters coming in. They heard the helicopters and had seen the flames, heard the explosions, heard some of the gun fire, gone to their rooms to look at what was happening. But, it was all sort of too unreal for them, if you will, that this most wanted terrorist was living right under their noses. You'll see the road goes long and straight towards the mountains. LAWRENCE: On the streets of this town, 70 miles from the Capital, the mystery of where the world's most wanted terrorist was hiding out begins to unfold. ROBERTSON: It was up there on the second and third floor where bin Laden was killed, two shots, one to the head, one to the chest, where it's becoming, already, a tourist attraction in of itself and look at all the people that are gathered here right now. LAWRENCE: This small resort town is a far cry from the remote mountains or primitive caves that many imagine is bin Laden's hideout. ROBERTSON: He couldn't have been hiding in any more plain sight than this. Around three sides of the compound are farmer's fields. Cabbages down here, potatoes back there, marijuana plants right up to the side of the compound. Plain sight. The farmers were working these fields and he was just over the wall. And this is a very beautiful area. LAWRENCE: Hassan Abbas, a former Pakistani government official lived there in the '80s before bin Laden arrived. HASSAN ABBAS: Some people come there for tourism also. I -- I have very good memories of the area but I do remember that as soon as you start going close to the military academy it's like Pakistan's West Point. Then, there is these check posts and the surrounding area is also, if not cordoned off, at least watched very carefully. LAWRENCE: The location was likely a strategic move by Osama bin Laden. ROBERTSON: One Pakistani said to me, there's darkness in the shadow next to the candle. What he means is that if you're next to a military base and you're hiding there, it's the last place that people are going to look for you and, in that way, it seems that bin Laden was smart choosing this city because it wasn't associated with terrorist activity. ABBAS: He knew that the area closer to any military installation would at least be saved from the (INAUDIBLE). LAWRENCE: At the compound, there is evidence bin Laden was not expecting trouble. ROBERTSON: I was surprised at the lack of intensity of gun battle. I think it tells us that bin Laden had grown safe and that's why we didn't see the signs of a mass struggle. That's why Navy SEALS were able to take down the courier, the courier's brother, bin Laden's son, and get to him in the room without huge signs of a struggle, without having to blast their way through walls to get to bin Laden sort of in a super secure room. ABBAS: He was living with his wives, maybe two or three, seven or eight children. This is not a sign of someone who is hiding and running away and really scared. This is someone who is having a comfortable life. LAWRENCE: Suggesting bin Laden had help in Pakistan. A point not lost on President Obama as he told CBS's 60 Minutes. (BEGIN VIDEO CLIP) OBAMA: We think that there had to be some sort of support network for bin Laden inside of Pakistan but we don't know who or what that support network was. (END VIDEO CLIP) LAWRENCE: The Pakistani government vehemently denies any role. (BEGIN VIDEO CLIP) YOUSEF RAZA GILANI, PAKISTANI PRIME MINISTER: Allegations of complicity or incompetence are absurd. We emphatically reject such accusations. (END VIDEO CLIP) LAWRENCE: The White House and the world may find answers in the mother lode the Navy SEALS carried with them from the compound, 10 hard drives, five computers, more than 100 storage devices, even bin Laden's diary. We already know there are details of a possible attack on the 10th anniversary of 9/11 as well as plans to strike Washington, New York, Chicago, and Los Angeles. PETER BERGEN, NATIONAL SECURITY ANALYST, CNN: I think this is as significant as the death of bin Laden as what was found with him. It's really a treasure trove and the fact that the President took a decision not to go in and bomb the place means we have this very rich amount of data coming out of there which will make people safer and give us a better sense of what was happening entirely within Al Qaeda. LAWRENCE: Released already, this video. BERGEN: One of him watching TV, looking like this old guy monitoring his own image, very unheroic. Look, and a great piece of American propaganda to put that out there, to undercut bin Laden's heroic image. LAWRENCE: An old man reliving his early fame. Perhaps afraid he had become irrelevant. BERGEN: I think bin Laden must have been looking at the events of the Arab Spring in the Middle East with a mixture of glee and despair, glee because this is what he wanted, the overthrow of these regimes, the authoritarian regimes. Despair because this had nothing to do with him. You know, what's striking is there's not a single protester in Cairo, Benghazi, or Libya carrying a picture of bin Laden. President Obama correctly called him a small man on the wrong side of history and history just sped up for them. The Arab Spring shows that their ideology is irrelevant and bin Laden's death shows that their leader is now dead. LAWRENCE: Will bin Laden's number two, the Egyptian, Ayman al- Zawahiri step into his shoes? Few Al Qaeda observers think he's capable of it. BERGEN: If Ayman al-Zawahiri took over Al Qaeda, that's a very good thing for the United States and -- and civilized world prospective because he would probably drive what remains of the group into the ground. LAWRENCE: Bin Laden's message of Jihad and hate may outlive him and continue to fan the embers of Al Qaeda. But, the long hunt for bin Laden and his death have sent a different message to future terrorists loud and clear. However long it takes, they will be hunted down.


text:
Type: Defect
Status: Closed
Priority: Minor
Resolution: Completed
Affects Version/s: None
Fix Version/s: None
Component/s: None
Patch:Code and Test
Anonymous function literals as guards (such as (a :when #(odd? %))) seem to confuse the match compiler. The attached test shows how.
Okay, patch uploaded. There is a fairly significant portion of it that is just cut and paste, which I'm not so happy about, but I don't think there's a way to do type inheritance, so I did the easier thing.
Sorry for the epic delay. Here are my notes on that patches:
1. Let's rename mutually-exclusive-inequality? to comparable?
2. I want GuardPatterns to comparable, I'm not going to support arbitrary fns - not worth it IMO.
As a compromise I'd be willing to rename :when patterns -> PredicatePatterns and GuardPatterns
can be allowed via :guard.
3. No need to declare OrPatterns as comparable - they aren't real patterns
4. No need to exclude VectorPatterns - the way that pattern matching works makes this unnecessary
If you make these changes I promise to apply these in a timely manner
No problem. My apologies for the persistent misunderstanding.
Wow, this is great. I've skimmed over the patches and they look pretty good. I will go over them more closely as soon as I can - there are a couple changes we should probably make. Thanks!
These patches implement the proper backtracking for tests that are not mutually exclusive.
Aah, you're right. (I think.) Might it be more accurate to say that the situation I proposed can't happen? That is, no two trees are created where there are lower-numbered terminals in the second tree than in the first tree?
Is the plan to add backtrack points for everything where equality can't be determined at compile time?
If the correct terminal is the second one, we will return the second one. No information needs to be kept around. I suggest you take a closer look at the code at this point.
Consider the following pair of decision trees:
1 / a \ 3* 2* / b--4* \ 5*
Where the numbers are the order in which the terminals appear, and they have stars beside them if they match. The correct terminal for core.match to return in this case is the second one. Currently, the code would return the third terminal. Suppose, however, that backtracking was added so that the tree rooted at b was checked for matches as well. This is certainly possible, though a lot of information would need to be kept about the match already found (which is what I meant about things not working with the current backtracking system). Also, you must ensure that the testing stops when you hit the second terminal, for two reasons – first, not doing so would imply that all terminals are checked, and second, the test to distinguish 4 from 5 could throw an exception. For similar reasons, the return value of the third terminal can't be computed – it could be a very long computation, or it could throw an exception.
1 / a \ 3* 2* / b--4* \ 5*
All known constructors are considered mutually exclusive. We group all constructors in a column preserving order as closely as possible. Decisions trees are created for these constructors. If we cannot know at compile time whether something is mutually exclusive (wildcards, locals), we create a backtrack point to handle them.
Consider that if we only have backtrack points (no trees) all tests could potentially be tried. Our approach is a hybrid one - we don't rely only on decisions trees and we don't rely only on backtracking.
When we get to integrating pattern matching on interfaces, protocols ambiguities of course become possibly. But even this can probably be handled reasonably with something like "prefers".
Sorry, I was editing my comment as you made yours. I hope it is more clear now.
I guess I don't totally understand your code still, so I will try to rectify that before commenting again. From what I have seen, though, you are trying to build a decision tree. What I am saying is that isn't possible at compile time, since you can't ensure that the nodes of the tree are mutually exclusive.
I don't follow you. Maranget's algorithm is not sufficient for pattern matching if we don't constrain columns to specific types. There are many things already in place to deal with the shortcomings of Maranget's approach given what we want to accomplish - for example, we actually have a grouping pass. This is the same approach that Racket uses as far as I can tell and they don't have any problems. Certainly none of the patterns you shown thus that far (besides fns exprs) pose any challenges that I can see.
I'm sorry, but this problem will not be solved by backtracking alone. At least not with the backtracking mechanism that currently exists.
With backtracking, you are still treating the problem as though you have a decision tree. A decision tree requires that all the tests at its nodes are mutually exclusive.
By assuming that you have a decision tree, once a match is found in the tree, that match is returned. As my last comment pointed out, that is not sufficient. You must also check to see if there is a match in an end-state that was declared earlier. I really don't see that that's possible given the current backtracking system.
There is nothing wrong with Maranget's algorithm. We just have to be sure that we create a backtrack point - that's all.
Functions cannot be fixed because function equality is undecideable. So for guards we might create a backtrack point. I've already updated the README to describe what works at the moment. I have a branch which throws an error if :when is not given a vector of symbols or a symbol. It should probably be improved so that symbols are known top levels (no reassigning fns to locals).
Regex equality can probably be made to work but I'm not going to do it. (On further thought we can probably make patterns create backtrack points by default, can be overridden for those willing to make their patterns highly optimizeable)
Locals can be fixed, we'll definitely create a backtrack point for these.
On further reflection, what all these examples show is that Maranget's algorithm is only correct for literals whose equality you can test at compile time. Thus, not even locals will work using his algorithm. Regexes and functions will certainly not work correctly 100% of the time.
What happens is that when multiple unequal tests in the same column can return a truthy value, you end up with a decision forest rather than a decision tree. If the first decision tree in the forest has the first and third end-states, while the second tree has the second end-state, if you end up in the third end-state, you must still check the second decision tree before you decide which end-state is actually correct.
This is a shame, since it means that compiling the matches becomes more complex. On the other hand, it seems like a great subject for a paper at programming-language conference, so there's always that.
On a serious note, though, this bug is major, and you should consider removing support for at least guards, locals, and regexes until it is fixed. The bugs that arise from it in the end-user's code are really hard to track down – it's as if `or` or `and` were broken 10% of the time.
Yes, you're right, the second is unrelated.
They are not the same problem. These don't work for very different reasons. The first I probably won't even address and will leave for the community to deal with - I don't need robust pattern matching on regexes.
The second example is a legitimate bug around matching locals which is unrelated to this ticket. Feel free to open a new one for it.
Two more examples of the same problem, this time not using guards:
(deftest unequal-equal-tests (is (= (match ["foo" "bar"] [#".*" #"baz"] :a1 [#"foo" _] :a2 [_ "bar"] :a3 :else :a4) :a2))) (deftest unequal-equal-tests-2 (is (= (let [a 1] (match [1 2] [(:or 1 2) 3] :a1 [(:or 2 a) 2] :a2 [1 _] :a3 :else :a4)) :a2)))
(deftest unequal-equal-tests (is (= (match ["foo" "bar"] [#".*" #"baz"] :a1 [#"foo" _] :a2 [_ "bar"] :a3 :else :a4) :a2))) (deftest unequal-equal-tests-2 (is (= (let [a 1] (match [1 2] [(:or 1 2) 3] :a1 [(:or 2 a) 2] :a2 [1 _] :a3 :else :a4)) :a2)))
Oh sorry you are right. This is exactly same problem. We can't know that odd? and oddp are the same. Again this is not something I'm interested in fixing without a lot more consideration.
Basically functions can't be tested for equality like types can. This means that the presence of a guard must create a backtrack point. However if we make guards work a little more like types (you have to declare them ahead of time) we lose a little bit of convenience but gain a lot of reasoning power and can share tests and avoid these pitfalls.
This discussion probably needs a design page.
I really don't see how, given that there seems to be no code that specializes on the type of function given to a guard. My guess is that when guard-pattern-match-5 succeeds, guard-pattern-match-4 will succeed as well.
The earlier examples where not a red herring. This is likely a separate issue.
Sorry, I think the fact that the functions in my earlier example were function literals was a bit of a red herring. The following test also fails.
(deftest guard-pattern-match-5
(is (=
(let [oddp odd?]
(match [1 2]
[a :when odd? b :when odd?] :a1
[a :when oddp _] :a2
[_ b :when even?] :a3
:else :a4))
(deftest guard-pattern-match-5
(is (=
(let [oddp odd?]
(match [1 2]
[a :when odd? b :when odd?] :a1
[a :when oddp _] :a2
[_ b :when even?] :a3
:else :a4))
I'm on the fence about allowing inline fn expressions and fn literals as guards. The problem is that they can't be checked for equality and thus tests cannot be shared across guard patterns. I need to think about it some more but I don't consider this high priority in the near future. Any decision will have to take into consideration the goal of predicate dispatch.


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Curb appeal
John O'Connor bought his home at 13 Settlers Road in Bethel in 1981, and while he's maintained it over more than 30 years, he knew that when it was time to sell he'd have to boost the curb appeal.
It was the common sense things, he said, noting he did some of the work himself and brought in some pros. "I probably invested about $3,000 to $4,000," he said.
That included touching up the paint on the exterior of the house, power washing it and cleaning the windows.
"Did all the flower beds, mulching, edging," he said. "Planted some flowers. They're blooming now, it looks nice."
He also reset the paver stones leading to the home. Inside, his fiancee, Karen Short, tackled staging the home, decluttering and painting. With their children now grown, they've decided to downsize.
It's a lot of work, but improving the curb appeal of a home is worth it, according to real estate pros. When prospective buyers arrive to look at your home, the outside is the first thing they see.
The couple has more than adequately prepared the house for sale, said their broker, Patty McCarthy, of William Raveis' The McCarthy Group in Danbury.
"I always advise my sellers that the first impressions are lasting impressions," McCarthy said. "When buyers drive up to a home on the market, they are making an immediate decision about whether the home is a perfect fit for them."
You have to know your potential buyer as well, she said. Many would-be buyers aren't interested in a fixer-upper unless they are being rewarded with a lower price.
Several Realtors note that clients also balk at the potential cost associated with maintaining large and complicated landscaping, so keeping your yard simple can help.
McCarthy also said investing in exterior staging, as she calls it, communicates that the house is well cared for and that's important to buyers, who still have choices in this market.
"Though the market has picked up, buyers still have many homes from which to choose, so sellers need to recognize the need to position their home on the market in the best possible light," she said.
Banks could also learn from this, according to Francine Brown, of Norwalk-based Brown Estate Realty, which has expertise in foreclosure and short sales.
She said a bank-owned home in Bridgeport she worked on was selling for less than $50,000, but if the owner had just spent a little money to spruce it up and maintain it, it could have sold for $125,000.
A willingness to improve the curb appeal is also good for the economy.
As O'Connor noted, he did a lot of work himself, but had to bring in a tree expert for the big stuff. "I'm not climbing 40 feet up," he said.
The building and grounds trades were hit hard during the recession and employment in many trades remain much lower than it was in 2007. But landscapers in Southwest Connecticut have pretty much recovered.
According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, there were 5,220 landscapers earning an average of $15.32 an hour in the Bridgeport-Stamford region last year, up from the 4,700 landscapers working in the area in 2007 for $13.79 an hour.
The Danbury area was still lagging its 2007 numbers, according to the BLS. There were 610 landscapers earning an average of $13.79 an hour in 2012, compared to 620 earning $14.23 in 2007.
Making these improvements can really make a house look new again to even the sellers, maybe tempting some to rethink putting the house on the market.
"I'm pretty nostalgic about the house," O'Connor said. "I raised my kids here. I'm the first and only owner. But I'm ready to move on... It's an acre and a half (of yard work)."


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About the Agreement | Action Plan
Activities | Denmark System of Vocational Education
U.S. System of Vocational Education| Links
Technical and business education is more important than ever. The interlinked, information-based, global economy demands that workers acquire new skills, especially in technology fields.
This partnership between the United States and Denmark will help each country improve its education system and strengthen its economy. We hope it will serve as a prototype for similar agreements between the U.S. and other European countries focused on working together to improve economic growth.
This project came about through an agreement between the U.S. and Danish Education Departments signed in November 2000. The two countries wanted to learn about each other's vocational education systems, exchange information about the most effective programs and practices, and develop joint projects.
The agreement emphasizes three key areas:
Exploring cooperation, information sharing, and research relating to the development of skill standards, curriculum, assessment and teacher development.
Using technological resources to improve business and vocational education in colleges, technical and business schools, and other agencies.
Developing joint projects through learning, organizational and institutional partnerships.
In addition, the project leaders intend to build an online forum. Here, members of the vocational education community in both countries can share ideas and best practices. They can also arrange physical exchanges, where teachers, students and other professionals can travel to the other country for a direct learning experience.For more information, see:


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Stress getting your members down? Bring them peace of mind with mind/body programs.
A strange thing happened last summer at The Sweat Shop, a moderate-size fitness center in St. Paul, Minn. During the normally slow month of June, owner Gayle Winegar noticed that for the first time, the club's highest-source of income was stemming in large part from its privately offered Pilates training sessions.
Over at The Airport Club in Santa Rosa, Calif., power yoga bumped aerobics classes off the prime-time schedule due to unprecedented membership demand. And a key selling point at the soon-to-open Sports Club/LA's high-profile New York City fitness center is a 5,000-square-foot Body/Mind Solarium, where members can stretch, meditate, and find themselves under a bamboo rooftop gazebo.
A quiet revolution is taking place at these and hundreds of other clubs across the country. The hushed tones of yoga are replacing the loud beats of aerobics classes; body-sculpting classes are being muscled aside for Pilates-training sessions. Fitness in the 21st century may well be described in two words: mind and body.
"Mind and body is the future of fitness in the new millennium," declares Nanette Pattee Francini, founder of Sports Club/LA. "It's something that we're very much committing ourselves to, and it's only going to grow stronger."
In truth, mind/body could be used to describe nearly any aspect of exercise. After all, there's no separating brain cells from movement. But the term first began to creep into our fitness vocabulary with the rise in popularity of yoga a few years ago, spearheaded in large part by media stars like Jane Fonda and Madonna. Soon, other "softer" activities like Pilates and martial arts such as tai chi joined the fitness fray. The link between each - an emphasis on breathing, and a focus on how the body moves during exercise.
Today, the term has trickled down to a variety of other group-exercise classes. At Sports Club/LA, for example, a typical body-conditioning class has been recast as "Mind Over Muscle," where students use guided visualization and imagery to concentrate on each muscle movement. Even a group cycling class can be labeled mind/body, with students asked to visualize themselves grinding up a hill or racing to an imaginary finish line. And there are the inevitable combination classes, taking aspects of yoga, Pilates, and martial arts and blending them into one single workout session.
"Mind/body exercise is all about putting you back in touch with yourself," explains Laura Sachs, creator of Emotion video and audio mind/body exercise tapes and a teacher trainer in mind/body fitness. "The term can be applied to so many aspects of fitness."
And, in fact, classes that were once all about feeling the burn have taken a sharp turn to the cerebral. "Today it's not about going harder, faster or longer," says Lisa Hufcut, director of programming at New York Sports Clubs (NYSC) in New York City. "Our most successful classes - be it Step, or body conditioning, or Spinning - are about finding the motivation from within and the mental benefits that come with exercise."
Whatever the rationale, mind/body classes are making their way onto class schedules in clubs from Poughkeepsie to Palo Alto. "A few years ago people couldn't even spell Pilates," says The Sweat Shop's Winegar. "Today, they're demanding more mat classes - and we just converted one of our traditional aerobics rooms into a Pilates training studio." In addition to featuring 12 Pilates mat classes a week, The Sweat Shop also offers private training in the studio - providing an added profit center for the club.
Over at New York Sports Clubs, yoga has moved from an occasional offering to a necessity. "Maybe five years ago, yoga was far more specialized - if you had some room on your schedule, you might offer it as a class, but it wasn't a priority," says Hufcut. "Today, you wouldn't dare open a new club without having yoga be an important part of your program. It's become a part of our core classes, along with Step and body conditioning."
Coming of Age
Why the sudden shift in mind/body popularity? Look no further than modern society's biggest influencers, the baby boomers. "Most of the trends in fitness stem from what the baby boomers are doing," observes April Morgan, programming director for The Sports Club/LA. "When they were young, high-impact aerobics was the thing. Then as they got a little older, lower-impact activities came into vogue. Now the trend is to do an activity that feels good."
"The whole fitness industry is driven by the baby boomers," agrees Winegar. "This isn't a population segment that is going to want to do high-impact cancan kicks in 10 years. I know my body's not going back there, and I don't think our members will, either."
But you don't have to be a member of the baby boomer set to appreciate mind/body exercise. Nearly anyone subject to the constant pressures of today's time-crunched society is finding that a 90-minute intensive yoga session is the ideal antidote to a stress-filled day.
"People need a retreat today from their hectic lifestyles," says Sachs. "They're trying to find an element of balance in their life, a place where they can go within themselves, and many of these activities can provide that."
Some have even gone so far as to say that these mind/body classes represent an important component of fitness, in the same league as aerobic conditioning, strength training and flexibility. "People are tired of being frenetic," says Winegar. "They need this element of fitness that will let them de-escalate."
Clubs at the Core
Activities like yoga, Pilates and martial arts were once the specialization of small studios, which attracted die-hard participants but often alienated newcomers. Today, health clubs are taking the lead in bringing many of these activities to novices and enthusiasts alike.
"We have the opportunity to introduce people who wouldn't normally take these type of classes to an important component of fitness," says Paula Potter of The Airport Club. "Many of our members probably wouldn't walk into a yoga studio on their own, but if they see a class taking place in the club, they may be more willing to try it for themselves."
Of course, health clubs have their own challenges to meet when it comes to integrating some of the more specialty classes into their schedules. For one, while students demand authenticity, the programs still need to be palatable for members of all skill levels and backgrounds. That may mean toning down the Sanskrit language in a yoga class, or keeping the New Age sentiment to a minimum in a stretching session.
"We still have to remind our instructors that they are teaching in a health club. We can't let these classes become elitist in their outlook," says Hufcut of NYSC. That means keeping candles off the floor so the boxing class scheduled for the next hour won't have to contend with wax drippings, or snuffing out the use of incense so the Step class won't smell like patchouli. "We're not a yoga school, we're a health club - we just want to give our members a thorough workout in an enjoyable, welcoming atmosphere."
For many health clubs, that also means placing fitness fundamentals over more fringe-oriented teaching styles. "In the past a lot of yoga moves have been contraindicative, increasing the risk of injury, or they are progressive, meaning that a beginner would have to practice for a year or so before being able to complete the postures," says Winegar of The Sweat Shop. "Our yoga classes are taught with a fitness consciousness - students can drop in any time and still get some basic benefits."
One thing is certain, though. If you aren't already offering some sort of mind/body-oriented fitness class, you better add some to your schedule - or risk losing membership dollars. "People are going to go where things are easiest to get. They probably won't go to a transcendental meditation studio or an ashram [a religious retreat], but if health clubs don't make it easy on them, they will go elsewhere," surmises Winegar. "Clubs that don't provide what people want are setting themselves up for failure."
One of the biggest challenges facing health clubs is finding instructors who can communicate the ideas behind activities like yoga and martial arts to a mainstream audience while still holding on to their authenticity.
Take, for example, Pilates, the conditioning program founded by ex-boxer and gymnast Joseph Pilates some 70-odd years ago. Because of a strict certification program, some clubs say there are actually a shortage of certified Pilates instructors in their area.
Yoga represents a different challenge, since there's no standard yoga certification in the fitness industry. Instead, clubs have to rely on auditions and word of mouth to find instructors who are adept in the fitness field. "You can't just be a yoga instructor; you also have to be a good communicator," says Hufcut of NYSC. "You need to know how to talk to people, and make your classes accessible."
Clubs are also tackling the accessibility issue by providing introductory classes to activities that may otherwise appear offsetting to beginners. These make newcomers feel comfortable in the studio. "In something like our 'Intro to Yoga' class, students have the opportunity to go in and ask questions like 'What are the best clothes to wear?' or 'What if I'm not flexible?' " adds Hufcut. "It makes them more secure when they choose to take a more advanced session."
Facing the Future
So where will mind/body fitness classes take us in the next millennium? Many in the industry say it could be virtually anywhere, and everywhere. "In the past, classes just took one type of body/mind activity, like yoga, tai chi or Pilates," notes April Morgan of The Sports Club/LA. "Now, we're taking the best parts of these different modes and combining them into one class." The club's "All the Right Moves" class, for example, blends elements of yoga, Pilates, dance, and stretching/ strengthening, all set to music. "Teachers are getting more creative," adds Morgan. "They're learning to pick out the best of mind/body fitness and expand upon it."
As the field continues to evolve, you can expect to see mind/body mingled through a variety of activities. It's even leaving terra firma for wetter worlds. At the new Sports Club/LA in New York City, for example, group exercise sessions in the pool will be specially targeted for mind/body workouts, with everything from aqua boxing to yoga taking the plunge.
Also expect more clubs to get involved with the business of wellness, offering seminars on topics like aging and stress management as a holistic health program. "Mind/body is still such a nebulous term, but if you talk about whole health or wellness, then people understand," says Winegar, whose club frequently offers up wellness seminars to its members. "This is something that has reached critical mass - it's as integrative to fitness as movement itself, and it's not going to go away."
The ABCs of Yoga
Don't know your asana from your elbow? Here's a quick rundown of some of the more popular traditional yoga class styles:
* Ananda: Yoga postures are used primarily as a way to prepare for meditation by clearing the mind and energizing the body. Affirmations are often used with each posture, or asana, and the style is usually very gentle and relaxing.
* Ashtanga: Also called "power yoga," ashtanga classes will repeat a series of postures several times, flowing together until it becomes an aerobic workout. Often has fans among more hard-core fitness devotees looking to break a sweat in whatever exercise they try.
* Bikram: Similar to ashtanga in style, but done in a room that's heated up to around 85 degrees (the theory being that a hotter room will loosen muscles so the postures become easier). Can be highly rigorous.
* Hatha: Really an umbrella term used to describe all physical yoga, but on many schedules this merely means a general yoga class incorporating several different styles.
* Integral: Classes are dominated by a sense of well-being and peace, usually with a mix of positions, deep relaxation and meditation.
* Iyengar: Named after yoga guru B.K.S. Iyengar, these classes emphasize precision and alignment. Often uses props like blocks and belts in order to help achieve a deeper stretch.
* Kundalini: Puts the focus on breathing techniques and meditation. Also places an emphasis on the body's core through all movements.


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This spring, University of Florida faculty and students, in conjunction with the Levy County Public Health Department, will conduct a no-cost healthy lifestyle program for children and families in Levy County.
Family Lifestyle Intervention Project for Kids, or FLIP for Kids, is led by David Janicke, Ph.D., and Ellen Lopez, Ph.D., assistant professors in the UF College of Public Health and Health Professions, and is supported by a contract from the Florida Area Health Education Network.
The Williston City Council presented its first Student of the Month awards at its Tuesday evening meeting.
The council decided recently to honor outstanding students at each of the Williston schools on a monthly basis to underline the importance of education and to recognize those young people who embody the best of Williston.
During a school play emphasizing the freedom of America, the "Mayflower" made its way up the aisle and onto the stage. Shown are Pilgrims from Mrs. Kim Milton's class, including Kasidi Lauterbach, John Werner, A.J. Moore and Shai-Nai Maxwell.
Joyce Bullock Elementary students started the year off right by demonstrating positive behaviors on the bus in January.
Williston Elementary School has released its honor roll for the second nine weeks:
Emily Lowrimore, Joy Crow, Valentina Lavieri, Robbie Sistrunk.
Williston High School Band students Mark Julian, and Kirby King, were invited to take part in the Florida Music Educators' Association and Florida Bandmasters' Association convention by playing in the All State Small Schools Honor Band in Tampa Jan. 10-12.
The Levy County Schools Foundation (LCSF) will host its eighth annual Superintendent's Gala on Saturday, Feb. 2. The event, which includes dinner and musical entertainment, will take place at 6 p.m. in the Williston Middle School cafetorium.
The Gala is the premier fund-raiser for the Levy County Schools Foundation, a not-for-profit organization established in 1989 to support Levy County schools. The event has become a Levy County tradition, providing an opportunity for members of the business community, civic leaders, and local residents to gather in support of local education.
All meals served with assorted milk, 1% or 2 %.
No school.
Taco with cheese, or burrito; lettuce / tomato / corn; french fries, cinnamon roll / banana.
Macaroni and cheese with ham, or popcorn chicken; mixed vegetables / salad; carrot sticks with dip; chilled pears / plum; homemade rolls.
Oven roasted chicken, or hot dog on bun; mashed potatoes with gravey; blackeye peas or cole slaw; chilled mixed fruit or apple; hot cornbread.
Battle, Darby
Blitch, Joel
Campagne, Yaneira
Dallas, Cedric
Faircloth, Noah
Hadley, Julian
Julian, John
Lopez, Alexa
McCoy, Madison
Ortiz, Claudio
Parkinson, Shelby
Rodgers, Courtney
Sapp, Morgan
Spikes, Dalton
Starke, Chelsea
Whilden, Taylor
Youngblood, Casey
Baker, Makayla
Cason, Quincey
Colina, Jace
Edworthy, Robert
Erickson, Elizabeth
Ezzell, Auston
Geiger, Ashtin
Olson, Heather
Sandlin, Samantha
The Williston Elementary School Safety Patrols congratulate Homosassa resident Clayton Williams, who won the Mossberg 12 Gauge Pump Shotgun donated by Bobby and Faye Wells of the Horse Hole Mud Bog. Proceeds from this opportunity drawing went directly into the safety patrol treasury and will be used to help defray expenses for the annual trip to Washington, D.C.
Copyright © 2019
The Williston Pioneer is your source for local news, sports, events, and information in Levy County and Williston, Fl, and the surrounding area.


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PITTSBURGH — Nearly 59 million Americans adults are obese, and half of all U.S. deaths are linked to physical inactivity and tobacco smoking, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. To battle the obesity epidemic, the YMCA of the USA launched the Activate America campaign to build healthy communities one person at a time.
Fourteen U.S. cities are launching community-wide pilot programs, but the more than 2,500 YMCAs will eventually bring together government, businesses, not-for-profits, schools and media to identify ways communities can lead healthier lifestyles. John Cardone, vice president of the YMCA of Greater Pittsburgh, says his city plans to target three areas — smoking, youth and teens, and active older adults — in its Activate Pittsburgh initiative. Nearly a quarter of all the Pittsburgh residents reported that they didn't participate in any physical activity in the last month, and the city ranked as the 11th most obese in the nation. He said there's a lot of misconceptions about exercise.
"Some people think they have to go run a marathon rather than cutting the grass for 30 minutes," Cardone said. "They don't realize that it's not as hard as they make it out to be."
To win the battle against weight gain and poor health, the YMCA of Greater Pittsburgh partnered with Highmark, UPMC Health System, University of Pittsburgh Center for Minority Health, the Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh and PNC Financial Corp. to launch the wellness campaign. The YMCA invited 100 children from its After School programs to participate in yoga classes, football training exercises, and healthy food races during the kickoff event in late March at the Pittsburgh Steelers practice facility.
The organizers plan to develop a series of health and wellness programs in local schools, churches and community centers and work with local restaurants, grocery stores and senior centers to increase healthy food choices. They also plan to make physical education more available in the city's schools. Eric Mann, president and CEO of the YMCA of Greater Pittsburgh, said the epidemic of unhealthy living is a community problem that deserves a community solution.
"Pittsburgh is facing a public health emergency because we have become so inactive," Mann said. "The rates of obesity and the chronic diseases associated with it are soaring throughout the region, and it's not only hurting our health, but our children as well."
The YMCA of Dallas is also encouraging its residents to "get a move on" by exercising at least 30 minutes a day. Laura Miller, mayor of Dallas, and Gordon Echtenkamp, president/CEO of YMCA of Metropolitan Dallas, recently launched the city-wide Activate America fitness initiative and awareness campaign. The Get a Move On program will encourage local companies to develop and support their own wellness programs, maintain a Web site that lists a calendar of current events and support city-wide runs and walks.


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This page has a wealth of materials on design patterns, agile design, object-oriented analysis and design. If you are looking for training in any of these topics please go here.
You can visit our Design Patterns Repository. It is open to the public.
Good places to start are our design patterns page or our Roadmap to Lean-Agile Programming Competencies for a path to learn about our approach to better design, programming and testing. Extended XP Engineering Practices is currently being built, but provides another good overview of what is useful to know.
If you are considering taking one of our design courses, and want to know if you're ready
Our Pre-Course Materials page (GUEST ACCESS) includes assessments for you to take to see if your skills are optimal for attending the course, and includes links to study materials that will help you bring them up where needed.
If you have taken one of our design courses, and want to make sure your retention is high
Our Post-Course Materials page (ALUMNI ACCESS) includes an assessment and a large number of resources to help you redress any knowledge points that you don't feel you retained as well as you'd like. Note that you need to be an Alumni-level user, which means you have taken one of our courses. Available to anyone is the Design Patterns Repository and Bibliography (GUEST ACCESS) of books we recommend and use in the courses.
If you want to understand Net Objectives' approach to technical skill development
Our "Roadmap to Lean-Agile Programming Competencies" (GUEST ACCESS) is your best place to start for this.
If you just completed one of our Lean or Agile courses and want to explore the resources referred to in the course
Our Lean-Agile courses refer to Emergent Design and encourage developers to do some high level exploration of your problem domain before jumping in, as well as attaining skills in Emergent Design. Look at the following for domain analysis:
Note that links marked (REGISTERED ACCESS) require registration. Those marked (ALUMNI ACCESS) require you to have taken a course of ours (which includes registration).


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Shack Giveaway: NVIDIA Hardware and Call of Duty: Black Ops
Shacknews has teamed up with NVIDIA to give away some sweet Call of Duty-themed prizes along with some copies of Call of Duty: Black Ops on PC. The available prizes are:
- Shacknews Call of Duty: Black Ops Nvidia Sweepstakes
- Grand Prize #1 - 1x EVGA GeForce GTX 580 Call of Duty: Black Ops Special Edition + Call of Duty: Black Ops Steam Code
- Grand Prize #2 - 1x NVIDIA 3D Vision Kit (includes 3D emitter and active-shutter glasses) + Call of Duty: Black Ops Steam Code
- Runner-Up Prize - Three Call of Duty: Black Ops Steam Codes
Here's how to enter the giveaway:
Leave a comment.The contest is now closed.
- You must be 18 years or older. Hardware prize winners must be a resident of the United States (excluding Puerto Rico)
- Limit 1 entry per person (Only your first comment will be counted.)
- The entry period ends at 4:59pm PST on November 11, 2010.
- At that time, we will randomly select winners and notify them via Shackmessage. Prizes will be selected in the order above.
From The Chatty


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Status: Open
Know more about this business than we do? Cool! Please submit any corrections or missing details you may have.Help us make it right
Be the first SILive.com user to add photos or videos of Kawasaki
Awful hibachi. Sushi an afterthought. You could do better almost anywhere else.
No staff friendlier or more helpful. Always fresh sushi.
Alcohol: Full Bar
Kawasaki Japanese Steak House can be found at E Park Ave 22. The following is offered: Restaurants. The entry is present with us since Sep 7, 2010 and was last updated on Nov 12, 2013. In Long Beach there are 32 other Restaurants. An overview can be found here.


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• Israel bars international press access to Gaza fighting.
• Fatah, Hamas detain, harass media perceived as biased.
4: News media buildings in Gaza hit by Israeli airstrikes.
As the year began, the Israeli military waged a ground offensive into the Gaza Strip in response to a series of Hamas rocket attacks on Israeli territory. A massive Israeli air bombardment preceded the ground action. During the monthlong conflict, airstrikes by the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) destroyed the headquarters of a Hamas-controlled television station, Al-Aqsa TV, struck at least three other buildings housing news media, and injured several local journalists attempting to cover the assault. At the same time, Israeli authorities largely barred foreign journalists' access to Gaza with restrictions imposed in early November 2008 and tightened after the start of the Israeli offensive.
• Main Index
MIDDLE EAST and NORTH AFRICA
• Regional Analysis:
Human rights coverage spreads despite government pushback
Country Summaries
• Bahrain
• Egypt
• Iran
• Iraq
• Israel, Occupied Palestinian Territories
• Libya
• Morocco
• Sudan
• Tunisia
• Yemen
• Other developments
By the time Israeli forces
withdrew on January 21, 13 Israelis and more than 1,000 Palestinians had been
killed, according to figures released by the Palestinian Ministry of Health in
The press restrictions
were part of a massive public relations battle over coverage in the
international press. Israeli officials emphasized Hamas rocket attacks and the
reported use of human shields, while Arab television stations continuously ran
footage of
On January 25, in response
to a lawsuit brought by the Foreign Press Association, the Israeli Supreme
Court overturned the ban on foreign journalists' entering
Long after the
Local and international
media facilities came under IDF fire on at least four occasions after
On January 15, the IDF
fired at least one missile at a
In April, CPJ wrote to
Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu urging the Israeli government to
examine the press restrictions and military strikes on media facilities that
had occurred during the Israeli offensive in
In June, months after the
In the Palestinian
territories, the rift between Fatah, once the main party of the Palestinian
national movement, and the Islamist faction Hamas widened after a short-lived
coalition fell apart in June 2007. Hamas consolidated control of the Gaza Strip
while the Palestinian Authority under President Mahmoud Abbas retained Fatah
rule in the
In late January, the
Palestinian Authority detained two journalists working for the London-based
Al-Quds television station in the
In July, the Palestinian
Authority instructed Al-Jazeera to cease operating in the
Journalists working in the
Palestinian territories also faced harassment from Israeli authorities. In
October, Israeli security forces assaulted a journalist working for the
European Pressphoto Agency (EPA) in east
Also in October, according
to MADA and other sources, Israeli security forces disguised themselves as
journalists to infiltrate a group of Palestinian protesters in


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A newly leaked set of shots from a prerelease version of Windows 8.1 Update 1 suggests that Microsoft is going to further integrate the Metro and desktop worlds in this important coming update. As you might expect, I have a bit more information about what's happening here.
First though, here's what's leaked: infamous Windows leaker WZor has provided a few screenshots of a recent Update 1 build that show how Microsoft is adding the ability to pin Metro apps to the desktop taskbar, a feature that is currently available via third-party utilities like Stardock ModernMix. For example, here you can see the Windows Store (Metro) app pinned on the taskbar.
This is interesting, of course. You may recall that I had previously reported that Microsoft would make two major changes to Metro/desktop integration in Windows 9 "Threshold": The ability to run Metro apps in floating windows on the desktop and a return of the Start menu as an optional feature.
So what does this leak suggest? And what else do I know about this?
Generally speaking, we know that Microsoft is moving to further integrate Metro and desktop and create a more seamless environment. (The original Windows 8 was correctly called "jarring" by an otherwise clueless tech commentator on the day it was publicly unveiled, which everyone should have seen as a bad sign.)
My Windows Weekly co-host Mary Jo Foley has been reporting for some time that Update 1 is designed, at least in part, as a companion release to Windows Phone 8.1, which will be released at the same time in very early April. And that part of the point of this release is to bring those two currently-separate OSes more closely together, both technically and functionally.
Of course, Windows Phone doesn't have a desktop, so this stuff has little to do with that. But I do have a few more tidbits to share about Windows 8.1 Update 1. Indeed, had this not leaked this morning, I would have revealed it on Windows Weekly today.
Microsoft is improving Windows in Update 1 so that the Metro environment works better with traditional PC hardware. And while these improvements will take many forms, some subtle, some not, I can confirm one new feature: Metro apps will now include a close box, similar to that seen on desktop applications, which can be clicked with a mouse so that the app closes completely.
I'm also hearing about some other major changes to Metro from a mouse-user's perspective, but since I haven't been able to confirm them with other sources yet, I'll hold off until I can do so.
I am curious about the experience of pinning Metro apps to the desktop, however. When those apps run, will they just run full-screen, as they do now? That doesn't seem like much of an addition until those other two features I mentioned—windowed Metro apps and a Start menu—are offered. But since that won't happen until Windows 9, I'm curious why the taskbar pinning feature is being added first. Perhaps it's just a way to show that they're taking steps.
Before signing off, here's one more semi-related tidbit: After someone pointed out that the year-long delta between the April 2014 announcement of Windows 9 and the April 2015 release was only a year, I started asking around about this, and how Microsoft would be planning a major release in such a short time. (An issue that is made all the worse by current uncertainties around the company's reorg and CEO ascension.) Last night, I was told not to expect much from Windows 9 and that it would be similar to Window 8.1 in scope. Fundamental changes are not coming, I was told.
More as it becomes available...


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Air Jordan 4
The Air Jordan 4 debuted in 1989, building on the Air Jordan 3's ability to seamlessly blend on-court performance with off-court fashion. Straps framed the eyelets, providing function for ballers seeking extra support — or resembling wings on the side of the shoe when loosely laced. Michael Jordan's footwear reached new heights when the "Fire Red" Jordan 4 was featured in Spike Lee's classic


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'Peekaboo Derrick Rose' Is Your New Favorite Meme
Chicago Tribune photographer Amanda Kaschube snapped this picture of Bulls point guard Derrick Rose peeking from behind a pillar after a game in Miami last week. Chicago Side Sports looked at it and saw real potential for yuk yuks, so they made a couple funny pictures out of it in Photoshop. Then they opened it up to their readership, and things really got crazy. Check it out the Peekaboo Derrick Rose meme below.


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Interaction between community members is what made Panoramio what it is today. For this reason we are happy to launch today one of our long time requested feature, the profile pictures.
To change your profile picture, you need to go to the Settings page and upload your photo, an avatar that represents you, or why not one of your best Panoramio picture. Your picture can either be uploaded from your computer or you can specify an address to one of your images on the web.
Your profile photo will be displayed next to your name in the favourite photographers list, in the favourite photos page, in the Panoramio forum, and together with you description in your user page. Comments below the photos also have a small version of your profile photo.
As always we welcome your feedback in our Panoramio Community Forum.