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Get Up, Stand Up
Uniting Populists, Energizing the Defeated, and Battling the Corporate Elite
Polls show that the majority of Americans oppose recent US wars and Wall Street bailouts, yet most remain passive and appear resigned to powerlessness. In Get Up, Stand Up, Bruce Levine offers an original and convincing explanation for this passivity. Many Americans are deeply demoralized by decades of oppressive elitism, and they have lost confidence that genuine democracy is possible. Drawing on phenomena such as learned helplessness, the abuse syndrome, and other psychological principles and techniques for pacifying a population, Levine explains how major US institutions have created fatalism. When such fatalism and defeatism set in, truths about social and economic injustices are not enough to set people free.
However, the situation is not truly hopeless. History tells us that for democratic movements to get off the ground, individuals must recover self-respect, and a people must regain collective confidence that they can succeed at eliminating top-down controls. Get Up, Stand Up describes how we can recover dignity, confidence, and the energy to do battle. That achievement fills in the missing piece that, until now, has undermined so many efforts to energize genuine democracy.
Get Up, Stand Up details those strategies and tactics that oppressed peoples have successfully employed to gain power. We the People can unite, gain strength, wisely do battle, and wrest power away from the ruling corporate-government partnership (the "corporatocracy"). Get Up, Stand Up explains how.
Reviews and Praise
Foreword Reviews-
A government that has spiraled out of control and is no longer responsive to working Americans demoralizes voters, regardless of their party affiliation. These are the people Bruce E. Levine reaches out to in Get Up, Stand Up: Uniting Populists, Energizing the Defeated, and Battling the Corporate Elite. Levine holds a PhD and is a practicing clinical psychologist who relies on professional insight to offer plans and strategies to energize the public to take back control from the "corporatocracy," the corporate/government alliance that ensures a small, wealthy elite maintains power over the majority anti-authoritarians.
The author portrays the American Revolution, abolitionism, and late nineteeth-century Populism as successful mass movements that resulted in positive change and serve as models for current groups comprised of angry Republicans, Democrats, and independents. Levine demonstrates that "corporatocratic" subjugation can be challenged by people who recover their self-respect and self-esteem then go on to connect with like-minded individuals who become empowered to challenge the elite fat cats who are calling the shots.
More Reviews and Praise
Library Journal-
Dissident psychologist Levine (Surviving America's Depression Epidemic) contrasts American political apathy to the popular revolts in many countries against harmful policies pushed by the power elite. He diagnoses the numerous maladies that make ordinary Americans feel powerless in the face of "tyrannical corporatocracy"—from too much corporate-controlled news and entertainment and overprescription of antidepressant and attention deficit disorder medications to the decline of organized labor and the lack of real economic differences between our two dominant political blocs. Levine argues that ordinary folk on both the right and the left can find common ground, much like the populists who united disparate strands of anticorporatism and antielitism to storm the economic heights of the Gilded Age. Levine prescribes a mixture of education, protest, promotion of independent economic institutions, and revival of the belief that Americans can once again control their own future rather than meekly accept the dictates of the corporate powers that be. VERDICT A compelling alternative look at today's unsettled U.S. political circumstances through the lens of social psychology, this will be attractive to those who already feel alienated and those looking for new ways to make sense of our changing world.
"Get Up, Stand Up is a powerful call to action that inspires us to take our country back. . . . This comprehensive analysis of how modern corporatocracy robber barons stole the US (and most of the world) is a must read for all who resonate with Levine's belief that We the People have the power and the responsibility to overthrow the ruling elite."--John Perkins, New York Times best-selling author of Hoodwinked, Confessions of an Economic Hit Man, and The Secret History of the American Empire
"As you read Bruce Levine's rousing Get Up, Stand Up, inevitably you will be reminded of Thomas Paine's Common Sense, which served as a rallying cry for the colonialists to take action against their British rulers. Today, Levine argues, Americans are ruled by a tyrannical 'corporatocracy'-i.e. government by big business and for big business-and his analysis of why the American people remain so passive in the face of such tyranny is smart, lucid, and passionate. Readers will also find, in his proposals for how the 'people' today can stand up and 'do battle' with the corporatocracy, a stirring call for action that surely needs to be heard."--Robert Whitaker, author of Anatomy of an Epidemic and Mad in America
"In an era when most political commentary has degenerated into self-satisfied carping and smug Monday morning quarterbacking, Bruce E. Levine breaks out of this intellectual paralysis with a clarion call for a new kind of politics. Levine offers a progressive user's manual for reclaiming our government from the stranglehold of corporate greed and rightwing paranoia. As an antidote to apathy, Get Up, Stand Up is worthy of Bob Marley, which is very high praise indeed. Read it, absorb it, act on it."--Jeffrey St. Clair, co-editor, CounterPunch, and author of Born Under a Bad Sky
"Bruce Levine's intriguing new book examines how emotional suffering is interwoven with political disempowerment. He has taken our discussion of mental health out of the doctor's office and put it back where it belongs: in the community."--Will Hall, host of Madness Radio and co-founder of Freedom Center
"With this book, Bruce Levine reinvents the old saw 'the personal is political.' Healthy people make up a healthy movement, and Get Up Stand Up is full of both hope and practical solutions."--Anya Kamenetz, author of DIY U and Generation Debt
"Feeling politically demoralized? You're not alone. In his latest book, Get Up, Stand Up, Bruce Levine provides not only the diagnosis for our country's seeming paralysis, but also a very strong antidote."--Steve Clark, Walking and Bicycling Program Manager, Transit for Livable Communities, Minneapolis
"Over the years, I have been astounded at the way mainstream, hardworking, formerly self-sufficient Americans have meekly accepted being screwed by big business, Wall Street and their elected officials. I have wondered, why hasn't there been an uprising over the looting of mainstream America by big business and Wall Street, facilitated by Congress? Through his brilliant analysis, psychologist Bruce Levine explains the process by which mainstream America has become demoralized and docile, how those in power maintain that power, and what it will take to turn things around. Anyone who cares about the decline of mainstream America should read this book. Anyone who wants to do something about the decline of mainstream America must read this book."--Jim Gottstein, President/CEO Law Project for Psychiatric Rights
"We are living in a land in which corporate power buys as many politicians as it needs, unjust laws shovel money to the rich, and media substitute entertainment for information. Yet Bruce Levine dares to show how we can reclaim our deadened souls, regain integrity and passion, and begin to change a political system we have let numb us into resigned helplessness."--Rev. Davidson Loehr, author of America, Fascism, and God
"Bruce Levine attempts to wake us from our collective political stupor, our anesthetized resignation to corporate rule. Get Up, Stand Up inspires hope that together we can regain our self-respect and create the families, communities and, perhaps, the country we once dreamed possible."--Oryx Cohen, Director of the National Empowerment Center's Technical Assistance Center
About The Author
|256 pages
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|April 11, 2011
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A lively cast of Las Vegas locals put on the monthly "Burly-Q Revue" on Feb. 10 at Daddy Mac's and proved that, contrary to insinuations in the Las Vegas Weekly, there is a lot of Vegas burlesque to love.
Miranda Glamour, pictured left, was the "femcee" for the night and conducted the show with her usual mix of warmth and wryness. The timing of the performance wasn't ideal, as the "Varietease" event for the Burlesque Hall of Fame was also taking place the same evening. Logistics meant that the start-time of the "Revue" was delayed by an hour, but that was the only casualty.
Glamour detailed a bigger tragedy, though. In her coverage of the "Varietease" show, Kristin Peterson of the Las Vegas Weekly commented that, "aside from Cha Cha Velour's monthly burlesque show at Boomers Bar, it's slim pickings around town, despite the burlesque dancers that abound here."
Hmm. Maybe Peterson is talking about Las Vegas, N. M., because Las Vegas, Nev. has more burlesque than arts writers like me know what to do with. Yes, as Peterson pointed out, Cha Cha Velour's "Booming Burlesque" at Boomers Bar is a fantastic standby. However, the "Burly-Q Revue" takes place on the second Thursday of every month is is tied with Madonna for reinvention capabilities.
"Karnival" at the Onyx is generally the second Wednesday of each month and almost always includes burlesque of some kind. The Erotic Heritage Museum is known for featuring performers like Dr. Sexpot for one-time-only or serial events, like the "Grindhouse Burlesque" show that took place on Feb. 13. Jeff McBride's "Wonderground," another recurring show, happened Feb. 17, as did the "Four Play Variety Show" at the Erotic Heritage Museum. There has also been talk of a burlesque game show that would be transpiring in the near future.
Individual performers are continually grabbing the neo-burlesque movement by the horns and organizing their own shows. The people behind these instances will tell you that the burlesque business isn't easy. It isn't dead, either, and the performers deserve credit where credit is due … including at the "Burly-Q."
Once the show got started, it skipped along energetically and featured acts from well-established Vegas performers. Lou Lou Roxy, with pink gloves and her signature smirk, managed to shimmy her way out of a strait-jacket to a track that could have scored an enjoyably bad spy movie. The second act featured Roxy in a glittering copper dress, which was soon discarded in favor of fringe and feathers that were both artfully wielded.
JP Nomi Malone performed, most memorably, a contemporary pointe number to Across the Sky's "First Love Song," which was a true novelty and holds potential for future performances. Cartwheels, handstand-rolls and splits, coupled with the exaggerated presentation, made both of Malone's acts entertaining.
Miranda Glamour and Dr. Sexpot maintained intermittent banter that kept things cohesive. Glamour's delightful "Touch-A Touch-A Touch Me" from "Rocky Horror Picture Show" is becoming a signature act for her and, like a good cheese, keeps getting better with time. Sexpot revealed unsung talents on the piano to go along with her splendid voice in a jazz number at the top of the show. Her sunshine-steeped personality also shone through in "Put a Bag Over My Head and Let's Make Love," which was, if possible, almost musical theater burlesque.
Blanche DeBris, part of the cast of "Menopause" at the Luxor, gave Sexpot a vocal run for her money with a rendition of "Funny Valentine" sung into a handheld mirror. Oh, and there was a guy eating what looked like flaming marshmallows. Zamora the Torture King smoked other performers with his fire-eating act and ended the show with the same side-show energy that makes burlesque so much fun to watch.
All bawdy jokes aside, this month's "Burly-Q" was unexpectedly poignant. While the comment in the Weekly certainly isn't condemning in itself, it reveals a sobering mentality about some of the artistic work in the city. Grassroots shows like this can be easy to overlook sometimes. However, the vivacious effort on the part of the performers makes them considerably harder to discredit.

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Professor Nahmod spoke to federal judges in April about Section 1983 at the Sixth Circuit Conference in Memphis, Tennessee. Also in April, he delivered a paper on the Pledge of Allegiance and political rituals at the George Washington University Conference on Holidays and Rituals held in Washington, D.C., and spoke in Chicago to the Federal Bar Association about police misconduct litigation. In June, Professor Nahmod will address new federal judges about Section 1983 in Washington D.C. under the auspices of the Federal Judicial Center. In the same month he will speak about Section 1983 to the Arkansas Municipal League in Little Rock.
Professor Nahmod's article, From the Street to the Courtroom: Court Orders and Section 1983, will be published in June in Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly.
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About us
A&D Resources specialises in assessment and development of individuals, teams and organisations, as a supplier of personality assessments and consulting services.
A&D Resources specialises in assessment and development of individuals, teams and organisations, as a supplier of personality assessments and consulting services.
The personality tests from Hogan Assessments have set industry standards and are used globally. Hogan has more than three decades of experience in drastically reducing staff turnover and increasing productivity.
An individual assessment or an assessment initiative impacting a number of individuals is typically initiated to more closely analyse and describe an individual's suitability for a specific role, and get validated insight on motivational drives, strenghts, social ability, likely performance levels and important developmental areas.
The purpose of using Hogan in the recruitment process is to assess personality-related characteristics that support or inhibit the candidate's suitability for the position.
The Hogan Personality Inventory (HPI) predicts job performance by measuring normal personality.
Certification intro
Assisting organisations with hiring, developing, retaining and identifying talented people.
A&D Resources - Assessment and Development of Individuals, Teams and Organisations
I forbindelse med dataforordningen, som trådte i kraft d. 25/5 2018, igangsatte vi en proces sidste år for aftaler og processer med kunder i ud- og indland. Vi søger en projektassistent til at hjælpe med at indhente resterende aftaler med vores eksisterende kunder og leverandører. Derudover vil der være brug for at håndtere aftaler for nye kunder.
Our team has a hard core of psychology, coaching and business executive experience - and a service-minded and results-oriented support staff.
The Hogan Development Survey (HDS) identifies personality-based derailers that can limit career potential.
Employee Coaching intro
The activity's aim is to help leaders gain deeper insight into their personality and its impact on their leadership behaviour. Research shows that although a leader's professional skills are obvious criteria for success, intrapersonal and interpersonal skills are equally proven in creating long-term results for leaders, but is an often neglected focus area.
The Motives, Values, Preferences Inventory (MVPI) identifies ideal jobs, positions, and work environments.
Our approach to coaching is primarily focused on creating strategic self-awareness and finding new and better strategies to handle problematic situations.
Watch the brief video on our approach to Executive Coaching with Tom Cook, Principal Consultant.
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RAVEN'S is a gold-standard, highly-trusted assessment helping organizations identify an individual's general cognitive ability.
Leadership Development begins and ends with a focus on the individual manager - Including the manager's role, context, transition and/or challenges.
Matrigma measures cognitive ability and is used to predict career success and job performance.
But if we Southern whale-fishers are not so snugly housed aloft as Captain Sleet and his Greenlandmen were; yet that disadvantage is greatly counter-balanced by the widely contrasting serenity of those seductive seas in which we South fishers mostly float. For one, I used to lounge up the rigging very leisurely.
The Hogan Business Reasoning Inventory (HBRI) evaluates two kinds of problems solving: Tactical and Strategic Reasoning.
Hogan Judgement is a comprehensive personality-based approach to judgement and decision-making. It is based on 3 components that describe how you learn, how you make decisions, and how you react to feedback.
Emotional Intelligence (EQ) – the ability to identify, process, and manage one's own and others' emotions.
Reputation is everything - The Hogan 360° Report is a tool to measure your reputation at work.
Executive Coaching takes place based on the results of a complete Hogan Assessment. The coaching has a strategic focus and is intended for the top executive who wishes to increase their leadership efficiency and their personal performance.
Unlocking the door to talent
On a user-friendly web-based platform, Hogan Configure helps you to accurately evaluate potential talent in prospective and incumbent employees based on Hogan's powerful personality tests.
The Hogan Assessment Certification is a workshop that trains participants in using the three Hogan inventories: HPI, HDS and MVPI.
Hogan provides assessments around the globe, a capability bolstered by strategic partnerships on virtually every continent.
See the languages the three assessments HPI, HDS and MVPI are available in.
Leadership is the ability to build and maintain a high performing team, and is the fundamental resource for team survival and effectiveness.
Engagement is the tie that binds the leader to a high performing team. Great leaders engage followers, and harness their energy to perform to their highest ability.
60% to 80% of workplace accidents are attributed to operator error (personality).
The ultimate purpose of Hogan Safety Certification is to help improve workers' safety awareness and safety behavior on the job.
The Hogan Team Dynamics Workshop has as its optimal goal to train you to be able to prepare, analyse and facilitate a team workshop, building on your already acquired knowledge of Hogan from your Hogan Certification.
We are looking for a Managing Consultant to join our consulting team.
A complete overview of our planned open workshops in the spring 2016 in Denmark and Benelux.
The Hogan 360° certification is an online webinar, which qualifies you to administer and interpret the Hogan 360˚.
The HBRI Certification is an online webinar, which takes approximately 40 minutes to complete.
The course is an online certification training for the psychometric test Matrigma.
Brush up on your Hogan Certification
We offer previously certified Hogan users an update (brush-up), by means of participation during the first 2 days of an open certification workshop.
We have a number of open workshops planned - Both in Danish and English
In May, 2016 Hogan Assessments will launch a new brick format for graphically displaying HPI and MVPI subscale scores. This new display format is consistent with the format currently used for HDS subscales, although there are some minor differences in what these bricks mean across assessments.
When providing Hogan feedback it is crucial that the person giving the feedback remembers that assessment is an intervention. A Hogan interpretation and feedback is comprehensive and therefore it is essential that our Hogan users have all the material they need to provide the best possible Hogan feedback for their test persons.
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As an experienced consultant, Marie's current responsibilities include training and facilitating certification programmes as well as individual assessments. Marie brings a professional passion for helping individuals, teams and organisations reach top performance.
Her solid knowledge of recruitment and onboarding processes makes her well-equipped to navigate the challenges that face our clients from both a strategic and a human perspective.
With her experienced use and facilitation of online learning systems, Marie brings valuable knowledge about e-learning to the A&D team to support our clients drive development through online education.
Marie holds a M.Sc. in Economics and Business Administration - Strategy, Organisation and Leadership and is certified in Hogan Assessments as well as other assessment and counselling tools.


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Galaxy, any of the systems of stars and interstellar matter that make up the universe. Many such assemblages are so enormous that they contain hundreds of billions of stars.
Nature has provided an immensely varied array of galaxies, ranging from faint, diffuse dwarf objects to brilliant spiral-shaped giants. Virtually all galaxies appear to have been formed soon after the universe began, and they pervade space, even into the depths of the farthest reaches penetrated by powerful modern telescopes. Galaxies usually exist in clusters, some of which in turn are grouped into larger clusters that measure hundreds of millions of light-years across. (A light-year is the distance traversed by light in one year, traveling at a velocity of 300,000 km per second [km/sec], or 650,000,000 miles per hour.) These so-called superclusters are separated by nearly empty voids, and this causes the gross structure of the universe to look somewhat like a network of sheets and chains of galaxies.
Galaxies differ from one another in shape, with variations resulting from the way in which the systems were formed and subsequently evolved. Galaxies are extremely varied not only in structure but also in the amount of activity observed. Some are the sites of vigorous star formation, with its attendant glowing gas and clouds of dust and molecular complexes. Others, by contrast, are quiescent, having long ago ceased to form new stars. Perhaps the most conspicuous activity in galaxies occurs in their nuclei, where evidence suggests that in many cases supermassive objects—probably black holes—lurk. These central black holes apparently formed several billion years ago; they are now observed forming in galaxies at large distances (and, therefore, because of the time it takes light to travel to Earth, at times in the far distant past) as brilliant objects called quasars.
The existence of galaxies was not recognized until the early 20th century. Since then, however, galaxies have become one of the focal points of astronomical investigation. The notable developments and achievements in the study of galaxies are surveyed here. Included in the discussion are the external galaxies (i.e., those lying outside the Milky Way Galaxy, the local galaxy to which the Sun and Earth belong), their distribution in clusters and superclusters, and the evolution of galaxies and quasars. For further details on the Milky Way Galaxy, see Milky Way Galaxy. For specifics about the components of galaxies, see star and nebula.
Historical survey of the study of galaxies
Early observations and conceptions
The dispute over the nature of what were once termed spiral nebulae stands as one of the most significant in the development of astronomy. On this dispute hinged the question of the magnitude of the universe: were we confined to a single, limited stellar system that lay embedded alone in empty space, or was our Milky Way Galaxy just one of millions of galaxies that pervaded space, stretching beyond the vast distances probed by our most powerful telescopes? How this question arose, and how it was resolved, is an important element in the development of our prevailing view of the universe.
Up until 1925, spiral nebulae and their related forms had uncertain status. Some scientists, notably Heber D. Curtis of the United States and Knut Lundmark of Sweden, argued that they might be remote aggregates of stars similar in size to the Milky Way Galaxy. Centuries earlier the German philosopher Immanuel Kant, among others, had suggested much the same idea, but that was long before the tools were available to actually measure distances and thus prove it. During the early 1920s astronomers were divided. Although some deduced that spiral nebulae were actually extragalactic star systems, there was evidence that convinced many that such nebulae were local clouds of material, possibly new solar systems in the process of forming.
The problem of the Magellanic Clouds
It is now known that the nearest external galaxies are the Magellanic Clouds, two patchy irregular objects visible in the skies of the Southern Hemisphere. For years, most experts who regarded the Magellanic Clouds as portions of the Milky Way Galaxy system separated from the main stream could not study them because of their position. (Both Magellanic Clouds are too far south to be seen from most northern latitudes.) Moreover, the irregular shapes of the objects and their numerous hot blue stars, star clusters, and gas clouds did indeed make them resemble the southern Milky Way Galaxy.
The American astronomer Harlow Shapley, noted for his far-reaching work on the size and structure of the Milky Way Galaxy, was one of the first to appreciate the importance of the Magellanic Clouds in terms of the nature of spiral nebulae. To gauge the distance of the Clouds, he made use of the period-luminosity (P-L) relation discovered by Henrietta Leavitt of the Harvard College Observatory. In 1912 Leavitt had found that there was a close correlation between the periods of pulsation (variations in light) and the luminosities (intrinsic, or absolute, brightnesses) of a class of stars called Cepheid variables in the Small Magellanic Cloud. Leavitt's discovery, however, was of little practical value until Shapley worked out a calibration of the absolute brightnesses of pulsating stars closely analogous to the Cepheids, the so-called RR Lyrae variables. With this quantified form of the P-L relation, he was able to calculate the distances to the Magellanic Clouds, determining that they were about 75,000 light-years from Earth. The significance of the Clouds, however, continued to elude scientists of the time. For them, these objects still seemed to be anomalous, irregular patches of the Milky Way Galaxy, farther away than initially thought but not sufficient to settle the question of the nature of the universe.
Novae in the Andromeda Nebula
An unfortunate misidentification hampered the early recognition of the northern sky's brightest nearby galaxy, the Andromeda Nebula, also known as M31. In 1885 a bright star, previously invisible, appeared near the centre of M31, becoming almost bright enough to be seen without a telescope. As it slowly faded again, astronomers decided that it must be a nova, a "new star," similar to the class of temporary stars found relatively frequently in populous parts of the Milky Way Galaxy. If this was the case, it was argued, then its extraordinary brightness must indicate that M31 cannot be very far away, certainly not outside the local system of stars. Designated S Andromeda in conformity with the pattern of terminology applied to stars of variable brightness, this supposed nova was a strong argument in favour of the hypothesis that nebulae are nearby objects in the Milky Way Galaxy.
By 1910, however, there was evidence that S Andromeda might have been wrongly identified. Deep photographs were being taken of M31 with the Mount Wilson Observatory's newly completed 152-cm (60-inch) telescope, and the astronomers at the observatory, especially J.C. Duncan and George W. Ritchey, were finding faint objects, just resolved by the longest exposures, that also seemed to behave like novae. These objects, however, were about 10,000 times fainter than S Andromeda. If they were ordinary novae, then M31 must be millions of light-years away, but then the nature of S Andromeda became a difficult question. At this vast distance its total luminosity would have to be immense—an incomprehensible output of energy for a single star.
Completion of the 254-cm (100-inch) telescope on Mount Wilson in 1917 resulted in a new series of photographs that captured even fainter objects. More novae were found in M31, mainly by Milton L. Humason, who was an assistant at the time to Edwin P. Hubble, one of the truly outstanding astronomers of the day. Hubble eventually studied 63 of these stars, and his findings proved to be one of the final solutions to the controversy (see below The distance to the Andromeda Nebula).
The scale of the Milky Way Galaxy
At the same time that spiral nebulae were being studied and debated, the Milky Way Galaxy became the subject of contentious discussion. During the early years of the 20th century, most astronomers believed that the Milky Way Galaxy was a disk-shaped system of stars with the Sun near the centre and with the edge along a thick axis only about 15,000 light-years away. This view was based on statistical evidence involving star counts and the spatial distribution of a variety of cosmic objects—open star clusters, variable stars, binary systems, and clouds of interstellar gas. All these objects seemed to thin out at distances of several thousand light-years.
This conception of the Milky Way Galaxy was challenged by Shapley in 1917, when he released the findings of his study of globular clusters. He had found that these spherically symmetrical groups of densely packed stars, as compared with the much closer open clusters, were unusual in their distribution. While the known open clusters are concentrated heavily in the bright belt of the Milky Way Galaxy, the globular clusters are for the most part absent from those areas except in the general direction of the constellation Sagittarius, where there is a concentration of faint globular clusters. Shapley's plot of the spatial distribution of these stellar groupings clarified this peculiar fact: the centre of the globular cluster system—a huge almost spherical cloud of clusters—lies in that direction, some 30,000 light-years from the Sun. Shapley assumed that this centre must also be the centre of the Milky Way Galaxy. The globular clusters, he argued, form a giant skeleton around the disk of the Milky Way Galaxy, and the system is thus immensely larger than was previously thought, its total extent measuring nearly 100,000 light-years.
Shapley succeeded in making the first reliable determination of the size of the Milky Way Galaxy largely by using Cepheids and RR Lyrae stars as distance indicators. His approach was based on the P-L relation discovered by Leavitt and on the assumption that all these variables have the same P-L relation. As he saw it, this assumption was most likely true in the case of the RR Lyrae stars, because all variables of this type in any given globular cluster have the same apparent brightness. If all RR Lyrae variables have the same intrinsic brightness, then it follows that differences in apparent brightness must be due to different distances from Earth. The final step in developing a procedure for determining the distances of variables was to calculate the distances of a handful of such stars by an independent method so as to enable calibration. Shapley could not make use of the trigonometric parallax method, since there are no variables close enough for direct distance measurement. However, he had recourse to a technique devised by the Danish astronomer Ejnar Hertzsprung that could determine distances to certain nearby field variables (i.e., those not associated with any particular cluster) by using measurements of their proper motions and the radial velocity of the Sun. Accurate measurements of the proper motions of the variables based on long-term observations were available, and the Sun's radial velocity could be readily determined spectroscopically. Thus, by availing himself of this body of data and adopting Hertzsprung's method, Shapley was able to obtain a distance scale for Cepheids in the solar neighbourhood.
Shapley applied the zero point of the Cepheid distance scale to the globular clusters he had studied with the 152-cm (60-inch) telescope at Mount Wilson. Some of these clusters contained RR Lyrae variables, and for these Shapley could calculate distances in a straightforward manner from the P-L relation. For other globular clusters he made distance determinations, using a relationship that he discovered between the brightnesses of the RR Lyrae stars and the brightness of the brightest red stars. For still others he made use of apparent diameters, which he found to be relatively uniform for clusters of known distance. The final result was a catalog of distances for 69 globular clusters, from which Shapley deduced his revolutionary model of the Milky Way Galaxy—one that not only significantly extended the limits of the galactic system but that also displaced the Sun from its centre to a location nearer its edge.
Shapley's work caused astronomers to ask themselves certain questions: How could the existing stellar data be so wrong? Why couldn't they see something in Sagittarius, the proposed galactic centre, 30,000 light-years away? The reason for the incorrectness of the star count methods was not learned until 1930, when Lick Observatory astronomer Robert J. Trumpler, while studying open clusters, discovered that interstellar dust pervades the plane of the Milky Way Galaxy and obscures objects beyond only a few thousand light-years. This dust thus renders the centre of the system invisible optically and makes it appear that globular clusters and spiral nebulae avoid the band of the Milky Way.
Shapley's belief in the tremendous size of the local galactic system helped to put him on the wrong side of the argument about other galaxies. He thought that, if the Milky Way Galaxy was so immense, then the spiral nebulae must lie within it. His conviction was reinforced by two lines of evidence. One of these has already been mentioned—the nova S Andromeda was so bright as to suggest that the Andromeda Nebula most certainly was only a few hundred light-years away. The second came about because of a very curious error made by one of Shapley's colleagues at Mount Wilson Observatory, Adrian van Maanen.
The van Maanen rotation
During the early 20th century, one of the most important branches of astronomy was astrometry, the precise measurements of stellar positions and motions. Van Maanen was one of the leading experts in this field. Most of his determinations of stellar positions were accurate and have stood the test of time, but he made one serious and still poorly understood error when he pursued a problem tangential to his main interests. In a series of papers published in the early 1920s, van Maanen reported on his discovery and measurement of the rotation of spiral nebulae. Using early plates taken by others at the 152-cm (60-inch) Mount Wilson telescope as well as more recent ones taken about 10 years later, van Maanen measured the positions of several knotlike, nearly stellar images in the spiral arms of some of the largest-known spiral nebulae (e.g., M33, M101, and M51). Comparing the positions, he found distinct changes indicative of a rotation of the spiral pattern against the background of surrounding field stars. In each case, the rotation occurs in the sense that the spiral arms trail. The periods of rotation were all approximately 100,000 years. Angular motions were about 0.02 second of arc per year.
Shapley seized the van Maanen results as evidence that the spirals had to be nearby; otherwise, their true space velocities of rotation would have to be impossibly large. For example, if M51 is rotating at an apparent rate of 0.02 second of arc per year, its true velocity would be immense if it is a distant galaxy. Assuming that a distance of 10,000,000 light-years would lead to an implausibly large rotation velocity of 12,000 km/sec, Shapley argued that, if a more reasonable velocity was adopted—say, 100 km/sec—then the distances would all be less than 100,000 light-years, which would put all the spirals well within the Milky Way Galaxy.
It is unclear just why such a crucial measurement went wrong. Van Maanen repeated the measures and obtained the same answer even after Hubble demonstrated the truth about the distances to the spirals. However, subsequent workers, using the same plates, failed to find any rotation. Among the various hypotheses that science historians have proposed as an explanation for the error are two particularly reasonable ideas: (1) possibly the fact that spiral nebulae look like they are rotating (i.e., they resemble familiar rotational patterns that are perceivable in nature) may have influenced the observer subconsciously, and this subtle effect manifested itself in prejudicing the delicate measurements, or (2) possibly the first set of plates was the problem. Many of these plates had been taken in an unconventional manner by Ritchey, who swung the plate holder out of the field whenever the quality of the images was temporarily poor because of atmospheric turbulence. The resulting plates appeared excellent, having been exposed only during times of very fine seeing; however, according to some interpretations, the images had a slight asymmetry that led to a very small displacement of star images compared with nonstellar images. Such an error could look like rotation if not recognized for what it really was. In any case, the van Maanen rotation was accepted by many astronomers, including Shapley, and temporarily sidetracked progress toward recognizing the truth about galaxies.
The Shapley-Curtis debate
The nature of galaxies and scale of the universe were the subject of the Great Debate, a public program arranged in 1920 by the National Academy of Sciences at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. Featured were talks by Shapley and the aforementioned Heber Curtis, who were recognized as spokesmen for opposite views on the nature of spiral nebulae and the Milky Way Galaxy. This so-called debate has often been cited as an illustration of how revolutionary new concepts are assimilated by science. It is sometimes compared to the debate, centuries before, over the motions of the Earth (the Copernican revolution); however, though as a focal point the debate about Earth's motion can be used to define the modern controversy, the Shapley-Curtis debate actually was much more complicated.
A careful reading of the documents involved suggests that, on the broader topic of the scale of the universe, both men were making incorrect conclusions but for the same reasons—namely, for being unable to accept and comprehend the incredibly large scale of things. Shapley correctly argued for an enormous Milky Way Galaxy on the basis of the P-L relation and the globular clusters, while Curtis incorrectly rejected these lines of evidence, advocating instead a small galactic system. Given a Milky Way Galaxy system of limited scale, Curtis could argue for and consider plausible the extragalactic nature of the spiral nebulae. Shapley, on the other hand, incorrectly rejected the island universe theory of the spirals (i.e., the hypothesis that there existed comparable galaxies beyond the boundaries of the Milky Way Galaxy) because he felt that such objects would surely be engulfed by the local galactic system. Furthermore, he put aside the apparent faint novae in M31, preferring to interpret S Andromeda as an ordinary nova, for otherwise that object would have been unbelievably luminous. Unfortunately for him, such phenomena—called supernovae—do in fact exist, as was realized a few years later. Curtis was willing to concede that there might be two classes of novae, yet, because he considered the Milky Way Galaxy to be small, he underestimated their differences. The van Maanen rotation also entered into Shapley's arguments: if spiral nebulae were rotating so fast, they must be within the Milky Way Galaxy as he conceived it. For Curtis, however, the matter provided less of a problem: even if spiral nebulae did rotate as rapidly as claimed, the small scale of Curtis's universe allowed them to have physically reasonable speeds.
The Shapley-Curtis debate took place near the end of the era of the single-galaxy universe. In just a few years the scientific world became convinced that Shapley's grand scale of the Milky Way Galaxy was correct and at the same time that Curtis was right about the nature of spiral nebulae. Such objects indeed lie even outside Shapley's enormous Milky Way Galaxy, and they range far beyond the distances that in 1920 seemed too vast for many astronomers to comprehend.
Hubble's discovery of extragalactic objects
During the early 1920s Hubble detected 15 stars in the small, irregular cloudlike object NGC 6822 that varied in luminosity, and he suspected that they might include Cepheids. After considerable effort, he determined that 11 of them were in fact Cepheid variables, with properties indistinguishable from those of normal Cepheids in the Milky Way Galaxy and in the Magellanic Clouds. Their periods ranged from 12 to 64 days, and they were all very faint, much fainter than their Magellanic counterparts. Nevertheless, they fit a P-L relation of the same nature as had been discovered by Leavitt.
Hubble then boldly assumed that the P-L relation was universal and derived an estimate for the distance to NGC 6822, using Shapley's most recent (1925) version of the calibration of the relation. This calibration was wrong, as is now known, because of the confusion at that time over the nature of Cepheids. Shapley's calibration included certain Cepheids in globular clusters that subsequent investigators found to have their own fainter P-L relation. (Such Cepheids have been designated Type II Cepheids to distinguish them from the normal variety, which are referred to as Type I.) Thus, Hubble's distance for NGC 6822 was too small: he calculated a distance of only 700,000 light-years. Today it is recognized that the actual distance is closer to 2,000,000 light-years. In any case, this vast distance—even though underestimated—was large enough to convince Hubble that NGC 6822 must be a remote, separate galaxy, much too far away to be included even in Shapley's version of the Milky Way Galaxy system. Technically, then, this faint nebula can be considered the first recognized external galaxy. The Magellanic Clouds continued to be regarded simply as appendages to the Milky Way Galaxy, and the other bright nebulae, M31 and M33, were still being studied at the Mount Wilson Observatory. Although Hubble announced his discovery of Cepheids in M31 at a meeting in 1924, he did not complete his research and publish the results for this conspicuous spiral galaxy until five years later.
While the Cepheids made it possible to determine the distance and nature of NGC 6822, some of its other features corroborated the conclusion that it was a separate, distant galaxy. Hubble discovered within it five diffuse nebulae, which are glowing gaseous clouds composed mostly of ionized hydrogen, designated H II regions. (H stands for hydrogen and II indicates that most of it is ionized; H I, by contrast, signifies neutral hydrogen.) He found that these five H II regions had spectra like those of gas clouds in the Milky Way Galaxy system—e.g., the Orion Nebula and Eta Carinae. Calculating their diameters, Hubble ascertained that the sizes of the diffuse nebulae were normal, similar to those of local examples of giant H II regions.
Five other diffuse objects discerned by Hubble were definitely not gaseous nebulae. He compared them with globular clusters (both in the Milky Way Galaxy and in the Magellanic Clouds) and concluded that they were too small and faint to be normal globular clusters. Convinced that they were most likely distant galaxies seen through NGC 6822, he dismissed them from further consideration. Modern studies suggest that Hubble was too hasty. Though probably not true giant globular clusters, these objects are in all likelihood star clusters in the system, fainter, smaller in population, and probably somewhat younger than normal globular clusters.
The Dutch astronomer Jacobus Cornelius Kapteyn showed in the early 20th century that statistical techniques could be used to determine the stellar luminosity function for the solar neighbourhood. (The luminosity function is a curve that shows how many stars there are in a given volume for each different stellar luminosity.) Eager to test the nature of NGC 6822, Hubble counted stars in the galaxy to various brightness limits and found a luminosity function for its brightest stars. When he compared it with Kapteyn's, the agreement was excellent—another indication that the Cepheids had given about the right distance and that the basic properties of galaxies were fairly uniform. Step by step, Hubble and his contemporaries piled up evidence for the fundamental assumption that has since guided the astronomy of the extragalactic universe, the uniformity of nature. By its bold application, astronomers have moved from a limiting one-galaxy universe to an immense vastness of space populated by billions of galaxies, all grander in size and design than the Milky Way Galaxy system was once thought to be.
The distance to the Andromeda Nebula
In 1929 Hubble published his epochal paper on M31, the great Andromeda Nebula. Based on 350 photographic plates taken at Mount Wilson, his study provided evidence that M31 is a giant stellar system like the Milky Way Galaxy.
Because M31 is much larger than the field of view of the 152- and 254-cm (60- and 100-inch) telescopes at Mount Wilson, Hubble concentrated on four regions, centred on the nucleus and at various distances along the major axis. The total area studied amounted to less than half the galaxy's size, and the other unexplored regions remained largely unknown for 50 years. (Modern comprehensive optical studies of M31 have been conducted only since about 1980.)
Hubble pointed out an important and puzzling feature of the resolvability of M31. Its central regions, including the nucleus and diffuse nuclear bulge, were not well resolved into stars, one reason that the true nature of M31 had previously been elusive. However, the outer parts along the spiral arms in particular were resolved into swarms of faint stars, seen superimposed over a structured background of light. Current understanding of this fact is that spiral galaxies typically have central bulges made up exclusively of very old stars, the brightest of which are too faint to be visible on Hubble's plates. Not until 1944 did the German-born astronomer Walter Baade finally resolve the bulge of M31. Using red-sensitive plates and very long exposures, he managed to detect the brightest red giants of this old population. Out in the arms there exist many young, bright, hot blue stars, and these are easily resolved. The brightest are so luminous that they can be seen even with moderate-sized telescopes.
The most important of Hubble's discoveries was that of M31's population of Cepheid variables. Forty of the 50 variables detected turned out to be ordinary Cepheids with periods ranging from 10 to 48 days. A clear relation was found between their periods and luminosities, and the slope of the relation agreed with those for the Magellanic Clouds and NGC 6822. Hubble's comparison indicated that M31 must be 8.5 times more distant than the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC), which would imply a distance of two million light-years if the modern SMC distance was used (the 1929 value employed by Hubble was about two times too small). Clearly, M31 must be a distant, large galaxy.
Other features announced in Hubble's paper were M31's population of bright, irregular, slowly varying variables. One of the irregulars was exceedingly bright; it is among the most luminous stars in the galaxy and is a prototype of a class of high-luminosity stars now called Hubble-Sandage variables, which are found in many giant galaxies. Eighty-five novae, all behaving very much like those in the Milky Way Galaxy, were also analyzed. Hubble estimated that the true occurrence rate of novae in M31 must be about 30 per year, a figure that was later confirmed by the American astronomer Halton C. Arp in a systematic search.
Hubble found numerous star clusters in M31, especially globular clusters, 140 of which he eventually cataloged. He clinched the argument that M31 was a galaxy similar to the Milky Way Galaxy by calculating its mass and mass density. Using the velocities that had been measured for the inner parts of M31 by spectrographic work, he calculated (on the basis of the distance derived from the Cepheids) that M31's mass must be about 3.5 billion times that of the Sun. Today astronomers have much better data, which indicate that the galaxy's true total mass must be at least 100 times greater than Hubble's value, but even that value clearly showed that M31 is an immense system of stars. Furthermore, Hubble's estimates of star densities demonstrated that the stars in the outer arm areas of M31 are spread out with about the same density as in the Milky Way Galaxy system in the vicinity of the Sun.
The golden age of extragalactic astronomy
Until about 1950, scientific knowledge of galaxies advanced slowly. Only a very small number of astronomers took up galaxy studies, and only a very few telescopes were suitable for significant research. It was an exclusive field, rather jealously guarded by its practitioners, and so progress was orderly but limited.
During the decade of the 1950s, the field began to change. Ever-larger optical telescopes became available, and the space program resulted in a sizable increase in the number of astronomers emerging from universities. New instrumentation enabled investigators to explore galaxies in entirely new ways, making it possible to detect their radio, infrared, and ultraviolet emissions and eventually even radiation at X-ray and gamma-ray wavelengths. Whereas in the 1950s there was only one telescope larger than 254 cm (100 inches)—and only about 10 astronomers conducting research on galaxies worldwide—by the year 2000 the number of large telescopes had grown immensely, with 12 telescopes larger than 800 cm (300 inches), and the number of scientists devoted to galaxy study was in the thousands. By then, galaxies were being extensively studied with giant arrays of ground-based radio telescopes, Earth-orbiting optical, X-ray, ultraviolet, and infrared telescopes, and high-speed computers—studies that have given rise to remarkable advances in knowledge and understanding. The tremendous progress in both theoretical and observational work has led many to say that the turn of the 21st century happened during the "golden age" of extragalactic astronomy.
Learn More in these related Britannica articles:
astronomy: Galaxies and the expanding universeEinstein almost immediately applied his gravity theory to the universe as a whole, publishing his first cosmological paper in 1917. Because he was not well acquainted with recent work in astronomy, he assumed that the universe was static and unchanging.…
star cluster: Clusters in external galaxiesClusters have been discovered and studied in many external galaxies, particularly members of the Local Group (a group of about 40 stellar systems to which the Galaxy belongs). At their great distances classification is difficult, but it has been accomplished from studies of the…
astronomy: Determining astronomical distancesTwo general methods for determining galactic distances are described here. In the first, a clearly identifiable type of star is used as a reference standard because its luminosity has been well determined. This requires observation of such stars that are close enough to Earth that their distances and luminosities have…
spectroscopy: Applications…spectral emission lines of distant galaxies led to the discovery that the universe is expanding rapidly and isotropically (independent of direction). The finding was based on the observation of a Doppler shift of spectral lines. The Doppler shift is an effect that occurs when a source of radiation such as…
electromagnetic radiation: Speed of electromagnetic radiation and the Doppler effect…from Earth with, say, a galaxy. When the speed of such a galaxy away from Earth is high, the light may appear yellow; if the speed is still higher, it may appear red or even infrared. Hence, the speed of galaxies as well as of stars relative to Earth is…
More About Galaxy12 references found in Britannica articles
Assorted References
- cosmology
- In cosmology
- dark matter
- In dark matter
- electromagnetic radiation
- galactic distances
- history of astronomy
- physical properties
- radio jet
- In radio jet
- spectroscopic observations
- Spitzer Space Telescope
- star clusters


text:
Heat the oil in a heavy large skillet over medium heat. Add the pancetta and saute until crisp and golden, about 3 minutes. Using a slotted spoon, transfer the pancetta to a plate. Add the bell pepper, shallots, garlic, and oregano to the same skillet and saute until the shallots are tender and translucent, about 5 minutes. Add the wine and simmer until it is almost evaporated, about 2 minutes. Remove the skillet from the heat and cool completely. Stir the reserved pancetta and 2 tablespoons of Parmesan cheese into the vegetable mixture. Season the mixture, to taste, with salt and pepper.
Preheat the oven to 500 degrees F.
Line a heavy large baking sheet with foil. Arrange the clams in the reserved shells on the baking sheet. Spoon the vegetable mixture atop the clams, dividing equally and mounding slightly. Sprinkle with the remaining 2 tablespoons of Parmesan. Bake until the clams are just cooked through and the topping is golden, about 10 minutes.
Arrange the clams on the platter and serve.


text:
Study: Having Religous Thoughts Helps with Self-Control
Having religious thoughts gives people more self-control when they're doing unrelated tasks later on, according to a recent study.
"After unscrambling sentences containing religiously oriented words, participants in our studies exercised significantly more self-control," said psychology graduate student and head researcher, Kevin Rounding, in a statement.
Study subjects were given a sentence that had five words to unscramble. Some of the sentences contained religious themes, while others didn't.
After the sentences were unscrambled, the participants were asked to complete various tasks that required self-control, delaying gratification, exerting patience, enduring discomfort, and refraining from impulsive responses.
Results of the study showed that those participants that unscrambled the religious sentences exerted more self- control.
"Our most interesting finding was that religious concepts were able to refuel self-control after it had been depleted by another unrelated task," explained Rounding. "In other words, even when we would predict people to be unable to exert self-control, after completing the religiously themed task they defied logic and were able to muster self-control."
"Until now", Rounding continued, "I believed the religion was a matter of faith; people had little practical use for religion." "This research actually suggests that religion can serve a very useful function in society. People can turn to religion not just for transcendence and fears regarding death and after-life but also for practical purposes,"


text:
President Obama's speech seems to have sparked a reaction here. Although the
speech seems specifically about Bush's ideology concerning ESC. It appears
to me to have undertones of other ideologies that Bush seemed to cling to
even in the face of evidence to the contrary. Both scientific and economic.
I speak of Bush's denial of global warming and his support of a free market
ideology largely without regulations. I hope that Obama has ideals and not
just ideas. I think that he has ideals and is also practical. I hope that he
can find practical solutions that also maintain his, our ideals.
There are some depictions here that I would object to. Physicians in general
and IVF physicians are not unregulated. And IVF should not be pictured as an
George has suggested that in order to take a proper stand on the question of
ESC and other questions of early human life, it is first necessary to answer
the question, "When does a person become a person?" I agree. But as George
and anyone else who has been paying attention knows, this is a difficult
question to answer. There are many pieces that may be brought to bear upon
this question. Science cannot answer it completely and I do not think that
theology has answered the question completely in light of the new science.
Hence the rub.
I would like to offer an opinion that takes into account a universal view
[ideal] and a worldview [what is in our world] in the hope of maintaining
the ideal while offering a practical approach to our problem.
George I think that the personality- person conundrum needs to be gone into
if only briefly. We think of persons as being composed of flesh and blood.
But when the flesh and blood dies, what continues, the personality. So it is
the personality that makes us a person.
The personality is a gift of the Father and is unique in all the universe.
No two persons receive exactly the same personality. Personality is bestowed
by the Father at the time of a "viable conception." Having the power of
complete foreknowledge He would know what constitutes a viable conception.
Fertilization within a Petri dish would not constitute a viable conception
scientifically or legally nor do I think the Father would consider it so.
Once the embryos are implanted in the mother they may become viable.
Embryos that are not implanted in a female have no chance of becoming
viable. Again, the Father having perfect foreknowledge would not bestow
personality upon an embryo that has no chance for viability. They are only
potential people if they are implanted; otherwise they are only so much
medical waste.
Now let us approach why and how this waste is generated. There are couples
who wish to but are unable to conceive normally. They will typically seek
medical help and if unable to conceive otherwise will find themselves in the
care of a fertility expert. After a thorough evaluation that expert will
delineate the medical options for that couple. Typically the expert will
choose the least complex and expensive option first and IFV would only be
considered near the end of the options. IVF utilizing donor ovum and or
sperm is also an option.
In the normal female hormones initiate follicular development of many
follicles but only one, occasionally more, are released at ovulation. In IVF
the ovaries are artificially stimulated by hormones so that a large number
of follicles all mature at one time. The ova thus produced are harvested
utilizing an endoscopic procedure. I understand that this procedure
typically produces eight to ten ova. The ova are then mixed with sperm and
fertilization is allowed to take place. The fertilized ova are allowed to
develop somewhat and because of typical losses more than one embryo;
typically four are injected into the mother's uterus.
The waste is a result of medicines inabilities. The inability to produce
only those ripe ova necessary for subsequent implantation and the inability
to determine which federalized ova will produce a viable pregnancy when
implanted. I am sure that Doctors and other researchers are working on these
For now we produce embryos that have zero chance of becoming persons in the
medical, legal sense. And as I've said, I do not think that the Father has
recognized these embryos as persons. Rather than throw them out, since they
appear to have some utility to us why not use them. We were not given
curiosity and the ability to do science for nothing. God intended us to
utilize our abilities while decreasing our inabilities.
The question arises, "Does the Father bestow personality on those "viable
conceptions" that will later be miscarried, undergo therapeutic abortions,
be born dead or die as a newborn?" I do not know.
I am setting here now wondering if I should send this. I'll miss David.
Michael McCray
On Thu, Mar 19, 2009 at 7:59 AM, George Murphy <firstname.lastname@example.com> wrote:
> Your 2d paragraph is to the point. As I noted before, many theologians
> today would rather understand "person" as a relational concept rather than
> as one defined in terms of static "natures." That suggests that an embryo
> in a woman's uterus & one at the same stage of development in a laboratory
> container may differ with regard to their personhood. Of course that is
> just the beginning of an argument & we can't immediately conclude that the
> 1st is a person & the 2d isn't.
> & I should have noted last night in commenting on the supposed expertise of
> "people who study personality professionally" in this matter: The modern
> concept of "personality" is not the same as a technical definition of
> "person" in philosophy, theology or law. Bringing in the concept of
> "personality" when we aren't yet agreed on the concept of "person" is an
> unnecessary complication.
> Shalom
> George
> http://home.roadrunner.com/~scitheologyglm
> ----- Original Message -----
> *From:* Jack <email@example.com>
> *To:* firstname.lastname@example.com
> *Cc:* firstname.lastname@example.com ; firstname.lastname@example.com
> *Sent:* Thursday, March 19, 2009 8:18 AM
> *Subject:* Re: [asa] scientific fact vs. ideology?
> One of my biggest disagreements with the freedom of choice group, is
> that they want to treat a woman's right to abortion simply as a choice about
> her right to determine what happens to her body. It is clearly not that
> simple. There is another entity involved.
> There is also a relationship here. A unique, wonderful, HUMAN relationship
> between mother and child (for lack of a better term). I think this creates
> a very sharp line between in vitro embryos, and an implanted embryo. I
> really have no trouble considering this entity a person at this point,
> because it is involved in this relationship. This perspective also is less
> arbitrary than any functional definition, and avoids any discrimination
> against anyone. (Until the point that clones can be gestated without a
> human uterus, something I doubt will ever happen. I am willing to cross
> that bridge when we get to it.)
> However, it is a different question entirely to ask what point can the
> state intervene to protect the interest of its weaker citizens. I do not
> think that implantation alone gives the embryo that level of protection, and
> maybe some functional definition is needed for that. But the implantation
> view is more conservative, well defined, and occurrs much earlier than
> neural development, yet still avoids the stem cell/IVF problems as I have
> stated before.
> Mar 18, 2009 08:24:26 PM, firstname.lastname@example.com wrote:
> I am not suggesting that "life begins with neural activity" but that
> "rationality begins with neural activity," and that therefore personhood
> does not begin any earlier than that.
> Shalom,
> George
> ---- David Campbell <firstname.lastname@example.com> wrote:
> > > The "certain level of ...mental function" that I (& others) have
> suggested
> > > is anything above zero. I.e., I would be happy to say that once the
> brain,
> > > or any neural structure, begins to form, the embryo should be
> considered a
> > > person. It seems to me that with this criterion there is no question
> about
> > > the personhood of those with Alzheimers, the comatose, &c. Part of the
> > > rationale for this is the parallel with the criterion of brain death at
> the
> > > end of life - which means whole brain death, not coma, vegetative
> state, &c.
> >
> > That is certainly a coherent and reasonably precise criterion
> > (determining exact line between zero and some is likely to be
> > difficult, and "any neural structure begins to form" would need to be
> > defined as to whether it includes the point at which a cell is
> > definitely destined to form neurons versus the point at which a cell
> > first shows any sign of neuronal features). However, "life begins
> > with neural activity" seems no less arbitrary than "life begins at
> > conception".
> >
> > Some things that might be of interest philosophically, though not
> > directly applicable to human development, come from consideration of
> > other animals. Sponges do not have any neurons at any point, though
> > they have some capabilities for slow motion, internal communication,
> > etc. They easily reproduce asexually by fragmentation, so the concept
> > of an "individual" is somewhat blurry.
> >
> > Looking at more advanced animals, the vast majority have cell fates
> > set from the start of embryonic development. There are no twins
> > formed the way human twins are (some can asexually multiply embryos,
> > though). From the very first cell division, the exact part of the
> > embryo that will become neurons is fixed. Thus, the scenario would be
> > somewhat different if arthropods or mollusks were considering the same
> > issue.
> >
> >
> > --
> > Dr. David Campbell
> > 425 Scientific Collections
> > University of Alabama
> > "I think of my happy condition, surrounded by acres of clams"
> >
> >
> > To unsubscribe, send a message to email@example.com with
> > "unsubscribe asa" (no quotes) as the body of the message.
> To unsubscribe, send a message to firstname.lastname@example.com with
> "unsubscribe asa" (no quotes) as the body of the message.
> To unsubscribe, send a message to email@example.com with "unsubscribe
> asa" (no quotes) as the body of the message
To unsubscribe, send a message to firstname.lastname@example.com with
"unsubscribe asa" (no quotes) as the body of the message.
Received on Thu Mar 19 18:42:12 2009
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tel: 01759 371377
Holiday & Touring Park with 26 pitches, £14 ptpn
Weir Caravan Park is a touring caravan site located in Stamford Bridge. On level grassland, 7 miles east of York on the A166.
Whencliffe, Cliffe Road, Driffield, YO25 8DF
tel: 01262 468213
Camping Park with 12 pitches, £5-£10 ptpn
Located within the attractive village of Atwick on the East Yorkshire Coast, Welford Park enjoys an open aspect over adjoining countryside.
Sands Lane, Barmston, YO25 8PJ
Holiday & Touring Park with 1 pitch, £695 pupw
For a relaxing holiday, this peaceful park is the place for you. Set on the Yorkshire coast, with incredible clifftop views, Barmston Beach is perfectly placed for peace and quiet, and still plenty to do.
Star Carr Lane, , Brandesburton, East Yorkshire, YO25 8RU
tel: 01964 543366
Holiday, Touring & Camping Park with 58 pitches
Blue Rose Caravan Country Park is a family run 'Exclusive for Adults' site set in 12 acres of beautiful countryside in East Yorkshire and is one of only a few sites in the area to have obtained a 52 week licence.
Station Road, Howden, East Riding of Yorkshire, DN14 7LD
tel: 01430 431189
Holiday & Touring Park with 23 pitches, £20 ptpn
Exclusively for adults only Brenda House provides a tranquil rural location enabling visitors to relax and enjoy a peaceful break in the idyllic countryside at the foot of the Yorkshire Wolds.
Bridlington, YO16 4DX
tel: 01342 336842
Touring Park with 0 pitches
Situated on a shallow hillside and sheltered by trees from a neighbouring farm, the site is relaxing retreat for those visiting the Yorkshire coastline.
Mill Lane, Cayton Bay, Scarborough, North Yorkshire, YO11 3NJ
Holiday & Touring Park with 112 pitches, £156 ptpn
Located on the Yorkshire coast, Cayton Bay Holiday Park makes the perfect location for a seaside holiday, with the seaside resort of Scarborough being just a stone's throw away.
Cliff House Farm, Cowden, Hornsea, East Yorkshire, HU11 4UN
Touring Park with 5 pitches
Leven Road, Brandesburton, YO25 8RT
tel: 0800 180 4556
Holiday & Touring Park with 90 pitches, £11 ptpn
A development of 25 luxury timber lodges set around a six acre lake used for windsurfing, sailing and fishing, tennis courts on site with golf, jet skiing and clay pigeon shooting nearby.
East End Farm, Garton on the Wolds, East Riding of Yorkshire, YO25 3ET
Camping Park with 15 pitches
East End Farm campsite is in a tranquil setting and has stunning views over the Wolds countryside. The site is level and well drained, and has good vehicular access from the main road. The market town of Driffield is only 2 miles away.
Holmpton, Withernsea, East Yorkshire, HU19 2QR
tel: 01964 630957
Holiday, Touring & Camping Park with 5 pitches
The Farm hosts a 5 van caravan and camping CL site for members only . Facilities include Electric hook ups, shower, toilet , hot and cold water supply in shower block and chemical toilet disposal point.
Catwick Lane, Brandesburton, YO25 8SB
tel: 01964 542608
Touring & Camping Park with 146 pitches, £10-£16 ptpn
Fosse Hill Caravan Park is a touring caravan site located in Brandesburton. Conveniently situated for Hull, Beverley, Bridlington and Yorkshire Wolds.
Thearne Lane, Woodmansey, Beverley, East Riding of Yorkshire, HU17 0SA
tel: 01482 874934
Holiday & Camping Park with 25 pitches
Manor farm camping is a rural family camp site and small working farm, conveniently positioned between Hull and Beverley, with a regular bus route serving both. We have powered and none powered pitches on hardstanding or grass.
Ulrome Seaside Caravan Company Ltd, Driffield, YO25 8TT
tel: 01262 468228
Camping Park with 520 pitches, £0 ptpn
On the coast with a clear view of Bridlington Bay. Supermarket, off licence and laundry. Electric hook-up supply for tourers.


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Timico Technology Group gobbles Redwood
ISP and MSP get together
ISP Timico Technology Group (TTG) has devoured unified comms minnow Redwood Telecommunication for an undisclosed sum.
London-based Avaya and Mitel reseller Redwood employs 28 staff and counts Jimmy Choo and Broadgate Estates among its customer list.
Tim Radford, chairman at TTG, said the IP telephony and UC services that Redwood brings to the table will work well with its mobile, data, networking and hosting provision offered elsewhere in the group.
"There is a strong cultural fit and its London base will enable Timico to build a presence in this important market," he said in a PR blurb.
TTG financials for the year to 31 December 2010 showed the firm made a pre-tax profit of £1.1m on the back of sales of £27.8m. Redwood filed abbreviated accounts for fiscal 2011 showing it made a profit of just £23,000.
Charlie Whelpton, MD and co-founder at Redwood, who will continue to manage the biz as an independent sub-contractor, talked up the cross selling potential between the two firms. ®
Sponsored: Becoming a Pragmatic Security Leader


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Kroth Stonegrinder and and his squire Lanseril Snowmantle have traveled to the mouth of the Dragansruth River with the aid of a Lenfald guide. Kroth is attempting to bring some water from the mouth of the river to his Lord. Lord Aldolphus (the Lord of Havenhill) believes fire from which the water springs with imbue the water with the power to super-heat the drinker and cure them of any illness. Lord Aldolphus wants to use the water to cure the on-going illness that has been ailing his wife for the last several months.
Information about the Dragansruth, river comes from www.flickr.com/photos/elderon/6957906182/in/photostream/
Made for the Heroes Guild - Apprentice 2 at LCC
More photos can be found on Flickr including a few close ups.
Any comments, suggestions and/or criticism are welcome


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The commercialisation of Twitter continues apace in 2014, opening up increasingly sophisticated opportunities for marketers. As always, innovation is being led from the US, which accounts for 30 per cent of all monthly active users and around 75 per cent of the company's total revenue. But where the US leads, the UK – its largest international market – is sure to follow.
Bruce Daisley, the managing director of Twitter UK, and his team (which includes 32 "sales" staff) are believed to have generated about £45 million in ad revenues in 2013. Ambitious budgets have been set for 2014. Whether the targets are met will depend, in no small part, on Twitter's ability to personalise and localise its ads (Promoted Tweets) by harnessing third-party data.
The global roll-out of its tailored retargeting service last month was a pivotal move. It meant advertisers and agencies could, for the first time, reach users on Twitter who have shown an interest in their brand or category, based on websites they have visited.
Last week, Twitter enhanced the offering to allow advertisers to define existing and potential customers using e-mail addresses from a brand's own database or those held by media agencies or other parties.
The addresses (which are "unreadable scrambles" to protect users' privacy) can be matched to Twitter accounts to show specific Promoted Tweets.
For broader campaigns where e-mails are harder to come by, tailored audiences can be compiled based on user names or Twitter handles.
Daisley says: "We've been working hard to provide brands with all of the tools they asked for to reach our growing audience."
The retargeting service follows a study in November that suggested Twitter has overtaken Facebook as the most important social media network for teenagers. Twenty-six per cent of teens surveyed rated Twitter as their "most important" social media site, while Facebook fell from 42 per cent to 23 per cent in the poll by Piper Jaffray. That said, how important the teen market is to social networks trying to make money from advertising is open to debate.
But one thing is certain: more brands are now experimenting with Twitter. Before Christmas, Asda used the site to attract shoppers via the hashtag #asdablackfriday, in addition to keyword- and interest-targeting.
The activity tracked 5,000 mentions over five days and hit a potential 7.5 million timelines. The engagement rate reached a high of 13 per cent (measured through replies and retweets). Overall, the campaign is reported to have generated more than 57,000 engagements while boosting Asda's own Twitter following by 3,500 users.
There's plenty of scepticism about Twitter's effectiveness and its engagement metrics. A McKinsey & Company study added to the debate last week when it concluded that e-mail marketing is 40 times more effective at building customers than Facebook and Twitter combined.
However, with more than 15 million UK users, and with Daisley's team believed to be targeting £95 million in ad revenues this year, Twitter is clearly vying to enter the big league and become a major media force in 2014.


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Israel News - Stay Informed, Pray Informed
Iranian television over the weekend aired a special program threatening Israel and simulating the destruction of Tel Aviv.
As part of a documentary titled "The Nightmare of Vultures," the public was treated to computer-generated simulations of Iranian aircraft and missiles destroying civilian targets such as Hamedina Square, Ben Gurion Airport and the Azrieli Towers in Tel Aviv.
The simulations were interspersed with footage of Israelis seeking shelter during the Second Lebanon War in 2006, when Hezbollah fired thousands of missiles into northern Israel.
Iranian military officials also warned that they could easily sink American ships stationed in the region, and boasted of having the Middle East's largest army. They claimed that an Iranian fleet is already sailing for America's territorial waters.
While US officials were understandably unimpressed with the threats, the Iranian bluster again demonstrated that the Islamic Republic does indeed have hostile intentions toward Israel, and as such should be prevented from attaining nuclear weapons.
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fernandoZe needed a new print or packaging design and created a contest on 99designs.
A winner was selected from 80 designs submitted by 15 freelance designers.
Bajo Cero 100% Tequila
We are an importer/wholesaler of two premium 100% agave tequila's Silver & Reposado. We launched both products in Canada in 2007. We are now launching into the USA and would like to have a revamped label!
Bottle Information: "Bordaleza" please check link
1. Our bottle is simple...we want a TRENDY, SLEEK and SOPHISTICATED design
2. When creating the label, please send us the front and back label and keep in mind that we have two types: Tequila Silver (White) & Tequila Reposado (Light Honey Color).
3. Open Creativity welcome!
- Bajo cero will be targeted to middle America, primarily in California, Nevada, Chicago and Texas.
- Our key retail price points are $25 to $35
Also note Bajo Cero translated in English means Below Cero because we recommend serving it chilled!!
Quote to give you visual:
"Through Mexico's long, complicated, often violent history - from Aztec warriors to the Spanish conquistadores to Pancho Villa to the drug gangs of today - one drink, an ancient sacrament and gift from the gods, has remained a constant in the culture: tequila"


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The Tennessee Titans announced Tuesday they have agreed to terms with former St. Louis Rams offensive lineman Rob Turner.
Turner can play both guard and center and started all 16 games for the Rams last season.
"Turner is a guy who got his first opportunity to start last year and he played well," Titans G.M. Ruston Webster said via the team's official website. "He spent time as a starter at both center and guard, so we liked his versatility. He will come here to compete and will either earn a starting role or fill a role as a swing guy for the middle spots."
Turner spent the first five seasons of his career with the New York Jets before signing in St. Louis last season. Last year with the Rams was the first chance he had to start consistently in the NFL. He's appeared in 57 games with 18 starts over six seasons. He missed the entire 2011 with the Jets after suffering a broken leg during the preseason.


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SMART Boards are revolutionizing today's classroom. Using these exciting interactive whiteboards, you can create multimedia lessons that engage learners and address their diverse needs.
But having SMART Boards in the classroom and knowing how to use them to provide quality instruction are two different things! If you have a Smart Board in your classroom but have little training in using it, you may be wondering—"What on earth do I do with it?"
In this class, you'll discover how to create outstanding presentations with SMART Board and SMART Notebook technology. You'll explore the basics of using these tools and discover how to create your own SMART board lessons blending text, videos, and graphics. You'll also go beyond the bells and whistles and look at specific ways to use SMART technology to broaden your content and make your lessons accessible to all students. Finally, you'll get some simple trouble-shooting tips that will come in handy if your SMART board isn't acting as smart as it should.
By the time you're done with this course, you'll be an expert at using your new high-tech tools to plan SMART board lessons that provide engaging, thought-provoking, and easy-to-update material for today's media-savvy learners.
Note: To receive 25 hours of instruction in the State of Oregon, please ensure your school is eligible to issue professional development units, and that the course is approved by your professional learning coordinator.
Lori Elliott, EdD, began her high-tech journey when her son brought home an iPod. Soon after, this veteran educator started wondering, "What if I could use technology as a way to reach my students and help them share ideas with each other?" With nearly 20 years of classroom teaching experience and a Doctor of Education degree, Lori has a passion for bringing the best of today's educational technology to the classroom. She's also the author of several books, including Teach Like a Techie, Accidental Techie to the Rescue, and Teach Like a Techie With Apps. With her secrets, you'll soon be able to speak the language of your digital native students.
Complete the form below and click the Reset Password button. If
we find your password, we'll send password reset instructions to the e-mail address
we have on record for you.


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Well, I love PTA , he said bad things about fight club. Should I start hating it because his opinion?
what did PTA say about FIGHT CLUB?
Quote from: rudieobwhat did PTA say about FIGHT CLUB?he said cancer jokes =
The first rule of Fight Club is: You don't talk about Fight Club.
I think PTA was just reacting to his personal experiences with cancer, and how he felt like "Fight Club" was making light of the subject. But hey, he didn't like "Go" either, so whatever.?


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Accident Slows Traffic on I-29 [UPDATE]
An injury accident this morning on Interstate 29 has slowed traffic on the southbound lane to a standstill. As many as 20-30 trucks were backed up because of the accident. The accident is at mile marker 57. According to twitter reports, A Menards semi is one of the vehicles involved in the accident on I-29.
Authorities have tried to dispatch helicopters to the crash site but have been unable to because of the weather.
We have taken several calls saying that it is the Southbound lane that is being affected.


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127.190.233.77 - Lookup IP Address
127.190.233.77's full geographical location is available on our interactive map and you can also see the "whois" data for this address. Range information: 127.190.233.77
Find IP Address LookupFind IP address lookup for: 127.190.233.77 .
IP Address Location
The IP address is located here.
Local IP Addresses
Other IP addresses local to this one.
Extended IP Address Information
IP Address Breakdown Into Binary Components
IPv4 Mapped IPv6 Address
::ffff:127.190.233.77(IPv4 mapped IPv6)
::ffff:7f:be:e9:4d(IPv4 mapped IPv6, raw IPv6)


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Like every generation of Hero shell before it, the Hero3's clear shell is completely user-serviceable with the ability to replace any component from the lens to the door to the body itself independently. It also retains compatibility with GoPro's entire catalog of mounting options.
Improved video processor
Next, we come to the improved image processor: the component of the Hero3 that most differentiates the Black, White, and Silver editions.
The Black Edition has the newest, fastest processor of the bunch, packing twice the pixel-crunching horsepower of the Hero 2 that we loved so much. In addition to delivering video that is claimed to be twice as sharp as the Hero 2's with improved low-light performance, the Black Edition is able to capture 1080p full-HD video at up to 60fps, 960p Tall HD video (4:3 aspect ratio) at up to 100fps, 720p HD at up to 120fps, and WVGA 480p video at up to 240fps, making it good for slow-motion video.
Users wanting to capture more pixels also have the option of capturing video at 1440p (4:3 aspect ratio) at up to 48fps, 4K Cinema at 12fps, or 2.7K Cinema at up to 30fps. These ultra high resolutions are too pixel dense to be displayed on anything but the most cutting-edge monitors and the 15fps cap of 4K Cinema almost renders it useless for anything but slow, panning establishing shots, but I can see the 2.7K and 1440p resolutions being useful for users who want to have some extra pixels for image stabilization or cropping software to work with.
The Black Edition can also capture still photos at up to 12MP (with 7MP and 5MP modes available) in four different modes: single-shot, time-lapse, burst, and continuous. Time-lapse intervals can be set increments ranging from every half-second to a shot every 60 seconds. Burst modes range from 3fps for one second to 30fps for a 3-second burst, snapping off 90 shots with one button press. The Black Edition also has the unique ability to simultaneously capture still photos while it's recording video with intervals ranging from every 5 to 60 seconds.
The Hero3 Silver Edition uses essentially the same processor as the Hero 2's, so it lacks the Protune mode and its 4K, 2.7K, and 1440p video resolutions. Additionally, its 1080p video caps at 30fps, 960p at 48fps, 720p at 60fps, and WVGA at 120fps. Still photos max out at 11MP with a maximum burst rate of 10fps over 2 seconds. The Silver Edition also lacks the ability to simultaneously capture photos while recording video.
Finally, the White Edition uses an even lower-capped processor. It's HD video caps out at 30fps for 1080p and 960p and 60fps for 720p and WVGA. Still photos are captured at only 5MP with a maximum burst of 3fps over a single second.
Video samples: Black Edition
Note: Be sure to play back the sample in full-screen and in YouTube's HD mode to view the full-resolution video.
In sum
The $399.99 flagship GoPro Hero3 Black Edition goes head-to-head and toe-to-toe with the top of line Contour+2, which retails for the same price. Both cameras offer great HD video quality and both cameras ship with waterproof, ruggedized plastic shells to protect your investment. Both feature built-in wireless connectivity with smartphone apps: GoPro uses Wi-Fi; Contour uses Bluetooth. The Contour+2 wins a round with its ability to record and embed GPS elevation and speed data into its videos and the fact that it ships with video editing software, while the GoPro offers neither. I've also noted on many occasions that the Contour is easier for novices to use, with its slide and record control scheme.
However, the Hero3's smaller chassis, on-device display and controls, and superior resolutions and available frame rates make it the obvious winner in a spec battle. If you're a semi-professional or prosumer sports camera enthusiast, taking an extra day to figure out the Hero3's more complex control scheme is totally worth the greater amount of on-device flexibility of shooting modes.
However, at about four Benjamins, the Hero3 Black Edition may be too much camera for your average consumer who only occasionally hits the slopes or is only uploading to YouTube or Facebook. For those who don't need 4K video or want to hold off on buying the Wi-Fi remote, the $299.99 Silver Edition and $199.99 White Edition meet the right price points, but come into competition with the newly announced ContourRoam 2.


text: On Thu, May 27, 2004 at 12:01:09PM -0700, beowulf-request at beowulf.org wrote: > Date: Thu, 27 May 2004 10:19:00 -0400 (EDT) > From: "Robert G. Brown" <rgb at phy.duke.edu> > Primary tasks: matlab and stata jobs, run either interactively/remote > or (more likely) in batch mode. Jobs include both "short" jobs that > Constraint: matlab requires a license managed by a license manager. Have they considered running Octave rather than Matlab? Depending on what special-purpose Matlab add-on modules they're using, that might or might not be practical, but if it is, using Octave should reduce their cluster and license hassles. (I've never used either of the two dialects myself though, so have them ask someone who really knows...) -- Andrew Piskorski <atp at piskorski.com> http://www.piskorski.com/


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August in review...
by, August 30th, 2013 at 02:44 PM (1014 Views)
I've just entered into the FLOG my penultimate swim of the month and my bio-data from this morning. I decided to look at my monthly totals, since it is the 30th, to see how it was looking going into tomorrow's postal 5K (what a way to end the month btw!) and do some comparisons with previous months this year.
MILEAGE: I'm at 48.8 miles for August, which means the 5K postal will put me over 50 miles for the first time since January. I've been averaging 45 miles/month since January, mostly 47-48, but some 43-mile "recovery" months in there too.
WEIGHT: Average weight this month: 169 lbs. Last month: 175.xx. Before that, I was almost invariably in the 177-178 range for the whole year. For the last couple of weeks my average weight has been closer to 167-168, which means that September's average promises to be even lower. Thing is, I'm not even trying to lose weight. After more than 6 weeks on a purely vegan diet, and avoiding processed, packaged foods wherever possible, I can eat till I'm full at every meal, snack healthfully, and still see the scale flashing numbers I haven't seen this consistently since my first couple of years in college. Bonus: fruits taste way sweeter; the higher calorie refined sugars are way too sweet for me now, so when I do put sugar in the vegan pancake recipe, or have more than 2-3 vegan chocolate chip oatmeal cookies, it tastes too sweet in the moment, and, more importantly, makes me feel rotten a little while later... so I read my body better, it's not numbed by sugar/high-fructose corn syrup addiction, i.e., in constant need of the next high.
RESTING HEART RATE: average for August was 43.9. Every month before that was averaging 47-48. A difference of 3-4 beats might not seem significant on a daily basis, but for a month-long average I think this is an important indicator. I think it means that my heart is having to work less hard when I'm at rest and that I'm going to recover better as result. I hope it means that my arteries are regaining elasticity and that my blood cholesterol is on the decline.
I've done 3600 yards over the last two days in the lake; 1800 each day. A little bit of recovery from the hard swimming earlier this week. Yesterday I did 500 fr, 500 bk and then a mix of all 4 strokes for the final 800. Today I did 200 fr relaxed followed by 100 bk and 100 br, and repeated that 2+1+1 pattern three more times; finished with an ez 200 fr. Lake water temp was perfect both days; and early mornings out there have been glorious!


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I've spent a few weeks with the EOS M6 now... and I find that it's a reasonably well rounded camera. There's just a couple of small things that irritate me that probably wouldn't bother other users. It's a snappy and responsive camera compared to the original EOS M (mark 1) model and I find it easy and fun to use. There's quite a few owners out there... I'd love to see what shots others are taking with the EOS M6.
* Crisp, detailed images.
* Faster Auto Focus with greater accuracy.
* Flip LCD screen is sharp, clear and touch-responsive.
* The colors are cooler than what I'm used to (compared to other Canon cameras).
* Shutter sound is LOUD.
* Function beeps (buttons etc) have no volume adjustment... just on/off.
Would I recommend it to friends? Yes.
EOS M6 + EF-M 11-22mm f/4-5.6 IS STM lens - In-camera HDR shot (x3) combined in CS6. Technically 3 HDR shots (9 images total) combined.


text: Hey Jeremy, Its good to see another student admin at a university on here. Welcome to the list. There are a lot of top-notch people on here that you can learn a lot from. I've been admining at my univ. for about 3 years now and plan on doing so even after I graduate. With a C.S. background, you'll probably find lots of interesting things involved with Cryptography or Image/Video processing. I'm working on a video compression format right now and will likely write up a parallel encoder for AVI's into my format. Maybe my boss will post and give you some ideas on what to research as he's working on his PhD and probably has a better idea than I do on what you can accomplish on a cluster as a C.S. major. And I'm sure RGB could come up with some mind-blowers if you are really up to the task. Good luck and welcome to the list. Brian Smith On Fri, 2005-02-18 at 10:44 -0600, streich at uwm.edu wrote: > Hello all, > > I'm new to the list and just thought I'd introduce myself, as will probably be > posting to the list a bit. I'm a system administrator for a Beowulf cluster at > UW-Milwaukee. It's a 22 node 2.4GHz Intel cluster running Linux that is > dedicated to studying clouds (using wrf and COAMPS (MPI based software)). It's > a student job, and a lot of fun. I'm a Computer Science major, and have all > the Computer Science course done (just have a few math classes left). > > I'm starting to think about Grad school and Master Thesis stuff, though that is > a little way off. Along this vein, if anyone has any suggestions as to hot > research topics a CS major with access to a few spare clock cycles Beowulf > cluster might be interested in, please feel free to send them to me. ;) > > I've only been admin-ing the cluster for about a year, so I don't know how much > I'll be able to help people with questions... But I may throw an idea out once > in a while. I suppose here I may be asking more than answering the questions, > as it seems a lot of you have quite a bit of experience with larger clusters. > > - Jeremy > _______________________________________________ > Beowulf mailing list, Beowulf at beowulf.org > To change your subscription (digest mode or unsubscribe) visit http://www.beowulf.org/mailman/listinfo/beowulf -- _______________________________________ | Brian R Smith | | Systems Administrator | | Research Computing Core Facility | | University of South Florida | | Phone: 1(813)974-1467 | | 4202 E Fowler Ave, LIB 613 | _______________________________________