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Nilo-Saharan languages, a group of languages that form one of the four language stocks or families on the African continent, the others being Afro-Asiatic, Khoisan, and Niger-Congo. The Nilo-Saharan languages are presumed to be descended from a common ancestral language and, therefore, to be genetically related. The family covers major areas east and north of Lake Victoria in East Africa and extends westward as far as the Niger valley in Mali, West Africa. Its genetic unity was first proposed in a classificatory study dating from 1963 by the American linguist and anthropologist Joseph H. Greenberg.
History of classification
Whereas the first grammars of African languages probably date to the 17th century, it was especially during the 19th century that European missionaries and explorers set out to study the vast number of languages on the continent. The same era saw the commencement of comparative studies in which the historical relationships between these languages became a central issue. The German Egyptologist Karl Richard Lepsius, for example, arrived at a three-way classification of the languages on the continent: a northern zone, a middle zone, and a southern zone. But, whereas in the case of the West African members of the so-called middle zone (also referred to as "Sudanic," after the Arabic expression for "the lands of the blacks") clear-cut evidence for genetic relationship was gradually forthcoming during the next decades, several central as well as the eastern representatives did not fit in easily with the rest. As the eminent German Africanist Diedrich Westermann observed in a number of studies he published in the 1920s and '30s, languages of this Sudanic belt were of two kinds: those languages of western and south-central Africa that showed affinities with languages in southern Africa (the latter had come to be known as Bantu languages) and those in the north-central and eastern parts of the continent that did not. This led Westermann to postulate three groups of so-called Sudanic languages: Western Sudanic, Central Sudanic, and Eastern Sudanic.
In a groundbreaking comparative study of African languages that was published in a series of articles between 1949 and 1954 and reprinted in book form in 1955, Greenberg postulated the existence of a new family he termed Macro-Sudanic. Because many of the languages included in this family were located in the watersheds of the Chari and Nile rivers or in the areas between them, the name Macro-Sudanic was subsequently changed to Chari-Nile. This new name helped to distinguish Greenberg's grouping from the Sudanic of some of Greenberg's intellectual predecessors. Greenberg's Chari-Nile family included, among others, a Central Sudanic and an Eastern Sudanic branch. The latter were coterminous with, but not entirely identical to, Westermann's Central Sudanic and Eastern Sudanic groups, since specific languages and language groups had been added or excluded from these groups by Greenberg. In his classificatory work, Greenberg further followed the lead of scholars such as Margaret A. Bryan, Carlo Conti Rossini, Sir Harry Johnston, Johannes Lukas, G.W. Murray, Roland C. Stevenson, and Archibald N. Tucker, whose pioneering descriptive and comparative work had resulted in more detailed knowledge of the language map of eastern and central Africa.
In a follow-up study published in 1963, purporting to be a new and comprehensive genetic classification of African languages, Greenberg postulated the Nilo-Saharan family. This superstock was essentially the earlier Chari-Nile family together with certain languages or groups formerly assigned to independent and historically isolated units. The Chari-Nile designation is now considered obsolete. In addition to Kunama, Berta, and the Eastern Sudanic and Central Sudanic languages (once in the Chari-Nile group), most scholars now consider Nilo-Saharan to include Songhai, Saharan, Maban, Komuz, and Fur.
A further reclassification in terms of genetic affiliation, also made possible as a result of improved knowledge, occurred with respect to a group of languages known as Kadu (or Kadugli-Krongo, formerly Tumtum) spoken in the Nuba Hills of Sudan. Its Nilo-Saharan affiliation is now widely accepted. In Greenberg's 1963 comparative study of African languages, however, the Kadu languages had been classified as Kordofanian—a branch of Niger-Congo—although it had already been pointed out that this group showed considerable divergence from the rest.
Designations and classifications of the Nilo-Saharan languages are provided in the table.
|former classification (1963)
|current classification
|Eastern Sudanic
|Eastern Sudanic
|Murle, etc.
|Eastern Jebel
|Nyimang, Afitti
|Nyima, Afitti
|Temein, Keiga Jirru
|Temein, Teis-um-Danab
|Merarit, Tama, Sungor
|Dagu of Darfur, etc.
|Nyangiya, Teuso
|Central Sudanic
|Central Sudanic
The postulated genetic unity of Nilo-Saharan is now widely accepted, but its internal classification, and especially the integrity of larger units proposed by Greenberg, such as Eastern Sudanic, has been questioned. Overall historical-comparative work in the strict sense, using Neogrammarian notions of regular sound correspondences between cognate forms in related languages and notions of shared innovations in order to arrive at proper subclassifications (as developed in the comparative study of Indo-European languages), is still lacking for the family as a whole. Considerable progress has been made, however, in the comparative study of several well-established lower-level units such as Nilotic, Nubian, and Saharan. These studies have revealed such additional information as a closer historical affinity between certain branches—for example, between the Nilotic and Surmic and the Nubian and Taman groups.
A number of scholars have suggested that Nilo-Saharan forms a larger genetic unit with Niger-Congo. Some scholars also have argued that the Meroitic language—which survives only in inscriptions, as it became extinct after the Meroe kingdom (or kingdom of Cush [Kush]) fell to the expanding Ethiopian empire of Aksum in the 4th century ce—belongs to the Nilo-Saharan family.
The diffusion of Nilo-Saharan languages
The original expansion of the Nilo-Saharan family may have been associated with the Aquatic industry. This industry, which dates to the 8th millennium bce, is a conglomeration of cultures that exploited the food resources of lakes, rivers, and surrounding areas from Lake Rudolf in East Africa to the bend of the Niger River in West Africa during a long era of wetter climate and higher lake levels than prevail today. The subsequent deterioration of the Saharan environment in the 6th millennium bce may be the reason for the relative geographic and linguistic isolation of several groups, especially in the western and central zones—e.g., the geographic locations where the Songhai, Saharan, Fur, Maban, Taman, or Daju languages were situated at the end of the 20th century.
In recent times several Nilo-Saharan languages in these areas, such as Fur, Kanuri, and Songhai, became associated with centralized political units whose states formed important chains in trans-Saharan trade routes. The Songhai language, now spoken by more than a million people living along the Niger River in West Africa from Mali to Nigeria, developed into the lingua franca of the Songhai empire, which reached its peak in the 15th century. The Songhai speech community probably absorbed speakers from various other linguistic communities through a process of primary language shift. Other modern Nilo-Saharan languages with more than a million speakers are the Saharan language Kanuri (mainly in Nigeria), Nile Nubian, and the Nilotic languages Dinka (South Sudan), Kalenjin (Kenya), Luo (mainly in Kenya and Tanzania), and Teso (Uganda and Kenya). Of these, only Kanuri is a lingua franca in the proper sense.
Such processes of linguistic expansion, while presumably common in human history, sometimes result in the extinction of other languages as the domains of language use begin to overlap to the extent that one of them becomes obsolete. Although the situation was somewhat less dramatic than in some other parts of the world, a number of Nilo-Saharan languages were endangered at the beginning of the 21st century because their speakers shifted toward other primary languages for daily communication. Such shifts can be observed for a number of Nilo-Saharan languages spoken by ethnic groups that generally number fewer than 1,000 speakers—e.g., the Kuliak language Nyang'i (Uganda), the Surmic language Kwegu (Ethiopia), and the Nilotic language Okiek (Kenya). Gule (or Anej), a Komuz language of Sudan, is now extinct, and the people speak Arabic.
The Maban languages, including Masalit, in Chad also are under pressure from Arabic, an important lingua franca and a prestigious language of education in the area. These gradual shifts in language domains sometimes are accelerated by other factors. The construction of the Aswan High Dam in Egypt in the 1960s, for example, forced many speakers of the Nile Nubian variety of Kenuz and Fadicca to abandon their ancestral land along the Nile, between Aswān and the Sudanese border, and to relocate to "New Nubia," north of Aswān. An increase in daily contact with speakers of Arabic and the higher prestige of this official language of Egypt have resulted in a decrease in Nubian language use and competence. Massive resettlement schemes in the 1980s and '90s for Sudanese refugees in such neighbouring countries as Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo have led to new multilingual settings. Moreover, modern urbanization may turn out to have a catalytic effect on the diffusion of particular languages at the expense of others. The majority of the more than 100 Nilo-Saharan languages nevertheless thrive as oral, and sometimes as written, means of communication.
Linguistic characteristics
The considerable typological diversity that characterizes the Nilo-Saharan languages corresponds to their wide geographic spread. Structural properties—for example, with respect to sound systems and word order—often are shared with unrelated neighbouring language groups. Thus, rich and complex consonant systems with universally rare distinctions—such as voiceless ejective versus voiced implosive consonants—are found, for example, in Koma, a Komuz language of western Ethiopia; comparable consonant distinctions occur in such Omotic (Afro-Asiatic) languages as Maale (southwestern Ethiopia). Several Central Sudanic languages, most of which are situated along the southern fringe of the Nilo-Saharan zone, share the presence of complex consonant systems with neighbouring Adamawa-Ubangi (Niger-Congo) languages. On the other hand, southern representatives of Nilotic have relatively simple consonant systems, as are common in neighbouring Bantu languages (which belong to the Niger-Congo language family). Such areal diffusion of properties usually results from extensive historical contacts and mutual borrowing not only of lexical items but also of structural features in situations of long-term bilingualism.
Areal features
Most Nilo-Saharan languages are tonal; i.e., they use relative pitch on a syllable or word to mark lexical or grammatical distinctions. A number of them—western varieties of Songhai or northern varieties of Nubian—border on nontonal languages and are themselves only marginally tonal. On the other hand, languages in central Africa, such as the western dialect of Lugbara (a Central Sudanic language spoken in the border area of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Uganda and bordering on highly tonal Niger-Congo languages), sometimes distinguish between as many as four tonal levels.
Vowel harmony
An additional areal feature, prominent especially in the Central Sudanic and in the Nilotic and Surmic groups of Eastern Sudanic and shared by neighbouring Niger-Congo languages, is that of vowel harmony. This feature restricts the co-occurrence in any given word of vowels that belong to more than one of two harmonic sets. Each of these harmonic sets includes five vowels, one set being produced with an advanced tongue root and the other with a retracted tongue root. In such Western Nilotic languages as Dinka, this contrast has developed further into a contrast between breathy voice and creaky (or hard) voice. Dinka has developed another universally rare feature, namely a three-way length distinction for vowels.
Word order
As observed by Greenberg in his language typology work, the position of the verb relative to the subject or object is known to correspond, in statistically significant ways, with other syntactic properties. Languages placing the verb before the subject and the object, for example, tend to have prepositions and auxiliaries preceding the main verb, whereas languages placing the verb after the subject and object tend to have postpositions and auxiliaries following the verb. Both of these typological extremes are represented in the Nilo-Saharan family. Nilo-Saharan languages spoken in the more eastern zones, such as many Nilotic and several Surmic languages as well as those belonging to the Kuliak and Kadu groups, belong to the former type, whereas western and northern Nilo-Saharan languages such as Fur, Kunama, and the Maban and Nubian languages have verb-final structures. Alternatively, word order is relatively free in some Surmic languages. It alternates between a verb–object order and auxiliary–object–verb order in Central Sudanic. Syntactic relations between constituents tend to be expressed by way of case-marking suffixes (or sometimes tonal inflection)—for example, for nominative, absolutive, accusative, genitive, dative, locative, associative, and instrumental case, although none of these necessarily co-occur in all languages at the same time.
Apart from widespread lexical roots whose form and meaning relationships are similar, there are grammatical properties that clearly point toward a common historical origin for the Nilo-Saharan languages. Bari, a Nilotic language of South Sudan, demonstrates one widespread morphological property whereby either the singular or the plural form of a noun is expressed by the basic, morphologically simplex, form, as in rima' 'blood,' rima-tat 'a drop of blood'; nyɔmɔt 'seeds,' nyɔmɔt-ti; 'seed'; Bari 'Bari people (plural),' Bari-nit 'Bari person (singular).' In addition, collective forms occur (e.g., nyɔmɔt-an 'many kinds of seeds'), as do replacement patterns, a technique whereby both the singular and the plural are marked by way of number-marking suffixes (grammatical elements following the core or root of a word, as in the above examples). Such number-marking systems occur in a wide variety of Nilo-Saharan languages, usually in a plethora of forms. As several of the attested number-marking suffixes are similar or identical in form across languages, they most likely go back to a common ancestor.
The verb tends to constitute the most complex aspect of Nilo-Saharan languages. It frequently involves extensive marking for conjugational features such as person, number, tense (the expression of time), aspect, or voice, with consonant mutation often accompanying such morphological processes. A widespread and rather permanent distinction is that between perfective/imperfective aspect verb stems in such distantly related groups as Saharan, Taman, Nyimang, and the Surmic languages. The verbal markers for causative, dative, and negation also tend to be similar in form. Furthermore, specific verbal inflectional features, such as the widespread forms for the first person singular (usually a verbal prefix a-) and second person singular (usually a verbal prefix i-), are best explained as retentions from a common ancestral language.
Gender distinctions between masculine and feminine (or neuter) nouns are common in the neighbouring Afro-Asiatic family (as they are in Indo-European languages) but not in Nilo-Saharan, which has only a few exceptions. Gender as a derivational property of nouns is found, for example, in Southern and Western Nilotic languages, whereas in the Eastern Nilotic languages it has developed into a fully inflectional property of nouns—i.e., all nouns are either inherently masculine or feminine; in a few Eastern Nilotic languages nouns may also have neuter gender as an inherent property. Early investigators of these easternmost representatives of Nilo-Saharan had claimed that these languages contained strong fundamental features from the "northern zone," also known as Hamitic (and subsequently renamed Cushitic, now part of Afro-Asiatic). The extent and meaning of this so-called "Hamitic component" in Masai and other Nilotic languages was to become a major taxonomic issue at the beginning of the 20th century. The concept of language mixture (as an alternative to a uniform genetic classification into distinct language families) was defended most vigorously by the Africanist Carl Meinhof, who referred to these languages as "Nilo-Hamitic." But, as Greenberg pointed out in his classificatory work, the mere presence of gender points only toward typological similarities between languages. What is at the heart of a genetic relationship (and a presumed common historical origin from the same ancestral language) is a resemblance between languages in sound and meaning for basic vocabulary items as well as in the form and function of grammatical markers.
For most Nilo-Saharan languages, there is no ancient literary tradition. A notable exception is Old Nubian, which was probably in use among Christian communities between the 8th and the 11th centuries. This writing system, attested in manuscripts and inscriptions, was derived from that of Coptic, which was adapted mainly from the Greek alphabet, and to a lesser extent from the Meroitic script. Old Nubian was abandoned after Islam spread to this area of northern Sudan. Nubian languages occasionally have been written in Arabic script.
Although several Nilo-Saharan languages are used primarily as a means of oral communication, there is a widespread tendency among governments of modern African states to integrate these into the educational system, next to official (European) languages such as English (in Kenya, Nigeria, and Uganda) and French (in Chad, Côte d'Ivoire, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo). Such a policy may be combined with the use of a national language (Amharic in Ethiopia or Swahili in Kenya). Nilotic languages such as Luo, Masai, and Turkana are taught in primary schools in Kenya together with English and Swahili. The official policy of Sudan with respect to the use of vernacular languages along with Arabic and English has fluctuated during the decades after its independence in 1956. In Ethiopia, Amharic remained the sole medium for public communication and education until the reign of the emperor Haile Selassie was terminated in 1974. Thereafter several other languages (e.g., the Nilotic language Anywa) were introduced into the official educational system. Similarly, in Eritrea, which became an independent state in 1993, the use of Nilo-Saharan languages such as Kunama and Nera has been encouraged in educational policy at the primary level. Eritrea thereby followed the modern African trend of combining the use of official or national languages with that of regional and local languages.
An adapted form of the Fidal script, which was used for writing Amharic, has been developed for the orthographies of a number of Nilo-Saharan languages spoken in Ethiopia. Other orthographic traditions of writing for African languages generally are based on the Latin script, because it was mostly European missionaries who were instrumental in developing such orthographies, especially from the 19th century onward. In some of these languages there is a flourishing written literature today—in particular for Nilotic languages such as Luo or Acholi. The Ugandan writer Okot p'Bitek was among the first African writers to publish in his mother tongue (Acholi) rather than in English, French, or Portuguese.Gerrit J. Dimmendaal
Learn More in these related Britannica articles:
Sudan: LanguagesAfro-Asiatic, Nilo-Saharan, and Niger-Congo. The Afro-Asiatic languages, Arabic and the Bedawi language of the Beja, are the most widely spoken. The Nilo-Saharan languages include the many Nubian languages, spoken in various places across the country, the Zaghawa and Fur languages, spoken primarily in the west and…
Kenya: Ethnic groups and languagesgroups: Bantu, Nilo-Saharan, and Afro-Asiatic. Bantu is by far the largest, and its speakers are mainly concentrated in the southern third of the country. The Kikuyu, Kamba, Meru, and Nyika peoples occupy the fertile Central Rift highlands, while the Luhya and Gusii inhabit the Lake Victoria basin.…
South Sudan: Languages…Eastern Sudanic subbranch of the Nilo-Saharan language family. Chief among the Nilotic peoples are the Dinka, Nuer, Shilluk, Bari, and Anywa. The Zande and many other smaller ethnic groups speak various languages belonging to the Adamawa-Ubangi branch of the Niger-Congo family of languages. Arabic, a Semitic language of the…
Eastern Sudanic languages…the major divisions within the Nilo-Saharan language family. These languages are spoken from southern Egypt in the north to Tanzania in the south and from Ethiopia and Eritrea in the east to Chad in the west. During the first half of the 20th century, the term Eastern Sudanic was also…
Afro-Asiatic languages
Afro-Asiatic languages, languages of common origin found in the northern part of Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and some islands and adjacent areas in Western Asia. About 250 Afro-Asiatic languages are spoken today by a total of approximately 250 million people.…
More About Nilo-Saharan languages5 references found in Britannica articles
Assorted References
- relationship to Eastern Sudanic languages
distribution in Africa
- Kenya
- South Sudan
- Sudan


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A SUPERMARKET-style 'click and collect' scheme will be trialled in Accrington's Market Hall.
Busy shoppers who want to shop locally will be able to browse traders' goods online, pay for them, and then pick them up from one, single market stall.
The scheme means office workers could buy meat from the butcher, potatoes from the fruit and vegetables stall, and eggs from the dairy stall, pay online, and then pick up their goods together on their way home.
It has been hailed as unique by deputy council leader Clare Pritchard. She said: "This is something that has never been done before. It's very experimental and I'm very hopeful it will work.
"It will offer people who want to shop in the market an alternative."
The council approved a one-off grant of £10,000 for Burnley firm Scott Dawson Advertising Ltd to build and run the website. All money paid through the site will go directly to the traders, who will receive an email every time an order is placed.
A worker will then head to the stall and collect the goods, ready for picking up at a dedicated stall in the market hall.
The stall will be provided free of charge, at a cost to the council of around £6,000.
Coun Pritchard said: "The traders are coming together to offer all of their services.
"We are trialling it just for the market but hopefully it will spread.
"We need to offer something different, like the supermarkets do.
"We are never going to complete directly.
"But I understand that, but some people are saying the market is not convenient but they would shop there if it was."
The scheme, which was given the green light at a council meeting last Wednesday could be up and running in eight weeks.

subset: commoncrawl


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Wireless Performance Monitoring System Introduced for Vibratory Conveyors
Key Technology introduces SmartArm, a new wireless performance monitoring system for Iso-Flo vibratory conveyors that enables users to monitor asset or equipment shaker condition at any computer workstation. The system measures and reports speed and stroke to provide real-time analysis of shaker function, line-flow conditions, and trends at-a-glance. The SmartArm client also shows an alert when speed or stroke are out of tolerance. Empowering the shift from traditional time-based preventive maintenance to condition-based predictive maintenance, SmartArm not only prevents downtime and reduces labor, it also provides the opportunity to improve process efficiencies.
Available worldwide as an option on new Iso-Flo vibratory conveyors and as an upgrade for the installed base of Iso-Flo shakers with StrongArm and older spring arms, the SmartArm system includes a self-powered wireless SmartArm sensor, a remote base station, and licensed software. This monitoring system can be linked to the customer's plant-wide network to deliver line performance data and alerts to remote users.


text: We just had our yearly re-enactment of the farthest west Civil War battle which was fought at Picacho Peak, somewhere between Phoenix and Tucson on I-10. There are some who think they are still fighting the war. Andi At 01:53 PM 3/30/2005 -0600, Philip Oshel wrote: >The Civil War is only over to us northerners. There are plenty in South >who are still fighting it again. >I imagine the whole exchange has been amusing to the non-US folks. To whom >we are *all* Yankees, no matter how many syllables we put in "Mississippi". > >Phil > >>Although I'm not sure what all this WAHOOOO I LIVE IN TEXAS or WAHOOOO I >>LIVE IN "THE SOUTH" is all about (I really need to stop mass deleting >>emails), I really liked this one. Before all the >>Texans/Texians/Texicans/Rebs hop all over Ms. Stegall, keep in mind that >>thumping one's chest about how great a region/state is sounds great to those >>who live there but gets old quite quickly to "us >>northerners/yankies/etc...". The whole "yankies" thing always did astound >>me since it implies lasting unrest over the civil war (which the south, by >>the way, lost). Time to drop that one. I'll hold off on saying how >>wonderful "the north" is or on the experience I have had with "the south" >>since I have no desire to start the Civil War II. One nation/indivisible >>sounds good to me. >> >>Glen Dawson BS, HT & QIHC (ASCP) >>IHC Manager >>Milwaukee, WI >> >>-----Original Message----- >>From: Therersa Stegall [mailto:STEGTM <@t> samcstl.org] >>Sent: Wednesday, March 30, 2005 11:39 AM >>To: histonet <@t> lists.utsouthwestern.edu; asmith <@t> mail.barry.edu >>Subject: Re: [Histonet] Texians, OT >> >> >>Sounds good to me. I've lived in Texas, and we should let them have >>their independence, or return to Mexico, or whatever else the Texans, >>Texians, or Texicans want to do. The place is too flat (except for the >>rattlesnake infested mountains in the south), and too prone to tornados. >> I can't stand local football fanatics, and cheerleaders, well, yuk. >>I'm a Yankee who hasn't lived in the northeast since 1976, but I still >>speak understandable english. There is no "r" in wash, and crouch is a >>position, not a location. Enough, I'm starting to rant (again). St >>Louis isalright, but I'd rather be in the Tetons. >> >>_______________________________________________ >>Histonet mailing list >>Histonet <@t> lists.utsouthwestern.edu >>http://lists.utsouthwestern.edu/mailman/listinfo/histonet >> >>_______________________________________________ >>Histonet mailing list >>Histonet <@t> lists.utsouthwestern.edu >>http://lists.utsouthwestern.edu/mailman/listinfo/histonet > >-- >Philip Oshel >Supervisor, BBPIC microscopy facility >Department of Animal Sciences >University of Wisconsin >1675 Observatory Drive >Madison, WI 53706 >voice: (608) 263-4162 >fax: (608) 262-5157 (dept. fax) > >_______________________________________________ >Histonet mailing list >Histonet <@t> lists.utsouthwestern.edu >http://lists.utsouthwestern.edu/mailman/listinfo/histonet ..................................................................... : Andrea Grantham, HT(ASCP) Dept. of Cell Biology & Anatomy : : Sr. Research Specialist University of Arizona : : (office: AHSC 4212) P.O. Box 245044 : : (voice: 520-626-4415) Tucson, AZ 85724-5044 USA : : (FAX: 520-626-2097) (email: algranth <@t> u.arizona.edu) : :...................................................................: http://www.cba.arizona.edu/histology-lab.html


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Copyright Holder
The use of copyright material is one of the more complicating factors for symphony orchestras in the creation of electronic media activities. The questions you have to answer include:
- Is the work being performed under copyright or in public domain? (Be careful to check the copyright status of new "critical editions," which you may think is in public domain, but may have been given a renewed copyright in the "critical edition.")
- If it is under copyright, does the use require the permission of the copyright holder (i.e. a voluntary license granted by the copyright holder), is it subject to a compulsory license (automatically granted by the copyright holder, subject to the payment of required fees), or is it defined as "fair use" under copyright law?
- How much will it cost, if anything, to use the copyrighted work in an electronic format?
- Is the cost negotiable with the copyright holder or fixed by statute? Although mechanical license fees are fixed by copyright law, those releasing recordings of longer works often are able to use the long length as a rationale for negotiating a rate that is between 50% and 75% of the regular rate.
- Whom do I contact to determine and/or negotiate the cost?
Although the answers to the above questions are not always simple or clear, knowing where to start may help to minimize the time and confusion. Intellectual property attorney Corey Field, Esq., of the law firm Ballard Spahr Andrews & Ingersoll, LLP has put together a chart, which lists the sections of U.S. Copyright Law that apply to the electronic media use of different types of copyrighted works and where the corresponding authority rests for granting permission for the use. As with other legal issues, you are urged to use this chart only for general guidance and to consult with your own attorney about any questions you may have.
Here are links to some other copyright resources, with some basic information that may be useful:
U.S. Copyright:
- U.S. Copyright Office
- U.S. Copyright Law
- "Fair Use:" (see also FAQ 10(f))
Composer/Publisher Licensing:
M.E.L.O.N.: Multimedia and Entertainment Law Online News
The use of copyrighted material is one of the more complex areas of intellectual property law, particularly in the context of how to interpret provisions of the U.S. Copyright Act covering the electronic distribution of digital material. The topic is evolving constantly, and disputes about copyrighted material on the Web are making headlines; the results may affect how your orchestra uses copyrighted material online. In a newsletter sent out by the New York-based law firm of Proskauer Rose LLP, attorneys William M. Hart and Louis M. Solomon outline the issues in a recent law suit between Google (YouTube) and Viacom regarding Viacom-owned material on YouTube. If you are planning to put material on your orchestra's Web site, or find your own material on another Web site without your permission, be sure to contact your legal counsel.
The article is provided by the kind permission of Proskauer, Rose LLP. It is designed only to give general information on the developments actually covered. It is not intended to be a comprehensive summary of recent developments in the law, treat exhaustively the subjects covered, provide legal advice, or render a legal opinion.


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Texas Rep. Al Green chalked up a legislative victory in the Republican-controlled House of Representatives today when the House Financial Services Committee approved legislation containing three of his amendments.
The Houston Democrat's proposals covered various topics: cracking down on housing discrimination, ensuring that the Department of Housing & Urban Development would pay attention to veterans' housing issues, and assuring funding for Securities and Exchange Commission enforcement activities.
The amendments were passed on voice vote yesterday. The measure was approved by the Financial Services panel today.
Green's fair housing amendment was designed to guarantee that the Financial Services Committee will oversee enforcement of the Fair Housing Act of 1968 "to prevent invidious housing discrimination against consumers." More than four decades after the law was passed, HUD still investigates more than 25,000 discrimination reports a year.
"Invidious housing discrimination prevents Americans of all backgrounds from realizing the dream of homeownership," Green said. "Expansion of homeownership should not just be the dream of individuals, but also the goal of all Americans who want to grow our economy and allow all hardworking people to experience prosperity."
Green's housing measure continues his efforts on behalf of veterans' housing needs and homeless veterans.
"Veterans should have all the support possible from a grateful nation that asks so much of them," he said. "Ensuring our brave veterans are well taken care of transcends partisanship as well as ideology, and should remain one of the top priorities for our government."
Green's other proposal allows the Financial Services panel "to examine the effect possible cuts due to sequestration will have on the SEC's ability to meet its statutory obligations."
"We must ensure that the SEC's role as the financial police in our economy is not diminished," he said. "The SEC's important mission of protecting consumers from fraud promotes stability in our economy."


text:
Introduction to Zend Framework
Learning Zend Framework
Zend Framework Reference
Table of Contents
ZendX_Console_Process_Unix allows developers to spawn
an object as a new process, and so do multiple tasks in parallel on
console environments. Through its specific nature, it is only
working on *nix based systems like Linux, Solaris, Mac/OSx and such.
Additionally, the
pcntl_* and
posix_* modules are required for this component to
run. If one of the requirements is not met, it will throw an
exception after instantiating the component.
ZendX_Console_Process_Unix is an abstract class, which
requires the user to extend it. It has a single abstract method
_run() which has to be implemented to create a
working process. It also comes with multiple methods for checking
the alive status and share variables between the parent and the
child process.
_run() method and every method which is called
by it is executed by the child process. Every other method which is
called directly by the parent is executed by the parent process.
setVariable() and
getVariable() can be
used from both the parent- and the child process to share variables.
To observe the alive status, the child process should call
_setAlive() in a frequent interval, so that the parent
process can check the last alive time via
To get the PID of the child process, the parent can call
Example 1.1. Basic example for processing
This example illustrates a basic child process
class MyProcess extends ZendX_Console_Process_Unix
protected function _run()
for ($i = 0; $i < 10; $i++) {
// Doing something really important which can't wait: sleeping
// This part should last about 10 seconds, not 20.
$process1 = new MyProcess();
$process2 = new MyProcess();
while ($process1->isRunning() || $process2->isRunning()) {
echo 'All processes completed';
In this example a process is forked twice and executed. As every process runs 10 seconds, the parent process will be finished after 10 seconds (and not 20).


text:
Welkom bij E-wolk!
Fresh, spicy ginger root!
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text:
Given the rules in other sports, news that players have left the bench area to join a fight creates a sense that those players will be facing automatic suspensions.
In the NFL, that's not how it works.
"It's not automatic," NFL spokesman Greg Aiello told PFT via email on Sunday night regarding the question of whether, for example, Raiders defensive lineman Tommy Kelly will receive a suspension for joining the fray. "Specific facts and circumstances are evaluated case by case."
That evaluation undoubtedly will begin today, as the NFL looks at the various camera angles and tries to decide who should be fined or suspended.
The problem began when Raiders defensive end Lamarr Houston hit Bengals quarterback Andy Dalton following a false start. Cincinnati tackle Andrew Whitworth took exception, and it went downhill from there. The incident came on the first play after an inadvertent whistle wiped out a turnover by the Bengals.


text:
All Major Stations
www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in- 2015-06-03
Shri P.K.Srivastava, General Manager, SCR reviewed the "Passenger and Customer Facilitation Fortnight" Celebrations being held on the Zone with the Divisional Railway Managers of all the six Divisions of Secunderabad, Hyderabad, Guntur, Guntakal, Vijayawada and Nanded through a Video Conference at Rail Nilayam, Secunderabad today i.e., 3rd June, 2015. Several Principal Heads of Departments were also present during the Video Conference.
The "Passenger and Customer facilitation Fortnight" -"Railyatri/Upbhokta Pakhwada" Celebrations have commenced on 26thMay, 2015 all over Indian Railways and will continue till 9th June, 2015. The focus during the celebrations is towards Customer outreach, so as to build a cohesive and trustworthy rapport between Indian Railways and its users/customers.
During the Video Conference, Shri P.K.Srivastava, took a firsthand position on the implementation of the customer centric agenda set for the fortnight from all DRMs. He was all praise for the excellent work being undertaken as a part of the celebrations by all Divisions, which in turn has been acknowledge by the Hon'ble Minister of Railways himself. The General Manager, in particular expressed satisfaction that several Passenger related facilities/amenities are being commissioned at various stations in the fortnight. He was also happy that the initiative towards interacting with Rail users at various Railway stations and Trains to seek their feedback and suggestions is bearing fruit.
The DRMs furnished an account of report on various day to day activities undertaken until today on their Divisions. These include Road Shows, Public Awareness Programmes, Inaugurations of Passenger facilities/amenities, Cleanliness drives, Health Check up camps, Security drives, Ticket checking drives, Vigilance Checks, Safety Inspections, Seminars etc., The General Manager was also appraised on the plans drawn for the remaining days of the Fortnight long Celebrations.
(M. Umashankar Kumar)
Chief Public Relations Officer
www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in- 2015-06-02
Shri P.K.Srivastava, General Manager, South Central Railway visited Tirupati Railway Station today i.e., 2nd June, 2015 as a part of the rail users outreach programme in connection with the "Passenger and Customer Facilitation Fortnight" being celebrated on Indian Railways. The General Manager met Shri Chadalavada Krishnamurthy, Chairman, Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanam at the station premises.
During his visit, the General Manager inspected Passenger Amenities and Facilities at Tirupati Railway Station, which is one of the busiest rail hub on SCR. He also reviewed the plans and progress on various developmental works being undertaken at Tirupati Railway Station with Shri Manoj Joshi, Divisional Railway Manager, Guntakal Division, SCR. The General Manager made a thorough study of the CCTV monitoring network at the station, which is functioning as a part of the Integrated Security System (ISS) commissioned at Tirupati Railway Station to ensure high level of security.
Shri P.K.Srivastava interacted with the rail users seeking their feedback/suggestions to still more better the Railways system. The General Manager, later interacted with the Media and highlighted SCR's performance and achievements. He also spelt out SCRs focus towards ensuring Passenger comfort and making rail journey safe and secure.
(M. Umashankar Kumar)
Chief Public Relations Officer
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TAVARES, Fla., June 28 (UPI) -- Florida authorities said they arrested a man accused of giving nude pictures of his former roommate to the other man's co-workers, girlfriend and grandmother.
Lake County sheriff's deputies said Samuel Otero, 37, allegedly placed nude photos of his former roommate on cars belonging to the other man's coworkers and grandmother, Central Florida News 13 reported Friday.
The alleged victim told deputies he allowed Otero to take nude photos and videos of him in lieu of payment for room and board.
The man, who left Otero's home in August, said his former roommate has been texting him ever since and threatened Monday to shoot the victim and himself if they couldn't be together romantically.
Otero was arrested on a stalking charge Tuesday and released from jail after posting $5,500 bond.


text:
fiE CL.4RIO Bethel Colleg·e St. Paul. Minnesota October 3. 1975
Sue Lock beams following Thursdays coronatio" festivities ..
Sue was crowned this year's Homecoming Hostess.
Nursing at Bethel still under study
by Laura Alden
In 1961 Bethel College and MoundsMidway
H~spital School of Nursing considered
merging. Since that time, consistent
progress has brought the tWo
schools closer to that 14-year-old goal.
Last spring, Bethel contracted to staff
the liberal arts courses at Mounds-Midway.
However, plans for total adoption
of the nursing school are still under
Four issues face any final decision
regarding Bethel's ability to confer a
baccalaureate degree in nursing. First,
a large budget subsidy would be in
order, even if Mounds-Midway donated
its lab equipment. Director of Academic
Affairs Dwight Jessup estimated that
the cost would be more than $100,000
above the tuition of the nursing students.
A second issue concerns facilities. In
addition to classroom space, more office
space would be needed for the faculty.
Additional books and periodicals would
have to be supplied in the LRC.
The questions of cutback in other programs,
student displacement and malefemale
ratio must be dealt with also.
Finally, the compatability of a nursing
program within a liberal arts framework
must be established. Does a "professional"
program comply with Bethel's educational
While these issues are being discussed,
a program of Bethel/Mounds-Midway cooperation
goes on. Bethel faculty members
are teaching general education
courses at the nursing school for which
college credit is given at Bethel. The
program is coordinated by a committee
of personnel from both schools. Admission
of nursing students is handled by
Mounds-Midway based upor;t its own academic
requirements and Christian lifestyle
standards (similar to Bethel's).
The current program allows MoundsMidway
and Bethel students greater ease
of transfer. The nursing school has changed
its calendar to a 4-1-4 schedule
to match Bethel's. The program appears
to be working well for the time being~
Grass grows
at Bethel
by Diana Gonzalez
Virgin grass prairies are, for the most
part, a thing of the past. So it came
as a great surprise to biology professors .
Russ Johnson and Gregg Johnson when
they stumbled (not literally) upon some
Indian grass on campus last week.
The term "virgin grass prairie" does
not imply that man has never laid foot
on the land. It rather means that he
has never cultivated it or has never
built his roads and houses upon it.
Sorghastrum nutans (alias Indian
grass) will not grow where man has ;
disturbed the environment. Therefore, it
is very rare, particularly in Minnesota . .
The patch of virgin grassland at Bethel
ranges between one and two acres."lt
is the largest stand of Indian grass
I have seen," commented Rus~ J ohnson.
Indian grass belongs to the tall grass
prairies which, in the days when Indians
roamed the country, ranged from western
Missouri, Minnesota and most of Iowa
to the eastern Dakotas into Nebraska,
and even down into Kansas, Oklahoma
and Texas. The Twin Cities area is located
in a buffer zone whch separated the
forest from the grasslands. Thus, where
Bethel now stands, there was very likely
once a mixture of hardwoods and grasses,
sorghastrum nutans included.
In those days the Indians often set
prairie fires in the fall, stimulating the
grass to grow and eradicating the encroaching
forest. When frontiersmen
came to homestead, they eliminated fire.
)aks then invaded the running grasslands.
What grasslands they were! They were
dominated by a mixture of cordgrasses,
Indian grass (up to 6% feet tall) and
big bluestem (up to 12 feet) . A man
could ride horseback through the country
and hardly, if at aU, be seen.
Prairie conservation is a , very current
issue. The difficulty of it lies in the
fertility of the prairie - its soil is
the richest in the world. In Minnesota,
patches of virgin prairie this size are
continued on page 7
Birthday plans probed
As even the most unaware American knows, we are in the
early stages of the Bicentennial celebration. Festivities are
being planned and events initiated across the nation on
the eve of our country's 200th birthday. Patriotic fever
seems to be growing, especially in our own region of the country
(as evidenced by. the record crowds visiting the "Freedom
Train" at Minnehaha Falls). One of the biggest birthday
parties in the history of the world is just beginning.
The general spirit of the Bicentennial, as evidenced by
current media rhetoric, seems to be that of "get into America,"
and "build up, don't tear down our nation." This is
fine to a point; we should, as a nation, never become too
callous to realize the obvious virtues of America. However,
the excesses of such a spirit are already being manifested.
A pattern of obsessive back-patting and blind
nationalism is coming forth. The "love-it-or-Ieave-it" syndrome
seems to be part and parcel of the Bicentennial celebration.
It seems to us that America needs to carefully examine
her entire Bicentennial program. We must attempt to determine
where the past 200 years have taken us, and
what changes and improvements are needed as we face
a troubled future. To blindly acknowledge America's greatness
without genuine concern for the problems that impede
that greatness is to commit a major error.
Bethel College is a participant in this giant "birthday
build-up." This year's convocations will feature speakers
dealing with Bicentennial themes. This seems to be an excellent
way for Bethel to become involved in the national
festivities. However, let's fight against narrow-mindedness
this year. The last thing we need is a parade of toothygrinned,
alligator-shoed, flag waving Horatio Alger lookalikes.
It is our hope that this year's convocation speakers
will represent viewpoints. and backgrounds that reflect the
whole of the American scene, and not merely the upper middle
class. W.A.S.P. culture with which we are familiar.
IRE CIARlO
fhe Clarion is published weekly by
fhe sfudenfs of Befhel College and
welcomes concise leffers fo fhe
edifor. All leiters should be signed and
senf fo P.O. 91 by fhe Sunday preceding
Paul Healy
Bill Trollinger
,Carla Hage
Mary Norton
Arlan Swanson
Duane Turner
managing editor
copy coordinator
production supervisor
business manager
Visitors to our campus should have no trouble
finding their way, especially if they use the old
Snelling entrance.
Cho,ice Steaks
and tasty s,andwiche's
Bre'akfast' - Lunch - Dinner
Ho'urs: 6:30 a.m. to 10 p.m.
Wes,t Co. Rd. E at Snelling
Across from Flahe'rty's Bowl
) .
Pro,f examines-apathy
Dear Sir:
Your Student Senate probe was provocative.
I agree that student apathy
and the Senate's failure to establish itself
"as a legitimate and distinctive organ
of Bethel College" are two important
pieces in the puzzle.
But apathy arises not only from ignorance
but also from attitudes of superiority.
That is, one who is ignorant
of some ' matter is often unable to generate
much enthusiasm for dealing with
it. Second, one who thinks of himself
as superior may be unable to see value
in some particular matter.
Without sufficient evidence to the contrary,
the" typical student is likely to
assume that the Senate is not really
doing anything significant or that there
is no reason to understand what they
are all about.
Insofar as this is the case, the Senate
must focus on info·rming the student
body in efficient and effective ways.
For if students are uninformed, the informers
will have to take the . responsibility
if they hope to change things.
Secondly, the Senate must also focus
on highlighting . the importance of its
accomplishments so that a student can
come to believe that his own involvement
in it might be of value.
If a student looks at his own immediate
concerns as more valuable than
the corporate and long-term concerns
of the Senate, he will surely not involve
himself in its activity until he first rearranges
his priorities. This is another
important piece, I believe, in the puzzling
and perplexing indifference of students
to the many opportunities for building
a program and a community which in
the long run aims. to serve everyone
more effectively.
Donald N. Larson
Boring ~a'gs m'ocked
Dear Sir:
The other day in Bethel's LRC, being
in the mood for a little restful entertainment,
I approached the magazine
and periodical racks.
I first sat down with a copy of the
"Journal of the National Association of
Women's Deans and Counselors," but after
struggling through the title found
. that I just could not sink my teeth
into it.
In place of it I picked up a copy
of the "Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists,"
figuring that if other Bethel students
were reading it that perhaps I should
also. I soon decided it was for upperclassmen
Not despairing in my quest for entertainment,
I selected at random two other
periodicals, weighing them for possible
content. I found that while "Genetic Psychology
Mot:lographs" contained a lot of
heavy material, the flashy yellow and
white cover of the "National Association
of Teachers of Singing Bulletin" was
more appealing to the eye. What does
one do in ·the case of a tie?
Tiring at last, I picked up the August
issue of "Polish Perspectives': and settled
down in a bean-bag chair with it.
- Opening it to the middle, I placed it
over my face in a roof-like fashion and
proceeded to catch a few z's.
Seriously, would it not be good to
ha ve a dozen or so purely entertaining
magazines on the shelves? Magazines
that are readable by the general populace
(of which college students are a
part)? Magazines with lots of pictures
and not So much intellectual verbosity?
Perhaps if students would offer suggestions
to the powers that be in the LRC,
a few mags of this type might be obtained.
Bruce R. Bohne
1713 N. Snelling
Styled to your liking
FOR : APPOINTMENTS phone 646-2323
Tue~Fri 8-6
Sat 8-5
Movie manners maligned
Dear Sir:
I .wish to express my congratulations
and thanks to those who viewed "The
Emigrants" Friday night. I was very
impressed with the adult-like behavior
of those students present. It made me
proud of my school and made me feel
right at home.
I thought that we were a good example
to those visiting, including some younger
people. We displayed a level of maturation
that must have been at least that
of junior high school students. I was
very pleased to see that we had no
sex hangups on our minds whatsoever.
And our patience and helpfulness when
the projectionist had technical difficulties
was outstanding. We indeed proved
that Christians can and do work together
ip love and unity.
We were also very courteous during
moving parts of the movie and did not
attempt to improve the quality of the
music with the addition of a percussion
When I realised what fine examples
we were as Christians and how you
helped me and others enjoy the movie,
I just had to take time to thank and
commend you all. Let's keep on shinin'
Don Ande1'8OB
A place to work out Christian
perspective in your field among a
community of scholars
CHRISTIAN SrUDIES,
an independent graduate faculty
adjacent to the University of
Toronto engaged in interdisciplinary
approaches to the
philosophy, history, methodology,
and general theory of several
fields; master's and doctoral level
degree progr:ams in: political
theory, psychology, philosophical
theology, aesthetics, history and
historiography, philosophy,
and economics (1976).
Study with theoretical psychologist
Arnold De Graaff) B.D.)
Th.D.) author of The Educational
Ministry of the Church (1968).
For details and application forms
Institute for Christian Studies
229 College Street, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada MST 1R4
A ,New Wind
by Mark Johnson and Bob Moeller
This year has begun with a fresh wind of excitement and
enthusiasm - an enthusiasm for God to teach us and use
us to accomplish his work in our studies, corporate worship,
and service. This expectant and giving spirit began with
Welcome Week and has continued to spread itself in many
different ways. "Giving" and "service" seem to be key
phrases in the vocabulary and lifestyle of those , who are
influencing others. This is true in the unity found in the town~
houses and dorms, and in the excitement that is growing in
the Christian Service Department, as well as in the visions
the Student Senate has for this year.
It is within this climate that we, as Student Association
officers, would like to present to the Bethel community a
specific need and related vision. We believe that the most
important problem to be faced in the days ahead for Bethel
is a lack of space and a corresponding need- for additional
facilities. It is fast becoming obvious that we need additional
room ' in the L.R.C., more classroom space, more faculty
offices, and more area for social interaction and activity.
We need a centralizing of our administration to serve the
student body more effectively. So what is the solution? We
need to build an administration building!
Two questions come into mind: 1) What is in it for us,
the students? 2) How can we help when we're already in
debt up to our eyebrows?
To begin with, this building would solve overcrowding to
a great extent. It would include a student union for the campus
as a whole, and it would centralize the services available
to you as a student, such as the Clarion, Spire, and Senate
offices. .
In response to the second question, there are several
things which you as a student (albeit poverty stricken)
can do to help make this building a reality. Begin by praying
about this need as well as Bethel's entire financial situation.
Then think of those relatives, friends and businessmen
whom you could 'write to and share printed materials
with about the project. Finally, consider in prayer the possibility
of making a pledge of faith to begin the project,
regardless of its amount. For those whom we are going to
ask for ,financial help outside of the Bethel community, it will
be the quality of your ,giving, not the quantity, that will
make an impact upon them.
The construction of the administration building was ten -
atively scheduled for 1979. We need it as quickly as God will
allow it to be built.
fast efficient service at the
John W. Ivance Company
1618 Pioneer Bldg.
John W. Ivanee, ,Sr.
John W. Ivanee, Jr.
John G. Chisholm
Russell Akre
Life - Auto - Home
8t. Paul, Mn. 55101
Chuck Haaland, IIHeritage Programll co-worker
New building 'projected
by Dawn Hart
Since the commencement of school four weeks ago, there
have been the undertones of a new project. The project is
the "Heritage Program" and its goal is the raising of $500,000
to build a new administrative building. It is a studentlead,
student-oriented, student-funded program, designed to
enhance the quality of education at Bethel College.
The project was born last semester and nurtured this
summer during the lingering illness of Chuck Haaland. "I
feel that this project is the reason I am alive today. God
gave me this job to do for Him," Chuck commented. "Within
God's will, i see this project as something the Bethel
community can do together."
The Heritage Program is aimed to involve Bethel students,
faculty, alumni and suppJrters of Bethel. The most important
phase begins now with prayer support .by the students. "This
isn't a two-person effort," explained Chuck, referring to Mark
Johnson, his co-worker. "it's a student project. We want
students to begin praying for God's guidance in this project.
Does God want it to go and, if so, what can I, as
a student, do to help? We must build a real attitude of
In the future, the students working on this project want .to
raise money in a variety of ways. Benefit concerts,
continued on page 5
on any large or X-large Pizza!
(ollege Night
Tuesdays 5-12
Falcon Heights Pizza Hut
continued from page 4
asking for funds from Conference churches, and asking students
to give beyond their regular tithes top the list. Already,
mOl1ey is being pledged from organizations and support-ers
of Bethel. The Public Action Committee has promised
to give the proceeds from the Marathon Basketball game
to the project, and churches have pledged a number of dollars
from their congregations.
An added incentive for the support of this project is the
possibility of adding a fourth floor to the proposed . three
floor building. The first three floors would hold offices for
administration, faculty, and student organizations (i.e. Student
Senate, Clarion, and Spire). This W.ould ensure the availability
9f President Lundquist on campus and would leave several
rooms in the present complex open for classes. The fourth
floor would be a Student Union Center with picture windows
and a large fireplace. This Student Union would hold the
overflow of the lounges and the coffeeshop and would pr.ovide
a more casual surrounding for meetings.
. The Heritage Program will kick off officially during
Thanksgiving or Christmas, beginning a full year of intensive
campaigning. A multimedia presentation is being planned for
outreach into churche~, and inf.ormative literature is being
printed. The Public Affairs Office and the Board of Regents
have promised support in any ways they can help,
and it is hoped that students will offer their time and
Broken Arcs, continued
7 :21 A.M. - Mark observantly notices that all three of us have
been staring at the carpet for 28 minutes.
8 :20 A.M. - Gayle emerges from , the bedr.oom, rested and
cheery. Mark glares at her, Greg turns his back on her, and
I grouchily inform her that we're "starved." She heads for
the kitchen.
S :37 A.M. - The smell of French toast - smiles begin to
appear , on our faces. So we flunk; it's been fun. The joy
.of an "a.ll-nighter" is something no Bethel student sh.ould
(The above article is a compilation of ass.orted events
and ' experiences that have occurred here at Bethel.) r
. 1
------ - -----.~ .
Over $33,500,000 unclaimed schol'arships, grants, aids, and I
fellowships ranging from $50 to $10,000. Curre'lt list of these .
sources researched and compi led as of Oct. 1, 1975. I
369 Allen Avenue, Portland, Maine 04103 I
I o I am enclosing $4.95 plus $.50 for postage and handling.
(Check or money order - no cash, please.) I lf you wish to use your charge card . I.
I PI;; i.10f::.~jj~'OW P~~~~~:TU~~s;~~R I
~l:~~~~I~;8~·le I I UNCLAIMED SCHOLARSHIPS 1
~~::~~;kh~g.e I
g~~~i~o, I 1
~;::ss ., .. .. ,.:. :.:::.::::: ... ::: ....... :::.: :.: ......... .. :: .. : .. :::: ::.::::::::::: :: :. ::: ... :::::: .: ::: :::::: I
Maine residents please a~~~~/o' sa les t8~~· .. _ZiP_ .'."'.'" 1_
Broken Arcs
by Bill . Trollinger \
One of the most hallowed traditions here at Bethel is the
"all-nighter." For the inexperienced freshman or the absurdly
disciplined upperclassman, the "all-nighter" consists of
staying up all night to cram for a test so you can flunk it
with a sense of self-respect. This sacred event creates a true
sense of brotherhood and unity when done with fellow ble!lryeyed
students; in fact, certain students come together once
or twice a month f.or the sole purpose of pulling an "allnighter'"
together. One of these gr.oups consists of Mark
Troxel, Greg Wilcox, and myself. Last Tuesday night,
facing the first important tests of the year, we gathered
for our initial group "get-together" of the year. The following
resume of events will, hopefully, inspire the creation of
more such groups in the future.
(location: my apartment)
10:53 P.M. - An air of expectancy seems to permeate the
air as I wait for Mark and Greg to arrive. Gayle (my
wife) is preparing a pot of coffee to put on the stove before
she retires to bed. (Although she also is a last minute
student, she has nothing due tomorrow.)
10 :57 P.M. - Gayle wishes me luck and goes to bed.
11 :10 P.M. - Mark arrives with his theology books piled up
under his arm. A hearty welcome, and he joyously informs
me that he has not opened his theology textbook this year.
I congratulate him upon his dedication, considering his Thee
exam is tomorrow.
11:27 P.M. - Greg arrives. Ignoring our greetings, he heads
for the coffee. He's a realist; Medieval test tomorrow, so
he needs to get started on the caffeine injections.
11:41 P.M. - Greg on the sofa, I in the rocking chair, and
Mark walking around (getting "psyched up").
12 :15 A.M. - Greg in the rocking chair, I on the sofa, and
Mark walking around.
12 :33 A.M. - Greg haughtily asks Mark when he · plans
to sit down and start studying. Mark replies by boasting ,that
he has figured out how to memorize all of the Bible verses
he needs to know in five minutes. Greg and I laugh maliciously,
having taken the class before; we know they c.ouldn't
be memorized in five days, much less five minutes .
12 :45 A.M. - Mark begins to study .
. 12 :50 A.M. - Mark concedes defeat. Second pot of coffee.
2 :01 A.M: - The excitement of the first "all-nighter" of the
year is wearing thin.
2 :51 A.M. - Greg asks me why, if my take-home test is so
easy, I'm still on the first question. I inform him that John
Donne is too deep to be rushed through.
3 :15 A.M. - Mark announces that he's losing motivation.
I glare at him - no quitters. .
3 :50 A.M. - Mark goes to the bathro.om.
4 :12 A.M. - Mark still in the bathroom.
4 :30 A.M. - Mark still in the bathroom. Greg and I P.ound
on the door and, receiving no response, open it. Mark is
lying prone on the floor, sleeping peacefully. We kick him,
wake him up, and force him back to the front room. No
quitters. Fifth pot of coffee.
5 :17 A.M. - I announce that I finished the first question.
6 :10 A.M. - Sunlight filters through the curtain. Arms and
hands up to protect our aching eyes. Depression hits - I
have one and a half questi.ons to go, Mark has half of a textbook
to go, and Greg has some disastrous mistakes in his
continued left column
rev•i ew
Freddy, Sonny, Billie: Nashville sounds
by Paul Healy
What better way could there be to spend an autumn
evening than sitting back and enjoying some good live
country music? It was this thought that prompted me to attend
last Friday night's concert at the Minneapolis Auditorium,
featuring the Nashville sounds of Billie Jo Spears, Sonny
James, and Freddy Fender. Accompanied by two "country"
friends who share my positive attitude toward this style of
music, I sat, stood, cheered, groaned, laughed, and clapped
my way through a show that lasted nearly three hours. Although
there were some problems, incl'Uding lighting and
sound mishaps and fans interfering with the performers, the
evening was quite enjoyable.
Billie Jo Spears, a semi-star of recent vintage, opened
the night with a 45-minute set, backed up by Freddy Fender's
band. After beginning with a pseudo-country rendition of
"Johnny B. Goode," complete with a Chuck Berry imitation
guitar solo, Billie Jo stumbled through a repertoire of songs
that were, for the most part, beyond her musical capabilities.
After a couple of Ray Price standards, including "Take Me
as I Am or Let Me Go," Ms. Spears attempted two songs
that were popularized by a couple of country music's best
women vocalists. "I've Never Loved Anyone More," lacked
the compassion and vocal control of Lynn Anderson, and
Linda Ronstadt's hit, "When Will I Be Loved," accomplished
little more than showcasing her choppy, throaty voice, and
her suprising lack of inspiration. The above songs were not
total washouts however, due to some imaginitive steel guitar
licks skillfully and creatively rendered by Ms. Spears' husband.
(I didn't catch his name.) Billie Jo then made her
biggest mistake, as she attempted to do a Bob Wills number
entitled "I Loye You Because." Wills' amazing Texas swing
music does not easily lend itself to interpretation, especially
by a band that is primarily familiar with Freddy-Fender-style
country 'rock. The result was a rather confused mixture of
over-drumming, unclear guitar parts, and nonassertive vocals.
Finally, she got to her "good material," or, stated
differently, those songs that she was capable of do~ng. Her
finale, "Blanket on the Ground," was actually pretty good
and was repeated after a rather forced call-back.
Sonny James, the original "Southern Gentleman," who
first appeared on the country scene in 1954, was the next
to take the stage. His one hour set was a totally enjoyable
mixture of old and new songs, instrumental solos, and
good old country humor. Sonny's backup group, the Southern
falcon Heights Pharmacy
1707 N. Snelling Ave.
(Larpenteur at Snelling)
9 A.M to 10 P.M. Daily
(includ,ing Sun.)
• Free prescription delivery to Arden Hills campus
• We cash checks for Bethel students with 10.
Gentlemen, clad in oversized white tuxedos, provided him
not only with quality instrumental ~upport but with excellent
harmony, which is essential to good country music. The
piano player was quite good, mIxmg some standard
Nashville licks with honky-tonk. Sonny handled the guitar
work himself and showed a surprising degree of competence.
He even did a prolonged fiddle number, complQ-te with
a crobatic techniques that would ' have done Uncle Dave
Macon proud. The highlight of the entire evening was Sonny's
medley of hits (he has at least 30 numbers that have been
major hits at one time or another) highlighted by "Young
Love," the first song that he ever recorded (1954). After
singing some of hiS latest hits, ir:lCluding "A Little Bit South
of Sascatoun" and "Band of Gold," Sonny' flnshed With
"Running Bear," one of his all-time greats. Following this
truly amazing performance, he showed why he is called the
Southern Gentleman by staying onstage throughout the entire
break (20 minutes ), signing autographs and talking with his
many fans. I felt compelled to at least go down and get
a closer look at this incredible superstar of country music
and was rewarded by a "Howdy, why don't you come and
visit me down South sometime." .'
Freddy Fender closed out the evening with a rather short
set that was marred by several incidents of "fan interference."
Freddy is an overnight sensation in country music,
due to several recent "gold recordings" and numerous T.V.
appearances. Many of the women in the crowd wanted to get
pictures and autographs, and didn't have the patience to
wait until after the performance. Police were not to be found,
and the disturbances were allowed to continue. Freddy seemed
quite unconcerned however, as he breezed his way through
a fairly wide range of songs, some of which were his own
and others that are relatively well-established country standards.
Opening with Hank Williams' "Jambalaya," Freddy
tried feverishly to please his fans and, for the most part,
was successful. However, he was never able to attain the
·level of crowd response of Sonny James. Even as he broke
into "Wasted Days and Wasted Nights," his latest hit, the
crowd seemed rather quiet. It may have been a bit disappointing
for Freddy, but it is no easy task to follow a
man of Sonny James' stature.
I - - ... - - - - ... - - - - - - - - - - - i
Free Co-upon
1748 N. Lexington
Coupon entitles Bethel students to
75c off on any Large Pizza
or 2 Spaghetti orders
Delivery of same .
Eat In - Carry Out
Honey tree
I•n concert
Honey tree , a talented female singergUitarist,
will be in concert tomorrow
night at 8 :00 P.M. in the Physical Education
Center. The concert will conclude
a weekend of events in conjunction with
Bethel Homecoming 1976. '
Honey tree , whose real name is Nancy
Henigbaum, is just beginning a musical
career dedicated to spreading the gospel.
This summer she was on tour in the
western United States and has tentative
plans t6 travel to Europe this November.
Her home base is the "Adam's Apple,"
which is .a coffeehouse in Fort Wayne,
Also, she has put out two albums
on the Myrrh label: "Honey tree," and
"The Way I Feel." Although she has
gained national recognition in the music
world for these albums} it seems that
more attention to her music is yet to
come. Myrrh recently was purchased by
ABC-Dunhill Corp., and plans are underway
for Myrrh artists (including ' Honeytree)
to receive greater exposure in the
American music market, including appearances
on TV shows such as In Concert.
Yet, for all her recent success, Honeytree
hasno t always had it easy. Re~
jecting the church early in her te enage
years, she rebelled . and got intothe
"drug scene." Or, to quote her: "I started
hanging around with older people
and doing things I thought 'mature' people
did, like dope and sex. I thought
I really knew what life was all about."
But she was never quite satisfied. Still
searching, she met John Lloyd, director
of the "Adam's Apple." Lloyd witnessed
to her and soon she was able to say,
"I thought of my past life and the
things I had done and the pieces just
began to fall together around Jesus."
She began to sing at the "Adam's Apple,"
establishing an incredible , rapport
with the youth.
Now she is a national recording artist,
and yet her heartfelt devotion to
Christ has not changed. Her goal is
still to, "Get the message out." Through
her beautiful music and the Spirit within,
she touches peoples' he'arts, old and
young alike.
CAMPUS COpy SHOPPE
1315 4fh St. S.E.
Dinkey town (Mpls.), 378-llbl
Xerox bc, wjRag paper 7c
Typing ava'ilahle - I-day binding
Philosophy club
The first meeting of Veritas, Bethel's
philosophy club, will be Tuesday, October
7, at 5 :30, p.m., and will consist of
a progressive dinner with different courses
being served at each of the philosophy
professors' homes. The meeting
is open to all philosophy majors, cognates,
and all those with a genuine interest
in philosophy.
"Several misundwstandings might
exi,st concerning this dinner meeting,"
commented Donald Ebb, student assist- .
. ant to 'Professor Paul Harris, and selfappointed
valedictorian of the philosophy
majors. "First, it should be said that
contrary to rumor, Mel Stewart will not
be having a culinary salute to Thales
by serving watercress sandwiches. Secondly,
let me respond to another rumor
that has been haunting the philosophy
department since the initial announcement
of the meeting. Dr. Von Schuller
may be in attendance, but I can offer
no guarantee. His busy schedule may
prevent him from coming, but we are
all hoping that he can work it into
his schedule. If he does attend, I have
his word that he will deliver a paper
entitled, 'Pre-Socratic Existentialism: A
Metaphysical Response to the Cartesian
Circle.' All things considered, it should
be a fascinating evening."
Those wishing to attend should meet
. at 5 :30 on the southwest steps of the
Academic Center. There will be no
charge for the evening.
• • •
Monday: Professor Ken Gowdy
TLiesday: Country Christian Music
Wednesday: Pastor Spickelmier
Thursday: Convocation: Dr. Esman
Friday: Moische Rosen - Jews for
The staff anil writers of the Bethel
CLARION hold weekly supper meetings
on Tuesdays at 5 :30 p.m. in the dining
center. Anyone interested in the CLARION
is invited to attend.
continued from page 1
not common. It is even more uncommon
for a school our size to possess such
a remnant.
Russ Johnson intends to petition this
land in order for it to be preserved
in its original state. It is located near
old Snelling, in the southwest corner
of the campus. The virgin Indian grass
prairie at Bethel .College must be kept
as it is now, a valuable piece of nature
entrusted to us.
continued from page 10
The Royals run at 11:00 Saturday morning
at their home course in Como Park~
The Homecoming meet will include such
nationally qualifying teams as St. Thom~
s and Winona State, with Macalester
and Gustavus Adolphus adding up to
the potential of a great race.
Semi-annual record sale
300 Classkal, Folk, and Popular records
Regular from $.5.00 to $9.00
. NIQ'W $1.98 ,and $2.69
COMING MONDA Y, October 6th
Bethel food service
replies to complaints
about prices, meal cards
by Ka.thleeri Asselin
Bethel students are reacting to rising food service prices
with a long list of complaints.
1. Why are food prices so much higher than last year?
2. Why are the portions decreased along with the higher
3. ' Shouldn't the increased enrollment lower prices rather
than raise them?
4. Why must the girls , be "gypped" by having to buy as
many cards as the guys, only to sell unused cards at a loss?
5. After comparison to other food service systems, has the
'meal card system proven superior?
Wayne Erickson and Alice Johnson, food service co-managers,
feel students don't realize the full scope of the present
program .. They outlined the available food systems of
The flat-rate systems are divided into "all-you-can-eat"
or limited portions, straight cash systems, and the meal
card system.
They believe that the meal card system is fairest since
you only pay for what you eat. At $450 a year, the Bethel
program is one .of the "cheapest board rates in the United
Defending the meal card system, Alice said, "You have
I to consider that a't other colleges you don't receive ' a refund
when you miss a meal or are off-campus for an extended
time. At Bethel, the meal ticket is used only when you are
on campus and applies for fall semester, Interim, or spring
Wayne Erickson's reasons to opt for the present system
boasted ' of having "as much or more variety and as good
or better food than any other college."
Attention All Students!!
ask yourself this question
and co~sider its implications
for your life.
Calvary Baptist Church
2120 No. Lexington - Across from Bridgeman's
In comparison,. the system of the flat fee is an injustice
to the girls or lighter eaters, according to the comanagers.
With colleges charging between $600 to $800, the
light eaters are paying for the heavy eaters.
They noted that some schools don't have meals over the
weekends, but still charge a high flat-rate. Northwestern College
priced board .last year at $625 for five days and no
weekend food service.
Wayne cited the necessity to meet the demands of the
college budget, expenses and overhead while covering the
rising labor costs. He continued by stating that outside of a
few items, food prices at Bethel haven't been raised for two
' ''We are trying to save prices and cut costs, but not
cut the quality of food. What isn't considered by students
are the little costs that add up," he explained.
Natural gas rates, utilities, cleaning supplies, and equipment
repair are several areas , of rising costs. Alice further
noted the money spent replacing silverware. (Fifty percent of
the spoons were missing at the end of last year.)
As far as decreased -t>ortions go, the co-managers insist
that only the size of pie is smaller and all other portions
are the same or larger.
The increased enrollment hasn't affected the food prices
since the same number of students are on the meal plan from
the two campuses. If more housing was available on campus,
the labor costs would be lowered by more students being
fed by tbe same staff.
Answering the dilemma of girls selling cards, they pointed
out that students are ~ncouraged to sell food cards among
themselves rather than buy from Food Service. Alice stated
the $450 minimum board for new campus and $200 for old
campus are not extravagarit costs when one thinks about the
money spent by students in off-campus ea.teries.
Wayne Erickson concluded by saying, "Our budget is no
secret .. we hold an open book. Students can help keep costs
down by such things as crunching milk cartons to save on
expensive trash bags and keeping the Food Service dining
room clean. Rearranging furniture and cleaning up food
ground in the carpet can cost us four or five dollars a shot,
which adds up over a year.
"As far as meal card prices, even if your $450 of tickets
are not used up, you still are eating cheaper and better than
other systems could allow." , '
420 Roy Street, St. Paul
John Ande'rson
Ron Eckert
lloyd Nelson
Bob Gus,tafson
8:45 and 11
10 (Bible Study)
7 p.m. Evening
Bus Leaves:
N.C. - 9:25 am. Bodien - 9:45 am.
Intramural Roundup
1M tou rn'aments
alre in full swing
by Lanny Law
"Intramural tournaments are going on
and doing well; participation is really
good," said Dan Swanson, intramural
Pairings are up .for paddleball singles,
tennis doubles, table tennis singles, and
the volleyball double-elimination tourney.
All tourney participants are to check
the intramural (IM) bulletin board (located
next to central issue in the Phy~
iCal Education building) to see who
they play. "We are going to have deadlines,"
Swanson said, "and strictly enforce
them." It is the responsibility of
each player to arrange a time t.o get
the matches played.
Paddleball courts have been reserved
from 7 :45-9 :45 p.m. for tournament matches
only in the next two or three
weeks. Players do not have to play
their matches during this period. However,
when tournament participants
~hoose to play during this time, the
full match is to be written in (eg. John;
on vs. DeVoe).
In paddleball, last year's finalists Bill
DeVoe and Wally Bomgren should be
the pre-tournament favorites from among
the 60 entries. The table tennis singles
title, won last year by Rick Drake,
will be sought by 30 participants this
year. Also, there are 26 doubles teams
vying for the tennis doubles champion~
The double-elimination volleyball tournament
will continue to run from 7-
8 p.m. on Monday and Wednesday
next week as well as the following Monday.
All are invited to come to the
~m and watch these matches.
"Weare trying to get things started
early so that we can finish before final
exams," Swanson explained. Other 1M
events will be coming up, including the
cross-country meet in two or three weeks.
Autumn Reflections
With .... ...."L '56i WELCOME
Bethel Alumni
Volleyball begins
The women's intramural volleyball season
began on Tuesday, September 16.
in the Bethel fieldhouse. Four leagues,
each ,consisting of five teams, compete
in a round robin tournament each Tuesday
night. The standings for the first
two weeks are as follows:
League A
2nd floor Bodien
1st floor Hagstrom
League B
2nd floor Hagstrom
3rd floor Bodien (old)
2nd floor New Dorm
League C
Nob Hill
3rd floor Bodien (new)
League D
3rd floor Hagstrom
1st floor New Dorm
The results for September 30 are posted
on the intramural board along with next
week's schedule. Contact your RA, floor
coordinator or Shari Sahlin if you have
any questions concerning the tournament.
Don't forget that women's intramural
tennis is also in full swing. The first
round was played on September 29.
Check the board for results and for
further details.
CONTACT LENSES (Hard & Soft)
358 St. Peter St.
St. Paul, Minn. 55102
OC teams prevail
by ,Keith Kramer
Off Campus East had its streak of
shut~uts broken at' three, but they still
managed to overwhelm their opponent,
Edgren Gold 15-6. In other action, Off
Campus West beat the Faculty 16-0.
Green forfeited to Bright-N. Blue and
THI double forfeited.
East had scored 5 points in four games
on the arm of QB Bill Trollinger and
Trollinger was hot again. He hit Dan
Swanson and Paul Van Gorkom for long
touchdowns. Swanson brilliantly made up
for his dropping of a sleeper pass two
weeks earlier by scoring on another
sleeper. But the Gold team wasn't without
ability, scoring in the second half on
an end sweep after marching down the
field with a series of flairs, look-ins, and
a bomb.
OC West remained a threat to Eases
championship hopes. The Faculty looked
hapless as the West defense kept them
from crossing the 50-yard line for the
better part of the game. Barry Jones
caught one TD and had another one called
back when he lined up 0ft,~ide.
Comments on 1M this week:
Tim Doten, East cornerback, who was
fburned long to set up Green's only touchdown:
"It couldn't have happened to
a nicer guy."
Tim Traudt, East linebacker, whose
hard hits pushed for the legality of pads
and helmets and numerous rule changes
in future games: "No comment."
Pat Repp, whose cellar-dwelling Edgren
Green team didn't show up for
its game: "I have been a stalwart supporter
and a player on this team since
the beginning of the season. I feel I've
been let down by the team."
Bruce Peterson of Bright-N, about the
inability of the Edgren Green team to
show: "They were frightened by BrightN."
1M standings
Off Campus East
Off Campus West
New Dorm
Edgren Gold
Edgren Blue
Edgren Green
by Bruce Olsen
When one soccer team of mostly American
players challenges another team
that consists of mostly foreign players,
one tends to believe that the American
team is at a definite disadvantage. The
Bethel soccer team found themselves in
just such a predicament last Saturday,
as they were defeated by the University
of Wisconsin at Parkside, 2-1.
Despite the odds, Bethel played good
soccer and were in the game until the
final second ticked off the clock. The
first half of play was probably the best
team effort the team has put forth this
year. Solid c;lefense along with some excellent
passing turned out to be Bethel's
wild card.
Midway through the first half, Dave
Osgood took a pass from Dickie Voth
and streaked down the right side of
the field. His shot on goal came from
a bad angle, but it eluded the grasp
of the goalie and rolled in the left side
of the net for a 1-0 lead.
It looked as though Bethel would go
in at the half with their one goal lead,
but ' Parkside came back and slipped
one in with only two minutes left in
the half.
The second half saw more of the same
action, with Parkside puttirw forth some
nice individual performances and Bethel
playing good team ball. It seemed that
the Royals were going to get their second
tie of the season, but with only 15 minlltes
left in the game, a Parkside player
kicked a long shot towards the . Bethel
goal. As goalie Paul Biederman leaped,
the ball ricocheted off the crossbar of
the goal, hit Biederman in the back,
and rolled into the goal for the winning
Earlier in the week, the Royals beat
Pillsbury College by the score of 2-0.
It was another victory in a string of
many fo~ Bethel over Pillsbury. Pillsbury
did play an excellent game, especially
when one considers that they usually
are beaten by more than two goals.
The split for the week puts Bethel's
season record at 2-2-1. The Royals will
play their homecoming game tomorrow
at_l0 a.m. here against Carleton College.
The following Monday a game will also
be played here against St. Thomas at
3 p.m.
Homecoming tomorrow
by Dan Swanson
Willie Gardner ran for two touchdowns,
Steve Hage passed for three, and Mike
Anderson intercepted two pass'es, running
one back for a touchdown and leading Bethel
to a 48-0 whitewashing of Concordia.
For the second consecutive week, the
Royals completely overpowered their opponents.
The offensive line, led by captain Craig
Hansen, blew open big holes as running
backs Gardner, Rapinchuk, and Rocholl
combined to roll up 355 yards rushing.
While the offense shone, the defense
played aggressively and well, coming
up with a big shutout.
The Bethel fans again were very vocal
as they cheered the team on. As the
game progressed and the scoring margin
widened, the crowd became rowdy, taunting
Concordia players and fans (few as
there were).
Tomorrow, Sioux Falls College comes
to visit for the big Homecoming game.
Competition will be much tougher than
ere meet Saturd'ay
in the past two weeks and Sioux Falls
will be keyed to win. Last year, the
Royals beat Sioux Falls 14-6, though
Coach Reynolds admits that Bethel "probably
got outplayed."
Last Saturday, while Bethel trounced
Concordia, Sioux Falls absorbed a 28-20
loss to powerful Northwestern of Iowa.
Being a ble to play Northwestern to
such a close decision shows that Sioux
Falls will be no pushover. Having never
beaten a Reynolds-coached Bethel team,
you can be sure they're hungry for a
While Sioux Falls may be hungry for
a victory, you can also be sure that
the Royals will be ready. The taste
of Victory only makes one crave for
more. The Homecoming game will begin
at 1:30 tomorrow. It'll be an exciting
Score by periods: 1
Concordia 0
Bethel 14
2 3
o 0
7 13
o 0
14 48
Ha'rrie;rs' fa're w'ell at Wi no'na
Last Saturday was an excellent day
for the Bethel cross country team in
two ways. First of all, the weather was
simply fabulous in Winona, with the temperature
around fifty-five degrees, sunshine,
and no wind. Second, and most
important, the harriers came in a very
strong second in the tough five-team
Winona Invitational. Running on an extremely
flat and fast four-mile course,
the Bethel runners brought home the
most individual trophies of any team
(six), but when team scores were totaled,
they finished a close second. Jeff Larson,
third, and Larry Caldwell, sixth, led
the Royals with times of 20 :38 and 21 :03,
respectively. They ran together for the
first two miles until the extremely fast
pace forced Caldwell to drop back. The
winning time was 20 :16.
Most of the other Royal runners ran
in pairs also. Dave Clapp had a super
performance as he soloed his ,way to
,tenth place with a time of 21:37.After
him came the dynamic duo of Curt
Brown and Jim Timp who finished elev-enth
and thirteenth, respectively, with
times of 21:45 and 21:47, an opponent
sneaking between them in the last few
yards. Next to cross the finish line was
Greg Kramer, fifteenth in 21 :57, and
then, the former Jackson High ace, Brad
Strom, twenty-first with a 22 :16 timing.
Scott Anderson (23 :18), Bill Whittaker
(24 :00), and Dan Head (24 :03) finisheq
in the top thirty-five. Almost sixty runners
competed in ,the race. The final
score showed NAIA national qualifier
Winona State University with 39, Bethel
very close behind with 43, Winona Track
Club with 57, defending champion Macelester
College with 88, and St. Mary's
College with 128.
"Everybody worked up to his best
this meet and we were not ashamed
at all to comeback without the team
trophy," commented Coach Steve Whittaker.
"We are very pleased with our
performance against such tough competition
and hope to have a good showing
tomorrow at our Homecoming meet."
continued on page 7
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text:
June 14, 2007
Equinix to Acquire Site for New Data Center in Los Angeles Market and Expand Existing IBX® Center in Silicon Valley
Foster City, CA — June 14, 2007 — Equinix, Inc. (Nasdaq: EQIX), the leading provider of network-neutral data centers and Internet exchange services, today announced the planned acquisition of a new data center property in the Los Angeles area and the expansion of an existing center in the Silicon Valley. The announcement of the expansions comes as the demand for data center and network exchange services continues to accelerate, far outpacing supply.
According to Tier1 Research's Mid Year 2007 Internet Data Center Supply Report, North American data center demand is outpacing supply by a factor of two to one. Equinix has responded to this increased demand with an aggressive expansion strategy since late 2003. By early 2008, Equinix will have more than doubled its capacity with expansions in the New York, Washington, D.C., Silicon Valley, Chicago, Los Angeles, Tokyo, Singapore and Sydney markets.
The new Los Angeles area center will provide Equinix with additional data center space to respond to accelerating customer demand within the rapidly growing digital media and entertainment industry in the region. Located near one of Equinix's existing centers in El Segundo, the new center will be Equinix's fourth Internet Business Exchange™ (IBX®) center in the Los Angeles area. Equinix intends to utilize the existing high-quality building on the new site for this expansion.
The property will be acquired for $49 million and Equinix is scheduled to close on the purchase of the property by the end of June. The center is expected to be open for customers in the fourth quarter of 2008 and will accommodate approximately 1,700 cabinets in its initial phase. The site features a total capacity of approximately 3,000 cabinets, and it will be directly linked to the three other Los Angeles area IBX centers through redundant dark fiber links managed by Equinix.
The new center will feature physical infrastructure consistent with Equinix's industry-leading standards for security, environmental control and power availability. In addition to purchasing the land and existing building shell, Equinix plans to acquire access to power and provision fiber for interconnection to Equinix's other three IBX centers in the region.
Also announced today, Equinix intends to expand its existing IBX center in Santa Clara, California by approximately 1,100 new cabinets. This new capacity will provide expansion options in the strategic Silicon Valley area, where the company already operates three other centers. The new space will offer direct access to the more than 90 networks and 125 enterprises and content companies already operating within Equinix's Silicon Valley IBX centers, a principal element of Equinix's value proposition. Equinix intends to begin placing new customers in the expanded space in the second quarter of 2008.
At capacity, Equinix expects the Silicon Valley expansion to generate approximately $25.0 to $30.0 million in annual revenue. Equinix intends to invest approximately $41.0 million in the expansion, of which $26.0 million is expected to be committed in 2007. Equinix intends to update its full year capital expenditures guidance for the Los Angeles and Silicon Valley expansions on its second quarter earnings call.
"Video and multimedia applications continue to be a catalyst for accelerated demand from our content and digital media customers in our West Coast markets," said Steve Smith, CEO of Equinix. "Today's expansions in the Los Angeles and Silicon Valley markets represent Equinix's commitment to maintaining our leadership position in the growing data center and network exchange services market."
Forward Looking Statements
This press release contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Actual results may differ materially from expectations discussed in such forward-looking statements. Factors that might cause such differences include, but are not limited to, the challenges of acquiring, operating and constructing IBX centers and developing, deploying and delivering Equinix services; unanticipated costs or difficulties relating to the integration of IXEurope into Equinix; a failure to receive significant revenue from customers in recently built out data centers; failure to complete any financing arrangements contemplated from time to time; competition from existing and new competitors; the ability to generate sufficient cash flow or otherwise obtain funds to repay new or outstanding indebtedness; the loss or decline in business from our key customers; the results of any litigation relating to past stock option grants and practices; and other risks described from time to time in Equinix's filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. In particular, see Equinix's recent quarterly and annual reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, copies of which are available upon request from Equinix. Equinix does not assume any obligation to update the forward-looking information contained in this press release.
Equinix and IBX are registered trademarks of Equinix, Inc. Internet Business Exchange is a trademark of Equinix, Inc.


text:
Terry Musika, an accountant and expert witness who worked in business fraud and patent damages claims, died of pancreatic cancer Dec. 18 at his Hunt Valley home. He was 64.
The co-founder of Invotex, a Fells Point business, he was a legal economics expert in lawsuits involving corporate giants Apple, BlackBerry and Samsung. He also immersed himself in Baltimore legal affairs and testified in numerous local cases.
"He was considered one of the top intellectual property damages experts in the country," said a colleague, Debbie Pavlik, his firm's marketing manager. "He was involved in many of the largest patent verdicts and settlements in U.S. history."
She said Mr. Musika testified for Apple in a case that ended in a $1 billion verdict against Samsung. He was also called as an expert witness in the 2002 BlackBerry litigation that resulted in a $612.5 million agreement between Research in Motion Ltd. and NTP Inc.
"Terry was there in my greatest litigation challenges and was inexorably connected to the client's success," said Baltimore attorney C. Carey Deeley. "While serving the case with his brilliant analysis, he routinely taught me how to examine opposing experts in a way that made me look like the lawyer I aspire to be. ... He was a man of tremendous depth, energy, integrity and strength."
Born in Coatesville, Pa., he was a graduate of Hargrove Military Academy in Chatham, Va. He earned a bachelor's degree in history from Indiana University, where he also received a master's degree in public administration. He won an athletic scholarship in track at the school and was elected track team captain in his senior year.
He received All-American honors in the 400-meter dash in the Big Ten conference championship. After college he moved to Los Angeles and joined the Pacific Coast Track Club and participated in the 1972 Olympic trials in Eugene, Ore.
"While he was training for the Olympic trials, he was a substitute public school teacher," said his wife, the former Sharyn Frankel, a Baltimore Museum of Art docent. "I was a teacher too, and he followed me around. He was very persistent."
He became a certified public accountant and worked at Peat, Marwick and Mitchell, Coopers & Lybrand, where he was national audit partner in the Boston office before moving to Maryland in 1984.
"He was also an entrepreneur. He spent his career starting new businesses and developing new business concepts," said Ms. Pavlik, who lives in Millersville. "His innovation extended into his practice and even into the legal damages theories for which he became so well known."
He founded several businesses, including Maryland First Financial Services, which became Invotex, now located in a warehouse overlooking the harbor in Fells Point.
"He developed a reputation as a damages expert in complex litigation matters and soon became renowned for his prowess in intellectual property damages," Ms. Pavlik said.
Invotex's chief executive office, Raymond J. Peroutka, who lives in Towson, recalled his business partner. "Terry's love of people was equaled by his love of the game," he said. "He was a brilliant practitioner, and once Terry offered an opinion, there was no turning back. Cross-examination only enhanced his credibility. He was unflappable, his integrity unimpeachable. He carried himself with dignity, restraint and humility."
Ms. Pavlik said that in recent years Mr. Musika began to draw in younger partners. The move permitted him to tackle assignments that gave him satisfaction.
"Through his nurturing spirit and careful coaching, Terry advanced the career of many professionals," Ms. Pavlik said.
Ms. Pavlik said that over the years, he had provided expert testimony in more than 200 separate proceedings for clients including the U.S. Department of Justice, Cisco and Sony.
"Terry started with nothing," his wife said. "But he thought there were no obstacles in life, and he built several companies and built a wonderful life for his family. He was a tough, hardworking, ethical person who was a mentor to younger persons."
Mrs. Musika said he was a man of compassion and was a court-appointed special advocate for children involved in the state's courts. She said he also served on the board of the Baltimore Boys' Home. She said he made it a point to attend his children's games and performances, no matter how busy he was.
He enjoyed Baltimore Symphony Orchestra concerts and exhibitions at the Baltimore Museum of Art.
Plans for a memorial service are incomplete.
In addition to his wife of nearly 40 years, survivors include a son, Michael Musika of San Francisco; two daughters, Ally Musika and Jennie Riemer, both of Los Angeles; a brother, John Musika of Lansdale, Pa.; a sister, Jill Ohar of Winston-Salem, N.C.; and his mother, Olamae Musika of Harleysville, Pa.


text:
"If I had a world of my own, everything would be nonsense. Nothing would be what it is, because everything would be what it isn't. And contrary wise, what is, it wouldn't be. And what it wouldn't be, it would. You see?� -Alice
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