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For an explanation of SKATE/explain, go here. For article and TK interview, read on.
It's no secret that when you're good at things, other opportunities you might not otherwise get seem to come your way. In Terry Kennedy's case, his focus has broadened a little, but there's no denying that he's skilled on a skateboard and, well, it's those skills that have allowed him to scream his way into hip hop, smiling that multi-colored grill of his.
In my opinion, he came out of the gates firing like Mac in Predator in his Baker 3 part—the beat was pretty sick, the lyrics were simply delivered in the growling southern rap style (even if he isn't southern) and…he even gave himself a shout out at the end, in a show of true rap bravado. His Baker Has a Deathwish song was pretty good, too. I thought it worked.
But, since that Baker 3 debut, he's released a wealth of newer videos produced by (low voice) Jordan…Tower…Films. The production of the music has changed considerably with the times, it seems, slipping in more autotune and the kind of beats that would amp up the Power 106 crowd more than those of us who might prefer to dabble in the style of his Baker 3 song—and he seems fine with that.
But, it made me wonder, what are some of the more interesting cases of someone making a musical crossover? And, who inspired TK? There are almost too many athletes that have made the crossover into rap to list them all here, let alone when you start looking at other facets of fame (I mean, even Clint Eastwood had an album). But, I compiled some of interest:
First off, one of my favorites, Randy "Machoman" Savage's piledrive of rap music. His most biting track, "Be A Man" relives his WWF rivalry with Hulk Hogan, as he hits Hollywood Hogan with rhyme schemes the way he might have with a folding chair.
Years earlier, it was Eddie Murphy's chick who wanted to "Party All the Time," while somehow mashing 3/4ths of everything that was popular in the 80s into one four minute clip—Rick James, Eddie Murphy, a video shot in the studio with headphones on, a white guy with teased hair in spandex pants playing a triangular paint-splashed guitar, synthesizers and people dancing like Carlton.
Speaking of family sitcoms, even Bill Cosby made a musical soiree in the early 70s. Long before the Cosby Show, Jell-O pudding's greatest advocate was better known for his stand-up routines. But, that didn't stop him from trying his hand at some experimental jazz on the album "Badfoot Brown and the Bunions Bradford Funeral Marching Band." Bill jammed out a helluva song with "Martin's Funeral" (which Tribe Called Quest sampled in "We Can Get Down").
But, it takes someone accompanied with the same sense of grandiosity as Muhammad Ali to make songs to really put a smile on your face. Interestingly enough, Ali is the kind of person that TK's crew—Paul Rodriguez, Jereme Rogers, Chaz Ortiz and a few others—often credit as an inspiration.
Yes, Muhammad Ali had himself a singing career, mostly centered around how great he was, but it might be one of the funnier things I've heard in some time. In one song, Ali rewrote history… taking credit for, among other things, the Boston Tea Party.
It all made me wonder, though, who actually influenced Terry's stab at making music. So, I asked him:
Terry, you're trying to crossover from skating into rap. Are there any famous crossovers that were influential to you?
Deion Sanders, for sure. He was the only one who did it and really didn't get criticized as much as everybody else.
Do you feel like you get criticized a lot?
Actually, I don't really. I mean, skate kids'd be the first to criticize you.
They've got to be a little harsh, though. I mean, they're the most judgemental.
Yeah. So, the minute I went to the skatepark and kids were like, "Yo, I'm listenin' to your song," pulled off their iPod and let me listen, I thought, I got the green light to at least try and do this.
Evan Hernandez: Skate kids are the most critical…
I figure, if I like doing it and some of 'em are sayin' they like it, I'ma try it.
Have you ever heard of any of the crossovers I wrote in here—like Clint Eastwood, Machoman, Muhammed Ali, Bill Cosby or Eddie Murphy?
Some of 'em. I didn't know about Ali. The Eddie Murphy song with Michael Jackson—that's so funny.
You mean Murphy and Rick James?
Nah, him and Michael Jackson—it's funny as hell. The video's all weird and he's trying his hardest to sing alongside Michael Jackson…hit those high notes and all that.
With Deion as his guide, Terry seems certain as a new member in the long lineage of musical crossovers. Cosby, Clint, Machoman…there are too many to keep straight. In skate alone, there's The Goat & Occasional Others, Tommy Guerrero, Ray Barbee, Duane Peters and a bunch more that are beloved.
As far as Terry Kennedy, though, I personally like the guy, so if he's grinding it out and doing videos to segue his skate career into rap, more power to him. In the very least, he's keeping his feet firmly in skateboarding. And, for people who are not fans, it's just another feather in the hat of musical side projects that people can look back upon with a smile on their face.


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LOS ANGELES – A former USC professor indicted on child sexual abuse charges has been arrested in Mexico, a day after being added to the FBI's list of the Ten Most Wanted fugitives.
KCBS-TV reports 64-year-old Walter Williams was taken into custody Tuesday.
Williams was wanted for the alleged sexual exploitation of children and traveling abroad to engage in illicit sex acts with children.
The former Palm Springs resident was charged in an indictment filed in Los Angeles federal court.
On Monday he was the added to the FBI's regularly updated list of the most wanted fugitives.
Williams was a professor of gender and sexuality studies at USC until 2011.
A call to the FBI by The Associated Press seeking additional details was not immediately returned.

subset: commoncrawl


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Kia Shine (Feat. Young Dro & Maino) - Checkin' My Fresh
Video for Kia Shine "Checkin' My Fresh" featuring Young Dro and Maino.
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Dog Grooming In Cypress, Tx - Things To Consider
Now, there are quite a lot of things that you would want to take into account if you are to go ahead and own a pet. The truth is that having an animal to take care of is a tremendous responsibility. While it's also tons of fun, there are a lot of things that you would need to account for on a daily basis in order to ensure that it grows properly and that it's healthy and in good health and overall condition. This is especially true when it comes to dogs.
Dog Care-- Important Considerations
Watching over a dog is something which will require a lot of your time. There are a lot of incredibly important things which you have to account for when it comes to the care for the animal.
Grooming, of course, is one of the regular chores that you 'd have to account for. This is due to a range of different reasons. In any case, grooming your dog or other hairy pet is far more important than you might think. It serves a lot of different purposes than just to maintain a proper outlook.
Pet Grooming in Cypress TX
Now, this endeavor should be carried out perfectly and regularly. Believe it or not, grooming is going to ensure the overall health condition of your pet, and it's going to help it look flawless. This is most definitely something that you want to account for.
Dog Grooming In Cypress TX will ensure that the animal is free of different pests such as dog lice, for instance. What is more, you will also make sure that the hair which it has already outgrown is removed so that there is proper air circulation that gets to the skin of the animal. This will prevent a lot of infections and other complications.
Of course, the overall appeal of the animal is also going to take a positive hit from regular pet grooming in Cypress, TX. This is something that you need to take into account, and it's definitely a way to maintain the animal in a proper and healthy appeal. Furthermore, this is also going to ensure that it's looking better than ever.
Of course, you can trust our professional services for pet grooming in Cypress, TX if you want to guarantee a professional result. This is definitely beneficial, and it's also going to spare you a tremendous amount of hassle. If you don't want to be bothered with annoying pet care chores of the kind, this is something that you might want to consider.
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Phecda — SuicideGirl of the Day
Meet Phecda, an American SuicideGirl who loves puppies, sunshine and cupcakes and calls love her biggest vice. Aww.
Name: Phecda
Location: US
Into: Dinosaurs, video games, donuts, puppies, being in the sunshine, Star Wars, my dog, zombies
Not into: Animal abusers, womanizers, raw onions, snow, dumb broads
Makes me happy: The sun, my puppy, zoos, video games, donuts, Star Wars, donuts and cupcakes
Makes me sad: Abused animal commercials, when animals die in movies, abused animals in general make me sad
Hobbies: Video games, running, reading, watching documentaries, skateboarding
Five things I can't live without: Macbook pro, blackberry, water, music, and love
Vices: Love, most definitely love
I spend most of my free time: Watching documentaries or on Xbox
Favorite bands:
- A Day to Remember
- Marilyn Manson
- Dillinger Escape Plan
- Despised Icon
- Taking Back Sunday
- Deftones
- Underoath
- Chiodos
- Converge
- Black Dahlia
Favorite films:
- Interview with the Vampire
- Bram Stoker's Dracula
- 300
- Grandma's Boy
- Rocky Horror Picture Show
- Star Wars
- Braveheart
- Lord of the Rings
- Underworld Rise of the Lycans
- American History X
Favorite books:
- Pride and Prejudice
- Tess of the D'Urbervilles
- The Prince
- Memoirs of a Geisha
- The Great Gatsby
- Bram Stoker's Dracula
- Utopia
- Adam Smith's Theory of Moral Sentiments
- The Hobbit
- Anything on North Korea.
Favorite TV shows:
- Game of Thrones
- Dragonball/ DBZ
- Aqua Teen Hunger Force
- Sailor Moon
- Full Metal Alchemist
- Sex and the City
- Family Guy
- Futurama
- Scrubs
- The Walking Dead
Video Games:
- World of Warcraft
- Halo: Reach
- COD:Blackops-WAW-MW2
- Bioshock
- Oblivion
- Assassin's Creed, 1,2
- Fable 1,2
- Goldeneye for 64
- Zelda
- Rainbow Six, PC
SuicideGirls is a community that celebrates alternative beauty and alternative culture from all over the world. Since 2001, tens of thousands of models have submitted millions of photos to their website hoping to become SuicideGirls.


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Suspect in shooting death of toddler in stroller says it was 'evil act'
NEW YORK – The man accused of shooting a toddler to death in his stroller on a New York City street says it was an "evil act" he has to live with.
Daquan Breland tells the Daily News that "remorseful doesn't even describe what I feel." He spoke to the newspaper at the Rikers Island jail.
Breland was arrested in Wilkes-Barre, Pa., on Friday, the same day the toddler, Antiq Hennis, was buried. He's charged with second-degree murder.
The 23-year-old suspect tells the News he never intended to hurt the toddler. He says: "I could never do that to an innocent little baby. It's not in my heart."
He offered his condolences to Antiq's family.
Authorities believe Breland's intended target was Antiq's father, Anthony Hennis, and the shooting may have been gang-related.


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Ok, so I have to warn you 😉 I'm taking part in South-East Asian cooking festival on my favorite Polish cooking forum and what that means is that quite some recipes from that region will appear on the blog in the closest 2 weeks. I love the cuisine from that part of the world and I really wish that I could learn some more about it. Right now I can only study some cookbooks, but I dream of the moment when finally we will manage to travel there and absorb everything with our senses. My biggest priority is to go to Vietnam, but since we've started planning it's always been the issue of either lack of money or time. Well… as in previous years I again dream that I'll go there finally next year, but well… I guess that won't be possible. For now, I have to stick to travel and cook books and just dream on 😉
The recipe below is adapted from fabulous Rick Stein's book "Oriental Odyssey". I've borrowed it by chance from my local library, but I simply fell in love with the recipes and now am awaiting my own copy 🙂
2 tbsp oil
100g spring onions, finely chopped (well… not appearing in our dish 😉 )
50g garlic, finely chopped
25g ginger, finely grated
1kg of pork meat for braising (I used mixed pork and beef meat), cut in cubes
4 tbsp kecap manis
2 tbsp dark soya sauce
1 tsp tamarind paste
½ tsp freshly grated black pepper
3-4 chilli, sliced
4 bird's eye chilli, whole
500ml asian beef stock
1. Heat the oil in a thick bottomed pot. Fry the spring onions, garlic and ginger, you may add a bit of salt.
2. Add the meat and fry for 2-3 minutes till it gets some colour. Add kecap manis, soya sauce, tamarind paste, pepper and chilli fry for a minute more. Turn down the heat, add hot beef stock and braise till the meat will be tender (around 1,5-2,5h depending on your meat and size of the pieces)
3. Take out the meat pieces and heat up the sauce till it's boiling. Reduce it quite much. It needs to be pretty dense.


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Natural gas is a clean and abundant fossil fuel. It is produced domestically and provides millions of Americans with jobs. With a renewed focus on the environment, natural gas is emerging as an economically and environmentally-beneficial alternative to gasoline:
As a natural gas distribution company, our primary business is to deliver natural gas safely and reliably to our customers and communities. We support environmentally responsible development of domestic natural gas supplies as a critical element in a clean and sustainable U.S. energy strategy. We also support development of new uses for natural gas, including the safe development of transportation fuel alternatives.
A natural gas vehicle is one that runs primarily on natural gas instead of gasoline or diesel fuel. The U.S. Department of Energy reports that worldwide, there are more than 14 million natural gas vehicles in use today. Approximately 112,000 are in the U.S., and many of these are used in commercial applications.
Cars, trucks, vans and buses can be converted to run on natural gas. Fleet operators, including delivery services, waste haulers, taxi companies and school districts now operate natural gas vehicles in many locations across the country.
If you're interested in learning more about natural gas vehicles click on the related links at the top of this page.
Our primary business is to safely and reliably deliver natural gas to our customers. We do not build or install fueling stations. Consider contacting the local Clean Cities organization for help in selecting a contractor to build a station. Once you have selected a manufacturer and proposed station location, please contact us to determine if natural gas is available to the site. Our Customer Care Center representatives are available at 1-844-809-8921.
If you own a personal natural gas vehicle and are interested in installing a home vehicle fueling station, please contact our Customer Care Center at 1-844-809-8921 to confirm that your service line and delivery pressure is able to supply a home fueling device. We do not build or install fueling devices.


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There is just so much information out there!
If you haven't found what you are looking for yet, contact our library staff, try one of these free featured resources, or click the subject resource, to the right, to learn more!
Biodiversity Heritage Library
The Biodiversity Heritage Library (BHL) is a consortium of natural history and botanical libraries working to make biodiversity heritage available to all through open access. Over 100,000 volumes have been digitized in an effor to ensure it is made available around the world. Search or browse their collections by title, author, date or collection. Ever wanted to read Pliny's Natural History, originally published in 77 AD? Click here to visit the BHL and read a version that was translated in 1601, published in the mid 19th century!
CARLI Digital Collections
The CARLI (Consortium of Academic and Research Libraries in Illinois) Digital Collections make digitized items from rare and special library collections freely available. The collections include images, sound recordings, manuscripts, and print material. Click here to see all of the collections dedicated to Illinois regional history!
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This digital library is also the product of a partnership of academic and research institutions working to make digital collections and books freely available world-wide. Browse or search through the collections to see manuscripts, rare books, images, and much more.
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The product of a partnership between The Morton Arboretum, the Chicago Botanic Garden, and the Field Museum of Natural History, this virtual Chicagoland herbarium includes plant data from over 80,000 digitized speciments. Learn about fungal diversity in the region, plant diversity in wetlands, plant taxonomy and naming, or just browse through the collections and photographs. The vascular plants and fungi databases are searchable by scientific or common name, location, habitat, or collector.


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Serviços Personalizados
Links relacionados
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PER: Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad
versão On-line ISSN 1727-3781
PER vol.16 no.4 Potchefstroom Abr. 2013
Improving access to justice through compulsory student work at University Law clinics
D Holness
BA, LLB (Rhodes), LLM (NMMU), PGDHE (Rhodes). Director of UKZN Law Clinic, University of KwaZulu-Natal. Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
In this paper an analysis is offered of compulsory so-called "live client" clinical legal education as part of the LLB as a means of improving access to justice for the indigent. This study first explores the factors which motivate which the establishment of a year's compulsory community service during the LLB studies, and making clinical legal education compulsory. The motivation includes inducing law students and graduates to aid in the achievement of access to justice. The research then focuses on what the value of community service is in higher education generally.
In the South African civil justice system many ordinary people cannot afford to use the courts because of the expense involved, or because they are ignorant of their rights. This is particularly the case in civil as opposed to criminal matters, as legal aid is more frequently focused on criminal than on civil matters in this country. This paper will consider the role which senior law students may play in rendering pro bono work as part of clinical legal education in their LLB studies. In this regard particular focus will be made on the University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), the only university offering law studies in greater Durban.
As for pro bono work by students during their LLB, consideration could be given to making clinical legal education a compulsory part of such students' curricula. Possible compulsory community service for law graduates (ie post-LLB) as envisaged in the proposed Legal Practice Bill falls beyond the ambit of this paper.
Keywords: Legal service delivery; indigent; attorneys; pro bono; civil matters; constitutional; South Africa; University of KwaZulu-Natal; LLB; socio-economic; access to justice; foreign jurisdictions; voluntary; mandatory; legal aid; free legal services.
1 The aims of the paper
In this paper an analysis is offered as to compulsory so-called "live client" clinical legal education as part of the LLB. Possible compulsory community service for law graduates as envisaged in the proposed Legal Practice Bill falls beyond the ambit of this paper.1 These two distinct options could be complementary - for example where post-study community service is provided at a university law clinic through the supervision of student work. However, for the purposes of this paper post-study community service will be excluded. This study will firstly explore the motivating factors which establish the basis for the need to implement a year's compulsory community service during the LLB studies and in the process making clinical legal education compulsory. These include the ways in which law students and graduates may aid in the achievement of access to justice. The research will then focus on what the value of community service is in higher education generally.
In the South African civil justice system many ordinary people cannot afford to use the courts because of the expense involved, or because they are ignorant of their rights.2 This is particularly the case in civil as opposed to criminal matters, as legal aid is greatly focused on criminal as opposed to civil matters in this country.3 This paper will consider the role which senior law students may play in rendering pro bono work as part of clinical legal education in their LLB studies. In this regard particular focus will be directed on the University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), the only university offering law studies in greater Durban.
As to pro bono work by students during their LLB, consideration will be given to making clinical legal education a compulsory part of such a student's curriculum.
2 Introductory matters
The South African Constitution provides a right of access to courts,4 but the value of this right has to be questioned when it comes to the very limited access to free legal services in civil matters for the indigent. McQuoid-Mason pertinently asks "What state and non-governmental mechanisms are available to implement these rights? "5 This paper will consider how university law clinics can make pro bono legal assistance to its clients by senior students (through clinical legal education) a compulsory component of each LLB student's curriculum and thereby aid improved access to civil justice.6 The paper will cite a foreign example (in America) of CLE incorporating community service being used to successfully meet the obiective of access to iustice.
3 The rationale for the paper's analysis
It has been shown that there is a need for better access to justice7 in civil matters as a tool to assist vulnerable residents' access to adequate core socio-economic rights in particular.8 It is proposed that a year's community service for law graduates and increased clinical legal work by law students would play a role in improving access to justice through some form of legal advice and representation.9
With regard to clinical legal work, the clinical legal education (CLE) model of the University of KwaZulu-Natal in the eThekwini Metropolitan Area will be considered and comparisons drawn between its clinical legal education model and the institutionalised models of the University of the Free State and to a lesser extent, Rhodes University. When discussing university law clinics this paper's focus is on the legal service provision of university law clinics more than the teaching and learning aspect thereof. However, as has been noted in numerous studies,10 it is virtually impossible to separate the intrinsically intertwined dual mandates of legal service provision and practical teaching at university law clinics. This study will therefore consider the provision of legal services at university law clinics through the lens, as it were, of CLE. In other words, an intrinsic part of CLE is the provision of legal services to the indigent. Before CLE can be looked at, the author will consider whether or not free civil legal aid should be provided in certain circumstances.
4 Factors to consider as to whether free civil legal aid services should be made available
Section 35 of the Constitution provides a more direct right to criminal legal aid in particular circumstances than does section 34's promise of a "fair trial," which applies to civil matters. Nonetheless, our courts' interpretation of factors to consider when granting criminal legal aid can provide useful guidance, it is submitted, as to how section 34 should be interpreted vis-à-vis free legal services in civil matters.
In the pre-constitutional case of S v Khanyile, Didcott J identified three factors to be considered in deciding if legal representation would need to be provided:11
(a) the complexity of the case in fact and in law;
(b) the personal "equipment" of an accused to fend for himself or herself; and
(c) the gravity of the case, the nature of the offence alleged, and the possible consequences for the accused if convicted.
It is submitted that the three considerations identified by Didcott J can be appropriately adapted to civil cases embraced by the Constitution in section 34; albeit that the decision was handed down in the pre-constitutional era. The first factor, being the complexity of the case, applies mutatis mutandis to civil matters. For example, an unopposed divorce, where there are no children of the marriage or assets to be divided, could well be handled by the litigants sans legal representation. This could be contrasted with a complex divorce, involving a dispute as to care of children and division of assets, where the complexities are such in fact and law that legal representation would be highly necessary or advisable. As to the second factor, the ability of litigants to represent themselves, (when made applicable to civil matters), in particular the socio-economic position (including the educational background) of some litigants could make them far more capable of adequately representing themselves than others from a more disadvantaged socio-economic position and having only a limited education.
Apropos the gravity of the matter, the issue is not a question of the offence committed but rather the effect of the civil dispute on the litigants. For example, an application for eviction has considerable consequences for the person or persons evicted. In such an eviction matter, it is submitted that a lack of legal representation could well result in extremely serious results for an evicted litigant.12
McQuoid-Mason asks the question of whether a duty is imposed on the state to provide legal aid or assistance to a person in a civil case who cannot afford it. Interestingly he argues that the answer is probably no due to the lack of an explicit Constitutional duty imposed on the state to provide the services of a legal practitioner to litigants in civil cases.13
Legal Aid South Africa (LASA) places considerable limitations on the ambit of civil matters it will consider assisting with.14 In addition to these preclusions of types of civil matters excluded from Legal Aid South Africa's work in their Legal Aid Guide must be considered the very small proportion of Legal Aid South Africa's work which is civil as opposed to criminal. In the latest available annual report of LASA's work for 2011/2012, 382 125 new criminal matters were accepted by the organisation, compared with just 46 528 new civil matters.15 Furthermore, Legal Aid South Africa has traditionally not had sufficient funds to provide (civil) legal aid to everybody who requires it in South Africa.16 Additional funding would have to be obtained in order to provide legal assistance for human rights and other civil cases, and to establish advice offices for the millions of South Africans who cannot afford the services of a legal practitioner.17 Van As makes the point that for legal aid to be developed it requires both funding and the political will to implement the developments.18
In addition to those who qualify for legal aid (be it criminal or civil), there is a broad group - whom Brickhill identifies as the "working poor, lower middle class and parts of the rural population"19 - who fall through the cracks of the system, as it were. This group of potential civil litigants would not qualify in terms of the means tests of Legal Aid SA or the various law clinics, but would still be unable to afford private legal representation. An expanded service provided by law students at law clinics and/or post-study community service could play a role in meeting this need. The next section deals with how clinical legal education may do this.
5 Clinical legal education at the University of KwaZulu-Natal and elsewhere in South Africa
Maisel notes that:20
Spurred by desires to make the law school experience more educational and relevant for students and to promote equal justice and the rule of law, scholars have devoted considerable attention and resources to creating or expanding clinical legal education.
Yet community service through work at one's university law clinic is not compulsory for many LLB students in South Africa. There is no doubt that as a vocational qualification, an LLB degree should adequately prepare graduates for the world of legal practice. Any failure by the South African LLB curriculum to provide adequate exposure to practical legal skills would be a major shortcoming indeed. This also needs to be seen within the context of universities having an ethical obligation to meaningfully contribute to the social upliftment of the areas in which they exist.21
Maisel states that those who support the expansion of clinical legal education in South Africa and elsewhere have sought to achieve up to five different objectives, three related to improving legal education for students and two related to providing assistance to disadvantaged groups.22 These may be summarised as follows:
i) Legal education is enhanced by having law students experience the socioeconomic challenges of the majority of South Africans.23
ii) The creation of law clinics and clinical courses inculcates values important to our young constitutional democracy including the need for equal justice for all.24
iii) CLE involves practical lawyering skills such as case analysis plus confronting students with ethical issues which arise in legal practice.25 De Klerk echoes this and the previous two sentiments by writing that CLE "inculcates in students a spirit of public service and professional responsibility."26 This has the prospect of improving future practitioners' attitude to performing pro bono work. McCutcheon submits that whilst most law students will not become public interest lawyers, CLE may still impact upon their "perspectives on their future roles as private legal professionals. "27
iv) Law clinics serve as places for candidate attorneys to perform their mandatory practical training (of one or two years). This opens up entry to the profession to all graduates including those from previously disadvantaged groups.28
v) Clinics expand the pool of resources for legal representation accessible to the indigent.29 Legal clinic education programmes thus enable law students to provide legal assistance to persons and groups usually too poor to hire lawyers.30
A good example of a legal system where Maisel's objectives have translated into extensive assistance to the indigent is the United States of America. The American Bar Association ("the ABA") and judges in the United States have long supported clinical legal education because clinical programmes play an important role in ensuring that access to the courts - a precondition for access to justice - will not be limited to only those who can afford to hire lawyers.31 Because of the quite extensive functions performed by American students in clinical legal education, it is submitted that reference thereto is also relevant both in so far as South African clinical legal education and post-university community service in South Africa are concerned. The impact of clinical legal education in providing access to justice for those unable to afford lawyers has been significant in the United States. Thousands of law students taking in-house and externship clinical courses each year join the mere 5,000 to 6,000 lawyers working for organisations that represent the 45 million Americans who are so poor that they qualify for civil legal aid.32 In addition to providing access to the courts for clients and learning lawyering skills, law students also learn legal ethics rules and the norms of the legal profession first-hand in their clinical courses.33
Maisel notes that despite its potential to help meet the above and other vital objectives, the clinical law movement still lacks sufficient support in most countries, including South Africa.34 Among other factors, law school clinics continue to have to battle to obtain financial resources, often from unreliable donor funding, and clinical staff tend not to enjoy the same compensation, status, or job security as their "normal" law school or faculty academic colleagues.35 It is argued that the point made by van As (cited earlier in this paper) that legal aid requires funding and political will applies on a more micro-level to the promotion of law clinics within a university.36
Now that the American example has been considered as has the challenges for university law clinics, it becomes appropriate to consider specific examples of CLE in South Africa. The paragraphs below will compare the compulsory clinical legal education at the University of the Free State with the voluntary nature of such training at UKZN. The University of KwaZulu-Natal has a fully functional law clinic staffed by three attorneys, two administrators and between four and six candidate attorneys.37 Final-year LLB students have the opportunity of working at the clinic for a period of one year as part of a public interest elective, "Clinical Law". Students are given the opportunity of choosing whether to register for Clinical Law and hence working at the law clinic or choosing one of two other alternatives; "Teaching Legal Skills" or "Street Law".38 Of the total number of final year registered students for LLB (252), 72 were enrolled for Clinical Law in 2012.39 These students assisted approximately 200 members of the public through an initial consultation with them. It is apparent from these figures that a relatively low percentage of final-year law students choose to work in the Law Clinic. It is submitted that the legal service delivery potential of the UKZN Law Clinic would unquestionably be improved were clinical legal education (through the Clinical Law course) to be compulsory for all final-year law students at the institution. This is one of the answers to the question asked by De Klerk about University law clinics: "to what extent is this resource being exploited to its full capacity?"40 However, as highlighted by Brickhill, one cannot appropriately make work at a university law clinic a compulsory element of the LLB without ensuring that there is a reasonable supervisor-to-student ratio.41 Provided sufficient supervision is made available, an increased number of students would improve the capacity of university law clinics to meet their civil legal aid mandate.42
The voluntary nature of clinical legal education at UKZN can be contrasted with the institutionalised community service required of all finalyear law students at the University of the Free State,43 as part of a course called "Legal Practice 4'. A similar model to the University of the Free State exists at Rhodes University where compulsory work at the Law Clinic takes place in the final year of the LLB in a course also called "Legal Practice".44 What follows below is a discussion of advantages and disadvantages of making clinical legal education a compulsory part of the LLB degree. Through this discussion the civil legal aid service role of any university law clinic in South Africa will be a recurrent theme.
Swanepoel and Bezuidenhout identify as general challenges facing university law clinics financial sustainability, large student numbers and limited training time in a student's curriculum.45 It is appropriate to discuss each of these challenges in turn, specifically in so far as they apply to UKZN. As to financial sustainability, UKZN Law Clinic relies on a grant of R 210,000 from the Attorneys' Fidelity Fund per year. The University's contribution to the Law Clinic's operations is limited to the staffing costs of two attorneys and one administrator plus the premises occupied by the law clinic. An increased number of students working in the law clinic allied with increased legal service provision will unquestionably lead to higher running costs when it comes to regular expenses such as telephone, fax, printing and photocopies and will require more attorneys to be appointed to fulfil the supervisory function. As to large student numbers, the current UKZN Clinical Law module requires quite intensive supervised practical work in the various legal service areas of the Law Clinic.46 It is clearly far easier and more manageable to have fewer than 75 students in this process rather than over 250 when there are the same number of supervising attorneys for both these class sizes with the same amount of supervision per student. Finally, the University teaching year is limited to 26 weeks.47 This constrains the amount of training and practical legal work that students are able to be exposed to.
Notwithstanding the aforementioned challenges of having compulsory clinical legal education at UKZN, there would also be a number of advantages from such an arrangement. As to funding, increased student numbers would add weight to any argument for an increased funding contribution from the University to the Law Clinic's operations. Increased student numbers would have the potential to increase the Law Clinic's legal service delivery output. From the perspective of a holistic legal education it is strongly argued that exposure to real life legal problems has great potential to improve the readiness for legal practice of any graduate from the University.48 This point is made on the premise that the "live client" model of teaching in the clinical legal education sphere is adopted. Swanepoel and Bezuidenhout refer to this as "interactive learning."49 Such a model can be contrasted with various types of simulation and the like. Furthermore, compulsory community service through work of a law clinic has the added advantage of opening students' eyes to the considerable role which the law may play as a vehicle for improved social change amongst the poorest and most marginalised members of society; in essence fanning the social conscience of the lawyers of the future. It is undoubtedly the case that increased student numbers and the limited duration of the academic year make an intensive hands-on course like Clinical Law challenging to teach. However, there are ways around such challenges. For example, the course may be split over two years with some students working in the law clinic in their third year and others in their final year of their LLB.50
6 Role of university law clinics in improving access to justice
The UKZN Law Clinic has significant experience as a legal aid service provider for the indigent51 but is very dependent on donor funding for this work to be continued and expanded. Solutions to the problem of lack of funding are numerous and interrelated. The ideal solution would be for the UKZN Law Clinic's budget to be mainstreamed into the UKZN Law School budget so as to no longer be dependent on donor funding. The alternative is to continue to seek alternative donor funding for particular projects.52
University law clinics - like that of UKZN - can play a pivotal role in acting as a conduit between needy members of society and the private profession providing pro bono work to such clients. As De Klerk notes, law clinics are able to screen clients and formulate "pro bono briefs" for private lawyers.53 Pro bono could become a new focus for many law clinics in relation to access to justice, whilst at the same time facilitating expanded clinical education programs.54
In South Africa, where university law clinic students cannot represent clients in the courts, they can nevertheless fulfill crucial legal functions in numerous areas where representation is not required - notably legal research and advice.55 Kuppan astutely defines legal aid as more than legal representation to include training and furnishing of legal advice.56 University law clinics can play a crucial role in focusing legal assistance on the rights of marginalised or vulnerable groups, such as ethnic minorities, refugees, children, prisoners and women. Specialisation allows clinics to tackle systemic deficiencies in the delivery of justice, while at the same time building the expertise of students in a particular area of law.57 McQuoid-Mason states that law students can play a valuable role in assisting indigent members of the community in satisfying some of their needs by engaging with the communities in service programs.58 In an ideal situation, the combined legal aid efforts should mirror the real needs of its main beneficiaries, the poor and marginalised which, in turn, should be reflective of the demographic distribution of poverty, unemployment and other factors affecting society.59
It has been argued that a certain amount of pro bono work by law students in South Africa should be a prerequisite for graduation.60 It is most obvious for such pro bono work to be channelled through CLE. An illustration of this concept is reflected in the graduation requirements of Tulane Law School in the United States of America. In September 1987, Tulane Law School became the first US law school to require its students to perform community service in order to graduate. Each student had to complete a minimum of 30 hours of legal service on behalf of indigent clients in the New Orleans Metropolitan Area or alternatively during their vacation periods at the students' home town or summer community. The required hours are ungraded, but appear on the students' academic transcript as a "pro bono credit". Although the implementation of the programme is significantly different from the compulsory community service currently under speculation its resolve to social injustices is on par with current objectives. The decision to begin the pro bono program grew out of concern for the unmet legal needs of the poor, as well as concern for the educational enrichment of law students. The essential premise of the programme is the "trickle-up" theory of moral obligation, an ideal way to shape attorneys' attitudes from the ground up. This instills a sense of responsibility within the law students before becoming members of the bar. Drawing upon this, Tulane graduates should be more willing to seek pro bono opportunities in their law practices and make them more confident in their ability to provide assistance to those who desperately need it.61
The concept of pro bono work during the LLB forming a requirement for registration as a legal practitioner was reflected in section 13 of a previous draft of the Legal Practice Bill. It is a notable omission from the latest draft of the Legal Practice Bill, where there is no mention of unremunerated practical legal training. Section 13 stipulated one of the requirements being that a person eligible for registration should have completed, during the course of study for the degree, a period of 200 hours of unremunerated practical legal training. This involves the delivery of, or assistance with the delivery of at least 100 hours of legal services which would be in the nature of community service. A likely positive spin-off of the completion of such community service would be an increased awareness in students of the need to assist the community, allied with improved awareness in the community of their legal rights.62 This may in turn lead to a sense of duty within students who have been exposed to the needs within the community and feel compelled to do something about it especially if it is necessary for their qualification. Already a nationwide society promoting pro bono work by law students, Students for Law and Social Justice, exists. Their aim is "to transform legal education and access to justice" and (of relevance to this research) to "provide opportunities for legal graduates to engage in public interest legal work before and after graduation".63 It would therefore be very possible to tap into this resource in order to provide pro bono opportunities for law students.
McQuoid-Mason summarises the advantages of community service by law students and graduates as follows: he says there are two important advantages. Firstly, there is the opportunity to help the disadvantaged and indigent members of the community obtain what is due to them. Secondly, students receive theoretical and practical exposure to the social justice issues of the day - something which is vitally important and which is not possible to obtain in a regular black-letter law course, which the majority of the courses at university are.64 Other possible advantages are that by taking part in the programme the graduated student will develop the skills necessary to be an efficient practitioner and in this way supplement the shortcomings of the LLB degree, which according to many law firms are obvious.65 Another advantage is that the community service programme, if applied prior to the graduate entering the job market, would extend length of time in which the student could search for articles of clerkship. A further possible advantage is that the graduate will be working in a predominantly social justice context and in that way build a library of contacts who operate within the social justice context, effectively broadening the social justice network and awareness.
7 Further recommendations and conclusions
Various recommendations have already been made in the course of this paper. Some of the further recommendations and conclusions which follow relate to how a compulsory clinical programme should be introduced whilst others are alternatives or variations on such a development.
Firstly, many university law faculties have legal aid clinics or street law programmes, but students are not always awarded academic recognition for such programmes. Such academic credit is called for.66
Secondly, lessons may be learnt from the externship and internship possibilities in the USA for law students.67 In externship programmes, which form a part of their law degree requirements, students provide free legal services either to a law clinic or legal NGO or to the Department of Justice by providing research assistance to a judge or magistrate. This plays a big role in conscientising the students to social justice. Such opportunities could be offered within our own justice and NGO system. The externship option is also recommended as a cost-effective alternative to an in-house clinical course.
Finally, a further recommendation would be for the duration of post-LLB community service to be reduced according to the number of hours' community service already achieved during the LLB degree. This recommendation is made on the assumption that the Legal Practice Bill's community service provisions is passed into law.68
In conclusion, this paper has shown that university law clinics have a positive role to play in promoting improved access to justice for all. However, to fully harness the legal service provision potential of these clinics, it is submitted that CLE - through work at university law clinics - should be a compulsory, credit-earning course for graduation with the LLB degree. However, university law clinics require adequate resourcing, in terms of financial and other logistical backing from their universities and adequate supervisory capacity for compulsory CLE to work properly.
Barnhizer 1979 J Leg Ed. Barnhizer DR "The clinical method of instruction: its theory and implementation" 1979 J Leg Ed67-148 [ Links ]
Bloch and Prasad 2006 Clin L Rev. Bloch FS and Prasad MRK "Institutionalizing a social justice mission for clinical legal education: cross-national currents from India and the United States" 2006 Clin L Rev 165-212. [ Links ]
Bodenstein "Role of University-Based Law Clinics". Bodenstein J "The Role of University-Based Law Clinics in the Provision of Legal Aid in South Africa" (Unpublished paper delivered at the ILAG Conference Antwerp 8 June 2007) [ Links ]
Brickhill 2005 SAJHR. Brickhill J "The right to a fair civil trial: the duties of lawyers and law students to act pro bono" 2005 SAJHR 293-322 [ Links ]
De Klerk 2005 SALJ. De Klerk W "University Law Clinics in South Africa" 2005 SALJ 929-950 [ Links ]
Gilbert "Report on the Status of University Law Clinics". Gilbert MS "Report on the Status of University Law Clinics in South Africa" (Unpublished report, on file with The Ford Foundation, South Africa, Namibia Office 2003) [ Links ]
Greenbaum 2012 De Jure. Greenbaum L"Experiencing the South African undergraduate law curriculum" 2012 De Jure 104-124 [ Links ]
Holness 2013 PER. Holness D "Recent Developments in the Provision of Pro Bono Legal Services by Attorneys in South Africa" 2013 16(1) PER 129-164 [ Links ]
Iya 2003 Third World Legal Studies. Iya PF "From Lecture Room to Practice: Addressing the Challenges of Reconstructing and Regulating Legal Education and Legal Practice in the New South Africa" 2003 Third World Legal Studies 141-160 [ Links ]
Kuppan "Legal Aid". Kuppan G "Legal Aid" in Olivier MP et al (eds) The Extension of Social Security Protection in South Africa: A Legal Query (Siber Ink Cape Town 2001) 1 - 30 [ Links ]
Maisel 2006 Fordham Int'l LJ. Maisel P "Expanding and Sustaining Clinical Legal Education in Developing Countries: What We Can Learn From South Africa" 2006 Fordham Int'l LJ 374420 [ Links ]
McCutcheon "University Legal Aid Clinics". McCutcheon A "University Legal Aid Clinics: A Growing International Presence with Manifold Benefits" in McClymont S and Golub M (eds) Many Roads to Justice: The Law-related Work of the Foundation Grantees Around the World (Ford Foundation New York 2000) 267-282 [ Links ]
McDiarmid 1990 NYL Sch L Rev. McDiarmid MA "What's Going on Down There in the Basement: In-House Clinics Expand Their Beachhead" 1990 NYL Sch L Rev239-291 [ Links ]
McQuoid-Mason 1992 SAJHR. McQuoid-Mason D "Rudman and the Right to Counsel: Is it Feasible to Implement Khanyile?" 1992 SAJHR 96-113. [ Links ]
McQuoid-Mason 1999 Windsor YB Access Just. McQuoid-Mason D "Access to Justice in South Africa" 1999 Windsor YB Access Just 1-16 [ Links ]
McQuoid-Mason "Teaching Social Justice". McQuoid-Mason D "Teaching Social Justice to Law Students through Community Service- The South African Experience" in Iya P, Rembe NS and Baloro J (eds) Transforming South African Universities: Capacity Building for Historically Black Universities: Challenges and Strategies for the Next Millennium (Africa Institute of South Africa Pretoria 2000) 1-10 [ Links ]
Perold and Omar Community Service. Perold H and Omar R Community Service in Higher Education: A Concept Paper (Joint Education Trust Johannesburg 1997) [ Links ]
Swanepoel and Bezuidenhout 2012 De Jure. Swanepoel I and Bezuidenhout N "The institutionalisation of community service and community service learning at South African tertiary institutions: specific reference to the role of the University law clinics" 2012 De Jure 46-60 [ Links ]
US Department of State 2004 IIP Electronic Journals. US Department of State "Issues of Democracy. Access to the courts, Equal Justice for All" 2004 9(2) IIP Electronic Journals 2-35 [ Links ]
Van As 2005 Obiter. Van As H "Taking legal aid to the people: unleashing local potential in South Africa" 2005 Obiter 187-206 [ Links ]
Van As 2005 J Afr L. Van As H "Legal Aid in South Africa: making justice reality" 2005 JAfr L 54-72 [ Links ]
Register of legislation
Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996
Register of government publications
Canadian National Council of Welfare Report on Legal Aid(1995)
Register of cases
City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality v Blue Moonlight Properties 39 (Pty) Ltd 2012 2 SA 104 (CC)
Joseph v City of Johannesburg 2012 4 SA 55 (CC)
Residents of Joe Slovo Community, Western Cape v Thubelisa Homes (Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions as Amici Curiae) 2011 7 BCLR 723 (CC)
S v Khanyile 1988 3 SA 795 (N)
S v Rudman: S v Mthwana 1992 1 SA 343 (AD)
Register of internet sources
American University Washington School of Law Date Unknown www.wcl.american.edu. American University Washington School of Law Date Unknown Frequently Asked Question www.wcl.american.edu/externship/faq.cfm#1 [date of use 11 Feb 2013] [ Links ]
Association of University Legal Aid Institutions of South Africa 2003 www.opensocietyfoundations.org. Association of University Legal Aid Institutions of South Africa 2003 Combining Learning and Legal Aid: Clinics in Africa - Report on the First All-Africa, Colloquium on Clinical Legal Education, 23-28 June 2003 www.opensocietyfoundations.org/sites/default/files/southafrica_20030628.pdf [date of use 2 Dec 2012] [ Links ]
Department of Justice 2012 www.justice.gov.za. Department of Justice 2012 Draft South African Legal Practice Bill www.justice.gov.za/legislation/bills/2012_legal-practice-bill.pdf [date of use 24 Jul 2013] [ Links ]
Legal Aid South Africa 2012 www.legalaid.co.za. Legal Aid South Africa 2012 Legal Aid Guide www.legalaid.co.za [date of use 20 Mar 2013] [ Links ]
Rhodes University Date Unknown www.ru.ac.za. Rhodes University Date Unknown Law Degree Structure www.ru.ac.za/orientationgateway/departmentsandfaculties/courseandcurriculum/law/ [date of use 31 Dec 2012] [ Links ]
Street Law Date Unknown www.streetlaw.org.za. Street Law Date Unknown About Us www.streetlaw.org.za/index.php/about-us/about-us [date of use 3 Jan 2013] [ Links ]
Students for Law and Social Justice Date Unknown www.slsj.org. Students for Law and Social Justice Date Unknown About Page www.slsj.org/about/ [date of use 10 Feb 2013] [ Links ]
Tulane University Date Unknown www.law.tulane.edu. Tulane University Date Unknown Home Page www.law.tulane.edu [date of use 9 Feb 2013] [ Links ]
University of KwaZulu-Natal Date Unknown www.ukzn.ac.za. University of KwaZulu-Natal Date Unknown Transformation Charter www.ukzn.ac.za [date of use 30 Nov 2012] [ Links ]
University of KwaZulu-Natal 2012 law.ukzn.ac.za. University of KwaZulu-Natal Date Unknown Bachelor of Laws law.ukzn.ac.za/UndergraduateStudies/BachelorOfLaws.aspx [date of use 31 Dec 2012] [ Links ]
University of the Free State Date Unknown ufs.ac.za. University of the Free State Date Unknown Policy Document on the Institutionaiisation of Community Service www.ufs.ac.za/content.aspx?id=57 [date of use 2 Dec 2012] [ Links ]
List of abbreviations
ABA American Bar Association
CLE Clinical legal educatin
Clin L Rev Clinical Law Review
Fordham LJ Fordham International Law Journal
J Afr L Journal of African Law
J Leg Ed Journal of Legal Education
LASA Legal Aid South Africa
NY L Sch L Rev New York Law School Law Review
PER Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal
SAJHR South African Journal on Human Rights
SALJ South African Law Journal
UKZN University of KwaZulu-Natal
Windsor YB Access Just Windsor Yearbook of Access to Justice
1 These two distinct options have been put forward by other authors. See, for example, Brickhill 2005 SAJHR 315.
2 McQuoid-Mason 1999 Windsor YB Access Just 2.
3 Van As cites various statistics which show that the significant majority of legal aid cases in South Africa are of the criminal variety in Van As 2005 JAfr L 54.
4 Section 34 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996.
5 McQuoid-Mason 1999 Windsor YB Access Just 4.
6 According to the Association of University Legal Aid Institution's 2010 statistics, of 15 responding University law clinics in South Africa, 10 have compulsory clinical legal education and at the remaining five it is elective.
7 According to de Klerk: "Social justice has been defined as referring to the fair distribution of health, housing, welfare, education and legal resources in society", quoted in McQuoid-Mason 1999 Windsor YB Access Just fn 109.
8 Holness 2013 PER 154.
9 The latest draft of the Legal Practice Bill (as gazetted on 15 May 2012) makes no mention of compulsory pro bono work during the LLB degree (Department of Justice 2012 www.justice.gov.za).
10 See, for example: Iya 2003 Thirrd Wordd Legal Studies 141-160; Bloch and Prasad 2006 Clnn L Rev 165.
11 S v Khanyile 1988 3 SA 795 (N) 815. For a discussion thereof see also McQuoid-Mason 1999 Windsor YB Access Just 4. Didcott J's judgment was eventually overruled by the Appeal Court in S v Rudman: S v Mthwana 1992 1 SA 343 (AD), which held that the courts should not be able to coerce the government into providing civil legal aid because this could not (held the court) be feasibly implemented, given the financial and human resources constraints existing in South Africa. It is submitted that this ratio decidendi should no longer be applicable in the light of the purposive interpretation of s 34 of the Constitution outlined above. See also McQuoid-Mason 1992 SAJHR 96.
12 As a result, the Socio-Economic Research Institute (SERI), Centre for Applied Legal Studies, and Legal Resources Centre, to name a few, are all non-profit organisations and registered law clinics that have represented indigent individuals and communities in ground-breaking eviction cases. These cases include, for example, Ctty of Johannesburg Metropolttan Municipaltty v Buue Mooniight Properties 39 (Pty) Ltd 2012 2 SA 104 (CC); Joseph v City of Johannesburg 2012 4 SA 55 (CC); and Residents of Joe Slovo Community, Western Cape v Thubelisa Homes (Centre on Housing Rights and Evcctions as Amcci Curiae) 2011 7 BCLR 723 (CC) respectively.
13 McQuoid-Mason 1999 Windsor YB Access Just 3 fn 35.
14 Legal Aid South Africa 2012 www.legalaid.co.za. See the Guide at para 4.9.1, which notes that, in civil matters, legal aid will not be rendered: (i) in debtors' courts proceedings; (ii) for the administration of an estate or the voluntary surrender of any estate; (iii) in actions for damages on the grounds of defamation, breach of promise, infringement of dignity, invasion of privacy, seduction, adultery and inducing someone to desert or stay away from another's spouse; (iv) in a claim for maintenance and which can be determined by a maintenance court without the assistance of a legal practitioner; (v) in undeserving divorce matters; (vi) for any action which may be instituted in the Small Claims Court or where the amount of the claim does not exceed the jurisdiction of the Small Claims Court by more than 25%; (vii) in a civil appeal unless the Director is satisfied that there are reasonable prospects of the appeal succeeding; (viii) in arbitration, conciliation or any other forms of alternate dispute resolution; (ix) in matters where there is not substantial and identifiable benefit to the client; (x) in matters excluded by the Board from time to time; (xi) in matters where enforcement of an order in favour of the applicant will yield little benefit; (xii) in enquiries in the Children's Court without the prior approval of the Director; and (xiii) for an application to obtain an interdict in respect of the prevention of family violence or harassment as a result of domestic or family disputes, since an interdict in these matters can be obtained without the assistance of a legal practitioner.
15 Legal Aid South Africa 2012 www.legalaid.co.za 7.
16 McQuoid-Mason 1999 Windsor YB Access Just 6.
17 McQuoid-Mason 1999 Windsor YB Access Just 6.
18 Van As 2005 Obtter 188.
19 Brickhill 2005 SAJHR 294.
20 Maisel 2006 Fordham Intl LJ 374.
21 See the University of KwaZulu-Natal Date Unknown www.ukzn.ac.za in this regard.
22 Maisel 2006 Fordham Intl LJ 375.
23 Maisel 2006 Fordham Intl LJ 375.
24 Maisel 2006 Fordham Intl LJ 375.
25 Maisel 2006 Fordham Intl LJ 375.
26 De Klerk 2005 SALJ 937.
27 McCutcheon "University Legal Aid Clinics" 267.
28 Maisel 2006 Fordham Intl LJ 376.
29 Maisel 2006 Fordham Intl LJ 376.
30 US Depa rtment of State 2004 IIP Electroncc Journals 2.
31 US Department of State 2004 IIP Electroncc Journals 2.
32 US Depa rtment of State 2004 IIP Electroncc Journass 2.
33 US Depa rtment of State 2004 IIP Electroncc Journals 2.
34 Maisel 2006 Fordham Intl LJ 377.
35 Maisel 2006 Fordham Int'l LJ 377. See also McDiarmid 1990 NY L Sch L Rev 239. See generally Gilbert "Report on the Status of University Law Clinics".
36 Van As 2005 Obiter 188.
37 At 30 November 2012.
38 It would be amiss not to note the community outreach work conducted as part of the Street Law course. For example, Street Law provides basic rights awareness training at schools, hospitals and prisons. See Street Law Date Unknown www.streetlaw.org.za. However, this work must be contrasted with what are essentially lawyering skills taught and learnt in Clinical Law.
39 Figures obtained from UKZN Law School Office Manager, Ms R Amod, on 28 November 2012. In 2013 this figure was somewhat higher at 99 students.
40 De Klerk 2005 SALJ 939.
41 Brickhill 2005 SAJHR 316.
42 Brickhill 2005 SAJHR 316.
43 See the Policy Document on the Institutionalisation of Community Service at the University of the Free State at University (Free State Date Unknown ufs.ac.za).
44 Rhodes University Date Unknown www.ru.ac.za.
45 Swanepoel and Bezuidenhout 2012 De Jure 46. This paper does not attempt to analyse community service learning; instead, community service alone is considered.
46 Detail on the UKZN LLB 4 course, Clinical Law, and the Law School rule book / calendar (University of KwaZulu-Natal 2012 law.ukzn.ac.za).
47 University of KwaZulu-Natal 2012 law.ukzn.ac.za.
48 For an explanation of different forms of clinical legal education teaching, see Barnhizer 1979 J Leg Ed 67.
49 Swanepoel and Bezuidenhout 2012 De Jure 58.
50 This is the case at Rhodes University. See Rhodes University Date Unknown www.ru.ac.za.
51 The UKZN Law Clinic was established in 1973 as one of the first university law clinics in South Africa. Maisel 2006 Fordham Intl LJ 377.
52 Examples of the projects that have had external international donors in the last 5 years are the HIV/Aids Project, the Family Law Project and the Social Justice Project (University of KwaZulu-Natal 2012 law.ukzn.ac.za).
53 De Klerk 2005 SALJ 945.
54 De Klerk 2005 SALJ 949.
55 Association of University Legal Aid Institutions of South Africa 2003 www.opensocietyfoundations.org.
56 Kuppan "Legal Aid" 133.
57 Supra at 4.
58 McQuoid-Mason "Teaching Social Justice" 5.
59 Bodenstein "Role of University-Based Law Clinics".
60 Brickhill 2005 SAJHR 315.
61 Tulane University Date Unknown www.law.tulane.edu.
62 Perold and Omar Community Service 1.
63 Students for Law and Social Justice Date Unknown www.slsj.org.
64 McQuoid-Mason 1999 Windsor YB Access Just 4.
65 This has been substantiated by UKZN implementing the requirement (through a supplementary course) that all students have a certain level of mathematical skill. The implementation of this skills training is based on an inadequacy complained of by firms of attorneys accepting candidate attorneys (University of KwaZulu-Natal 2012 law.ukzn.ac.za).
66 This type of recognition is recommended by McQuoid-Mason. McQuoid-Mason states that at present only a few of the 17 law schools involved in the Street Law programme give academic credit for Street Law work, and suggests that students deserve to be rewarded academically for their efforts in respect of these programmes. McQuoid-Mason 1999 Windsor YB Access Just 6.
67 An externship offers experiential learning opportunities where a placement in a legal NGO or the like forms part of a credit towards a degree. An internship is not part of a particular academic course. Internships can be said to be unpaid work through which students gain experience in a given field. A student in an externship receives academic credit for his/her unpaid legal work and therefore must meet a series of requirements set by a law school and the legal profession. American University Washington School of Law Date Unknown www.wcl.american.edu.
68 For the latest draft of the Legal Practice Bill see Department of Justice 2012 www.justice.gov.za.


text:
WORCESTER -- The head of the Shrewsbury Street Neighborhood Association is demanding a meeting with UMass Memorial officials to get answers about the future use of a building at 328 Shrewsbury St.
The three-story brick building, owned by UMass Memorial Realty Inc., is undergoing renovations after it had been closed since last fall.
Before then, it has been used as�a medical office building.
Gary J. Vecchio, president of the Shrewsbury Street neighborhood group, said inquiries had been made to UMass about what its plans for it were after�there was talk�that it was going to�be used�for outpatient psychiatric services.
He said state Sen.�Harriette L. Chandler and then-state Rep. Vincent A. Pedone, both Worcester Democrats, asked on behalf of the neighborhood if that was the case. He said both were told that there were�no plans to use the building for that purpose.
Mr.�Vecchio said when he noticed on Monday that renovation work is being done on the building, he went to the city's Department of Inspectional Services to see if a building permit had been pulled for the work.
He said a permit had been taken it and it stated that the renovation work was for outpatient psychiatric services.
In light of that, Mr.�Vecchio said UMass Memorial officials need to meet with the stakeholders in the Shrewsbury Street neighborhood to explain what is going on with the building.
He said his group has asked Mrs. Chandler to set up a meeting with UMass officials, business leaders, neighborhood leaders and city officials to get some answers to questions they have.
"I just want to make it clear that we are not for or against this at this time because we have many questions but no answers," Mr.�Vecchio said today. "We have concerns because UMass has not shared the plans for this building with our city administration, elected officials, or residents and businesses in the Shrewsbury Street area.
"We are also concerned because UMass did not tell the truth to Sen. Chandler or former state Rep.�Pedone when both of them asked if they were thinking of using this building for outpatient psychiatric use. Both of them were told they had no plans to use the building for that purpose."
Joel Fontane, director of the city's Division of Planning and Regulatory Services, said no applications for the 328 Shrewsbury St. property have been filed with any city board or commission for review.
UMass Memorial did not respond to a request for comment on the situation.
Mr. Vecchio�said the questions Shrewsbury Street residents and business owners have about the property include: the level of care that will be provided there; the number of days it will be open each week; its hours of operation; if there are any other planned uses for the building and the number of patients and staff that will be there each day.
He added there are also concerns about where people will park on that property, whether there will be security personnel in the building when clients are being seen and whether court-mandated clients will be seen at that building.
"Why has UMass not shared their plans with anyone?" Mr.�Vecchio asked. "We don't even know when they plan to begin servicing clients."
The three-story brick building, which was built in 1925, has 17,748 square feet of space, according to city assessor records.
The property is assessed at $2.4 million. But because UMass Memorial is a tax-exempt, nonprofit institution, no property taxes were paid to the city on it.


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Post subject: Secret recipes from your Favorite Restaurants!
Do you spend hours each month waiting in a restaurant lobby to get seated? Do you spend hundreds of dollars per month paying others to cook secret recipes that you never thought you would be able to cook on your own?
What if you could cook these same recipes without waiting to be seated, at any time, and for a fraction of the cost? Now you can!
Cook the same recipes from your favorite restaurants for friends and family and have them convinced that you've ordered in. They simply will not believe that you've learned the secret, guarded recipes from the best restaurants.
For more info go to:
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Joined: 02 Oct 2006
Posts: 49
Location: Southern CA
Posted: Fri Oct 20, 2006 3:05 am
Post subject:
My sister makes killer Red Lobster garlic cheese biscuits!
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Posted: Tue Jan 16, 2007 3:19 am
Post subject: Red Lobster Chedder Bay Biscuits
Red Lobster Chedder Bay Biscuits
4 cups all purpose flour
8 tsp baking powder
4 tsp granulated sugar
1 tsp cream of tartar
1 tsp garlic powder
1 tsp dried parsley flakes
3/4 tsp salt
1/2 tsp onion powder
1-1/4 cups grated chedder cheese
1 cup butter flavor crisco
1-1/4 cups warm milk
Preheat oven to 425 degrees F.
This recipe was developed using a Kitchenaid Stand Mixer.
Add dry ingredients to mixing bowl, mix well (about 30-seconds).
Add grated cheese. Mix well (about 1-minute).
Add butter flavored crisco a little at a time. Mix until dry mixture
looks like cornmeal (about 2-minutes with mixer on low).
Add milk. Mix well (about 1-minute). Turn onto floured board. Knead for 1-minute.
Roll out 1/2-inch thick. Cut out with biscuit cutter.
Bake at 425 F for 18 minutes on baking sheet.
Biscuits are done when slightly browned on edges.
Makes about 12-biscuits
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Posted: Mon Jan 29, 2007 12:28 am
Post subject:
Some places will actually give you the recipe if you ask them for it. I've gotten a few recipes that way.
If nothing else, it lets the chef know that you enjoyed your meal.
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Joined: 26 Feb 2007
Posts: 5
Location: Minneapolis area, Minnesota, USA
Posted: Mon Feb 26, 2007 11:13 pm
Post subject:
I'd love to know the recipe for the french dressing that Outback Steakhouse serves on their salad.
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Posted: Mon Feb 11, 2008 5:48 am
Post subject: Red Lobster biscuits
I just read on red lobsters chef site, that baking soda is definitely one of the ingredients in their awesome biscuits.
Has anyone tried the posted recipe or have any others?
I could make those daily my family would not tire of them.
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Joined: 21 Dec 2005
Posts: 108
Posted: Tue Feb 12, 2008 1:43 am
Post subject: Needs garlic
The biscuits at Red Lobster definitely have garlic in them. The version of this recipe we make at home (which are acceptable, but not as good as at the restaurant) ends with brushing the hot biscuits with garlic butter.
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Posted: Wed Apr 09, 2008 8:50 pm
Post subject:
Well, I work at Red Lobster while going to school, and the biscuit mix comes pre-made, so I'm not sure there's much of a recipe that many people would know. It comes like bisquick mix in huge boxes, and they just add water, shredded cheese, and then brush with garlic butter when they're done.
There's tons of recipes on the internet that taste almost identical.
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Joined: 21 Jun 2008
Posts: 3
Posted: Sun Apr 19, 2009 10:19 pm
Post subject: Red Lobster Garlic Cheddar Biscuits
I've used this recipe repeatedly and had excellent results. It's easy, fast, and spot-on.
2 cups Bisquick baking mix
2/3 cup milk
1/2 cup cheddar cheese -- shredded
1/4 cup margarine or butter -- melted
1/4 teaspoon garlic powder
Preheat oven to 450. Mix baking mix, milk and cheese until soft dough forms; beat vigorously for 30 seconds. Drop dough by spoonfuls onto ungreased cookie sheet. Bake 8-10 min. or until golden brown. Mix melted margarine and garlic powder; brush over warm biscuits before removing from cookie sheet. Serve warm. Makes 10-12 biscuits.
Note: Bisquick is just a mixture of all the things the complicated recipes call for in the dry ingredients - flour, salt, cream of tartar, baking soda, etc. - they're just already properly proportioned. So, give yourself a break. They're just biscuits. It's the garlic and cheddar that make them special.
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Joined: 21 Dec 2005
Posts: 108
Posted: Sun Apr 19, 2009 11:15 pm
Post subject: A bit of authenticity
I've used the Bisquick + Cheddar + Brushing Butter/Garlic powder version of these for a long time, and it's a reasonable facsimile of the Cheddar bay biscuits, but it's not exactly the same. I happened to go to Red Lobster yesterday and tried to figure out why -- here's what I arrived at -- when you look at the cross-section of the biscuit, you'll see that it's soaked with the garlic-laden butter to a depth of about 1/8 of an an inch
all the way around the biscuit
. In other words, I don't think they brush the biscuits as they come out of the oven, I think they dunk them instead, or maybe turn them over and give the bottoms a good brushing too.
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Joined: 21 Jun 2008
Posts: 3
Posted: Mon Apr 20, 2009 1:50 am
Post subject: Garlic Cheddar Biscuits
I suspect Red Lobster has an aerosolizing dispenser (spray bottle) of melted garlic butter always at the ready. Might not even be butter - just garlic butter flavored vegetable oil. It would fit their production level demands. I think dipping would make the biscuits soggy, and be too labor-intensive. They practically give those things away, so they can't be investing too much in them. Such a thing wouldn't be practical in the home, so all the copycat recipes would call for garlic-infused melted butter that's brushed on.
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text:
STANFORD, Calif. (AP) — Stanford's Chiney Ogwumike has become the first player to win Pac-12 Player of the Year and Defensive Player of the Year in the same season.
The conference also announced Tuesday that Stanford's Tara VanDerveer won coach of the year for the 13th time in her Hall of Fame career. Colorado's Arielle Roberson earned Pac-12 Freshman of the Year honors.
The conference's coaches vote on the awards.
Ogwumike is averaging 22.9 points and 12.7 rebounds while shooting 59 percent for fourth-ranked Stanford (28-2). She also won defensive player of the year last season.
Her older sister, Nneka Ogwumike, twice won Pac-12 Player of the Year — including last season. She now plays for the WNBA's Los Angeles Sparks.


text:
Post Title : 19th Century Church Converted Into Charming Holiday Cottage
Image Title : The Chapel Holiday Cottage Dining Table Decor
Posted by : Jenni Steele
Category : Architecture
Original Resolution : 1200 x 801 pixel
All content published under the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic license.
All the rights of image and video that are in this site are reserved by their respective owners.
Home • Contact • Sitemap • Privacy Policy • Term of Service • Copyright/IP PolicyCopyright © Jenni Steele 2013 – All Rights Reserved.


text:
AS Monaco have today announced the signing of powerful central defender Nicolas Isimat-Mirin from fellow Ligue 1 club Valenciennes.
The Principality club are looking to forge good terms with fellow French clubs in order to win their backing in the battle against the LFP's ruling that all Ligue 1 clubs must be based in France.
Isimat-Mirin impressed throughout last season for Valenciennes and caught the eye of many of France and Europe's bigger clubs with it rumoured that Liverpool manager Brendan Rodgers was contemplating a bid for the French defender as he looks to vastly improve the quality of Liverpool's backline.
The Meudon born central defender standing at 6 feet one inch will bring aerial and physical dominance to Monaco's defence next season, which will complement the clever ball playing midfielders Russian billionaire owner Dmitri Rybolovlev has already brought into the club so far this summer.
Isimat-Mirin, at just 21 years old, is definitely a purchase with eyes firmly on the future for Monaco with the club looking to build a strong base of younger players as well as the expensive superstar names of Falcao and Joao Moutinho in order to ensure Monaco are seated at the top of France's Ligue 1 for the foreseeable future.
For a defender of such tender years Nicolas Isimat-Mirin brings a significant level of Ligue 1 experience to AS Monaco with the former Valenciennes player having made 29 top flight appearances last season at the heart of Les Athéniensdefence.
Isimat-Mirin who will wear the number twenty shirt for Monaco next season this morning spoke of his delight at joining the club via the Monaco's official website: "This is really a big thrill for me to get involved with AS Monaco FC. I feel a lot of joy... The club project is fantastic, I will give everything to prove that I deserve to be part of."
With the club still embroiled in a conflict with French football's governing body the LFP over whether or not Monaco can indeed take part in Ligue 1 next season it appears as though the club have looked to their fellow Ligue 1 clubs for support in the long running battle against the authorities.
It is believed that Monaco may look to help clubs that are financially struggling by purchasing their better players for a fair market value rather than the reduced price they would have to be sold for if a bid from abroad came in, simply due to bring some funds into the club.
It is hoped this charm offensive will persuade fellow Ligue 1 clubs to be lenient towards Monaco's avoidance of tax laws and Ligue 1 registration regulations and therefore put pressure on the LFP to allow Monaco to compete in next season's Ligue 1.
AS Monaco were handed a further punishment by the LFP yesterday morning as a result of crowd disturbances taking place at Stade Louis II at the end of last season in which a referee was assaulted by a supporter.
The LFP have stated that Monaco will be given a three point deduction with one of the points suspended making it two at the beginning of whichever campaign they start, as well as being required to play one home fixture behind closed doors.
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text:
Tosca Reno Live
You know when someone has inspired you
from a far
from a far
and then you meet them
and they burst your bubble
and they burst your bubble
When all that you believed
about them was so spectacular
about them was so spectacular
and motivational that they could not possibly
live up to your expectations
Well, that is so not case with the
Fabulous Tosca Reno
via {Instagram}
Pumping up before this event, in her hotel room
'when your energy is up,
you are primed for learning'
you are primed for learning'
The first time that I actually heard her speak live,
was at the
was at the
International Fitness and Club Business Conference
and Trade Show
and Trade Show
held in Toronto in August of 2012.
She was receiving the Life Time Achievement Award
on behalf of the recently deceased
love of her life Robert Kennedy,
love of her life Robert Kennedy,
the Publisher of such fabulous magazines as
Muscle and Fitness, Oxygen
and Eat Clean, to name a few.
and Eat Clean, to name a few.
Tosca has endured and thrived through
a crazy roller coaster journey the past few years,
with the passing of her stepson,
husband and then
most recently the bankruptcy of the business,
which was such a huge element in their lives.
Throughout all of this,
she has remained the consummate professional
and dove into her clean eating lifestyle
and fitness sensibility to cope
with the huge burden of stress
with the huge burden of stress
that was upon her,
this would have crippled most ordinary people.
this would have crippled most ordinary people.
She decided to use this time
to get back in fighting shape
to get back in fighting shape
(what better way to combat stress, work it out)
and participate in a physique competition
and WIN that sucker
(with Robert cheering from above)
(with Robert cheering from above)
first place in the Bikini Grand Masters division
via {Victorious}
she blew it out of the water
On Saturday, I was fortunate to be able to attend
an intimate event
an intimate event
with the Eat Clean Lady herself.
Inspiration personified as I am in my 51st year,
so without a doubt this was a huge thrill for me
I was a volunteer at this one day event
sponsored by CanFitPro
sponsored by CanFitPro
Canada's authority
on the
Business of Fitness Education and Certification
An inspiring
(and information packed)
talk on how
Eating Clean
Eating Clean
will guarantee
you get more out of life
As a volunteer this found me there much
earlier than the sun rising
The hoards of fans were still in bed,
some were probably making their way
to the venue at that time.
I was stationed at a post to direct vendors
and delegates
and delegates
to the event location
within the large convention centre
within the large convention centre
Fortunately for me,
I just happened to be there when she was arriving
to check out the staging for the big moment.
I briefly spoke with her
and mentioned that I had just tweeted a comment
about her, she was with her daughter,
she is lovely and gracious
and works just as hard
if not more behind the scenes
of this bold brand
AND when I got home, I was informed that.....
I won an autographed copy of her new book
'The Start Here Diet'
I am super excited,
all I had to do was tweet with her #hashtag
throughout the event
and my name was thrown in the hat
I will get into more detail of all
of the fabulous Nutritional content
from this event in my next post
I lapped up all of her knowledge
that she delivered with passion
and eloquence, like a well used sponge.
Look out, my renewed enthusiasm
to get back to my fitness roots
has been kicked up a notch.
I will take all of this advice,
and then,
look out,
anything is possible.
Tell me what steps you are taking
to shift your life into the next gear today!
I hope you had fun this weekend!
Peace Love


text:
Hi! You know what? I sure am annoyed lately! I was just scribbling down some thoughts for Finslippy, and, well, oh dear:
1. Drivers who reluctantly slow down at stop signs and give the pedestrian a testy little wave, as if to say, "I am doing you an enormous favor. Now scurry along before I change my mind and mow you down." There needs to be a new obscene hand gesture that indicates, "Hey, jackass, guess what? I don't need your permission. Stop signs aren't optional so don't act like you're so very generous and I should be grateful. And you're a jackass. Jackass." I must begin work on this gesture immediately. To the laboratory!
2. The family members who sometimes behave as if they are not fully aware that Henry knows what words mean. They believe, for instance, that as long as they didn't use the word B-U-G-S to refer to the B-U-G-S that were invading the basement when we arrived for a visit—as my son, you see, has a crippling fear of the B-U-G-S—he would not pick up on something being amiss even when they came tearing ass up from the basement hissing "OH MY GOD THEY'RE EVERYWHERE THEY'RE ALL OVER HIS TOYS." And when they're whispering updates to me on the TERROR FROM BELOW while Henry looks up from his Matchbox cars in wide-eyed horror, it should come as no surprise that the remaining hours of our visit are spent with 40 pounds of boy adhered to me via the Four-Pointed Ninja Monkey Vise Grip around my torso and neck.
3. Dear husband: what do you want from me when you shout from the kitchen, "Jesus, what did you clean with this sponge?" Is there some answer I can give you that would be satisfactory? Would you like to hear that I was exfoliating my cleavage? Or do you imagine that I store a mental tally of all the items I have scrubbed clean, so that hours later I can sit back and enjoy the memories? What a thrilling moment, when I finally rid the casserole dish of those baked-on lasagna bits. Ah, life. Anyway, could you not simply toss the dirty sponge and retrieve a clean one from our under-sink bounty of unused sponges? Should I scamper to your side and find you an acceptable sponge as you watch in manly approval?
4. People who refer to their husbands as "Hubs" or the "The Hubster." All I can say about this is: no. That's all. Just: no. I know some of you do it. And I like you! I do! But no. You must stop. Do you hear me? No!
To those readers new to Finslippy, I'm not normally this peeved. Truly. Some days I am positively ebullient. But lately, whew, so negative! I'm sure I'll perk up one of these days, perhaps when everyone begins to behave exactly as I feel they should.
On a possibly related note, my son has been cursing lately. I don't believe he's cursing for effect, as he doesn't check us for a reaction—as he might do before he, say, brains another child with a dump truck. For example: the other day he made himself comfortable on the couch—raisins? Check. Sippy cup? Check— and called out: "Turn on the TV." Before I could respond, he repeated, "Turn on the damn TV, please." Well! And then yesterday, as he pulled an oversized book from the shelf, he exclaimed, "Wow—this is a big fucking book!"
I tried my best not to laugh, but I did anyway. Luckily he didn't notice, as he was hidden behind the big fucking book.


text: CALL FOR PAPERS Third Workshop on Desktop Grids and Volunteer Computing Systems (PCGrid 2009) held in conjunction with the IEEE International Parallel & Distributed Processing Symposium (IPDPS) May 29, 2009 Submission deadline: November 14, 2008 Rome, Italy web site: http://pcgrid.lri.fr See below for details --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Journal of Grid Computing Special issue on desktop grids and volunteer computing (Independent of PCGrid workshop) Submission deadline: January 31, 2009 web site: http://mescal.imag.fr/membres/derrick.kondo/cfp_jogc.htm ###################################################################### Third Workshop on Desktop Grids and Volunteer Computing Systems (PCGrid 2009) held in conjunction with the IEEE International Parallel & Distributed Processing Symposium (IPDPS) May 29, 2009 Submission deadline: November 14, 2008 Rome, Italy web site: http://pcgrid.lri.fr Keynote speaker Prof. Jon Weissman, University of Minnesota, USA Desktop grids and volunteer computing systems (DGVCS's) utilize the free resources available in Intranet or Internet environments for supporting large-scale computation and storage. For over a decade, DGVCS's have been one of the largest and most powerful distributed computing systems in the world, offering a high return on investment for applications from a wide range of scientific domains (including computational biology, climate prediction, and high-energy physics). While DGVCS's sustain up to PetaFLOPS of computing power from hundreds of thousands to millions of resources, fully leveraging the platform's computational power is still a major challenge because of the immense scale, high volatility, and extreme heterogeneity of such systems. The purpose of the workshop is to provide a forum for discussing recent advances and identifying open issues for the development of scalable, fault-tolerant, and secure DGVCS's. The workshop seeks to bring desktop grid researchers together from theoretical, system, and application areas to identify plausible approaches for supporting applications with a range of complexity and requirements on desktop environments. Last year's workshop was a great success (see the past program here: http://pcgrid.lri.fr/program08.html). We invite submissions on DGVCS topics including the following: - cloud computing over unreliable enterprise or Internet resources - DGVCS middleware and software infrastructure (including management), with emphasis on virtual machines - incorporation of DGVCS's with Grid infrastructures - DGVCS programming environments and models - modeling, simulation, and emulation of large-scale, volatile environments - resource management and scheduling - resource measurement and characterization - novel DGVCS applications - data management (strategies, protocols, storage) - security on DGVCS's (reputation systems, result verification) - fault-tolerance on shared, volatile resources - peer-to-peer (P2P) algorithms or systems applied to DGVCS's With regard to the last topic, we strongly encourage authors of P2P-related paper submissions to emphasize the applicability to DGVCS's in order to be within the scope of the workshop. The workshop proceedings will be published through the IEEE Computer Society Press as part of the IPDPS CD-ROM. ###################################################################### IMPORTANT DATES Manuscript submission deadline: November 14, 2008 Acceptance Notification: January 16, 2009 Camera-ready paper deadline: February 15, 2009 Workshop: May 29, 2009 ###################################################################### SUBMISSIONS Manuscripts will be evaluated based on their originality, technical strength, quality of presentation, and relevance to the workshop scope. Only manuscripts that have neither appeared nor been submitted previously for publication are allowed. Authors are invited to submit a manuscript of up to 8 pages in IEEE format (10pt font, two-columns, single-spaced). The procedure for electronic submissions will be posted at: http://pcgrid.lri.fr/submission.html ##################################################################### ORGANIZATION General Chairs Franck Cappello, INRIA, France Derrick Kondo, INRIA, France Program Chair Gilles Fedak, INRIA, France Program Committee David Anderson, University of California at Berkeley, USA Artur Andrzejak, Zuse Institute of Berlin, Germany Filipe Araujo, University of Coimbra, Portugal Henri Bal, Vrije Universiteit, The Netherlands Zoltan Balaton, SZTAKI, Hungary Massimo Canonico, University of Piemonte Orientale, Italy Henri Casanova, University of Hawaii at Manoa, USA Abhishek Chandra, University of Minnesota, USA Frederic Desprez, INRIA, France Rudolf Eigenmann, Purdue University, USA Renato Figueiredo, University of Florida, USA Fabrice Huet, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, France Yang-Suk Kee, University of Southern California, USA Tevfik Kosar, Louisiana State University, USA Arnaud Legrand, CNRS, France Virginia Lo, University of Oregon, USA Grzegorz Malewicz, Google Inc., USA Kevin Reed, World Community Grid, USA Olivier Richard, ID-IMAG, France Mitsuhisa Sato, University of Tsukuba, Japan Luis M. Silva, University of Coimbra, Portugal Jaspal Subhlok, University of Houston, USA Alan Sussman, University of Maryland, USA Michela Taufer, University of Delaware, USA Douglas Thain, University of Notre Dame, USA Bernard Traversat, SUN, USA Carlos Varela, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, USA Jon Weissman, University of Minnesota, USA