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Pelican's Perch
by John Deakin
Ever gotten steamed at ATC for delaying you, or angry at another pilot who cut you off in the pattern, or hosed at an FBO who forgot to fuel your airplane when you needed to make a quick turn? AVweb's John Deakin points out that you can't be "pilot in command" of an aircraft unless you can first control your own emotions, and that overtly angry behavior usually makes you come off looking like a jerk. Deak offers some thoughts on how to stay cool and act professional.
Air rage is big news these days, but it seems to apply only to passengers who act up. Sadly, it occurs in cockpits, too.
There are a small number of pilots who really do need some counseling in anger management, a lot more who could use some of the techniques, and nearly everyone could benefit from a better knowledge of this phenomena --- and of themselves.
We all like to think we're in command of ourselves, but I doubt that any of us see ourselves as others do. That's unfortunate.
Some of the worst cases I've ever seen have been by "big iron" pilots, who really should know better. Pan American pilots on the Pacific used to suffer from this syndrome more than most. I can't count the times I've been at the gate in Japan, headed for the USA, and heard Pan Am whining and bitching about the way they thought they were being treated. Let ANY aircraft get cleared ahead of PAA, even for taxi, and you could almost see the red glow emanating from the cockpit.
No matter what the conditions, if PAA called for a clearance, and didn't get it instantly, they felt they were being discriminated against. If they called for pushback in Tokyo, and it just so happened that Japan Airlines was taxiing behind them, they'd actually grumble on the air, "Yeah, always gotta let JAL go first."
As an American, it was embarrassing.
It seems one of their major complaints was the way JAL got "preferential treatment." Some of my airline friends will laugh, but I can make the honest statement that I have NEVER, NOT ONCE, seen a real case of preferential treatment by Japanese controllers. What I HAVE seen is a few clever pilots who knew how to work the system, and this is true anywhere in the world. I'm not referring to "cheating."
A war story, to illustrate the point.
I had a 747 flight one evening from the old Haneda airport to Honolulu. We got our clearance for our requested route, and Flight Level 330, as filed.
While taxiing out, ground control called us and asked if we could accept 290. My response was something like, "Yes, we can, but would prefer our clearance altitude of 330, may I ask what's the problem?"
"Pan American out of Osaka, filed at 290, has just asked for 330, about three hours earlier than flight plan, and your courses converge."
Now look, we ALL used to fight for altitudes across the Pacific, because it was really easy to get "locked down" under other traffic, and spend the whole night between 4,000 and 12,000 feet lower than optimum. But one way to get around this was to ask for the highest possible altitude initially, even well above optimum, to end up "on top of the pack." I had done that, and really didn't want to give up that position, for I knew the trick, and played the game. I figured PAA had filed for optimum, then later decided that they wanted higher (for whatever reason), and I was pretty sure they were "showing some attitude," as they almost always did. By golly, when Pan Am wants higher, they should get it, and RIGHT NOW.
Feeling in a generous mood that night, I said, "Ground, JAL 72 would like to keep 330, but we'll change our route slightly after we're airborne, so Pan Am can climb to 330 also."
The Japanese controller obviously thought that a fine idea, and said "Thank you, maintain 330."
Sure enough, we no sooner got off and switched to departure control, and we could hear the tirade coming from PAA. "Why can't we have 330, why are you giving JAL priority?" (As many PAA people did, he was also using "THE Clipper," which many others just detested.)
(It occurs to me that some readers won't even remember Pan Am, much less the call sign they used! All PAA flights were "Clipper" followed by the flight number, as "Clipper One," or "Clipper 435," etc. JAL is "JapanAir," followed by the number.)
The Japanese controller was very calm, and simply said, "Clipper, JAL filed for 330, and was cleared for 330 before you asked for it. You're not even filed for 330 for another hour or two."
Not good enough, PAA was literally raving on the air.
Finally there was a momentary silence, and I said, "Hey Clipper, this is JAL, climbing to 330. If you'll give me your coordinates tonight, I'll change our route so that we can both have any altitude we want."
There was only silence from PAA. I tried again. No response.
Finally, the controller volunteered the coordinates! I ran the numbers, and just requested a one-degree (or was it two?) offset from PAA's flight plan all the way, asked for the amended route, got it, and ATC immediately cleared PAA to 330. There was not a word of thanks, or any acknowledgement, just a very snotty way of accepting the clearance, as if it was "about time." There was NO communication between the two of us all night, but I could hear him reporting crossing the same longitudes at just about the same time we did, but 60nm south of us, generally at the same altitude. Worked great.
They were in line in the arrivals hall when my crew and I came in. The captain, a flight attendant, and the copilot were at the back end of the line, which I joined. I asked the group very pleasantly, "Hi, how was the flight, did that work out okay for you?"
To my utter astonishment, the copilot flew into a rage, got all red in the face, and was literally SCREAMING at me about the lousy ATC in Japan, JAL always getting priority, costing them fuel and time, just on and on. Hundreds of passengers turned to see what the commotion was. The flight attendant looked shocked, and was speechless, and the captain just stood in line, with his back to us, saying nothing.
I let him run down a little, and quietly said, "Tell you what, when you grow one more stripe, and a lot more brains, maybe we can talk."
The flight attendant looked delighted and said, "Well said, sir!" The captain kept his back to us, and the copilot just glowered and turned away. I don't think the term "Air Rage" had been invented then, but it was a classic case. In my opinion, the man shouldn't be allowed near an airport, much less an airplane.
That was also the last time I ever gave Pan Am a break, or helped them out. Perhaps that was a little air rage of my own! Can you imagine sharing a cockpit with a guy like this?
There are many everyday examples, so let's bring it a little closer to home. Have you ever gotten steamed at an ATC delay? Angry when someone taxied in front of you, and cut you off? Or cut you off in the pattern? Or made the dreaded straight-in, when you believe that's the worst sin a pilot can commit (it isn't). How about complaining on the air when the tower sends you around, long before there's a conflict, and you can clearly see the conflict will be resolved by the time you get there? The FBO who failed to fuel your airplane, and now you're going to be even later for something important to you.
There may be good and valid reasons for all those, including simple mistakes by others that you have made yourself in the past. Did they cause real danger? If not, there's no reason to give them more than a passing thought as you take whatever action necessary to avoid making the event worse.
Let me appeal to your vanity.
Have you ever seen an example of this in another person? What did you think of that person at that time? Did you respect that person more for breaking out in a bout of swearing? Did you feel he was a better pilot for berating a controller on the air? Did you think to yourself, "Wow, I love the way this guy gets mad!"
I thought not.
Now turn this around, and realize, that's the way others see you, when you get mad!
I remember once taking my initial copilot checkout in a C-47 (military version of the DC-3) in Vientiane, Laos, with the assistant chief pilot there. He was a drunk, a bully, and one of the more marginal pilots I've ever known, with some of the dumbest ideas about flying imaginable. He shouted and swore his way through the whole flight, which lasted 2.4 hours - for a copilot check in an airplane in which I was type rated! I remember well his screaming at the Laotian tower operator on the air, and then screaming within the cockpit, "I don't care if I NEVER hear another *&%$#@@# Asiatic voice on the radio!" As it happens, the tower operator was right, and wasn't doing all that badly, considering the idiot he had on his hands.
Now, some 38 years later, that is my lasting memory of that person (yes, there are many others). Would YOU like to be remembered that way? I wouldn't. I've tried to curb my temper, in the cockpit and out, ever since. I haven't always been successful, and knowing what I do now, looking back, every single time I've lost it, I've later regretted it. It has hurt me, every time. Perhaps not directly, and perhaps not immediately, but there's always a price.
Finally, I remember one day when I was still working as a line boy, just starting to fly a little charter. I was changing the battery in a Stinson 108 out on the flight line, on a hot summer day in Florida. My good friend Chuck Downs, the first-ever tower operator at the Sarasota-Bradenton airport, was kibitzing. The battery was "resisting," and I called it a few names. Chuck was obviously offended, and said forthrightly, "I really am not impressed by your language," and walked away. I sometimes wonder if that incident became his lasting memory of me. I wouldn't like that.
I've learned something else now, in the most recent decade or two. It is not enough to control anger in the cockpit. The anger must never occur in the first place! Wayne Choo, our chief flight engineer at the LAX base paid me one of the nicest compliments I've ever had: "John, I've never seen you get angry, how do you do that?" Now it's true, we've only flown together since about 1994, and basically our only contact is "on the job," but I was very pleased, nonetheless.
How would YOU like other people to remember you? As the fuming, fussing, pissed-off pilot who makes little problems into big ones, or as the placid professional who tries to calm others down, and tries to solve problems?
Is the tower bugging you? Why not visit, and chat about it, or call? In every case where I've done that, the tower operator says something at some point that makes me stop and say or think, "Oh. I didn't realize that," putting a whole different perspective on whatever was bugging me. In most cases, there is something going on in the tower that you, in the airplane, don't know about. Perhaps it's a raging supervisor, with anger problems of his own, fussing at a new controller who is not a pilot, has never seen a cockpit, and doesn't have the faintest idea what goes on in a cockpit! Think about that for a second, the next time a controller gives you a go-around two miles out, when you KNOW there's enough room.
How to handle it? Well, how about saying, "We'll do the go-around, but for training purposes we'd like to do it at the end of the runway, please?" I've rarely had that turned down, and in most cases, the tower will come back a bit later and say, "Aircraft is clearing now, you're cleared to land." If it doesn't work out, then I get the pleasure of practicing a go-around, something I don't get much, for real.
If you can adopt the mindset that there's always a reason for something, but that you just don't know what it is, you'll rarely be wrong, and it makes flying a lot easier.
Say you're flying one of those stinky, noisy kerosene burners, and you're sitting at the gate fighting with the ramp crews, maintenance, the FAs, the gate agent, the air conditioning is broke, 400 passengers are suffering air rage of their own, and both your wife and your mistress are on board (each unknown to the other, of course), with both of them unexpectedly pregnant.
Try to find the humor in the situation. Think of the stories you can tell, later (after the divorce). Think of the report you can write to the chief pilot, and how you might inject a little humor into that report. Chief pilots are a humorless lot, and they HATE humor in official reports. That alone should be enough to cheer you up.
Seriously, think of all this as a test. Pay attention, now, this is important. Think of how others will see you, after this problem is all over. Were you the jerk who acted badly, just like all the others, or were you the person with a smile, who maintained an unflagging good humor throughout the ordeal? Did you make others feel better, or worse? By not getting all wrapped around the axle, weren't YOU able to do YOUR job better?
As for how to handle the two women, both of whom are expecting a romantic interlude at the layover, that is beyond the scope of this column.
Union business has NO PLACE in any cockpit. I know of no subject that is more likely to incur wrath and distraction. The wise pilot will simply put his hand up and say, "Let's keep that outside the cockpit, please." The vast majority of airline pilots are unionized, and most of them ardently believe in unions. But within those ranks, there are a large minority who will take very strong positions, and defend them with great heat and anger. Cockpit discipline ALWAYS suffers, if this is allowed to continue more than a few seconds.
I have the very great privilege of being able to jumpseat on several airlines, and while I do not use that privilege very often, I am deeply appreciative of it, and grateful to ALPA and other unions who have made this and many other things possible. But I recall requesting the jumpseat once, and the captain immediately checked a folder full of paper, with many, many names in tiny print. In all innocence, I asked what that was. "It's the ALPA blacklist," he said, "I'm just making sure you're not on it." I wasn't, of course, and he made me welcome. But he spent the entire two-hour flight going on and on about his hatred for those on the list, to the point where I was seriously concerned for the safety of the flight.
I've had that (checking the blacklist) happen twice since, and both times I just quietly said, "Thanks, I'll catch the next flight." I don't need to ride an airplane flown by an angry man.
Be careful up there!
...John Deakin
Deakin is a 35,000-hour pilot who worked his way up the aviation food chain via
charter, corporate, and cargo flying; spent five years in Southeast Asia with
Air America; and joined Japan Airlines 33 years ago, where he was a Boeing 747
captain (until forced to move to the right seat recently upon reaching age 60).
He also flies his own V35 Bonanza (N1BE) and is very active in the warbird and
vintage aircraft scene, flying the C-46, M-404, DC-3, F8F Bearcat,
Constellation, and others. He is also an FAA examiner on several of those
old aircraft.


text:
Cecil Helman
The Printed HeadVolume I, Number 2
A situation: "Midnight. A locked door. The window sealed with a lattice of eyes. The tinkling countess. The nimble massage of Ambrosio P. The shrill squawks of 400 hermaphrodites. The metamorphosis of the butler." Resolution: a detective story of surpassing strangeness.
Cecil Helman was born in Cape Town, South Africa in 1944, and qualified as a doctor at the University of Cape Town. He moved to London in 1969 where he qualifie as a social anthropologist at University College.
He has published two books: The Exploding Newspaper and other fables (Menard Press, 1980), and Culture, Health and Illness: An introduction for health professionals (John Wright, 1984 & 1990). He works as a doctor in Primary Health Care and Medical Anthropology.
Site contents Copyright © Atlas Press 1999-2019
BCM Atlas Press, 27 Old Gloucester Street, London WC1N 3XX, UK

subset: commoncrawl


text: On Thu, Sep 25, 2008 at 02:08:23PM -0400, Joe Landman wrote: > It looks like people use mmap files to explicitly avoid seeks, > replacing semantics of file IO with memory access semantics. Well, it explicitly avoids having to call I/O functions all the time as you skip around a file. It also is better at sharing, if several processes have the same file open, or if the file was just written. Remember that read() usually has to copy the data. mmap() sometimes reduces the number of copies. > Sadly, mmap > on linux uses the paging mechanism which is pretty much stuck at 4kB > pages for most distributions. I think the SiCortex folks and a few > others are working with 64 kB page kernels. That's a function of architecture. The Linux mips and powerpc ports have supported larger-than-4k pages for a long time -- it's easy to do if you pick a single page-size at boot. x86 only has Overly Small and Really Too Huge pages. -- greg


text:
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SAMJ: South African Medical Journal
On-line version ISSN 2078-5135
Print version ISSN 0256-9574
SAMJ, S. Afr. med. j. vol.99 n.8 Cape Town Aug. 2009
At the heart of healing: nursing
June Du Preez
Deputy Director Nursing (retired), Groote Schuur Hospital, email@example.com
To the Editor: The book At the Heart of Healing: Groote Schuur Hospital 1938-20081 is well researched, interesting and informative. However, Chapter 7 on nursing is an exception; it was not adequately researched, and the writers display a lack of knowledge of nursing, resulting in an unacceptably high incidence of errors, in turn casting doubt on the accuracy of the whole work. Most seriously, the commissioning of the 'new' hospital has been omitted from this chapter.
Before commencement of the commissioning, and over the period 1981 - 1986, the 2 699 nurses were joined by other categories of staff for training in preparation for the work. All were trained in our section: Nursing Personnel Development and Organisation Development (NPD & OD), where they attended the Induction and Orientation (I & O) courses that we had designed, selecting courses relevant to their needs, to fit them for the detailed work of commissioning, and then working in, the new hospital.
Staff in the Division of Nursing made a major contribution to the planning and commissioning of the new hospital. They bore great responsibility during the commissioning competently, and with outstanding teamwork and dedication.
1. Folb P. At the heart of healing: Groote Schuur Hospital 1938-2008. S Afr Med J 2009; 99: 156-157 (book review). [ Links ]
Professor Anne Digby replies: I note the criticisms made by June du Preez of the chapter on nursing in At the Heart of Healing: Groote Schuur Hospital 1938-2008. I will confine myself to what June du Preez states is the most serious omission in the chapter the nurses' role in commissioning the hospital. On page 188 of my chapter is a discussion of the important contribution that nurses made to the commissioning process. In addition, in an earlier chapter on the general development of the hospital, I documented Chief Matron du Preez's leadership of the nursing division in the move from the old to the new hospital (page 75).


text: > Hello, we, at the physics institute in Mexico have got four Xserve G5 > and we would like to use them as a beowulf, my first doubt is about what > operating system to use, we've been using linux for our other clusters, I would strongly encourage you to try both Linux and Mac OS/X because doing so would permit a VERY interesting and useful comparison. the comparison is interesting because Mac OS/X is tuned very differently from Linux - even more than the differences it inherits from its *BSD heritage. for instance, if you run LMBench on the two machines, you'll see that certain syscalls are drastically different in speed. obviously, Macophiliacs and Apple sales reps would be scandalized at this idea. but the truth is that the Xserve hardware is reasonably competive with dual-xeon alternatives, but in a cluster, no one really cares about PDF imaging models or other traditional Apple qualities. what matters is things like TCP stack efficiency, syscall overheads, etc. > even a G4 one, but I haven't seen anything about G5, is there a linux > distribution that runs well on this type of machines? or do I better use I've heard of yellowdog linux; there are probably many other flavors (perhaps even a fedora version?). ultimately, the distro is almost irrelevant to a cluster, since it's the kernel, booting and FS that matter, not .999 of userspace. incidentally, I've measured the power consumption of a ppc970fx (90nm, 2.0 GHz) system, under load, and found it to be marginally cooler than, say a similar-speed HP DL145 (dual-opteron). we're talking 200 vs 220W. this is old news; what's new is that up-coming 90nm Opterons appear to change the picture fairly dramatically, since the drop the TDP from 89 to 65W. and of course, for those of you who are cache-friendly, dual-core opterons at 95W TDP is rather attractive. (ie, dual ppc970/2.0's with a 3.2 GB/s apiece vs four DC opteron/2.2's with 3.2 GB/s apiece. 100W/p vs maybe 60W/p, hmmm.) regards, mark hahn.


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Generating a Certificate Signing Request (CSR) - Mac OS X Server 10.5
Follow the instructions below to generate a CSR for your website. When you have completed generating your CSR, cut/copy and paste the certificate content into the CSR field on the SSL certificate-request page.
To Generate your Certificate Signing Request (CSR)
- Launch the Server Admin tool and connect to the server where you want to install the certificate.
- Highlight the server node in the SERVERS list.
- Select the Certificates button from the toolbar at the top of the right pane.
- Click the + button.
- Fill in the fields as appropriate. A brief description of each field follows:
- Common Name - The fully-qualified domain name for which you plan to use your certificate (e.g., - "www.example.com").
- Organization - The full legal name of your organization. The listed organization must be the legal registrant of the domain name in the certificate request. If you are enrolling as an individual, please enter the certificate requestor's name in the Organization field, and the DBA (doing business as) name in the Organizational Unit field.
- Organizational Unit - Optional. Enter the name of a business unit or group. If applicable, you may enter the DBA (doing business as) name in this field.
- City (Locality) - Name of the city in which your organization is registered/located. Please spell out the name of the city. Do not abbreviate.
- State/Province - Name of state or province where your organization is located. Please enter the full name. Do not abbreviate.
- Country Code - The two-letter International Organization for Standardization- (ISO-) format country code for the country in which your organization is legally registered.
- Valid From/Expires On - Not used. Leave at default values.
- Private Key Size - Must be at least 2048.
- Private Key Passphrase - Optional. If you wish to use a private key passphrase, enter and confirm it here. Note that this passphrase will need to be made available to the system whenever starting any applications that make use of this certificate. If you want your services to be able to start automatically upon server startup, leave the passphrase field blank.
- Click the Done button, then click the Save button.
- Click the Gear button and then select Generate Certificate Signing Request (CSR).
- Drag the icon on the sheet to the directory where you wish to save the certificate request. The rest of this document assumes that the file was saved to the Desktop.
- Click Done.
- Rename the file that was created from "-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE REQUE" to "certreq". This file contains the Certificate Signing Request (CSR) that you will need to provide when submitting your certificate request to us.


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Schools throughout the US push beverages containing horrific amounts of sugar and aspartame onto students in exchange for partly sums. The end result is poor health, lack of concentration and bad behavior for students and greater cost to schools, but, the sugar peddlers make out like bandits. Lobby your local school to stop poisoning kids.
Most school beverage deals aren't very lucrative, raising an average of only $18 per student per year, according to the first-ever multi-state analysis of school systems' contracts with beverage companies. The study, conducted by the nonprofit Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI) and the Public Health Advocacy Institute (PHAI), analyzed 120 contracts in 16 states and found that the majority (67 percent) of the revenue collected from drink sales goes to beverage companies, not schools. The $18 dollars per student raised represents only one quarter of one percent of the average cost of a student's education, which, according to the National Center for Education Statistics, is about $8,000 per year. The study was supported by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and the Argosy Foundation.
Annual revenue to schools ranged from $0.60 to $93 per student per year. Schools typically earn commissions on sales and cash advances. Some schools are clearly getting better deals than others, even with the same companies, according to the report.
One hundred eleven, or 93 percent of the contracts analyzed, were exclusive, meaning that they permit just one company to sell and market its beverages in schools, allowing them to cultivate brand loyalty. Sixty-four contracts were with PepsiCo, 53 with Coca-Cola, and three with smaller regional manufacturers. A bottler or distributor is typically the contracting party.
"Selling sugary drinks in vending machines and elsewhere in schools doesn't pump money into the community, it drains it," said CSPI nutrition policy director Margo G. Wootan. "It's not philanthropic behavior on the part of soft drink companies, it's predatory. When a kid puts a dollar in a soft drink vending machine, the school is lucky to keep 33 cents. And the money comes from parents' and kids' pocketbooks."
In addition to simply selling soft drinks, companies negotiate other marketing privileges in schools, including putting their logos on signage, scoreboards, athletic equipment, book covers and the panels of vending machines themselves. Many contracts examined by CSPI and PHAI contain clauses penalizing schools for not meeting sales quotas, which gives school administrators an incentive to encourage soda consumption.
CSPI calculations based on sales data from the American Beverage Association (ABA) show that students are purchasing and consuming significant amounts of soft drinks at school. On average, high school students drink the equivalent of about 40 20-ounce bottles of non-diet soft drinks per year, or 8,577 calories' worth. Middle schoolers drink about 14 20-ounce bottles, or 2,842 calories' worth. Overall, soft drinks are the single-largest source of calories in teens' diets.
Obesity is more clearly linked to soda consumption than to any other food. A Harvard study found that for each additional soft drink a child consumes per day, the chance of becoming overweight increases by 60 percent. Many studies have further shown that soda consumption displaces healthier beverages, such as low-fat milk and 100 percent fruit juice, from children's diets.
"These contracts apply financial pressure on schools to encourage students to drink more of something that is harmful to their health," said Wootan. "That's the last thing schools should be doing, and it's the last thing parents want when they send their kids off to school."
Voluntary guidelines announced in May by former President Clinton, the ABA, the American Heart Association and leading soda companies would cap portion sizes and restrict soda sales in schools over the next three years. However, schools aren't a party to that agreement, and it remains to be seen if schools will comply with the guidelines, according to Wootan. CSPI dropped a planned lawsuit against soda companies immediately after those guidelines were announced.
Many of the largest school districts in the country have gotten rid of soda, including Boston, Chicago, the District of Columbia, Las Vegas, Los Angeles, Miami, New York City, Philadelphia, San Francisco and Seattle. However, CSPI's School Foods Report Card shows that the nation has a patchwork of policies addressing soda and junk foods in schools and that two-thirds of states have very weak policies, which were graded as Ds or Fs.
Given rising obesity rates and children's poor diets (only 2 percent of American children eat a healthy diet, according to U.S. Department of Agriculture nutrition recommendations), it's critical that the foods offered in school lunchrooms and hallways be as healthy as possible. CSPI is working with over 100 organizations, Senators Tom Harkin (D-IA) and Lisa Murkowski (R-AK), and Representatives Lynn Woolsey (D-CA) and Christopher Shays (R-CT) for passage of the federal Child Nutrition Promotion and School Lunch Protection Act. The bill would require the USDA to update its nutrition standards for foods sold out of vending machines, school stores, and other school venues.
"Schools, state lawmakers and members of Congress, who are considering replacing soft drinks in vending machines with healthier options, should be reassured by our findings," said Wootan. "Generally, the revenue generated by soft drink sales in schools is modest and could be replaced by the sale of healthier beverages or by alternative fundraisers that don't undermine children's diets or health."
Center for Science in the Public Interest
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Cholera, an acute infection of the small intestine caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae and characterized by extreme diarrhea with rapid and severe depletion of body fluids and salts. Cholera has often risen to epidemic proportions in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, particularly in India and Bangladesh. In the past two centuries, seven pandemics (global epidemics) of cholera have carried the disease to countries around the world.
Cholera is a disease that can incite populations to panic. Its reputation as a fierce and unrelenting killer is a deserved one. It has been responsible for the deaths of millions, for economic losses of immense magnitude, and for the disruption of the very fabric of society in all parts of the world. In spite of the chaos that it continues to generate, cholera is perhaps the best understood of the modern plagues. The organism that causes it has been studied extensively for well over a century; its modes of transmission have been identified; and safe, effective, and inexpensive interventions for both preventing infection and treating clinical illness have been developed.
The cholera bacterium and toxin
Vibrio cholerae is a member of the family Vibrionaceae, which includes three medically important genera of water-dwelling bacteria. It is a short, gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that appears curved when isolated. There are more than 200 different serogroups of V. cholerae, which are distinguished based on the structure of a protein called the O antigen in the bacterium's cell wall. Several of these serogroups are pathogenic in humans; however, only two serogroups of V. cholerae—O1 and O139 (sometimes called the Bengal serogroup)—are known to cause cholera. Pathogenic O1 and O139 V. cholerae have the ability to produce cholera toxin, a type of enterotoxin that affects intestinal cells. Pathogenic organisms in the O1 serogroup have caused the majority of cholera outbreaks and are subdivided into two biotypes: classical and El Tor. These two biotypes each contain two serotypes, called Inaba and Ogawa (some classifications recognize a third serotype, Hikojima), which are differentiated based on their biochemical properties, namely their expression of type-specific antigens. Inaba and Ogawa serotypes both express a common cholera antigen known simply as A; however, only Ogawa expresses cholera antigen B and only Inaba expresses cholera antigen C. There also exist multiple strains of Inaba and Ogawa serotypes.
The classical biotype was responsible for most, if not all, of the six great cholera pandemics that swept through the world in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The seventh pandemic, which began in the mid-20th century and continues today, is caused by the El Tor biotype. This biotype possesses two characteristics that are of great epidemiological significance. First, it is a much hardier organism than the classical biotype, and it can survive for long periods of time in aquatic environments. Second, many people infected with the El Tor biotype experience only mild symptoms or no symptoms at all. Seriously ill patients are highly effective transmitters of cholera, but persons with mild or no symptoms are more likely to travel, thereby also playing a crucial role in the spread of the disease. As barriers to commerce and to personal travel disappear, the potential for diseases to be transmitted rapidly from one continent to another increases.
Cholera is an intestinal disease that is the archetype of waterborne illnesses. It spreads by the fecal-oral route: infection spreads through a population when feces containing the bacterium contaminate water that is then ingested by individuals. Transmission of the disease can also occur with food that has been irrigated, washed, or cooked with contaminated water. Foods that have the greatest potential to transmit the disease include shellfish and seafoods, especially if eaten raw; fruits and vegetables grown in soil that has been either fertilized with human excrement (night soil) or irrigated with raw sewage; and foods packed in contaminated ice.
Once the bacterium infects the intestine, it secretes the enterotoxin from its external coating. The enterotoxin binds to a receptor on the cells of the lining of the small intestine. Part of the toxin then enters the intestinal cells. The toxin increases the activity of an enzyme that regulates a cellular pumping mechanism that controls the movement of water and electrolytes between the intestine and the circulatory system. This pump effectively becomes locked in the "on" position, causing the outflow of enormous quantities of fluid—up to one litre (about one quart) per hour—into the intestinal tract. All of the clinical manifestations of cholera can be attributed to the extreme loss of water and salts.
Symptoms and treatment
Cholera is marked by the sudden onset of profuse, watery diarrhea, typically after an incubation period of 12 to 28 hours. The fluid stools, commonly referred to as "rice water" stools, often contain flecks of mucus. The diarrhea is frequently accompanied by vomiting, and the patient rapidly becomes dehydrated. The patient is very thirsty and has a dry tongue. The blood pressure falls, the pulse becomes faint, and muscular cramps may become severe. The patient's eyes become hollow and sunken, and the skin becomes wrinkled, giving the hands the appearance of "washerwoman's hands." Children may also experience fever, lethargy, and seizures as a result of the extreme dehydration. The disease ordinarily runs its course in two to seven days.
The rapid loss of fluid from the bowel can, if untreated, lead to death—sometimes within hours—in more than 50 percent of those stricken. However, with proper modern treatment, mortality can essentially be prevented, with rates kept to less than 1 percent of those requiring therapy. This treatment consists largely of replacing lost fluid and salts with the oral or intravenous administration of an alkaline solution of sodium chloride. For oral rehydration the solution is made by using oral rehydration salts (ORS)—a measured mixture of glucose, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, and trisodium citrate. The mixture can be prepackaged and administered by nonmedical personnel, allowing cholera to be treated even under the most adverse conditions. ORS can generally be used to treat all but the most severely dehydrated patients, who require intravenous rehydration.
The administration of antibiotics such as tetracycline during the first day of treatment usually shortens the period of diarrhea and decreases the amount of fluid replacement required. It is also important for patients to resume eating as soon as they are able in order to avoid malnutrition or to prevent existing malnutrition from becoming worse.
A safe and clean supply of water is the key to cholera prevention. Adequate chlorination of public water supplies and, in some cases, the distribution of chlorine tablets to households with instructions for their proper use are often effective measures. If chemical disinfection is not possible, people can be instructed to boil water before drinking it, but this may be difficult to accomplish, especially in poor countries where fuel may be expensive or unavailable. Sometimes even simpler methods can be effective. For example, in Kolkata, where it is common for people to store water at home, cholera transmission was substantially reduced by replacing open containers, which allowed water to become easily contaminated, with narrow-necked jugs.
Another important intervention is the hygienic disposal of human waste. In areas lacking modern sewerage systems, the use of latrines can substantially lower the risk of infection. Ensuring the safety of food is yet another important control measure. During an epidemic of cholera, it is important that all food—including leftovers—be thoroughly cooked (to a core temperature of 70 °C [158 °F]) and that it be eaten before it cools. It is also important that stored food be covered to avoid contamination and that people always wash their hands after defecation and prior to food preparation. Foods sold by street vendors have been repeatedly implicated as sources of infection and should therefore be avoided by travelers to areas where cholera is endemic.
Vaccines have been developed against cholera, but they have not been considered effective for the prevention of cholera in large populations or during epidemics. Their usefulness is generally restricted to providing short-term protection for travelers visiting areas where cholera is endemic. Public health officials in some countries do not recommend cholera vaccination for any reason. Restrictions on travel and on food imports are among the measures that have at times been perceived as important for the prevention of cholera but have been shown to have relatively little benefit.
Cholera through history
The recorded history of cholera is relatively short and remarkable. Although the ancient Greek physicians Hippocrates (5th–4th century bce) and Galen (2nd–3rd century ce) referred to an illness that may well have been cholera, and there are numerous hints that a cholera-like malady has been well known in the fertile delta plains of the Ganges River since antiquity, most of what is known about the disease comes from the modern era. Gaspar Correa, a Portuguese historian and the author of Legendary India, gave one of the first detailed accounts of the clinical aspects of an epidemic of "moryxy" in India in 1543: "The very worst of poison seemed there to take effect, as proved by vomiting, with drought of water accompanying it, as if the stomach were parched up, and cramps that fixed in the sinews of the joints."
The first six pandemics
Cholera became a disease of global importance in 1817. In that year a particularly lethal outbreak occurred in Jessore, India, midway between Calcutta (Kolkata) and Dhaka (now in Bangladesh), and then spread throughout most of India, Burma (Myanmar), and Ceylon (Sri Lanka). By 1820 epidemics had been reported in Siam (Thailand), in Indonesia (where more than 100,000 people succumbed on the island of Java alone), and as far away as the Philippines. At Basra, Iraq, as many as 18,000 people died during a three-week period in 1821. The pandemic spread through Turkey and reached the threshold of Europe. The disease also spread along trade routes from Arabia to the eastern African and Mediterranean coasts. Over the next few years, cholera disappeared from most of the world except for its "home base" around the Bay of Bengal.
The second cholera pandemic, which was the first to reach into Europe and the Americas, began in 1829. The disease arrived in Moscow and St. Petersburg in 1830, continuing into Finland and Poland. Carried by tradesmen along shipping routes, it rapidly spread to the port of Hamburg in northern Germany and made its first appearance in England, in Sunderland, in 1831. In 1832 it arrived in the Western Hemisphere; in June more than 1,000 deaths were documented in Quebec. From Canada the disease moved quickly to the United States, disrupting life in most of the large cities along the eastern seaboard and striking hardest in New Orleans, Louisiana, where 5,000 residents died. In 1833 the pandemic reached Mexico and Cuba.
The third pandemic is generally considered to have been the most deadly. It is thought to have erupted in 1852 in India; from there it spread rapidly through Persia (Iran) to Europe, the United States, and then the rest of the world. Africa was severely affected, with the disease spreading from its eastern coast into Ethiopia and Uganda. Perhaps the worst single year of cholera was 1854; 23,000 died in Great Britain alone.
The fourth and fifth cholera pandemics (beginning in 1863 and 1881, respectively) are generally considered to have been less severe than the previous ones. However, in some areas extraordinarily lethal outbreaks were documented: more than 5,000 inhabitants of Naples died in 1884, 60,000 in the provinces of Valencia and Murcia in Spain in 1885, and perhaps as many as 200,000 in Russia in 1893–94. In Hamburg, repeatedly one of the cities in Europe most severely affected by cholera, almost 1.5 percent of the population perished during the cholera outbreak of 1892. The last quarter of the 19th century saw widespread infection in China and particularly in Japan, where more than 150,000 cases and 90,000 deaths were recorded between 1877 and 1879. The disease spread throughout South America in the early 1890s.
The sixth pandemic lasted from 1899 to 1923 and was especially lethal in India, in Arabia, and along the North African coast. More than 34,000 people perished in Egypt in a three-month period, and some 4,000 Muslim pilgrims were estimated to have died in Mecca in 1902. (Mecca has been called a "relay station" for cholera in its progress from East to West; 27 epidemics were recorded during pilgrimages from the 19th century to 1930, and more than 20,000 pilgrims died of cholera during the 1907–08 hajj.) Russia was also struck severely by the sixth pandemic, with more than 500,000 people dying of cholera during the first quarter of the 20th century. The pandemic failed to reach the Americas and caused only small outbreaks in some ports of western Europe. Even so, extensive areas of Italy, Greece, Turkey, and the Balkans were severely affected. After 1923 cholera receded from most of the world, though endemic cases continued in the Indian subcontinent.
The rise of the seventh pandemic
Cholera did not spread widely again until 1961, the beginning of the seventh pandemic. Unlike earlier pandemics, which began in the general area of the delta region of the Ganges River, this pandemic began on the island of Celebes in Indonesia. The seventh pandemic spread throughout Asia during the 1960s. During the next decade it spread westward to the Middle East and reached Africa, where cholera had not appeared for 70 years. The African continent is believed to have been struck harder at this time than ever before and in 1990 was the origin of more than 90 percent of all cholera cases reported to the World Health Organization (WHO). In 1991, 19 African nations reported nearly 140,000 cases in total. A particularly large outbreak occurred in 1994 among the many hundreds of thousands who fled widespread killing in Rwanda and occupied refugee camps near the city of Goma, Zaire (now Democratic Republic of the Congo). Tens of thousands perished from cholera during the first four weeks following their flight.
In 1991 cholera appeared unexpectedly and without explanation in Peru, on the western coast of South America, where it had been absent for 100 years. Cholera caused 3,000 deaths in Peru the first year, and it soon infected Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil, and Chile and leaped northward to Central America and Mexico. By 2005 cholera had been reported in nearly 120 countries. Although the seventh pandemic continued in many parts of the world, the more-industrialized countries of the world were largely spared. As the disparity between industrialized and less-developed countries grew, cholera, which previously had been a global disease, seemed to have become yet another burden to be borne by impoverished nations of the Third World. Moreover, experts predicted that this time cholera would not go away but would become endemic to many parts of the world, much as it has been for centuries to the Ganges delta.
The seventh pandemic in the 21st century
While the incidence of cholera in developed countries decreased significantly in the late 1990s, the disease remained prevalent in Africa. In 1995, out of some 209,000 total cholera cases worldwide, roughly 72,000 cases occurred in Africa and 86,000 in South and North America. However, in 1998, out of about 293,000 total cases worldwide, there were roughly 212,000 cases in Africa but only 57,000 in the Americas. In the early 2000s many countries within Africa, such as Mozambique, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Tanzania, experienced outbreaks that often involved more than 20,000 cases and several hundred deaths. During that time the disparity in the incidence of cholera in Africa relative to other parts of the world continued to grow. The persistence of the disease was attributed to poor water quality, poor hygiene, and poor sanitation—factors that stemmed from the lack of organized sanitation programs—and the lack of access to health care in many regions of Africa.
Zimbabwe cholera outbreak of 2008–09
Zimbabwe, located in southern Africa, experienced a severe epidemic of cholera from 2008 to 2009. The outbreak, which was fueled by the fragmented infrastructure of Zimbabwe's health care system and by the unavailability of food and of clean drinking water, started in August 2008 in a district located south of the country's capital city, Harare. Between August and December 2008 the disease spread quickly, reaching Harare and several surrounding districts and spreading throughout the east, west, and central Mashonaland provinces, the Midlands province, and the Manicaland province. By late April 2009 the epidemic affected more than 95 percent of the country's districts, and some 96,700 cases and 4,200 deaths had been reported. It was suspected that a small epidemic that occurred in districts near Harare from January to April 2008 may have given rise to the epidemic that emerged in August, since inadequate health care services could have enabled undetected transmission of the bacteria to persist.
Economic collapse within Zimbabwe compounded the cholera epidemic of 2008–09. Because of economic inflation, several of the country's hospitals were forced to close in late November 2008, as they could not afford to buy medicine to refill their depleted stocks. By early December stocks of water-purification chemicals had run out, causing many people to rely on unclean water. While the sanitary conditions declined in many affected areas, conditions were especially poor in Harare, where the failure of sewage systems led to the outflow of raw sewage into streets and rivers and the collapse of sanitary regulation led to the accumulation of refuse in public places. On December 4, 2008, the Zimbabwean government declared a national state of emergency and actively sought international aid. Organizations such as the WHO and the International Committee of the Red Cross worked to improve disease surveillance, to provide medical supplies, and to enlist doctors and sanitary engineers. These organizations also provided shipments of much-needed water and water-purification chemicals.
By late December 2008, despite the efforts of relief organizations, cholera had spread to all 10 of Zimbabwe's provinces. The risk of infection and death from cholera was exacerbated by severe food shortages and the closure of numerous hospitals and clinics. These factors contributed to a dramatic rise in the cholera fatality rate in Zimbabwe, which reached 5.7 percent—surpassing considerably the 1 percent fatality rate typically associated with large-scale cholera epidemics. Fatality rates inflated to 50 percent in rural areas of Zimbabwe that were heavily affected by the lack of medical services. In March 2009, 30 different strains of cholera were isolated from water samples collected from regions across the country.
In addition to the spread of cholera within Zimbabwe, the disease reached nearby countries, including Zambia, South Africa, Botswana, and Mozambique. By late January 2009 some 6,000 cases of cholera had been reported in South Africa, nearly half of which occurred in Limpopo province, near the Zimbabwe border.
Haiti cholera outbreak of 2010–11
In October 2010, in the months following a devastating earthquake in Haiti, the El Tor biotype emerged in Haiti's Artibonite province, where fecal matter had contaminated the Artibonite River, which was a major source of drinking water. By January 2011 the disease had spread across all Haiti's provinces and had reached the Dominican Republic. By mid-October that year, health officials had recorded a total of 473,649 cases and 6,631 deaths. In a bulletin published about the same time by WHO and the Pan American Health Organization, health officials estimated that 500,000 people would be affected by the end of the year.
Prior to the 2010–11 outbreak, cholera had not been detected in Haiti for more than a century. Identification of the strain as El Tor suggested that the bacterium was likely introduced to the region from a distant location via human activity.
Scientific investigation of the seventh pandemic
Scientists investigating the seventh pandemic have traced the origin of modern V. cholerae isolates to the Bay of Bengal and a common El Tor ancestor whose existence was dated to 1827–1936. Since then, three separate, though at times overlapping, intercontinental waves of cholera have emerged from the Bay of Bengal, the first of which began in 1961. During the three waves there have been several instances of long-range transmission, in which a strain has reached a location distant from that of its most recent ancestor. This suggests that outbreaks such as the one in Haiti in 2010–11, where cholera had long been absent, are not rare. In addition, the latter two waves of the seventh pandemic were found to have involved strains of V. cholerae with acquired antibiotic resistance. The researchers arrived at their findings after sequencing the genomes of V. cholerae isolates from different regions of the world.
Some health officials who monitor cholera epidemics believed that V. cholerae O139 might eventually produce an eighth pandemic. However, the ability of the O139 serogroup to spread in areas affected by the O1 serogroup in the ongoing seventh pandemic appeared limited, and O139 remained confined to India and Bangladesh.
Study of the disease
Credit for the discovery of the cholera bacterium is usually accorded to Robert Koch, the German bacteriologist who first enunciated the principles of modern germ theory. In June 1883, during the fifth pandemic, Koch and a team of scientists traveled first to Egypt and then to Calcutta to study outbreaks of cholera. By employing a technique he invented of inoculating sterilized gelatin-coated glass plates with fecal material from patients, he was able to grow and describe the bacterium. He was then able to show that its presence in a person's intestine led to the development of cholera in that person. While in Calcutta Koch also made valuable observations on the role played by water in the transmission of the bacterium.
Koch's findings, however, were not original. Rather, they were rediscoveries of work that had been previously done by others. The Italian microbiologist Filippo Pacini had already seen the bacterium and named it "cholerigenic vibrios" in 1854 (a fact of which Koch is assumed not to have been aware). The principal mode of cholera transmission, contaminated water, had also been described previously—by the British anesthesiologist John Snow in 1849. Snow's work, however, was not totally accepted at the time, since other theories of disease causation were prevalent, most notably that of "miasmatism," which claimed that cholera was contracted by breathing air contaminated by disease-containing "clouds."
Biotype El Tor was first described by the German physician E. Gotschlich in 1905, during the sixth pandemic, at a quarantine station at El Tor in the Sinai Desert. The station had been established to study cholera in victims returning from pilgrimages to Mecca. V. cholerae O139 was identified in 1992 during a cholera outbreak on the eastern coast of India.
Development of treatments
Little is known about the treatment of cholera prior to its arrival in Europe. One of the early recorded advances was made by the chemist R. Hermann, a German working at the Institute of Artificial Mineral Waters in Moscow during the 1831 outbreak. Hermann believed that water should be injected into the victims' veins to replace lost fluids. William Brooke O'Shaughnessy, a young British physician, reported in The Lancet (1831) that, on the basis of his studies, he "would not hesitate to inject some ounces of warm water into the veins. I would also, without apprehension, dissolve in that water the mild innocuous salts which nature herself is accustomed to combine with the human blood, and which in Cholera are deficient." His ideas were put into practice by a Scotsman, Thomas Latta, as early as 1832, with surprisingly good results, but few physicians followed Latta's example. Conventional treatment consisted of enemas, castor oil, calomel (mercurous chloride; a purgative), gastric washing, venesection (bloodletting), opium, brandy, and plugging of the anus to prevent fluid from escaping. Mortality due to cholera remained high throughout the 19th century.
The search for an adequate treatment was renewed at the beginning of the 20th century. Among the leading investigators were Sir Leonard Rogers, an Englishman at Calcutta Medical College, and Andrew Sellards, an American in Manila. Rogers developed a replacement fluid that contained a much higher salt content than had previously been used and that resulted in a halving of cholera deaths—from a 60 percent mortality rate down to 30 percent. Sellards suggested that sodium bicarbonate be added to intravenous solutions in addition to sodium chloride, an idea that Rogers then adopted and that resulted in further reductions in mortality—to 20 percent.
The next round of major advances in cholera treatment did not occur until 1958, when Robert A. Phillips, a U.S. Navy physician, identified a solution that proved to be even more effective. Further refinements of Phillips's solution and the methods of administering treatment occurred in Bangkok (Thailand), Taiwan, Manila, and Dhaka. By the mid-1960s, mortality rates in those areas were under 1 percent.
The next step in the conquest of cholera was to develop a rehydration fluid that could be administered orally. This method would obviate the need for distilled water, needles, and intravenous tubing and theoretically would make simple and effective treatment available to all cholera victims. Oral rehydration therapy was brought to reality by a medical breakthrough sometimes hailed as one of the most important of the 20th century—the discovery that the small intestine's absorption of sodium, the principal ion lost during an acute cholera attack, is linked to the absorption of glucose. It became clear that a solution of sodium, glucose, and water in the intestine would overcome the losses caused by the cholera enterotoxin and would maintain the hydration of the patient.
Early application of oral rehydration solutions was implemented by Ruth R. Darrow in the United States for dehydrated infants and by N.H. Chatterjee in Calcutta for successfully treating patients with mild cholera. Clinical studies carried out simultaneously by physicians Norbert Hirschhorn in Dhaka and Nathaniel F. Pierce in Calcutta helped define the optimal composition of an oral solution. In 1968 researchers David A. Nalin and Richard A. Cash, working in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh), developed an oral glucose-electrolyte solution that was suitable for cholera patients of all ages with all severities of illness. In mild cases the solution was effective as the sole treatment. Finally, in a controlled trial in a refugee camp in West Bengal, India, during the Bangladeshi struggle for independence in 1971, physician Dilip Mahalanabis and his colleagues showed that case-fatality rates in cholera patients treated with oral rehydration salts (ORS) could be kept substantially lower than in patients who were treated with what was, at the time, conventional therapy. Today ORS is the mainstay of treatment not only for cholera but for all diarrheal illnesses.
Learn More in these related Britannica articles:
Iran: Health and welfareCholera, believed to have been controlled, broke out in 1970 and again in 1981 but was speedily checked. Health facilities are nevertheless inadequate, and there is a shortage of doctors, nurses, and medical supplies.…
digestive system disease: Bacterial infectionsCholera, caused by
Vibrio cholerae, is endemic to Southeast Asia and periodically becomes pandemic (widely distributed in more than one country). The oral or intravenous administration of electrolyte solutions rich in potassium has revolutionized the treatment of cholera, because deaths are due to a massive…
Yemen: Humanitarian crisis…country also suffered the worst cholera outbreak in history, beginning in late 2016; by November 2018 the number of suspected cholera cases had reached 1.2 million, with well over 12,000 new cases each week. Children were especially vulnerable, with about 80 percent of Yemenis under the age of 18 facing…
London: Organization, innovation, and reformCholera in 1831–32 had caused the deaths of about 6,000 Londoners, and there were further outbreaks in 1848–49, 1854, and 1866. Legislation was passed in 1852 to assist provision of pure water. In 1854 the physician John Snow demonstrated the water transmission of cholera by…
disease: Treatment…example of this is in cholera, in which disease symptoms result from a massive loss of fluid and salts and from a metabolic acidosis; the highly effective treatment consists of restoring water and salts, the latter including bicarbonates or lactates to combat acidosis. More often, however, therapy is directed against…
More About Cholera10 references found in Britannica articles
Assorted References
- diseases of digestive system
- treatment by water and salt restoration
- variations in resistance
incidence in
- Haiti earthquake of 2010
- Iran
- London
- Yemen
study by
- Koch
- Snow
- In John Snow


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Remove base inherit from virtuoso.eclass
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text: On Tue, 21 Mar 2006, Ed Karns wrote: > ... this is NOT! a power saving concept. The total power "consumed" will be > done by the total number of system motherboards, plus RAM, plus drives, plus > monitor(s) plus added accessories. In fact by "stressing" 8 power supplies to > run 16 motherboards (and generating the extra heat), your total electric bill > will actually go up, not down. > > Ed Karns > FireWireStuff.com > (I have personally built more than 1000 ISA systems, plus quite a few of my > own design.) Dear Ed, Have you measured this? I was under the impression that large switching power supplies were (or at least are likely to be) more efficient than small ones, and that power supplies reached their maximum efficiency at around 70-85% of their peak load (there are some online papers that seem to support that that I googled up). The average peak efficiency seems to be in the ballpark of 60% to 80%, with relatively few supplies that are better than that. The no-load loss seems to be in the 20W range pretty consistently; you'll likely never drop much below this. However, you're quite right that overall, there isn't much to be gained from screwing around with shared power, that you'll only gain something if you really work to know what you are doing, and that there are cheaper and better ways to get the same basic savings without sharing. >From what I'm finding with Google, if you care about efficiency the most important consideration is to pick a "good" power supply in the first place. There are "good" supplies out there that reportedly can run at efficiencies of ~90% at load. They have a small additional marginal cost, but save you that good old $1/watt/year in a cluster that stays on all the time, which can add up to $10-20/supply/year relative to a cheap inefficient power supply -- call it a couple of hundred dollars for a 16 node cluster. This might break even the first year but save you money thereafter at this rate. There is a nice article here: http://www.extremeoverclocking.com/articles/guides/Power_Supply_Guide_11.html that is nearly everything you ever wanted to know about power supplies. It emphasizes one last very important point that argues against sharing unless you work hard and know what you are doing: don't assume that a "350 watt" power supply can run three 100 watt motherboards, or that a "450 watt" supply can run four of them. The "power" rating of a supply is a sum of the power that is deliverable on several voltage rails (where draw on one rail can DROP power delivered to another if you start drawing near the peak capacity), but this power is actually DRAWN in typical operation from one or two rails, especially the 12 V rail. You might find that a 470 W power supply can only guarantee delivery of 200 W on the 12V rail -- instead of running four systems you might be lucky to get it to run two. Note well that I'm not arguing with your conclusion -- generally speaking, mucking around with a really big power supply and special wiring harness and so on is a job for the serious hobbyist or computing enthusiast and not to be undertaken lightly, and could end up breaking even to losing a bit relative to just using one GOOD power supply per motherboard very easily. For all of that, it is pretty clear that on the FAR side of things using a big supply is a "good" idea. One that Rackable takes to the bank -- they use a single very large DC power supply that is roughly 93% efficient to power an entire rack of motherboards in their custom racks/chassis. For giant server farms, this can reduce power consumption relative to MOST PC power supplies by perhaps 20% (they claim 30%, of course:-) which adds up to quite a lot of money saved in operational cost when you're powering tens to hundreds of kilowatts of systems all of the time. There are some IDC white papers to that effect out there that go over all of this. rgb -- Robert G. Brown http://www.phy.duke.edu/~rgb/ Duke University Dept. of Physics, Box 90305 Durham, N.C. 27708-0305 Phone: 1-919-660-2567 Fax: 919-660-2525 email:rgb at phy.duke.edu


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A good story is important to us, so we're super-excited to carry Out of Print Clothing tees this season. Celebrating some of the greatest stories ever told, their tees feature iconic artwork (often out-of-print covers) from such classics as Lord of the Flies, Origin of the Species and Siddhartha. And to make this binding of fashion and books even sweeter, for every tee sold, Out of Print will donate a book to a community in need through their partner Books for Africa. Select stores.
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Webcorp needed a new logo design and created a contest on 99designs.
A winner was selected from 27 designs submitted by 15 freelance designers.
A logo is needed for a new pipeline services company for the oil and gas industry.
The logo should be simple (but not cheap looking!), nothing overly complicated. The letters "W" "P" and "C" should figure fairly prominently. As the customer is a oilfield services company, stay away from pastels etc color themes. Metallic / grey's etc are better colors.
Some links to other companies in the business domain to get a feel for what the customer is about:
As the customer is located in Alberta Canada it might be appropriate to try and work the Province of Alberta map outline into the logo (or maybe not).
Lastly, consider that the logo should still work when it is scaled down to fit on letterhead. That is why we don't want an overly busy logo.
- Simple
- Industrial Themed
- Scales well to small sizes
- Letters W P C should figure prominently
- (May) Incorporate Province of Alberta into background
- Should keep to no more than 3 main colors
- Nothing girly
- Nothing overly busy
- Something with lots of colors
Find out how a design contest works or learn more about our logo design services.


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You have to give Nokia credit, even when not designing high-end, flagship phones they can nail the looks of a device. Such is the case with the recently announced Lumia 620, being billed as the "most affordable Windows Phone 8 device". Indeed coming in at USD $249 without subsidies is quite an accomplishment.
The site Phone Seven have got their hands on the device, which is being shown off today in Paris, and in a 9 minute video you get a nice tour of the budget phone...
The Lumia 620 features a 3.8" WVGA 800x480 screen that uses Nokia's familiar 'Clear Black' polarising screen technology to reduce glare. It will also pack a Snapdragon S4 dual core CPU running at 1 GHz, so it's clocked a bit slower than other Windows Phone 8 handsets. The 620 will also have a base memory of 512MB RAM and 8GB of on-board storage. Thankfully it also has the option to increase storage by way of MicroSD cards of up to 64GB in size.
We're impressed and so is Wall Street as Nokia's stock has jumped to $3.75 a share, a gain of 9% since yesterday. Yowza. Thanks, Mika, for the tip!


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The increasingly ubiquitous Michael Strahan continued his quest to take over the airwaves Tuesday, making his debut as a part-time co-host on ABC's "Good Morning America."
He received a warm welcome -- and even a few gifts -- from his new a.m. colleagues. "We love you, we love Kelly. So excited you're going to join us a couple of days a week," said Robin Roberts.
CRITICS' PICKS: What to watch, where to go, what to eat
In a deal announced this month, the former NFL star will be making several visits to the show each week. That's in addition to his daily gig as co-host of the ABC-produced "Live! with Kelly and Michael," where he's been since September 2012. During the football season, Strahan also provides analysis on "Fox NFL Sunday," which tapes in California, and has indicated he would like to continue in that role.
"It's a pleasure to get up early because you guys have been so good to us as well," Strahan said on "GMA" Tuesday. "It's a family. So we appreciate you guys as well."
Co-anchors George Stephanopoulos and Lara Spencer presented the gap-toothed host with a few gifts to commemorate the occasion, including a vintage alarm clock, an enormous branded coffee mug and a wheelbarrow of Sour Patch Kids (Strahan's favorite).
Strahan's introductory visit, just a few minutes after 8 a.m. ET, was a short one: He had just enough time to say hello and throw to the next segment before heading uptown to host "Live!" at 9 a.m.
'Game of Thrones': Fans react with glee to Purple Wedding
Climate change gets the blockbuster treatment on Showtime
'Sesame Street's' L.A. trip is a chance for stars to meet legends
PHOTOS: TV shows and their spinoffs
Overrated/Underrated 2014
PHOTOS: 101 best-written TV shows of all time


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The two cousins Maja Telegina and Katharina Lapuchin were separated for over 63 years. The post-war confusion had torn them apart in 1945. Yet over the years, they had never given up the hope of seeing one another again. The International Tracing Service (ITS) in Bad Arolsen has now been able to reunite the family. "I...learn more
Johannes Ibel, a research associate from the Flossenbürg concentration camp memorial site, had two goals for his one-week visit to the International Tracing Service (ITS) in Bad Arolsen in late September: to research material from the post-war period and compile a copy of digital data pertaining to the Flossenbürg...learn more
Members of the working committee for communal issues on the Waldeck economy (AFK) visited the International Tracing Service (ITS) in Bad Arolsen yesterday evening. Reto Meister, director of ITS, and Udo Jost, head of ITS's archive division, presented the work and goals of ITS to the group, and gave a tour of the...learn more
Medical experiments carried out on human beings during the National Socialist era constitute the area of research of historian Anna von Villiez, guiding her to the International Tracing Service (ITS) in Bad Arolsen for one week in mid-August. "The ITS is an important, if not the principal source of my present research...learn more
Salomon Hauser is currently working on a commemoration book for the members of the Zionist youth movement B'nei Akiva, who had all lived in Antwerp prior to the invasion of German troops in 1940. The Israeli visited the International Tracing Service (ITS) in Bad Arolsen for three days in early August to pursue his...learn more
There are many rumours and myths circulating about the SS-founded association "Lebensborn", says the Canadian historian Annette Timm. She now wants to squelch these legends with her new book. Timm came to Bad Arolsen in mid-July for a week of research into the extensive collection of Lebensborn documents archived at...learn more
A book project about the Ravensbruck women's concentration camp led British journalist Sarah Helm to the International Tracing Service (ITS) in Bad Arolsen for two days in mid-July. She was in search of information on camp life and the destiny of individual prisoners. "An interesting experience," as the London-based...learn more
Historian Robert Sommer sifted through documents archived by the International Tracing Service (ITS) for three days in mid-July while conducting research on the subject of brothels in concentration camps. The doctoral candidate needed the information for the publication of his PhD thesis. Sommer is also a freelance...learn more
Recently, the world has been facing the largest number of people forced to leave their home countries. Children, naturally, are among the victims of this massive displacement. 70 years ago, after WWII, in Europe around 10 to 11 million people were on the move – as survivors of the Shoah, liberated forced laborers and...learn more
The EHRI fellowships are intended to support and stimulate Holocaust research by facilitating international access to key archives and collections related to the Holocaust as well as archival and digital humanities knowhow. The fellowships intend to support researchers, archivists, curators, and younger scholars,...learn more


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Code was on the 10th box.
Canadian Money Makers and Savers is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License.
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This blog is dedicated to sharing our love of all things "Freebies, contests and Extra Money for You!". You can get updates on your favourite money-maker sites as well as new Canadian Freebies, Coupons and contests all in one spot.


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Allow specification of directory where the extensions are. Also allow one package providing multiple oxts correctly. Wrt bug#463536.
Do not use-default here as we enable it by profile variable.
Fix stupid copy&paste.
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Greek pension funds will not take part in a debt buy-back that is a key part of the country's international bailout, Greek Prime Minister Antonis Samaras said in a newspaper interview.
"The debt buy-back does not concern the pension funds," Samaras was quoted as saying in an interview with Sunday's Proto Thema newspaper.
Continue Reading Below
Greek pension funds hold more than 8 billion euros out of a total 63 billion euros of Greek bonds held by private investors.
Greece must conduct the deal by December 13, before it receives more than 30 billion euros in withheld bailout payments from the euro zone and the International Monetary Fund.
(Reporting by Renee Maltezou; Editing by Ralph Gowling)


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In video after video, Elliot Rodger roamed Santa Barbara like an invisible man, narrating his lonely existence in a strange, clinical tone, consumed by a feeling of total alienation.
"Look at them," Rodger said to his camera phone, staring at a couple on a picnic bench at the beach. "He's in heaven right now, sitting on this beautiful beach, kissing her, feeling her love, while I'm sitting here alone, 'cause no beautiful girl wants to be my girlfriend."
But that appearance of childlike guilelessness — a 22-year-old man lamenting that he was still a virgin and expressing the simple desire to be loved by a woman — gave way to cold rage, then smirking pledges of revenge to come.
"I don't know why you girls haven't been attracted to me, but I will punish you, for it is an injustice," he said. "I'll take great pleasure in slaughtering all of you. You will finally see that I am the superior one, the true alpha male."
He posted eight such videos on YouTube on Friday evening before, officials say, he went on a rampage. Authorities said he stabbed three people to death at his apartment building in Isla Vista; opened fire on women standing outside a sorority, killing two; and then fatally shot someone at a nearby deli. After a gun battle with deputies, he was found dead in his BMW with what officials believe was a self-inflicted gunshot wound.
In other mass killings, authorities have had to grope for reasons behind the attacks. But Rodger trumpeted his motives, posting the videos and sending a 137-page typed diatribe titled "My Twisted World: The Story of Elliot Rodger" to an online acquaintance.
Together they showed a spiral of self-pity and pining for his childhood that warped into a hatred of women and the men with whom they had relationships.
A child of privilege and divorce, with a taste for Gucci and Prada, Rodger was the son of Peter Rodger, a Hollywood director and photographer, who was an assistant director on the first "Hunger Games" movie. Elliot Rodger was raised in Woodland Hills and attended Santa Barbara City College, according to his social media accounts.
An attorney for his father said Rodger was diagnosed as a high-functioning patient with Asperger's syndrome and had trouble making friends.
In Rodger's screed, he said his parents had arranged for him to see a psychiatrist, Dr. Charles Sophy. But he did not elaborate further.
The ramblings describe the internal turmoil of a young man at once both arrogant and pathetic, unable to see a better future, sinking deeper into despair and anger.
He wrote that he was born in England — his father British, his mother Chinese — and went to an upscale private school. He moved to Woodland Hills when he was 5, and his parents divorced when he was 7, which he called a "life-changing event." He remained close to his mother but had a falling out with his father that lasted several years. After the divorce, he said, he realized he was uncool and timid with "a dorky hairstyle" and became self-conscious about his race.
"I was shy and unpopular.... On top of this was the feeling that I was different because I am of mixed race. I am half white, half Asian, and this made me different from the normal fully white kids that I was trying to fit in with."
He said he dyed his hair blond to fit in but was increasingly bullied by ninth grade.
"I felt very small, weak, and above all, worthless. I cried by myself at school every day."
The evolution of his breakdown is not clear from his text, but he wrote of losing his only friend sometime around the beginning of 2012.
"He blatantly said he didn't want to be friends anymore. He didn't even deign to tell me why.... It was the ultimate betrayal. I thought he was the one friend I had in the whole world who truly understood me."
He wrote that his mother bought him the BMW to give him confidence, but it didn't. Seeing any couple set him off. In particular he vented about Indian, Asian and black men dating the blond women he desired.
An earlier plan to exact revenge on women backfired. He wrote that he tried to shove "girls" at a party over a ledge, but he couldn't do it, and then men rushed to him and pushed him over.
"When I landed, I felt a snap in my ankle, followed by a stinging pain. I slowly got up and found that I couldn't even walk. I had to stumble, and stumble I did. I tried to get away from there as fast as I could."
But he realized someone had taken Gucci sunglasses his mother had given him, and went back to get them. The same people he had tangled with before began mocking him and calling him names, then dragged him into the driveway to beat him up, he wrote. He staggered away in pain.
A 22-year-old neighbor at Capri Apartments in Isla Vista said he saw Rodger come home, crying, "his face all bashed in, his knuckles cut up."
The neighbor, who asked not to be identified, said he had tried to get Rodger to hang out and party with him and others in the communal courtyard. Rodger usually said no, and the few times he agreed, "he just sat in the chair and stared at everyone the entire time."
Seeing Rodger injured, the neighbor asked what happened. Rodger said he was jumped by a group of men.
"I'm going to kill them, and kill myself," the neighbor recalled him saying.
Rodger wrote that he first began to plan his "Day of Retribution" in the spring of 2013. He bought his first gun at "Goleta Gun and Supply," a Glock 34 with $700 he had saved from money given to him by his parents and grandmothers.
"After I picked up the handgun, I brought it back to my room and felt a new sense of power," he wrote. "If only one pretty girl had shown some form of attraction to me, the Day of Retribution would never happen. I'd never even consider it."
He wrote that he next bought a Sig Sauer P226 for $1,100.
As he planned the attack, he left a trail of bitter comments on online forums.
The Southern Poverty Law Center collected a string of racist and misogynistic comments he made on a site called PuaHate.com. In one he ridiculed an Asian man trying to date a white girl, and said it was "rage-inducing" to see a "black guy chilling with 4 hot white girls."
The videos give a more intimate view of his pathos. One afternoon, he was walking through the parking lot of the Sandpiper Golf Club on the bluffs just west of Isla Vista.
"I come here to admire the whole beauty and serenity of the place," he said, affecting a haughty voice. "The world is such a beautiful place. It's such a tragedy that I've had such a pathetic life in it, all because of the cruelty of humanity and women."
He said he went there regularly to watch the sunset because usually there were no couples to envy.
He approached his car, and the camera caught his reflection on it. "There's me, in all my fabulousness," he said with disdain. "Elliot Rodger. I am so awesome."
He sat in the driver's seat.
"Sex, love, companionship — I deserved those things.... But girls are not sexually attracted to me."
His tone turned more menacing.
"That's a problem I'm going to rectify. I, in all my magnificence and power, I will not let this fly."
With a smirking snort, he signed off. "It's an injustice that needs to be dealt with."
Times staff writers Rosanna Xia, Rong-Gong Lin II, Randy Lewis and Mark Olsen in Los Angeles and Stephen Ceasar in Isla Vista, Calif., contributed to this report.


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Scientists at UC Santa Cruz taught one of their resident sea lions (please note: they have resident sea lions those lucky bastards!) to keep the beat to music. Not only is it fun to jam along with Ronan, it's a pretty important finding because it challenges earlier evidence that only humans and parrots can get down with a funky beat. Plus, it's really adorable to watch.
Ronan, when your moves get a little smoother, bark at me so we can hit the club. There has to be an anti seal clubbing PETA ad in there somewhere... "Sea Lions Are for Hitting the Club With, Not for Hitting With Clubs"?? Ugh, that doesn't work because seals v. sea lions, and also it's terrible, but maybe someone out there has a better idea??


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You can also join this growing community of wood professionals and be where it all happens… on Fordaq.


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ONTARIO >> They came 4,000 strong from places like Costa Mesa, Whittier and Covina.
It was the Southland's first gun show of the year Saturday, and buying ammunition seemed to be the top reason to make the trip to Ontario.
Gun shows have been banned in Los Angeles County for years.
Last year this same show opened to a many-hours-long line, coming a few weeks after anti-gun sentiment strengthened nationally in the wake of the Sandy Hook Elementary School shootings in Newton, Conn.
"It's not as crazy this year," several vendors said of Saturday's crowd.
Aaron Charles, 25, of Costa Mesa summed up the feeling of many at the Crossroads of the West gun show at the Ontario Convention Center, saying he wanted "stock up."
"The government is really cracking down on ammunition," Charles said.
With ammunition supplies sometimes lean at local retailers, Charles thought he could boost his personal inventory significantly at the gun show.
"I had to come here," he said, adding that the journey was successful, even if the purchase price was too high.
Charles said he fears the government — state and federal — will target ammunition sales as a way to effectively disarm the citizenry.
The Crossroads of the West event continues from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. today. Admission is $14.
Ron Wolff of Covina says he can hear the clock ticking on citizen-owned firearms in this country.
A number of what many gun owners considered draconian anti-gun legislative proposals last year were not approved.
But Wolff said he feels that government pressures to limit firearm ownership will continue relentlessly.
"I feel it's just the law-abiding people who are impacted by the gun laws we have," Wolff said on the way to his car after purchasing some firearm-related accessories.
Wolff said the nation should move to issuing gun purchaser's licenses after extensive testing, background checks and even a visit with a psychiatrist.
Once issued, the license holder would be able, for a period of five years, to purchase all types of firearms without further clearances.
Future gun buyers would be able to take their purchase home on the day it was paid for — the mandatory 10-day wait would disappear — under Wolff's proposal.
Like many others, Justin Johnson of Manhattan Beach went to the gun show to find ammunition and ammunition-reloading components. He was successful — except for the popular and inexpensive .22 long rifle cartridge.
That was as scarce at the gun show as it is everywhere else, Johnson and others said.
Beyond ammunition, the focus of the gun show continues to be on so-called assault rifles, specifically one built as a civilian version of the M-16/M-4 U.S. military rifle.
A panic that both the federal and state government would ban assault rifles — especially in the M-16/M-4 "black gun" style — fueled a gun-buying panic a year ago that drew more than 6,000 to the same event in 2012.
There were plenty of complete "assault rifle" styles to choose from, but many gun show attendees spent much of their time viewing component parts and accessories for those rifles.
Business seemed brisk for the vendors selling "upper" firearm assemblies in a variety of calibers to customers who had already purchased a "lower assembly" — which contains the firing mechanism and is the part of the rifle that becomes registered.
"That is the amazing thing about this gun system. You can customize it so many different ways and it is easy to work with, whether it's swapping barrels or making them look really neat," said one vendor of "black gun" components, who declined to give his name.
A year ago, vendors were calling manufacturers, begging for complete AR-style rifles or even parts to one.
Not anymore.
"I've been getting a number of calls from manufacturers who want to sell me components — and complete guns. That shows you what has happened to supply," said Jerry Wehunt, owner of JW Guns & Accessories in Riverside.
Wehunt said his business specializes in hunting firearms, and it's been difficult because the long guns market has shifted so radically to assault rifles in recent years.
"It's not as crazy as it was last year," said Jim Autry, a Murrieta gun dealer who specializes in antique firearms, especially old Winchester rifles.
Autry said last year's time, "people didn't even know what they were looking for."
He thinks this year's crowd is more educated about firearms.
Wehunt isn't sure this year's crop of buyers are more knowledgable.
"I just had a guy ask me if this was a single-shot," he said, pointing to a long side-by-side, double-barreled shotgun.


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Jump to navigation Jump to search
- 1 English
- 2 Danish
- 3 Swedish
- (General American) IPA(key): /tʃɑɹm/
Audio (US) (file)
- (Received Pronunciation) IPA(key): /tʃɑːm/
- Rhymes: -ɑː(ɹ)m
Etymology 1[edit]
From Middle English charme, from Old French charme ("chant, magic spell"), from Latin carmen ("song, incantation").
charm (countable and uncountable, plural charms)
- An object, act or words believed to have magic power (usually carries a positive connotation).
- a charm against evil
- It works like a charm.
- The ability to persuade, delight or arouse admiration; often constructed in the plural.
- He had great personal charm.
- She tried to win him over with her charms.
- Alexander Pope
- Charms strike the sight, but merit wins the soul.
- Milton
- the charm of beauty's powerful glance
- A small trinket on a bracelet or chain, etc., traditionally supposed to confer luck upon the wearer.
- She wears a charm bracelet on her wrist.
- (physics) A quantum number of hadrons determined by the quantity of charm quarks & antiquarks.
- (finance) A second-order measure of derivative price sensitivity, expressed as the instantaneous rate of change of delta with respect to time.
- (something with magic power): amulet, incantation, spell, talisman
- (quality of arousing delight or admiration): appeal, attraction, charisma
- (trinket): amulet, dangle, ornament
- (measure of derivative price sensitivity): delta decay, DdeltaDtime
- (measure of derivative price sensitivity): Greeks (includes list of coordinate terms)
something with magic power
quality of inspiring delight or admiration
property of subatomic particle
a small trinket on a bracelet or chain
- The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables, removing any numbers. Numbers do not necessarily match those in definitions. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout#Translations.
Translations to be checked
charm (third-person singular simple present charms, present participle charming, simple past and past participle charmed)
- To seduce, persuade or fascinate someone or something.
- John Milton
- They, on their mirth and dance / Intent, with jocund music charm his ear.
- 1898, Winston Churchill, chapter 4, in The Celebrity:
- The Celebrity, by arts unknown, induced Mrs. Judge Short and two other ladies to call at Mohair on an afternoon when Mr. Cooke was trying a trotter on the track. The three returned wondering and charmed with Mrs. Cooke; they were sure she had had no hand in the furnishing of that atrocious house.
- He charmed her with his dashing tales of his days as a sailor.
- John Milton
- (transitive) To use a magical charm upon; to subdue, control, or summon by incantation or supernatural influence.
- William Shakespeare
- No witchcraft charm thee!
- After winning three games while wearing the chain, Dan began to think it had been charmed.
- William Shakespeare
- To protect with, or make invulnerable by, spells, charms, or supernatural influences.
- William Shakespeare
- I, in my own woe charmed, / Could not find death.
- She led a charmed life.
- William Shakespeare
- (obsolete, rare) To make music upon.
- Edmund Spenser
- Here we our slender pipes may safely charm.
- Edmund Spenser
- To subdue or overcome by some secret power, or by that which gives pleasure; to allay; to soothe.
- Alexander Pope
- Music the fiercest grief can charm.
- Alexander Pope
- (seduce, entrance or fascinate): delight, enchant, entrance
- (use magic): bewitch, enchant, ensorcel, enspell
seduce, entrance or fascinate
use a magical charm
Derived terms[edit]
Etymology 2[edit]
Variant of chirm, from Middle English chirme, from Old English ċierm ("cry, alarm"), from Proto-Germanic *karmiz.
charm (plural charms)
- The mixed sound of many voices, especially of birds or children.
- 1667, John Milton, Paradise Lost, Book IV:
- Sweet is the breath of Morn, her rising sweet, / With charm of earliest Birds […]
- Spenser
- free liberty to chant our charms at will
- 1955, William Golding, The Inheritors, Faber and Faber 2005, p. 152:
- The laughter rose like the charm of starlings.
- 1667, John Milton, Paradise Lost, Book IV:
- A flock, group (especially of finches).
Etymology 1[edit]
charm c (singular definite charmen, plural indefinite charms)
Declension of charm
Etymology 2[edit]
See charme ("to charm").
- imperative of charme
charm c
- charm; the ability to persuade, delight, or arouse admiration
|Declension of charm
Related terms[edit]
- English 1-syllable words
- English terms with IPA pronunciation
- English terms with audio links
- English terms inherited from Middle English
- English terms derived from Middle English
- English terms derived from Old French
- English terms derived from Latin
- English lemmas
- English nouns
- English uncountable nouns
- English countable nouns
- en:Physics
- en:Finance
- English verbs
- English terms with quotations
- English terms with usage examples
- English transitive verbs
- English terms with obsolete senses
- English terms with rare senses
- English terms derived from Old English
- English terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- English collective nouns
- Danish terms borrowed from English
- Danish terms derived from English
- Danish lemmas
- Danish nouns
- Danish non-lemma forms
- Danish verb forms
- Swedish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Swedish lemmas
- Swedish nouns


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Dollies of Folly & Frolic: Kim Dingle at Sperone Westwater
Kim Dingle's exhibition entitled still lives at Sperone Westwater portrays a series of calamities played out by children sitting at tables, whirling off of chairs and clinking wine glasses in roistering merriment. Clown-like in depiction with disproportionally large feet and nondescript faces, the toddlers she presents are more so dolls than human children. Dingle's newest works are less crowded than older works and by virtue[…..]


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Swift Carbon: Inside a high-end Chinese bike factory
How carbon fibre frames are made
When we were invited by the fledgling Swift Carbon brand to visit their production facility in Xiamen, China, we leapt at the chance. This was a rare and very interesting opportunity to see the real core of the bike industry.
The big, prestigious American and European brands are only too happy to show off their impressive design centres and R&D facilities close to their headquarters but only their top-end frames, if any at all, are still made there. Public perception of the 'made in China' tag is still such that none of those famous names is throwing open the doors to their Asian factories just yet.
However, chances are your bike was made in the Far East, and by a factory that works for multiple brands. Underlining the relevance of this particular tour, not to mention giving great credibility to Swift, the facility visited by BikeRadar builds for several major European brands.
As a young brand, in their fifth year and new to the UK in 2012, Swift Carbon don't have to worry about a history of making bikes in Tuscany or California. This is a thoroughly modern and international brand with technology, performance and value at its core.
Founder Mark Blewett, a South African former pro racer on the European scene in the 1990s, understands that Asia is now the real centre of the industry so rather than simply task a Chinese factory to build his bikes, he's based himself and his company right here to capitalise on the expertise that's focused in the region. It allows him to keep a close eye on quality control and speed up product development by testing prototypes himself in the surrounding hills when the carbon has barely cooled from the curing oven.
Xiamen is a sprawling, booming industrial city on China's south coast, close to Taiwan. Its port is one of China's main export points and the greater city area includes thousands of factories and a population of 3.5 million people. The centre looks much like Hong Kong – packed with neon-lit skyscrapers and dripping in new money – but just 5km from the last of the factories lies a huge expanse of steep hills with twisting roads through the forests and farmland – ideal bike testing terrain.
Check out our image gallery for a tour of the Swift Carbon factory.


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Looking for someone to play casual tennis with a few times a week. I live in the Plateau, but I'm not limited to it. I have a pretty flexible schedule (mornings or evenings).
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Would this Friday (around 5pm) work for you @ the Jeanne Mance courts?
Prior to reserving a court with a buddy, I asked the lady if there was a court reserved under the name Grace, but she said no.
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Round 2 of March Bandess Features Legends vs. Current Hitmakers in Battle to Decide Country's Best Band
Eight country bands remain in the month-long tournament to find country music's best band of all time. March Bandness began with 16 country groups, and after Round 1, only the biggest names of the past 30 years remain. It's a mix of legendary hitmakers and current superstars that are relying on fans to push them into the final four.
The biggest upset of Round 1 may have been Diamond Rio's takedown of Rascal Flatts. Fans of the 'Meet in the Middle' singers weren't surprised however, as the '90s hitmakers clearly belong in any conversation about country music's best bands. Sugarland, Lonestar, Alabama and Zac Brown Band also moved on -- some with ease.
It was a narrow victory for the Band Perry, but big wins for the Charlie Daniels Band and Lady Antebellum. Click the button below to vote for all four remaining matchups. You can vote up to once every hour until Round 2 polls close at 11:59PM ET on March 24. The winner will be revealed on April 8.


text: Now you and your pet can achieve maximum comfort while traveling. The Comfort Carrier; a stylish travel must-have for the busy pet owner concerned about their pet's comfort. The Comfort Carrier line features well ventilated sides, lockable zippered openings, convenient pockets, a reflective strip for added safety, and a fleece travel bed that is removable and machine washable.