text:
Directory Listing
fixup running test out of tree
move libsigsegv disable to configure.ac
ignore .gdb_history files
make -h/--help/-V/--version options to sandbox print out something useful
add a script to quickly test locally built libsandbox
patch by Ed Catmur to display when a process exits due to a signal #194943
unify SB_E{INFO,WARN,ERROR} functions and have them call the internal sb_printf function
move build flags to configure rather than Makefile
convert to stdbool
remove remaining multilib code
unify banner message and drop "linux" from it
consolidate all random system includes into headers.h
cleanup whitespace and comments -- no functional changes
drop pointless cast
fix by David Leverton to properly use the return value of xrealloc #238231
update ignores
add missing header
Punt vim indentation line.
Punt old copyright stuff, as nearly everything was rewrited. If something is was not and is pointed out, I will rectify it.
Split out environment related functions, and make their naming a bit more sane.
Update for librcutil dynbuf function name changes.
Check log size before we open it.
Use IO related sb_*() functions, and improve error checking.
Remove file_length(), and rather use rc_get_size().
Move libsandbox to its own directory.
As we are using a symbol map for libsandbox, its no longer needed to have all the internal functions static, and thus we can break things out a bit and make the source layout more sane. Start by moving librcutil to libsbutil, and adding all the defines and helper functions needed by both libsandbox and sandbox.
Reformat previous added code a bit, and add debug messages and even more error checking. Abort on some more unrecoverable errors.
Apply patch to make reading and writing more reliable. Patch from Alex Unleashed <firstname.lastname@example.com>.
Fix access call strncmp's, patch from Alex Unleashed <email@example.com>.
Update comment.
Free child argv we allocated earlier, as at execve() duplicates this, so no need to keep it around and waiste more memory. Make sure we will not in future free them twice.
Free child environ we allocated earlier, as at execve() duplicates this, so no need to keep it around and waiste more memory.
Rather link libsandbox against librcutil's libtool objects (.lo), as it should be more portable, but do add the extra fat.
Add needed changes to get a working sandbox on FreeBSD. Patch by Alex Unleashed <email@example.com>.
Remove debug printf() that I missed to remove.
Convert all string list operations to use the str_list_*() macro's. This allow a nice cleanup of the bash argv stuff, and also actually add error handling to that part of the code. Some more cleanup of the environ stuff.
Set 'env_ptr = environ;' _after_ we unset and set variables, else the block could have been reallocated, and leave us using the wrong pointer. General cleanup of the env handling code. Free all memory used.
Fix double free() in sandbox.
Remove uneeded test, as setenv(,,0) do not replace.
Use debug versions of malloc(), realloc() and calloc().
Free some of our custom environment data.
Set default values via a config file. Also support sandbox.d config directory for package specific configuration files.
Remove last libsandbox-only functions in favour for ones provided by librcutil. Setup log_domain properly for debugging.
Updates for changes to librcutil.
Fix build failure due to exists() still being needed for libsandbox.
Use librcutil.
Rename EINFO, etc to SB_EINFO, etc to not conflict with macros from librcutil.
Use is_env_on(ENV_SANDBOX_ON) now that we have is_env_on().
Abort on possible security breach.
Set NOCOLOR to 'no', else ebuild.sh do not set COLS, etc.
Just killing the child with SANDBOX_ABORT do not actually abort the make process in many cases. So also kill the offending child, and pray that make will also abort. This is really hackish, and we should rather kill the whole process tree, but currently its too much work (considering that we are in signal context which probably will make things difficult - not even talking about the bsd's ...), so it will have to do.
Make stop_called volatile as its used in signal handler.
Add /dev/full to write allowed paths, bug #137240.
Add SANDBOX_INTRACTV logic, and Vapier's sandboxshell mojo.
Small logic simplification.
Add is_env_off(). Also check for true/false. Use is_env_*.
Slightly adjust log format header.
Theoretically add support to terminate immediately if we had an access violation, bug #138499. Uses environment variable SANDBOX_ABORT.
Add is_env_on(), and some other environ variable defines we will be using.
Change log format, and add more info, especially cmdline, bug #138501.
Use EERROR for OOM message instead of EWARN.
Fix possible huge overflow with logging code.
Do not free buffer returned by getcwd() if it was not obtained by getcwd(), bug #125701, thanks Mike.
Comment egetcwd() some more, and fix a double-free.
If glibc/kernel side of getcwd() screwed up, return ENAMETOOLONG.
Try to triple check getcwd() sanity. Do not think it will help for bug #125701, but we try.
ignore more generated files
ignore generated files
More configure related cleanups. Define HAVE_RTLD_NEXT via config.h.
Small tweak.
Cleanup RTLD defines.
Remove getcwd.c, as its no longer used.
More changes to try and resolve OSes with generic getcwd() implementations.
FreeBSD have RTLD_NOW, but still have the getcwd() issue.
Split sandbox_on stuff out to libsandbox.h. Only enable if we do not have RTLD_NEXT.
Add sandbox_on variable to tweak internally if sandbox is on or off.
Rather check for RTLD_NEXT than glibc. Some other cleanups.
More bsd fixes.
Add checks for bsd that have dlopen() in libc.
Rename sandbox_futils.c to sandbox_utils.c. Add gstrndup() and gbasename() to sandbox_utils.c. Add check for glibc, and fixup things to not need glibc only extensions if not needed for versioned symbols.
Change default prefix '__' to '_DEFAULT' suffix to avoid confusion some people seem to have.
Use mempcpy() instead of __mempcpy(), as svn uClibc hides it.
Add /dev/shm to write path.
Some comment touch-ups.
Wrap mkfifo() as it seems it was missing.
Wrap mknod() as well. Misc cleanups.
Rather use fstat() to get file size in file_length() than lseek().
Use egetcwd() in sandbox.c.
Fixup SANDBOX_ON handling after already running changes.
Rename filter_path() to resolve_path() and other renames for clarity.
Cleanup local defines for egetcwd() and erealpath().
Rename src/symbols.in to src/symbols.h.in.
Remove the SB_STATIC and including of getcwd.c, etc voodoo, as we new use a symbol map, and all non-exported symbols are local. Cleanup getcwd.c, as the generic getcwd for older 2.4 kernels do not work properly anyhow, and just makes things slower. Some other warning fixes.
Small syntax cleanup.
Only check SANDBOX_ACTIVE, and not its value. More BASH_ENV fixes.
Use versioned symbols on supported libc's for functions we wrap, as well as provide all versions of specific functions. Some syntax cleanups.
Move dlvsym define. Add symbol_version macros.
Revert 64bit arch test, as we should build the 32bit version without full path checking as well, and add --enable-multilib switch to configure.
Reorder source layout.
|ViewVC Help
|Powered by ViewVC 1.1.20


text:
Where to start with my re-organisation? Such a big job. Something I got better at, as the years went by. However, I had no idea it would get so big - nor accumulate so many bits of paper and so many files! I also have a lot of duplication, due to not realising I already had something.
I am a computer-person, so decided to start organising my electronic world, then base my paper filing on it.
I also decided to research how other people organised their filing too, to see if I could learn something new or different.
Funnily enough, a tweet came through on Twitter from @LisaCooke of GenealogyGems, about a YouTube clip she'd made for Family Tree magazine.
It seemed methodical, so I thought I would follow it.
After following it through step by step, I decided that the instructions were very clear and concise and easy to follow.
I made some minor changes and additions.
I added a folder "Research Notes", which will keep any files I create while researching, as well as anecdotal information I have or will collect in the future.
I like things to be easily found. So I've asterisked my maternal-line surname folders, so that they will stay together at the top of the MY TREE folder.
I've also colour-coded the surname folders. Unfortunately, the Mac only has a choice of seven label colours including boring grey. So I decided to give my grandmothers line on both sides blue, and my grandfathers line on both sides red. When it comes to stationery (lever arch folders etc), I might try and differentiate the same colours by using shades. Light blue and dark blue for example.
I figure that these surname folders should probably be copied into other folders as well, such as Photos.
I am pretty happy with my start at the electronic tidy up.
Now I just need to fish out all the existing electronic files and put them in the correct place. And then scan the ones I haven't done yet, and file those ones correctly.
Might take me a while, as I will be doing this methodically, and may have to check backup drives to ensure I have them all!
Meanwhile, I have enjoyed taking the approach of starting from scratch and doing the rebuild from the ground up.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Post Title : Natural pools design ideas – a swimming pond without chemicals
Image Title : Natural Pools Design Ideas Natural Swimming Pools Ideas Choosing Plants For Natural Pool
Posted by : Jenni Steele
Category : Pool design
Original Resolution : 600 x 803 pixel
All content published under the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic license.
All the rights of image and video that are in this site are reserved by their respective owners.
Home • Contact • Sitemap • Privacy Policy • Term of Service • Copyright/IP PolicyCopyright © Jenni Steele 2013 – All Rights Reserved.


text:
As a junior I had a few different coaches at my club, but the one I spent the majority of my time with was Wang Wen. Like many of my peers that played with my during my junior years Wang is like a second father to me. We spent a lot of time traveling to tournaments across the country, talking about badminton, and about life. It's fair to say that he was one of the biggest influences in my life. So much of my badminton game has come from his teachings. When I was 14 he took me from losing first round at the nationals to being a contender for national titles the following year, and many of our club's players have had similar experiences as countless numbers of our players have won national titles under his guidance. However, when I was in my last years of juniors Wang told me that in order for me to take my game to the next level I would need to go elsewhere, that he had taught me all that he could. At that point I had planned to move to the national training center, but was sidelined with a knee injury which ended those plans.
Many of the best players have had similar paths. They reach a point towards the end of their junior careers where they have maxed out what their current coach can offer them. The best coaches recognize this, they leave their own egos out of the equation and allow their players to go out and explore what other coaches have to offer. Unfortunately a lot of coaches are more interested in their own results, and building their reputation, rather than allowing their players to grow.
My opinion as you can probably tell is that a player should eventually move on, but there are arguments for both sides. If you stay with the same coach through your career you know you're with someone who knows your game well, and perhaps they have a good idea of where they want to bring you for the long term. They also probably know how to motivate you, what your limits are and so forth. However, they bring only one perspective to the table. When you bring a new coach into the mix you get a whole new perspective on your game. They see things in a different way which is the most valuable thing you can do. This goes hand in hand with sparring with new players as well, but I'll get into that in another article some time later.
An ideal situation is if you are moving from your home club, to a place with a high performance coach of some kind. Someone who deals almost exclusively with high level players. This ties in with the environment that you're going to be in as well. A high performance training environment means that everyone there is serious about being a really good player. However, if that option is not available to you, there still is some advantage of working with a new coach simply for the fact that they have knowledge and opinions that your previous coach does not, and that always has value.
What do you think? Should you stay with one coach? Will working with another coach mess up your game? Or is it better to go off and bring your game in a new direction, with a new coach?


text:
Frequent Links
2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
|File:US Navy 050102-N-9593M-040 A village near the coast of Sumatra lays in ruin after the Tsunami that struck South East Asia.jpg
|26 December 2004[1]
|Origin time
|9.1 Mw[1]
|Script error: No such module "convert".[1]
3°18′58″N 95°51′14″E / 3.316°N 95.854°ECoordinates: 3°18′58″N 95°51′14″E / 3.316°N 95.854°E{{#coordinates:3.316|N|95.854|E|type:event_scale:50000000|||| |primary |name=}}[1]
|Areas affected
Indonesia (mainly in Aceh)
Sri Lanka
India (mostly in Tamil Nadu)
|At least 228,000 to 230,000 dead and more missing[2][3][4][5]
The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake occurred at 00:58:53 UTC on 26 December with an epicentre off the west coast of Sumatra, Indonesia. The event is known by the scientific community as the Sumatra–Andaman earthquake.[6][7] The resulting tsunami was given various names, including the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, South Asian tsunami, Indonesian tsunami, the Christmas tsunami and the Boxing Day tsunami.
The undersea megathrust earthquake was caused when the Indian Plate was subducted by the Burma Plate and triggered a series of devastating tsunamis along the coasts of most landmasses bordering the Indian Ocean, killing 230,000 people in 14 countries, and inundating coastal communities with waves up to Script error: No such module "convert". high.[8] It was one of the deadliest natural disasters in recorded history. Indonesia was the hardest-hit country, followed by Sri Lanka, India, and Thailand.
With a magnitude of Mw 9.1–9.3, it is the third-largest earthquake ever recorded on a seismograph. The earthquake had the longest duration of faulting ever observed, between 8.3 and 10 minutes.[9] It caused the entire planet to vibrate as much as Script error: No such module "convert".[10] and triggered other earthquakes as far away as Alaska.[11] Its epicentre was between Simeulue and mainland Indonesia.[12] The plight of the affected people and countries prompted a worldwide humanitarian response. In all, the worldwide community donated more than US$14 billion (2004) in humanitarian aid.[13]
- 1 Earthquake characteristics
- 2 Tsunami characteristics
- 3 Death toll and casualties
- 4 Humanitarian, economic and environmental impact
- 5 See also
- 6 References
- 7 External links
Earthquake characteristics
|2004 Indian Ocean
Animation of tsunami caused by the earthquake showing how it
See also
The earthquake was initially documented as moment magnitude 8.8. In February 2005 scientists revised the estimate of the magnitude to 9.0.[14] Although the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center has accepted these new numbers, the United States Geological Survey has so far not changed its estimate of 9.1. The most recent studies in 2006 have obtained a magnitude of Mw 9.1–9.3. Dr. Hiroo Kanamori of the California Institute of Technology believes that Mw 9.2 is a good representative value for the size of this great earthquake.[15]
The hypocentre of the main earthquake was approximately Script error: No such module "convert". off the western coast of northern Sumatra, in the Indian Ocean just north of Simeulue island at a depth of Script error: No such module "convert". below mean sea level (initially reported as Script error: No such module "convert".). The northern section of the Sunda megathrust ruptured over a length of Script error: No such module "convert"..[12] The earthquake (followed by the tsunami) was felt simultaneously in Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Singapore and the Maldives.[16] Splay faults, or secondary "pop up faults", caused long, narrow parts of the sea floor to pop up in seconds. This quickly elevated the height and increased the speed of waves, causing the complete destruction of the nearby Indonesian town of Lhoknga.[17]
Indonesia lies between the Pacific Ring of Fire along the north-eastern islands adjacent to New Guinea, and the Alpide belt that runs along the south and west from Sumatra, Java, Bali, Flores to Timor.
Great earthquakes such as the Sumatra-Andaman event, which are invariably associated with megathrust events in subduction zones, have seismic moments that can account for a significant fraction of the global earthquake moment across century-scale time periods. Of all the seismic moment released by earthquakes in the 100 years from 1906 through 2005, roughly one-eighth was due to the Sumatra-Andaman event. This quake, together with the Good Friday Earthquake (Alaska, 1964) and the Great Chilean Earthquake (1960), account for almost half of the total moment. The much smaller but still catastrophic 1906 San Francisco earthquake is included in the diagram below for perspective. Mw denotes the magnitude of an earthquake on the moment magnitude scale.
Since 1900 the only earthquakes recorded with a greater magnitude were the 1960 Great Chilean Earthquake (magnitude 9.5) and the 1964 Good Friday Earthquake in Prince William Sound (9.2). The only other recorded earthquakes of magnitude 9.0 or greater were off Kamchatka, Russia, on 4 November 1952 (magnitude 9.0)[18] and Tōhoku, Japan (magnitude 9.0) in March 2011. Each of these megathrust earthquakes also spawned tsunamis in the Pacific Ocean. However, the death toll from these was significantly lower, primarily because of the lower population density along the coasts near affected areas and the much greater distances to more populated coasts and also due to the superior infrastructure and warning systems in MEDCs (More Economically Developed Countries) such as Japan.
Other very large megathrust earthquakes occurred in 1868 (Peru, Nazca Plate and South American Plate); 1827 (Colombia, Nazca Plate and South American Plate); 1812 (Venezuela, Caribbean Plate and South American Plate) and 1700 (western North America, Juan de Fuca Plate and North American Plate). All of them are believed to be greater than magnitude 9, but no accurate measurements were available at the time.
The 2002 Sumatra earthquake is believed to have been a foreshock, predating the main event by over two years.[19]
Tectonic plates
The megathrust earthquake was unusually large in geographical and geological extent. An estimated Script error: No such module "convert". of fault surface slipped (or ruptured) about Script error: No such module "convert". along the subduction zone where the Indian Plate slides (or subducts) under the overriding Burma Plate. The slip did not happen instantaneously but took place in two phases over a period of several minutes:
- Seismographic and acoustic data indicate that the first phase involved a rupture about Script error: No such module "convert". long and Script error: No such module "convert". wide, located Script error: No such module "convert". beneath the sea bed—the largest rupture ever known to have been caused by an earthquake. The rupture proceeded at a speed of about Script error: No such module "convert". (Script error: No such module "convert".), beginning off the coast of Aceh and proceeding north-westerly over a period of about 100 seconds.
- A pause of about another 100 seconds took place before the rupture continued northwards towards the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. However, the northern rupture occurred more slowly than in the south, at about Script error: No such module "convert". (Script error: No such module "convert".), continuing north for another five minutes to a plate boundary where the fault type changes from subduction to strike-slip (the two plates slide past one another in opposite directions).
The Indian Plate is part of the great Indo-Australian Plate, which underlies the Indian Ocean and Bay of Bengal, and is drifting north-east at an average of 6 centimetres per year (Script error: No such module "convert". inches per year). The India Plate meets the Burma Plate (which is considered a portion of the great Eurasian Plate) at the Sunda Trench. At this point the India Plate subducts beneath the Burma Plate, which carries the Nicobar Islands, the Andaman Islands, and northern Sumatra. The India Plate sinks deeper and deeper beneath the Burma Plate until the increasing temperature and pressure drive volatiles out of the subducting plate. These volatiles rise into the overlying plate causing partial melting and the formation of magma. The rising magma intrudes into the crust above and exits the Earth's crust through volcanoes in the form of a volcanic arc. The volcanic activity that results as the Indo-Australian Plate subducts the Eurasian Plate has created the Sunda Arc.
As well as the sideways movement between the plates, the sea floor is estimated to have risen by several metres, displacing an estimated Script error: No such module "convert". of water and triggering devastating tsunami waves. The waves did not originate from a point source, as was inaccurately depicted in some illustrations of their paths of travel, but rather radiated outwards along the entire Script error: No such module "convert". length of the rupture (acting as a line source). This greatly increased the geographical area over which the waves were observed, reaching as far as Mexico, Chile, and the Arctic. The raising of the sea floor significantly reduced the capacity of the Indian Ocean, producing a permanent rise in the global sea level by an estimated Script error: No such module "convert"..[20]
Aftershocks and other earthquakes
Numerous aftershocks were reported off the Andaman Islands, the Nicobar Islands and the region of the original epicentre in the hours and days that followed. The magnitude 8.7 2005 Sumatra earthquake, which originated off the coast of the Sumatran island of Nias, is not considered an aftershock, despite its proximity to the epicenter, and was most likely triggered by stress changes associated with the 2004 event.[21] This earthquake was so large that it produced its own aftershocks (some registering a magnitude of as great as 6.1) and presently ranks as the 7th largest earthquake on record since 1900. Other aftershocks of up to magnitude 6.6 continued to shake the region daily for up to three or four months.[22] As well as continuing aftershocks, the energy released by the original earthquake continued to make its presence felt well after the event. A week after the earthquake, its reverberations could still be measured, providing valuable scientific data about the Earth's interior.
The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake came just three days after a magnitude 8.1 earthquake in an uninhabited region west of New Zealand's subantarctic Auckland Islands, and north of Australia's Macquarie Island. This is unusual, since earthquakes of magnitude 8 or more occur only about once per year on average.[23] However, the U.S. Geological Survey sees no evidence of a causal relationship between these events.[24]
The December earthquake is thought to have triggered activity in both Leuser Mountain[25] and Mount Talang,[26] volcanoes in Aceh province along the same range of peaks, while the 2005 Sumatra earthquake had sparked activity in Lake Toba, an ancient crater in Sumatra.
Energy released
The energy released on the Earth's surface only (ME, which is the seismic potential for damage) by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami was estimated at 1.1×1017 joules,[27] or 26 megatons of TNT. This energy is equivalent to over 1500 times that of the Hiroshima atomic bomb, but less than that of Tsar Bomba, the largest nuclear weapon ever detonated. However, the total work done MW (and thus energy) by this quake was 4.0×1022 joules (4.0×1029 ergs),[28] the vast majority underground. This is over 360,000 times more than its ME, equivalent to 9,600 gigatons of TNT equivalent (550 million times that of Hiroshima) or about 370 years of energy use in the United States at 2005 levels of 1.08×1020 J.
The only recorded earthquakes with a larger MW were the 1960 Chilean and 1964 Alaskan quakes, with 2.5×1023 joules (250 ZJ) and 7.5×1022 joules (75 ZJ) respectively.[29]
The earthquake generated a seismic oscillation of the Earth's surface of up to Script error: No such module "convert"., equivalent to the effect of the tidal forces caused by the Sun and Moon. The shock waves of the earthquake were felt across the planet; as far away as the U.S. state of Oklahoma, where vertical movements of Script error: No such module "convert". were recorded. By February 2005, the earthquake's effects were still detectable as a Script error: No such module "convert". complex harmonic oscillation of the Earth's surface, which gradually diminished and merged with the incessant free oscillation of the Earth more than 4 months after the earthquake.[30]
Because of its enormous energy release and shallow rupture depth, the earthquake generated remarkable seismic ground motions around the globe, particularly due to huge Rayleigh (surface) elastic waves that exceeded Script error: No such module "convert". in vertical amplitude everywhere on Earth. The record section plot below displays vertical displacements of the Earth's surface recorded by seismometers from the IRIS/USGS Global Seismographic Network plotted with respect to time (since the earthquake initiation) on the horizontal axis, and vertical displacements of the Earth on the vertical axis (note the 1 cm scale bar at the bottom for scale). The seismograms are arranged vertically by distance from the epicenter in degrees. The earliest, lower amplitude, signal is that of the compressional (P) wave, which takes about 22 minutes to reach the other side of the planet (the antipode; in this case near Ecuador). The largest amplitude signals are seismic surface waves that reach the antipode after about 100 minutes. The surface waves can be clearly seen to reinforce near the antipode (with the closest seismic stations in Ecuador), and to subsequently encircle the planet to return to the epicentral region after about 200 minutes. A major aftershock (magnitude 7.1) can be seen at the closest stations starting just after the 200 minute mark. This aftershock would be considered a major earthquake under ordinary circumstances, but is dwarfed by the mainshock.
The shift of mass and the massive release of energy very slightly altered the Earth's rotation. The exact amount is not yet known, but theoretical models suggest the earthquake shortened the length of a day by 2.68 microseconds, due to a decrease in the oblateness of the Earth.[31] It also caused the Earth to minutely "wobble" on its axis by up to Script error: No such module "convert". in the direction of 145° east longitude,[32] or perhaps by up to Script error: No such module "convert"..[33] However, because of tidal effects of the Moon, the length of a day increases at an average of 15 µs per year, so any rotational change due to the earthquake will be lost quickly. Similarly, the natural Chandler wobble of the Earth, which in some cases can be up to Script error: No such module "convert"., will eventually offset the minor wobble produced by the earthquake.
More spectacularly, there was Script error: No such module "convert". movement laterally and Script error: No such module "convert". vertically along the fault line. Early speculation was that some of the smaller islands south-west of Sumatra, which is on the Burma Plate (the southern regions are on the Sunda Plate), might have moved south-west by up to Script error: No such module "convert"., but more accurate data released more than a month after the earthquake found the movement to be about Script error: No such module "convert"..[34] Since movement was vertical as well as lateral, some coastal areas may have been moved to below sea level. The Andaman and Nicobar Islands appear to have shifted south-west by around Script error: No such module "convert". and to have sunk by Script error: No such module "convert"..[35]
In February 2005, the Royal Navy vessel HMS Scott surveyed the seabed around the earthquake zone, which varies in depth between Script error: No such module "convert".. The survey, conducted using a high-resolution, multi-beam sonar system, revealed that the earthquake had made a huge impact on the topography of the seabed. Script error: No such module "convert". thrust ridges created by previous geologic activity along the fault had collapsed, generating landslides several kilometers wide. One such landslide consisted of a single block of rock some 100 m high and 2 km long (300 ft by 1.25 mi). The momentum of the water displaced by tectonic uplift had also dragged massive slabs of rock, each weighing millions of tons, as far as Script error: No such module "convert". across the seabed. An oceanic trench several kilometres wide was exposed in the earthquake zone.[36]
The TOPEX/Poseidon and Jason-1 satellites happened to pass over the tsunami as it was crossing the ocean.[37] These satellites carry radars that measure precisely the height of the water surface; anomalies of the order of Script error: No such module "convert". were measured. Measurements from these satellites may prove invaluable for the understanding of the earthquake and tsunami.[38] Unlike data from tide gauges installed on shores, measurements obtained in the middle of the ocean can be used for computing the parameters of the source earthquake without having to compensate for the complex ways in which close proximity to the coast changes the size and shape of a wave.
Tsunami characteristics
The sudden vertical rise of the seabed by several metres during the earthquake displaced massive volumes of water, resulting in a tsunami that struck the coasts of the Indian Ocean. A tsunami that causes damage far away from its source is sometimes called a teletsunami and is much more likely to be produced by vertical motion of the seabed than by horizontal motion.[39]
The tsunami, like all others, behaved very differently in deep water than in shallow water. In deep ocean water, tsunami waves form only a small hump, barely noticeable and harmless, which generally travels at a very high speed of Script error: No such module "convert".; in shallow water near coastlines, a tsunami slows down to only tens of kilometres per hour but, in doing so, forms large destructive waves. Scientists investigating the damage in Aceh found evidence that the wave reached a height of Script error: No such module "convert". when coming ashore along large stretches of the coastline, rising to Script error: No such module "convert". in some areas when traveling inland.[8]
Radar satellites recorded the heights of tsunami waves in deep water: at two hours after the earthquake, the maximum height was Script error: No such module "convert".. These are the first such observations ever made. Unfortunately these observations could not be used to provide a warning, since the satellites were not built for that purpose and the data took hours to analyze.[40][41]
According to Tad Murty, vice-president of the Tsunami Society, the total energy of the tsunami waves was equivalent to about five megatons of TNT (20 petajoules). This is more than twice the total explosive energy used during all of World War II (including the two atomic bombs) but still a couple of orders of magnitude less than the energy released in the earthquake itself. In many places the waves reached as far as Script error: No such module "convert". inland.[42]
Because the Script error: No such module "convert". fault affected by the earthquake was in a nearly north-south orientation, the greatest strength of the tsunami waves was in an east-west direction. Bangladesh, which lies at the northern end of the Bay of Bengal, had very few casualties despite being a low-lying country relatively near the epicenter. It also benefited from the fact that the earthquake proceeded more slowly in the northern rupture zone, greatly reducing the energy of the water displacements in that region.
Coasts that have a landmass between them and the tsunami's location of origin are usually safe; however, tsunami waves can sometimes diffract around such landmasses. Thus, the state of Kerala was hit by the tsunami despite being on the western coast of India, and the western coast of Sri Lanka suffered substantial impacts. Distance alone was no guarantee of safety, as Somalia was hit harder than Bangladesh despite being much farther away.
Because of the distances involved, the tsunami took anywhere from fifteen minutes to seven hours to reach the coastlines.[43][44] The northern regions of the Indonesian island of Sumatra were hit very quickly, while Sri Lanka and the east coast of India were hit roughly 90 minutes to two hours later. Thailand was struck about two hours later despite being closer to the epicentre, because the tsunami traveled more slowly in the shallow Andaman Sea off its western coast.
The tsunami was noticed as far as Struisbaai in South Africa, some Script error: No such module "convert". away, where a Script error: No such module "convert". high tide surged on shore about 16 hours after the earthquake. It took a relatively long time to reach this spot at the southernmost point of Africa, probably because of the broad continental shelf off South Africa and because the tsunami would have followed the South African coast from east to west. The tsunami also reached Antarctica, where tidal gauges at Japan's Showa Base recorded oscillations of up to a metre (Script error: No such module "convert".), with disturbances lasting a couple of days.[45]
Some of the tsunami's energy escaped into the Pacific Ocean, where it produced small but measurable tsunamis along the western coasts of North and South America, typically around Script error: No such module "convert"..[46] At Manzanillo, Mexico, a Script error: No such module "convert". crest-to-trough tsunami was measured. As well, the tsunami was large enough to be detected in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. This puzzled many scientists, as the tsunamis measured in some parts of South America were larger than those measured in some parts of the Indian Ocean. It has been theorized that the tsunamis were focused and directed at long ranges by the mid-ocean ridges which run along the margins of the continental plates.[47]
Signs and warnings
Despite a lag of up to several hours between the earthquake and the impact of the tsunami, nearly all of the victims were taken completely by surprise. There were no tsunami warning systems in the Indian Ocean to detect tsunamis or to warn the general populace living around the ocean.[48] Tsunami detection is not easy because while a tsunami is in deep water it has little height and a network of sensors is needed to detect it. Setting up the communications infrastructure to issue timely warnings is an even bigger problem, particularly in a relatively poor part of the world.
Tsunamis are much more frequent in the Pacific Ocean because of earthquakes in the "Ring of Fire", and an effective tsunami warning system has long been in place there. Although the extreme western edge of the Ring of Fire extends into the Indian Ocean (the point where this earthquake struck), no warning system exists in that ocean. Tsunamis there are relatively rare despite earthquakes being relatively frequent in Indonesia. The last major tsunami was caused by the Krakatoa eruption of 1883. It should be noted that not every earthquake produces large tsunamis; on 28 March 2005, a magnitude 8.7 earthquake hit roughly the same area of the Indian Ocean but did not result in a major tsunami.
In the aftermath of the disaster, the Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System was constructed. It became operational in 2006 and functioned successfully during the 2012 Indian Ocean earthquakes. Some have even proposed creating a unified global tsunami warning system, to include the Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean.
The first warning sign of a possible tsunami is the earthquake itself. However, tsunami can strike thousands of kilometres away where the earthquake is only felt weakly or not at all. Also, in the minutes preceding a tsunami strike, the sea often recedes temporarily from the coast. Around the Indian Ocean, this rare sight reportedly induced people, especially children, to visit the coast to investigate and collect stranded fish on as much as 2.5 km (1.6 mi) of exposed beach, with fatal results.[49] However, not all tsunamis cause this "disappearing sea" effect. In some cases, there are no warning signs at all: the sea will suddenly swell without retreating, surprising many people and giving them little time to flee.
One of the few coastal areas to evacuate ahead of the tsunami was on the Indonesian island of Simeulue, very close to the epicentre. Island folklore recounted an earthquake and tsunami in 1907, and the islanders fled to inland hills after the initial shaking and before the tsunami struck.[50] On Maikhao beach in northern Phuket, Thailand, a 10-year-old British tourist named Tilly Smith had studied tsunami in geography at school and recognised the warning signs of the receding ocean and frothing bubbles. She and her parents warned others on the beach, which was evacuated safely.[51] John Chroston, a biology teacher from Scotland, also recognised the signs at Kamala Bay north of Phuket, taking a busload of vacationers and locals to safety on higher ground.
Anthropologists had initially expected the aboriginal population of the Andaman Islands to be badly affected by the tsunami and even feared the already depopulated Onge tribe could have been wiped out.[52] Many of the aboriginal tribes evacuated and suffered fewer casualties.[53][54] Oral traditions developed from previous earthquakes helped the aboriginal tribes escape the tsunami. For example, the folklore of the Onges talks of "huge shaking of ground followed by high wall of water". Almost all of the Onge people seemed to have survived the tsunami.[55]
Death toll and casualties
According to the U.S. Geological Survey a total of 227,898 people died (see table below for details).[1] Measured in lives lost, this is one of the ten worst earthquakes in recorded history, as well as the single worst tsunami in history. Indonesia was the worst affected area, with most death toll estimates at around 170,000.[56] However, another report by Siti Fadilah Supari, the Indonesian Minister of Health at the time, estimated the death total to be as high as 220,000 in Indonesia alone, giving a total of 280,000 casualties.[4]
The tsunami caused serious damage and deaths as far as the east coast of Africa, with the farthest recorded death due to the tsunami occurring at Rooi Els in South Africa, Script error: No such module "convert". away from the epicentre. In total, eight people in South Africa died due to abnormally high sea levels and waves.
Relief agencies reported that one-third of the dead appeared to be children. This was a result of the high proportion of children in the populations of many of the affected regions and because children were the least able to resist being overcome by the surging waters. Oxfam went on to report that as many as four times more women than men were killed in some regions because they were waiting on the beach for the fishermen to return and looking after their children in the houses.[57]
In addition to the large number of local residents, up to 9,000 foreign tourists (mostly Europeans) enjoying the peak holiday travel season were among the dead or missing, especially people from the Nordic countries. The European nation hardest hit may have been Sweden, whose death toll was 543.[58]
States of emergency were declared in Sri Lanka, Indonesia, and the Maldives. The United Nations estimated at the outset that the relief operation would be the costliest in human history. Then-UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan stated that reconstruction would probably take between five and ten years. Governments and non-governmental organisations feared that the final death toll might double as a result of diseases, prompting a massive humanitarian response. In the end, this fear did not materialise.
For purposes of establishing timelines of local events, the time zones of affected areas are: UTC+3: (Kenya, Madagascar, Somalia, Tanzania); UTC+4: (Mauritius, Réunion, Seychelles); UTC+5: (Maldives); UTC+5:30: (India, Sri Lanka); UTC+6: (Bangladesh); UTC+6:30: (Cocos Islands, Myanmar); UTC+7: (Indonesia (western), Thailand); UTC+8: (Malaysia, Singapore). Since the earthquake occurred at 00:58:53 UTC, add the above offsets to find the local time of the earthquake.
| Country where
deaths occurred
|Sri Lanka2
|Myanmar (Burma)
|South Africa
|~1.74 million
1 Includes those reported under 'Confirmed'. If no separate estimates are available, the number in this column is the same as reported under 'Confirmed'.
2 Does not include approximately 19,000 missing people initially declared by Tamil Tiger authorities from regions under their control.
3 Data includes at least 2,464 foreigners.
4 Does not include South African citizens who died outside of South Africa (e.g., tourists in Thailand). For more information on those deaths, see this
Countries affected
The earthquake and resulting tsunami affected many countries in Southeast Asia and beyond, including Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, Thailand, the Maldives, Somalia, Myanmar, Malaysia, Seychelles and others. Many other countries, especially Australia and those in Europe, had large numbers of citizens traveling in the region on holiday. Sweden lost 543 citizens in the disaster, while Germany had 539 identified victims.
Event in historical context
The last major tsunami in the Indian Ocean was about A.D. 1400.[77][78] In 2008, a team of scientists working on Phra Thong, a barrier island along the hard-hit west coast of Thailand, reported evidence of at least three previous major tsunamis in the preceding 2,800 years, the most recent from about 700 years ago. A second team found similar evidence of previous tsunamis in Aceh, a province at the northern tip of Sumatra; radiocarbon dating of bark fragments in soil below the second sand layer led the scientists to estimate that the most recent predecessor to the 2004 tsunami probably occurred between A.D. 1300 and 1450.[79]
The 2004 earthquake and tsunami combined are the world's deadliest natural disaster since the 1976 Tangshan earthquake. This earthquake was the third most powerful earthquake recorded since 1900. The deadliest known earthquake in history occurred in 1556 in Shaanxi, China, with an estimated death toll of 830,000, though figures from this period may not be as reliable.[80]
The 2004 tsunami is the deadliest in recorded history. Prior to 2004, the tsunami created in both Indian and Pacific Ocean waters by the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa, thought to have resulted in anywhere from 36,000 to 120,000 deaths, had probably been the deadliest in the region. In 1782 about 40,000 people are thought to have been killed by a tsunami (or a cyclone) in the South China Sea.[81] The most deadly tsunami prior to 2004 was Italy's 1908 Messina Earthquake on the Mediterranean Sea where the earthquake and tsunami killed about 123,000.[82]
Humanitarian, economic and environmental impact
A great deal of humanitarian aid was needed because of widespread damage of the infrastructure, shortages of food and water, and economic damage. Epidemics were of special concern due to the high population density and tropical climate of the affected areas. The main concern of humanitarian and government agencies was to provide sanitation facilities and fresh drinking water to contain the spread of diseases such as cholera, diphtheria, dysentery, typhoid and hepatitis A and B.
There was also a great concern that the death toll could increase as disease and hunger spread. However, because of the initial quick response, this was minimized.[83]
In the days following the tsunami, significant effort was spent in burying bodies hurriedly due to fear of disease spreading. However, the public health risks may have been exaggerated, and therefore this may not have been the best way to allocate resources. The World Food Programme provided food aid to more than 1.3 million people affected by the tsunami.[84]
Nations all over the world provided over US$14 billion in aid for damaged regions,[85] with the governments of Australia pledging US$819.9 million (including a US$760.6-million aid package for Indonesia), Germany offering US$660 million, Japan offering US$500 million, Canada offering US$343 million, Norway and the Netherlands offering both US$183 million, the United States offering US$35 million initially (increased to US$350 million), and the World Bank offering US$250 million. Also Italy offered US$95 million, increased later to US$113 million of which US$42 million was donated by the population using the SMS system[86] According to USAID, the US has pledged additional funds in long-term U.S. support to help the tsunami victims rebuild their lives. On 9 February 2005, President Bush asked Congress to increase the U.S. commitment to a total of US$950 million. Officials estimated that billions of dollars would be needed. Bush also asked his father, former President George H. W. Bush, and former President Bill Clinton to lead a U.S. effort to provide private aid to the tsunami victims.[87]
In mid-March the Asian Development Bank reported that over US$4 billion in aid promised by governments was behind schedule. Sri Lanka reported that it had received no foreign government aid, while foreign individuals had been generous.[88] Many charities were given considerable donations from the public. For example, in the United Kingdom the public donated roughly £330,000,000 sterling (nearly US$600,000,000). This considerably outweighed the donation by the government and came to an average of about £5.50 (US$10) donated by every citizen.
In August 2006, fifteen local aid staff working on post-tsunami rebuilding were found executed in northeast Sri Lanka after heavy fighting, the main umbrella body for aid agencies in the country said. There had been reports and rumors that the local aid workers had been killed.
Economic impact
The level of damage to the economy resulting from the tsunami depends on the scale examined. While local economies were devastated, the overall impact to the national economies was minor. The two main occupations affected by the tsunami were fishing and tourism.[89] The impact on coastal fishing communities and the people living there, some of the poorest in the region, has been devastating with high losses of income earners as well as boats and fishing gear.[90] In Sri Lanka artisanal fishery, where the use of fish baskets, fishing traps, and spears are commonly used, is an important source of fish for local markets; industrial fishery is the major economic activity, providing direct employment to about 250,000 people. In recent years the fishery industry has emerged as a dynamic export-oriented sector, generating substantial foreign exchange earnings. Preliminary estimates indicate that 66% of the fishing fleet and industrial infrastructure in coastal regions have been destroyed by the wave surges, which will have adverse economic effects both at local and national levels.[91]
While the tsunami destroyed many of the boats vital to Sri Lanka's fishing industry, it also created demand for fiberglass reinforced plastic catamarans in boatyards of Tamil Nadu. Since over 51,000 vessels were lost to the tsunami, the industry boomed. However, the huge demand has led to lower quality in the process, and some important materials were sacrificed to cut prices for those who were impoverished by the tsunami.[92]
But some economists believe that damage to the affected national economies will be minor because losses in the tourism and fishing industries are a relatively small percentage of the GDP. However, others caution that damage to infrastructure is an overriding factor. In some areas drinking water supplies and farm fields may have been contaminated for years by salt water from the ocean.[93] Even though only coastal regions were directly affected by the waters of the tsunami, the indirect effects have spread to inland provinces as well. Since the media coverage of the event was so extensive, many tourists cancelled vacations and trips to that part of the world, even though their travel destinations may not have been affected. This ripple effect could especially be felt in the inland provinces of Thailand, such as Krabi, which acted like a starting point for many other tourist destinations in Thailand.[94]
Both the earthquake and the tsunami may have affected shipping in the Malacca Straits, which separate Malaysia and the Indonesian island of Sumatra, by changing the depth of the seabed and by disturbing navigational buoys and old shipwrecks. In one area of the Strait, water depths were previously up to 4,000 feet, and are now only 100 feet in some areas, making shipping impossible and dangerous. These problems also made the delivery of relief aid more challenging. Compiling new navigational charts may take months or years. However, officials hope that piracy in the region will drop off as a result of the tsunami.[95]
Countries in the region appealed to tourists to return, pointing out that most tourist infrastructure is undamaged. However, tourists were reluctant to do so for psychological reasons. Even beach resorts in parts of Thailand which were completely untouched by the tsunami were hit by cancellations.[96]
Environmental impact
Beyond the heavy toll on human lives, the Indian Ocean earthquake has caused an enormous environmental impact that will affect the region for many years to come. It has been reported that severe damage has been inflicted on ecosystems such as mangroves, coral reefs, forests, coastal wetlands, vegetation, sand dunes and rock formations, animal and plant biodiversity and groundwater. In addition, the spread of solid and liquid waste and industrial chemicals, water pollution and the destruction of sewage collectors and treatment plants threaten the environment even further, in untold ways. The environmental impact will take a long time and significant resources to assess.[97]
According to specialists, the main effect is being caused by poisoning of the freshwater supplies and the soil by saltwater infiltration and deposit of a salt layer over arable land. It has been reported that in the Maldives, 16 to 17 coral reef atolls that were overcome by sea waves are completely without fresh water and could be rendered uninhabitable for decades. Uncountable wells that served communities were invaded by sea, sand and earth; and aquifers were invaded through porous rock. Salted-over soil becomes sterile, and it is difficult and costly to restore for agriculture. It also causes the death of plants and important soil micro-organisms. Thousands of rice, mango and banana plantations in Sri Lanka were destroyed almost entirely and will take years to recover. On the island's east coast, the tsunami contaminated wells on which many villagers relied for drinking water. The Colombo-based International Water Management Institute monitored the effects of saltwater and concluded that the wells recovered to pre-tsunami drinking water quality one and a half years after the event.[98] IWMI developed protocols for cleaning wells contaminated by saltwater; these were subsequently officially endorsed by the World Health Organization as part of its series of Emergency Guidelines.[99]
The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) is working with governments of the region in order to determine the severity of the ecological impact and how to address it.[needs update][100] UNEP has decided to earmark a US$1,000,000 emergency fund and to establish a Task Force to respond to requests for technical assistance from countries affected by the tsunami.[101] In response to a request from the Maldivian Government, the Australian Government sent ecological experts to help restore marine environments and coral reefs—the lifeblood of Maldivian tourism. Much of the ecological expertise has been rendered from work with the Great Barrier Reef, in Australia's northeastern waters.
Other effects
Many health professionals and aid workers have reported widespread psychological trauma associated with the tsunami. Traditional beliefs in many of the affected regions state that a relative of the family must bury the body of the dead, and in many cases, no body remained to be buried. Women in Aceh required a special approach from foreign aid agencies, and continue to have unique needs.
The hardest hit area, Aceh, is considered to be a religiously conservative Islamic society and has had no tourism nor any Western presence in recent years due to armed conflict between the Indonesian military and Acehnese separatists. Some believe that the tsunami was divine punishment for lay Muslims shirking their daily prayers and/or following a materialistic lifestyle. Others have said that Allah was angry that there were Muslims killing other Muslims in an ongoing conflict.[102] Saudi cleric Muhammad Al-Munajjid attributed it to divine retribution against non-Muslim vacationers "who used to sprawl all over the beaches and in pubs overflowing with wine" during Christmas break.[103]
The widespread devastation caused by the tsunami led the main rebel group GAM to declare a cease-fire on 28 December 2004 followed by the Indonesian government, and the two groups resumed long-stalled peace talks, which resulted in a peace agreement signed 15 August 2005. The agreement explicitly cites the tsunami as a justification.[104]
In a poll conducted in 27 countries by GlobeScan for BBC World Service, 15 percent of respondents named the tsunami the most significant event of the year. Only the Iraq War was named by as many respondents.[105] The extensive international media coverage of the tsunami, and the role of mass media and journalists in reconstruction, were discussed by editors of newspapers and broadcast media in tsunami-affected areas, in special video-conferences set up by the Asia Pacific Journalism Centre.[106]
26 December 2004 Asian Tsunami left both the people and government of India in a state of heightened alert. On 30 December 2004, four days after the tsunami, the Portland, Oregon-based company Terra Research notified the India government that its sensors indicated there was a possibility of 7.9 to 8.1 magnitude tectonic shift in the next 12 hours between Sumatra and New Zealand.[107] In response, the India Home Affairs minister announced that a fresh onslaught of deadly tidal waves were likely along the India southern coast and Andaman and Nicobar Islands, even as there was no sign of turbulences in the region.[107] The announcement generated panic in the Indian Ocean region and caused thousands to flee their homes, which resulted in jammed roads.[108] The announcement was a false alarm and the Home Affairs minister withdrew their announcement.[108] On further investigation, the India government learned that the consulting company Terra Research was run from the home of a self-described earthquake forecaster who had no telephone listing and maintained a website where he sold copies of his detection system.[109] Three days after the announcement, Indian National Congress president Sonia Gandhi called Science & Technology minister Kapil Sibal to express her concern about Sibal's 30 December public warning being "hogwash".[110]
Another result of the tsunami, respective toward Indian culture, was the water that washed away centuries of sand from some of the ruins of a 1,200-year-old lost city at Mahabalipuram on the south coast of India. The site, containing such notable structures as a half-buried granite lion near a 7th-century Mahablipuram temple and a relic depicting an elephant, is part of what archaeologists believe to be an ancient port city that was swallowed by the sea hundreds of years ago.[111][112]
The tsunami had a severe humanitarian and political impact in Sweden. The hardest hit country outside Asia, 543 Swedish tourists, mainly in Thailand, died. With no single incident having killed more Swedish people since the battle of Poltava in 1709, the cabinet of Göran Persson was heavily criticized for lack of action.
Apung 1, a 2600-ton ship, was flung some 2–3 km inland by the tsunami, and has become a popular tourist attraction in Banda Aceh.
See also
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Portal/images/d' not found.
- 2006 Pangandaran earthquake and tsunami
- Aceh Tsunami Museum
- Aid Still Required
- Children of Tsunami: No More Tears (documentary film)
- List of earthquakes in Indonesia
- Lists of earthquakes
- May 2006 Java earthquake
- Megatsunami
- Pornthip Rojanasunand, a prominent Thai doctor who took charge of ID of bodies
- Seismotectonics
- Smith Dharmasaroja, a meteorologist who predicted the tsunami, and after it hit he was assigned the development of the Thai tsunami warning system.
- The Impossible (2012 film) English-language Spanish film based on the story of María Belón and her family
- Tsunami Evaluation Coalition
- Tsunami: The Aftermath, a television miniseries about its after-effects
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 "Magnitude 9.1 – OFF THE WEST COAST OF NORTHERN SUMATRA". U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved 26 August 2012.
- ↑ If the death toll in Myanmar was 400–600 as claimed by dissident groups there, rather than just 61 or 90, more than 230,000 people would have perished in total from the tsunami.
- ↑ Earthquakes with 50,000 or More Deaths
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Indonesia quake toll jumps again". BBC News. 25 January 2005. Retrieved 24 December 2012.
- ↑ Indian Ocean tsunami anniversary: Memorial events held 26 December 2014, BBC News
- ↑ Lay, T., Kanamori, H., Ammon, C., Nettles, M., Ward, S., Aster, R., Beck, S., Bilek, S., Brudzinski, M., Butler, R., DeShon, H., Ekström, G., Satake, K., Sipkin, S., The Great Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake of 26 December 2004, Science, 308, 1127–1133, doi:10.1126/science.1112250, 2005
- ↑ "Tsunamis and Earthquakes: Tsunami Generation from the 2004 Sumatra Earthquake — USGS Western Coastal and Marine Geology". Walrus.wr.usgs.gov. Retrieved 12 August 2010.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Paris, R.; Lavigne F., Wassimer P. & Sartohadi J. (2007). "Coastal sedimentation associated with the December 26, 2004 tsunami in Lhok Nga, west Banda Aceh (Sumatra, Indonesia)". Marine Geology (Elsevier) 238 (1–4): 93–106. doi:10.1016/j.margeo.2006.12.009.
- ↑ NSF: "Analysis of the Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake Reveals Longest Fault Rupture Ever"
- ↑ Walton, Marsha. "Scientists: Sumatra quake longest ever recorded." CNN. 20 May 2005
- ↑ West, Michael; Sanches, John J.; McNutt, Stephen R. "Periodically Triggered Seismicity at Mount Wrangell, Alaska, After the Sumatra Earthquake." Science. Vol. 308, No. 5725, 1144–1146. 20 May 2005.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Nalbant, S., Steacy, S., Sieh, K., Natawidjaja, D., and McCloskey, J. "Seismology: Earthquake risk on the Sunda trench." Nature. Vol. 435, No. 7043, 756–757. 9 June 2005. Retrieved 16 May 2009. Archived 18 May 2009.
- ↑ Jayasuriya, Sisira and Peter McCawley, "The Asian Tsunami: Aid and Reconstruction after a Disaster". Cheltenham UK and Northampton MA USA: Edward Elgar, 2010.
- ↑ McKee, Maggie. "Power of tsunami earthquake heavily underestimated." New Scientist. 9 February 2005.
- ↑ EERI Publication 2006–06, page 14.
- ↑ Lovholt, F., Bungum, H., Harbitz, C.B., Glimsal, S., Lindholm, C.D., and Pedersen, G. "Earthquake related tsunami hazard along the western coast of Thailand." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. Vol. 6, No. 6, 979–997. 30 November 2006. Retrieved 16 May 2009. Archived 18 May 2009.
- ↑ Sibuet, J-C., Rangin, C., Le Pichon, X., Singh, S., Cattaneo, A., Graindorge, D., Klingelhoefer, F., Lin, J-Y., Malod, J., Maury, T., Schneider, J-L., Sultan, N., Umber, M., Yamaguchi, H., and the "Sumatra aftershocks" team, "26 December 2004 great Sumatra–Andaman earthquake: Co-seismic and post-seismic motions in northern Sumatra." Earth and Planetary Science Letters. Vol. 263, Issues. 1–2, 88–103. 15 November 2007. Retrieved 16 May 2009. Archived 18 May 2009.
- ↑ "Kamchatka Earthquake, 4 November 1952." United States Geological Survey.
- ↑ Vallée, M. (2007). "Rupture Properties of the Giant Sumatra Earthquake Imaged by Empirical Green's Function Analysis" (PDF). Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 97 (1A): S103–S114. Bibcode:2007BuSSA..97S.103V. doi:10.1785/0120050616. Retrieved 29 November 2010.
- ↑ Bilham, Roger. "A Flying Start, Then a Slow Slip." Science. Vol. 308, No. 5725, 1126–1127. 20 May 2005.
- ↑ USGS (22 July 2010). "Poster of the Northern Sumatra Earthquake of 28 March 2005 – Magnitude 8.7". Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- ↑ "Sumatra shaken by new earthquake". BBC News. 10 April 2005. Retrieved 24 December 2012.
- ↑ "USGS Earthquake Hazards Program: FAQ". Earthquake.usgs.gov. 10 December 2012. Retrieved 24 December 2012.
- ↑ "Magnitude 9.1 Sumatra-Andaman Islands Earthquake FAQ". USGS. 29 December 2014. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
- ↑ Rinaldo, Aditya. "Thousands flee as Indonesian volcano spews into life." Hindustan Times. 12 April 2005.
- ↑ Johnston, Tim (13 April 2005). "Indonesian Volcanoes Erupt; Thousands Evacuated". VOA News. Retrieved 22 April 2006.
- ↑ "USGS Energy and Broadband Solution". National Earthquake Information Center, US Geological Survey. Retrieved 12 August 2010.
- ↑ "USGS, Harvard Moment Tensor Solution". National Earthquake Information Center, US Geological Survey. 26 December 2004. Retrieved 12 August 2010.
- ↑ "USGS:Measuring the size of earthquakes". Earthquake.usgs.gov. 27 October 2009. Archived from the original on 4 August 2010. Retrieved 12 August 2010.
- ↑ Virtanen, H. (2006). Studies of earth dynamics with superconducting gravimeter (PDF). Academic Dissertation at the University of Helsinki. Retrieved 21 September 2009.
- ↑ Cook-Anderson, Gretchen; Beasley, Dolores. "NASA Details Earthquake Effects on the Earth." NASA (press release). 10 January 2005.
- ↑ Schechner, Sam. "Earthquakes vs. the Earth's Rotation." Slate. 27 December 2004.
- ↑ Staff Writer. "Italian scientists say Asian quakes cause Earth's axis shifted." Xinhua. 29 December 2004.
- ↑ Staff Writer (31 January 2005). "Quake moved Sumatra by only 20 centimeters: Danish scientists". Agence France-Presse.
- ↑ Bagla, Pallava (28 January 2005). "After the Earth Moved". Science Now.
- ↑ Knight, Will. "Asian tsunami seabed pictured with sonar." New Scientist. 10 February 2005.
- ↑ Staff Writer. "NASA/French Satellite Data Reveal New Details of Tsunami." Jet Propulsion Laboratory/NASA. 11 January 2005.
- ↑ TOPEX/Poseidon Satellite Data on 26 December 2004 tsunami in the Indian Ocean. Aviso.
- ↑ Lorca, Emilio; Recabarren, Margot (1997). Earthquakes and Tsunamis.
- ↑ Leslie, John. "NOAA Scientists able to Measure Tsunami Height from Space." NOAA Magazine. 10 January 2005.
- ↑ McKee, Maggie. "Radar satellites capture tsunami wave height." New Scientist. 6 January 2005.
- ↑ Pearce, Fred; Holmes, Bob. "Tsunami: The impact will last for decades." New Scientist. 15 January 2005.
- ↑ "Tsunami time travel map". Tsunami Laboratory, Novosibirsk, Russia. Retrieved 20 July 2012.
- ↑ "Time travel map: Active Fault Research Center: National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Japan". Staff.aist.go.jp. Retrieved 24 December 2012.
- ↑ "Indian Ocean Tsunami" at Syowa Station, Antarctica, Hydrographic and Oceanographic Dept. Japan Coast Guard.
- ↑ Indian Ocean Tsunami of 26 December 2004. West Coast/Alaska Tsunami Warning Center (USGS). 31 December 2004.
- ↑ Carey, Bjorn. "Tsunami Waves Channeled Around the Globe in 2004 Disaster." LiveScience. 25 August 2005.
- ↑ "The 2004 Boxing Day tsunami". Australian Geographic. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
- ↑ Block, Melissa. "Sri Lankans Seek Lost Relatives After Tsunami." All Things Considered/NPR. 27 December 2004.
- ↑ Campbell, Matthew; Loveard, Keith; et al. "Tsunami disaster: Focus: Nature's timebomb." Times Online. 2 January 2005.
- ↑ "Girl, 10, used geography lesson to save lives". The Telegraph (London). 1 January 2005.
- ↑ Subir Bhaumik (30 December 2004). "Andaman aborigines' fate unclear". BBC News. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
- ↑ Gupta, Manu; Sharma, Anshu (2006). "Compounded loss: the post tsunami recovery experience of Indian island communities". Disaster Prevention and Management 15 (1): 67–78. doi:10.1108/09653560610654248.
- ↑ Math, Suresh Bada; Girimaji1, Satish Chandra; Benegal, V; Uday Kumar, GS; Hamza, A; Nagaraja, D (2006). "Tsunami: Psychosocial aspects of Andaman and Nicobar islands. Assessments and intervention in the early phase". International Review of Psychiatry 18 (3): 233–239. PMID 16753660. doi:10.1080/09540260600656001.
- ↑ Bhaumik, Subir (20 January 2005). "Tsunami folklore 'saved islanders'". BBC News.
- ↑ "Home". Islamic Relief USA. Archived from the original on 17 January 2011. Retrieved 12 August 2010.
- ↑ "Most tsunami dead female - Oxfam". BBC News. 26 March 2005. Retrieved 24 December 2012.
- ↑ "Sweden aide quits over bar furore". BBC News. 1 November 2007. Retrieved 27 July 2008.
- ↑ Meisl, C.S.; Safaie S., Elwood K.J., Gupta R. & Kowsari R. (2006). "Housing Reconstruction in Northern Sumatra after the December 2004 Great Sumatra Earthquake and Tsunami". Earthquake Spectra 22: S777. doi:10.1193/1.2201668. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- ↑ 60.0 60.1 60.2 "One year after the tsunami, Sri Lankan survivors still live in squalour". World Socialist Web Site. 29 December 2005. Retrieved 24 December 2012.
- ↑ 61.0 61.1 "TsunamiMemorial.or.th". Web.archive.org. 28 September 2007. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 24 December 2012.
- ↑ Schwartz, D.; Goldberg A., Ashenasi I., Nakash G., Leiba A., Levei Y. & Bar-Dayan Y. (2006). "Prehospital care of tsunami victims in Thailand: description and analysis". Prehospital Disaster Medicine 21 (3): 204–210. PMID 16892886.
- ↑ Martin Plaut (26 December 2005). "Tsunami: Somalia's slow recovery". BBC News. Retrieved 24 December 2012.
- ↑ "India, Indonesia, Maldives, Myanmar, Somalia, Thailand: Earthquake and Tsunami OCHA Situation Report No. 14". Reliefweb.int. Retrieved 12 August 2010.
- ↑
"Myanmar is withholding true casualties figures, says Thai priest". AsiaNews.it. 4 January 2005. Archived from the original on 9 October 2006. Retrieved 12 February 2011.
A missioner in Ranong, a town on the border between Thailand and Myanmar, says locals talk about 600 victims. Burmese political dissidents say the same.
- ↑ "Asia-Pacific | 'Hundreds feared dead' in Burma". BBC News. 4 January 2005. Retrieved 24 December 2012.
- ↑ "TsunamiMaldives.mv". Web.archive.org. 17 June 2009. Archived from the original on 17 June 2009. Retrieved 24 December 2012.
- ↑ UNICEF (May 2006). "The 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami Disaster: Evaluation of UNICEF's response (emergency and recovery phase). Maldives Report" (PDF). p. i. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- ↑ firstname.lastname@example.com (13 January 2005). "Death toll in Asian tsunami disaster tops 159,000". People's Daily. Retrieved 12 August 2010.
- ↑ "Killer Waves". Channelnewsasia.com. Retrieved 24 December 2012.
- ↑ "Asian tsunami death toll passes 144,000". Australia: ABC. 3 January 2005. Archived from the original on 17 June 2009. Retrieved 12 August 2010.
- ↑ 72.0 72.1 "The Seychelles raises its voice". Web.archive.org. Retrieved 12 August 2010.
- ↑ "Tsunami Evaluation Coalition: Initial Findings" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 March 2006. Retrieved 12 August 2010.
- ↑ Okal, E.A.; Hartnady C.J. (2010). "The South Sandwich Islands earthquake of 27 June 1929: seismological study and inference on tsunami risk for the southern Atlantic" (PDF). South African Journal of Geology 112 (3–4): 359–370. doi:10.2113/gssajg.112.3-4.359. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- ↑ "YEMEN: Tsunami damage over US $1 million - UNEP assessment". Irinnews.org. 22 February 2005. Retrieved 24 December 2012.
- ↑ "Tsunami devastates Somali island". BBC News. 29 December 2004. Retrieved 24 December 2012.
- ↑ Palmer, Jason (29 October 2008). "Tsunami in 2004 'not the first'". BBC News. Retrieved 12 August 2010.
- ↑ "Researchers uncover 2004 tsunami predecessor". ABC Radio Australia News. 30 October 2008. Retrieved 13 April 2011.
- ↑ "Scientists Find Evidence of Tsunamis on Indian Ocean Shores Long Before 2004". Newswise.com. 27 October 2008. Retrieved 24 December 2012.
- ↑ Most Destructive Known Earthquakes on Record in the World (Earthquakes with 50,000 or More Deaths). United States Geological Survey.
- ↑ Written records of historical tsunamis in the northeastern South China Sea
- ↑ The world's worst natural disasters Calamities of the 20th and 21st centuries
- ↑ "UN upbeat on tsunami hunger aid". BBC News. 9 January 2005. Retrieved 24 December 2012.
- ↑ "United Nations: World Food Programme: Report on the Tsunami Crisis". Reliefweb.int. 4 November 2005. Retrieved 24 December 2012.
- ↑ Chapter 3, "The matter of money", in Jayasuriya, Sisira and Peter McCawley, "The Asian Tsunami: Aid and Reconstruction after a Disaster". Cheltenham UK and Northampton MA USA: Edward Elgar, 2010.
- ↑ Staff Writer (27 January 2005). "Tsunami aid: Who's giving what". BBC News. Retrieved 22 April 2006.
- ↑ Staff Writer. "Clinton, Bush: Tsunami Aid Helping." The Early Show/CBS News. 21 February 2005.
- ↑ Staff Writer. "Tsunami aid shortfall over $4bn." BBC News. 18 March 2005.
- ↑ GUNATILLAKE, DAYA GUNATILLAKE (2007). "The 2004 Tsunami in Sri Lanka: Destruction and recovery". Geography 92 (3): 285–293. Retrieved 4 February 2012.
- ↑ Staff Writer. "Indian Ocean Tsunamis Devastate Fisherfolk." UK Agricultural Biodiversity Coalition. 26 December 2004.
- ↑ Staff Writer. "Food Supply and Food Security Situation in Countries Affected by the Asia Tsunami." Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 14 January 2005.
- ↑ "Demand for FRP boats rise after tsunami". Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 November 2010. Retrieved 12 August 2010.
- ↑ Pearce, Fred. "Tsunami's salt water may leave islands uninhabitable." New Scientist. 5 January 2005.
- ↑ Rigg, Johnathan; Lisa Lawt, May Tan-Mullins and Carl Grundy-Warr (December 2005). "The Indian Ocean Tsunami: Socio-Economic Impacts in Thailand.". The Geographic Journal 171 (4): 374–379. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4959.2005.00175_3.x. Retrieved 4 February 2012.
- ↑ Staff Writer. "Tsunami redrew ship channels, ocean floor." MSNBC/Associated Press. 5 January 2005.
- ↑ Chapter 6, "Thailand", in Jayasuriya, Sisira and Peter McCawley, The Asian Tsunami: Aid and Reconstruction after a Disaster. Cheltenham UK and Northampton MA USA: Edward Elgar, 2010.
- ↑ Staff Writer. "Impact of Tsunamis on Ecosystems." UN Atlas of the Oceans. Retrieved 10 March 2005.
- ↑ Helping restore the quality of drinking water after the tsunami. International Water Management Institute, 2010. Downloaded 25 February 2011
- ↑ Water sanitation and health: WHO technical notes for emergencies. Page. Retrieved 25 February 2011
- ↑ Falt, Eric. "Environmental Issues Emerging from Wreckage of Asian Tsunami." United Nations Environment Programme.
- ↑ "United Nations Environment Programme; Environment for Development". Archived from the original on 19 April 2006. Retrieved 22 April 2006.
- ↑ Broadway, Bill. "Divining a Reason for Devastation." The Washington Post. 8 January 2005.
- ↑ Associated Press – Tsunami survivors cling tightly to faith across ravaged region by Brian Murphy, January 2005
- ↑ "Memorandum of Understanding between Indonesian government and the Free Aceh Movement" (PDF). BBC News. 15 August 2005. Retrieved 24 December 2012.
- ↑ "Most significant events of 2005" (PDF). BBC World Service. 30 December 2005. Retrieved 26 September 2013., and "Iraq war and tsunami top BBC poll". BBC World Service. 30 December 2005. Retrieved 26 September 2013., see also Brighton, Paul; Foy, Dennis (2007). News Values. London: Sage. p. 44. ISBN 978-1412946001.
- ↑ "Asia Pacific Journalism Centre — Home Page". Archived from the original on 13 October 2007. Retrieved 24 October 2007.
- ↑ 107.0 107.1 Press Trust of India (30 December 2004) "Alert scaled down, capping day long confusion."
- ↑ 108.0 108.1 Tran, Tina. (30 December 2004) Associated Press "False tsunami alarm sparks panic in Indian Ocean region."
- ↑ Associated Press (31 December 2004) "Suspect quake forecast causes panic."
- ↑ The Financial Express (2 January 2005) "Congress chief steps in as home, S&T ministers lock horns."
- ↑ Staff Writer. "Tsunami waves exposed remnants of lost city." New Scientist. 26 February 2005.
- ↑ "India finds more 'tsunami gifts'". BBC News. 27 February 2005. Retrieved 24 December 2012.
External links
- M9.1 Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake & Tsunami, 2004 – Amateur Seismic Centre (ASC)
- The Sumatra-Andaman Islands Earthquake – IRIS Consortium
- Tsunami Surges on Dry Coastal Plains: Application of Dam Break Wave Equations, Coastal Engineering Journal, 48 4: 355–370
- The 26 December 2004 Tsunami: a Hydraulic Engineering Phenomenon of International Significance. First Comments, Journal La Houille Blanche, No. 2, pp. 25–32
- The 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami – Thomson Reuters & IFRC
- 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami in the Newseum archive of front page images from 2004-12-27.
- Satellite images of tsunami-affected areas – National University of Singapore
- Asian Tsunami Anniversary - Thailand Tsunami Then and Now Comparison Series – Zoriah Miller
- Recovering a future: Rebuilding lives after the tsunami – British Red Cross
- The 26 December 2004, Sumatra Earthquake and Indian Ocean Tsunami: Field Perspectives on the Impacts to the Peoples, Cultures, Politics, and Economies of One of the World's Most Vibrant Regions, Speaker: Tom Casadevall, 26 September 2006. Sponsored by The Center for Global Studies and Center for Advanced Study, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.


text:
A Bird's Eye View Into the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
The 10th South Asian Economics Students Meet (SAESM) was held in Lahore, Pakistan, bringing together 82 top economics undergraduate students from the region. The theme was the Political Economy of South Asia, with a winning paper selected for each of the six sub-themes. In this post, Rumela Ghosh presents her winning paper on the political economy of social security. Posts from the other winning authors will follow over the next few weeks.
Employment is one of the burning problems affecting South Asia. India now has a diminished growth rate below 6% per year. In recent years although the living standards of the 'middle classes' have improved, reform for underprivileged groups has not been so exciting. According to National Service Scheme (NSS) data the average per capita expenditure rose at the exceedingly low rate of 1% per year in India. There has been a sharp decline in real agricultural wages also. A quantitative assessment of the impact of various rural wage employment schemes during the last two five-year plans and the current one shows that the results in terms of employment generated have been steadily decreasing.
My paper looked at schemes to tackle unemployment in India. A Bird's Eye View into Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act firstly examines the Maharashtra Employment Guarantee Scheme (MEGS) introduced in the 1970s. It examines how at different time frames and contexts the elite managed to maintain their support base and reinforced its legitimacy by supporting a poverty alleviation program – the EGS. It also highlights the issue of gender concern and the problem of migrant workers.
Among various EGS, the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) is the flagship program implemented at the national level which achieved measurable success, though with some flaws. It guarantees every rural household up to 100 days of wage employment in a year within 15 days of demand for such employment. My study highlights the significant interstate differences in the supply of employment and tries to explore the reasons why. Supply falls far short of demand, particularly in low-income states, where the organizational capacity to implement the scheme is limited.
The paper examines the conceptual design and delivery of MGNREGA to assess its effectiveness against unemployment and poverty. I discuss existing labor laws applicable to workers in the unorganized sector covering wages, contract and poverty incidence. The paper also seeks to derive the short run and long run implications of a minimum wage law. A detailed empirical analysis of the spatial dimension of implementation, problems of funding, and budgetary incidence of MGNREGA.
A comparative study of MGNREGA scheme as implemented in Tamil Nadu where it is largely fair and corruption free with respect to that in Uttar Pradesh where the implementation has some serious flaws with corrupt practices of local officials paying wage payments to non-existing laborers has been illustrated. It studies the differences in utilization, extent of targeting, magnitude of income transfers and the cost-effectiveness of food subsidies.
I designed a game-theoretic model to design a near-perfect scheme with suggestions to eliminate the loop holes. Various falsified implementation strategies by contractors like fictitious names in muster rolls, commission to the contractor for partially/not working laborers has undermined the objectives of MGNREGA. This illegal money laundering from a subsidized scheme like MGNREGA digs a deep hole in India's economic pocket when the economy is reeling under inflation and rupee value depreciation pains. The model attempts a systematic game theory based solution approach for restricting these scheme implementation faults. A graphical presentation shows that, with such a policy laborers in the long run will have an incentive to deliver under MGNREGA only.


text:
DC Universe™ Online is a free-to-play, massive multiplayer online action game for the PC, PlayStation®3 computer entertainment system and PlayStation®4 system. Become one of a new breed of Heroes or Villains and wield incredible powers as you go to war with legendary characters such as Batman, Superman, Lex Luthor and The Joker.
DC Universe Online is free-to-play on the PC, PlayStation®3 computer entertainment system and PlayStation®4 system. Go here to download on your PC or for PlayStation details.
DC Universe Online is free-to-play on the PC, PlayStation®3 and PlayStation®4.
DC Universe Online is free-to-play on the PC, PlayStation®3 and PlayStation®4.
No transferring is necessary. Simply log into your PlayStation®4 with the same PSN account you used on your PlayStation®3, then download DC Universe Online. Once you jump in the game, all of your characters, purchases, DLCs and Membership status will be waiting for you just as you left it.
Yes. PlayStation®3 and PlayStation®4 share the same servers. No need to leave your friends behind!
Marketplace Cash is virtual currency needed to purchase items in the in-game marketplace on the PlayStation®3 and PlayStation®4 versions of DC Universe Online. You purchase Marketplace Cash in the PlayStation Store using real world currency, then use that Marketplace Cash in-game.
In DC Universe Online, you play through your own story as you fight to save or rule the DC Universe. However, the Heroes and Villains of Gotham City and Metropolis know that in order for you to be the best, you need to learn to fight just like they do. And, the best way to learn is through simulation! That is why you have the opportunity to don the guises of many of the well-known DC characters and battle other players in Legends PVP and Iconic Anomalies. While in these special combat simulations, you will assume the appearance, movement ability, powers, and combat moves of an iconic DC character as you fight for special rewards. Some of the characters you can choose to play as include, Superman, Wonder Woman, Future Batman, Hal Jordan, The Joker, and more!
The massive cityscapes of Metropolis and Gotham City serve as the primary locations in which players will embark on their heroic or villainous adventures. As you step into the DC Universe Online you can explore these famous cities by flying up to the tops of the tallest skyscrapers, or investigating what lurks in the darkest depths of the Gotham City sewers and everything in between. Within these cities, many well-known areas are available to explore, such as Arkham Asylum, Ace Chemicals and Amusement Mile (hideout and home to The Joker) in Gotham City, as well as S.T.A.R. Labs, Suicide Slums and LexCorp headquarters in Metropolis. Other familiar areas from across the DC Universe are also the setting for some of the game's most challenging adventures. Group combat encounters are set in many of the most diverse and interesting locations within the DC Universe, such as the contaminated city of Blüdhaven, tropical Oolong Island, volcanic Gorilla Island, mysterious Area 51, the Hive's massive Moon base and the devastated wreckage of Clark Kent's home of Smallville. And, once you prove yourself worthy to your mentor you will gain access to the Justice League of America Watchtower if you're a hero, or the Hall of Doom if you're a villain, and all of the knowledge and resources contained within each.
We will release DLC Expansion Packs on a regular basis that will include new areas to explore as well as new locations to investigate within existing cities/areas. And some DLC Expansion Packs will add new powers and gear/weapons as well.
PlayStation®3 and PlayStation®4 gamers play together on shared servers. The PC version has dedicated servers that are not shared with the PlayStation versions.
Absolutely. DC Universe Online includes a number of opportunities for you to join with others to explore, fight and socialize. If you have a Legendary Access membership you are able to form your own League and invite friends to join. Anyone who plays DCUO can join a League. Leagues can group together, fight co-op battles and large PvP battles. Plus, there are many areas throughout the game where you can meet and join with others randomly to fight as a team in a specific battle or arena. Whether you like to be part of a group or meet new people from one adventure to the next, DC Universe Online offers you the chance to join with others whenever you choose.
Currently there are 30 levels in the game. Once level 30 is reached, jump into new adventures in the DLC packs and fight for new gear to increase your Combat Rating and achieve Feats to earn more Skill Points.
Both phases allow players to enjoy story driven adventures as they battle non-player characters/enemies across the game world for experience and loot. Solo missions, group combat Raids and Alerts, and much more are available on both types of servers. On the PvE phase, players can explore freely without being attacked by players of the opposing morality. On the PvP phase, you can be attacked at any time by players of the opposing morality in the open world areas. You can switch back and forth between PvE and PvP phases at any time in your Headquarters.
Each Safehouse in Gotham City and Metropolis has a teleporter that will take heroes to The Watchtower or villains to the Hall of Doom. From these locations you can access any of the Safehouses in both Metropolis and Gotham City.
Currently DC Universe Online is only available for download on the PlayStation®3 and PlayStation®4 from the PSN Store.
DC Universe Online can be found featured in the free-to-play section of the PlayStation Store on both the PlayStation®3 and PlayStation®4. Also, you can search for DC Universe Online using the store's search function.
Yes, as long as you sign in with a valid PSN account. You may only be logged in with your PSN account to one PlayStation®3 or PlayStation®4 at a time.


text:
Louisiana Turkey Hunting
Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries (LDWF) Enforcement Division agents made six illegal turkey hunting cases during the April 12-14 weekend.
On April 12, agents cited Michael A. Kowalski, 34, of Katy, Texas, in Webster Parish for obtaining a license by fraud, hunting turkey without non-resident basic and big game licenses, and hunting turkey without a non-resident turkey stamp.
Agents cited Stephen K. Breaux, 37, of Houma, in East Feliciana Parish on April 13 for hunting turkey over a baited area, with an electronic device and failing to comply with turkey tagging regulations. Agents seized the electronic call.
Alton D. Cook, 44, of Denham Springs, and Shane M. Johnston, 19, of Walker, were cited in East Feliciana Parish on April 13 for hunting turkey over a baited area, possession of an illegally taken turkey and criminal trespassing. Agents also cited Johnson for failing to comply with turkey tagging regulations. Agents seized the shotgun Cook and Johnston used and the illegally harvested turkey.
On April 13, agents cited Ashtin J. Willis, 21 of Grosse Tete, for taking over the limit of turkeys with two gobblers in the same day and possession of an illegally taken turkey on the Sherburne Wildlife Management Area in Iberville Parish.
Agents cited Ryan E. Dowden, 22, of Deridder, for possessing a loaded gun in a vehicle and possession of a rifle during turkey season while on the Peason WMA on April 14.
According to the 2013 Turkey Regulations pamphlet, no person shall hunt or take turkeys by the aid of baiting or on or over a baited area. Hunters are not allowed to place, expose, deposit or scatter corn, wheat or other grain, salt or other feed to lure turkeys to their hunting area. Also, turkey hunters are required to possess basic hunting and big game licenses, Louisiana wild turkey permit and turkey tags.
Possession of an illegally taken turkey carries a $400 to $950 fine and up to 120 days in jail. Hunting turkeys over a baited area, taking over the legal limit, possession of rifle during turkey season, obtaining a license by fraud and hunting with an electronic device each brings a $250 to $500 fine and up to 90 days in jail for each offense. Criminal trespassing carries a $100 to $500 fine and up to 30 days in jail.
Failing to comply with turkey tagging regulations and hunting without non-resident basic hunting and big game licenses each carries a $100 to $350 fine and up to 60 days in jail for each offense. Failing to possess a turkey stamp brings a $50 fine and up to 15 days in jail.
LDWF agents involved in these cases are Lt. Will Roberts, Senior Agent Garrett Kimble, Senior Agent Carl Armstrong, Senior Agent Clay Marques, Senior Agent Bryant Coburn, Lt. Kenny Balkom, Lt. Curt Belton and Senior Agent Thomas J. Ashley.


text:
Macradee joined Fox 4 in July 2011 as a reporter. She comes to the Midwest from the Wild West, having grown up in Laramie, Wyoming and becoming a University of Wyoming Cowboy.
After graduating with a degree in Communications and Journalism, Macradee spent five years at KGWN-TV, the CBS affiliate in Cheyenne, Wyoming.
An avid sports fan, Macradee started as a Sports Reporter and soon became the first female Sports Director in the State of Wyoming. One of only 840 members of the media invited to vote for each years Heisman Trophy Winner, Macradee has cast her vote for the past three years.
In 2009 KGWN-TV named her the News Director, making her one of the youngest active News Director's in the country. While working in Cheyenne, she sat down for an interview with Barack Obama, the first Democratic Presidential Candidate to come through the Cowboy State since JFK.
Outside of work, you can find Macradee on the golf course, cooling off at the pool with a book, spending time with family, or running (trying to keep up) with her two Italian Greyhound rescue dogs, Moses Edwin and Royal Eddison.
Macradee is thrilled to be "back on the streets" talking to people and sharing stories as a Fox 4 Reporter. If you have a story you'd like to share with her, email her at firstname.lastname@example.com


text:
The next time you are thinking about buying a home, you shouldn't get started without the help of a highly experienced real estate agent. At Latter & Blum Inc. Realtors, we have the resources and tools to help you find the perfect home. Our agents provide a wide range of services for buyers, and we place your needs first when you ask us for help.
We are the largest full-service real estate brokerage in the region, and we consider ourselves experts in the home buying process. The current real estate market is ideal for buyers, and we can help you take advantage of amazing properties available in the area. We invite you to follow the links below to learn more about our services, including information regarding how to finance your home, what properties are currently available, and so much more.
The professionals at Latter & Blum Inc. Realtors are here to help you buy that perfect home in any community in the Gulf South from Lake Charles, Louisiana to the Mississippi Gulf Coast. Whether you are looking for your first home, or you want to move to a bigger property, you will have many options to choose from in the areas we serve. Give us a call today to learn more from one of our helpful real estate agents!
Use this calculator to compute how much you can afford in a monthly mortgage payment. The information on this page is not recorded and is used only for calculation purposes. The amount calculated is only an estimate and should only be used to help you better shop for homes on this site. Once you find a home, contact Essential Mortgage to help you find a mortgage that is right for you. Please enter numeric values only!
Note: These values are just estimates and are not verified. To get a more precise estimate, please contact an Essential Mortgage representative.
All rights reserved.
Contact Us / Terms of Use / Privacy Policy / Site Map / Legal Info / Accessibility
Licensed by the Louisiana Real Estate Commission
Latter & Blum Realtors is powered by IDC Global and Datafloat
Real Estate website solutions | Big data and market report products for the real estate industry


text:
Bcache allows one to use an SSD as a read/write cache (in writeback mode) or read cache (writethrough or writearound) for another blockdevice (generally a rotating HDD or array. This article will show how to install arch using Bcache as the root partition. For an intro to bcache itself, see the bcache homepage. Be sure to read and reference the bcache manual. Bcache is currently in the process of getting merged into the kernel.
An alternative to Bcache is Facebook's Flashcache
Temporary install to SSD
The ArchLinux install disk does not include bcache in its kernel. You could either re-master to the install disk to include this kernel, or do the install twice. The example below is for installing twice.
- Install archlinux as normal to the SSD. Don't go crazy with partitions, just a / and an EFI system partition if you're not booting bios mode. This is just the temporary system we'll use to install the final system.
- Reboot to verify the install in step 1 worked.
- Install the "linux-bcache-git" and "bcache-tools-git" packages from AUR.
- Reboot to the bcache enabled kernel
Final install to the HDD
1. Partition your hdd
grub can't handle bcache, so you'll need at least 2 partitions (boot and one for the bcache backing device). If you're doing UEFI, you'll need an EFI System Partition (ESP) as well.
ex: 1 2048 22527 10.0 MiB EF00 EFI System 2 22528 432127 200.0 MiB 8300 arch_boot 3 432128 625142414 297.9 GiB 8300 bcache_backing
2. Configure your HDD as a bcache backing device.
# make-bcache -B /dev/sda3
3. Register any bcache devices with the kernel (this needs to done every bootup)
for i in /dev/sd*; do echo $i; echo $i > /sys/fs/bcache/register_quiet; done
You now have a /dev/bcache0 device
7. Format the bcache device. Use LLVM or btrfs subvolumes if you want to divide up the /dev/bcache0 device how you like (ex for seperate /, /home, /var, etc).
# mkfs.btrfs /dev/bcache0 # mount /dev/bcache0 /mnt/ # btrfs subvolume create /mnt/root # btrfs subvolume create /mnt/home # umount /mnt
8. Reinstall to the bcache volume (alternatively you can rsync the install you made on the SSD)
# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda2 # mkfs.msdos /dev/sda1 (if your ESP is at least 500MB, use mkfs.vfat to make a FAT32 partition instead) # pacman -S arch-install-scripts # mount /dev/bcache0 -o subvol=root,compress=lzo /mnt/ # mkdir /mnt/boot # mkdir /mnt/home # mount /dev/bcache0 -o subvol=home,compress=lzo /mnt/home # mount /dev/sda2 /mnt/boot # mkdir /boot/efi # mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/boot/efi/
do the rest of the installation as normal
9, Edit /etc/mkinitcpio.conf and add the bcache hook between block and filesystems.
10. In the arch-chroot, first install "bcache-tools-git" then the "linux-bcache-git" packages from [[AUR]b ]. (Don't forget to update your bootloader to use the new kernel!)
11. Reboot and make sure it works from the /dev/bcache0 device
12. delete the partitions from /dev/sdb, format it as a caching device, and link it to the backing device
# parted /dev/sdb mklabel msdos; dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sdb bs=512 count=1 # make-bcache -C /dev/sdb # echo /dev/sdb > /sys/fs/bcache/register # echo <Set UUID from previous command> > /sys/block/bcache0/bcache/attach
There are many options that can be configured (such as writeback cache mode, cache flush interval, sequential write heuristic, etc.) This is currently done by writing to files in /sys. See the bcache user documentation.
/dev/bcache device doesn't exist on bootup
If you are sent to a busy box shell with an error:
ERROR: Unable to find root device 'UUID=b6b2d82b-f87e-44d5-bbc5-c51dd7aace15'. You are being dropped to a recovery shell Type 'exit' to try and continue booting
This might happen if the backing device is configured for "writeback" mode (default is writearound). When in "writeback" mode, the /dev/bcache0 device is not started until the cache device is both registered and attached. Registering is something that needs to happen every bootup, but attaching should only have to be done once. I've sometime had to re-attach.
To continue booting, try one of the following:
- Register both the backing device and the cacheing device
# echo /dev/sda3 > /sys/fs/bcache/register # echo /dev/sdb > /sys/fs/bcache/register
If the /dev/bcache0 device now exists, type exit and continue booting. You will need to fix your initcpio to ensure devices are registered before mounting the root device.
- Re-attach the cache to the backing device:
If the cache device was registered, a folder with the UUID of the cache should exist in /sys/fs/bcache. Use that UUID when following the example below:
# ls /sys/fs/bcache/ b6b2d82b-f87e-44d5-bbc5-c51dd7aace15 register register_quiet # echo b6b2d82b-f87e-44d5-bbc5-c51dd7aace15 > /sys/block/sda/sda3/bcache/attach
If the /dev/bcache0 device now exists, type exit and continue booting. You should not have to do this again. If it persists, ask on the bcache mailing list.
- Invalidate the cache and force the backing device to run without it.
You might want to check some stats, such as "dirty_data" so you have some idea of how much data will be lost.
# cat /sys/block/sda/sda3/bcache/dirty_data -3.9M
dirty data is data in the cache that has not been written to the backing device. If you force the backing device to run, this data will be lost, even if you later re-attach the cache.
# cat /sys/block/sda/sda3/bcache/running 0 # echo 1 > /sys/block/sda/sda3/bcache/running
The /dev/bcache0 device will now exist. Type exit and continue booting. You might want to unregister the cache device and run make-bcache again. An fsck on /dev/bcache0 would also be wise. See the bcache user documentation.
/sys/fs/bcache/ doesn't exist
The kernel you booted is not bcache enabled.


text: Wow..wow...wow....slow down There is an awful lot of money...just outright funding that's thrown in the direction of education and grants and scientific computing. And whether it's for selfish reasons, bragging rights or not, it gets into research and we should all be thankful. At 10:24 PM 3/15/2003 -0500, you wrote: >On Sat, Mar 15, 2003 at 04:11:54PM -0500, Tom A Krewson's all... >> Does anyone know what software/hardware/interconnect they are using on the >> linux cluster running at the Google search engine company? In their help >> wanted adds they say that have a linux cluster with more than 10,000 >> servers. This would make it one the largest linux clusters in the world >> but I never see their cluster in any of the top 500 cluster lists. > >Thats cuz they didnt tune their cluster to BE on the top 500 cluster list. > >Which seems perfectly natural. > >As for academic clusters, I expect that more than most grant money isnt handed >out around the world just to get onto the top 500 cluster list, but in fact, >to get some real work done. > >(Of course, some of the money does go to getting on the top 500 list, >just for bragging rights to impress idiots. Makes you wonder who these >idiots are - hopefully not researchers.) > >/kc > >> >> Thanks for any help. >> Tom >> >> >> _______________________________________________ >> Beowulf mailing list, Beowulf at beowulf.org >> To change your subscription (digest mode or unsubscribe) visit http://www.beowulf.org/mailman/listinfo/beowulf > >-- >Ken Chase, math at velocet.ca * Velocet Communications Inc. * Toronto, Canada >Wiznet Velocet DSL Datavaults 24/7 help: 416-967-4414 tollfree: 1-866-353-0363 > >_______________________________________________ >Beowulf mailing list, Beowulf at beowulf.org >To change your subscription (digest mode or unsubscribe) visit http://www.beowulf.org/mailman/listinfo/beowulf >