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The presence in Morocco of Argasid ticks of the Ornithodoros erraticus complex, the vector of tick-borne relapsing fever (TBRF) in North Africa, has been known since 1919, but the disease is rarely diagnosed and few epidemiological data are available.
Methodology/Principal Findings
Between 2006 and 2011, we investigated the presence of Ornithodoros ticks in rodent burrows in 34 sites distributed across Morocco. We also collected small mammals in 10 sites and we investigated TBRF in febrile patients in Kenitra district. The prevalence of Borrelia infections was assessed by nested PCR amplification in ticks and the brain tissue of small mammals, and by evaluation of thick blood films in patients. A high proportion of burrows were infested with ticks of the O. erraticus complex in all regions of Morocco, with a mean of 39.5% for the whole country. Borrelia infections were found in 39/382 (10.2%) of the ticks and 12/140 (8.6%) of the rodents and insectivores studied by PCR amplification, and 102 patients tested positive by thick blood film. Five small mammalian species were found infected: Dipodillus campestris, Meriones shawi, Gerbillus hoogstrali, Gerbillus occiduus and Atelerix algirus. Three Borrelia species were identified in ticks and/or rodents: B. hispanica, B. crocidurae and B. merionesi.
Author Summary
In North Africa, Argasid ticks of the Ornithodoros erraticus complex are the only known vector of Borrelia infections causing tick-borne relapsing fever (TBRF) in humans. There is limited data on vector distribution, the animal reservoir of the disease has never been investigated, and there is no published data on TBRF patients. Our aim was to systematically investigate the distribution of O. erraticus s.l. in most regions of Morocco, to measure the proportion of infected ticks, to identify small mammalian species that act as potential reservoir, and to analyze data on TBRF patients fortuitously collected during a malaria eradication program. Our study shows that a high proportion of rodent burrows are colonized by vector ticks in all regions of Morocco from the Atlantic Sahara to the Mediterranean coast. We identified three Borrelia species in ticks and/or small mammals: B. hispanica, B. crocidurae and B. merionesi. We report five species of small mammals found infected for the first time. Our analysis of 102 TBRF patients shows that the disease is strictly seasonal in northwestern Morocco with a maximum incidence during summer. We believe that TBRF, although rarely diagnosed, is a common cause of morbidity in all regions of Morocco.
Citation: Diatta G, Souidi Y, Granjon L, Arnathau C, Durand P, Chauvancy G, et al. (2012) Epidemiology of Tick-Borne Borreliosis in Morocco. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6(9): e1810. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001810
Editor: Janet Foley, University of California Davis, United States of America
Received: January 16, 2012; Accepted: July 25, 2012; Published: September 13, 2012
Copyright: © Diatta et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: This work was supported by grants from the Agence Nationale de la Recherche and the special programme Evolution Climatique et Santé of the Institut de Recherche pour le Développement. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Tick-borne relapsing fever (TBRF) due to Borrelia infections transmitted by Argasid ticks of the genus Ornithodoros is a major cause of disease in several regions of Africa. In Senegal, the incidence of TBRF in rural communities ranges between 4% and 24% each year [1] and in villages of Tanzania up to 38% of infants are infected before reaching one year of age [2]. Three different Ornithodoros-Borrelia systems have been described in Africa [3], [4]. In Eastern and Southern Africa, TBRF is due to B. duttoni with O. moubata and O. porcinus as vectors; in West Africa and the most arid parts of North Africa, TBRF is due to B. crocidurae with O. sonrai as the vector; whereas in coastal areas of North Africa, TBRF is due to B. hispanica with O. erraticus as the vector [3]–[7]. Both in West and North Africa, small mammals act as reservoirs of Borrelia infections [3], [5]. O. erraticus and O. sonrai live inside burrows where they usually feed on rodents. However, they occasionally feed on humans by night, particularly when burrows open inside houses or when humans rest or sleep in the fields or the wild [5]. In Eastern and Southern Africa, there is no known mammal reservoir, and O. moubata and O. porcinus, that live in the cracks of the walls and grounds of human dwellings, act both as the vector and the reservoir of infection [4], [6], [7].
In Morocco, the presence of Ornithodoros ticks of the O. erraticus complex and the occurrence of TBRF in humans due to B. hispanica was established in the 1920s [8]–[11]. In 1937, a second spirochaete different from B. hispanica and B. crocidurae was isolated from O. erraticus s.l. in southern Morocco [12]. Initially considered as close to B. duttoni from East Africa, this spirochaete was later named B. merionesi [13]. Further studies in the 1950s indicated that populations of O. erraticus from different regions of Morocco and other parts of Africa were generally infertile in cross-mating experiments, and that those with the larger size ("grande forme" or "large variety"), classically described as O. erraticus s.s., transmitted B. hispanica, although the smaller ones ("petite forme" or "small variety"), morphologically attributable to O. sonrai, transmitted B. crocidurae or B. merionesi [14]–[16]. Both species were present in Morocco, with O. erraticus distributed in the wet areas of northern Morocco and O. sonrai in the arid southern part of the country, with sympatry of the two species in a dry intermediary area between Agadir and Marrakech [15]. There is little recent work on TBRF in Morocco. The disease has been reported from travellers [17] and a prospective study in six villages of northern Morocco indicated that 26 of 127 patients (20.5%) with an unexplained fever had TBRF attributable to B. hispanica [18].
Here we report a series of epidemiological investigations that we conducted between 2006 and 2011 on the distribution of vector ticks, the prevalence of Borrelia infection in ticks and small mammals, and the occurrence of the disease in patients.
Materials and Methods
Ornithodoros sampling
The study was carried out from September to October 2006, then from October to November 2009 and finally in May 2010 and November 2011 in 34 sites distributed in most regions of Morocco including the Atlantic Sahara. Ornithodoros ticks were sampled in diverse natural or human-impacted habitats. Ticks were collected by introducing a flexible tube into rodent or insectivore burrows - from 30 cm to 1.5 meter depth - and extracting their contents using a portable petrol-powered aspirator. As a general rule, 10 to 30 burrows were explored in each site in one or more sampling stations, selected according to local environment, either in natural or human-impacted ecosystems and croplands or both. All tick specimens collected were preserved in 95% ethanol. Identification of Ornithodoros ticks was performed according to classical morphological criteria [16], [19] and ticks of the O. erraticus complex were attributed either to O. erraticus or O. sonrai on the basis of the mean and maximum sizes of adult male and female specimens (lengths according to Baltazard [14]: 5.2 mm to 7.5 mm for O. erraticus females, 3.5 mm to 4.5 mm for O. sonrai females; 3.3 mm to 4.1 mm for O. erraticus males, 2.5 mm to 3.2 mm for O. sonrai males).
Small mammal sampling
Rodents and insectivores were captured alive in November 2008 in ten sites using wire mesh traps baited with peanut butter or onions. Trapped rodents and insectivores were killed by means of cervical dislocation, and necropsied in the field. A thick blood film stained with Giemsa was prepared for microscopic examination and 200 oil-immersion fields (×1000) were systematically examined for detecting Borrelia spirochaetes. A sample of brain tissue was taken and preserved in 95% ethanol for PCR detection and identification of Borrelia species. Rodent and insectivore species were determined to species either morphologically or using karyological (standard karyotypes obtained from bone marrow or cell cultures) and molecular (cytochrome b gene sequence data analyses) methods, described in detail elsewhere [20].
Borrelia detection
Each soft tick and brain tissue sample collected from small mammals was processed individually. They were washed in three sterile water baths (Versylene Fresenius, Sèvres, France), air dried and preserved in sterile microtubes. Samples were individually crushed by shaking with a bead beater (mixer mill MM301, Qiagen) and DNA was isolated and purified using the DNeasy Tissue extraction Kit (Qiagen). Borrelia detection on tick samples and brain tissue was based on nested PCR amplification of a 350 bp fragment of the flagellin gene (FLA). The amplification was performed using primers (Bfpad and Bfpdu for the first PCR, Bfpbu and Bfpcr for the second PCR) designed for B. duttoni [21]. Each PCR was performed in a 25 µl volume containing 5 µl 5× buffer (Promega), 2 mM MgCl2, 200 µM of each dNTP, 0.2 µM of each primer and 2.5 unit of GoTaq DNA polymerase (Promega). 3 µl of DNA template was added in the first reaction and 1 µl of the first amplified mix was added in the second reaction. Amplification cycles for the first PCR (FLA) consisted of an initial DNA denaturation step at 94°C for 3 min followed by 30 cycles of 40 sec at 94°C, 40 sec at 55°C, 40 sec at 72°C and a final extension step was carried out for 10 min at 72°C. For the second PCR (FLA), amplified cycles consisted of an initial DNA denaturation step at 94°C for 3 min followed by 30 cycles of 40 sec at 94°C, 40 sec at 51°C, 40 sec at 72°C and a final extension step was carried out for 10 min at 72°C. Agarose gel of 1.2% in TAE 0.5× buffer was prepared and solidified in a tank. The gel tray was then placed in a generator filled with TAE buffer. 10 µl of each PCR sample product mixed with 2 µl of envision (Amaresco) were placed in each well of the gel. A mixture of 5 µl of size marker and 2 µl of envision was introduced in the first well of the gel, and the generator was then switched to 100 volts, leaving bands to migrate by electrophoresis. The amplified products were detected after electrophoresis, and PCR results were observed in a trans-illuminator UV-tray. Amplified products were controlled in each nested PCR using a negative control of the second PCR and positive control for Borrelia to monitor contamination and false-positive amplification.
For the 16S–23S ribosomal RNA intergenic spacer (IGS), the primers rrs rrlA IGS/F and rrs rrlA IGS/R were performed for the first PCR, rrs rrlA IGS/Fn and rrs rrlA IGS/Rn for the second PCR [22]. Each PCR was performed in a 25 µl volume containing 5 µl 5× buffer (Promega), 2 mM MgCl2, 200 µM of each dNTP, 5 picomoles of each primer and 2.5 unit of GoTaq DNA polymerase (Promega). 2 µl of DNA template was added in the first reaction and 1 µl of the first amplified mix was added in the second reaction. Amplification cycles for the first PCR (IGS) consisted of an initial DNA denaturation step at 94°C for 3 min followed by 35 cycles of 30 sec at 94°C, 30 sec at 56°C, 30 sec at 72°C and a final extension step was carried out for 5 min at 72°C. For the second PCR (IGS), amplified cycles consisted of an initial DNA denaturation step at 94°C for 3 min followed by 40 cycles of 40 sec at 94°C, 30 sec at 60°C, 30 sec at 72°C and a final extension step was carried out for 5 min at 72°C. The amplified products were detected by electrophoresis as above. Amplified PCR products were controlled as described previously.
The FLA PCR products were sequenced and compared to B. crocidurae (Genbank acc. no. X75204), B. duttoni (Genbank acc. no. AB105128), B. hispanica (Genbank acc. no. U28498), B. recurrentis (Genbank acc. no. D86618). The IGS PCR products were sequenced and compared to B. crocidurae (Genbank acc. no. DQ000287) and B. duttoni (Genbank acc. no. DQ000279), B. hispanica (Genbank acc. no. FJ827590) and B. recurrentis (Genbank acc. no. DQ000277). A maximum-likelihood (PhyML) tree construction was based on the partial concatened FLA and IGS sequence data. All positions containing gaps and missing data were eliminated. There were a total of 694 positions in the final dataset and the evolutionary analysis was conducted in MEGA5 [23]. The Borrelia TARF1335 (B. merionesi), BERK1258 (B. hispanica) and BOUD1198 (B. crocidurae) were sampled from ticks of Tarfaya (Sidi Akhfennir), Berkane and Boudnib areas, respectively, and longitude and latitude of sampling sites are provided in Table 1. The Genbank accessions numbers for the IGS and FLA sequences were as follows: TARF1335 (IGS: Acc. no. JX257047), BERK1258 (IGS: Acc. no. JX257048), BOUD1198 (IGS: Acc. no. JX257049), TARF1335 (FLA: Acc. no. JX257050), BERK1258 (FLA: Acc. no. JX257051), and BOUD1198 (FLA: Acc. no. JX257052).
Clinical study
The study was conducted as part of the epidemiological monitoring of the risk of re-emergence of malaria in the Gharb plain (Kenitra, Souk El Arbaa, Souk Tlet El Gharg and Sidi Slimane medical districts, provinces of Kenitra and Sidi Slimane, northwestern Morocco), an area of 4,745 km2 with a population of 1,450,000 inhabitants (2004) which was, until the 1970s, a major focus of malaria. Outpatients with unexplained fever at 10 medical centers had thick blood films performed and sent to the Malaria Diagnosis Laboratory at the Provincial Hospital of Kenitra. From 2000 to 2005, besides the presence of Plasmodium, the presence of Borrelia was systematically investigated and reported in laboratory records including data on the age and gender of patients.
Ethics Statement
Small mammal studies were conducted with authorization n°1369/08 of the Faculty of Sciences of the University Mohammed V (Rabat). Animals were treated in a humane manner, and in accordance with authorizations and guidelines of the American Society of Mammalogists (Animal Care and Use Committee 1998). Authorization for access to patient records was provided by the Malaria Diagnosis Laboratory at the Provincial Hospital of Kenitra and the Université Ibn Tofail of Kenitra. All records were anonymized. The study protocol was approved by the Steering Committee of the IRD Special Programme Evolution Climatique et Santé (Montpellier, France).
Ornithodoros tick distribution
A total of 605 burrows of small rodents and insectivores were investigated in 34 sites. Argasid ticks of the O. erraticus complex were found in 39.5% (239/605) of burrows studied (Table 1). Among the 34 sites investigated, 33 were positive for Ornithodoros (Figure 1). The only negative site was a sandy desert area near Bou Kra where 30 burrows were examined at 25°58′N/12°52′W.
Within the O. erraticus complex, populations comprising only small specimens morphologically attributable to O. sonrai were distributed in southern and eastern Morocco, and those with larger specimens attributable to O. erraticus were distributed in the northwestern part of the country (Figure 1).
Of 382 O. erraticus s.l. ticks tested, 39 (10.2%) were infected by Borrelia: B. hispanica 13 (33.3%), B. crocidurae 16 (41%), and B. merionesi 10 (25.6%) (Figure 2). There was no significant difference in prevalence of infection among females (23% positive of 65 females tested) and males (32% positive of 50 males tested) in a sample of 110 adult ticks that were sexed, but prevalence was only 6% in a sample of 63 nymphs (p = 002 by Pearson's chi-squared test). Among the 239 burrows colonized by soft ticks, 159 had a sample of ticks tested, and 27 (17%) contained at least one Borrelia infected tick. The phylogenetic relationship (PhyML) between Borrelia species clearly shows the presence of three Borrelia species in O. erraticus s.l. ticks in Morocco (Figure 3).
Small mammal study
A total of 140 small mammals including 134 rodents and 6 insectivores belonging to 12 different species were collected in 10 sites during 1,735 trap-nights of capture (Table 2). Out of 140 small mammals captured, 134 were tested for Borrelia by thick blood film and 140 via PCR of brain tissue (Table 3). The presence of Borrelia was observed in the blood of four rodents (3%) captured near Marrakech (two Dipodillus campestris), Essaouira (one Meriones shawi) and Taroudant (one Gerbillus hoogstrali). Out of the 140 animals whose brain tissue was tested by nested PCR amplification, Borrelia infections were detected in 12 specimens (8.6%) belonging to five species: 3 Dipodillus campestris and 2 Meriones shawi from Marrakech; 4 Meriones shawi from Essaouira; 1 Gerbillus hoogstrali, 1 Atelerix algirus, and 1 Gerbillus occiduus respectively from Taroudant, Bou-Jerif and Dakhla.
Among the 134 animals studied by both methods, nine were positive by PCR alone, one by thick blood film only and three by both methods. Borrelia infections were not determined to species in small mammals in sites where Borrelia infections were previously determined to species in Ornithodoros ticks. In Dakhla area, where our small sample of ticks was negative, one Gerbillus occiduus out of 24 (4%) tested was found infected by B. merionesi.
Borreliosis in clinic outpatients
A total of 102 TBRF cases out of 89,995 patients examined (0.11%) were diagnosed between 2000 and 2005 (57% male and 43% female). No locally transmitted malaria case was observed. The annual number of TBRF cases ranged between 7 and 22 (Figure 4). All patients who were positive complained of acute fever. There was a marked seasonal pattern in the distribution of cases, most of them occurring between June and November (Figure 5). Patients aged 15 years or more represented 60% of TBRF cases and children less than one year, 1–4 years, 5–9 years and 10–14 years represented 3%, 7%, 12% and 18% of cases respectively.
Argasid ticks morphologically attributable to O. erraticus or O. sonrai were observed in high densities in almost all areas of Morocco, including the Atlantic coast of Sahara. Although the occurrence of these vectors in Morocco was well known [14]–[16], no detailed data on their relative abundance in burrows, and only limited distribution data within the country, were available. The widespread occurrence of TBRF vectors in the Sahara desert close to areas of Mauritania where we previously reported the presence of O. sonrai [24], [25] suggest a continuous distribution of this species between West and North Africa through the Sahara desert. In West Africa, this species has been reported from Mauritania, Senegal, Mali, and Gambia [1], [4]. Classical morphological criteria proved useful to identify soft ticks of the O. erraticus complex and to separate O. sonrai from O. erraticus. However, our recent studies in West Africa have shown molecular divergences within the O. erraticus complex [25], and this may also be the case in Morocco where the status of O. marocanus, a junior synonym of O. erraticus, appears uncertain [26]–[28]. The morphologically well defined O. normandi from northern Tunisia [29] was absent from our Moroccan samples.
Ten per cent of Ornithodoros ticks were found infected by Borrelia species and infected ticks were detected in half of the sites investigated. Since only a limited number of ticks was tested in most sites (often less than ten) and sites with infected ticks were documented in all regions of the country, this suggests that Borrelia infections among Ornithodoros ticks are widespread in Morocco. In a recent study in Senegal, the proportion of O. sonrai specimens infected by B. crocidurae averaged 31% and infected ticks were observed in all sites where the vector was collected [1]. Of the three species of Borrelia that we identified in Morocco, two are well known: B. hispanica is the species classically responsible for TBRF in Spain and North Africa, and previous molecular studies identified this species in patients with unexplained fever in northwestern Morocco [9], [18]; B. crocidurae is responsible for TBRF in West Africa [30], [31] and was also documented in O. sonrai ticks from southern Tunisia (O. erraticus small variety according to the authors of the study) [29]. The third species that we documented in Gerbillus occiduus from Dakhla and in O. sonrai ticks from Guelmin (formerly Goulimine) and Sidi Akhfennir, along the Saharan coast, was found in areas of southern Morocco where Borrelia merionesi (Blanc & Maurice, 1948) was first isolated in Meriones shawi in 1937. This Borrelia was recognized as a new species by these authors on the basis of difference in pathogenicity for laboratory animals and humans when compared to B. hispanica, B. crocidurae and B. duttoni [12], [13]. We attribute to this poorly known species the Borrelia infections observed in Ornithodoros ticks and in rodents living in this part of the Sahara desert bordering the Atlantic Ocean, an arid area characterized by presence of sea spray and dew. However, a few previous experiments with B. merionesi failed to induce TBRF in humans [12], [13].
Five different species of small mammals were identified as presumed reservoirs for Borrelia infections in one or more of the nine areas that we investigated, suggesting that they may play an important role in the epidemiology of TBRF in Morocco. To our knowledge, there is no previous published data on the prevalence of Borrelia infections in small mammals in North Africa. As previously observed in Senegal, both rodents and insectivores were found to be infected [5]. The proportion of infected animals in our study was 9.2%, a value higher than the 2.3% prevalence rate reported from Mauritania [24], but lower than those observed in Senegal where prevalence varied between 12% to 33% according to studies [5], [32], [33]. The detection of Borrelia infections in small mammals depends of the method used and the organ tested, and testing brain may be more sensitive than testing blood [33].
Clinical data show that TBRF is a common disease in Morocco. The Gharb region where the clinical study took place was an important focus of malaria until the 1970s. Thick blood films are made in outpatient clinics in case of unexplained fever as part of a surveillance program for preventing the reemergence of malaria. Borrelia infections are frequently diagnosed by trained microscopists but they are not systematically reported. Reports were unfortunately interrupted since 2006 for some obscure reason. The 102 TBRF cases documented in a single area over a 6 year period confirm that the disease is common and that all age groups are affected. Since our study was retrospective, Borrelia infections in these patients were not genotyped, however all infections previously investigated in this area were found to be due to B. hispanica [18].
Monthly distribution of cases shows a strong seasonality of the disease during the warmest period of the year. This may reflect both increased activity of the vector ticks during this period and increased exposure of the population.
Ornithodoros ticks of the O. erraticus complex live inside burrows where they feed on rodents and insectivores, but they occasionally go outside the burrows by night in order to feed on other animals or humans [5]. In contrast to West Africa where almost all rural populations live in houses, where rodent burrows are numerous and often open in bedrooms, this is rarely the case in Morocco, both in urban and rural areas. The proportion of TBRF cases among patients with fever is often comprised between 2% and 10% of cases in Senegal [1], [31] although it was only 0.11% in Morocco. Risk factors were not investigated in our study, but farming activities, camping and recreational activities likely represent important risk factors. Epidemiological surveys among TBRF patients are needed to have a better understanding of the modalities of contamination. Further work is also needed, to map the tick/borrelia distributions in relation to environmental and climatic characteristics.
List of accession numbers (Genbank)
B. merionesi TARF1335 : JX257047 (IGS)
B. merionesi TARF1335: JX257050 (FLA)
B. hispanica BERK1258: JX257048 (IGS)
B. hispanica BERK1258: JX257051 (FLA)
B. hispanica: FJ827590 (IGS)
B. hispanica: U28498 (FLA)
B. crocidurae BOUD1198: JX257049 (IGS)
B. crocidurae BOUD1198: JX257052 (FLA)
B. crocidurae: DQ000287 (IGS)
B. crocidurae: X75204 (FLA)
B. recurrentis: DQ000277 (IGS)
B. recurrentis: D86618 (FLA)
B. duttoni: DQ000279 (IGS),
B. duttoni: AB105128 (FLA)
We are grateful to M. Errahli, K. Bâ, M. Diallo and J. Mostafi for their help during field work. We thank J.L. Camicas for assistance in tick determination and A. Ndiaye for her participation to karyological and molecular analyses of rodents. We thank C. Mazenot for helpful comments on early draft of the manuscript.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: JFT MS DB FR. Performed the experiments: GD YS LG YM GC CA PD JFT MS DB. Analyzed the data: FR GD CA PD JFT YS MS DG LG. Wrote the paper: GD PD JFT.
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- 31. Trape JF, Duplantier JM, Bouganali H, Godeluck B, Legros F, et al. (1991) Tick-borne borreliosis in West Africa. Lancet 337: 473–475.
- 32. Godeluck B, Duplantier JM, Ba K, Trape JF (1994) A longitudinal survey of Borrelia crocidurae prevalence in rodents and insectivores in Senegal. Am J Trop Med Hyg 50: 165–168.
- 33. Diatta G, Trape JF, Legros F, Rogier C, Duplantier JM (1994) A comparative study of three methods of detection of Borrelia crocidurae in wild rodents in Senegal. Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg 88: 423–424.


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The New Year often brings about new pledges for a healthier lifestyle, but it also ushers in changes on how we will pay for health care.
Continue Reading Below
Consumers who use tax-advantaged health savings accounts and flexible spending accounts should plan for new changes in 2013 that could cost them more money.
"A lot of measures like raising rates and putting caps will make more money for the health-care system to absorb the influx in 2014" when the health reform act goes into effect, explains Michael Mahoney, vice president of consumer healthcare marketing website gohealthinsurance.com. "For big users of FSAs, that's bad news."
Flexible savings accounts or FSAs are typically sponsored by employers and enable employees to save money by allotting money to qualified medical expenses before taxes. The only down side is that if you don't use the money set aside by the end of the year, you lose it. People with FSA accounts typically use their pre-tax money for things like prescription drugs, medical supplies and contacts and this type of savings plan is ideal for people with a good sense of their annual medical expenses.
This year, FSA accounts will be capped at $2,500, which covers many consumers' spending, but those suffering with an expensive, chronic illness, stand to lose out, says Mahoney, and will have no alternative but to pay taxes on it. "A fringe group will see their benefit shrink and taxes go up. By 2014 one way or another they will be paying a lot more."
In addition to the cap, the amount of medical expenses you can claim on your tax return also changes in 2013. In the past, qualified medical expenses that were over 7.5% of your adjusted gross income could be deducted, now that rate stands at 10% of your income, according to Mahoney.
The new year also brings changes to users of health savings accounts. A HSA is a tax-advantaged savings account that's used in conjunction with an eligible high deductible insurance plan that allows you to deposit a certain amount of money each year on a pre-tax or tax deductible basis and use the money for qualified medical expenses. Unlike with a FSA account, you don't lose the money at the end of the year if you don't use it--it rolls over from year to year and can earn interest on a tax-free basis.
According to Keith Mendonsa, group specialist at ehealthInsurance.com, the minimum annual deductible for a HSA plan is going up to $1,250 in 2013 from $1,200 for individuals and $2,500 from $2,400 for families.
He adds that some existing HSA eligible plans may no longer qualify in 2013, and suggests checking your plan to make sure it still meets the minimum deductible to qualify for a HSA account. If your current plan no longer meets the deductible, check with your insurer or human resources department to see if there is another plan available that will meet the new requirements. Mendonsa also notes that some health insurance companies may be raising deductibles on their HSA plans automatically to make sure you'll still qualify.
Not every change is bad news: As is the case pretty much every year, the amount you can contribute to a HSA tax free increases this year. According to Mendonsa, the maximum contribution will be $3,250 for individuals and $6,450 for families, a $150 and $200 increase respectively.
"Fund your HSA to the max every year if you want to take full advantage of your HSA over the long term," says Mendonsa. "Remember, money saved in your HSA can be invested to grow year over year and is yours to keep. So long as you save that money for qualified medical expenses, you'll never pay taxes on it."

subset: commoncrawl


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We've still got plenty of prime Prime Numbers to address on NBCSN's Pro Football Talk.
Tuesday's edition of the show takes up one of the most prime: No. 24. We need your help to pick the best of the best players to wear that specific number.
Vote below, and then tune in on Tuesday at 5:30 p.m. ET for the results. Before then, tune in at 5:30 p.m. ET on Monday for today's version of the show, with Tom Curran of CSN New England and Bob Glauber of Newsday joining Erik Kuselias in the studio.


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The occupied Palestinian territory consists of two physically separate entities, the West Bank and the Gaza Strip and is not considered part of any sovereign nation. The West Bank (including East Jerusalem) and Gaza Strip have been under Israeli occupation since 1967 (Israel unilaterally withdrew its settlements from Gaza in 2005 although retains effective control of the region). The final status of the territory remains the subject of ongoing and future negotiations. The stated outcome of negotiations and final status talks is currently regarded as the eventual creation of a new, sovereign state - to be called simply Palestine.
The Palestinian National Authority (PNA or PA) is a semi-autonomous state institution (created in agreement with Israel and the United Nations) that officially is in charge of most of the Palestinian Territories. The PNA, dominated by the political faction Fatah, de facto only has control of certain areas of the West Bank depending upon the region; other areas are under Israeli control. Hamas, a rival group of Fatah, is de facto in control of the Gaza Strip. Hamas claims to be the only sole legitimate Palestinian government, but it is not internationally recognized.
The occupied Palestinian territory, in a wider sense and together with Israel, are considered the Holy Land for three of the world's major religions: Judaism, Christianity and Islam. Many sites of religious and archeological significance from the so-called Biblical periods are to be found within the current boundaries of the Palestinian National Authority, most notably Bethlehem, Hebron, Nablus and Jericho and of course, East Jerusalem. East Jerusalem is under complete Israeli control and considered by Israel to be part of its state although the annexation of land is considered illegal by the United Nations.
The current Palestinian Territories are a sub-division of pre-1948, British Mandatory Palestine. United Nations-projected Arab-held areas of the former Mandate were greatly reduced after the 1948-1949 Israel War of Independence, when the embryonic state of Israel was first attacked by its Arab neighbours, then successfully defeated their armies, leading to a re-drawing of the internationally-recognised borders of Israel. Of course, these hostilities were accompanied by much bloodshed and displacement on both sides, much of the focus being on Palestinian refugees who fled in large numbers to neighbouring Arab countries, or to Gaza and the West Bank. The West Bank and Gaza Strip have been under Israeli occupation since 1967. Prior to that, the West Bank was under Jordanian occupation (Jordan annexed the West Bank in 1950 but this was only recognized by themselves and the United Kingdom) and the Gaza Strip was under Egyptian control.
See also West Bank.
Bus Bus services operate on limited routes and times except for those around Jerusalem. You are almost always advised to use Shared Taxis which will be quicker although marginally more expensive. Buses, like shared taxis will also tend to wait until full before departing. You can hail a bus on any road.
Shared Taxi: Most Shared Taxis have fixed bus-stations, often car-parks near the center of towns or cities. Larger minivans carry 7 passengers and inner-city shared taxis carry 4. Fares are fixed and overcharging on these services is extremely rare. Shared taxis are often distinguished with black stripes on front and back at the sides, particularly the normal-sized cars serving inner-city routes. You should pay the driver directly once the journey has begun, although you can wait until you reach your destination. Passengers will often work out the change between themselves. As you may be sharing with conservative or religious people, you may observe a certain etiquette, particularly when it comes to men and women sitting next to each other.
Private Taxi: Private taxis are very common and can be hailed down at any point. Fares should be negotiated in advance although there are fixed rates for common journeys and it is worth checking with a local in advance. Some taxis will operate on the meter if requested although this is rare. Rates between cities vary widely and some taxis are not permitted to operate inter-city.
Car For the West Bank, driving a private car is a very convenient way to see more. You can hire cars in Ramallah with green (Palestinian) plates although it is not clear whether foreigners are allowed to drive in Palestinian registered cars. You can also hire cars with yellow plates in Jerusalem which can be driven in Israel and the West Bank. Try Good Luck Cars (02 627 7033) opposite the American Colony Hotel.
Currency: Shekels, though US dollars seem to be widely accepted, especially at tourist shops (Jericho and Bethlehem, for example).
Shawarma and falafel sandwiches are really popular foods for Palestinians. As well as olives and hummus. It is traditional to eat with bread and not a spoon or fork. It is unusual to eat a meal without bread.
Taybeh Beer is the only Palestinian national beer with 5 and 6 percent of alcohol. It has a mild taste.
It is possible to study Arabic and other subjects in the West Bank. Specifically at Birzeit University near Ramallah.
If you are interested in learning about the social, political and cultural aspects of Palestinian life, there are several programs and organizations offering courses, workshops or learning tours, such as: The All Nations Cafe in the Bethlehem - Jerusalem area.
Because of ongoing conflict in this area of the world, travellers should take notice of travel advisories issued by various embassies before undertaking travel here. Security concerns result in travel between Israel and the Palestinian Territories being tightly controlled on occasions. Travellers should ensure that their travel documentation is entirely in order and should monitor local news channels in case the security situation changes suddenly.
A few hints for a successful trip:
Wearing or displaying obvious signs of Jewish faith is not going to win you any friends. Women should dress conservatively and men should also avoid shorts.


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The 5+ Club Supported Site
University of Arkansas: Publications & Talks
University of Arkansas
Goals & Outcomes
Course Reform
Induction & Mentoring
Early Teaching Experience
Publications & Talks
Program Data
John Stewart, Mayo Miller, Christine Audo (PhysTEC graduate), and Gay Stewart, "Using Cluster Analysis to Identify Patterns in Students' Responses to Contextually Different Conceptual Problems", submitted, Physical Review Special Topics: Phys. Educ. Res.
Using time-on-task measurements to understand student performance in a physics class: A four-year study "; John Stewart, Gay Stewart, and Jennifer Taylor; Physical Review Special Topics: PER, 8 (010114), (2012).
J. Stewart and G. Stewart "Correcting the Normalized Gain for Student Guessing", Physics Teacher, 48:194-196, March (2010).
John Stewart and Shawn Ballard, "Effect of Written Presentation on Performance in Introductory Physics", Physical Review Special Topics: Phys. Educ. Res. 6, 020120 (2010).
Patricia Heller and Gay Stewart, Physics Standards for College Success: A Look to the Future, Retrieved September 6, 2010 from the ComPADRE OSP Collection Web site: http://www.compadre.org/osp/items/detail.cfm?ID=10310, (2010).
"Context sensitivity of the Force Concept Inventory", John C. Stewart, Heather Griffin and Gay B. Stewart, Physical Review Special Topics: PER, 3 (1), (2007).
"Learning Assistants At The University Of Arkansas," APS Forum on Education Newsletter, PTEC Newsletter (2006).
"Recruiting New Teachers At The University Of Arkansas," APS Forum on Education Newsletter, PTEC Newsletter (2006).
"Changing to a student-centered learning environment", Project Kaleidoscope, Volume IV: What works, what matters, what lasts, http://www.pkal.org/template2.cfm?c_id=1419 (2006).
CoAuthor on Applying Socratic Method to Physics Education-Honors funded undergraduate research project, April 2005 APS meeting, Tampa, FL


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Difference between revisions of "EclipseLink/FAQ"
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* [[/MigrationSupportedProductsVersions| What products and versions does the migration utility support?]]
* [[/MigrationSupportedProductsVersions| What products and versions does the migration utility support?]]
Revision as of 12:05, 4 August 2009
This is the EclipseLink FAQ, please feel free to post "common" questions here about EclipseLink that you believe "other" users we find "useful". Please do not use this to ask general questions or for issues you are having using the product or for support, please post these types of questions to the Forum.
Please add your questions to the most suitable category or create a new category. (to add a question edit this page and provide a link to your question).
These are general frequently asked questions focussed on what the Eclipse Persistence Services (EclipseLink) project is, what the various persistence services are as well as general questions about the project.
Complete list of general questions and their answers
- What is the Eclipse Persistence Services Project (EclipseLink)?
- What is the relationship between EclipseLink and the Oracle TopLink product?
- What are the components of EclipseLink?
- Where can I download EclipseLink?
- How do I get started using EclipseLink?
EclipseLink's Caching
EclipseLink's object-caching is one of its most powerful and unique features. The caching applies to users of EclipseLink's JPA (and Native ORM), DBWS, and EIS. These frequently asked questions focus on how EclipseLink's entity cache works and how it is most commonly used and configured.
See Caching with EclipseLink and Guidelines for Configuring the Cache and Identity Maps in the EclipseLink User's Guide for additional information.
EclipseLink JPA, ORM
- What is Object-Relational Persistence: JPA
- What are the best practices for using EclipseLink JPA?
- Migrating to EclipseLink JPA
- What databases are supported?
- How is EclipseLink integrated with the Oracle database?
See Developing JPA Projects in the EclipseLink User's Guide for more information.
EclipseLink MOXy
- What is MOXy Object-XML: JAXB
- Why Creating an XML Project from an XML Schema features don't exist and don't work nor in my downloaded Workbench either in command line?
EclipseLink SDO
EclipseLink EIS
See Developing EIS Projects in the EclipseLink User's Guide for more information.


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Explore this site to see why you belong in Pierce County, Washington, and how the Economic Development Department can help you succeed.
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I don't typically begin a review by discussing my personal biases, but in this case I think it is important to frame the man-crush I have for NBA2K11. I have never been a fan of basketball video games, but I really, really wanted to be. I love basketball. I went to the University of Kansas, where basketball is a religion, and figures like James Naismith are legends that have streets named after them. I have played several basketball games over the years, both college and pro, and on all the systems that I have owned throughout the years — of which there have been many — I enjoyed many basketball games, but generally played them and forgot about them. So please understand that I am not exaggerating when I say that NBA2K11 is without question, the best basketball video game I have ever played.
The game isn't without a few minor flaws, but 2K Sports put a lot of care and thought into this game. Everything in it exists for a reason, and while in most yearly franchises you simply get a newer version of the same thing, NBA2K11 is a significant improvement over its predecessor. It isn't perfect, but it won me over. And then of course there is Michael Jordan.
The Jordan Challenges
Adding Michael Jordan to NBA2K11 is much more than a gimmick; it is a complete section of the game that could stand on its own. It is too short to justify a full price tag, but 2K could have simply released the Jordan Challenges as a download, and it would be a hit. But since it is just one part of an incredibly deep game, it makes NBA2K11 the best value in terms of basketball video games on the market, and arguably in terms of sports games on the market, too.
When you start the game for the first time, you will find yourself standing in the tunnel behind Jordan. You then run out onto the court and begin your NBA2K11 experience by facing off against Magic Johnson and the '90-'91 Lakers in the first game of the 1991 NBA Finals. Then the game begins.
The Jordan Challenges comprise 10 moments from Jordan's history, from his early days to his return from retirement. They ask you to play through the games and match Jordan's impressive feats, such as dropping more than 63 on Larry Bird's Celtics or better FG average against the Knicks after Jordan's return from baseball, or outscoring Dominic Wilkins while holding him under 25 points.
For those of us who grew up watching Jordan, it is a nostalgic tour through our childhoods, where Jordan was king, and the NBA was in a golden age where players like Magic and Isiah Thomas helped define the era. They were bigger than life- modern day heroes that belonged on cereal boxes. The stories being retold are the legends of our youth. Even if you hate basketball, it is hard to forget the iconic image of Jordan simply shrugging after making six three-pointers against the Trailblazers in the '92 Finals- which as a Portland resident was tough to relive. The Jordan Challenges let you relive those moments, and they do so in style.
The challenges are not easy. In fact, they can be positively annoying at times, unless you are a veteran of NBA2K games, and even then they are hard. But completing them rewards you with the ability to start a career with a young Michael Jordan. He starts out as a top-rated rookie, but you will need to build him into the behemoth he is destined to be. Once you do, you can assign him to the team you want.
Controlling the rock
While the inclusion of Jordan into the game makes it a story worthy of headlines, his role would be seen as little more than a gimmick designed to sell games if gameplay were just average. Thankfully, NBA2K11 nailed it.
The controls have been tightened over previous games, making it surprisingly easy to switch strategies on the fly and set up plays with the push of a few buttons. The IsoMotion movements with the left stick have also been improved, which allows for better ball control and a more natural feel to the game. For example, while you are dribbling, you hold the left trigger and press the opposite direction for the ballhandler to switch hands. Add in a half circle and he will dribble behind the back. Time it right and you can burn defenders, back them down, or perform several other movements, all with the proper timing.
The right stick, known as the ShotStick, also opens up dozens of possibilities. It takes some time to get used to it, but once you do, it makes it possible to pull off some incredible plays. You can even change the play while in the middle of another and create new moves. If you go up for a layup, but it looks like you are about to be blocked, the ShotStick will allow you to switch hands in mid air and try to get around the defenders' arms. It takes practice, and during a game you will make more errors than great plays at first, but thankfully you can get by with the shoot button until you feel comfortable with the ShotStick. Plus, it gives you something to keep playing and practicing. You may pick up the way it works quickly, but it will take time to master it.


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***SALE for a LIMITED TIME***
***SALE for a LIMITED TIME***
Download now at 66% OFF, before the v2.0 major update
Don't miss out!!
- Reached #5 Educationa more...
***SALE for a LIMITED TIME***
***SALE for a LIMITED TIME***
Download now at 66% OFF, before the v2.0 major update
Don't miss out!!
- Reached #5 Educational Game (US)
- Reached #1 Educational Game (Canada)
- Chosen by 1up's John Davison as one of the Top 9 iPhone Apps for Toddlers!
- "I gave my iPod Touch to my fiance's 3 year old sister and she could not put it down."
- AmpedGaming.com review
Join Giraffe on a colorful, musical, and educational journey to learn your ABCs, 123s, animals, explore music, and more!
-FREE MP3 of the kids song, "Monkey Got Away" (see help/options screen in game for how to redeem).
-6 game modes to entertain & educate, a kid-friendly interface, funny animal sounds, original music, and vibrant imagery.
-24 different jungle/safari animals to play with!
-Child isn't reading yet? No worries! Giraffe will tell you what to do.
-Constantly adding new content via updates!
1. LETTERS. Giraffe will ask you to find the letters in the jungle grass. Can you find them? Offers two levels of difficulty to cover a wide age-range of little learners.
2. NUMBERS. A fun way to learn your numbers! Choose numbers that go up to 10 or 20. Junior Explorers can have the clue shown (helps learn the numbers, and promotes memorization), while Ace Adventurers will have the clue spoken-only for an advanced challenge.
3. ALPHABET SONG. Tap to advance the notes and sing the alphabet song along with Giraffe! For an added challenge, turn on the bongos and play along with the beat!
4. BIG SAFARI. Can you find the animal and place it in the net? Use your finger to drag or flick the animals. Can you beat your high score?
5. ANIMALS. Your kids will have a blast finding the animals and hearing the funny sounds!
6. PHOTO PLAYGROUND. Choose your background and arrange wildlife, comical hats, food, shrubs, and more! Have the perfect composition? Email a photo to a loved one!
Please feel free to contact us with any questions, we will be happy to help you.
Your great reviews keep the updates coming. Thank you!!


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488 Spider model in 1:43 scale
Scuderia Ferrari Store Exclusive
The collector's model is a 1:43 scale replica of the Spider version of the famed 488 sports car.
This handsome model, assembled entirely by hand, celebrates the car that marked a new chapter in the long history of V8 engine sports cars. The model is mounted on a leather-colored base and housed in a plexiglass case. It comes with a customized plaque. The elegant gift box that comes with it makes it a cult gift for fans.
- 1:43 scale
- Plexiglass case
- Customized plaque
- Leather base
- Gift box
- Composition: 60% Polyester, 30% Soft Leather, 10% PMMA - Acrylic
We offer both Standard and Express shipping: choose the service that best meets your needs at checkout.
We provide an easy return service: just ship your items back to us using the UPS return label included in your package within 30 days of delivery.


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Europe: Day 4, Copenhagen
When you're in a European city and all the museums and shops are beginning to blur together, there's only one thing to do: Head to the train station.
Europe's train systems make it possible to reclaim a sense of adventure--and still be back in time for dinner.
A rusty industrial port until around 15 years ago, the Swedish city of Malmö is spreading its wings after an architectural and cultural metamorphosis. Upon arriving at Central Station, buy a Malmö Card: For $19, it covers local bus rides, admission to most museums, discounts on train fares and bike rentals, and more. The 50-minute excursion with Rundan Sightseeing boat tours along the harbor and canals gives a great intro to Malmö, past and present. Boats depart from the quay between Central Station and the Savoy Hotel on the hour. Then walk through the old city (gamla staden), stopping at the three main squares: Stortorget, Lilla Torg (ringed by restaurants), and Gustav Adolfs Torg. The old city is the main shopping district, but with loads of sightseeing opportunities. At Stortorget you can see the city hall (built in 1546) and Apoteket Lejonet, one of the best-preserved antique pharmacies in Europe (it's still a going concern). Just off Gustav Adolfs Torg is the city's oldest cemetery, which leads to two adjoining parks. Meander around the grounds of Slottsparken-Kungsparken, then stop by Slottsträdgården, a public garden where you can buy organic produce and flowers. Near the middle of the park, the fortress Malmöhus Castle is on a mound surrounded by moats. Now a museum complex, the site offers historical displays and contemporary exhibits. Västra Hamnen (the Western Harbor), once industrial, is now home to an ecological-housing area called Bo01, created by a host of architects. Bo01 is a 20-minute walk from the station. In the Western Harbor, you'll be flabbergasted by an architectural wonderland, all in the shadow of Spanish architect-artist Santiago Calatrava's Turning Torso. The second-tallest residential building in Europe, the 54-story "torso" twists 90 degrees from head to toe. Lunch hour is sacred to Swedes, and the sea promenade of the Western Harbor has several restaurants to choose from. After another stroll through the parks, head for Malmö Konsthall to view the current contemporary art exhibition; the museum's Smak Restaurant and Café is an excellent spot to have lunch.
Return-trip snack
Swedish cheeses, smoked sausages, and crackers from Ost Huset, to go with fruit from the stand on Gustav Adolfs Torg.
Rundan Sightseeing: 011-46/40-611-74-88, rundan.se, $12, April 28 to September 30. Malmöhus Castle: $6, free admission with Malmö Card. Malmö Konsthall: St. Johannesgatan 7, 011-46/40-34-12-93, konsthall.malmo.se. Smak Restaurant and Café: Malmö Konsthall, 011-46/40-50-50-35, entrées from $14. Ost Huset: Skomakeregatan 12, 011-46/40-12-60-98.
Train info
Trains across the Øresund strait run at 20-minute intervals in both directions between Copenhagen's Hovedbanegård (the main station) and Malmö's Central Station, from 5 A.M. till about 11:30 P.M. The ride ($26 round trip) is about 40 minutes and crosses the Øresund Bridge, known for its 670-foot-tall pylons--the bridge offers great views of the water and ships down below. Schedules at rejseplanen.dk. Passports aren't generally checked, but bring yours just in case.


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Bindi Irwin's Heartfelt Message 10 Years After Steve's Death
Bindi Irwin has posted a heartfelt message on the 10th anniversary of her dad's death.
Taking to Instagram, Bindi shared a picture of herself as a baby being held by Steve Irwin.
On a day that not only marks father's day, but the day her dad tragically lost his life, the 18-year-old wrote about her 'hero'.
"You'll be my hero for my entire existence," she shared.
"I love you more than words can describe."
The post comes as a never before seen message from Steve was found in an unopened book.
The note was penned by the then 32-year-old, four years before Bindi was born.
"Probably one of the most unfortunate things in a 'Bloke's Life' is that it takes over 30 years to realise how essential you have been to build my character, my ethics and, most importantly, my HAPPINESS," he wrote at the time.
"At 32, I am finally starting to figure it out. In good times and in bad, you were there. Your strength and endurance to raise me will not go unrewarded. My love for you is my strength!
"For the rest of my life I will reflect on the unbelievably GREAT times we've shared and will continue to share. You're my best friends!"
On Father's Day 2006, the Wildlife Warrior lost his life while filming a documentary after being pierced in the chest by a stingray barb.


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Related Items
Trending Stories
World Cup Final Quote Sheet: U-20 WNT vs. Germany
U.S. U-20 WNT vs. Germany
2012 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup – Final
Tokyo National Stadium; Tokyo, Japan
Sept. 8, 2012
U.S. head coach STEVE SWANSON
On the resilience of the U.S. team:
"Obviously, we are thrilled. What a great performance by the team. I would say that this is a reflection of many people's efforts and we just have a very together team. We faced some adversity in group play, but I think true to this team's nature they really rebounded well, learned lessons and put it all out there tonight."
On how wining the World Cup was a team effort:
"I look around our program and I see a very committed and hard-working group. We're a team all the way through. We have a wonderful coaching staff that works together extremely well. We have a wonderful team who doesn't care who gets credit. It's about success, it's about performing and it's about winning and I think our character showed through tonight. Our team was very strong and together and that made the difference."
On the organization of the World Cup:
"Japan did a wonderful job organizing this tournament and there was tremendous atmosphere out there tonight. I am very grateful for everything this organizing committee put together to create this tremendous World Cup."
On what tactics changed from the game against Germany in group play:
"I think we felt in the first game we played a little too central. We felt there was some space on the flanks we could exploit. We wanted to get Maya (Hayes) into some space and I thought she did a good job staying wide and looking for runs in behind and we felt there was some space in there last game that we didn't take advantage of as much as we could have. We looked to penetrate a little more than we did in the first game which I think helped us. From the coaches perspective, we wanted to use the width a little more and get behind their back line a little bit more."
On the U.S. team playing some excellent skillful soccer throughout the tournament:
"The kind of programming we have put in place has really emphasized the technical side. Certainly I think we can be better overall, but I think it has improved a great deal in the U.S. Hopefully you could see a determination by our team to play, to try to possess the ball and build attacks. We've made that a priority with this team. It's a challenge for our country that we are working on and something that we are emphasizing."
On learning from each game:
"We did have a lot of difficult games and it speaks to the competitiveness of the tournament and the game worldwide that there are no longer just a few teams that can compete here and I think that's great for the women's game overall. One thing about our team is that they are good students. They learn. They play hard together, they have a great resolve, but I think the biggest thing for us and what separated us, is that we applied the lessons from previous games and I think you need to do that in a tournament like this."
On learning from the other teams in the tournament:
"I think there are a lot of things our team and our country can take away from this tournament in terms of the areas we can improve on. There are still some things we can get better at and I think we are striving for that. I think our youth national teams are set up right now so there is a vision and a philosophy that permeates all the programs. That was needed and that will help us even more now. The technical side is an area we can get better at and there are a lot of things we can learn from Nigeria, from Germany and from Japan, which had a wonderful, technical and organized team. Hopefully, the other countries can take some things from our team as well."
On how losing to Germany in group play motivated the players:
"The thing you have to understand about American teams and American players is there's nothing better for our players than to come up with a challenge. We were beaten in that first game against Germany and I think our players had it in their minds to get after it this game. We knew that we played well against Germany but that the result didn't go like we wanted. I think there were a lot of positives to be taken from that first game Germany game and to be able to play them again to have the mentality our players had made a big difference."
On the USA's defense throughout the Women's World Cup:
"Our defense really improved throughout the tournament. In these last three games they deserved an awful lot of credit. To play the three group winners and come out with a victory in each game says a lot about our team, but especially our defense. I thought they were magnificent and I include our goalkeeper in that. One of the things that is tough to do against the Germans, and certainly the Nigerians because they are so fast, is just to stay compact. I felt that in the first game against Germany we got a little stretched in the second half and they are very good at exploiting space and that was something we talked about at the beginning of the game and at halftime. They have some very good attacking players and they really push the line and at times our defense got stretched a little bit, but our midfield worked really hard to compensate and I thought we got a great effort from our forwards as well so we needed everyone to play well and play hard defensive and we got that and I think that was a key to our win."
U.S. defender CRYSTAL DUNN
On rebounding from some adversity early on in the tournament:
"We had some struggles in the beginning and that could have easily broken us, but I think coming out of group play we had to learn from our mistakes and I think they really gave us a push through the quarters to the semis to the final."
On Germany starting all of its matches strong:
"We knew Germany is a high-pressing team and off the bat, we knew they would push in the first 30 minutes we had to handle it. We got the goal at the end of the first half really settled us down, kept us focus and we held them off until the end of the game."
On getting forward into the attack and setting up the game-winning goal:
"I like to wait for my chances. I'm an outside back so I have to stay connected with my back line, but if I see some space there I am going to take it. On the goal, I saw the defender kind of isolated and her nearest cover was kind of far back so I took her on and once I got past her I just tried to find one of our players in the box."
On lessons learned from facing Germany in group play:
"We all felt good coming into the game. We knew what Germany was about. Playing them in group play obviously gave us a good perspective of what they can bring. Yes we lost 3-0, and it was very shocking to us, but we learned from our mistakes. Just marking tight in the box and not letting them get any chances they didn't really deserve."
On the USA scoring the first and only goal Germany gave up in the tournament:
"We knew going into this game they had not given up a goal, so they defensively they were very organized and compact and we had to find ways in and around their back line, so it was a great feeling scoring on them."
U.S. defender JULIE JOHNSTON
On the rematch with Germany:
"We had one goal, and that was to win. This was a team that was standing in the way. We had to play smart, but we knew their tendencies, we knew how they played and how they scored on us (in group play). It was our job to play better than we did before and I think that showed."
On the match:
"We knew Germany was never going to let up. They are a team that never stops working hard and we need to match them or do better. We came in to the game with heart, with a passion for our sport and gave it everything we had."
U.S. forward KEALIA OHAI
On the support the full U.S. WNT has shown for the U-20s through emails, tweets and videos:
"It's been incredible to watch the full team win the Olympics. They are our idols and we look up to them so much. Being in this tournament and getting so much support from them has been a dream."
On scoring the winning goal:
"They're really tough on defense and their goalie is incredible so it was an honor to be able to play in that game and score that goal."
On lessons learned from the group play:
"Our group was really tough, so coming out of that, we realized that we needed to fix some things, mostly psychologically. We also need to fix our shape and some other things, but I think that loss really helped us."
On the importance of getting the first goal against Germany:
"One of our biggest points was that they've never been down. We've been tied, we've been down and we've had to fight our back. You don't know how you will react to that until you've been in that situation so we felt if we could score a goal, they've never been in that spot, so scoring the first goal was really big. In the second half they were coming hard so we knew we just needed to weather the storm because they're front-runners are really good and our goalie came up huge."
On the team's belief heading into the Women's World Cup Final:
"We believed we would win. Going into the game, we didn't care if they beat us 3-0 or they were better than us, today they're not going to beat us. We truly believed that going in and that's one of the reasons we ended up winning the whole thing."
On the team's experience in Japan:
"It was an amazing experience and we've learned so much about this culture and we are so honored to be able to play here in Japan. It means the world to us."
On the journey to the Women's World Cup title:
"It's been incredible. It's been a long journey. We've been together a year and half, but everything is worth it. All of our sacrifices, all the beep tests, it's just hard to describe in words."
On her goal:
"I saw Crystal taking it down the flank and I knew she would get something off so in my head I was thinking, 'you've got to get in the box.' I sprinted as fast as I could, got in the box, it went past Stengel and I shot it and I just couldn't believe it."
U.S. goalkeeper BRYANE HEABERLIN
On the last 30 minutes when Germany was pushing hard for an equalizer:
"That last half hour was crazy. They were coming at us, shooting the ball, crossing the ball, and my defenders were sliding all over the place, heading the ball away. They came up big and we pulled through it."
On the match:
"Germany hadn't given up a goal the whole tournament so I am so proud of the forwards that scored a goal, but to not let Germany score in a full 90 minutes after they beat us 3-0 in group play. I am so proud of our backs. They're my girls."
On what she did at the final whistle:
"I have envisioned that moment in my head so many times and I never really knew what I would do. I kind of saw myself with my arms in the air running around, but I just jumped on my center-back because she played awesome. Then we dog-piled. It was awesome."
U.S. midfielder MORGAN BRIAN
On winning the U-20 Women's World Cup:
"It was more than I've ever dreamed about. Once we got on that podium and got handed the medal it all became so real."
On getting another crack at Germany:
"Going into group play we hadn't played them since last year and I think we were kind of surprised and made some mistakes, but we fixed them this time and won when it mattered."
On the tactics for the Final:
"We wanted to turn their backs and beat them on the outside and that's what happened on the goal."
On the journey to winning the U-20 Women's World Cup:
"It's been an amazing journey. We've put a lot of effort into it and I love this team and I love these girls."


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New Orleans detectives make two arrests in brutal French Quarter attack, robbery
New Orleans police said two people have been arrested and authorities were searching for two more people caught on surveillance video attacking two men from Boston Saturday evening in New Orleans' French Quarter.
Police said Joshua Simmons, 18, was taken into custody on Tuesday. Dejuan Paul, 21, surrendered Monday and was arrested on a charge of second-degree robbery, the New Orleans Police Department said. Investigators said he is the person who left one of the victims in critical condition.
New Orleans Police Superintendent Michael Harrison is urging two other people sought in connection with the incident to surrender as well.
The entire video can be seen here.
The incident was reported before 9 p.m. Saturday.
Investigators said two tourists from the Boston area were walking back to their hotel when four men came up behind them and started attacking them. The victims, identified as James Curran and Tim Byrne, were in New Orleans for the General Assembly of the Unitarian Universalist Association.
Curran and Byrne were knocked down to the ground and robbed of their belongings.
Officials said the attackers left, but were recorded on surveillance video, which was released Sunday in an effort to help identify them.
Harrison said detectives are aware of who the other suspects are in the attack, but are continuing their investigation to bring about their arrests. He is urging friends and relatives of the suspects to report them to police.
WCVB and WDSU contributed to this story.


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With the completion of the first two phases of Seat Yourself, a new online, ticketing program for the upcoming football season, Husker fans now have the opportunity to view and purchase remaining season tickets for the 2014 season.
Individuals interested in purchasing any of the remaining available seats can go to Huskers.com/tickets or call the Nebraska Athletic Ticket Office at 800 8 BIG RED. This season fans have the opportunity to get a view of the field from the seats that are available on Huskers.com.
Season tickets for the 2014 season are $56 per game, or $392 for the seven-game season ticket package. Fans who purchase season tickets save a total of $113 over the actual single-game prices. Ticket buyers must use a credit card at the time of purchase. For seats that require an annual donation, fans can choose to pay that amount at the time of purchase when buying over the phone at 800 8 BIG RED. Fans who choose to order online at Huskers.com/tickets will be billed for their annual donation if applicable. Contributions are due in full by July 7, 2014.
The 2014 season will be a celebration of Nebraska's 125th season of college football. The schedule will include four Big Ten Conference home games, as well as a long-awaited prime-time matchup against Miami on Sept. 20 when the 1994 team will celebrate the 20th anniversary of winning the national championship. Nebraska opens the 2014 season on Aug. 30 against Florida Atlantic. Nebraska's NCAA-record sellout streak entering the Florida Atlantic game sits at 333 consecutive games dating back to 1962. New Memorial Stadium fan amenities include a new sound system, complete WiFi connectivity in and around the stadium, an IPTV system and a new game-day application for smart phones.
Donors, season ticket holders and new season ticket holders who placed their names on the request lists were assisted with tickets and upgrades as part of the Seat Yourself program. The 2014 football ticket process was an extremely successful launch for Seat Yourself, which will expand to other Husker venues in the future.


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How Linux Boots
IntroductionWhen you turn on your computer, it will take a few seconds or even a few minutes to begin normal operations. The operating system loads up dozens of programs to check and setup before the user takes control. We will look at how this works under Linux, below.
The Boot LoaderThe first event after the bios has checked the hardware in a basic way, is the first real program loaded off the hard disk. If you are booting a linux based system, this is usually a boot loader like grub or lilo. We will just look at lilo in this article.
The Kernel and Kernel DevicesIn the normal course of events, lilo just loads the kernel. The kernel is, in a real sense, linux itself. It provides all the core services to the rest of the system and it is always running. Next some speed tests are performed on the machine and the kernel starts to load up device drivers. A device driver in Linux is the way that the user interacts with any kind of hardware. An example is the Ethernet card driver, that lets Linux talk to your Ethernet hardware. There are usually device drivers available for all hardware. There are two main exceptions. First, new revisions of some cards or board use different chipsets than old ones. The new software to control them has still to be written and tested by the Linux community. Secondly, there can be problems with device drivers when the manufacturers refuse to release details about how their hardware works. In the normal course of events, the kernel will detect the hardware and load all appropriate device drivers.
inittab and Running Services at StartupThe Apple fans reading this are probably thinking, "Device drivers are like the stuff in the Systems Extension Folder, so next is something like running the System Startup programs"--but Linux is a little more complex. There are, in effect, a series of startup folders. The basic idea is that the most basic services are set up first, and then more complex ones follow. For instance, consider Internet services. First the Ethernet is configured with the machine's address via the driver that was loaded earlier. Following this, the rest of the basic setup occurs. For an Ethernet card, this will include setting the IP address via the ifconfig command. At the next stage of system startup, a WWW server that uses the Internet address set up in the previous stage will run. With complex software, the order is important. Linux makes it clear what system features are loaded first, making it easier for the Linux professional to solve system problems.
Tools for Configuring inittabThere is a master control file for the order in which the different system startup folders are executed. This is called /etc/inittab. We use tools like chkconfig for seeing what services are enabled at which level in the inittab file. You can simply look at it with an ordinary editor.
If you are running a window manager, there is a special run level for starting X windows, used to run all the necessary support programs . Window managers have system-wide and per-user startup scripts that can be customized.
- Skip Ahead
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Introduction


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Slim Thug Says Mike Jones Is Hiding From Everybody After The Ozone Awards Incident With Trae! "He Needs To Shake That Off"
Slim Thug stops by the Shade 45 Morning show Starring Angela Yee to talk about how he's surviving the recession, the Ozone Awards and Letoya Luckett.
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The Pull-up is the great equalizer when it comes to hard exercises to master. Questions from how to do more, how to do any, how to ace pull-up fitness tests come in all the time. Over the years, we have created and used many workouts (like the ones below) to improve pull-ups, but one of the first elements you should consider before doing pull-ups is... Read More >>
Police Fitness
Balancing Out a WorkoutHaving a muscular – skeletal strength imbalance can cause injury and other complications in your performance athletically or on the job. Here is a question from an officer seeking to improve his performance keeping balance in mind. "Stew, I have a question on how I should be progressing with opposing muscle group exercises. The last 3 set Dip/ Pull-up workout was ...Rated +7
Pull-ups: I Want to Do More - But Man They Are Hard!The Pull-up is the great equalizer when it comes to hard exercises to master. Questions from how to do more, how to do any, how to ace pull-up fitness tests come in all the time. Over the years, we have created and used many workouts (like the ones below) to improve pull-ups, but one of the first elements you should consider ...Rated +28
The ABC's of Hydration and Eating for Police FitnessWhen to eat and what to eat are constant questions that affect your fitness performance, weight loss / gain goals, as well as overall health. I was recently challenged with a question by email that asked, "What should I eat/drink before, during, and after my workout? My goal is to perform better in my running, swimming, PT test and following spec ...Rated +21
Fitting Workout Recovery Time Into an Officer's ScheduleThis series of emails comes from a police officer / instructor who understands the importance of recovery, but has a hard time fitting it into his training plan. We all need to actively pursue a recovery period in our high tempo training cycle, otherwise we will break down, burn out, and likely get injured over time. Here is his email. Stew, ...Rated +7
The Importance of BreathingBreathing – of course it is important in everything we do. From athletic performance, shooting, and relaxing, we all have had to control our breathing in some fashion. But did you know that you can speed up and slow down your central nervous system by learning some breathing techniques? Did you know you can fail a running test one day and ...Rated +22
Fat Reduction Goals and Nutrition TipsWhen to eat and what to eat are constant questions that affect your fitness and health goals as well as your weight loss desires. I was recently asked a question by email that asked, "What should I eat/drink before, during, and after my workout? I am 40 years old and my goal is to look better and be healthier. I need ...Rated +14
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About Stew SmithStew Smith CSCS is a former Navy SEAL fitness author specializing in military and law enforcement fitness books, ebooks, DVDs, and programming. Check out the new PoliceLink Fitness Center for the latest in fitness video, articles, ebooks and products to assist you with getting physically ready for law enforcement.
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OAKLAND — A 23-year-old man was killed and two other men wounded Wednesday night in an East Oakland shooting, police said Thursday.
The name of the dead man, an Oakland resident, was not released pending notification of relatives.
The shooting happened about 9:35 p.m. in the 1200 block of 47th Avenue.
Police said the 23-year-old man and his 24-year-old friend, who is also from Oakland, were in a car driving on 47th Avenue when more than one gunman opened fire on the vehicle wounding both of them.
A 30-year-old Oakland man in another car was also wounded by gunfire.
The 23-year-old man was pronounced dead at the scene. The other two men were in serious but stable condition at a hospital Thursday.
Police said the slain man and his friend were the intended targets of the gunman and the other wounded man was an innocent victim.
Officer Eric Milina said police are trying to determine a motive for the shooting and no arrests have been made.
The killing was Oakland's 99th homicide of the year. Last year at this time there were 90 homicides in the city.
Police and Crime Stoppers of Oakland are offering up to $20,000 in reward money for information leading to the arrest of the gunmen. Anyone with information may call police at 510-238-3821 or a tip line at 510-773-2805 or Crime Stoppers at 510-777-8572 or 510-777-3211. Tips can also be sent anonymously via text message. Test to 888-777 and include the words TipOaklandPD.


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+91-120-2753444, 2782608
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Pushpanjali Singh of Class 12 has made the school proud by bagging a silver medal in the CBSE National Boxing Championship held at SD Senior Public Secondary School Mahinder Garh Haryana.
We are proud to announce that Uttam School for Girls has been declared the showcase school by Microsoft for the fifth consecutive year.
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It gives us immense pleasure to share that Ms. Sapna Nanda HOD ( Home Science Department)has been awarded the �The Best Teacher Award 2018� by IIHM in a ceremony hosted at The Grand hotel, New Delhi.
Aishani Kapoor of grade VI-B has made the school proud by being adjudged the second runner up in Techathon (an online technology quiz competition) organised by Whiz Junior . She was awarded at the Grand Award Ceremony which took place in Mumbai.
We are proud to share that Deepnita and Aditri Rai secured the first position in the Paper presentation competition at DPSGI. The theme was 'The Science behind festivals'. The school team presented their research on the science in the celebration of Holi .
We congratulate Mrs. Madhu Sengupta on receiving the Duke of Edinburgh's International Award presented in recognition of valuable service to The International Award For Young People. His Excellency ,The Honourable Sir Dominic Asquith KCMG British High Commissioner to India presented the awards at the India International Centre.
A proud moment for Uttam School for girls as the Under 16 baskeball team lifts the championship trophy at the Ghaziabad Sports Festival .
Excellent Result by the students of Uttam School For Girls
Uttam School For Girls made its mark at Cosmic 350, an interschool competition organized by Sanskriti school, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi on 12th May 2018, by winning prizes in various categories. Deeksha Sharma and Kashish Gupta of grade XII bagged the first prize in Experimental Demonstration, Akshi Tyagi and Astika of grade XI secured the first place in science Symposium. The school�s nukkad natak team from grades VI-VIII won the second prize and Kriti Agarwal and Manya Goyal of grade IX received the third prize in Consilio, a model making competition.
The debating team wins laurels for the school as Uttam School won the Rolling Trophy at the interschool Hindi Vaad Vivaad Pratiyogita (Turncoat) held at Lotus Valley International School, Noida on May 9th 2018. Kudos to Soumya Rai of grade X who bagged the 1st position and Ananya Tayal of Grade IX who came 3rd.
�Filmzauber�, a Stop Motion movie making workshop was conducted for the class IX german students. The workshop conducted by Mr. Ralph Di Canio from K�ln, Germany. was an enriching experience for the students who not only learnt how to make a shot video using toys and play dough but also learnt to do it in German! The creativity and the knowledge of the german language exhibited by the girls won them accolades from the instructor. Four students, Kriti Agarwal, Manya Goyal,Aashi Gupta and Annanya Tayal have been selected for the next level.
Mrs. Vinoo Srivastav(TGT,Hindi) was conferred with the 'Special Recommendation Award' for her essay on ' Discipline without Punishment' at the 45th NPSC meet held at India International Centre on 16th and 17th of February 2018.
The under-12 Football team of Uttam School for Girls comprising Vaidehi Pal and Luvi Chandela from grade 4, Aarushi Karki, Mahi Chaudhary, Falguni Naval, Lakshita Bansal, Naina Sharma and Samriddha Sinha from grade 5, and Shaily Malik from grade 6 brought laurels to the school by lifting the prestigious Delhi-NCR Chauna Football Tournament trophy defeating Seth Anand Ram Jaipuria School in the finals.
Realising it's vision and continuing with its spree of success stories, Uttam School for Girls celebrates yet another proud moment as Aditi Singhal of Grade XII Commerce secures 100 percent percentile in the 9th International Commerce Olympiad, held on 17th November, 2017
Annanya Tayal (VIII B) and Anushka Singh (VIII B) bagged the running trophy at the Inter school English Debate competition held at Ch.Chabil Das Public School. Annanya Tayal was adjudged the third best speaker.
Uttam school was awarded for excellence in Community service, STEM education and social collaboration by the Brainfeed magazine in its 5th National Conference & School Excellence Awards 2017 on 16th December.
Uttam School for Girls has been accredited for the second time, with the prestigious International School Award 2017-2020 by the British Council.
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