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Transit of Venus
A transit of Venus across the Sun takes place when the planet Venus passes directly between the Sun and a superior planet, becoming visible against (and hence obscuring a small portion of) the solar disk. During a transit, Venus can be seen from Earth as a small black disk moving across the face of the Sun. The duration of such transits is usually measured in hours (the transit of 2012 lasted 6 hours and 40 minutes). A transit is similar to a solar eclipse by the Moon. While the diameter of Venus is more than 3 times that of the Moon, Venus appears smaller, and travels more slowly across the face of the Sun, because it is much farther away from Earth.
Transits of Venus are among the rarest of predictable astronomical phenomena.[1] They occur in a pattern that generally repeats every 243 years, with pairs of transits eight years apart separated by long gaps of 121.5 years and 105.5 years. The periodicity is a reflection of the fact that the orbital periods of Earth and Venus are close to 8:13 and 243:395 commensurabilities.[2][3]
The last transit of Venus was on 5 and 6 June 2012, and was the last Venus transit of the 21st century; the prior transit took place on 8 June 2004. The previous pair of transits were in December 1874 and December 1882. The next transits of Venus will be on 10–11 December 2117, and 8 December 2125.[4][5][6]
Venus transits are historically of great scientific importance as they were used to gain the first realistic estimates of the size of the Solar System. Observations of the 1639 transit, combined with the principle of parallax, provided an estimate of the distance between the Sun and the Earth that was more accurate than any other up to that time. The 2012 transit provided scientists with a number of other research opportunities, particularly in the refinement of techniques to be used in the search for exoplanets.
Venus, with an orbit inclined by 3.4° relative to the Earth's, usually appears to pass under (or over) the Sun at inferior conjunction.[7] A transit occurs when Venus reaches conjunction with the Sun at or near one of its nodes—the longitude where Venus passes through the Earth's orbital plane (the ecliptic)—and appears to pass directly across the Sun. Although the inclination between these two orbital planes is only 3.4°, Venus can be as far as 9.6° from the Sun when viewed from the Earth at inferior conjunction.[8] Since the angular diameter of the Sun is about half a degree, Venus may appear to pass above or below the Sun by more than 18 solar diameters during an ordinary conjunction.[7]
Sequences of transits usually repeat every 243 years. After this period of time Venus and Earth have returned to very nearly the same point in their respective orbits. During the Earth's 243 sidereal orbital periods, which total 88,757.3 days, Venus completes 395 sidereal orbital periods of 224.701 days each, equal to 88,756.9 Earth days. This period of time corresponds to 152 synodic periods of Venus.[9]
The pattern of 105.5, 8, 121.5 and 8 years is not the only pattern that is possible within the 243-year cycle, because of the slight mismatch between the times when the Earth and Venus arrive at the point of conjunction. Prior to 1518, the pattern of transits was 8, 113.5 and 121.5 years, and the eight inter-transit gaps before the AD 546 transit were 121.5 years apart. The current pattern will continue until 2846, when it will be replaced by a pattern of 105.5, 129.5 and 8 years. Thus, the 243-year cycle is relatively stable, but the number of transits and their timing within the cycle will vary over time.[9][10] Since the 243:395 Earth:Venus commensurability is only approximate, there are different sequences of transits occurring 243 years apart, each extending for several thousand years, which are eventually replaced by other sequences. For instance, there is a series which ended in 541 BC, and the series which includes 2117 only started in AD 1631.[9]
History of observation
Ancient history
Ancient Indian, Greek, Egyptian, Babylonian and Chinese observers knew of Venus and recorded the planet's motions. The early Greek astronomers called Venus by two names—Hesperus the evening star and Phosphorus the morning star.[11] Pythagoras is credited with realizing they were the same planet. There is no evidence that any of these cultures knew of the transits. Venus was important to ancient American civilizations, in particular for the Maya, who called it Noh Ek, "the Great Star" or Xux Ek, "the Wasp Star";[12] they embodied Venus in the form of the god Kukulkán (also known as or related to Gukumatz and Quetzalcoatl in other parts of Mexico). In the Dresden Codex, the Maya charted Venus's full cycle, but despite their precise knowledge of its course, there is no mention of a transit.[13] However, it has been proposed that frescoes found at Mayapan may contain a pictorial representation of the 12th or 13th century transits.[14]
1639 – first scientific observation
In 1627, Johannes Kepler became the first person to predict a transit of Venus, by predicting the 1631 event. His methods were not sufficiently accurate to predict that the transit would not be visible in most of Europe, and as a consequence, nobody was able to use his prediction to observe the phenomenon.[15]
The first recorded observation of a transit of Venus was made by Jeremiah Horrocks from his home at Carr House in Much Hoole, near Preston in England, on 4 December 1639 (24 November under the Julian calendar then in use in England). His friend, William Crabtree, also observed this transit from Broughton, near Manchester.[16] Kepler had predicted transits in 1631 and 1761 and a near miss in 1639. Horrocks corrected Kepler's calculation for the orbit of Venus, realized that transits of Venus would occur in pairs 8 years apart, and so predicted the transit of 1639.[17] Although he was uncertain of the exact time, he calculated that the transit was to begin at approximately 15:00. Horrocks focused the image of the Sun through a simple telescope onto a piece of paper, where the image could be safely observed. After observing for most of the day, he was lucky to see the transit as clouds obscuring the Sun cleared at about 15:15, just half an hour before sunset. Horrocks's observations allowed him to make a well-informed guess as to the size of Venus, as well as to make an estimate of the mean distance between the Earth and the Sun — the astronomical unit. He estimated that distance to be 59.4 million miles (95.6 Gm, 0.639 AU) – about two thirds of the actual distance of 93 million miles (149.6 million km), but a more accurate figure than any suggested up to that time. The observations were not published until 1661, well after Horrocks's death.[17]
1761 and 1769
In 1663 Scottish mathematician James Gregory had suggested in his Optica Promota that observations of a transit of the planet Mercury, at widely spaced points on the surface of the Earth, could be used to calculate the solar parallax and hence the astronomical unit using triangulation. Aware of this, a young Edmond Halley made observations of such a transit on 28 October O.S. 1677 from Saint Helena but was disappointed to find that only Richard Towneley in Burnley, Lancashire had made another accurate observation of the event whilst Gallet, at Avignon, simply recorded that it had occurred. Halley was not satisfied that the resulting calculation of the solar parallax at 45" was accurate.
In a paper published in 1691, and a more refined one in 1716, he proposed that more accurate calculations could be made using measurements of a transit of Venus, although the next such event was not due until 1761.[18][19] Halley died in 1742, but in 1761 numerous expeditions were made to various parts of the world so that precise observations of the transit could be made in order to make the calculations as described by Halley—an early example of international scientific collaboration.[20] This collaboration was, however, underpinned by competition, the British, for example, being spurred to action only after they heard of French plans from Joseph-Nicolas Delisle. In an attempt to observe the first transit of the pair, astronomers from Britain, Austria and France traveled to destinations around the world, including Siberia, Norway, Newfoundland and Madagascar.[21] Most managed to observe at least part of the transit, but successful observations were made in particular by Jeremiah Dixon and Charles Mason at the Cape of Good Hope.[22] Less successful, at Saint Helena, were Nevil Maskelyne and Robert Waddington, although they put the voyage to good use by trialling the lunar-distance method of finding longitude.[23]
The existence of an atmosphere on Venus was concluded by Mikhail Lomonosov on the basis of his observation of the transit of Venus of 1761 from the Imperial Academy of Sciences of St. Petersburg.[24] He used a two-lens achromat refractor and a weak solar filter (smoked glass) and reported seeing a bump or bulge of light ("Lomonosov's arc") off the solar disc as Venus began to exit the Sun. Lomonosov attributed that effect to refraction of solar rays through an atmosphere; he also reported the appearance of a sliver around the part of Venus that had just entered the Sun's disk during the initial phase of transit.[25] In 2012, Pasachoff and Sheehan[26] reported, based on knowing what Venus's atmosphere would look like because of Pasachoff and Schneider's observations of the 2004 transit of Venus, that what Lomonosov reported was not Venus's atmosphere. To make a decisive test, a group of researchers carried out experimental reconstruction of Lomonosov's discovery of Venusian atmosphere with antique refractors during the transit of Venus on 5–6 June 2012.[27] They observed the "Lomonosov's arc" and other aureole effects due to Venus's atmosphere and concluded that Lomonosov's telescope was fully adequate to the task of detecting the arc of light around Venus off the Sun's disc during ingress or egress if proper experimental techniques as described by Lomonosov in his 1761 paper are employed.[28][29]
For the 1769 transit, scientists traveled to Tahiti,[30] Norway, and locations in North America including Canada, New England, and San José del Cabo (Baja California, then under Spanish control). The Czech astronomer Christian Mayer was invited by Catherine the Great to observe the transit in Saint Petersburg with Anders Johan Lexell, while other members of the Russian Academy of Sciences went to eight other locations in the Russian Empire, under the general coordination of Stepan Rumovsky.[31] The Hungarian astronomer Maximilian Hell and his assistant János Sajnovics traveled to Vardø, Norway, delegated by Christian VII of Denmark. William Wales and Joseph Dymond made their observation in Hudson Bay, Canada, for the Royal Society. Observations were made by a number of groups in the British colonies in America. In Philadelphia, the American Philosophical Society erected three temporary observatories and appointed a committee, of which David Rittenhouse was the head. Observations were made by a group led by Dr. Benjamin West in Providence, Rhode Island,[32] and published in 1769.[33] The results of the various observations in the American colonies were printed in the first volume of the American Philosophical Society's Transactions, published in 1771.[34] Comparing the North American observations, William Smith published in 1771 a best value of the solar parallax of 8.48 to 8.49 arc-seconds,[35] which corresponds to an Earth-Sun distance of 24,000 times the Earth's radius, about 3% different from the correct value.
Observations were also made from Tahiti by James Cook and Charles Green at a location still known as "Point Venus".[36] This occurred on the first voyage of James Cook,[37] after which Cook explored New Zealand and Australia. This was one of five expeditions organised by the Royal Society and the Astronomer Royal Nevil Maskelyne.
Jean-Baptiste Chappe d'Auteroche went to San José del Cabo in what was then New Spain to observe the transit with two Spanish astronomers (Vicente de Doz and Salvador de Medina). For his trouble he died in an epidemic of yellow fever there shortly after completing his observations.[38] Only 9 of 28 in the entire party returned home alive.[39]
The unfortunate Guillaume Le Gentil spent eight years travelling in an attempt to observe either of the transits. His unsuccessful journey led to him losing his wife and possessions and being declared dead (his efforts became the basis of the play Transit of Venus by Maureen Hunter).[21] Under the influence of the Royal Society Ruđer Bošković travelled to Istanbul, but arrived too late.[40]
Unfortunately, it was impossible to time the exact moment of the start and end of the transit because of the phenomenon known as the "black drop effect". This effect was long thought to be due to Venus's thick atmosphere, and initially it was held to be the first real evidence that Venus had an atmosphere. However, recent studies demonstrate that it is an optical effect caused by the smearing of the image of Venus by turbulence in the Earth's atmosphere or imperfections in the viewing apparatus.[41][42]
In 1771, using the combined 1761 and 1769 transit data, the French astronomer Jérôme Lalande calculated the astronomical unit to have a value of 153 million kilometers (±1 million km). The precision was less than had been hoped for because of the black drop effect, but still a considerable improvement on Horrocks's calculations.[21]
Maximilian Hell published the results of his expedition in 1770, in Copenhagen.[43] Based on the results of his own expedition, and of Wales and Cook, in 1772 he presented another calculation of the astronomical unit: 151.7 million kilometers.[44][45] Lalande queried the accuracy and authenticity of the Hell expedition, but later he retreated in an article of Journal des sçavans, in 1778.
1874 and 1882
Transit observations in 1874 and 1882 allowed this value to be refined further. Three expeditions—from Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States—were sent to the Kerguelen Archipelago for the 1874 observations.[46] The American astronomer Simon Newcomb combined the data from the last four transits, and he arrived at a value of about 149.59 million kilometers (±0.31 million kilometers). Modern techniques, such as the use of radio telemetry from space probes, and of radar measurements of the distances to planets and asteroids in the Solar System, have allowed a reasonably accurate value for the astronomical unit (AU) to be calculated to a precision of about ±30 meters. As a result, the need for parallax calculations has been superseded.[21][42]
2004 and 2012
A number of scientific organizations headed by the European Southern Observatory (ESO) organized a network of amateur astronomers and students to measure Earth's distance from the Sun during the transit.[47] The participants' observations allowed a calculation of the astronomical unit (AU) of 149,608,708 km ± 11,835 km which had only a 0.007% difference to the accepted value.[48]
There was a good deal of interest in the 2004 transit as scientists attempted to measure the pattern of light dimming as Venus blocked out some of the Sun's light, in order to refine techniques that they hope to use in searching for extrasolar planets.[42][49] Current methods of looking for planets orbiting other stars only work for a few cases: planets that are very large (Jupiter-like, not Earth-like), whose gravity is strong enough to wobble the star sufficiently for us to detect changes in proper motion or Doppler shift changes in radial velocity; Jupiter or Neptune sized planets very close to their parent star whose transit causes changes in the luminosity of the star; or planets which pass in front of background stars with the planet-parent star separation comparable to the Einstein ring and cause gravitational microlensing.[50] Measuring light intensity during the course of a transit, as the planet blocks out some of the light, is potentially much more sensitive, and might be used to find smaller planets.[42] However, extremely precise measurement is needed: for example, the transit of Venus causes the Sun's light to drop by a mere 0.001 magnitude, and the dimming produced by small extrasolar planets will be similarly tiny.[51]
The 2012 transit provided scientists numerous research opportunities as well, in particular in regard to the study of exoplanets. Research of the 2012 Venus transit includes:[52][53][54]
- Measuring dips in a star's brightness caused by a known planet transiting the Sun will help astronomers find exoplanets. Unlike the 2004 Venus transit, the 2012 transit occurred during an active phase of the 11-year activity cycle of the Sun, and it is likely to give astronomers practice in picking up a planet's signal around a "spotty" variable star.
- Measurements made of the apparent diameter of Venus during the transit, and comparison with its known diameter, will give scientists an idea of how to estimate exoplanet sizes.
- Observation made of the atmosphere of Venus simultaneously from Earth-based telescopes and from the Venus Express gives scientists a better opportunity to understand the intermediate level of Venus's atmosphere than is possible from either viewpoint alone. This will provide new information about the climate of the planet.
- Spectrographic data taken of the well-known atmosphere of Venus will be compared to studies of exoplanets whose atmospheres are thus far unknown.
- The Hubble Space Telescope, which cannot be pointed directly at the Sun, used the Moon as a mirror to study the light that had passed through the atmosphere of Venus in order to determine its composition. This will help to show whether a similar technique could be used to study exoplanets.
Past and future transits
NASA maintains a catalog of Venus transits covering the period 2000 BCE to 4000 CE.[55] Currently, transits occur only in June or December (see table) and the occurrence of these events slowly drifts, becoming later in the year by about two days every 243-year cycle.[56] Transits usually occur in pairs, on nearly the same date eight years apart. This is because the length of eight Earth years is almost the same as 13 years on Venus, so every eight years the planets are in roughly the same relative positions. This approximate conjunction usually results in a pair of transits, but it is not precise enough to produce a triplet, since Venus arrives 22 hours earlier each time. The last transit not to be part of a pair was in 1396. The next will be in 3089; in 2854 (the second of the 2846/2854 pair), although Venus will just miss the Sun as seen from the Earth's equator, a partial transit will be visible from some parts of the southern hemisphere.[57]
Thus after 243 years the transits of Venus return. The 1874 transit is a member of the 243-year cycle #1. The 1882 transit is a member of #2. The 2004 transit is a member of #3 and the 2012 transit is a member of #4. The 2117 transit is a member of #1 and so on. However, the ascending node (December transits) of the orbit of Venus moves backwards after each 243 years so the transit of 2854 is the last member of series #3 instead of series #1. The descending node (June transits) moves forwards, so the transit of 3705 is the last member of #2. From −125,000 till +125,000 there are only about ten 243-year series at both nodes regarding all the transits of Venus in this very long time-span, because both nodes of the orbit of Venus move back and forward in time as seen from the Earth.
|Past transits of Venus
| Date(s) of
|Time (UTC)
| Transit path
(HM Nautical
Almanac Office)
|23 November 1396
|Last transit not part of a pair
|25–26 May 1518
| 22:46
25 May
| 01:56
26 May
| 05:07
26 May
|23 May 1526
|Last transit before invention of telescope
|7 December 1631
|Predicted by Kepler
|4 December 1639
|First transit observed by Horrocks and Crabtree
|6 June 1761
|Lomonosov, Chappe d'Auteroche and others observe from Russia; Mason and Dixon observe from the Cape of Good Hope. John Winthrop observes from St. John's, Newfoundland[58]
|3–4 June 1769
| 19:15
3 June
| 22:25
3 June
| 01:35
4 June
|Cook sent to Tahiti to observe the transit, Chappe to San José del Cabo, Baja California and Maximilian Hell to Vardø, Norway.
|9 December 1874
|Pietro Tacchini leads expedition to Muddapur, India. A French expedition goes to New Zealand's Campbell Island and a British expedition travels to Hawaii.
|6 December 1882
|John Philip Sousa composes a march, the "Transit of Venus", in honor of the transit.
|8 June 2004
|Various media networks globally broadcast live video of the Venus transit.
| 5–6 June 2012
| 22:09
5 June
| 01:29
6 June
| 04:49
6 June
| Visible in its entirety from the Pacific and Eastern Asia, with the beginning of the transit visible from North America and the end visible from Europe. First transit while a spacecraft orbits Venus.
|Future transits of Venus
| Date(s) of
|Time (UTC)
| Transit path
(HM Nautical
Almanac Office)
|10–11 December 2117
| 23:58
10 December
| 02:48
11 December
| 05:38
11 December
|Visible in entirety in eastern China, Korea, Japan, Taiwan, Indonesia, and Australia. Partly visible on extreme U.S. West Coast, and in India, most of Africa, and the Middle East.
|8 December 2125
|Visible in entirety in South America and the eastern U.S. Partly visible in Western U.S., Europe, and Africa.
|11 June 2247
|Visible in entirety in Africa, Europe, and the Middle East. Partly visible in East Asia and Indonesia, and in North and South America.
|9 June 2255
|Visible in entirety in Russia, India, China, and western Australia. Partly visible in Africa, Europe, and the western U.S.
|12–13 December 2360
| 22:32
12 December
| 1:44
13 December
| 04:56
13 December
|Visible in entirety in Australia and most of Indonesia. Partly visible in Asia, Africa, and the western half of the Americas.
|10 December 2368
|Visible in entirety in South America, western Africa, and the U.S. East Coast. Partly visible in Europe, the western U.S., and the Middle East.
|12 June 2490
|Visible in entirety through most of the Americas, western Africa, and Europe. Partly visible in eastern Africa, the Middle East, and Asia.
|10 June 2498
|Visible in entirety through most of Europe, Asia, the Middle East, and eastern Africa. Partly visible in eastern Americas, Indonesia, and Australia.
Over longer periods of time, new series of transits will start and old series will end. Unlike the saros series for lunar eclipses, it is possible for a transit series to restart after a hiatus. The transit series also vary much more in length than the saros series.
Grazing and simultaneous transits
Sometimes Venus only grazes the Sun during a transit. In this case it is possible that in some areas of the Earth a full transit can be seen while in other regions there is only a partial transit (no second or third contact). The last transit of this type was on 6 December 1631, and the next such transit will occur on 13 December 2611.[9] It is also possible that a transit of Venus can be seen in some parts of the world as a partial transit, while in others Venus misses the Sun. Such a transit last occurred on 19 November 541 BC, and the next transit of this type will occur on 14 December 2854.[9] These effects occur due to parallax, since the size of the Earth affords different points of view with slightly different lines of sight to Venus and the Sun. It can be demonstrated by closing an eye and holding a finger in front of a smaller more distant object; when you open the other eye and close the first, the finger will no longer be in front of the object.
The simultaneous occurrence of a transit of Mercury and a transit of Venus does occur, but extremely infrequently. Such an event last occurred on 22 September 373,173 BC and will next occur on 26 July 69,163, and again on 29 March 224,508.[59][60] The simultaneous occurrence of a solar eclipse and a transit of Venus is currently possible, but very rare. The next solar eclipse occurring during a transit of Venus will be on 5 April 15,232.[59] The last time a solar eclipse occurred during a transit of Venus was on 1 November 15,607 BC.[61] It could be noticed that the day after the Venerean transit of 3 June 1769 there was a total solar eclipse,[62] which was visible in Northern America, Europe and Northern Asia.
See also
- ↑ McClure, Bruce (29 May 2012). "Everything you need to know: Venus transit on June 5–6". EarthSky. Earthsky communications Inc. Retrieved 2 June 2012.
- ↑ Langford, Peter M. (September 1998). "Transits of Venus". La Société Guernesiaise Astronomy Section web site. Astronomical Society of the Channel Island of Guernsey. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
- ↑ Shortt, David (22 May 2012). "Some Details About Transits of Venus". Planetary Society web site. The Planetary Society. Retrieved 22 May 2012.
- ↑ Westfall, John E. (November 2003). "June 8, 2004: The Transit of Venus". Archived from the original on 8 August 2007. Retrieved 25 September 2006.
- ↑ Westfall, John E. "June 8, 2004: The Transit of Venus". alpo-astronomy.org. Retrieved 8 December 2009.
- ↑ Klotz, Irene (6 June 2012). "Venus transit offers opportunity to study planet's atmosphere (+video)". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 2012-06-06.
- 1 2 "Venus compared to Earth". European Space Agency. 2000. Retrieved 25 September 2006.
- ↑ Giesen, Juergen (2003). "Transit Motion Applet". Retrieved 26 September 2006.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Espenak, Fred (11 February 2004). "Transits of Venus, Six Millennium Catalog: 2000 BCE to 4000 CE". NASA. Archived from the original on 24 June 2011.
- ↑ Walker, John. "Transits of Venus from Earth". Fourmilab Switzerland. Retrieved 21 September 2006.
- ↑ Rincon, Paul (7 November 2005). "Planet Venus: Earth's 'evil twin'". BBC. Retrieved 25 September 2006.
- ↑ Morley, Sylvanus G. (1994). The Ancient Maya (5th ed.). Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-2310-7.
- ↑ Böhm, Bohumil; Böhm, Vladimir. "The Dresden Codex – the Book of Mayan Astronomy". Retrieved 25 September 2006.
- ↑ Allen, Jesus Galindo; Allen, Christine (2005). "Maya Observations of the 13th Century transits of Venus?". Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union:. IAU. 196: 124–137. Bibcode:2005tvnv.conf..124G. doi:10.1017/S1743921305001328. ISBN 978-0-521-84907-4. ISSN 1743-9213. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
- ↑ van Gent, Robert H. "Transit of Venus Bibliography". Retrieved 11 September 2009.
- ↑ Kollerstrom, Nicholas (2004). "William Crabtree's Venus transit observation" (PDF). Proceedings IAU Colloquium No. 196, 2004. International Astronomical Union. Retrieved 10 May 2012.
- 1 2 Marston, Paul (2004). Jeremiah Horrocks—young genius and first Venus transit observer. University of Central Lancashire. pp. 14–37.
- ↑ Teets, D.A. (2003). "Transits of Venus and the Astronomical Unit". Mathematics Magazine. 76: 335–348. JSTOR 3654879.
- ↑ Halley, Edmund (1716). "A New Method of Determining the Parallax of the Sun, or His Distance from the Earth". Philosophical Transactions. XXIX: 454. Archived from the original on 24 June 2011.
- ↑ Leverington, David (2003). Babylon to Voyager and beyond: a history of planetary astronomy. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 140–142. ISBN 0-521-80840-5.
- 1 2 3 4 Pogge, Prof. Richard. "Lecture 26: How far to the Sun? The Venus Transits of 1761 & 1769". Retrieved 25 September 2006.
- ↑ "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: Jeremiah Dixon". Oxford University Press. Retrieved 22 February 2012.
- ↑ Howse, Derek (1989). Nevil Maskelyne: The Seaman's Astronomer. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- ↑ Vladimir Shiltsev (1970). "Lomonosov's Discovery of Venus Atmosphere in 1761: English Translation of Original Publication with Commentaries". arXiv:1206.3489 [physics.hist-ph].
- ↑ Marov, Mikhail Ya. (2004). "Mikhail Lomonosov and the discovery of the atmosphere of Venus during the 1761 transit". Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union. Cambridge University Press. 2004: 209–219. Bibcode:2005tvnv.conf..209M. doi:10.1017/S1743921305001390.
- ↑ Sheehan, Jay; Sheehan, William (2012). "Lomonosov, the Discovery of Venus's Atmosphere, and Eighteenth-century Transits of Venus". Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage. 15: 1. Bibcode:2012JAHH...15....3P.
- ↑ Alexandre Koukarine; Igor Nesterenko; Yuri Petrunin; Vladimir Shiltsev (2012-08-27). "Experimental Reconstruction of Lomonosov's Discovery of Venus's Atmosphere with Antique Refractors During the 2012 Transit of Venus". arXiv:1208.5286 [physics.hist-ph].
- ↑ Shiltsev, V.; Nesterenko, I.; Rosenfeld, R. (2013). "Replicating the discovery of Venus's atmosphere". Physics Today. 66 (2): 64. doi:10.1063/pt.3.1894.
- ↑ Koukarine, A.; et al. (2013). "Experimental Reconstruction of Lomonosov's Discovery of Venus's Atmosphere with Antique Refractors During the 2012 Transit of Venus". Solar System Research. 47 (6): 487–490. doi:10.1134/S0038094613060038.
- ↑ "James Cook and the Transit of Venus". NASA Headline News: Science News. nasa.gov. Retrieved 6 June 2012.
- ↑ Mayer, Christian; Parsons, James (1764). "An Account of the Transit of Venus: In a Letter to Charles Morton, M. D. Secret. R. S. from Christian Mayer, S. J. Translated from the Latin by James Parsons, M. D". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 54: 163–164. Bibcode:1764RSPT...54..163M. doi:10.1098/rstl.1764.0030.
- ↑ Catherine B. Hurst, Choosing Providence, March 23, 2012. Retrieved 20 April 2016.
- ↑ West, Benjamin, Account of the Observation of Venus Upon the Sun, The Third Day of June, 1769, at Providence, in New-England, With some Account of the Use of Those Observations, John Carter, 1769 (retrieved 20 April 2016); with extended abstract published in Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, Volume 1, pp. 97–105
- ↑ American Philosophical Society, Transactions (Old Series, vol. 1, 1769–71): see Google Books link (retrieved 20 April 2016).
- ↑ W. Smith, "The Sun's Parallax deduced from a comparison of the Norriton and some other American Observations of the Transit of Venus 1769, with the Greenwich and other European Observations of the Same," Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, Vol 1 (1871), p. 54–72. Solar parallax is defined as "the angle which the Earth's semi-diameter [i.e., radius] subtends at the sun".
- ↑ See, for example, Stanley, David (2004). "Moon Handbooks South Pacific" (8th ed.). Avalon Travel Publishing: 175. ISBN 978-1-56691-411-6.
- ↑ Rhys, Ernest, ed. (1999). The Voyages of Captain Cook. Wordsworth Editions Ltd. pp. 29–30. ISBN 1-84022-100-3.
- ↑ In Memoriam French_Academy_of_Sciences
- ↑ Anderson, Mark: The Day the World Discovered the Sun Da Capo Press, 2012. ISBN 978-0-306-82038-0
- ↑ Ruđer Bošković, Giornale di un viaggio da Constantinopoli in Polonia, 1762
- ↑ "Explanation of the Black-Drop Effect at Transits of Mercury and the Forthcoming Transit of Venus". AAS. 4 January 2004. Archived from the original on 10 July 2006. Retrieved 21 September 2006.
- 1 2 3 4 "Transits of Venus – Kiss of the goddess". The Economist. 27 May 2004. Retrieved 25 September 2006.
- ↑ R. P. Maximiliani Hell e S. J. – Observatio transitus Veneris ante discum Solis die 3. junii anno 1769. Wardoëhusii, auspiciis potentissimi ac clementissimi regis Daniae et Norvegiae, Christiani septimi, facta et societati reg. scientiarum Hafniensi die 24. Novembris 1769. Praelecta. Hafniae, typ. Orphanotrophii regii, excudit Gerhard Wiese Salicath, 82 p.
- ↑ Ephemerides astronomicae, anni 1773. Adjecta Collectione omnium observationum transitus Veneris ante discum Solis diei 3. Junii 1769. per orbem universum factorum, atque Appendice de parallaxi Solis ex observationibus tarnsitus Veneris anni 1769. Vindobonae, 1773, typ. Trattner, 311, 121 p.
- ↑ De parallaxi Solis ex observationibus transitus Veneris anni 1769. Vindobonae, 1772, typ. J. Trattner, 116 p.
- ↑ "1874 transit". Royal Society. Retrieved 2015-03-06.
- ↑ European Southern Observatory. "The Venus Transit 2004". Retrieved 2012-06-06.
- ↑ European Southern Observatory. "Summing Up the Unique Venus Transit 2004 (VT-2004) Programme". Retrieved 2012-06-06.
- ↑ McKee, Maggie (6 June 2004). "Extrasolar planet hunters eye Venus transit". New Scientist. Retrieved 27 September 2006.
- ↑ Gould, A.; et al. (10 June 2006). "Microlens OGLE-2005-BLG-169 Implies That Cool Neptune-like Planets Are Common". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. The American Astronomical Society. 644 (1): L37–L40. arXiv:astro-ph/0603276. Bibcode:2006ApJ...644L..37G. doi:10.1086/505421.
- ↑ Espenak, Fred (18 June 2002). "2004 and 2012 Transits of Venus". NASA. Retrieved 25 September 2006.
- ↑ Wall, Michael (16 May 2012). "Venus Transit On June 5 May Bring New Alien Planet Discoveries". space.com. TheHuffingtonPost.com, Inc. Retrieved 21 May 2012.
- ↑ "Counting down to the Transit of Venus – our nearest exoplanet test-lab", phys.org, 5 March 2012
- ↑ "The Venus Twilight Experiment: Refraction and scattering phenomena during the transit of Venus on June 5–6, 2012", venustex.oca.eu.
- ↑ "NASA - Catalog of Transits of Venus". NASA. Retrieved 2016-05-26.
- ↑ Although transits occurred in May and November before 1631, this apparent jump in dates was due to the changeover from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar on 15 October 1582
- ↑ Bell, Steve (2004). "Transits of Venus 1000 AD – 2700 AD". HM Nautical Almanac Office. Archived from the original on 7 September 2006. Retrieved 25 September 2006.
- ↑ Winthrop, John (1764). "Observation of the Transit of Venus, June 6, 1761, at St. John's, Newfoundland". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 54: 279–283. doi:10.1098/rstl.1764.0048.
- 1 2 "Hobby Q&A", Sky&Telescope, August 2004, p. 138
- ↑ Espenak, Fred (21 April 2005). "Transits of Mercury, Seven Century Catalog: 1601 CE to 2300 CE". NASA. Retrieved 27 September 2006.
- ↑ Jeliazkov, Jeliazko. "Simultaneous occurrence of solar eclipse and a transit". transit.savage-garden.org. Retrieved 11 August 2009.
- ↑ de La Lande, Jérôme; Messier, Charles (1769). "Observations of the Transit of Venus on 3 June 1769, and the Eclipse of the Sun on the Following Day, Made at Paris, and Other Places. Extracted from Letters Addressed from M. De la Lande, of the Royal Academy of Sciences at Paris, and F. R. S. to the Astronomer Royal; And from a Letter Addressed from M. Messier to Mr. Magalhaens". Philosophical Transactions (1683–1775). 59 (0): 374–377. Bibcode:1769RSPT...59..374D. doi:10.1098/rstl.1769.0050.
Further reading
- Hufbauer, Karl (1991). Exploring the Sun, Solar Science Since Galileo. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 29–30. ISBN 0-8018-4098-8.
- Anderson, Mark (2012). The Day the World Discovered the Sun: An Extraordinary Story of Scientific Adventure and the Race to Track the Transit of Venus. Boston: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-82038-0.
- Chauvin, Michael (2004). Hokuloa: The British 1874 Transit of Venus Expedition to Hawaii. Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press. ISBN 1-58178-023-0.
- Lomb, Nick (2011). Transit of Venus: 1631 to the Present. Sydney, Australia: NewSouth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-74223-269-0. OCLC 717231977.
- Maor, Eli (2000). Venus in Transit. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-11589-3.
- Maunder, Michael; Moore, Patrick (2000). Transit: When Planets Cross the Sun. London: Springer-Verlaf. ISBN 1-85233-621-8.
- Sellers, David (2001). The Transit of Venus: The Quest to Find the True Distance of the Sun. Leeds, UK: Magavelda Press. ISBN 0-9541013-0-8.
- Sheehan, William; Westfall, John (2004). The Transits of Venus. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-59102-175-8.
- Simaan, Arkan (May 2004). "The transit of Venus across the Sun" (PDF). Physics Education. 39 (3): 247–251. Bibcode:2004PhyEd..39..247S. doi:10.1088/0031-9120/39/3/001.
- Wulf, Andrea (2012). Chasing Venus: The Race to Measure the Heavens. New York: Knopf. ISBN 978-0-307-70017-9.
External links
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Transit of Venus.
- Venus Transits: Measuring the Solar System
- Historical observations of the transit of Venus
- Edmond Halley's 1716 paper describing how transits could be used to measure the Sun's distance, translated from Latin.
- Chasing Venus: Observing the Transits of Venus, 1631–2004 (Smithsonian Libraries)
- Merrifield, Michael. "Venus Transit". Sixty Symbols. Brady Haran for the University of Nottingham.
June 2012 transit
- 2012 Transit of Venus – International Astronomical Union
- National Solar Observatory – Transit of Venus 5–6 June 2012
- 2012 Transit of Venus Live Webcast and chatroom with SEMS at UND live From Alaska


text:
Again, you're listening to ALL THINGS CONSIDERED from NPR West. I'm Arun Rath.
We'll stay in L.A. for this next story. In a city with 6,500 miles of blacktop, this might be the most legendary stretch of road in Los Angeles, the Sunset Strip. The vibrant L.A. music scene got its vibe right here. Imagine The Doors blaring through the gates of one club...
RATH: ...the Byrds softly strumming a few doors down.
THE BYRDS: (Singing) Turn, turn, turn...
RATH: From one decade to the next, iconic music was born right here. But the Strip has taken a few hits over the years. August Brown covers pop music for the L.A. Times. He's along with me now to talk about what's happened here. August, thanks for coming out.
AUGUST BROWN: Oh, thanks for having me.
RATH: Now, I'm in a spot that - I kind of feel like this is almost hallowed ground here as someone as a teenage boy who wanted to be Jim Morrison, probably like a lot of teenage boys. This is where The Doors used to be the house band. The sign is still on saying the Key Club, but the Key Club is actually closed, right?
BROWN: Yes. The Key Club closed back in spring. Before the Key Club, it was a great club called Gazarris that was kind of a founding spot for - from '60s folk up until '80s hair metal. And pretty much any band with aqua net and leather pants took the stage here at one point.
RATH: So we're standing here now in 2013 and things isn't what they used to be. It's not really kind of like the furnace of creativity and rock and roll that it used to be, is it?
BROWN: No. And over the last 10, 15 years, they'd all migrated eastward to neighborhoods like Silver Lake and Echo Park. And, yeah, after the first drum fill of "Smells Like Teen Spirit," it was the sound that kind of destroyed the neighborhood in a lot of ways for rock music for several years.
RATH: It was grunge that did it?
BROWN: People very instantaneously realized that it was just getting decadent and kind of lame. And it - to this day, the reverberations of that are still felt in a lot of these venues.
RATH: It's weird. It feels like the cycle kind of repeats with rock and roll a little bit. I mean, you think about glam rock in the '70s, and then punk coming along and kind of punching it in the gut. And then sort of the same thing with these air bands and grunge in a way, right?
BROWN: Yeah. I mean, I think, you know, today, the kind of corollary is, you know, after the sort of bloated late '90s, early 2000s of these, like, kind of big arena bands, you know, dance music just socked it in the gut. And now, people - if you're under the age of, you know, 25, you might not have heard a record with a guitar on it. And that's kind of the worst nightmare of a lot of these places.
RATH: Well, let's take a little walk down the street and check out some of these historic spots.
BROWN: Let's do it.
THE DOORS: (Singing) Well show me the way to the next whiskey bar.
RATH: We make our way toward a black brick dungeon-like facade. Its weathered black awning doesn't reveal its name until we get closer. But as soon as I can make it out, I'm left a little queasy. The name brings up a haunted association, The Viper Room. Now, the first time I heard about The Viper was probably - the first time a lot of people heard of it was when River Phoenix died here, right?
BROWN: Yeah, that's the most infamous event that happened really pretty much right where we're standing. It was right outside.
RATH: And I thought at the time that The Viper Room - it sounds like it's been around forever. But it was brand new then.
BROWN: Yeah. And it was, you know, the hot new Sunset Strip nightclub, and that was back when, you know, kind of rock and roll and edgy new celebrity nightlife still kind of had a parallel. It was - it opened in '93, Johnny Depp was a part owner. If you wanted to go see young Leo DiCaprio and the cast of "Friends," you know, really letting their hair down on a weekend, this was where you would go.
RATH: And the celebrity death, I guess, didn't cast a pall or maybe even gave it creepily a certain cache or something?
BROWN: Yeah. I mean, it was definitely really sad and tragic. And in the long ledger of L.A., and particularly West Hollywood celebrity deaths, all these rooms have really dark, sordid pasts. You know, the Roxy was the last place that John Belushi performed before he OD'd. And, you know, these rooms have seen the best and worst of what Hollywood has to offer.
RATH: So what about now? Is it - are you - like to do much star spotting at The Viper these days or - Johnny Depp doesn't even own it anymore, right?
BROWN: No. He got out of that in the mid-2000s, I believe. But they still have shows pretty much every night. And they've been getting, you know, some of the, you know, better local indie rock. But it's not really the first place you think of when it's Friday night and you want to go see some rock music, generally.
RATH: August Brown and I then head over to maybe the most historic club on the strip, the Whiskey a Go Go. Bands that defined entire genres played here. Buffalo Springfield and Love in the '60s, The Germs and X in the '70s, Quiet Riot and Guns N' Roses in the '80s. Jane's Addiction and the Red Hot Chili Peppers played all over the world in the '90s, but they started right here at the Whiskey.
As August Brown and I walk up to the rope line, I notice two telling items that suggest the Whiskey might not be on the cutting edge anymore. One is a poster. Apparently, the hair metal band Kix will be playing here on New Year's Eve. And there's a plaque given to the club by the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. It says Whiskey a Go Go here on the brass plaque. Since opening in 1964, the Whiskey a Go Go has been one of the world's most prominent and important rock and roll venues.
It seems like there's a tension here in a way, you know, because of all the history here between turning into a rock and roll museum piece or actually still being a living, breathing part of vibrant, modern, forward-looking rock and roll.
BROWN: Mm-hmm. Yeah. And that's both its biggest asset and its biggest curse. You know, CBGB has got ripped up for scrap and it's in Las Vegas right now, you know? You can only survive so long as a museum piece of even really beloved rock history. You need to get young bodies in the door drinking six, seven nights a week if you want to stay open, especially today. And, you know, reputation will only get you so far in that regard.
RATH: Which brings us back to where we started, the now closed Key Club, the former home to house bands The Doors and Van Halen. It's shuttered and dark now, but a sign out front points to its new direction, 1 Oak. 1 Oak is a chain of dance clubs stretching from Las Vegas to Mexico City, and soon, the Sunset Strip.
BROWN: It's kind of focused on rave and hip-hop and a lot of more sort of higher end, high margin...
RATH: Bottles of expensive liquor, not Jack and Coke.
BROWN: That's it. It is not Vince Neal pouring Jack Daniel's down his chest. It is people ordering $1,000 bottles of Ciroc at the bar.
RATH: Is that a good thing?
BROWN: It's a profitable thing. We'll see. It's a different thing for the neighborhood, that's for sure, compared to the legacy of what a lot of people associate with the Sunset Strip. And that speaks to the resiliency of the street is that it's reinvented itself musically three, four times over the course of its lifespan in L.A. rock history. You know, it started as a place for hippies, then it turned into kind of a dark Jim Morrison, post-hippie kind of thing. And then it turned into really big-selling, pyrotechnic, hair metal thing.
And I can't think of many other streets or cities that have put so many different kinds of very cutting edge contemporary music on the same mile. And anybody who would write it off forever needs to remember that.
RATH: May have another chapter to go.
BROWN: Yeah, it may still yet.
RATH: That's L.A. Times pop music writer August Brown. We've been strolling around the Sunset Strip. August, thanks so much.
BROWN: Well, thank you. This is fun.
RATH: It's been a blast.
BROWN: Stay metal.
RATH: And for Saturday that's ALL THINGS CONSIDERED from NPR West. I'm Arun Rath. Thanks for following us out west and on Twitter @nprwatc. Check out our weekly podcast. Search for WEEKENDS ON ALL THINGS CONSIDERED on iTunes or on the NPR smartphone app. Click on Programs and scroll down. Tune in tomorrow for a look at L.A.'s foster care system facing the same challenge as many places are, too many kids in care for too long. Till then, thanks for listening and stay metal.
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subset: commoncrawl


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Elated over the Supreme Court commuting to life term the death penalty given to her son in the Rajiv Gandhi assassination case, the mother of convict A G Perarivalan today thanked Chief Justice A P Sathasivam for the "historic" verdict.
"I thank Chief Justice Sathasivam for the verdict. I was waiting for this for 23 years and living with the hope, wandering through streets anticipating for such an order.I now have peace of mind," an emotional Arputham Ammal told the media soon after the Court commuted the death penalty of her son into life sentence.
She initially groped for words on receiving the news of the court order, but soon focused her hopes on his release from prison.
"I don't know what to say. My son has been in jail for the past 23 years though he has not committed any crime. He has suffered for no fault of his. He should be released now", she said."My son is not involved in the murder. My son should be released", she pleaded.
She also thanked those who joined the campaign for commuting the death sentence of three Rajiv assassins.
MDMK leader Vaiko, who has been campaigning for abolition of the death penalty in India on the ground that capital punishment has been done away with in 137 countries, hailed the Apex Court order as a "historic judgement".
"Considering the observations made by the Supreme Court removing Section 432 of CrPc, the state government should consider release of all the three convicted in the Rajiv assassination case", he demanded.
He urged Chief Minister Jayalalithaa to take steps to release Perarivalan, Santhan and Murugan, who are presently lodged in Vellore prison.
Rights groups and pro Eelam outfits also welcomed the Supreme Court judgement and celebrated it by bursting crackers at various places in Tamil Nadu.
The Supreme Court today commuted the death sentence of three convicts in the Rajiv Gandhi assassination case to life imprisonment.
Narendra Modi or Rahul Gandhi? Who will win the battle royale of the Lok Sabha Elections 2019?
Get real-time news updates, views and analysis on Lok Sabha Elections 2019 on Deccanherald.com/news/lok-sabha-elections-2019
Like us on Facebook or follow us on Twitter and Instagram with #DHPoliticalTheatre for live updates on the Indian general elections 2019.
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text:
NEWPORT BEACH — Fred Couples used his golf club for much more than striking the ball in the first round of the Toshiba Classic at Newport Beach Country Club.
He held it straight above his head Friday, constantly stretching out. He also held it behind his shoulders in the stance that Bo Jackson made famous in a poster about 20 years ago, holding a baseball bat.
Couples' relevance is not limited to that time span. He's the defending champion here, winning the title last year as part of a banner first year on the Champions Tour. But Couples, the 2010 Champions Tour Rookie of the Year, came into this year's tournament as a question mark – at least in his own mind – with a back that doesn't always want to cooperate.
"If [Thursday] was any indication, I won't break par unless I putt like a crazy man," Couples said after Thursday's Pro-Am finished up.
On the first day of the actual tournament, Couples didn't need to putt like a crazy man. He's still one of the biggest drivers on the 50-and-older tour, and he fought through his back stiffness to post a five-under par 66. He's tied for sixth, six strokes back of Nick Price, who shot a Champions Tour-tying record 60 in the sunny, but mild conditions.
A La Quinta resident, Couples used to live in Newport Beach but said last year was the first time he played Newport Beach Country Club. He's in contention again this year, scheduled to tee off at 12:14 p.m. in the second round, with Andy Bean and Rod Spittle.
Couples attracted a big crowd in the first round because he's the defending champion, yes, but also because he was in a great group with Tom Watson and Ben Crenshaw. The three golf legends have won 73 events on the PGA Tour and 17 on the Champions Tour, the lion's share of those (13) by Watson.
Couples, 51, entertained the large gallery of a few hundred people in the first round. He wore a tan hat, sweater and slacks as the day began, but took off the sweater for a green shirt by No. 3. Couples wants to earn plenty of green again this year, and he birdied two of the first three holes, including the par-five No. 3. On that hole, Couples found the front left sand trap but managed to blast a shot to about eight feet, calmly making the putt for birdie.
He also heated up on the back nine, where he had five of his seven birdies and was four-under.
On No. 15 Couples had a great save after his drive went off the fairway and far to the right, not where he wanted on the short par-five. But he hit his second shot to right below the green, and his third shot to about six feet of the hole. He birdied the hole, his second straight birdie.
Watson, who also played with Couples in the first round of the Toshiba Classic last year, was more up and down. He was two-under on the front nine but even-par on the back nine. The 39-time PGA Tour winner is tied for 30th after a round.
He did provide a moment one spectator will never forget on hole No. 14. Watson's tee shot veered way left and plunked a man in the right shoulder. Watson was gracious about the incident, immediately giving the man an autographed golf ball and chatting it up with the fans.
"I've been hit once in my life," Watson, 61, told the gallery.
"Where?" someone asked.
"Right in the [behind]," Watson deadpanned, drawing big laughs.
But the crowd wasn't laughing but gasping in amazement after watching Watson on No. 18. His tee shot again went left, but Watson somehow guided his second shot between about four trees. He saved par.
It was a tougher day for Crenshaw, who has never won a Champions Tour event. The two-time Masters champion finished at three-over and had three straight bogeys from No. 5-7. After double-bogeying No. 17 he appeared to have a great chance for a birdie at No. 18, but he missed a short putt and had to settle for par.
A woman asked Crenshaw, 59, to go to a skybox after the round but he politely declined.
"I'm not in a very good frame of mind," he said. "It was embarrassing. It was just an awful day. There's days like that when you play golf."
Still, Crenshaw enjoyed being a part of the standout group of the first day of competition.
"It was an honor," he said after turning in his scorecard, as he headed to the putting green. "It was an honor … it's a wonderful tournament."


text:
Doctor Who Beach Towels
Even a Time Lord knows where his towel is
- Beach towels full of Doctor Who-y goodness.
- 100% cotton, 55" long x 29 1/2" wide
- Choose Exploding TARDIS, TARDIS Door, 4th Doctor, or Dalek
Hurtling through the Time Vortex at ludicrous speeds, the Doctor, newly regenerated into a brand-new body, is thrown from one side of his TARDIS to the other. One moment, he's tumbled into the bowling alley, the next he's taken an unexpected dive into the pool. Now dampened, jostled, and still full of regenerative energy, the doctor is in need of dry land upon which to berth and repair, get some fish-fingers and custard, and perhaps a towel.
But not just any towel will do - one that's worthy of a Time Lord. One that's reminiscent of his adventures, perhaps? You can have your own towel for your next trip to Midnight where you can watch the Sapphire Waterfalls - just be certain you bring lots of sunscreen. SPF One Billion should do.
- 100% cotton beach towel
- Officially-licensed Doctor Who merchandise
- Choose Exploding TARDIS, TARDIS Door, 4th Doctor, or Dalek
- Materials: 100% cotton
- Care Instructions: Machine wash cold. Tumble dry low.
- Imported
- Dimensions: 55" x 29 1/2"


text:
23 June 2009 17:45
Stop Justifying RDF and RDFa | Bb RealTechby tehu (via)
I did want to apologize for assuming that the XHTML errors I had recently were due to WhatWG members having fun at my expense. I've had people deliberately break my XHTML-based comments in the past when I've written about XHTML, and the break was documented with a screenshot in the web site of a WhatWG member. I put 2 and 2 together and came up with 5. (1/10/2009)
Anne VK est taquin (see via). -- Ceci dit j'admire Shelley pour maintenir ses sites en full xhtml + extensions > svg+rdfa. Mais Dieu que la route est difficile avec des navigateurs si peu adaptés. (Firefox et son yellow screen of death)


text:
So.. Wentworth Miller came out of the closet. (Yeah, boehoe you sad bunch of girls..)
I respect the way he did this very much. He actually timed it really well. Putin and his Anti-Gay law are a in the news a lot these days. I believe Wentworth really contributes in making it even more public and i hope Putin and Russia are going to learn their lesson and stop this stupid anti-gay law.
Here you can read a part of the story:


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Assistant: Sir we have a problem. Arnold Shapiro: And that would be?Asst: Well weve still got too many Houseguests.AS: I though they assured me that by now given the cast we have and the torture we designed someone was certain to have quit by now so we wouldnt run over on our allotted weeks.Asst: Well Ashlea did leave sequester
AS: She was already evicted. They assured me that our continual rigging of the game against certain players would force a quit.Asst: It appears by banding together they are more resilient than we thought.AS: They assured me that Latina one would crack. What about Janelle winning the phone call.Asst: That was brilliant sir.AS: Wait, are you sure {counts for a minute} there are the two guys left and four girls {checks calendar} why are we even having this conversation?Asst: You forgot Beau.AS: Beau who?Asst: The guy we cast to let Marcelles know he was replaceable as a host for Housecalls.AS: He is still there? Are you sure?Asst: Yep.AS: Darn, then we need to get rid of an extra Houseguest, but how?Asst: We still have the Double Elimination Program we can download into the ChenBot.AS: I know! We will just use the Double Elimination Program we downloaded in the ChenBot a few weeks ago. Ahhhhh yesssss, that will do nicely. The cameramen need some time off to get those twitches and hysterical deafness problems treated anyway.Asst: Brilliant sir! Two birds with one stone.
And so we begin.
Recrap: April wins HOH so the Fiendsheep dominate two weeks in a row. April explains the process for backdooring someone. She completes step one by nominating Janelle and Howie. When James is not chosen for competing in the POV his remaining neurons connect the dots that he is going to be backdoored. All the houseguests but James root in the mud for keys to compete for the Power of Veto which April wins {now we know why she had that nose job, to get rid of the pig snout}. Ivette tries to convince them to evict Janelle and save James from the plan with the same level of success she has had in every competition so far and Janelle is saved and James is nominated for eviction. Who will be evicted Howie or James, stay tuned while See-BS tries to mislead you for the next 35-40 minutes.
Theme music and opening sequence.
And the Double Eviction Program Initiates. Same set up as last time.
But before the live vote lets see if James tries to continue his streak to be the first houseguest so eviction proof they have to cast him for the next series. After all some stunts are just too lame for any reality series to use.
Through the use of videotape they once again remind us of how one generally, and April specifically goes about backdooring someone {what is the fascination in the editing with April and backdoors?} James explains they should have put him up against Janelle because it was bad for the Fiendsheep for him to be up against Howie. Yeah James, Janelle wouldnt have anything resembling the same ideas that Howie does about evicting people.. He admits to Ivette that against Janelle hed have a chance to save himself, but not against Howie.
James and Ivette hug like people who might never see each other again in this lifetime. Maggie notices that they seem to have an emotional connection. Maggie says it is strategically bad for Ivette to hang onto him. Or is that it would be strategically better for Maggie if Ivette just played her role as pawn like a good girl and didnt think about what might be best for her. After all dragging James to the end would probably get her more votes than being there with any of the Fiendsheep.
James works Ivette to try to save himself. He asks who made the decision to get rid of Janelle to figure out who to pull to his side and seems to wonder why Ivette would stay loyal to an alliance that holds the majority {lets see, um it is a numbers game and you stay where the numbers help you?} Ivette works Maggie to make her vote to keep James, but ruining this bit of misdirection in the diary room Maggie says she just told Ivette what she wanted to hear. Seems she is tired of repeating the same negative stories over and over and over. Be careful sistah, talk like that will get you thrown out of the Fiendsheep as the rest of your little group just lives for that.
James and Howie start the whole you really should evict the other guy campaign. In the process Howie wakes Ivette up from her afternoon nappy time. So now James decides to go after Janelle to add to the Beau and Ivette pair to save his butt for another week. And in the misdirection editing cut number two Janelle wonders in the diary room if maybe she would have a better chance with James since he does better in the competitions than Howie who has been slacking in that area. James lies to Ivette about Janelle pinkie swearing, because he would lie about a dead Grandmother if that hadnt been done already to get another week in the game. James tells Ivette that if she just does this one thing she will own the game. James, only if you can win the HOH for her like you won the power of veto for Sarah.


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Welcome to the UAB School of Engineering.
I am honored to serve as the school's sixth dean and I am grateful to the school's leaders that have preceded me for leaving a strong foundation upon which to build a collaborative platform that will strengthen our research and education programs, increase their value and impact, and evolve them to deliver the knowledge necessary to meet the emerging challenges facing our global society.
Our undergraduate programs, offering degrees in five disciplines, merge theory and practice, emphasize rigor and provide experiential learning opportunities that enable our graduates to excel professionally. Our graduate programs immerse students in a collaborative setting with diverse research topics ranging from medicine to manufacturing. With online graduate programs that are already nationally recognized, faculty in the School of Engineering together with UAB's new Division of Online Learning will be working to evolve our traditional and online programs to make us a destination school for engineering education.
Further strengthening the mission of the school and supporting the University's strategic goals, our research strengths in biomedical engineering, manufacturing, materials engineering, computational simulation and immersive technology applications, form the backbone of our response to the demand for novel solutions in healthcare, product development and production, product safety and materials processing.
Over the next few months, the UAB School of Engineering faculty will be merging and refining departmental plans to produce the school's strategic plan for UAB21. This plan will reflect our mission to provide research and educational programs in engineering that are internationally recognized for their impact on society and inspire creativity, ingenuity and productivity. I look forward to sharing that plan with you soon and following the progress toward our goals over the next 5 years.
Finally, our achieving our mission could not be possible without the continued support of our community who has generously committed time and resources to helping our school to become what it is today. Whether you are graduate of the school, an industry partner, or friend, I look forward to sharing my vision on how we plan to create an environment that epitomizes "knowledge that will change your world." These are exciting times to be a part of UAB – and I look forward to having the opportunity to personally invite each of you to join me in helping to define the future of the School of Engineering.
Best wishes,
J. Iwan D. Alexander
Dean, School of Engineering


text:
Inerrancy and Your Church: 2015 Winter Conference at Reformation Bible College
During Dr. R.C. Sproul's time in seminary and the early days of his ministry, he saw first hand Abraham Kuyper's observation that biblical criticism has become biblical vandalism. Sadly, we are seeing such vandalism even in our …Read More
Peace, Purity, and Unity in the Church: 2010 Pastors Conference
At Ligonier, we know that the work in the church is crucial to advancing God's work in this world. Godly leaders are on the frontline of ministry. Pastoral responsibilities to clearly and effectively teach the gospel, lead the next generation …Read More
2008 Pastors Conference
We believe that God has ordained the preaching of His Word, prayer, and the sacraments as the means by which He sanctifies people's lives. There is no substitute for the Scriptures if we want to know and please God …Read More
2007 Pastors Conference
God has ordained the preaching of His Word, prayer, and the sacraments as the means by which He sanctifies people's lives. There is no substitute for the Scriptures if we want to know and please God. Unfortunately, the church …Read More
Overcoming the Eclipse of God: 2006 Pastors Conference
Across America, the people of God strive to bring lost people the good news of Jesus Christ. As part of the Great Commission, this is commendable. But our attempts are often misguided as we inadvertently displace the Lord as the …Read More
Overcoming the Eclipse of God: 2004 Pastors Conference
The modern church-growth movement has produced many formulas and strategies for achieving rapid growth in church attendance. And while the desire to reach the lost is commendable, the pursuit of God and His standards is all too often lost in …Read More
Overcoming the Eclipse of God: 2003 Pastors Conference
During Ligonier Ministries' first annual pastors conference in October of 2003, pastors from around the country gathered to hear Dr. R.C. Sproul, John Sartelle, and Rick Phillips emphasize the importance of God-centered worship, prayer, evangelism, and preaching. This series …Read More
The Best of 2003-2006 Pastors Conferences
The intense pressure to adopt man-centered approaches to ministry from the world pounds against preachers and congregants alike. We must therefore be exhorted to remain God-centered in our worship and encourage our leaders as they faithfully preach the Word. This …Read More


text:
Yesterday we showed you rollerblader Dave Lang doing a 180 over Bam Margera's Lamborghini Murcielago. As Bam is previously noted for being the kind of caring Lamborghini owner that cuts holes in his Gallardo, we were surprised his current car had no damage. Don't worry though, Bam fixed that.
Bam is filming some sort of new movie, I guess, so that's hopefully the only reason why he feels the need to document the important event of backing his car into a Cadillac. And doing more damage to his own than to the Caddy.
It doesn't look like it'll cost him the $45,000 it did the time somebody put diesel in his car, but the new ventilation in his rear quarter panel should probably do at least $10k worth of damage.
If he buys his parts used, that is.


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CANCELLED Reading2Rover Fridays
show all
Repeats every 2 weeks until Fri Apr 20 2018 .Friday, Apr 6, 2018 4:00 PM - 4:45 PM
Friday, Apr 20, 2018 4:00 PM - 4:45 PM
(Library has no air conditioning)
Children of all ages who would like to read out loud or to practice their oratory skills can spend a few minutes reading to a therapy dog. First come, first served, so check in with a Children's Librarian when you arrive.
For more information, contact Lynne Perrigo
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Volunteer dogs and their people are all certified or registered as pet therapy teams. Thanks to volunteers from:
Pet Partners, Guiding Eyes for the Blind, Longshore/Southport Kennel Club, R.E.A.D. and Therapy Dogs International.
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text:
OMAHA, Neb. -- Will Allen and Sikes Orvis, previously hitless in Omaha, led the hit parade with three hits each, as Ole Miss avoided elimination and advanced to play Virginia in a rematch on Friday at 7 p.m.
After going 6-for-57 and scoring just three runs through its first two games at the College World Series, the Ole Miss exploded, relatively speaking for TD Ameritrade Park, for six runs on 11 hits.
The six runs matched Vanderbilt's six runs from it's 6-4 win over UC Irvine on Monday and the 11 hits matched Vanderbilt's 11 hits, also from it's win over UC Irvine, and Virginia's 11 hits from it's 3-2 win over TCU on Tuesday
"We had some better at-bats today, and it shows you when the wind is not blowing in 20 miles an hour," head coach Mike Bianco said. "It's a little different here. But we were able to barrel some balls up and get some hits."
"We knew coming into this game that we couldn't win a ball game scoring one or two runs," Orvis said. "We knew we had to come out as an offense and swing the bat early and get some pressure off our pitching staff and put some runs on the board. Once we get this offense going, we can be pretty good and pretty scary."
After a couple of one-spots against Virginia and Texas, Ole Miss put together the big inning with three runs in the third, which started with a double from J.B. Woodman and also included an RBI single from Braxton Lee and Allen's two-RBI double.
"To come out and put a crooked spot up, it's crucial no matter what, especially with the offense being kind of stagnant the past couple of games," Orvis said. "It was awesome to get the monkey off the back early and get going."
Allen gave the Rebels the lead for good, 5-4, with an RBI single to center in the seventh, his third RBI of the game after knocking in a pair of runs with a double to right-center in the third.
TCU with the game-tying and game-winning runs in scoring position with two outs in the eighth, but Aaron Greenwood got a chopper to shortstop, which Errol Robinson charged and threw to first for the last out of the inning.
"He really attacked and was super aggressive going after it," Bianco said. "As soon as the ball was hit, I looked up at him and he was flying across the infield. It was a great play, and he was dripping with a lot of confidence as he ran off the field."
"I knew he was a burner at the plate, so it was about going and getting it and cutting down the hops," Robinson said. "It was fairly routine. You're a shortstop and you're supposed to make those plays. It was a crucial play late in the game that you need, so it was a big play in the game."
Allen and Orvis combined to add an insurance run in the ninth with a two-out single from Allen, followed by a two-out, RBI double from Orvis to stretch the lead to 6-4. Allen finished the game 3-for-5 with a double and three RBI, while Orvis was 3-for-5 with a double and two RBI.
"We had some good barrels tonight," Allen said. "We found some gaps, found some holes, and then just getting people on base. You saw (Auston) Bous(field) running and just putting pressure on the opposing team. It definitely helps. Once we got going, one through nine, there is not an easy out. It's a really tough lineup to face. And luckily we scored some runs tonight."
With the win, Ole Miss improved to 4-0 in elimination games in the NCAA Tournament and will face at least one more elimination game, needing to defeat top-ranked Virginia twice to advance to the national championship series.
"We play our best baseball with our backs against the wall," Orvis said. "This is a very tough team. It's a very mature team. We know what's on the line. We have nothing to lose; just play. Win or go home."


text:
Daddy? Twins have different pops
Q: Can fraternal twins have different fathers? D. Matthews
A. Some women after becoming pregnant will ovulate again weeks later, and this second egg may be fertilized, resulting in fraternal twins of different gestational ages. That's rare enough, says University of Virginia biologist Robert J. Huskey.
Rarer still is "heteropaternal superfecundation," or fraternal twins with different fathers. After a woman in China gave birth to different sex twins, the husband accused her of having sex with another man and refused responsibility for the children. Blood tests and enzyme markers proved he was indeed the father of the girl though not the boy.
"Confronted with the evidence, the mother admitted to having sex with a second man within a three-day period at the time of conception," reported the Journal of Forensic Science.
Topping even this, a New York woman who went to the doc was mistakenly implanted with two fertilized eggs, then gave birth to "twin" boys: one white, one black! One of the eggs was hers, but the other belonged to a different woman and couple. Result: four parents, one pregnancy, and totally genetically unrelated twin-born babies.
Q. What have to be two of the all-time worst disguises in the annals of crime and crime-fighting? R. W. Mettetal
A: Superman's and Batman's. Start with the fact that each of us can distinguish thousands, maybe even tens of thousands of different faces, says John P. Dworetzky in Psychology. Even identical twins won't fool you once you get to know them.
And people are such keen face-spotters– way beyond the current capabilities of any programmed computer– they can recognize an old friend they haven't seen in 20 years, in spite of wrinkles, sags, graying hair.
"In truth, Superman had no real hope of disguising himself from those who knew him by combing his hair slightly
differently and putting on a pair of horn-rimmed glasses."
And even where the eye might get taken in, the ear probably won't. "Together, the eyes and ears are formidable detectives. Even Bruce Wayne's friends meeting Batman for the first time would take one look at his mouth, hear his voice, and ask, `Bruce, why are you dressed as a bat?'"
Q. What has been the biggest flying creature ever? Alongside this one, an eagle seems but a sparrow. S. S. Transport
A. "Quetzalcoatlus," after the feathered Aztec deity, was a flying reptile (pterosaur) of 65 million years ago, its remains found in Texas in the 1970s, says Chris McGowan in Diatoms to Dinosaurs: The Size and Scale of Living Things.
Quetzalcoatlus weighed maybe 200 pounds and had a 40-foot wingspan, big as a light twin-engined airplane. "This seems an enormous weight to get into the air, but people weighing this much can hang-glide," McGowan says.
Riding thermals and soaring may have kept it aloft, but how ever to take off? It could have launched from a high place, but what if it landed? Research by J.H. Marden suggested flight muscles plus powerful anaerobic fibers could have provided ample takeoff power. "But it's still hard to imagine a 40-foot- wingspan animal flapping fast enough for takeoff," he notes.
Which raises lifestyle questions, says McGowan. If it lived by the sea, maybe it fed on the wing like today's seabirds. But remains have been found far inland. If a carrion feeder, maybe it launched from atop huge decomposing sauropod carcasses. "Quetzalcoatlus raises more questions than it answers, but we can be quite sure that fly it DID."
Q. What's the digital video technology behind TV football's yellow "virtual first-down line," marking where the ball must be advanced for the down? L. Jameson
A. Beyond the human spotter and operator manually inputting the correct yard line into the system, a special camera mount holds the cameras and encodes their movements, such as tilt, pan, zoom and focus, so the system knows what every camera is doing in real-time, says Howstuffworks.com.
As the cameras pan, their perspectives must be recalculated at 30 frames/second. More: Since the field crests in the middle for water runoff, the virtual line must follow this curve. The system must sense (via color, etc.) when players, referees or the ball crosses the line so the line isn't painted right over them on TV screens.
Again, all of this must be done for all cameras at once, moving at different rates and from different views. "It takes a tractor-trailer rig of equipment, including eight computers and at least four people for the task," says the website.
Send strange questions to brothers Bill and Rich at email@example.com.


text:
Author Notes: The button mushroom has been nothing but kind to us. It offers up loads of flavor without hogging the spotlight. It's inexpensive and holds its own in the fridge when we ignore it for a week. And while we can now buy many different kinds of mushrooms, the button remains delicious.
And so I present you with a button mushroom salad, inspired by one I had at Txikito, an excellent Basque restaurant in Chelsea. Txikito's is made with king oyster mushrooms. When I later tried to recreate this recipe, I realized that king oyster mushrooms just weren't available to most home cooks. But there sitting in my local Gristedes, waiting to help, was the button. —Amanda Hesser
Serves: 4
large button mushrooms, wiped clean with a damp paper towel and stems trimmed
sprigs thyme
large garlic clove, lightly smashed
Olive oil, for cooking and dressing the mushrooms
1 1/2
tablespoons finely diced tomato
1 1/2
tablespoons slivered almonds, finely chopped
1 1/2
tablespoons grated pecorino Romano cheese
Thin slices of toasted baguette, for serving
- Arrange the mushrooms stem-side-down in a single layer in a saucepan. They should fit snugly. Use more than one pan if needed. Tuck the thyme and garlic between the mushrooms. Season with salt. Add enough olive oil to barely cover the mushrooms. Set the pan over medium heat and cook until bubbles rise to the surface, then reduce the heat to low and poach, uncovered, until tender, 20 to 30 minutes.
- Use a slotted spoon to remove the mushrooms to a cutting board. Let them cool. Reserve the oil. If there's mushroom liquid at the bottom of the pan, pour the oil into a container and save the mushroom liquid to dress the mushrooms.
- Very thinly slice the mushrooms (think carpaccio). On each of 4 salad plates, arrange the slices in overlapping rows to form a circle about 6 inches in diameter. Squeeze the lemon over the mushrooms, making sure to hit all of them – be generous! Season with salt if needed. Sprinkle the mushrooms with tomato and almonds. Dress with the mushroom liquid if there is any, or your best olive oil. Sprinkle with the cheese.
- This recipe is a Community Pick!
More Great Recipes:


text: Just an information. I've tried to install druapl and all works fine. Now the new version of the apps is available. The question is - There is some automatic way to update it from the panel - May i update manually and automatically from the panel the new version is displayed? - There is a way to sync the version displayed in the panel with the one i updated manually so from the panel i can see all the version installed? Thank you for response.


text:
With the increase in outsourcing, more and more graduates in India find employment in call centers. There is a debate in India as to whether these jobs add any value to these youngsters, who many claim, are lured by the easy money (working often in odd hours, speaking a foreign tongue often and they call that easy!) that they get to make. Regardless of these debates, more and more graduates use the call center job as a stepping stone to their future and very few (if any) think that a call center is a long term career option. They fine tune their communication skills, get exposure to working in an international culture and move on. Most call centers have excellent infrastructure ( office buildings, work spaces etc.) which have led to an overall improvement in work environment in India. They also provide more than just job training to these youngsters. They are trained for various behavioural skills, personality development and the like as part of the job.
If it were not for good paying call center jobs, where would they be? Part of the frustrated jobless mass, the kind who would stand in line in the employment exchanges (captured in many Bollywood movies). Take out the call centers and where do you see these bright graduates being employed? I see them swelling the ranks of the unemployed. They wouldnt have given up seats in engineering to take up a call center job. Not one single engineering seat (save in the dingiest of colleges) goes empty in the country. Many of these call center "kids" go on to do part time courses that add value to their graduation and experience.
These young graduates who work in call centers today and make good money will pass on the benefit of higher education to their offspring. Ditto for the many side jobs that it creates for the not so privileged. The drivers, cooks, caterers, plumbers ( as part of maintenance staff), all of whom have a better chance of living a better life than their previous generations. So who benefits out of this? The country. Nobody understands this better than Tom Friedman (who I may add is probably the best ambassador offshoring has).
Coming back to a world without call centers. So where would these graduates be employed? Perhaps for a pittance in dingy ill ventilated cubbyholes that pass off as offices. The call center culture is partly responsible at the way our people look at offices in India. Office spaces are improving because of the call centers and the facilities they offer at the workplace. The call center revolution is a step ahead in the future of India.
40 years ago, clearing the SSC or matriculation in India was a big deal. Demand for Matriculate pass shorthand-typists, stenographers (as people who knew both shorthand and typing were known) was a great thing in those days. (Nobody asked if being a typist was a McJob. Far lesser asked if youngsters are being lured to become typists when they could become other "things".) Typing institutes mushroomed all over the place. Knowledge of typing became the norm for entry into the corporate world. Skills were in short supply (I am talking of the 60s) and qualified professionals were hard to find (Requirements of qualified professionals werent that great in any case). Much like the computer training institutes of the 90s, these institutes cashed in on the fact that knowledge of typing was a norm, nay, a skill.
So what am I trying to say? Many of those typists form the generation before us. If it were not for those typists, many of us would not have become engineers or doctors or even singers and actors. Likewise, those who work in call centers will move on, one way or another. In every boom era, there are jobs for the taking. In the 60s and 70s in India, it was a boom for typists and there were thousands of them. Today it is the call center, tomorrow it will be something else.
Wednesday, July 27, 2005
The call center debate
With the increase in outsourcing, more and more graduates in India find employment in call centers. There is a debate in India as to whether these jobs add any value to these youngsters, who many claim, are lured by the easy money (working often in odd hours, speaking a foreign tongue often and they call that easy!) that they get to make. Regardless of these debates, more and more graduates use the call center job as a stepping stone to their future and very few (if any) think that a call center is a long term career option. They fine tune their communication skills, get exposure to working in an international culture and move on. Most call centers have excellent infrastructure ( office buildings, work spaces etc.) which have led to an overall improvement in work environment in India. They also provide more than just job training to these youngsters. They are trained for various behavioural skills, personality development and the like as part of the job.
15 comments:
Valid Logic, that these BPO guys will provide a better quality education to thier kids..
I am a living example, my dad started his career as a steno in mumbai
- 11:06 AM, July 28, 2005
- Mridula said...
Could not agree with you more.
- 10:31 PM, September 15, 2005
It was a good article ..
Thought it should reach to maxi.. no of people.
- 10:47 AM, February 08, 2006
agree with you - before the call centres, the job situatin for graduates was pretty sad. one thing that youngsters have to be beware of - companies making tall promises. check out this new website that provides unbiased company information www.howzurjob.com
- 8:28 AM, May 18, 2006
Completely agree with you...it used to be difficult to get entry level jobs for not so qualified individuals...call- centers are providing them a platform to gain work experience and earn money...
- 10:17 PM, August 25, 2006
- Jam Mayer (CallCenterScript) said...
A stepping stone or a full time career, the call center industry has helped countries such as India and the Philippines to rise above it's current economic status. It has indeed helped and given hope to those that wanted a better life and a chance to experience a good career, with benefits, both monetary and educational. This is the reason I exert the time and effort to give it back to fellow colleagues in the industry by blogging at Call Center Script.
- 7:10 AM, September 15, 2006
nice article keep it up! cheers
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- 12:54 PM, March 22, 2007
Good article, very insightful,but however would like to comment that even though the call centres are helping in increasing the economy of the country, how much is it helping the youngsters to tap their full potential, and how much is making the youngsters learn apart of taking calls.And is it useful for the youngsters in the long run, and my worry is, that we will not make use the talent, in the right way, by making them work in call centres where they will only learn how to take calls and stff like that, which reminds me the story of the frog in the well.
- 11:39 AM, September 12, 2008
- Ajith said...
Great post....Agree 100%
Tom Friedman's documentary on India's BPOs
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text:
THQ cuts staff at Kaos, Volition
THQ has confirmed that it laid off over 30 employees this week -- 17 from Homefront's Kaos Studios, and 16 from Red Faction: Armageddon's Volition.
THQ has confirmed that it laid off over 30 employees this week, across Kaos Studios and Volition, Gamasutra reports. Sixteen employees were cut from Volition, and 17 from Kaos.
"We had to let go of 16 employees at Volition, our studio in Champaign, Illinois," the company said in a statement. "We must adjust our workforce to fit the studio's current needs, which is a relatively common occurrence in the game development industry." The company said "steps are being taken to ensure team members affected by the transition are treated with appropriate concern." Volition still has about 220 employees.
The cuts at Kaos, by comparison, leave the team with 70 employees. "We have made changes to ensure that the team size aligns to the current stages of internatl product development," THQ said. The publisher is also offering outplacement assistance for the laid off employees.
Volition is preparing to ship Red Faction: Armageddon in May, and has announced Saints Row: The Third for this fall. Kaos just shipped Homefront, which sold an estimated one million units in its first 10 days on the market.
THQ assures that the remaining team at Kaos will continue support Homefront. "Kaos has a dedicated team in place that will continue to support Homefront with an ongoing, robust DLC and content plan, as well as working on pre-production for future games."
We've seen recent rumors that Kaos may be moving its New York offices entirely to the new Montreal-based studio. The rumors claim that those who can't go to Montreal may be let go as well. General manager David Votypka didn't rule out the possibility of moving, so the 17 cuts reported above may be followed by more.
Comment on THQ cuts staff at Kaos, Volition, by Steve Watts.


text: In designing a computer room two key factors are: 1. Power in (electricity) 2. Power out (A/C) The second term really has two parts: A. the amount of air moved B. the reduction in temperature of that air across the A/C unit The latter part is specified in tons. The A/C guys I've spoken with recently utilize some more or less standard relationship between cubic feet per minute (cfm) and A/C tons for the units they maintain. These run off the campus cold water supply, so it makes sense that heat out is proportional to flow across, assuming that the cold water has a very large heat capacity. However, in terms of cooling the units themselves, the amount of air flow through the racks is also important. That flow is also in cfm. Ideally cfm through the racks would be equal to cfm through the A/C, ie, all air goes once through the racks and then directly through the A/C. Even more ideally cfm through _each_ rack could be modulated somehow, since some racks move much more air than others and putting a low flow rack next to a high flow rack might drive the air the wrong way through the low flow unit. How does one calculate an optimal cfm through a rack? For a specific example with round numbers, let's say it's a 25U rack, dissipates 10kW, and has a single 50 cfm per minute output fan per 1U node. (Ie, all air out must go through that path.) There seem to be a bunch of variables that are hard to deal with. For instance, adding the exhaust fans would be 50*25 = 1250 cfm. Is that all there is to it? But that type of fan only runs at the stated flow rate if the pressures are exactly as specified. Without incredibly careful balancing of the pressure across the rack it won't generally run at 50 cfm. Is cfm the key unit here or should one think in terms of pressure at various points in the room? Thanks, David Mathog mathog at caltech.edu Manager, Sequence Analysis Facility, Biology Division, Caltech


text:
Manuscripts, Archives, and Special Collections, Washington State University Libraries
Guide to the Gustavus Sohon Drawings
Cage 556
Table of Contents
Summary Information
- Repository
- Manuscripts, Archives, and Special Collections, Washington State University Libraries
- Creator
- Sohon, Gustavus
- Title
- Gustavus Sohon Drawings
- Cage 556
- Date
- 1858
- Extent
- 3.0 items.
- General Physical Description note
- .25 linear feet of shelf space.
- Language
- English
- Abstract
- Three pencil drawings: Great Falls of the Spokane River, 1858; View of the Snake River at Mouth of the Tukanon, 1858; Camp on the Spokane River, Sep. 6, 1858; annotations.
Preferred Citation note
[Item Description]. Cage 556, Gustavus Sohon Drawings . Manuscripts, Archives, and Special Collections, Washington State University Libraries, Pullman, WA.
Biographical/Historical note
Gustavus Sohon was born in Tilsit, Germany on December 10, 1825. He came to America at the age of 17 and lived in Brooklyn, New York. On July 2, 1852, he enlisted as a private in the United States Army, at the age of 26. He was ordered West for service on the Pacific Coast.
A gifted linguist (he spoke English, French, and German), Sohon quickly learned the Salishan languages of the Flathead and Pend D'Oreille Indians. He also made drawings of the country and important landmarks while working on expeditions. These drawings were useful in later expeditions.
At the request of Washington Governor Stevens, Sohon was transferred to his command. Stevens had been very impressed with Sohon's work. On later expeditions Sohon worked as map maker and barometrical observer as well as sketcher and interpreter. Sohon was involved in the building of the Mullan Road, the first wagon road from Fort Walla Walla to Fort Benton.
On July 29, 1863, Sohon married Juliana Goh and moved to San Francisco, California. There Sohon opened a Photographic and Ambrotype Gallery. He finally closed his shop and moved back to the East Coast in 1865 or 1866 and lived in Washington, D.C. There he died on September 3, 1903.
Administrative Information
Publication Information
Manuscripts, Archives, and Special Collections, Washington State University Libraries © 1987http://www.libraries.wsu.edu/masc
Terrell Library
P.O. Box 645610
Pullman, WA, 99164-5610
Conditions Governing Access note
This collection is open for research use.
Immediate Source of Acquisition note
The drawings of Gustavus Sohon were purchased in 1982.
Controlled Access Headings
- Drawings
- Sketches
Personal Name(s)
- Sohon, Gustave--Archives
- Expeditions and Adventure
- Overland Journeys to the Northwestern United States
- Snake River (Wyo.-Wash.)--Pictorial works
- Spokane River (Idaho and Wash.)--Pictorial works
- Washington (State)
General note
Great Falls of the Spokane River
Collection Inventory
Great Falls of the Spokane River 1858 1.0 item. Drawings 20 x 18
View of the Snake River at mouth of Tukanon 1858 1.0 item. Drawings 10 x 21
Camp on the Spokane River 1858 1.0 item. Drawings 17 x 22