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A PNG ReviewJune 09, 2003
Eleven days from now, the patent on LZW compression forming the basis of the GIF file format is set to expire, according to C|Net. They question whether this means the death of the PNG file format.
Not hardly.
PNG and GIF are not two competing file formats in a situation where you have to choose one or the other. They're not black and white; they're regular and extra strength.
PNG was created in reaction to the draconian licensing scheme Unisys imposed: creators of any software supporting GIF had to cough up a $5,000 surcharge whether their software was free or otherwise. This from a previously–open file format that was theoretically free to use. PNG was built in part to provide a free alternative, but also to better meet the needs of designers.
Now the licensing bait has been pulled out of PNG's arsenal, so the only reason to adapt is technical. As we are all well aware, Microsoft's Internet Explorer is the only modern browser that doesn't support the alpha transparency that PNG offers. This, however, is not a reason to shun PNG until the situation improves. In a bout of 'the grass is always greener', I believe we've forgotten what it can and can't do today. A brief summary is in order.
PNG, pronounced 'ping', is available in 3 flavours: true colour, grayscale, and palette–based. The former is better known as PNG–24, the latter as PNG–8 (24 and 8 bits per pixel, respectively) and these are the two that will concern us for now. 1–bit transparency means every pixel is either completely transparent, or completely opaque. 8–bit transparency means every pixel has an opacity value from 0 to 255, where 0 is completely transparent and 255 is completely opaque. Also see the accompanying PNG test suite.
PNG–8 is the GIF replacement. Allowing for custom–palette images ranging from 2– to 256–colour, it also offers a 1–bit transparency. This is exactly what GIF does, minus any hint of animation. File sizes are smaller, and support is consistent amongst all modern browsers. If you are using GIFs, there is absolutely no reason not to consider using PNG–8.
However, after considering it, there are still reasons why you may not want to actually use it. If you are exporting your images from Photoshop, you will consistently notice that your file sizes for equal PNGs are larger than the comparable GIF. This is a limitation of Photoshop, and highlights weak PNG support rather than any problem with the format itself. Work–arounds are possible by exporting from another more capable program like Fireworks, but that adds an extra step to the process.
See the first couple of comments to this article for plug–ins and third–party applications that get around Photoshop's flaw.
Now we come to the heart of the matter. PNG–24 is the one we all want to use. Internet Explorer doesn't support alpha transparency properly as we're aware, which renders the main reason we wish to use it null and void. Such a great loss, we lament.
Except that we forget to consider also that PNG–24 is a lossless compression format, and in most cases we wouldn't be able to accomplish what we're dreaming anyway. Why? File sizes, my friend. If you compress a 400x200 image into a 25k JPG, you're reasonably happy. That same image as a PNG with an alpha channel might hit 150k if you're lucky, while 200k is more likely. A lossy PNG–24 will never exist either, because an alpha channel with compression artifacts would lead to randomly transparent pixels – something that is definitely not desirable.
PNG–24 is certainly great for some effects, and allows for amazing visual eye candy. But you will never build whole sites with it, not while bandwidth is a concern. It will remain a niche format even when widely supported, to be used only in situations when the 1–bit transparency of PNG–8 or GIF won't quite suit the bill.
Other PNG Features
PNG offers plenty of extra features including gamma correction, lossless compression, 48–bit colour, alpha transparency, and even multi–image files (animations, anyone?) via the MNG extension to the format.
48–bit colour is absolutely useless on–screen. Your monitor displays 256 levels in each red, green, and blue channel per pixel. Each channel is represented as a single byte, hence 8 bits (1 byte) times 3 channels equals 24 bit colour. The next jump up to 48–bit colour involves doubling the bits per channel. A 16 bit red channel does not mean 512 levels of red though, it actually means 65,536. No monitor on earth displays that many levels per channel, and any advantages of having the extra colour are only realized when working in different colour models (which does us no good on the web).
I question the need for per–image gamma adjustment (as opposed to per-page) but I can see some practical applications of it, when considered outside of the context of the web page. Not every application of a graphic file is web–oriented. You may never use some of these features, but other graphics professionals may be hard–pressed to ignore them.
So we're in a funny spot. We can use PNG on the web, but not fully. With a bit of elbow grease we can start using PNG–8 as the GIF replacement it was always meant to become. But that bit of extra work means it's almost a sure bet that most professionals will avoid the challenge for now. A valuable addendum to the alpha transparency pressure on Microsoft might be found in calling on Adobe to work better optimization techniques into their software for PNG–8. Both issues are equal hindrances for PNG adoption.
PNG may gain dominance sooner or later, but despite it all, the 16 year old GIF file format is going strong. And while the patent news is good for the Free Web, it doesn't mean PNG is going anywhere.
Comments are open on the Second Edition of the PNG specification until June 23rd, 2003.
Reader Comments
With regards to the lousy Photoshop compression issue, a utility like PNG-crush can always come in handy.
WRT to the size issue, SuperPNG is a free Photoshop plugin that does a much better job of compression.
Internet Explorer can do alpha PNGs as well using some ugly hacks. My personal favorite is this PNG behaviour, which is fairly easy to implement - the downside being that it only works on images specified in the HTML document (foreground images). A List Apart also featured an extensive PNG hacking article - which frankly turned my feeble brain to cheese. :)
I'm a fan of PNG and have been experimenting with it for awhile now, and using it where possible. With any luck bandwidth and browser support will come together in the near future to make using them possible.
Maybe widespread PNG support would happed sooner if the WaSP took up the issue, like they did with other standards. – Minh Nguyễn
An interesting little tidbit. Due to bloat and poor coding, MNG (the format that allows animated PNG's) was removed from Mozilla's trunk. I believe that MNG is still in for 1.4, so that means that Netscape's and AOL's (assuming…) next version should be able to use it. Since Camino doesn't build from the tree, they should still have it until next time they grab the tree. However, new versions Mozilla Firebird and future versions of Mozilla won't have that.
Basically, they said that nobody uses MNG, and the MNG decoder was the size of all the other image decoders combined (it statically used the JPEG decoder for instance).
I downloaded SuperPNG to see what it could do, but it only seems to spit out true-colour PNGs. So that doesn't do much about PNG-8, which is a shame cause I'd rather have a plug-in than a third-party app. And PNG-crush is just plain silly — a command-line interface for an imaging tool? No thanks. The quest continues.
Minh - possibly. But the difference between solid CSS support and solid PNG support is that I can theoretically do my job well without the latter. Between XHTML, CSS, DOM, and PNG, I'd easily throw out PNG as the least important. WaSP had enough of a battle with the other three, let's not fault them for that.
Mike - So I've heard. Sad, but true. You can't fault their reasoning, I have yet to see a single MNG in the wild, but it strikes me as poor planning to just discard working code.
There are quite a few problems with PNGCrush. For one, you have to start with a bitmap: it only converts BMP files into PNG. Second, since it's a command line tool, the interface is atrocious. You're kind of expected to know the different kinds of compression (up, average, subsample, etc.) and somehow have the time to fiddle with these settings endlessly until you get something that works.
I decided to use PNGCrush to compress a 24-bit-color BMP file to a 24-bit-color PNG. The resulting file size was bigger than with Photoshop 7, even with maximum compression enabled. Heck I tried every setting possible, and Photoshop's file size is still smaller. Same was true with an 8-bit-color PNG. In addition, PNGCrush can only convert BMPs using 24-bit or 8-bit color.
I think PNGCrush is primarily designed for research settings where students and researchers will be converting large sets of test images into PNG files.
Hmmm. I just did another test with Photoshop 7, this time comparing file sizes when saving as an 8-bit color PNG versus saving as a GIF. There doesn't seem to be any appreciable difference. Sometimes the PNG is smaller by a wee bit (a couple of hundred bytes), sometimes the GIF is smaller by the same amount. Maybe Photoshop 7's PNG engine has been redesigned.
After having used it myself 0 times and evaluating it solely on lack of features and hearsay, I'm going to save everyone a lot of time and declare PNGCrush useless for my workflow, and probably most other people's as well.
Anyone wanna step up with another option?
I discovered that SuperPNG does work as 8-bit PNG, by first converting your image file to indexed color and then saving as PNG. It's too cubersome though, I wish it replaced the Save for web PNG8/24 instead, since now I can't remove similar colors to gain better compression myself, which is one of the best features of save for web imho.
It's unbelievable that so many years after PNG is a standard it's still not supported well in web browsers, but the fact it isn't well supported in capable imaging applications is just unreal. If the support in the latter apps would be better, support in webbrowsers wold just be a question of time.
Makes you think what other echnologies nowadays aren't used to their full potential (perhaps as a strategic / marketing decision). bleh.
Some quick testing shows that pngcrush (version 1.5.10-MMX) reduces the size of a Photoshop 6-saved PNG by 10-20% in most cases.
The program is invoked as
pngcrush infile.png outfile.png
to crush one file or
pngcrush -d output_directory <filelist>
to process a batch of files. (There are a bunch of other options, but they usually aren't necessary.)
(Why can't I use <kbd> or <code>?)
I downloaded SuperPNG to see what it could do, but it only seems to spit out true-colour PNGs.
I've been using Photoshop's Save for Web for 8-bit PNGs, and like Sherif, see little difference between them and GIFs WRT file sizes.
I guess the only real reason to use them anyway is to promote an open format, are there real advantages to 8-bit PNGs over GIFs?
I find pngcrush to be useless for me too, because I need to use it on the command line in OS X. So in short, use Save for Web for 8-bit PNGs and SuperPNG for true-color PNGs.
BTW one thing I've noticed is that SuperPNG true-color files often appear larger in the Finder because PS saves a preview with them as well. This may only occur in OS X, but they shrink when I upload them to an FTP server.
I guess the only real reason to use them anyway is to promote an open format, are there real advantages to 8-bit PNGs over GIFs?
Theoretically, they're smaller, If you have a program that exports them properly a PNG-8 should be x% smaller than the same GIF. I don't know what x is, but 20% feels safe, 40 or 50% in extreme cases perhaps.
Jan — because that's what Movable Type defaults to. I haven't felt up to mucking around with it and figuring out what it does and doesn't strip by default. One day.
Dave stated that png-8 has 1bit transparency. I'm not sure how it works, but when you select png-8 export form Fireworks, you can choose alpha transparency and have multiple shades of transparency. So it would seem that it offers more than 1 bit transparency?
Mitchell - wow, you're absolutely right! I had no idea.
PNG features, straight from the PNG home page:
8- and 16-bit-per-sample (that is, 24- and 48-bit) truecolor support
full alpha transparency in 8- and 16-bit modes, not just simple on-off transparency like GIF
So that would mean that we can have both on-off transparency, and full alpha, whether we're using 4 colours in our image or millions. Smooth…
Why, oh why, Microsoft?
(and I'm noticing that I'm eating a lot of crow in response to this post… good. Learning's always good.)
NEW way to Express PNG-ALPHA in IE.
Apart from the AlphaImageLoaderFilter there is one other very easy and usefull way to have Alpha-PNG expressed in Internet Explorer, that is using Vector Markup Language (VML).
I discovered last year that the VML Fill element expresses Alpha-PNG natively, hardly anyone seems to know this.
I have made some demonstration compositions in the DHTML newsgroups.
Tomorrow June 14 I will place some examples of XHTML-VML-SMIL animations (in FullscreenPopup aswell) on my webpage.I will place a link to PNG's on http://cybarber.ath.cx/index.htm.
On my LivingActor demo/test page I am using already some cool PNG's in VML containers. http://cybarber.ath.cx/CantocheIEOnly.htm
(by the way I am looking for stunning PNG alpha images. links?)
Give this a shot. Just some cheesy layer effects courtesy of Photoshop, but it has a transparency window in the middle that might look interesting over some text.
I'm interested in seeing what you'll come up with. I'm assuming you mean SVG, instead of VML though…?
No I mean VML as I prefere VML above SVG as it is natively supported by IE. Apart from the stunning filter effects of SVG (Although very slow to render) VML can do about the same. (Used Adobe's Behavior class version of its renderer a while for embedded inline SVG in IE but that version of SVG3.0 is buggy as confirmed by Adobe.)
Anyway. Have to saleep now but I have one example of a PNG in a VML rect. The page uses SAPI4 and TTS engine on top of that so be prepaired. Tomorrow I' ll post some others. Including some JScript-SMIl animations in Fullscreen)
You will see now your article (read aloud in english by SAPI4 TTS) with the image you recommended under that link. I will let the image animate over the page. in some ellips like path.
Okay your article ad the PNG is online.
I will post my changes in my RSS feed tomorrow.
Well, I've been screwing around with your code for the past hour, and doing a bit of Googling to support what I've found. My simpler test, without the vocalization (what's up with that, anyway?)
Problem being that VML was a Microsoft-dominated submission to the W3 for consideration, and never went any further. So it's supported in IE, but it's about as non-standard as you can get.
It's actually an application of XML though. Which leads me to think there might be some way to rig it into a valid XHTML page. I have no confidence that any other browser would support it, but who knows - maybe with a bit of scripting it could become a more standards-based PNG solution than Michael Lovitt's IE Filter hack.
Interesting possibility, William, thanks for bringing it up. I can't go any futher with it given my complete lack of knowledge of XML, but here's hoping someone else can take this discussion and run with it.
Noting here for the archives: I found a similar article by Mark Pilgrim that links a few resources.
It seems that I may have written off PNGcrush a bit early. Rather than use it to build my PNGs, I have the option of batch-compressing, say, all PNGs in a directory. You know, that's not such a difficult step to take: Export from Photoshop as PNG, then crunch further before launching.
PNG and GIF are not two competing file formats in a situation where you have to choose one or the other. They�re not black and white; they�re regular and extra strength.
Yikes, for a minute I thought you were talking about them respectively, with PNG being the regular and GIF the extra strength. :-)
Reading Back feature is unrelated to the PNG issue, but that was the first sample I dug up from my archives yeserday. (If you install the Sapi4 runtimes (not installed on XP by default) from www.microsoft.com/msagent ) and you have the truvoice TTS installed , you will hear your text read back and the word spoken highlighted, it is so Coool).
VML is abit of amother/elder Sister of SVG and it didn't make in W3C circles all the way while SVG did, however as over 90% of browser usage is IE5 to IE6 , I and the rest of the 90% web surfers are not concerned with other browsers. (In secret I have fallen in love with Firebird though these last two weeks).
As you can see from your simplified test page , it is very easy to use in IE, check back to my RSS feed today or the links at http://cybarber.ath.cx/index.htm for some other PNG-VML_SMIL compositions.
As promissed I made a pretty cool demo of things PNG, VML, XML, Xpath, XSLT, RSS and a nifty drag and drop for a VML container to the greater glory of Internet Explorer.
If it is just for simply browsing of css styled text and images without too much fancy stuff, I go for Firebird now as with all its extensions it is a real userfriendly browsers. But for the real multimodal Dynamic adventure on the edge there is only IE6, but its good to have some competition again.
> For one, you have to start with a bitmap: it only converts BMP files into PNG. […]
> In addition, PNGCrush can only convert BMPs using 24-bit or 8-bit color.
No, it doesn't convert bitmaps. It reads only PNGs. If you try to feed it bitmaps, it won't work and aborts.
| While reading test.bmp pngcrush caught libpng error:
| Not a PNG file..
> Second, since it's a command line tool, the interface is atrocious.
Command line tool also means: it builds quickly and without problems on a whole number of platforms, it is easily scriptable, and as a extension of that, graphical frontends are possible (cf. tidy and tidygui).
> You're kind of expected to know the different kinds of compression (up, average, subsample, etc.) and somehow have the time to fiddle with these settings endlessly until you get something that works.
That's not true. If you just feed it one image without any further options, it tries the five statistically best methods, and within seconds, you have a smaller filesize.
> I decided to use PNGCrush to compress a 24-bit-color BMP file to a 24-bit-color PNG. The resulting file size was bigger than with Photoshop 7, even with maximum compression enabled. Heck I tried every setting possible, and Photoshop's file size is still smaller. Same was true with an 8-bit-color PNG.
I imply that cannot be true. If you have tried every setting possible, you must have found the -brute switch, which tries 114 different methods, at the expense of time. I challenge you to publish your images. Else, thanks for playing, but lies fly away in the face of fact-checking.
Well this article seems to be dead, but I feel obliged to point out that OSX users can set up an Applescript folder action on a directory to automatically compress .pngs saved there with PNGCrush. A lot easier than doing them by hand.
One more point to add to the fray - my first few test with Photoshop gave me the results I quoted above. Further testing says that for larger images, PNG actually saves rather well straight from PS. I've achieved 40% reductions for 300x200 images, no fancy tricks. Still only one-bit transparency, but the situation is looking better.
Ahhh, I goofed. I used the wrong software when testing pngcrush. I downloaded the png2bmp utility instead of the pngcrush executable. Thanks to Trollhunter for setting me straight. One of these days I'll learn to think before I fire off replies to bulletin boards.
Dave, is there any way to have my earlier post deleted? Hope you have another seat at that crow dinner :-)
Thank you for a very well presented overview. I'd like to comment on two issues. First, alpha transparency for Windows MSIE.
In my own tests with JavaScript alpha transparency hacks I've found that they don't work on every system. I uploaded two test pages to my site and accessed them with IE6 on Windows98 and Windows 2000. One test page used the 'strict' doctype and the other one was 'transitional'. The results were not the same on both systems. On Windows 2000 the PNGs disappeared on the 'strict' page but showed up OK on the 'transitional' page. On Windows98 the PNGs disappeared on both pages. With IE5.5 for Windows95, both pages worked fine.
One possible explanation is that once the AlphaImageLoader filter has crashed, due to incorrect coding or markup, it stays resident and may not be able to render correct pages either. It looks like thorough testing could be very time consuming.
I've come across many misconceptions about PNG transparency in design forums. I need to find a discussion forum dedicated to AlphaImageLoader hacks, where the participants have done thorough testing. I would really appreciate it if anyone knows of one and could post a link.
The second issue is SuperPNG, the free Photoshop plug-in for compressing PNGs. On the SuperPNG samples page there's an image called "pnggrad8rgb.png".
The original aim of my PNG site was to encourage non-tech visitors to adopt PNG format as a GIF replacement. One of the pages gives a brief review of three PNG image tools for MS Windows:
When I ran the SuperPNG sample image through two of them, it turned out that SuperPNG is not the ultimate PNG optimizer:
976 bytes – SuperPNG
790 bytes – IrfanView (adaptive filtering)
757 bytes – Web Image Guru (Paeth filter)
However, SuperPNG is available as a Photoshop plug-in, and it's free. Web Image Guru is designed to be used as a PhotoShop plug-in or as a standalone application, but it costs $39. IrfanView is free, but it's not available as a plug-in. Web Image Guru offers filtering options (usually unecessary), while IrfanView uses adaptive filtering, which is the standard method for most applications.
Web Image Guru compression can match pngcrush for 8_bit paletted PNGs. It also has some features that pngcrush doesn't have – palette editing and the option to reduce the number of colors. It does batch processing too. Buying it was the best $39 I ever spent.


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For many Linux kernel developers, KGDB is a life-saving tool. With KGDB, you can debug the kernel while it runs! You can set breakpoints or do single stepping at the source code level.
To do this, you will need a dedicated serial port on your target, and use a crossover-cable (also known as a null-modem) to connect it to your development host. If you are also using a serial console, this implies you will need two serial ports on your target. It is possible to do both kernel debug and serial console through a single serial port. This will be mentioned later in this chapter.
When you configure the kernel, select the 'Remote GDB kernel debugging' which is listed under "Kernel hacking". Do a 'make clean' and recompile the kernel so that debugging symbols are compiled into your kernel image. Try to make a new image. You will soon discover two missing symbols in the final linking stage:
arch/mips/kernel/kernel.o: In function `getpacket': arch/mips/kernel/kernel.o(.text+0x85ac): undefined reference to `getDebugChar' arch/mips/kernel/kernel.o(.text+0x85cc): undefined reference to `getDebugChar' arch/mips/kernel/kernel.o(.text+0x8634): undefined reference to `getDebugChar' arch/mips/kernel/kernel.o(.text+0x864c): undefined reference to `getDebugChar' arch/mips/kernel/kernel.o(.text+0x8670): undefined reference to `putDebugChar' arch/mips/kernel/kernel.o(.text+0x8680): undefined reference to `putDebugChar' arch/mips/kernel/kernel.o(.text+0x8698): undefined reference to `putDebugChar' arch/mips/kernel/kernel.o(.text+0x86a0): undefined reference to `putDebugChar'
You need to supply these two functions for your own boards:
int putDebugChar(uint8 byte) uint8 getDebugChar(void)
As an example, here is the dbg_io.c for DDB5476 board. DDB5476 uses a standard UART serial port to implement those two functions.
After supplying those two functions, you are ready to debug the kernel. Run the new kernel image. If you also use the early printk patch, you should be able to see something like this on your console:
Wait for gdb client connection ...
Assuming you have already connected a cross-over serial cable between the dedicated serial port on the target and a serial port on your host (say, COM0), you can then set the appropriate baud rate and start the cross gdb on your host:
stty -F /dev/ttyS0 38400 mipsel-linux-gdb vmlinux
At the gdb prompt, type
target remote /dev/ttyS0
And, voila! You should be talking to the kernel through KGDB - if you are lucky enough!
A couple of tips on using KGDB:
- Any functions preceded with the '__init' label will not break very well with breakpoints. Sometimes it will screw up the line numbers of other functions in the same file. Try undefining __init to be an empty macro in your 'include/linux/init.h' file. Refer to the patch. [NOTE: This problem is fixed in the latest gdb version, at least in gdb 5.2]
- Sometimes if you break on a function, you cannot see the correct value in variables and cannot do back-tracing. This is probably because certain registers are still not initialized [HELP: because kernel is compiled with -O2 flag?]. Step into the function a couple of lines, and you should see the variable and back-tracing fine.
What if the board only has one serial port?
Some boards only have one serial port. If you use it as serial console, you cannot really use it for KGDB - unless you do some tricks to it.
There are two solutions. One is GDB console, and the other is to use a KGDB demuxing script.
It is easy to use the GDB console. When you select 'Remote GDB kernel debugging' under the 'Kernel hacking' sub-menu, you are also prompted for 'Console output to GDB'. Simply selecting that choice will work! In fact, this option is so easy to use you might want to use it even if you have a second serial port.
However, this option has a limit. When the kernel goes to userland, the console stops working. This is because the KGDB stub in the kernel and GDB are not designed to provide interactive output. [HELP: any volunteers?]
The second option uses a script called 'kgdb_demux' written by Brian Moyle. It creates two virtual ports, typically ttya0 and ttya1. It then listens to the real serial port (such as ttyS0). It will forward console traffic to ttya0 and KGDB traffic to ttya1. All you have to do then is to start minicom on /dev/ttya0 (port setting does not matter) and KGDB on /dev/ttya1.
You can download the tarball here. A couple of usage tips.
- Untar the file to some place.
- Copy kgdb_demux script to your execution path, and modify it properly.
- Set the port parameters properly before you start kgdb_demux.
Next page: Linux Interrupts


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Vision: Changing the world, one heart at a time.
We will accomplish our vision through:
CMA Ministry Partners:
CMA partners with three other ministries (Jesus Film Project, Missionary Ventures, and Open Doors) to spread the Gospel around the world. In 2016 CMA donated $898,333.71 to each one of the three ministries as a result of the Run for the Son fundraiser.
To inspire our leaders and members to be the most organized, advanced, equipped, financially stable organization, full of integrity in the motorcycling industry and the Kingdom of God.
Doctrinal Statement:
The Christian Motorcyclists Association is interdenominational and evangelistic in nature. We believe in:


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Product Description
Hogue Knives presents a new OTF contender with a spectacular design from Allen Elishewitz. The Hogue OTF features double-action deployment at incredible speeds using the prominent side mounted thumb slide. Its contoured aluminum handle is made with shallow finger grooves and a textured front pattern for improved grip during use. Includes a removable deep carry clip for discreet pocket carry. This model has a black anodized handle and a stonewashed tanto blade.
Prominent thumb slide makes blade deployment & retraction a cinch.
Contoured handle design for comfortable, secure use.
Deep carry pocket clip to allow easy concealment
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Weight:5.16 oz.
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Pocket Clip:Tip-Down
Knife Type:Double-Action OTF Automatic
Opener:Thumb Slide
Model Number:34010
Designer:Allen Elishewitz
Country of Origin:USA
Best Use:Tactical


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Professor Snapp has taught in the legal writing program at Capital since 2004. Before joining Capital, Snapp practiced law for fifteen years. He provided providing general trial counsel to a wide range of clients. Professor Snapp also served as Acting Judge for the Bellefontaine Municipal Court, as Assistant City Prosecutor, and taught business law as an adjunct instructor at Clark State Community College. Snapp was a founder, President and Director and has otherwise been lifelong volunteer for Habitat for Humanity of Logan County. He has served on the Ohio Board of Directors for Habitat for Humanity, as a Trustee on the Logan County MRDD Board, as a member of the Mary Rutan Hospital Bioethics Committee, as the Board Chair and Trustee of the Ben-el Child and Family Center, and as a Trustee of the Adriel School.
Snapp was voted the 2012 Professor of the year by the Capital Law School SBA.


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Hans Blix
From Quotes
Happiness is not a possession to be prized. It is a quality of thought, a state of mind.Daphne Du Maurier
Hans Blix (born June 28, 1928), Swedish Minister for Foreign Affairs 1978–79, Director General of the IAEA 1981–97, Executive Chairman of the UNMOVIC 2000–03.
- It was to do with information management. The intention was to dramatise it.
- BBC TV's Breakfast With Frost, February 8, 2004
- I found it peculiar that those who wanted to take military action could — with 100 per cent certainty — know that the weapons existed and turn out to have zero knowledge of where they were.
- from an unnamed Swedish radio program, quoted in Mirror.co.uk, "Blix Blasts 'Illegal' US War on Iraq", August 7, 2003 [1]
- I have my detractors in Washington. There are bastards who spread things around, of course, who planted nasty things in the media.
- The Guardian, "Blix: I was smeared by the Pentagon" June 11, 2003 [2]
- … there are people in this administration who say they don't care if the UN sinks under the East river, and other crude things…
- The Guardian, ibid.
- It's true the Iraqis misbehaved and had no credibility but that doesn't necessarily mean that they were in the wrong.
- The Guardian, "One last warning from the man who made an enemy of Bush", June 11, 2003 [3]
- But in the Middle Ages people were convinced there were witches. They looked for them and they certainly found them.
- There was a very consistent creation of a virtual reality, and eventually it collided with our old-fashioned, ordinary reality.
- On the U.S. attitude regarding alleged Iraqi weapons of mass destruction as a justification for U.S. military action, as quoted widely in the media including the Boston Globe article "Newsview: U.S. reports no weapons in Iraq", September 18, 2004 [5]
Quotes of others about Blix
- Personally, Mr. Blix is amiable and has a sense of humor; politically he is weak and easily fooled. I can think of few European officials less suitable for a showdown with Saddam. Indeed, it is with utter disbelief that I watch television news about Mr. Blix's negotiations with the Iraqi dictator's henchmen. [...] Regardless of how this crisis develops from this point, the United Nations has neglected its duties by asking a wimp to lead the inspectors who are supposed to stand up to the brute of Baghdad.
- Per Ahlmark, Former Deputy Prime Minister of Sweden (Liberal Party), in The Washington Times, November 1, 2002. [6]
- "He's as reliable as a Volvo." Colin Powell


text:
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text:
Anchorwoman Stunned When Daughter Interrupts News to Give Her a Cell Phone [VIDEO]
This just in: one little girl is bound to get grounded after interrupting her mother while she delivered the news.
Yes, this clip is in a foreign language, but you don't need a translator to figure out the girl should not have walked onto the set to hand her mother her cell phone.
This would never happen here in the States, right? Nope – the only on-air errors here involve embarrassingly colossal mistakes revolving around absurd names of pilots.


text:
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text:
A recent survey produced some fairly promising results for iPhone's future in the U.S. About half of respondents said they were using an Android phone, and only about 30% iPhone. The same amount (42%) said they would go with either Android and iOS for their next smartphone. Though that sounds a little dour, what's really interesting are the retention rates.
Only 6% of iOS users were intending to switch to Android, with 91% intending to buy another iPhone. Meanwhile 24% of Android users planned to defect, 18% to iPhone. These results have led the researchers to project that there will be more iPhone owners in the U.S. than Android by 2015. The study, conducted by Yankee Group, spanned 16,000 Americans over the last 12 months, so you can expect that these results are fairly representative, if not their projections.
There have been plenty of studies in the past which cement Apple loyalty, and it's good to see that the trend is keeping up. Let's be fair - the HTC One looks pretty sweet, and should appeal to many of the physical design sensibilities ingrained in iPhone users, but how many of you are seriously considering a switch for your next phone? What is it about the iPhone that keeps you coming back model after model?
Via: AllThingsD


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The BIC curriculum explores the interrelation of humanities, social sciences, and the physical sciences and thereby provides students with a broad context in which they can better understand the contemporary world. BIC students gain exposure to literature and thought from around the world to receive a global education.
BIC Facts:


text:
Notes on the City of Sprinting Feet
—after Bei Dao
Find it in the fire escapes,
the gnawed knuckles, the rye bread.
Find it tiptoeing past the sleeping sunflowers.
The night is an orgy of cuts & splintered
toes. Paper planes whiz in every direction.
Inside the honey jar, the last living lightning bug
lariats the rim of the universe.
Crack open a fresh apple core,
& find in there a wriggling baby.
This baby will grow into a worm into a boy into a caterpillar.
How is it that winter turns something wild like water
into a limpid ornament that hangs from a rooftop?
Cosmological jazz!-the missing kites all clap inside the trees.
Look close enough; see how palpable each face really is.
The piñata tied to an oak
looks to the east, where the sun sets, subliming the sky.
The flutes that hide around it come out to play.
An ornamental ostrich egg has sat all its life
in a museum of porcelain.
Tonight's the night the screaming cat music
breaks the glass and sets it free.
A dozen children ride their bicycles over a poppy field.
The babysitter kisses the crowns of their heads.
A red ball never stops bouncing against the sky.
Strange how the motherland is motherless.
It cannot suckle its own earth.
Find it sifting through crocodile silt waters.
Find it tangled in the drowned lotus root.
Find it spoon-feeding its child death with milk.


text: Jeff Bridges attends The Big Lebowski Blu-ray release on August 16, 2011 in New York City. Mike Coppola/Getty Images hide caption toggle caption Mike Coppola/Getty Images Opinion 13.7: Cosmos And Culture Learning To Live In The Moment With 'The Dude' January 17, 2013 How The Big Lebowski's Dude is schooling us all in the ways of the Zen. Its all in the abiding. Learning To Live In The Moment With 'The Dude' Listen Toggle more options Download Embed Embed <iframe src="https://www.npr.org/player/embed/169587658/169543623" width="100%" height="290" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" title="NPR embedded audio player">


text: On Mon, Feb 14, 2005 at 06:47:15PM +0300, Mikhail Kuzminsky wrote: > Let me ask some stupid's question: which MPI implementations allow > really > > a) to overlap MPI_Isend w/computations > and/or > b) to perform a set of subsequent MPI_Isend calls faster than "the > same" set of MPI_Send calls ? > > I say only about sending of large messages. For large messages, everyone does (b) at least partly right. (a) is pretty rare. It's difficult to get (a) right without hurting short message performance. One of the commercial MPIs, at first release, had very slow short message performance because they thought getting (a) right was more important. They've improved their short message performance since, but I still haven't seen any real application benchmarks that show benefit from their approach. -- greg


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Boston, city, capital of the commonwealth of Massachusetts, and seat of Suffolk county, in the northeastern United States. It lies on Massachusetts Bay, an arm of the Atlantic Ocean. The city proper has an unusually small area for a major city, and more than one-fourth of the total—including part of the Charles River, Boston Harbor, and a portion of the Atlantic—is water. Area city, 46 square miles (119 square km). Pop. (2000) 589,141; Boston-Quincy Metro Division, 1,812,937; Boston-Cambridge-Quincy Metro Area, 4,391,344; (2010) 617,594; Boston-Quincy Metro Division, 1,887,792; Boston-Cambridge-Quincy Metro Area, 4,552,402.
Character of the city
The area, the people, and the institutions within its political boundaries can only begin to define the essence of Boston. Its nickname "Beantown" has its origin in colonial times, when Boston, as a stop on a major trade route with the West Indies, had a steady supply of molasses from the Caribbean, thus leading to the creation of a popular dish that became known as Boston baked beans (beans baked in molasses). As a city and as a name, Boston is a symbol of much that has gone into the development of the American consciousness, and its presence reaches far beyond its immediate environs. As the spiritual capital of the New England states, as the progenitor of the American Revolution and the nation, and as the earliest centre of American culture, Boston has influenced the country for some three centuries. Though Boston, like New England in general, has played a lessening role in national life since the early 20th century, it has remained the focal point of what may be the most diversified and dynamic combination of educational, cultural, medical, and scientific activities in the United States.
The Boston region's topography was largely shaped by the glaciers that covered the land during the last ice age. The city and its sheltered deepwater harbour sit in a basin that extends to Lynn in the north and Quincy in the south and is ringed by modest hills: the Middlesex Fells (north) to the Blue Hills (south). There are harder, higher surface rocks (mostly granites) on those northern and southern edges, while inside the basin the lower-lying rocks—commonly known as pudding stone—are found mostly below the surface in such areas as Roxbury, Newton, Brookline, Mattapan, West Roxbury, and Dorchester. The land, enormously compressed by the vast accumulation of glacial ice on it, has since been rebounding (rising up) at an extremely gradual rate.
Numerous drumlins (mounds of glacial debris) form low hills in the city and islands that dot the harbour. At the beginning of English settlement in the 17th century, the Shawmut Peninsula was called Trimountain (or Tramount) because of its dominating three-topped hill on the northwest corner near the mouth of the Charles River. Beacon Hill is its only surviving, though greatly reduced, remnant. The other portions were leveled to become landfill that added to the city's area in the 19th century.
Area of the colonial town
The hilly Shawmut Peninsula, upon which Boston was settled, originally was almost completely surrounded by water. It was connected with mainland Roxbury to the south by a narrow neck of land along the line of present-day Washington Street. To the west of the neck were great reaches of mudflats and salt marshes that were covered by water at high tide and known collectively as the Back Bay. The Charles River flowed through the Back Bay to Boston Harbor and separated the peninsula from the mainland to the north and west. To the east, Town Cove indented Boston's harbour front and divided the city into the North End and the South End. The centre of the colonial town was at the Old State House (built 1711–47).
Although that original centre and the colonial South End have long been given over to offices and retail stores, a few 18th-century buildings remain: Faneuil Hall (1742–1805), the Old Corner Bookstore (1718), the Old South Meeting House (1729), and King's Chapel (1750). The North End is the only part of the early town that has remained residential since the 1630 settlement. Colonial survivals such as the Paul Revere House (c. 1680) and Christ Church (1723)—the Old North Church from which lanterns revealed the route of the British march to Lexington in 1775—coexist with the busy life of a traditionally Italian American community.
The long shoreline, only a few minutes' walk from any part of the peninsula, provided ample space for wharves and shipyards. From the first years of settlement, the shoreline constantly encroached on the harbour as wharves were built and marshy coves were filled. West of the original settlement lay Boston Common, a tract that has remained public open space since its purchase by the town in 1634.
Postcolonial expansion
In the last years of the 18th century, when space in the city became scarce, a series of major changes began to transform the urban landscape. In that period of expansion, the architect Charles Bulfinch, who for more than a quarter of a century was also the head of the town government, skillfully transformed an 18th-century English town into a 19th-century American city. Bulfinch designed the central portion of the present State House (1795–98), above Boston Common on Beacon Hill. The construction of the State House on that site led to the conversion of the upland pastures of Beacon Hill into a handsome residential district that has survived with relatively little change. Between the State House and Charles Street are several streets, including famous Louisburg Square, filled with many houses by Bulfinch and other leading 19th-century architects. The area is protected by historic district legislation and has been designated as the Beacon Hill Historic District.
As pressures of population in the 19th century caused a growing demand for land, hills were leveled to fill in the coves. So much new land was created that the former peninsula became an indistinguishable part of the mainland. Fill on both sides of the narrow neck that connected the peninsula with the mainland created a new South End. The waterfront was greatly extended, and the Back Bay was dammed (1818–21) to create tidal power for new mill sites. A causeway along the dam extended west from Boston Common to Sewall's Point, the present Kenmore Square, thus furnishing more-direct communication with the mainland. The filling of the Back Bay flats just west of the common created land that in the 1830s was laid out as the Public Garden. That became a splendidly planted area with an artificial pond that is still traversed by swan-shaped excursion boats in the summer.
The Back Bay mill basins never developed as their promoters had envisioned, partly because the construction of railway lines through them in the 1830s hindered the flow of water. The basins became a foul-smelling nuisance, and the Massachusetts legislature in 1857 authorized the filling of that extensive area. The adopted plan provided for four new streets parallel to the Mill Dam (Beacon Street), to be intersected by cross streets. Commonwealth Avenue, running west from the Public Garden and 200 feet (60 metres) wide with a park between its roadways, created the atmosphere of a Parisian boulevard. Since there were no hills left to cut down, gravel had to be brought in by train from pits some distance away in Needham. By the end of the 19th century the Back Bay was completely filled and built up with houses that were subject to uniform height limits and setbacks. The region today presents a picture of American architecture that is as consistent for the second half of that century as Beacon Hill is for the first. Although many Back Bay houses have been converted to apartments, offices, schools, or other uses, the region has retained a good deal of its original character, and further changes are subject to architectural control.
The Emerald Necklace
When the Back Bay was nearing completion during the 1880s, the American landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted developed an imaginative large-scale design for the city's parks. It linked the common, the Public Garden, and Commonwealth Avenue with Franklin Park south of Roxbury by way of a string of parks—including the Back Bay Fens—that combined water, woods, and meadows along an open park known as the Fenway, which followed the Muddy River between central Boston and Jamaica Plain. Included in that park system, known as the Emerald Necklace, was the Arnold Arboretum, a botanical outpost of Harvard University in Jamaica Plain. About the turn of the 20th century, institutions such as the Boston Symphony Orchestra, the New England Conservatory of Music, the Museum of Fine Arts, and the Harvard Medical School and hospitals moved west to locations near the Back Bay Fens. The completion in 1910 of a dam that kept the harbour tides out of the Charles River converted the remaining unfilled portion of the Back Bay into a body of fresh water. The Charles River basin—surrounded by parkland and patterned on the Alster River basin in Hamburg, Germany—remains one of the most handsome, distinctive, and popular features of Boston.
With the end of the American Civil War in 1865, large numbers of Boston residents, many of them Irish immigrants, abandoned the congested waterfront districts and moved into the nearby suburbs. Soon many of those new districts sought to annex themselves to the city of Boston in order to obtain such services as water, sewers, schools, hospitals, police security, and fire protection. In 1868 Roxbury became a part of Boston; Dorchester followed two years later; and in 1873 Charlestown, Brighton, and West Roxbury were also annexed. The city's population jumped from 140,000 in 1865 to 341,000 in a decade—an increase of more than 200,000 people. Once a small community of some 1.2 square miles (3.2 square km) of land, Boston is now nearly 40 times its original size. The new communities, known as neighbourhoods, became parts of the city's ward system and were populated at first by groups of Irish Americans. Gradually, however, as new ethnic groups moved into Boston after the turn of the 20th century, they usually moved into one neighbourhood or another, making it distinctly their own. In that manner, South Boston and Charlestown were soon identified as distinctly Irish, the North End and East Boston as Italian, the Mattapan district as Jewish, and the Roxbury area as African American. Central Boston continued to be regarded as traditionally Anglo-Saxon Yankee.
The contemporary city
Until the mid-20th century the low skyline of Boston was punctuated only by church steeples and by the Custom House Tower (1915), which, as a federal building, was not bound by the 125-foot (38-metre) height restriction that prevailed generally in the city. Modification of the building code and a construction boom brought about great changes in the 1960s and '70s, of which the first conspicuous example was the Prudential Center, with a 52-story tower. The first major effort in urban renewal in Boston, initiated early in 1958, led to the wholesale demolition of the West End, the displacement of people, and the disruption of neighbourhoods to make way for the apartment towers of Charles River Park. Unfavourable reaction to the total destruction of such large areas without regard for the feelings of people led the city's redevelopment authority after 1960 to emphasize renewal rather than demolition and rebuilding. The Government Center, containing the new City Hall completed in 1968, in addition to federal, state, and private office buildings, thereby developed alongside Faneuil Hall and other adjacent historic buildings. Considerable private construction subsequently transformed much of central Boston. The John Hancock Tower, completed in 1976, overtopped the nearby Prudential Tower, while the Christian Science church (Church of Christ, Scientist) sponsored the reconstruction of large blocks of property near the First Church of Christ, Scientist (the Mother Church). Several high-rise office towers went up during the 1970s in Boston's financial district, and downtown waterfront renewal during the 1960s and '70s along Atlantic Avenue helped to open up the waterfront for commercial, residential, and recreational use and to preserve buildings of historical and architectural value. During the 1980s and '90s many of Boston's older neighbourhoods, most notably the South End, underwent extensive renovation as they drew an increasingly affluent population. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries other neighbourhoods outside the downtown area—many of which formerly had been populated by Irish and Italians—attracted increasing numbers of African American, Latino, and Asian residents.
The narrow and crowded streets of the central city are better suited for walking than driving, for Bostonians are incorrigible jaywalkers. The street markets around Faneuil Hall are as essential a part of the city as ever, while the surrounding modern offices and their workers provide a modern bustle and vitality.
Between 1800 and 1900 Boston changed from a relatively simple and ethnically homogeneous seaport of some 24,000 inhabitants (mainly of English ancestry) to a city with a much more diverse population of more than 560,000. The burgeoning of the city's population during the 19th century was the result of a succession of immigrant waves that increased the total by at least one-fourth in each decade from 1810 to 1900. While the Irish were the most important immigrant group during the 19th century, from the late 1880s through the 1910s Boston also received a new wave of immigrants, mainly from southern and eastern Europe, including Italians and Jews. The traditional Yankee elite, of mainly English origin, remained in the central Boston neighbourhoods of Beacon Hill and Back Bay and dominated many of the city's economic institutions, while Irish, Italian, Jewish, and other immigrant groups occupied many of the outlying neighbourhoods and gained control over the city's political life.
Boston's ethnic patterns changed considerably after World War II with the growth of the city's African American population. In the early 20th century a relatively small black community was centred in the South End, but between 1940 and 1960 many African Americans migrated from Southern states and occupied portions of Roxbury and Dorchester. From the 1940s through the '70s many Puerto Ricans arrived in Boston. Beginning in the late 1970s, a renewed wave of immigration brought further changes to the city's population. Most recently, the largest groups of immigrants came from the Caribbean islands (particularly Haiti), from Central and South America, and from Asia (notably China and Vietnam), and they settled in the city's outlying neighbourhoods, as descendants of earlier immigrants moved to the suburbs. Ireland is still one of the single largest sources of immigrants, although that trend began slowing and even reversing in the early 21st century, when crackdowns on illegal immigration and stricter enforcement of existing regulations began affecting all immigrant groups.
Finance and industry
During the 19th century, industrial textile mills and shipbuilding concerns augmented the shipping and commerce that had dominated Boston's colonial economy. Investments in banking and railroads provided additional sources of wealth, while shipping lost importance during the mid-19th century. Railroad investments and the textile industry dominated the regional economy until the Great Depression of the 1930s, when textile factories moved to the South in search of cheaper labour and raw materials. During World War II Boston's universities provided a source of scientific and technological talent to war-related industries, and Boston changed from "mill-based" to "mind-based" industries, with major corporations dominating electronics, telecommunications, and digital research. Later, Boston firms took the lead in software design, computer architecture, data processing, and biomedical technologies. Boston banks created high-technology investment companies connected with global financial institutions that made the city a world leader in equity fund management. Boston's universities remained an important part of the city's economy, and their medical schools and hospitals gave the city an especially robust health care sector.
The Boston Post Road, consisting of three routes, was one of the most heavily traveled of the early roadways. It opened to mail delivery between Boston and New York City in 1673. Today the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority maintains a network of public subway, elevated, and surface lines. The subway system, begun in 1897, was the first in the country.
Some of the Boston region's other transportation facilities are under state control. The Massachusetts Port Authority, for example, operates Logan International Airport in East Boston—a busy centre for overseas as well as domestic flights—along with several regional airports. The Massachusetts Turnpike Authority supervises the operations of Interstate 90, the highway extending westward from Boston to New York state. The Metropolitan District Commission manages a system of regional parks and roadways.
Boston has not easily accommodated the growth of private automobile and truck traffic, which increasingly chokes the city, especially the narrow and winding downtown streets laid out in colonial times. For decades one of the city's weakest points in terms of traffic flow was the Central Artery, a six-lane elevated highway opened in 1959 that cut through downtown and isolated neighbourhoods. Increasingly, it became clear that the Central Artery was becoming unable to cope with continually growing vehicular traffic, and a major construction project—the Central Artery/Tunnel Project, commonly called the Big Dig—was begun in 1991. The task involved replacing the elevated highway through the city with an 8-to-10-lane underground expressway, rebuilding bridges, and boring a new tunnel under the harbour; the need to do so without crippling the city's essential functions and day-to-day life made it one of the most-challenging infrastructure projects ever undertaken in the United States. Major construction on the Big Dig was completed in 2006, providing greater access to the formerly undeveloped South Boston waterfront area. There a newly created Seaport District featured a large convention centre, an international trade centre, the Institute of Contemporary Art, and a series of hotels, restaurants, and residential buildings.
Administration and society
Throughout the colonial period Boston was governed by a town meeting to which representatives of the community were regularly elected. In 1822, after a popular referendum, Boston became a city and acquired a city government. All "fiscal, prudential, and municipal concerns" of the city were vested in the mayor, a committee of eight persons called the Board of Aldermen, and a Common Council of 48 members elected from the various wards of the city.
That system endured until 1909, when a new city charter was approved. The Board of Aldermen was abolished, and the council was reduced in size to nine at-large members. Mayoral elections were put on a nonpartisan basis, and the office of mayor was greatly strengthened by giving the incumbent a four-year term. With minor variations, the system continues to operate.
Boston is unique among the cities in the Bay State for the restrictions that have been placed on its power to manage its own finances and control its own regulatory agencies. In 1909, fearing municipal corruption, the Republican-controlled state legislature placed severe restrictions on local rule. The state created an independent finance commission to oversee the city's management and budget as well as to control the appointment of the city's police commissioner and members of the licensing board. Perhaps the most-influential local authority in later years has been the Boston Redevelopment Authority, which directed major urban development projects during the 1960s and '70s.
Municipal services
During the 19th century Boston organized its fire and police departments, established municipal services to centralize water supplies and safeguard public health, and authorized a public works department to lay out streets and construct roads and bridges. In the 20th century, however, with the rapid expansion of the city and its surrounding urban communities, the Greater Boston area came to depend on various state authorities, commissions, and quasi-public agencies for many vital resources. The Massachusetts Water Resources Authority, for example, coordinates the sewer and waterworks system that supplies more than 60 cities and towns in eastern Massachusetts.
Education and health
Universities, colleges, and schools of every kind fill several pages in the classified section of the Boston telephone directory. Boston University (founded 1869), Northeastern University (1898), Suffolk University (1906), and the Boston campus (1964) of the University of Massachusetts, as well as Simmons (1899), Emmanuel (1919), and Emerson (1880) colleges, are based within the city, as are the Harvard University faculties of medicine, dentistry, public health, and business administration.
The rest of Harvard (1636) and Radcliffe College (1879; now the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University) and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT; 1861) are just across the Charles River in Cambridge. Boston College (1863), a Jesuit institution that is a university in everything except name, was founded in Boston proper but is now in the Chestnut Hill neighbourhood of Newton, only a step beyond the city limits. Tufts University (1852), although based in Medford, has its medical school in Boston. Massachusetts General, among the oldest of hospitals in the United States, is joined by, among others, Beth Israel Deaconess, Children's, and Brigham and Women's hospitals and the New England Medical Center.
Learn More in these related Britannica articles:
MassachusettsIts capital is Boston, the state's most populous city. English explorer and colonist John Smith named the state for the Massachuset tribe, whose name meant "near the great hill"—believed to refer to Blue Hill, which rises south of Boston in an otherwise flat area. Massachusetts's residents represent an…
railroad: Boston railroadsThree Massachusetts railroads were chartered and under construction in 1830, at first showing a strong affinity for British practice. The Boston and Lowell, Boston and Providence, and Boston and Worcester railroads radiated from the metropolis to towns no more than 70 km (45…
United States: Classic patterns of siting and growthBoston; New Amsterdam (New York City); Jamestown, Virginia; Charleston, South Carolina; and Philadelphia were founded at the same time as the colonies they served. Like nearly all other North American colonial towns of consequence, they were ocean ports. Until at least the beginning of the…
United States: New England…location, wealth, and seniority, the Boston metropolitan area has become the cultural economic centre of New England. This sovereignty is shared to some degree, however, with two other old centres, the lower Connecticut Valley and the Narragansett Bay region of Rhode Island.…
education: Secondary education…the United States opened in Boston in 1821 as the English Classical School, a designation that soon was changed to English High School. Designed for the sons of the "mercantile and mechanic classes," it provided three years of free instruction in English, mathematics, surveying, navigation, geography, history, logic, ethics, and…
More About Boston17 references found in Britannica articles
Assorted References
- major reference
- bombing of 2013
- development of urban areas
- fire of 1872
- home of first U.S. newspaper
- In newspaper
- importance to Brahmins
- In Brahmin
- persecution of Quakers
- public health efforts
construction of
- first subway line
- In subway


text:
UDC/What Gets Captured
At a high-level, the Usage Data Collector (UDC) monitors what is being used and when (timestamp), including:
- Runtime environment (operating system, host Java runtime, etc.)
- Bundles
- Commands accessed via keyboard shortcuts
- Actions invoked via menus or toolbars
- Perspective changes
- View usage
- Editor usage
The UDC uses a collection of "monitors" to gather information. These monitors are started when the UDC starts up; generally, they install observer hooks into the Eclipse framework.
Each usage data event is stored in a table that is transmitted to the Eclipse Foundation Server. Files are in CSV-format with the following columns:
- what - What happened (i.e. the event), e.g. "activated", "started", "executed", ...
- kind - The kind of thing that caused the event (i.e. the source), e.g. "view", "editor", "command", ...
- bundleId - The name of the bundle that "owns" the thing that caused the event, e.g. "org.eclipse.ui.editors"
- bundleVersion - The version of the bundle, e.g. "3.6.0.v20100520-0800"
- description - Event-specific information, e.g. "org.eclipse.pde.ui.PDEPerspective"
- time - Time of the event (millisecond clock value from the workstation)
FWIW, we recognized (too late) that what and kind are terrible names for what should probably be called event and source.
Runtime Environment
Every time Eclipse is started, the runtime environment is recorded by the UDC. This functionality is implemented by SystemInfoMonitor.java. This monitor does not install any hooks, it just grabs system information. Since this monitor gathers information every time Eclipse is started, the information that it gathers may be somewhat redundant. However, it should indicate changes in the runtime environment over time.
For all runtime environment "events", the kind is "sysinfo", what is the name of a property (see below), and description contains the value of the corresponding system property. No bundle id or version is captured.
Properties Captured
- os - The operating system (result of calling
Platform.getOS()), e.g. "linux";
- arch - The system architecture (result of calling
Platform.getOSArch()), e.g. "x86"
- ws - The windowing system (result of calling
Platform.getWS()), e.g. "gtk"
- locale - Locale (result of calling
Platform.getNL()), e.g. "en_CA"
- processors - Number of available processors, e.g. "2"
- System properties (result of calling
- java.runtime.name, e.g. "Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment"
- java.runtime.version, e.g. "1.6.0_14-b08"
- java.specification.name, e.g. "Java Platform API Specification"
- java.specification.vendor, e.g. "Sun Microsystems Inc."
- java.specification.version, e.g. "1.6"
- java.vendor, e.g. "Sun Microsystems Inc."
- java.version, e.g. "1.6.0_14"
- java.vm, e.g. "mixed mode, sharing"
- java.vm.name, e.g. "Java HotSpot(TM) Client VM"
- java.vm.specification.name, e.g. "Java Virtual Machine Specification"
- java.vm.specification.vendor, e.g. "Sun Microsystems Inc."
- java.vm.specification.version, e.g. "1.0"
- java.vm.vendor, e.g. "Sun Microsystems Inc."
- java.vm.version, e.g. "14.0-b16"
what,kind,bundleId,bundleVersion,description,time os,sysinfo,,,"linux",1282863531113 arch,sysinfo,,,"x86",1282863531113 ws,sysinfo,,,"gtk",1282863531114 locale,sysinfo,,,"en_CA",1282863531114 processors,sysinfo,,,"2",1282863531114 java.runtime.name,sysinfo,,,"Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment",1282863531114 java.runtime.version,sysinfo,,,"1.6.0_14-b08",1282863531114 java.specification.name,sysinfo,,,"Java Platform API Specification",1282863531114 java.specification.vendor,sysinfo,,,"Sun Microsystems Inc.",1282863531114 java.specification.version,sysinfo,,,"1.6",1282863531114 java.vendor,sysinfo,,,"Sun Microsystems Inc.",1282863531114 java.version,sysinfo,,,"1.6.0_14",1282863531114 java.vm.info,sysinfo,,,"mixed mode, sharing",1282863531114 java.vm.name,sysinfo,,,"Java HotSpot(TM) Client VM",1282863531114 java.vm.specification.name,sysinfo,,,"Java Virtual Machine Specification",1282863531114 java.vm.specification.vendor,sysinfo,,,"Sun Microsystems Inc.",1282863531114 java.vm.specification.version,sysinfo,,,"1.0",1282863531114 java.vm.vendor,sysinfo,,,"Sun Microsystems Inc.",1282863531114 java.vm.version,sysinfo,,,"14.0-b16",1282863531114
Bundle usage information is captured by BundleUsageMonitor.java.
This monitor installs a listener on the bundle context; it records all reported bundle-specific events. Since we have little control over the order in which our bundle starts, the first thing that this monitor does is get a list of all bundles that have previously been started and reports "started" events for each of them.
For each bundle "event", the kind is "bundle", what is the event (e.g. "started"; see below), and description is the symbolic name of the bundle. The bundle id and bundle version are also captured.
Bundle Events
- "unknown";
- "updated";
- "unresolved";
- "uninstalled";
- "stopping";
- "stopped";
- "starting";
- "resolved";
- "lazy_activation";
- "installed";
- "started"
what,kind,bundleId,bundleVersion,description,time started,bundle,org.eclipse.osgi,3.6.0.v20100517,"org.eclipse.osgi",1275967282674 started,bundle,org.eclipse.equinox.simpleconfigurator,1.0.200.v20100503,"org.eclipse.equinox.simpleconfigurator",1275967282675 started,bundle,com.ibm.icu,4.2.1.v20100412,"com.ibm.icu",1275967282684 started,bundle,org.eclipse.core.contenttype,3.4.100.v20100505-1235,"org.eclipse.core.contenttype",1275967282684 started,bundle,org.eclipse.core.databinding.observable,1.3.0.I20100512-1500,"org.eclipse.core.databinding.observable",1275967282684 started,bundle,org.eclipse.core.expressions,3.4.200.v20100505,"org.eclipse.core.expressions",1275967282684 started,bundle,org.eclipse.core.filebuffers,3.5.100.v20100520-0800,"org.eclipse.core.filebuffers",1275967282685 started,bundle,org.eclipse.core.filesystem,1.3.0.v20100505,"org.eclipse.core.filesystem",1275967282685 started,bundle,org.eclipse.core.jobs,3.5.0.v20100515,"org.eclipse.core.jobs",1275967282685 started,bundle,org.eclipse.core.net,1.2.100.I20100511-0800,"org.eclipse.core.net",1275967282685 started,bundle,org.eclipse.core.resources,3.6.0.v20100519,"org.eclipse.core.resources",1275967282685 started,bundle,org.eclipse.core.runtime,3.6.0.v20100505,"org.eclipse.core.runtime",1275967282685


text:
The contacts for our job vacancies are indicated directly in the respective job offer.
If you are interested in a position in a foreign country, please contact the corresponding local subsidiary directly. You can find the websites with all information via our website finder 'Linde worldwide' (in the top right corner of this page) or via our contacts.
Should you have any further questions or need further information, please do contact us.Our Contact Details


text:
Geocaching.com Presents: CITO – Hamburg to Prague
[Editor's note: This video is spoken in German and Czech. Click the CC button for English, German or Czech subtitles.]
[vsw id="HOqobTmkbbU" source="youtube" width="425″ height="344″ autoplay="no"]
Watch the latest Geocaching.com Presents video: CITO: Hamburg to Prague. See how geocachers from two countries unite to cleanup the environment. Dozens of geocachers from Germany and the Czech Republic attended the Hamburg to Prague CITO Event in June of 2011. They cleared trash from a Prague park, including tires, discarded cables, and bags full of litter.
CITO stands for Cache In Trash Out . It's a Geocaching.com volunteer environmental effort repeated over and over again around the world by groups of geocachers each year. Since 2002, geocachers have been dedicated to improving parks and other cache-friendly location. These volunteer efforts help preserve the natural beauty of our outdoor resources. Find a CITO Event near you by checking out the CITO calendar.
The next Geocaching.com Presents video, "A Czech Geocaching Love Story" is scheduled for released on February 14th. Subscribe to our YouTube channel to be one of the first to see new videos. Watch the more than 50 videos produced by Geocaching.com on our video page.


text:
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text:
Breakfast Lovers Rejoice Over Frozen Breakfast Items
According to Packaged Facts, the frozen breakfast food category catapulted in 2008 with growth of 5.1 percent over the previous year, helping to drive the overall frozen food sector while other food categories declined due to current economic conditions.
Capitalizing on that surge, Cedarlane Natural Foods Inc., Carson, Calif., launches of a line of frozen breakfast items, including egg white omelettes and egg white breakfast burritos. Cedarlane claims the egg white breakfast items are the first such products in the frozen food category, and they represent the company's ongoing commitment to developing unique and healthy prepared meals.
Cedarlane Natural Foods Egg White Omelettes are all gluten-free, high in protein and low-glycemic. Varieties include: Spinach & Mushroom; Green Chile, Cheese & Ranchero Sauce; and Vegetable & Cheese with Turkey Bacon.
Joining the new omelette items are Cedarlane Natural Foods Egg White Breakfast Burritos, offering a hearty, healthy and high-protein breakfast in two varieties: Vegetable & Cheese and Vegetable & Cheese with Turkey Bacon.
"We are thrilled to bring to market our new, first-of-its kind egg white breakfast items," says Robert Atallah, founder and president. "In keeping with our legacy of providing great-tasting natural food products, we created this breakfast line with our customers' health in mind."
Suggested retail price is $3.99.


text:
By Kathleen Doheny
WebMD Health News
Latest MedicineNet News
Reviewed by Lisa Zamosky
Aug. 14, 2013 -- Cover Oregon, the state's new health insurance Marketplace, will launch on schedule Oct. 1, but consumers will not be able to access it directly without help, according to state officials.
At first, trained insurance agents and community partners will help people in the process, says Lisa Morawski, a Cover Oregon spokesperson.
"We don't see this as a delay," she says. "Our online portal will be ready Oct. 1, and agents and community partners will be using the portal to enroll Oregonians."
"We are taking this approach to our rollout because we think it will help make the customer experience as seamless as possible," she says.
According to a news release from Cover Oregon, direct access to the online sign-up will occur ''later in October.'' There is no exact date yet, Morawski says.
The agents or community partners, including tribal organizations, providing help have been certified with Cover Oregon. Customers will receive help to compare plans, apply for financial aid, and enroll in the plans, which take effect Jan. 1, 2014.
Oregon is one of 16 states plus Washington, D.C., running their own state-based Marketplace under the Affordable Care Act.
Seven states are planning partnership Marketplaces with the federal government, while 27 are defaulting to a federally run Marketplace.
Go to Cover Oregon for more information.
SOURCES: Lisa Morawski, spokesperson, Cover Oregon. News release, Cover Oregon.
©2013 WebMD, LLC. All Rights Reserved.


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text:
Democratic Karen Benevolent Army
ဒီမိုကေရစီ အက်ိဳးျပဳ ကရင္တပ္မေတာ္
Armed wing: Klo Htoo Baw Battalion
Founded: 8 Nov. 2010
HQ guard Battalions: 904, 906, 908
Led by Gen Saw Moo Shay, the DKBA Brigade 5 is a breakaway faction of the original Democratic Karen Buddhist Army (now a BGF) and renamed itself the Democratic Karen Benevolent Army. During the 2010 elections, DKBA (Brigade 5) attacked government troops and security forces in Myawaddy, Karen state. DKBA changed the name of Buddhist army to
Ceasefire & Peace Process
3rd resistance group to sign ceasefire with government
Commander in Chief: Gen Saw Moo Shay
Military column 1: Btl 907, 909, 910
Members: NCCT, PPST, UPDJC.
|Armed Group Rep
|Govt Rep
|Mottama, Thaton District, Mon state
|Brigadier General Moo Shay
|Thein Zaw
|Preliminary meeting
Maung Maung Thein, commander of the Southeast Regional Military Command and chief ministers of Karen and Mon states were also present
|Hpa-an, Karen state
|Brigadier General Moo Shay
|Col Aung Lwin Minister for Security and Border Affairs of Kayin state
|State level meeting, 5 point ceasefire agreement signed, both sides represented by 4 member delegation
|Hpa-an, Karen state
|Saw Lah Pwe, 6 member delegation
|Aung Thaung, 7 member delegation
|Signed Union level peace agreement
|Myawaddy, Karen state
|Saw Lah Pwe, 8 member delegation
|Aung Min, Gen Maung Maung Ohn + 9 others
|Agreement on 3 points: demarcation of control areas, open liaison offices, provide assistance to DKBA
|Kayin State government office in Hpaan
|Maj. Maung Lay
|Kayin State Security and Border Affairs Minister Aung Lwin
|To discuss recent fighting between the DKBA-5 and local BGF, however the issue was not resolved satisfactorily,and DKBA representative Maj. Maung Lay went to Naypyitaw to discuss matters with the central government official.
|Maj. Maung Lay
|Aung Min
|Discuss fighting in Myaing Gyi Ngu. ways to how to avoid conflict in the future. The Minister [Aung Min] said he will present the results of our discussion to his superiors. If it is approved, he will come to Kayin [Karen] State as soon as possible to discuss matters with the Kayin State government, the BGF and ourselves. I think it will take a maximum of one week to solve the problem." DKBA said it wanted to maintain the ceasefire agreement, and suggested that a liaison group be formed to mediate between the DKBA and other ceasefire groups.
|Sonesee Myaing in Myawaddy township, Karen state
|Gen. Saw Lah Pwe, Gen. Moe Shay, Brig. Gen. Kyaw Thet, Brig. Gen. Kyaw Beh from DKBA
|Dr. Min Zaw Oo and U Aung Naing Oo from MPC
|Dr. Zaw Oo and U Aung Naing Oo discussed with DKBA leaders. Then they also discussed with representatives from BGF. they collected the information resulted from the discussion and reported it to U Aung Min. the aim of this meeting is to solve the conflict between DKBA and BGF.
|DKBA- Gen Saw Lar Bwe
|Aung Main
|Karen State Entrance
|DKBA - Col Saw Sann Aung
|Karen State Government and Police Forces/ Zaw Minn minister
|Informal meeting
- Temporary settlement of Kalo Htoo Baw armed group at the environs of Sonesee-myaing
- Cooperate with the government in regional development, and improvement of socio- economic status in Sukali region under existing laws, based temporarily in Sonesee Myaing region
- Settlement of members of Kalo Htoo Baw group and their families
- Fight against narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances.
declared Myawaddy district as a drug-free zone on May 20, 2012
- DKBA and Local government open the village bridge in kawkarik township (May 24)
Feb. 19, 2012:A joint force of Myanmar army and border guard force (BGF) troops raided a DKBA military base. They allegedly seized a cache of weapons including AK-47s, AR-15 rifles and RPGs belonging to DKBA. (DKBA: 3 killed, 2 injured)
Aug 17, 2015 - KNU, DKBA, KNU/KNLA Peace Council, and RCSS released a joint statement on signing the NCA
Nov 2, 2014 - DKBA released a statement on KAF formation
Oct 30, 2014 - KAF formation statement released after the meeting
Oct 21, 2014 - DKBA discharged Lt. Col. Saw San Aung
Oct 13, 2014 - KAF Agreement in Burmese
Oct 13, 2014 - KAF Statement in Burmese
Oct 13, 2014 - KAF Statement in English
Feb 23, 2012 - DKBA threatened to void its cease-fire agreement with the government unless its arms are returned by the BGF that was responsible for the weapons seizure on Feb. 12, 2012.
Dec 27, 2012 - DKBA spokesperson Maj. San Aung said there will be no peace unless the military stops launching offensiveattacks against KIO.
Dec 15, 2012 - DKBA staged a protest in Myawaddy while bearing arms call on the government to apologize for their actions against Buddhist monks during the Letpandaung crackdown and to stop the offensive in Kachin state.
Jan 4, 2013 - DKBA issue a statement condemning government offensives in Kachin and northern Shan states (1) All ethnic people in Myanmar are our relation, the current government attacks to KIA, as like attach to us. We strongly object the launch an offensive to KIA. (2) Due to launch an offensive on KIA, we DKBA, and other Organizations and all civil have reduced trust on Government. if government continues to attack the KIA, Government will lose all recent ceasefire agreements.
The DKBA is working towards establishing closer relationships with the KNU and the KNU/KNLA Peace Council. The Karen groups met on March 6, 2012 to discuss rebuilding trust to strengthen the struggle for the Karen cause in accordance with the principles of Karen Martyr and revolutionary leader Saw Ba Oo Gyi.


text:
Humbled Hairston given the ultimate second chance by Hornets … but will he take advantage of it?
Thursday, his work was rewarded with the ultimate Mulligan when the Miami Heat made Hairston the 26th player selected in the first round of the NBA draft. The once-disgraced former Tar Heel was then traded to the Charlotte Hornets in a deal that would appear to be a win-win proposition for everyone involved. As long as he doesn't give in to temptation and revert back to old, bad habits.… Read More »


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Another fine day in the RV-Maybe an end in sight?
I had another baking day in the RV. I baked a 100% whole wheat miche. I didn't use a recipe this time. Simply modified a "1-2-3" method, making it into a my own. I used 150 grams whole wheat starter, (100% starter) 375 grams water and 450 grams whole wheat flour. 2% salt. I mixed until it came off the sides of the mixer in the Kitchen aid. This was an incredibly stretchy dough, I guess because of the very high hydration! Certainly don't believe that whole wheat is low in gluten because it isn't true!!
I calculate the hydration of this at a whopping 85% when including the starter. Can this really be right? When doing my folds, I could literally stretch this baby about 18 inches each direction on the first set of s/folds!! It was pretty amazing. I did three sets of s/f's, 1 hour apart. Fermentation time was 10 hours, shaped and 1 hour later I baked. It actually held it's shape pretty well, only flattening slightly.
What a nutty flavor, crispy crust and incredibly open crumb for a WW loaf! Nice! I might try the same in a loaf pan and see what I get in the way of a sandwich bread next time.
The same night, I made a 75% rye, 25% spelt loaf, using Mini's favorite rye formula and my Pullman pan. Spices were dried onion, caraway and anise at a scant tablespoon each. I've found that the exact amount that Mini uses for her big pot works for my Pellman pan. How easy is that? I also found this time that it is the perfect overnight recipe, needing no shaping at all! I put it directly into the Pullman pan at 5:30 in the evening and baked at 3:30 AM. Although Mini says this will self-destruct in 8 hours mine held up for a full 10 and came out absolutely perfect. Rose to the top of the pan, held up, had a small amount of oven spring and with the spelt had a slightly milder, nuttier taste than the 100% full rye that I made a couple of weeks ago.
I'm making plans to start my Hamelman's baking challenge. I'll be starting with something from the levain chapter and something from the rye chapter. I'm waiting on an order of flour and a couple of days off in a row. Perhaps I'll start a levain tonight if I get extra motivated, we'll see.
Looking at about another month in this little camper. Starting to get some cabin fever. It's been an experience, that's for sure!