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Assistant Professor of Mathematics and Stati
"I don't exactly remember, but I think the conversation with my parents went something like, 'Mom, Dad, I want to leave my full-time ride academic scholarship at a private women's university to attend a school you've never heard of in a state you've never visited to pursue something I'm not very good at,'" said Dr. Karoline Pershell, assistant professor in the Department of Mathematics and Statistics.
Pershell recently spoke to the University of Tennessee at Martin Development Committee about her less than normal path to attending UT Martin and the life lessons she learned during her time as an undergraduate.
It was all for bull riding.
"I decided I needed to get some professional help for my bull riding addiction, and UTM had a fantastic rodeo program, so I decided to transfer down here," Pershell said.
Pershell grew up training and showing horses in summers, and while attending the University of Notre Dame's all-women's part, Saint Mary's College, she heard of a rodeo club starting in the area. Though she had no rodeo knowledge, she joined thinking with her background with horses, she would ride saddle broncs. There was a practice pen about an hour away, she explained, but upon arriving she discovered that it only provided bulls.
"… so I said, 'I knew that.' So never having planned to get on a bull in my life, I was getting on five minutes later," Pershell said.
That was the start of her love for bull riding that would lead her to UT Martin's rodeo program.
Pershell vowed to be the hardest worker on the rodeo team, which was the first lesson she took away from her time at UT Martin – there's no substitute for hard work.
"I vowed when I got here to be the hardest worker on the team, and not to show off; but so that I could be the best Karoline I could be, which meant not only being the hardest worker at the barn and at the practice pen … but to be the hardest worker when no one else was watching, when only I would know; in the classroom, at the gym, when watching practice tapes," she said. "… Coach finally allowed me to start getting in on practice, and I also won Coach's Bumble Bee award my last year here."
Pershell's second point was that the term "practice makes perfect" is wrong; but in fact "perfect practice makes perfect."
"I practiced before I came to UTM. I asked every yahoo, has-been, wanna-be bull rider what I should do to train and then I did it with fervor. And only when I came to UTM did I stop beating my head against a wall and actually make progress," she said. "If you keep practicing the wrong thing, you get really good at doing the wrong thing."
Finally, it was a lack of fear of failure that contributed to Pershell's success. Because she was unafraid to chase a passion, she was rewarded with a lack of regrets. She ended up graduating from UT Martin in 2003 and received her master's degree from Rice University in 2006 and finally her doctorate from Rice in 2009, she then returned to UT Martin to teach.
"I have no fear of failure. I do fear regret, the feeling of looking back and wondering how it would have been different if you had just tried harder," she said. "I also think everyone should keep an anti-resume, the list of all the things that you have tried and failed at. If your anti-resume isn't as long as your resume, then you are playing it safe, working inside your comfort zone, and you have stopped asking yourself 'I wonder if I could …'"
Pershell said she returned to UT Martin because of the support she has and still receives here, and she was recently accepted as a Fulbright Scholar, which will allow her to teach mathematics in India next year.
"I believe that the work ethic I developed while pursuing dreams that just didn't mesh with my natural athletic ability has been central to my success in other areas of my life. I hope that rodeo continues to be that source of inspiration for many future students for them to become the best that they can be as well," Pershell said.
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AMD Radeon HD 5570 and 5450 Review - DX11 HTPC Goodness
AMD Completes the DX11 Spread
Over the last few months we have steadily seen AMD release an entire new line of graphics processors for nearly all price segments. It starts with the high-end iterations including the Radeon HD 5970, HD 5870 and HD 5850 then continues to the performance parts like the HD 5700-series. Earlier in 2010 we saw the Radeon HD 5000-series break the $100 price point with the Radeon HD 5670 graphics card.
Because it happens so infrequently, I do want to comment on the fact that AMD was able to execute on this plan to a nearly flawless degree. I say "nearly" because of the 40nm production issues that TSMC had in the Oct-Nov 2009 time frame that limited sales; but from a release schedule and pricing perspective AMD did very well.
The Radeon HD 5450 GPU: Cedar
The engine clock of 650 MHz is quite a bit lower than the 850 MHz of the HD 5870 in addition to coming up with a modest 80 stream processors compared to 1600 SPs. Memory bandwidth takes a hit going from over 150 GB/s to 12.8 GB/s, etc, etc. Look, the specs are obviously quite a bit lower than other 5000-series offerings, but that isn't really the point. We are talking about the lowest cost DX11-ready hardware available at a sub-$60 price point.
The AMD Radeon HD 5570 GPU: Redwood
The Radeon HD 5570 was also released this week and it is of course based on the exact same Evergreen architecture but retains a bit more of the compute power than the HD 5450 does above.
The HD 5570 has 5 SIMD engines and a total of 400 stream processors to work in conjunction with a 128-bit memory bus. In general the HD 5570 provides 3-5x the raw performance of the HD 5450.

subset: commoncrawl


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Published with a digital code that may no longer be redeemable from the publisher. Do not purchase with the expectation that the code is still valid. THEN!
Peter Parker spent a lifetime living up to the responsibilities his powers foisted upon him but his Amazing story finally ended dramatically in the historic Spider-Man #700. NOW!
The new Amazing Spider-Man has arrived and he is better in every single way. Smarter, stronger
Superior. $3.99 cover price.


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Former Royal/T and Test Kitchen chef Sandra Cordero's catering company Cordero Negro is teaming up with ART from the ashes, a nonprofit using art to support communities affected by natural disasters, for a benefit culinary pop-up and art exhibition featuring works of art from over fifty L.A.-based artists.
The Wine Vault in Glendale will be hosting "Comida y Arte," scheduled to kick off on April 25 with an opening reception featuring cocktails and bar bites. On April 26 and 27, Cordero Negro will be serving up a paella party-themed threecourse menu, starting at 6 p.m.
The opening reception costs $20 per person and the dinner by Cordero Negro, available on April 26 and 27, is $40 per person. A portion of the proceeds from the evening will benefit ART from the ashes' 2013 programming which includes Wellness Works and a Hurricane Sandy Relief exhibition. Reservations can be made online. The exhibition will also be free and open to the public for viewing from 11 a.m. to 6 p.m. on April 26 and 27.
Mashed potatoes 101...and 7 recipes


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The price of gold fell sharply Wednesday, marking its biggest one-day drop in three weeks, but some professional traders remain bullish on the precious metal.
From the floor of the New York Mercantile Exchange, trader Anthony Grisanti said he likes gold for several reasons. To start, he pointed out that the price of gold fell after a single customer sold 15,000 contracts of gold as soon as the market opened Wednesday.
"Let me put that in context — we've already done, by 10 o'clock this morning, the volume we usually do in gold for a day," said Grisanti, founder and president of GRZ Energy. "These weren't new shorts coming into the ring. These were longs that were liquidating. Profit taking."
Grisanti also still likes gold's technical indicators, noting that despite the selloff, it has held support levels near of the lows of $1,703.
Speaking of technicals, trader Rich Ilczyszyn added to his long positions, as gold held $1,706.50, 200-day major support $1,670.00. He bought $1,709.0 for this trade and plans to stay long so long as gold trades above the $1,706 level.
"Consider out-of-the-money long call spreads if you want to stick your toe in the water," said Ilczyszyn, founder and chief market strategist of iiTrader, in an e-mail. "If we close below $1,700 we will see $1,670, which could be a buy the first time down."
(Poll: Where Is Gold Going Next?)
Meanwhile, Grisanti added that another reason to get bullish on gold is that demand typically spikes during this time of year.
Grisanti also pointed out that the Federal Reserve is continuing its attempt to stimulate the economy by way of quantitative easing despite the looming "fiscal cliff" — a series of enacted legislation, which, if left unchanged, will result in tax increases and budget cuts on Jan. 1. The Fed's one power is to create money out of thin air and it is currently using that power by way of quantitative easing. Critics argue the program will further devalue the dollar and ultimately create inflation, which is why many investors have bought gold as a hedge against inflation.
(Read More: What Is the Fiscal Cliff?)
To options trader Jon Najarian, QE and the threat of the "fiscal cliff" will only help push gold prices higher.
"No matter what deal they make, it won't happen immediately. It will happen six, eight months out into the future. Meanwhile, I think they'll continue to print money, which will make gold more dear," said Najarian, co-founder of OptionMonster.com, adding he's currently short puts of the ProShares Ultra Silver exchange-traded fund, as well as the $162 puts of the SPDR Gold Shares ETF on the belief the latter could soon fall to the $160 level.
(See: 5 Reasons America Won't Fall Off 'Fiscal Cliff.')
Asked by CNBC's Jackie DeAngelis whether too many people are bullish on gold, Grisanti argued it's one of few trades that's likely to work in light of the uncertainty surrounding U.S. fiscal and economic woes.
"I think people look at gold as a safe haven, and I think with all the uncertainty in the market with the 'fiscal cliff' and everything else, gold might not be the answer, but that's the answer to the people out there, and that's why they're putting their money in gold."
From the pits in Chicago, Ilczyszyn noted one of traders remarked, 'this is not a trade, it's a casino.' He thought that sumed up the mood quite well.
Read on for 10 Things You Need to Know to Trade Futures
Watch "Futures Now" Tuesdays & Thursdays 1p ET exclusively on FuturesNow.CNBC.com!
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Green Zine is a perzine written by New York artist Cristy Road.
Green Zine began as a Green Day fanzine, but gradually became a perzine about Road's various homes between Miami and Philadelphia, racism in her communities, the strength of her friends, coming to terms with assault, gender, sexuality, and identity and more. It has been featured in Volumes Six, Seven and Eight of Zine Yearbook.
For issue #15 of Green Zine, Road decided instead to have Microcosm Publishing publish a perfect bound graphic novel, entitled Indestructible, as opposed to the off set copying and saddle-stitching of her previous issues.
Green Zine, and the art work of Christy Road, was featured in the exhibition The Copyist Conspiracy: An Exhibition of Zine Art in San Francisco in 2005.


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Once enmeshed in legal and insurance finger pointing and questions about reimbursement, telehealth is flourishing in the era of Obamacare, cost cutting, and consumer-driven healthcare.
Telehealth will generate $2 billion in the US by 2018, Forbes reported. Worldwide, revenue for telehealth products and services is expected to reach $4.5 billion in four years, compared with $440.6 million in 2013, according to IHS Technology.
Sources of growth include busy individuals who prefer the convenience of a video, phone, or other virtual consultation, as well as healthcare providers that use telehealth to augment traditional care. Today, 42% of hospitals use telehealth, according to Health Affairs. Some employers offer telehealth as a benefit. Insurers increasingly incorporate this coverage to decrease the likelihood customers will unnecessarily (and expensively) visit an emergency room.
Two years ago, Online Care Group operated in only seven states, said Dr. Peter Antall, a pediatrician and medical director for the telehealth provider, in an interview. Today, the physician-owned organization serves patients and prescribes in 38 states and sees patients without prescribing in eight others -- growth he attributes, in part, to Obamacare and its focus on cost-cutting, population health, and patient experience.
[Payers are taking notice of fitness gadgets. Read Could Insurance Cover Your Next Fitness Band?]
"Ten years from now it won't even be called telehealth," says Dr. Antall. "It will no longer make sense for a consumer of a high-deductible plan to go to the ER for pink eye."
Or a sore throat, as sales professional Andrew Kahn discovered before embarking on a ski trip to the French Alps. Instead of taking off more time from work to visit a clinic, Kahn closed his office door. Within 12 minutes, he consulted with a physician via a secure videoconferencing connection and received an e-prescription for an antibiotic for the price of his regular co-payment. "If it was just over the phone I'd have been a bit more skeptical," he said. "But this was high-definition video. If I'd wanted to, I could have read the documents on [the doctor's] wall."
Insurers, employers, and consumers aren't the only ones embracing telehealth. Some physicians find the model helps them balance home and professional lives or complements their busy practices.
Dr. Nicole Boxer, for example, shut down her busy private general practice when she wanted to start a family. Already accustomed to interacting with
Next Page


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Genre: Browser-Based, Free-to-play, MMO, Sci-Fi, Space, Strategy
Publisher: IGG
Developer: IGG
Rating: Not Rated
Play Now!
Galaxy Online 2 is set across the vast universe, and players from different forces can PK freely. Battles rage constantly and in this galactic sphere, the law of the jungle rules. Players must promote their strength ceaselessly to maintain their position, and only the bravest and wisest commander can be the King! Players may like the many thoughtful design elements in the game, such as smart client, convenient galaxy trustee system, individual and intelligent Plug-ins system, all of which let players experience wonderful feelings whilst playing the game!
Galaxy Online 2 tries to offer a free development space for players so that they can design their own warships, arrange battle teams and recast planets according to their wishes in the interplanetary world. The game not only pays attention to battle but also tests players' strategic design ability. Players need to build a home galaxy as a base, and they need to form a fleet to crusade and occupy more galaxies to expand their strength. Galaxy Online 2 provides players with battle scenes with great expressive force and amazing scale, and is one of the best strategic net games around for players who like strategy and challenge. It is a world filled with legends and a universe fighting for survival.


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Men's long-sleeve slub jersey polo shirt
Scuderia Ferrari Store Exclusive
The men's long-sleeve polo shirt completes casual outfits with a touch of style.
Made of high-quality slub jersey fabric, this Scuderia Ferrari polo shirt is intricate in every detail, starting with the front buttonless opening and the special aged treatment of the fabric, which gives the garment a timeless appeal. The detail of the button on the sleeve cuff is also noteworthy. Decorated on the breast with the iconic Ferrari Shield in tone-on-tone silicone, this long-sleeved polo shirt is designed for those who don't want to compromise on elegance, even with more informal looks.
- Aged treatment
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- Composition: 100% Cotton
We offer both Standard and Express shipping: choose the service that best meets your needs at checkout.
We provide free pick up for your returns: you have 15 days from delivery to follow our quick and easy return procedure.


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|Total population
|Over 9,000 [1]
|Regions with significant populations
|United States (Colorado, Oklahoma, Wyoming, Nebraska)
|English, Arapaho
|traditional religion, Native American Church, Christianity
|Related ethnic groups
|Gros Ventre, Cheyenne and other Algonquian peoples
The Arapaho (in French: Arapahos, Gens de Vache) are a tribe of Native Americans historically living on the plains of Colorado and Wyoming. They were close allies of the Cheyenne tribe and loosely aligned with the Lakota and Dakota. The Arapaho language, Heenetiit, is an Algonquian language closely related to Gros Ventre (Ahe/A'ananin), whose people are seen as an early offshoot of the Arapaho. Blackfeet and Cheyenne are the other Algonquian-speakers on the Plains, but their languages are quite different from Arapaho.
By the 1850s, Arapaho bands formed two tribes: the Northern Arapaho and Southern Arapaho. Since 1878 the Northern Arapaho have lived with the Eastern Shoshone on the Wind River Reservation in Wyoming and are federally recognized as the Arapahoe Tribe of the Wind River Reservation. The Southern Arapaho live with the Southern Cheyenne in Oklahoma. Together their members are enrolled as the federally recognized Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes.
- 1 Name
- 2 Historic political and dialect Arapaho divisions and bands
- 3 History
- 4 Economic development
- 5 Notable Arapahos
- 6 See also
- 7 Notes
- 8 References
- 9 Further reading
- 10 External links
The Arapaho autonym is Hinono'eino or Inun-ina ("our people" or "people of our own kind"), when referring to the tribe they use Hinono'eiteen (Arapaho Nation).
They were also known as Hitanwo'iv or Hetanevoeo/Hetanevo'eo'o ("People of the Sky" or "Cloud People") by their Cheyenne allies or Mahpíyato ("Blue Cloud Men") by Dakota, Maȟpíya thó ("Blue Sky People") by Lakota and Assiniboine. The Caddo (Toniibeenenno' or Toniibeeneseino' - "pierced nose People") called them Detseka'yaa, the Wichita (Hinosouno' )[2] Nia'rhari's-kûrikiwa'ahûski, and the Comanche Saria Tʉhka / Säretika (Sata Teichas), all names signifying "dog-eaters". To Pawnee and Ute and other tribes they were also known as "dog-eaters".
The Northern Arapaho who called themselves Nank'haanseine'nan or Nookhose'iinenno ("white sage men") were known as Baantcline'nan or Bo'oociinenno' ("red willow men") to the Southern Arapaho, whereas the latter were called by their northern kin Nawathi'neha or Noowunenno' ("Southerners"). The Northern Arapaho were also known as BSakuune'na' (Bee'eekuunnenno') ("blood-soup men").[3]
The Cheyenne adapted the Arapaho terms and referred to the Northern Arapaho as Vanohetan or Vanohetaneo/ Váno'étaneo'o ("Sage (Brush) People") and to the Southern Arapaho as Nomsen'nat or Nomsen'eo ("Southerners").[4]
Historic political and dialect Arapaho divisions and bands
The Arapaho recognize among themselves five main divisions, each speaking a different dialect and apparently representing as many originally distinct but cognate tribes. Through much of Arapaho history, each tribal-nation maintained a separate ethnic identity, although they occasionally came together and acted as political allies. Each also spoke mutually intelligible dialects, but there existed a degree of difference from Arapaho proper. Dialectically, the Haa'ninin, Beesowuunenno', and Hinono'eino were closely related. Arapaho elders claimed that the Hánahawuuena dialect was most difficult to comprehend of all the dialects. In the classic ethnographic study, Alfred Kroeber identified these five nations from south to north:
- Nanwacinaha'ana, Nawathi'neha ("Toward the South People") or Nanwuine'nan / Noowo3iineheeno' ("Southern People"), their now extinct language dialect - Nawathinehena - was the most divergent from the other Arapaho tribes.
- Hánahawuuena, Hananaxawuune'nan or Aanû'nhawa ("Rock Men" or "Rock People"), occupying territory adjacent to, but further north of the Nanwacinaha'ana, spoke the now extinct Ha'anahawunena dialect.
- Hinono'eino or Hinanae'inan ("Arapaho proper"), they spoke the Arapaho language (Heenetiit)
- Beesowuunenno', Baasanwuune'nan or Bäsawunena ("Big Lodge People" or "Brush-Hut/Shelter People"), resided further north of the Hinono'eino, their war parties used temporary brush shelters like the dome-shaped shade or Sweat lodge of the Great Lakes Algonquian peoples, they are said to have left more recently their old homes than the other Arapaho tribes (Note: many people say their name actually means "Great Lakes People" or "Big Water People"), they spoke the now extinct Besawunena (Beesoowuuyeitiit - "Big Lodge/Great Lakes language") dialect.
- Haa'ninin, A'aninin or A'ani ("White Clay People" or "Lime People"), the northernmost tribal group that would retain their ethnic distinctiveness as the historic Gros Ventre or Atsina (Atsíína - "like a Cree, i.e. enemy" in Blackfoot (Ni'tsiitapipo'ahsin or Nitsipussin), also called Piik-siik-sii-naa - "snakes, i.e. enemies"), after the division their kin, the other Arapaho peoples, who considered them inferior, called them Hitúnĕna or Hittiuenina ("Begging Men", "Beggars", or more exactly "Spongers"), they speak the nearly extinct Gros Ventre (Ananin, Ahahnelin) language dialect (called by the Arapaho: Hitouuyeitiit - "Begging Men Language"), there is evidence that the southern Haa'ninin tribal group, the Staetan band, together with bands of the later political division of the Northern Arapaho, spoke the Besawunena dialect.
Before their historic geo-political ethnogensis, each tribal-nation had a principal headman. The exact date of the ethnic fusion or fission of each social division is not known, but elders state that the Hinono'eino ("Arapaho proper") and Beesowuunenno' ("Big Lodge People" or "Brush-Hut/Shelter People") fought over the tribal symbols - the sacred pipe and lance. Both sacred objects traditionally were kept by the Beesowuunenno' . The different tribal-nations lived together and the Beesowuunenno' have dispersed for at least 150 years among the former distinct Arapaho tribal groups. By the late eighteenth century the four divisions south of the Haa'ninin ("White Clay People" or "Lime People") or Gros Ventre (Atsina) consolidated into the Arapaho, so that only the Arapaho and Gros Ventre (Atsina) were recognized as separate tribal-nations.
While living on the Great Plains, the Hinono'eino (all Arapaho bands south of the Haa'ninin) divided historically into two geo-political social divisions:
- Northern Arapaho or Nank'haanseine'nan ("Sagebrush People"), Nookhose'iinenno ("White Sage People"); are called by the Southern Arapaho Bo'ooceinenno' or Baachinena ("red willow men"); the Kiowa know them as Tägyäko ("Sagebrush People"), a translation of their proper name. They keep the sacred tribal articles, and are considered the nucleus or mother tribe of the Arapaho, being indicated in the Plains Indian Sign Language (Bee3sohoet) by the sign for "mother people". They absorbed the historic Hánahawuuena and Beesowuunenno' . There are still about 50 of Beesowuunenno'-lineage among the Northern Arapaho, and perhaps a few with the other two main divisions.
- Southern Arapaho, Náwunena or Noowunenno' ("Southern People"), are called by the Northern Arapaho Nawathi'neha ("Southerners"); the Kiowa know them as Ähayädal, the (plural) name for the wild plum. The sign for the Southern Arapaho is made by rubbing the index finger against the side of the nose. They absorbed the historic Nanwuine'nan / Noowo3iineheeno' ("Southern People") and some Beesowuunenno' .
Early history
The ancestral Arapaho speaking people (Heeteinono'eino' ) lived in the western Great Lakes region along the Red River Valley in what is present day Manitoba and Minnesota around 3000 years ago.[5] In the Great Lakes region, the Arapaho were an agricultural people who grew crops including maize.[6] Together with the early Cheyenne people (Hitesiino') the Arapaho were pushed westward onto the eastern Great Plains by the Ojibwe who were numerous and obtained guns earlier from their French allies. The ancestors of the Arapaho people entered the Great Plains from the western Great Lakes region sometime before 1700. During their early history on the plains the Arapaho lived on the northern plains from the South Saskatchewan River in Canada south to Montana, Wyoming, and western South Dakota. Before the Arapaho acquired horses, they used domestic dogs as pack animals to pull their travois. Horses were first acquired in the early 1700s by the Arapaho and became central to their way of life as a nomadic people. The introduction of the horse to Arapaho society allowed them to pull greater loads, hunt more meat, hunt easier, travel faster, and travel farther. Gradually, the Arapaho moved farther south, split into the closely allied Northern and Southern Arapaho, and established a large joint territory spanning land in southern Montana, most of Wyoming, the Nebraska Panhandle, central and eastern Colorado, western Oklahoma, and extreme western Kansas. A large group of Arapaho split from the main tribe and became their own independent people commonly known as the Gros Ventre or Atsina. The name Gros Ventre meaning "Big Bellies" in French was a misinterpretation of sign language between an Indian guide and French explorers. The Gros Ventre spoke a similar language to the Arapaho after the division and referred to themselves as A'aninin meaning ″White Clay people″. The Arapaho often viewed the Gros Ventre as inferior and referred to them as Hitúnĕna or Hitouuteen, meaning "beggars".[7]
Expansion on the plains
Once established, the Arapaho began to expand their presence on the plains through trade, warfare, and alliances with other plains tribes. Around 1811 the Arapaho made an alliance with the Cheyenne (Hítesííno' - ″scarred one″).[8] Their strong alliance with the Cheyenne allowed the Arapaho to greatly expand their hunting territory. By 1826, the Lakota, Dakota, Cheyenne, and Arapaho pushed the Kiowa (Niiciiheihiinenno'; Kiowa tribe: Niiciiheihiiteen) and invading Comanche south. Conflict with the allied Comanche and Kiowa ended in 1840 when the two large tribes made peace with the Arapaho and Southern Cheyenne and became their allies.[9] Chief Little Raven was the most notable Arapaho chief that helped mediate peace among the nomadic southern plains tribes and would retain his reputation as a peace chief throughout the Indian Wars and reservation period.[10] The alliance with the Comanche and Kiowa led to the most southern of the Arapaho bands being able to enter the Llano Estacado in the Texas Panhandle. One band of Southern Arapaho became so closely allied with the Comanche that they were absorbed into the tribe, adopted the Comanche language, and became their own band of Comanche known as the Saria Tʉhka (Sata Teichas) or Dog-Eaters band.
They had active trade relationships with the farming villages of the Arikara, Mandan, and Hidatsa on the Missouri, trading them excess meat and hides for corn squash and beans. The Arikara called them "Colored Stone Village (People)" possibly because gemstones from the Southwest were among the trade items. The Hidatsa called them E-tah-leh or Ita-Iddi (″Bison-Path People″).
Conflict with Euro-American traders and explorers was light, and the Arapaho freely entered various trading posts and trade fairs to exchange mostly bison hides and beaver furs for European goods such as firearms. The Arapaho frequently came into contact with fur traders in the foothills of the Rocky Mountains, and the headwaters of the Platte and Arkansas and became well-known traders on the plains and bordering Rocky Mountains; the name ″Arapaho″ may have come from the Pawnee word Tirapihu (or Larapihu), probably applied to the tribe from the fact that they were the trading group in the Great Plains region for he buys or trades or traders. Another source for their tribal name could be, that the white traders referred to them by their Crow (Apsáalooke aliláau) name Alappaho' which meant "People with many tattoos". The Arapaho had tattooed small circles on their bodies. The traders' pronunciation of Alappaho' soon led to the widespread use of the name Arapaho.
Enemies and warrior culture
A large part of Arapaho society was based around the warrior, which most young men strived to, but were not obligated to become. After the introduction of the horse the Arapaho quickly became master horsemen and highly skilled at fighting on horseback. The role of the warrior in Arapaho society was much more than just combat. Warriors were expected to keep peace among the camps, provide food and wealth for their families, and guard the camps from attacks. Like other plains Indians including their Cheyenne allies the Arapaho have a number of distinct military societies. Each of the eight Arapaho military societies had their own unique initiation rites, pre and post battle ceremonies and songs, regalia, and style of combat. Unlike their Cheyenne, Lakota, and Dakota allies, the Arapaho military societies were age based. Each age level had its own society for prestigious or promising warriors of the matching age.[11] As the warriors aged they may graduate to the next society. Warriors often painted their face and bodies with war paint as well as their horses for reasons of empowerment. Each warrior had a unique design for their war paint they often wore into battle. Feathers from birds, particularly eagle feathers, were also worn in to battle as symbols of prestige and for reasons similar to war paint. Before setting out for war the warriors organized themselves into war parties. War parties were made up of individual warriors and a selected war chief. The title of war chief must be earned through a specific number of acts of bravery in battle known as Counting coup. Coups may include stealing horses unseen, touching a living enemy, or stealing a gun from an enemy's grasp. Arapaho warriors used a variety of weapons including war-clubs, lances, knives, tomahawks, bows, shotguns, rifles, and pistols. Guns were acquired through trade at trading posts or trade fairs in addition to raiding soldiers or other tribes.
The Arapaho fought with the Pawnee (Hooxeihiinenno' - "wolf people"), Omaha (Howohoono' ), Ho-chunk, Osage (Wosootiinen, Wosoo3iinen or Wosoosiinen), Ponca (same as Omaha: Howohoono' ), and Kaw (Honoho' ) east of their territory. North of Arapaho territory they fought with the Crow (Houunenno' ), Blackfoot Confederacy (Woo'teenixteet or Woo'teenixtee3i' - ″people wearing black-feet″), Gros Ventre (Hitouunenno' , Gros Ventre tribe: Hitouuteen), Flathead (Kookee'ei3i' ), Arikara (Koonoonii3i ' - ″people whose jaws break in pieces″), Iron Confederacy (Nehiyaw-Pwat) (Assiniboine (Nihooneihteenootineihino' - "yellow-footed Sioux"), Plains/Woods Cree (Nooku(h)nenno '; Plains Cree tribe: Nookuho' - "rabbit people"), Saulteaux (Plains Ojibwa) and Nakoda (Stoney)). To the west they fought with eastern Shoshone (Sosoni'ii; Shoshone tribe: Sosoni'iiteen) and the Ute (Wo'(o)teenehi3i' - ″cut throats″; Ute tribe: Wo'(o)teennehhiiteen). South of their territory they occasionally fought with the Navajo (Coohoh'oukutoo3i' - ″those who tie their hair in back of the head or in bunches″), Apache (Coo3o' - "enemy" or Teebe'eisi3i' - "they have their hair cut straight, hanging straight down", Ti'iihiinen - "killdeer people" refers especially to Jicarilla Apache) and various Pueblo peoples (Cooh'ookutoo3i' - "they tie their hair in a bundle"). The Cheyenne (Hitesiino' ), Sioux (Nootineihino' ), Kiowa (Niiciiheihiinenno' - ″river people″ or Koh'ówuunénno' - ″creek people″; Kiowa tribe: Niiciiheihiiteen or Koh'ówuunteen), Plains Apache (3oxooheinen - "pounder people"), and Comanche (Coo3o' - sg. and pl., means: "enemy", like Apache)[12] were enemies of the Arapaho initially but became their allies. Together with their allies the Arapaho also fought with invading US soldiers, miners, and settlers across Arapaho territory and the territory of their allies.[13]
Sand Creek Massacre
In November 1864, a small village of Cheyenne and Arapaho became victims of the Sand Creek massacre, an attack by the Colorado militia, led by Colonel John Chivington.[14] According to an historical narrative on the event titled "Chief Left Hand", by Margaret Coel, contributing factors that led to the massacre were: Governor Evans' desire to hold title to the resource rich Denver-Boulder area; government trust officials' avoidance of Chief Left Hand (a linguistically gifted Southern Arapaho chief), when executing a legal treaty that transferred title of the area away from Indian Trust; a local cavalry stretched thin by the demands of the Civil War; the hijacking of their supplies by a few stray Indian warriors who had lost respect for their chiefs and followers of Chief Left Hand (including a group of Cheyenne and Arapaho elders, a few well behaved warriors, and mostly women and children), who had received a message to report to Fort Lyon with the promise of safety and food at the Fort, or risk being considered "hostile" and ordered killed by the cavalry. (The tribe had been deprived of their normal wintering grounds in the Boulder area.)
Upon arrival at Fort Lyon, Chief Left Hand and his followers were accused of violence by Colonel Chivington. Chief Left Hand and his people got the message that only those Indians that reported to Fort Lyon would be considered peaceful and all others would be considered hostile and ordered killed. Confused, Chief Left Hand and his followers turned away and traveled a safe distance away from the Fort to camp. A traitor gave Colonel Chivington directions to the camp. He and his battalion stalked and attacked the camp early the next morning. Rather than heroic, Colonel Chivington's efforts were considered a gross embarrassment to the Cavalry since he attacked peaceful elders, women and children.[15] As a result of his war efforts, instead of receiving the promotion to which he aspired, he was relieved of his duties.
Eugene Ridgely, a Cheyenne–Northern Arapaho artist, is credited with bringing to light the fact that Arapahos were among the victims of the massacre. His children, Gail Ridgely, Benjamin Ridgley and, Eugene "Snowball" Ridgely, were instrumental in having the massacre site designated as a National Historic Site. In 1999, Benjamin and Gail Ridgley organized a group of Northern Arapaho runners to run from Limon, Colorado, to Ethete, Wyoming, in memory of their ancestors who were forced to run for their lives after being attacked and pursued by Colonel Chivington and his battalion. Their efforts will be recognized and remembered by the "Sand Creek Massacre" signs that appear along the roadways from Limon to Casper, Wyoming, and then to Ethete.
Indian Wars on the Southern Plains
The events at Sand Creek sparked outrage among the Arapaho and Cheyenne resulting in three decades of war between them and the United States. Much of the hostilities took place in Colorado leading to many of the events being referred to as part of the so-called Colorado War. Battles and hostilities elsewhere on the southern plains such as in Kansas and Texas are often included as part of the "Comanche Wars". During the wars the Arapaho and Cheyenne allies the Kiowa, Comanche, and Plains Apache would participate in some battles alongside them. The Lakota from the north came downwards into northern Colorado to help the Arapaho and Cheyenne there. The Battle of Julesburg resulted from a force of about 1000 allied Northern Arapaho, Cheyenne (mostly from the Dog Soldiers warrior society), and Lakota from the Brulé and Oglala sub-tribes. The point of the raid was retaliation for the events at the Sand Creek Massacre months earlier. The allied Indian forces attacked settlers and US Army forces around the valley of the South Platte River near Julesburg, Colorado. The battle was a decisive Indian victory resulting in 14 soldiers and 4 civilians dead and probably no Indian casualties. A force of around 3000 Southern Arapaho, Northern Cheyenne, and Lakota attacked soldiers and civilians at a bridge crossing the North Platte River resulting in the Battle of Platte Bridge. The battle was another victory for the Indians resulting in 29 soldiers killed with at least 8 Indian casualties. Arapaho, Cheyenne, Comanche, Kiowa, and Plains Apaches seeking peace were offered to sign the Medicine Lodge Treaty in October 1867. The treaty allotted the Southern Arapaho a reservation with the Southern Cheyenne between the Arkansas and Cimarron rivers in Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma).[10] Among those that signed the treaty was Chief Little Raven. Those that did not sign the treaty were called "hostile" and were continually pursued by the US Army and their Indian scouts. The last major battle between the Arapaho and the US on the southern plains was the Battle of Summit Springs in northernmost Colorado. The battle involved a force of around 450 Arapaho, Cheyenne, and Lakota warriors and 244 US soldiers and around 50 Pawnee scouts under Frank North.[16] The most prominent Indian leader at the battle was Tall Bull, a leader of the Dog Soldiers warrior society of the Cheyenne. The battle was a US victory resulting in around 35 warriors killed (including Tall Bull) and a further 17 captured. The soldiers suffered only a single casualty. The death of Tall Bull was a major loss for the Dog Soldiers.
Powder River Expedition
After the Sand Creek Massacre and a number of other skirmishes the Northern Arapaho, Cheyenne, and Lakota moved many of their bands to the remote Powder River country in Wyoming and southern Montana. Along the way they participated in the Battle of Mud Springs, a minor incident in the Nebraska Panhandle involving a force of between 500 and 1,000 Arapaho, Cheyenne, and Lakota warriors and 230 US soldiers. The battle resulted the capturing of some army horses and a herd of several hundred cattle with a single US casualty.[17] An attempt was made by the army to recapture their stolen livestock and attack the Indians which resulted in the Battle of Rush Creek.[18] The battle was inconclusive, resulting in only one Indian casualty and three US soldiers dead (with a further eight wounded). Lt. Col. William O. Collins, commander of the army forces stated that pursuing the Indian forces any further through the dry Sand Hills area would be "injudicious and useless." Once in the area of the Powder River the Arapaho noticed an increase in travelers moving along the established Bozeman trail, which led to the Montana gold fields. Settlers and miners traveling on the Bozeman Trail through the Powder River country were viewed as threats by the Indians as they were numerous and were often violent towards encountered Indians and competed for food along the trail.
Hostilities in the Powder River area led to Major General Grenville M. Dodge to order the Powder River Expedition as a punitive campaign against the Arapaho, Lakota, and Cheyenne. The expedition was inconclusive with neither side gaining a definitive victory. The allied Indian forces mostly evaded the soldiers except for raids on their supplies which left most soldiers desperately under equipped. The most significant battle was the Battle of the Tongue River were Brigadier General Patrick Edward Connor ordered Frank North and his Pawnee Scouts to find a camp of Arapaho Indians under the leadership of Chief Black Bear. Once located Connor sent in 200 soldiers with two howitzers and 40 Omaha and Winnebago and 30 Pawnee scouts, and marched that night toward the village. Indian warriors acting as scouts for the US Army came from the Pawnee, Omaha, and Winnebago tribes who were traditional enemies of the Arapaho and their Cheyenne and Lakota allies. With mountain man Jim Bridger leading the forces they charged the camp.[19] Most of the Arapaho warriors were gone on a raid against the Crow and the battle was a US victory resulting in 63 Arapaho dead, mostly women and children. The few warriors present at the camp put up a strong defense and covered the women and children as most escaped beyond the reach of the soldiers and Indian scouts.[20] After the battle the soldiers burned and looted the abandoned tipis. Connor singled out four Winnebago, including chief Little Priest, plus North and 15 Pawnee for bravery. The Pawnee made off with 500 horses from the camps herd as payback for previous raids by the Arapaho. The Arapaho were not intimidated by the attack and launched a counterattack resulting in the Sawyers Fight where Arapaho warriors attacked a group of surveyors resulting in three dead and no Arapaho loses.
Red Cloud's War
Red Cloud's War was a war fought between soldiers of the United States and the allied Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Northern Arapaho between 1866 and 1868. The war was named after the prominent Oglala Lakota chief Red Cloud who led many followers into battle with the invading soldiers. The war was a response to the large number of miners and settlers passing through the Bozeman Trail, which was the fastest and easiest trail from Fort Laramie to the Montana gold fields. The Bozeman Trail passed right through the Powder River Country which was near the center of Arapaho, Cheyenne, Lakota, and Dakota territory in Wyoming and southern Montana. The large number of miners and settlers competed directly with the Indians for resources such as food along the trail.[21]
The most significant battle during Red Cloud's War was the Fetterman Fight also known as Battle of The Hundred in the Hand to the Indian forces fought on December 21, 1866. The Battle involved Capt. William J. Fetterman who led a force of 79 soldiers and two civilians after a group of ten Indian decoys planning on luring Fetterman's forces into an ambush. The ten decoys consisted of two Arapaho, two Cheyenne, and six Lakota. Fetterman was well known for his boastful nature and his inexperience fighting Indian warriors and despite orders to not pursue the decoys did so anyways. Famous Mountain Man and guide to the soldiers stationed at Fort Laramie Jim Bridger commented on how the soldiers "don't know anything about fighting Indians".[22] After about a half mile pursuit the decoys signaled the hidden warriors to ambush Fetterman and his forces. Warriors from both sides of the trail charged Fetterman and forced them into nearby rocks where the battle soon became hand-to-hand combat giving the Indians the upper hand due to their skill in fighting with hand held weapons such as tomahawks and war-clubs. The Indian forces killed all of Fetterman's infantry as well as the following cavalry with a total of 81 killed. The battle was the greatest military defeat by the US on the Great Plains until the Battle of the Little Bighorn ten years later. Red Cloud's War ended in a victory for the Arapaho, Cheyenne, Lakota, and Dakota. The Treaty of Fort Laramie guarantied legal control of the Powder River country to the Indians.
Great Sioux War of 1876–77
The Great Sioux War of 1876-77 also known as the Black Hills War or Great Cheyenne War was a major conflict that was fought between the Lakota Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapaho alliance and the US Army. The war was started after miners and settlers traveled into the Black Hills area and found gold, resulting in increased numbers of Non-Indians illegally entering designated Indian lands. A large part of Cheyenne and Arapaho territory and most of Sioux territory known as the Great Sioux Reservation was guaranteed legally to the tribes by the Treaty of Fort Laramie after they defeated the US during Red Cloud's War in 1868.[23] The Black Hills in particular are viewed as sacred to the Lakota and Dakota peoples, and the presence of settlers illegally occupying the area caused great unrest within the tribes. Instead of evicting the settlers the US Army broke the treaty and invaded Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapaho territory in order to protect American settlers and put the allied tribes on smaller reservations or wipe them out.
After Red Cloud's War many Northern Arapaho moved to the Red Cloud Agency in Dakota Territory and lived among the Lakota as well as many Cheyenne. Among the most influential and respected Arapaho chiefs living on the Agency was Chief Black Coal who gained prominence as a warrior and leader against white settlers in the Powder River country. Other important Arapaho chiefs living in the area included Medicine Man, Black Bear, Sorrel Horse, Little Shield, Sharp Nose, Little Wolf, Plenty Bear, and Friday. The Arapaho chief "Friday" (unlikely to be his real name) was well regarded for his intelligence and served as an interpreter between the tribe and the Americans.[24] Black Coal guaranteed to the Americans that he and his people would remain peaceful during the tense times when the settlers were illegally entering Indian land in hopes of securing recognized territory of their own in Wyoming. Many of the warriors and families that disagreed with Black Coal's ideals drifted southward to join up with the southern division of Arapahos. Many Arapaho, particularly those in Chief Medicine Man's band did not wish to reside among the Sioux "for fear of mixing themselves up with other tribes".[25] Their peaceful stance and willingness to help American soldiers strained once strong relations between them and the Lakota and Cheyenne which took an aggressive stance and fled the reservation. Attitudes towards the Arapaho from the "hostile" Lakota and Cheyenne were similar to the attitudes they had towards members of their own tribes which took similar peaceful stances and remained as "reservation Indians". Despite their unwillingness to take up the war path the Arapaho were unwilling to cede their territory, particularly the Black Hills area which they have a strong spiritual attachment to similar to the Lakota.[26]
You have come here to speak with us about the Black Hills, and, without discussing anything that we say, and without changing anything that we say, we wish to tell the Great father [President of the United States] when you get back that this is the country in which we were brought up, and it has also been given to us by treaty by the great father. And I am here to take care of the country, and therefore, not only the Dakota [Sioux] Indians, but my people have an interest in the Black Hills that we have come to speak about today.—Black Coal[27]
During this time of great unrest the tribe found itself deteriorating in leadership with many chiefs holding little sway among their bands. In order to regain strength as leaders and further negotiations for land in Wyoming many chiefs and their warriors enlisted as army scouts for the United States and campaigned against their allies. Another chief considered as influential and equal to Black Coal named Chief Sharp Nose was noted as "the inspiration of the battlefield…He handled men with rare judgment and coolness, and was as modest as he was brave".[28] Despite their overall stance as allies for the Americans some Arapaho warriors fought against the United States in key battles during the war.
Like in previous wars the US recruited Indian warriors from tribes that were enemies with the Arapaho-Cheyenne-Lakota-Dakota alliance to act as Indian scouts, most notably from the Crow, Arikara, and Shoshone. Unlike previous conflicts involving the Lakota-Dakota-Cheyenne-Arapaho alliance and the United States the Great Sioux War ended in a victory for the United States. The bison herds which were the center of life for the Indians were considerably smaller due to government supported whole-scale slaughter in order to prevent collisions with railroads, conflict with ranch cattle, and to force nomadic plains Indians to adopt reservation life living off government handouts. Decreased resources and starvation was the major reason for the surrendering of individual Indian bands and the end of the Great Sioux War.
The most significant battle of the war was the [29] The Arapaho present were four Northern Arapaho warriors named Yellow Eagle, Yellow Fly, Left Hand, and Water Man. The fifth Arapaho was a Southern Arapaho named Well-Knowing One (Sage) but also known as Green Grass. The five Arapaho set out as a war party from near Fort Robinson to raid the Shoshone but by chance came across a small party of young Sioux warriors. The Sioux thought the Arapaho were United States Army Indian Scouts and invited them back to their camp along the Little Bighorn River where they were captured and had their guns taken from them. The Lakota and Dakota threatened to kill the Arapaho but Cheyenne chief Two Moons recognized the men as Arapaho and ordered their release. The next day was the battle and, despite being viewed with suspicion, the five Arapaho actively fought in the battle. Water Man wore a large eagle feather headdress, a white shirt, beaded leggings, a breech cloth, and painted his face red and yellow during the battle. Water Man claimed killing one soldier while charging up the steep river banks but did not take his scalp because most Arapaho refused to take a scalp from someone with short hair. Water Man claimed to have watched Custer die.[30]
When I reached the top of the hill I saw Custer. He was dressed in buckskin, coat and pants, and was on his hands and knees. He had been shot through the side and there was blood coming from his mouth. He seemed to be watching the Indians moving around him. Four soldiers were sitting up around him, but they were all badly wounded. All the other soldiers were down. Then the Indians closed in around him, and I did not see any more. Most of the dead soldiers had been killed by arrows, as they had arrows sticking in them. The next time I saw Custer he was dead, and some Indians were taking his buckskin clothes.—-Water Man
The Arapaho warrior Left Hand accidentally killed a Lakota warrior that he mistook for an Arikara scout, and despite further anger from the Lakota left the battle alive along with the other four Arapaho.[31] After the battle the Arapaho quietly slipped away and headed back to the Fort Robinson area.
Economic development
In July 2005, Northern Arapahos won a contentious court battle with the State of Wyoming to get into the gaming or casino industry. The 10th Circuit Court ruled that the State of Wyoming was acting in bad faith when it would not negotiate with the Arapahos for gaming. Presently, the Arapaho Tribe owns and operates high-stakes, Class III gaming at the Wind River Casino, Little Wind Casino and 789 Smoke Shop and Casino. They are regulated by a Gaming Commission composed of three tribal members. The Northern Arapaho Tribe opened the first casinos in Wyoming.
Meanwhile, the Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes operate three casinos: the Lucky Star Casino in Clinton, the Feather Warrior Casino in Watonga, and the Feather Warrior Casino in Canton.[33]
Notable Arapahos
- Chief Little Raven (c. 1810–1889), negotiated peace between the Southern Arapaho and Cheyenne and the Comanche, Kiowa, and Plains Apache. He secured rights to the Cheyenne–Arapaho Reservation in Indian Territory.[34]
- Chief Niwot (c. 1825–1864), led a band in Northern Colorado and died from wounds sustained during the Sand Creek Massacre.
- Carl Sweezy (1881–1953), early professional Native American easel artist
- Sherman Coolidge (Runs-on-Top) (1862–1932) Episcopal minister and educator in the Wind River community who was a founding member of the Society of American Indians.[35]
- Mirac Creepingbear (1947–1990), Arapaho–Kiowa painter
- Margaret Behan (born 1948), Arapaho-Cheyenne spiritual elder
See also
- ^ Wiles, Sara (2012). Arapaho Journeys: Photographs and Stories from the Wind River Reservation. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 11.
- ^ English-Arapaho dictionary
- ^ Fred Eggan, Loretta Fowler: Arapahoe Politics, 1851-1978: Symbols in Crises of Authority, ISBN 978-0803268623
- ^ English-Cheyenne dictionary, page 582
- ^ Pritzker 319
- ^ Pritzker 297
- ^ "Canadian Indian Tribes." Access Genealogy. (retrieved 1 Nov 2011)
- ^ File of Arapaho Names for other Native American Tribes
- ^ "Arapaho, Southern". Oklahoma Historical Society. Retrieved 2013-08-17.
- ^ a b May, Jon D. Little Raven (ca. 1810-1889). Oklahoma Historical Society's Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History & Culture. (accessed 12 Dec 2013)
- ^ Waldman 20
- ^ Dictionary of the Arapaho Language, Copyright: Northern Arapaho Tribe, Ethete, Wyoming, USA, 2012
- ^ Waldman 21
- ^ Smiley, B. "Sand Creek Massacre", Archeology magazine. Archaeological Institute of America. Retrieved February 8, 2010.
- ^ "United States Congress Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, 1865 (testimonies and report)". University of Michigan Digital Library Production Service. Retrieved 2008-03-19.
- ^ Berthrong, Donald J. (1963). The Southern Cheyennes. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. Pg. 343
- ^ McDermott, John D. "The Battles of Mud Springs and Rush Creek, February 1865." Nebraska History Vol. 77 (1996, p. 81-82)
- ^ Bleed, Peter and Scott, Douglas D. "Archeological Interpretation of the Frontier Battle at Mud Springs, Nebraska." Great Plains Research 19 (Spring 2009), p.16
- ^ McDermott, p. 111-112
- ^ McDermott, p. 112-114
- ^ Fort Phil Kearney/Bozeman Trail Association, accessed 18 Aug 2013
- ^ Brown, Dee. The Fetterman Massacre Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1962, p. 160-165
- ^ George Hyde. Red Cloud's Folk: A History of the Oglala Sioux Indians. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1937.
- ^ Fowler 54
- ^ Fowler 55
- ^ Fowler 57
- ^ Fowler 58
- ^ Fowler 61
- ^ Graham, Col. William A. The Custer Myth: A Source Book for Custeriana. New York: Bonanza Books, 1953, p. 109.
- ^ "Water Man's Story of the Battle". 100 Voices. Retrieved 2013-08-26.
- ^ "Left Hand's Story of the Battle". 100 Voices. Retrieved 2013-08-26.
- ^ , Alfred L. Kroeber, U of Nebraska Press, 1902–1907The Arapaho
- ^ Cheyenne & Arapaho Tribes of Oklahoma. 2007 (retrieved February 7, 2009)
- ^ May, Jon D. Little Raven (c. 1810–1889). Oklahoma Historical Society's Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History & Culture. (retrieved February 7, 2009)
- ^ "Sherman Coolidge Biography". Friends of Nez Perce Battlefields. Retrieved 30 Sep 2012.
- Fowler, Loretta. Arapahoe Politics, 1851-1978: Symbols in Crises of Authority. University of Nebraska Press, 1982. ISBN 0-8032-1956-3.
- McDermott, John D. Circle of Fire: The Indian War of 1865. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2000.
- Pritzker, Barry M. A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. ISBN 978-0-19-513877-1.
- Waldman, Carl. Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes. New York: Checkmark Books, 2006. ISBN 0-8160-6273-0.
Further reading
- Kroeber, Alfred Louis (1901). Decorative symbolism of the Arapaho. G.P. Putnam's Sons. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
External links
- The Northern Arapaho Tribe
- The Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes of Oklahoma
- Arapaho Language Sample
- Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture - Arapaho, Southern
- Arapaho Charter High School
- Arapaho artwork, in the collection of the National Museum of the American Indian
- Info Please: Arapaho
- The Arapaho language: Documentation and Revitalization
- The Arapaho Project
- "Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation
- Commons category with local link same as on Wikidata
- Use mdy dates from August 2012
- Arapaho
- Algonquian peoples
- Colorado Eastern Plains
- Comanche Campaign
- Great Sioux War of 1876
- Native American tribes in Oklahoma
- Native American tribes in Wyoming
- Plains tribes
- Native American tribes in Colorado
- Native American tribes in Nebraska


text:
Shutdown stresses food inspections
Federal meat safety inspectors might still have their jobs on Day Two of the government shutdown — keeping steaks, hamburgers, turkey and chicken safe for human consumption — but what about the rest of the food on our plates?
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration, responsible for 80 percent of the food supply, is halting routine food inspections. This means no government oversight of practically everything else in the grocery store. Also, most of the experts at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the group that identifies and tracks foodborne illnesses, have been told to stay home.
Story Continued Below
"Make no mistake: The safety of our food supply will suffer if agreement is not reached on a continuing resolution that funds the government," says Caroline Smith DeWaal, director of food safety at the Center for Science in the Public Interest, a longtime food safety advocate.
( PHOTOS: 18 times the government has shut down)
"The government's food safety functions are far more pressing than the unrealistic demands being made by petulant extremists in the House."
The situation at FDA seems critical. The agency is maintaining 55 percent of its 14,779 employees while in shutdown mode, but this includes workers who focus on drugs, tobacco and other nonfood areas, many of which have budgets propped up by industry user fees.
Remarkably, the shutdown plan is more generous than the outline floated in 2011, the last time the federal government was facing the brink. Under that plan, the administration deemed only 14 percent of FDA's workforce essential.
Still, food safety advocates are very concerned about the direct hit to food safety.
( Also on POLITICO: Senate CR to strip Monsanto rider)
Ceasing routine food inspections is not ideal, experts say, especially because FDA is already so short-staffed compared with the size of its jurisdiction. During the 2012 fiscal year, the agency inspected about 10,000 of the 167,000 domestic food manufacturers. Overseas, it was able to get into 1,300 of the 254,000 food facilities registered with the agency.
According to the plan released by the administration, FDA will be "unable to support the majority of its food safety, nutrition, and cosmetics activities." That includes routine food manufacturer inspections, compliance and enforcement of food safety regulations and food import monitoring.
When it comes to the CDC, which is operating with 32 percent of its 12,825 employees during the shutdown, health experts worry the disease surveillance system for detecting foodborne illness could be hampered by the loss of personnel.
( Also on POLITICO: Harvard, NRDC: Expire dates key to stopping food waste)
While the public learns of maybe only a dozen high-profile national foodborne illness outbreaks each year, at any given point there are dozens of clusters of illnesses tied to food and investigators try to pinpoint the cause.
CDC's PulseNet — a crucial part of the agency that tracks and monitors foodborne illnesses across the country — has been hit hard by the shutdown. Each year, PulseNet monitors 250 clusters of foodborne disease and only 10 to 15 get high-profile media attention.
"CDC will continue minimal support to protect the health and well-being of U.S. citizens here and abroad, including continuing to operate PulseNet, CDC's foodborne disease tracking system," said Barbara Reynolds, a spokesperson for the agency.
The agency is currently tracking more than 30 clusters of illnesses, but under the shutdown CDC has just one person instead of eight monitoring important pathogens such as Salmonella, E. coli and Listeria, and another person monitoring Listservs and data systems to inform of outbreaks and investigations — a job usually done by five people.


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If you are still holding on to old-crop soybeans or corn, you may be wise to line up some trucks, crank-up the augers, and begin unloading your grain bins, according to Brian Doherty, a commodity trader with Stewart Peterson.
Doherty, who provided his market outlook on corn, soybeans and wheat to growers across the Sunbelt Dec. 13 at the monthly meeting of the Ag Marketing Network conference call, says that holding grain in the bin is probably the most speculative position a farmer can take in the grain market.
"I think farmers do themselves a favor by being at least 50 percent sold in the harvest, and then trying to get that last 50 percent sold within the first three months of the year," he says.
Doherty says he would be particularly aggressive in moving soybean inventories right now, before storage costs further eat into any potential profits.
One strategy he recommends is establishing a fixed risk position by buying a March futures contract at the money, and then purchasing a $4.40 put against that futures contract.
"You've fixed your risk yet still have flexibility if the market moves up or we see South America stub its toe on weather, and all of a sudden we put on 50 or 75 cents real quick," he says. "If the market heads south, the cost of that strategy probably isn't going to cost you a whole lot more than the cost of holding your beans in the bin, but you've taken away the market risk."
For those soybean producers who want a more conservative, long-term marketing strategy, Doherty recommends buying July call spreads. "In that case, I'm going to buy an at-the-money call, and sell either four or five strike price out-of-the-money calls against that."
Doherty also recommends moving any old-crop corn inventory. More specifically, he advises growers holding corn in the bin to buy a July $2.30 at-the-money call option. "You've got six months to work with that, and you no longer are subject to market risk, storage risk or some market rally basis risk."
In some areas of the country where the basis isn't tight, he says, you may want to examine the carry charge in the market, and possibly forward contract for sometime shortly after the first of the year. "If you're going to pick up a few cents, forward contract and buy it back with a $2.30 call," Doherty says. "That $2.30 call is roughly the cost of storage and grain. So you are fixing your risk, and participating in the market if it moves up."
Doherty isn't forecasting any immediate upswing in the corn market. "We're going no where fast in corn," he says. "There's just not a perception right now, either domestically or on the global front, that we're going to all of a sudden run out of corn. There's also not the perception that we're going to shock the supply side of things.
"The kind of shock that moves the market generally occurs because of an unexpected weather or news development. We're entering a window of time right now, where we're not likely to see that," he says.
On a more positive note, Doherty says the corn market is trying to build a base, which means the corn market should perform more "normally" in 2002.
"We have some fundamental numbers that are supportive for corn," he says. "I think people will be disappointed that the market is not going to rally very quickly. But, I do think we're going to climb 10 to 15 cents over the next few months, and maybe by as much as a quarter into the spring."
Doherty is also betting that China will remain a factor in the corn market. "China has been cleaning out their bins for the last year and moving all of the poor-quality corn they can move."
However, he doesn't recommend that corn growers make any marketing decisions based on whether or not China will be in the market for corn. "I think they have a need and will be in the market for corn, but I'm not going to put all my eggs in one basket, especially if I'm a producer with a lot of inventory."
The soybean market has potentially the most explosive outlook of the grain commodities, according to Doherty. "Beans are kind of on the teeter totter right now, and we're on the verge of looking ugly on the charts."
Despite the fact that the most recent USDA report confirmed a change in ending stocks, the market trended negatively. "The ending stocks trend to me is the most critical pattern when it comes to price outlook. We put the skids on increasing ending stocks with this last USDA report and yet the market moved down on the news," Doherty says.
He compares the current soybeans market situation to a game of tug of war. "We've got outstanding demand right now and we've got outstanding weather in South America, but the market has failed to rally on potentially positive news or on actual news. That's disconcerting. We're sitting sort on the edge right here, and if South American weather continues to run as good as it has, we could move down another 40 or 50 cents into the South American harvest."
"If I'm a producer, I don't want to get stuck with a lot of inventory if the South American weather continues to roll along because the perception is we're going to have beans coming out of our ears. In pricing, perception is everything," he says.
However, a couple of weeks of adverse weather in South America, Doherty says, could quickly add 50 to 75 cents to the soybean market.
Due to the uncertainty in the soybean market, Doherty encourages growers to market defensively by selling any on-hand inventories on the cash market and then utilizing options to "buy back" the crop.
Like soybeans and corn, perception is playing an important role in the wheat market. The market, he says, is "languishing" despite a run of positive news that in a more normal market environment would generate buying interest.
"The world just is not stepping up to the plate and buying inventory," Doherty says. "We're not seeing any of this long-term buying despite what appears to be good value. You've had a market that dropped 20 cents when winter wheat crop ratings went down four out of five weeks. This market doesn't even care apparently about crop ratings in the fall."
And, like the corn and soybean markets, Doherty says, there isn't any real perception that we're going to run out of wheat. Because we haven't seen any significant crop loss in any part of the world, the speculative interest hasn't been there to drive the market upward.
What's going to change the environment and allow the wheat market to rally?
According to Doherty, it's going to take increased exports, weather-related production problems, a weakening of the U.S. dollar from its current levels, and the perception that we're going to get tight on supply.
"Rallies, time and time again, of 10, 15, or 20 cents have proven to be selling opportunities in this market. Again, I'm going to be smart and try to sell in the cash market during these rallies given the current environments that we're in," he says.
e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com.


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The Voice of Groklaw
The Scope of Groklaw
More and more members of the Linux community--and sundry others--keep flocking to Groklaw, to get a better grip on the manifold issues surrounding the SCO legal controvery. Who, however, is Pamela Jones, the voice behind Groklaw?
How has she responded to the growth of Groklaw from a blog to a full-fledged Web site? What's the origin of the "Groklaw" name? Why does Jones use Mandrake Linux? As a paralegal, has Jones ever considered becoming an attorney? Does she think SCO will ever prevail? For the answers to these and many other questions, LinuxPlanet conducted an interview with Jones.
LinuxPlanet: Right now, your Web site focuses on SCO-related legal issues. How much interest (if any) do you have in expanding your coverage beyond SCO? If you do think you might expand your coverage, what kinds of areas might you address? Why?
Pamela Jones: There are many other stories I'd like to cover, and originally, that was my intention, so after SCO, I look forward to covering them. SCO became the focus because of events and because I believed I could help, and it seemed important to try. Groklaw keeps growing in popularity, and eventually I may need to ask others to join me, lawyers particularly, who would like to pick a case to follow and explain closely. Patents is a natural subject to take on. I can't personally do one more thing, though, without cloning myself.
As for the why: I have identified a market no one knew existed. People are interested in understanding the law if a case affects them personally, and they want to help. It's not just the parties who are affected by a lawsuit like SCO v. IBM. It's every Linux coder and user on the planet, and most of them have no way on their own of knowing what is going on. Groklaw fills that need. I collect research and show people how to find out what is happening in a case. It's paralegal skills and they work, thanks to the Internet, so that now anyone in the world can follow along. I get email all the time from people saying Groklaw helps them not to feel so frustrated by the SCO case.
It is also a way people can contribute to the outcome. A lot of coders out there know where the bodies are buried but didn't realize until reading Groklaw that what they know could be used to help win the case. It's a new way of approaching a case. No one person is as smart as everybody. In the case of Linux, the world is literally full of experts. If anyone would like to help translate Groklaw into any other languages in an ongoing way, please contact me. That is the next thing I'd like to try.
LinuxPlanet: On your Web site, you emphasize that you're a paralegal, not a lawyer. Have you ever considered becoming a lawyer? Why or why not? Have your interests in this regard changed any since you started blogging? If so, how?
Jones: At one time I really wanted to do it, but circumstances prevented me. Now, I don't have that dream. I saw what it's like to be a lawyer. People don't realize what a hard profession it is. I see lawyers burning out right and left all the time. It's hard work for a sustained, lifetime career, because there is such a high level of stress. I have found out doing Groklaw that I'd rather write than sleep, judging by my actual choices, and I can't imagine anything more satisfying than what I am already doing. I didn't know when I was a little girl that I wanted to grow up and do Groklaw, but now that I'm doing it, I know this is it for me. This is what I want to do.
- Skip Ahead
- 1. The Scope of Groklaw
- 2. The Scope of Groklaw
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- 6. The Scope of Groklaw


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I can't be any fairer than that!


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Welcome to Up the Creek, y'all! In honor of the 15th anniversary of Dawson's Creek – which premiered on Jan. 20, 1998, and which filmed here in Wilmington – we're revisiting season one, one episode at a time. I'm Kate Elizabeth Queram, the StarNews environment reporter/former weather blogger, which obviously makes me perfectly suited to be your guide here (I totally bet that creek has water quality issues). I've never watched the show – though I think I tuned in for the very last episode SO I DO KNOW WHO JOEY ENDS UP WITH OMG – so please join me as I see the first season for the first time. New posts will go up every Friday. Legal parameters force me to say that all screencaps, and the teenage angst contained therein, are the property of Sony Television. Let's hit the creek.
To open episode 10 (real title: "The Scare"), Joey and Dawson watch "I Know What You Did Last Summer" in honor of the next day, which happens to be Friday the 13th. Dawson looks really happy that Sarah Michelle Gellar is about to bite it. Again, why Joey hangs out in his room alone with him all the time remains a mystery.
The news comes on and the anchor (not Bob, sadly) informs us that there is a "lady-killer" on the loose murdering female teenagers. Every context clue in this show leads me to believe, strongly, that said lady-killer is Dawson.
The next day at school QB Cliff corners Jen. You may be thinking to yourself, "We have not seen Cliff in a while, how do you know he is still a QB?" I know this, you see, because he is still wearing his letter jacket around the school. Indoors. As you do.
He asks Jen on a date, and she says that she's kind of down on dating at the moment. QB Cliff says, "Well, that's because you were dating Dawson, and Dawson sucks." Jen realizes he has a point
and agrees to go out with him.
At lunch, Pacey puts a copious amount of ketchup on his fries as the group discusses the lady-killer.
Apparently, the guy stalks his victims with letters and phone calls before coming into their homes and literally carving out their hearts. Jen says, "That's sad. He's clearly just looking for love," an interpretation that speaks volumes about her willingness to date someone like Dawson.
Discussion turns to Friday the 13th, which is Dawson's favorite night of the year. To celebrate, he's planning some sort of mass murder or something at his house that night, in addition to spending the entire day playing "scary pranks" on his friends (rubber snake in Joey's backpack, for example). He invites everyone to his death party but Jen declines, saying she has a date with QB Cliff. During this conversation, Dawson sneaks a fake bloody finger into Pacey's fries.
And Jen, clearly beginning to lose it, asks why he's tried to scare everyone but her. He's basically like, "We broke up." I fail to see what is upsetting about any of this.
But who even cares because LOOK WHO POPS UP IN THE NEXT SCENE!!!!!!!!!!!!
IT'S MEL SILVER!!!! I AM SO GLAD HE IS BACK AND IS NOT A LADY AND IS THUS UNLIKELY TO BE MURDERED BY DAWSON IN THIS EPISODE!!!!! Also notice how he is once again wearing that denim shirt. At least they gave him a sweet sweater vest to wear over it. MEL. LOVE YOU MEAN IT.
Sadly, Mel's cameo is all too brief and film class ends pretty much immediately after we see him. When it's over, QB Cliff asks Dawson for advice on how to best woo Jen. Like seriously. What. Who does this. Ironically, Dawson of all people is totally annoyed by QB Cliff's lack of boundaries (pot, meet kettle, you have much to discuss), but pretty much instantly agrees to help him anyway.
Moments after this exchange, Jen finds this in her locker.
QB Cliff pops up and she shows it to him, pretty much immediately deciding that it's from Dawson. QB Cliff is all, "How do you know it's from Dawson? Well, don't worry, I'll protect you tonight." She asks where they're going and he says it's a surprise, but that it will be "original and unpredictable."
Later at home, Jen gets a phone call that is supposed to be scary and anonymous but I can't even pretend to get into it because the caller is SO OBVIOUSLY QB Cliff. He's sort of trying to disguise his voice, but that pretty much just means he's talking semi-quietly. Jen, however, can't figure out who it is (at first she thinks it's Dawson, still trying to scare her), so they do the whole routine from the opening scenes of "Scream" and she becomes convinced that someone's hiding in her house so she spends some time running around with an enormous knife.
The whole thing ends when Gram comes home and basically tells her to calm the hell down.
Pacey, Joey and Dawson go to the store to stock up on supplies for the death party. Inside, Pacey and Dawson watch a couple fighting, which culminates in the guy storming out and the lady throwing things after him.
After her boyfriend leaves, the woman (who's been in some stuff, but will forever be known to me as homeless Laura on a Very Special Two-Part Holiday Episode Of Saved By The Bell) comes over and offers to "score them" a bottle of wine, then slips it into her bag and says she'll meet them outside.
Meanwhile, Joey's in the car and a creepy man named David knocks on the window and asks her for directions, then tells her, "You have the most intense eyes, they're really piercing."
He asks if she lives nearby, but before she can answer – and she's an idiot, so she probably would have – Dawson saves the day by appearing with his groceries. He lectures her about talking to strangers, because serial killers are typically white males in their 20s. Of course he would just know this off the top of his head.
Pacey comes out and the crazy lady presents him with the wine, a bottle of cabernet sauvignon that he pronounces as "kay-ber-net saw-vick-non." He invites her to the death party and then her psychotic boyfriend reappears, so they run to the car, lock the doors and peel out as the boyfriend chases after them.
Just. What is even happening in this episode.
QB Cliff shows up at Jen's house for her date. For the occasion, she has changed out of her long-sleeved red turtleneck into this short-sleeved red turtleneck.
Gram is all about the date, by the way, 'cause she sees QB Cliff at church all the time. When they finally escape the house, QB Cliff informs Jen that he's taking her to Dawson's séance. Because. Of course he is. Once they get there, she thanks Dawson for the note and the phone call, and he says he doesn't know anything about it. Which he doesn't, because the phone call WAS QB CLIFF NOT EVEN DISGUISING HIS VOICE, COME ON, JEN.
Ursula (yeah, homeless Laura's name is Ursula) informs Pacey that the wine's not cold so they'll have to add some ice, which leads me to believe that she probably also pronounces it "kay-ber-net saw-vick-non" because STOP SERVING RED WINE WITH ICE, YOU'RE RUINING EVERYTHING. This is what they find in the freezer:
So yes, Dawson's psychotic, but really as far as I'm concerned, Ursula got what she deserved.
Clustered around the séance table, the group tells weird scary stories, culminating with Ursula telling a tale about a guy who picks up a girl at a convenience store and takes her to a party, never knowing that she's a psycho who carries a huge knife around in her purse because she likes to cut throats just to see how far the blood spurts. Dawson's is getting dark right now.
And then the lights go out. Jen goes to call the electricity company – a number I guess she must just know by heart, 'cause homegirl didn't look for a phone book before picking up the receiver – but it's useless, because the phone line is also dead. Everybody starts to freak out, and in the manner of everyone who ever got killed in a horror movie ever, they all split up to lock the doors, find flashlights and check the fuse box.
While Jen and QB Cliff are exploring like suckers, she tells him that she's sure that Dawson is just trying to scare them. QB Cliff says, "You don't know that it's Dawson. Maybe someone actually is following you around, planning to kill you."
Comforting, QB. Wooing: You're doing it wrong.
Outside, Dawson checks the fuse box while Ursula explains that she doesn't really stab people, and that the only lunatic she knows is her boyfriend Eddie, who did time in prison for assault and battery. Then Ursula says, "It's like I have ESPN or something," and tells Dawson that she can feel the energy between him and Joey and that they are totally meant 2 be 4ever. He rebuffs her, saying they just have a "really intense" friendship, and then announces that he can't figure out how to turn the lights back on. It turns out that he planned the original blackout as part of his murder party, but now the fuse box is all jammed up, like someone messed with it or something.
I'd argue maybe it just looks that way since he's using a Zippo as his light source, but okay. They hear a noise, so they go back inside, where Joey's missing. Dawson opens the closet door and Joey's seemingly lifeless body tumbles out, and then someone in a mask wielding a knife rushes in. Dawson is totally freaked out
but the knife-wielder is Jen and Joey is totally not dead, they were just messing with him. Jen's says it's payback for the note and the creepy phone call and Dawson is all, "GIRL. FOR THE LAST TIME. I DID NOT CALL YOU OR SEND YOU A NOTE." So they go upstairs to talk, where Jen again says, "Why didn't you try to scare me? Don't I matter to you?" (Yet another exchange that perfectly encapsulates the completely messed-up nature of basically every relationship on this show.)
Soft music plays as Dawson tells Jen that he doesn't like the way things are between them, and they start to kiss before Jen pulls away. "This isn't a good idea," she says, "but please keep me on your friendship list, k?" Even when they're just friends, she finds a way to friend-zone him.
Downstairs, Ursula and Pacey are talking when suddenly, crazy Eddie breaks through the screen door and lunges after them.
Pacey and Ursula run inside and slam the door as Eddie threatens to kill them all. The phone still isn't working (Dawson disconnected it because of course he did), so they can't call the cops. Eddie breaks a window and they all run around the house locking the other doors and screaming, but it's all for naught, because while they're panicking, Eddie discovers the ladder that Joey uses to climb into Dawson's window.
Look, I'm not trying to say I told you so, but if y'all had screens like a normal family, or if you ever closed said screenless windows to keep out the bugs, this wouldn't be happening. JUST AN OBSERVATION.
Eddie's in the house now, attacking Pacey for trying to take away his woman. Pacey's pretty much a dead man but then Joey goes after Eddie with a frying pan, which subdues him.
Ursula rushes down the stairs and kicks Eddie or something, and he immediately calms down and apologizes, and they say they love each other and then they leave. "These kids are weird," Ursula tells him, which is totally true. She apologizes to Dawson for the massive damage to the house, and says that to make up for it she'll be happy to give them a discount on rented shoes at the bowling alley where she works.
On the walk back to Gram's house, QB Cliff tells Jen that he got the feeling that Jen liked Dawson 'cause he's so "creative," so he asked Dawson's advice on how best to get into Jen's pants, and that Dawson's amazing advice was that Jen loves to be scared. "So I wrote that note and called you, but I came up with that all on my own," he says proudly. Jen is understandably freaked the hell out and tells him that she's not in the market for a boyfriend, "but if I were, I'd want you to be yourself." Ostensibly, this means, "not a guy who places threatening, murderous phone calls."
Even after this conversation, QB Cliff asks Jen if he can kiss her, but before she can say no he just swoops in and goes for it. In the middle of this decidedly un-Jesus-like behavior, Gram opens the door, and she must really like QB Cliff, because she's all, "OH MY GOSH I AM SO SORRY TAKE YOUR TIME!" and leaves them alone to do more godless necking.
And when Jen finally gets rid of him and goes inside, Gram is sitting up waiting for the dirty details. GRAM. I AM SHOCKED AT YOU.
Next door, Joey and Dawson talk about how super sad they'd each be if the other died. I'd be confused by this but nothing else about this episode makes any sense, so sure, let's commiserate over our hypothetical sadness in the unlikely event that one of you bites it.
And then they bang! I kid. Of course they don't. They just climb in bed – Dawson has done this to try to scare Joey one last time –
(YOU LAUGH NOW, DAWSON, BUT YOU KEEP NOT HAVING A SCREEN AND LEAVING YOUR WINDOW OPEN AND SOON YOUR BED REALLY WILL LOOK LIKE THAT), and then they watch the news. A minute into the broadcast, they learn that David – the guy who asked Joey for directions – was, in fact, the lady-killer.
4 Comments
These are hilarious, I love them!
Your posts have been making me laugh out loud! They are hilarious. I did watch Dawson's Creek when it first came out and (along with my friends) was fairly obsessed as we were 15 ourselves… But reading these posts and seeing the first season through your eyes for the first time…we all agree that your observations are right on and too funny.
But…what happened to episode 10, "Double Date"?! I was looking forward to your rundown…
Thanks, Sarah! So, this episode was the first one on disc 3, and "Double Date" is the second. I know that doesn't make any sense, because IMDB lists it as having aired before this one, but I had already watched about half of the scare episode before I realized that and could not bring myself to start over. The plus side is that nothing in this show ever really carries over to the next episode, so it'll probably still make sense in this order. In summary, "Double Date" will be up on Friday and I gave you waaaaay too much information in this comment.
Perfect explanation 🙂 and I look forward to Friday's post!


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Find hotels in Osseo using the list and search tools below. Search for the cheapest discounted hotel and motel rates in or near Osseo, MN for your upcoming personal or group travel. Explore the most favored Osseo Minnesota hotel/motel rooms. Review the Osseo hotel list below to find the perfect lodging. We also have a map of the Osseo hotels. Booking 5+ Rooms? Find Osseo Group Hotel Deals
The Osseo center point is approximately 1 mile east of Maple Grove Community Center and 6 miles southwest of Mercy Hospital.
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