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- are taking the medication riociguat
- have been advised by your doctor not to engage in sexual activity
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Nitrates are found in medications that are used to treat angina (chest pain). If you are not sure if you are taking nitrates, ask your doctor or pharmacist.
Alcohol: Consumption of alcohol in large amounts may decrease the ability to get an erection and may also temporarily decrease blood pressure, causing dizziness and fainting.
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Nitrate-containing medications: Sildenafil should never be taken with any medications that contain nitrates. Blood pressure may suddenly drop to life-threatening levels if sildenafil is taken with any nitrate-containing medication (e.g., nitroglycerin tablets, spray, or patches) or any other nitrates (e.g., isosorbide dinitrate or amyl nitrite "poppers"). Dizziness, fainting spells, heart attack, or stroke may be experienced.
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Penis deformation: As with other medications for erectile dysfunction, men with an anatomical deformation of the penis such as angulation, cavernosal fibrosis, or Peyronie's disease should be closely monitored by their doctors if they take this medication.
Prolonged erection: If an erection lasts longer than 4 hours (a rare occurrence), seek immediate medical assistance. If this condition is not treated quickly, tissue damage and permanent loss of the ability to have an erection could result.
Prostate problems: Tell your doctor if you are taking medications, such as alpha-blockers (e.g., doxazosin), to treat prostate problems, as the combination of these medications with sildenafil may add to the blood pressure-lowering effect of these medications.
Sexually transmitted infections: Sildenafil does not protect against sexually transmitted infections such as HIV.
Vision problems/eye conditions: If you experience a sudden loss of vision in one or both eyes or other vision related problems, contact your doctor immediately. Vision loss may be partial or complete. While in some cases the condition may improve over time, it can also be permanent.
This rare condition is more likely to occur if you have heart disease, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, or eye problems, are more than 50 years old, or if you smoke. If you have any eye conditions, such as retinitis pigmentosa or non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy(NAION), tell your doctor.
Pregnancy and breast-feeding: Sildenafil is not intended for use by women.
Children: Sildenafil is not intended for use by children or adolescents under 18 years of age.
Seniors: If you are 65 years of age or older, you may need a lower dose of this medication.

subset: commoncrawl


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Semiconductor Applications
Innovation in semiconductor design and manufacturing is enabling smaller device architectures with higher performance and more energy-efficient devices for powering the smart product revolution. The physics associated with shrinking geometries, especially in the emerging 3-D IC, FinFET and stacked-die architectures bring out design challenges related to power and reliability, affecting design closure. ANSYS simulation and modeling tools offer you the sign-off accuracy and performance needed to ensure the power noise integrity and reliability of even the most complex ICs, taking into account electromigration, thermal effects and electrostatic discharge phenomena.
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Maybe the computer was locked by one of their friends?! If there is a written rule against locking computers then just follow it. Nothing wrong with pissing others off.With the PIC friendly folks, you probably get more conversation by avoiding the whole Arduino thing. With other students though, tell them what they can do with arduino. There is so much you can do with it so anyone already interested in engineering or programming would be happy to know about it. I see a lot of things such as curriculum as backwards now that I have used arduino for a while. There is this programming in C class I'm sure every school has, where all you do is programming for programming sake, counting coin example every semester. Kind of like "theoretical" English, just learning syntax and dialogs. Would be a thousand times more interesting and useful if it involves an example or two with arduino. It tells you what you can do with even intro to C level of skills. Same as EE. Endless circuits problem with nodal analysis and Thevenin theorems for a whole semester while lots of these kids can't even build a voltage divider on a breadboard. What a shame to not be able to do the most basic circuit? With arduino you can instantly turn a voltage divider into a resistor sorter and students would be happy to sort out a bunch of random resistors with their skills. How can we integrate PIC in this picture? Maybe it's doable with PIC but you don't get to use a PIC until 2-3 years into your program. I'm going with the sure thing, arduino.
If you and your prof did your jobs, you'll know enough about solving problems with microcontrollers that you can adapt to the specific tools at hand.
Pretty difficult with just one MCU class one semester just my 2 cents. Only those motivated to do more will learn more.


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The Tamise white chef jacket by Robur is all about convenience and style!
This professional jacket was designed with a strong focus on optimal comfort and durability. With its immaculate details and classic style, the Tamise unisex jacket is a highly praised product from the Robur range.
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3- Use washing detergents with optical brighteners for shaper colours.
4- Always wash your clothing item once before first use.
For further details, view the size chart guide.


text: Bill Broadley wrote: > Sorry all, my math was a bit off (thanks Mike and others). > > To be clearer: > * $24k or so per pair of servers and a pair of 15*750GB arrays > * The pair has 16.4TB usable (without the normal 5% reserved by the > filesystem) > * The pair has 20.5TB raw (counting disks use for spare and redundancy) > * Each pair has 22 TB marketing (Using TB = 10^9 instead of 2^30) > > So 7 servers could manage to provide the mentioned >= 100TB. Total cost of > 7*$24k=$168k. Total storage cost does not include the GigE switches, 10G > uplinks, nor 10G nics. Usable capacity of 7*16 = 112TB. Ah, I see. That brings it down quite a bit. Thanks for clarifying. > The above config assumes that software RAID performance = hardware RAID > performance or that the Dell MD-1000 can allow 2 masters access to > all 15 disks (not at the same time). I'm not sure that either is true. > > From the scaling numbers I've seen published with PVFS2 and Lustre seems like > it should still be possible to manage the mentioned goal of 1.5-2.5GB/sec > (which assumes 220MB/sec or 440MB/sec per file server pair for 7 pairs.) Again, if anyone can provide a real-world layout of what they are using, along with real-world speeds at the node, that would help out tremendously. Thanks, Steve


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WASHINGTON (AP) — The top Democrat on the House Foreign Affairs Committee is calling on the Obama administration to train and arm select elements of the Syrian opposition as well as provide humanitarian assistance as the deadly civil war marked an ignominious second anniversary on Friday.
"It is past time to stop the madness in Syria," Rep. Eliot Engel wrote to his House colleagues in seeking support for legislation to aid the rebels battling the regime of President Bashar Assad.
The New York lawmaker, who plans to introduce his bill on Monday, cited the estimated 70,000 Syrians killed and more than 1 million refugees. His legislation would provide economic assistance to local groups supporting the opposition, expand humanitarian assistance and authorize the training and arming of vetted Syrian opposition fighters.
"U.S. training and arming of carefully vetted Syrian opposition forces offer many potential benefits, but two stand out above all: bringing the humanitarian disaster to an end as soon as possible and helping ensure that the U.S. has a constructive relationship with a successor government in Damascus that pursues development, democracy and peace with its neighbors and rejects the regionally destabilizing influence of Iran and Hezbollah," Engel wrote.
The move by Engel gives fresh impetus to the demands by some in Congress for greater U.S. involvement to end the bloodshed and comes just days before President Barack Obama's trip to the Middle East. So far, only a few Republican lawmakers, led by Sens. John McCain and Lindsey Graham, have demanded greater military action such as air strikes and arming the rebels.
Last month, Sen. Marco Rubio, R-Fla., suggested sending ammunition to the Syrian opposition.
Secretary of State John Kerry announced at a conference in Rome last month a $60 million package of nonlethal assistance, the first direct help to the opposition forces trying to overthrow Assad.
The State Department said Wednesday that it has yet to begin shipping the meals and medical supplies to the armed opposition as it was still in talks with the Free Syrian Army.
The Associated Press obtained a copy of Engel's letter.


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Welcome to the CRG Discussion Forum!Forum registration problems: Make sure you enter your email correctly and you check your spam box first. *Then* email KurtS2@gmail for help.Classified ads are not allowed on the forum.
And finally...your glass beading results are great. Are there any home style/weekender blasting machines you would be willing to recommend?


text:
Henry VIII, (born June 28, 1491, Greenwich, near London, England—died January 28, 1547, London), king of England (1509–47) who presided over the beginnings of the English Renaissance and the English Reformation. His six wives were, successively, Catherine of Aragon (the mother of the future queen Mary I), Anne Boleyn (the mother of the future queen Elizabeth I), Jane Seymour (the mother of Henry's successor, Edward VI), Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard, and Catherine Parr.
What was Henry VIII's childhood like?
When did Henry VIII get married?
What were Henry VIII children's names?
How was Henry VIII influential?
Accession to the throne
Henry was the second son of Henry VII, first of the Tudor line, and Elizabeth, daughter of Edward IV, first king of the short-lived line of York. When his elder brother, Arthur, died in 1502, Henry became the heir to the throne; of all the Tudor monarchs, he alone spent his childhood in calm expectation of the crown, which helped give an assurance of majesty and righteousness to his willful, ebullient character. He excelled in book learning as well as in the physical exercises of an aristocratic society, and, when in 1509 he ascended the throne, great things were expected of him. Six feet tall, powerfully built, and a tireless athlete, huntsman, and dancer, he promised England the joys of spring after the long winter of Henry VII's reign.
Henry and his ministers exploited the dislike inspired by his father's energetic pursuit of royal rights by sacrificing, without a thought, some of the unpopular institutions and some of the men that had served his predecessor. Yet the unpopular means for governing the realm soon reappeared because they were necessary. Soon after his accession, Henry married Catherine of Aragon, Arthur's widow, and the attendant lavish entertainments ate into the modest royal reserves.
More serious was Henry's determination to engage in military adventure. Europe was being kept on the boil by rivalries between the French and Spanish kingdoms, mostly over Italian claims; and, against the advice of his older councillors, Henry in 1512 joined his father-in-law, Ferdinand II of Aragon, against France and ostensibly in support of a threatened pope, to whom the devout king for a long time paid almost slavish respect.
Henry himself displayed no military talent, but a real victory was won by the earl of Surrey at Flodden (1513) against a Scottish invasion. Despite the obvious pointlessness of the fighting, the appearance of success was popular. Moreover, in Thomas Wolsey, who organized his first campaign in France, Henry discovered his first outstanding minister. By 1515 Wolsey was archbishop of York, lord chancellor of England, and a cardinal of the church; more important, he was the king's good friend, to whom was gladly left the active conduct of affairs. Henry never altogether abandoned the positive tasks of kingship and often interfered in business; though the world might think that England was ruled by the cardinal, the king himself knew that he possessed perfect control any time he cared to assert it, and Wolsey only rarely mistook the world's opinion for the right one.
Nevertheless, the years from 1515 to 1527 were marked by Wolsey's ascendancy, and his initiatives set the scene. The cardinal had some occasional ambition for the papal tiara, and this Henry supported; Wolsey at Rome would have been a powerful card in English hands. In fact, there was never any chance of this happening, any more than there was of Henry's election to the imperial crown, briefly mooted in 1519 when the emperor Maximilian I died, to be succeeded by his grandson Charles V. That event altered the European situation. In Charles, the crowns of Spain, Burgundy (with the Netherlands), and Austria were united in an overwhelming complex of power that reduced all the dynasties of Europe, with the exception of France, to an inferior position. From 1521, Henry became an outpost of Charles V's imperial power, which at Pavia (1525), for the moment, destroyed the rival power of France. Wolsey's attempt to reverse alliances at this unpropitious moment brought reprisals against the vital English cloth trade with the Netherlands and lost the advantages that alliance with the victor of Pavia might have had. It provoked a serious reaction in England, and Henry concluded that Wolsey's usefulness might be coming to an end.
Loss of popularity
While the greatness of England in Europe was being shown up as a sham, the regime was also losing popularity at home. The fanciful expectations of the early days could not, of course, endure; some measure of reality was bound to intrude. As it was, journalists and writers continued to be full of hope for a king who, from 1517, commanded the services of a new councillor, Sir Thomas More, one of the outstanding minds of the day. But More soon discovered that Henry found it easy to keep his enjoyment of learned conversation apart from the conduct of policy. Nothing for the moment could dent Wolsey's strength, and this had serious drawbacks for the king, who supported him. The country was showing increasing signs of its discontent, and Wolsey's efforts to remedy grievances only exasperated men of influence without bringing satisfaction to the poor. Feelings came to the boil in the years 1523–24. Although he disliked parliaments, Wolsey had to agree to the calling of one in 1523, but the taxes voted were well below what was required. Next year, the attempt to levy a special tax led to such fierce resistance that Henry rescinded it, he and the cardinal both trying to take the credit for the remission of what they had been jointly responsible for imposing. While he had Wolsey to take the blame, Henry could afford such fiascoes; the cardinal could not. By 1527 a government policy that, though seemingly Wolsey's, was really the king's was facing bankruptcy; ineffective abroad, unpopular at home, it made the regime look as empty of positive purpose as in fact it was.
At this point, the king entered affairs unmistakably and spectacularly. Among his failures so far had been his or Catherine's inability to provide a male heir to the throne; several stillbirths and early deaths had left only a girl, the princess Mary (born in 1516), to carry on the line, and no one relished the thought of a female succession with all the dynastic and political uncertainties it would bring. Being the man he was, Henry could not suppose the fault to be his. His rapidly growing aversion to Catherine was augmented by his infatuation with one of the ladies of the court, Anne Boleyn, the sister of one of his earlier mistresses. Henry was no profligate; indeed, he had a strong streak of prudery, but he sought the occasional relief from marriage to a worthy but ailing wife to which princes have generally been held entitled. In Anne he met his match; this 20-year-old girl, brought up in a tough school of courtly intrigue, would be more than a king's mistress. It took Henry, who in any case needed to marry her if the expected issue was to solve the succession problem, some six years to achieve their joint purpose. Inadvertently, he provoked a revolution.
From 1527 Henry pursued what became known as "the King's great matter": his divorce from Catherine. He convinced himself that his first marriage had been against the divine law; that is, against the biblical injunction (Lev.) forbidding marriage with a brother's widow. The deaths of the children proved God's judgment on the union. With his characteristic readiness to convert his own desires into the law of God, Henry rapidly assured himself that he was living in mortal sin with Catherine and had to find relief if he was again to become acceptable to God. He appealed to Rome for a declaration of annulment. Popes had usually obliged kings in such matters, but Henry had picked both his time and his case badly. He was asking Pope Clement VII to help him discard the emperor's aunt, but Clement, the emperor's prisoner in 1527–28, never thereafter dared resist Charles, whose powerful feelings of familial honour and public prestige barred any concession to Henry's wishes. Moreover, the pope's reluctance was increased by the fact that he was being asked to declare illegal an earlier exercise of papal power—which had licensed Henry's marriage to his brother's widow—of a kind that brought a good deal of money to the papal coffers.
Thus, Henry's attempts to solve his dilemma in the accepted legal way were doomed from the start. Wolsey, in a worse dilemma, since only success in the impossible could keep him in power, obtained a trial of the case in England, but this was frustrated by his fellow judge, Cardinal Campeggio, on orders from Rome (1529). Within weeks, Wolsey was ousted, but his disappearance solved nothing, and the councillors who succeeded him could offer little help to their king, who knew only what he wanted, not how to get it.
The chancellorship went to Thomas More, who had told Henry that he did not approve of the divorce and who wished to devote himself to a fight against Lutheran heresy. Confusion was the keynote of policy for some three years while the king dithered between hope that Rome might yet be forced to let the formal trial of his first marriage take place in England and stirrings of a more radical nature—to reject Rome outright. But, though he occasionally talked of doing just that, neither he nor anyone else knew how to convert talk into action.
The breach with Rome
Action called for a revolution, and the revolution required a man who could conceive and execute it. That man was Thomas Cromwell, who, in April 1532, won control of the council and thereafter remained in command for some eight years. The revolution consisted of the decision that the English church should separate from Rome, becoming effectively a spiritual department of state under the rule of the king as God's deputy on earth. The revolution that he had not intended gave the king his wish: in January 1533 he married Anne Boleyn; in May a new archbishop, Thomas Cranmer, presided over the formality of a trial that declared the first marriage annulled; in September the princess Elizabeth was born. The pope retaliated with a sentence of excommunication; it troubled no one.
The supreme headship on earth over the Church of England, though he had not sought it, represented Henry's major achievement. It had very wide-ranging consequences, but those that immediately concerned the king were two. In the first place, the new title consolidated his own concept of kingship, his conviction that (as he once said) he had no superior on earth. It rounded off the majestic image of divinely instituted royal rule that it was Henry's constant ambition to present to an awed and obedient world. But, in the second place, it created a real personal problem for the king: earlier, in his book Assertio septem sacramentorum adversus Martinum Lutherum (1521), he had attacked Luther and had expressed a profound devotion to the papacy and had been rewarded with the title of Defender of the Faith. Now he had turned against the pope; his act was equal to encouraging the Protestant Reformation, a thing attractive to Cranmer and Cromwell (and perhaps Anne Boleyn) but not to Henry, who despised Luther. The religion of the newly independent church was for its head to settle: for the rest of his life, Henry, who prided himself on his theological learnings, was to give much time and thought to the nature of the true religion. With the exception of the papal primacy, he never gave up the main tenets of the faith in which he had grown up, but he changed his mind on details and arrived at an amalgam of his own in which transubstantiation and clerical celibacy mingled with radical views about the worldly authority of the church and man's ability to seek salvation without the aid of priests.
Domestic reforms
Cromwell's decade, the 1530s, was the only period of the reign during which a coherent body of policies was purposefully carried through. Cromwell's work greatly enlarged Henry's power, especially by transferring to the crown the wealth of the monasteries, dissolved in 1536–40, and new clerical taxes; but it also, more explicitly than ever, subjected the king to the law and to the legislative supremacy of Parliament. Since Henry knew how to work with parliaments, the immediate effect was to make him appear more dominant than ever and to give to his reign a spurious air of autocracy—spurious because in fact the rule of law remained to control the sovereign's mere will. The appearance of autocracy was misleadingly emphasized by the fact that all revolutions have their victims. As heads rolled, the king's earlier reputation as a champion of light and learning was permanently buried under his enduring fame as a man of blood. Old friends such as More, refusing to accept the new order, fell before the onslaught, as did some 50 other men caught by the treason laws. Between 1538 and 1541 the families of Pole and Courtenay were destroyed by the axe for treasons linked with efforts abroad to reverse the course of events in England but mainly because they could claim royal blood and represented a dynastic danger to the unprolific Tudor line.
The king now embarked on the series of matrimonial adventures that made him appear both a monster and a laughingstock. He soon tired of Anne, who failed to produce a male heir; in 1536 she was executed, with other members of the court, for alleged treasonable adultery. Catherine of Aragon, rejected but unbowed, had died a little earlier. Henry immediately married Jane Seymour, who bore him his son Edward but died in childbirth (1537). The next three years were filled with attempts to replace her, and the bride chosen was Anne, sister of the duke of Cleves, a pawn in Cromwell's policy for a northern European alliance against dangers from France and the Emperor. But Henry hated the first sight of her and at once demanded his freedom, an end achieved by a quick divorce.
Physical and mental decline
The Cleves fiasco destroyed Cromwell; it enabled his many enemies to turn the king against him, and in July 1540 his head fell on the scaffold. Henry had by now become truly dangerous: always secretive and suspicious, now he was beginning to show paranoiac tendencies. Convinced that he controlled everyone, he was in fact readily manipulated by those who knew how to feed his suspicions and pander to his self-righteousness. Full of experience—the oldest king in Europe—and increasingly competent in the routine of rule, he lacked the comprehensive vision and large spirit that would have made him a great man. His temperamental deficiencies were aggravated by what he regarded as his undeserved misfortunes and by ill health; he grew enormously fat. His mind did not weaken, but he grew restless, peevish, and totally unpredictable; often melancholy and depressed, he was usually out of sorts and always out of patience. In 1540–42 he briefly renewed his youth in marriage to the 20-year-old Catherine Howard, whose folly in continuing her promiscuity, even as queen, brought her to the block. The blow finished Henry. Thereafter, he was really a sad and bitter old man, and, though he married once more, to find a measure of peace with the calm and obedient Catherine Parr, his physical ruin was complete.
But he was still the king and, from Cromwell's fall (which he regretted too late), the only maker of policy. Policy in the hands of a sick, unhappy, violent man was not likely to be either sensible or prosperous, and so it proved. Left to himself, Henry concentrated on keeping the realm united, despite the growing strife between the religious factions, and on keeping before the world his own image as the glorious monarch of the age. The first resulted in frequent explosions against the ingratitude of his subjects and against his councillors. The second brought him back to his first love—war and conquest, the sport of kings.
In 1542 the emperor and the king of France resumed hostilities. After a pretense of independence, Henry again joined the former; the Scots promptly joined the French. The Scots were routed at Solway Moss (1542), and their king died soon after: this opened the possibility of subjugating that country permanently by means of a marriage alliance between the infant heirs to the two thrones. But the Scottish dream quickly collapsed as Henry's crude handling of that nation gave control to a pro-French party, determined to resist even an alliance with England; physical conquest was beyond the king's means. Henry personally managed both the war and the subsequent negotiations, and he displayed amazing energy for so sick a man. But energy is not the same thing as competence. The war proved ruinous. Money had to be raised by selling off the monastic lands, which had brought a good income; the desperate expedient of debasing the coinage, though it brought temporary succour, led to a violent inflation that made things worse. Yet, even after the emperor made peace with France (1544), Henry would not let go until two years later.
As the year 1546 drew to a close, it was apparent to all observers that the king had not long to live. Not that it was clear to the man most concerned; he continued as before, lamenting religious dissension, attending to the business of government, continuing the pretense of deathless majesty, destroying the powerful Howard family, whom he suspected of plotting to control his successor. Conscious almost to the very end, he died on January 28, 1547. He left the realm feeling bereft and the government the more bewildered because, to the last, he had refused to make full arrangements for the rule of a boy king.
As king of England from 1509 to 1547, Henry VIII presided over the beginnings of the English Reformation, which was unleashed by his own matrimonial involvements, even though he never abandoned the fundamentals of the Roman Catholic faith. Though exceptionally well served by a succession of brilliant ministers, Henry turned upon them all; those he elevated, he invariably cast down again. He was attracted to humanist learning and was something of an intellectual himself, but he was responsible for the deaths of the outstanding English humanists of the day. Though six times married, he left a minor heir and a dangerously complicated succession problem. Of his six wives, two joined a large tally of eminent persons executed for alleged treason; yet otherwise his regime observed the law of the land with painful particularity. Formidable in appearance, in memory, and in mind, and fearsome of temper, he yet attracted genuine devotion and knew how to charm people. Monstrously egotistical and surrounded by adulation, he nevertheless kept a reasonable grasp on the possible; forever taking false steps in politics, he emerged essentially unbeaten and superficially successful in nearly everything he attempted to do.
Henry VIII has always seemed the very embodiment of true monarchy. Even his evil deeds, never forgotten, have been somehow amalgamated into a memory of greatness. He gave his nation what it wanted: a visible symbol of its nationhood. He also had done something toward giving it a better government, a useful navy, a start on religious reform and social improvement. But he was not a great man in any sense. Although a leader in every fibre of his being, he little understood where he was leading his nation. But, if he was neither statesman nor prophet, he also was neither the blood-stained monster of one tradition nor the rowdy bon vivant of another. Though cold, self-centred, ungiving, forever suspicious of the ways of the world, he could not descend to the second stereotype; despite a ruthlessness fed by self-righteousness, he never took the pleasure in killing required of the first. Simply, he never understood why the life of so well-meaning a man should have been beset by so many unmerited troubles.Geoffrey R. Elton The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Learn More in these related Britannica articles:
United Kingdom: Henry VIII (1509–47)An 18-year-old prince inherited his father's throne, but the son of an Ipswich butcher carried on the first Tudor's administrative policies. While the young sovereign enjoyed his inheritance, Thomas Wolsey collected titles—archbishop of York in 1514, lord chancellor and cardinal…
Protestantism: Henry VIII and the separation from RomeIn the meantime the Reformation had taken hold in England. The beginning there was political rather than religious, a quarrel between the king and the pope of the sort that had occurred in the Middle Ages without resulting…
history of Europe: Sovereigns and estatesHenry VIII moved further when he broke with Rome and took to himself complete sovereignty.…
United Kingdom: Dynastic threatsUnder Henry VIII, the duke of Buckingham (who was descended from the youngest son of Edward III) was killed in 1521; the earl of Warwick's sister, the countess of Salisbury, was beheaded in 1541 and her descendants harried out of the land; and in January 1547…
education: The English ReformationHenry VIII included the schools in his policy of concentration and consolidation of power in the hands of the state. In 1548, under Henry's son Edward VI, the Chantries Act was passed, confiscating the estates of the church expressly for use in education; but the…
More About Henry VIII70 references found in Britannica articles
Assorted References
- desecration of Becket's tomb
- major reference: history of the United Kingdom
- reconstruction of Whitehall Palace
- relationship to Mary
- view of sovereignty
association with
- Angus
- Barnes
- Barton
- Bedford
- Bocher
- In Joan Bocher


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Eats shoots and leaves. full profile
Arthur B
Arthur started a blog (new defunct) initially to make fun of Dan getting a blog. And then started posting in it. Then he started posting stuff here instead. Then an alarming amount of time passed and he ended up as Ferretbrain's second editor after Wardog passed on the torch. He also maintains a blog at Refereeing & Reflection, where he drones on about roleplaying games in way more detail than a general audience would care about. full profile
Dan H
Google doesn't know enough about Dan H yet. full profile
Julian Lynch
Once a library worker by trade, but now moving into a career with more wigs, Julian is currently writing about himself in the third-person. He likes many things that he should like, and many more things that he shouldn't. full profile
Rami has lived on three continents, can get by in three languages, and got a great deal on a three-for-one university degree. In his free time, he can generally be found fiddling with open-source software and websites, in which he is joined by his stuffed toy penguin Aristophanes. full profile
Claire E Fitzgerald
Claire E. Fitzgerald is the world's leading Internet Psychologist. Last year she won the prestigious Adler-Freud Award for Making Stuff Up. Look out for her forthcoming self-help book, Climbing The Me Me Me Tree: How To Boost YOUR Self Esteem By Being A Dick To Everybody Else. She is also the author of 101 Ways To Beat Procrastination, due to be published in October 2004. full profile
Sonia Mitchell
Sonia claims that she'd like to be a Clint Eastwood character when she grows up. Not the one with the pet orang-utan though.
She tweets at @UnrealSonia full profile
She tweets at @UnrealSonia full profile
Viorica is a high school senior who spends far too much time on the Internet. When she isn't online, she spends her time acting, writing, and fangirling various dead people. full profile
Jamie Johnston
Jamie is more an antique Roman than a Dane. He is straight and slender, and more than common tall. He is ill at reckoning, but he knows a hawk from a handsaw and is advised what he says, neither disturbed with the effect of wine nor heady-rash, provoked with raging ire. He is an unfee'd lawyer, but not covetous for gold. He is a foe to tyrants. He is not gamesome, and does lack some part of that quick spirit that is in Antony. He loves not wisely but too well. He is a better scholar than he thought he was, so he'll call for pen and ink and write his mind. full profile
Guy spent millenia travelling the heavens on his magic surfboard, searching for a planet with magnificent fjords. And here it is! Legends also tell of him rising again to serve England in its hour of greatest need, which seems strange as he's not dead, or English.
full profile
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Melissa G.
Melissa is excited to be on the contributer list of Ferret Brain. She has been sitting on the side lines softly cheering and discussing the issues in her own head (with her many personalities), and she's glad she finally found the courage to jump in and test the waters. Melissa is an aspiring writer, and when her books one day get published, she greatly looks forward to the ferrets tearing it to shreds come review time. full profile


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Country Inn and Suites
Welcome to our beautiful Country Inn & Suites hotel in Port Charlotte located in Southwestern Florida near I-75 and Kings Highway. As a convenient location to watch MLB's Tampa Bay Devil Rays during spring training at Charlotte Sports Park, our Port Charlotte hotel provides comfortable amenities and services to make your stay rewarding. Here, you can enjoy a Fitness Center, high-speed wireless Internet access, a Business Center, 32-inch LCD TVs and a daily complimentary breakfast buffet. You'll also have access to attractions throughout the city such as Port Charlotte Towne Center, Bobcat Trail Golf Club, Midway Park and Carmalita Athletic Park. Make your reservations online today and find out how our Port Charlotte hotel's accommodations can make your next stay memorable.


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Message Board
Cecile Lamalle Message Board
Talk about the novels, new and used books that Lamalle has written!
Author Lamalle's Book Reviews
Glutton for Punishment
Charly Poisson is very French and very quirky. He owns the best (and only) French restaurant in Van Buren County, upstate New York. When Patty the Pastry Chef's friend, Amanda, seemingly commits suicide, Charly knows it was murder and sets out to catch the killer. Charly is an endearing character, somewhat reminiscent of Hercule Poirot. The book is well plotted, filled with believable small town characters---and the accompanying recipes for French Co...
Prepared for Murder: A Culinary Mystery with Recipes
Charly Poisson, quirky French owner of La Fermette-the bst French restaurant in upstate NY stumbles over a frozen, partially decomposed body when the spring thaw begins. His discovery sets off an investigation tied into previous events. Organized crime is also invading the county in the form of a specialty frozen seafood entree company mostly in the business of money laundering. Another light-hearted romp with Charly and friends in rural NY. This is a fu...


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SuicideGirl of the Day: Lynxen
Meet Lynxen , a 26-year-old SuicideGirl from Oregon who enjoys taking photos at inappropriate times and says she spends most of her free time eating Peanut Butter Pows.
Name: Lyxzen
Age: 26
Location: Oregon
Into: Fruit, good company, walking anywhere and everywhere, cat snuggles, the public library, taking photos at inappropriate times
Not into: Dishonesty, apathy, ignorance
Makes me happy: Ampersands, a fully-stocked kitchen and sunshine
Makes me sad: Feeling lost
Five things I can't live without: Lip balm, my pillow, peppermint tea, fruit, words
Vices: Miami
I spend most of my free time: Eating peanut butter pows
Favorite bands:
Refused, T(I)NC, Ryan Adams, Oasis, Broadway Calls, The Replacements, Green Day, Andrew W.K., Dead to Me, The Loved Ones, Gallows, The Bronx, Dwarves, The Network, Ratatat, N.E.R.D., El-P, Sleep of Oldominion, Kanye, Atmosphere, Kid Cudi, Champion, Jud Jud, Lifetime, Kid Dynamite, The Explosion, H2O, Shook Ones, Modern Life is War, Sinking Ships, Berzerk, Snapcase, Cancer Bats, Some Girls, Botch, Pantera, Atari Teenage Riot, Blood Brothers, Schoolyard Heroes, Kane Hodder, Beat Union, Elvis Costello, Limbeck, Whiskeytown, Coconut Records, Jimmy Eat World, Saves the Day, Piebald, Gatsby's American Dream, The Lashes, The Photo Atlas, Nuclear Saturday, Foxboro Hot Tubs, Shannon &the Clams, The Living End, Murder By Death, Q and Not U, She &Him, Beck, Mike Doughty, Ted Leo, Harvey Danger, Nada Surf, Division of Laura Lee, Muse, Black Rebel Motorcycle Club, Detroit Cobras, Juliette Lewis, Imperial Teen, Spoon, Jealous Sound, Nightmare of You, Manchester Orchestra, Bob Dylan, Self, Squeeze, The Beatles, The Click Five, Mandy Moore, Adele, &Shrimp Nasty.
Favorite films:
'Scott Pilgrim,' 'The Rules of Attraction,' 'Across the Universe,' 'Welcome to the Dollhouse,' 'The Dangerous Lives of Altarboys,' 'Wet Hot American Summer,' 'Crash,' 'Hackers,' 'Totoro' and absolutely anything with Jason Schwartzman or Mandy Moore.
Favorite books:
Lots of cookbooks. Simon Rich, Douglas Coupland, Vonnegut, Salinger, Eggers, Murakami, B.E. Ellis. Youth in Revolt; Days of War, Nights of Love; 1984; Invisible Monsters; Dharma Punx; The Celestine Prophecy; Steal This Book; Evasion; Brave New World.
Favorite TV shows:
'Nova,' 'Lost,' 'Dexter,' 'Prison Break,' 'Breaking Bad,' 'The L Word,' 'Six Feet Under,' 'Oz,' 'This American Life,' 'Mad Men,' 'Curb Your Enthusiasm,' 'The Office,' 'The Late Show with David Letterman,' 'House,' 'Space Ghost,' 'Antiques Roadshow'
Favorite video games: Kickle Cubicle, Street Fighter 2 and Donkey Kong Country
SuicideGirls is a community that celebrates alternative beauty and alternative culture from all over the world. Since 2001, tens of thousands of models have submitted millions of photos to their website hoping to become SuicideGirls.


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Let's get small with the teeny Scion iQ
special to the daily
In some parallel universe – I'm thinking Tokyo, perhaps – the tremendously small, totally unusual and surprisingly just-OK-frugal Scion iQ makes all kinds of sense.
Rolling along in the 10-foot-long iQ on a normal American street or, more frighteningly, an Interstate, you end up spending most of your time hoping that you will not be crushed by a Mini Cooper. Or a medium-sized dog. If you look at the iQ and then the new Chevy Spark, it looks like an Escalade, by comparison.
iQ is indeed the tiniest of the tiny, its major claim to fame being that it is the smallest four-passenger vehicle in current production for a North American audience. That's a jab at its most direct competition, the similarly sized Smart ForTwo; The iQ name is another not-so-subtle jab at the Mercedes Benz-sourced microcar.
And the description is technically true. The iQ, which looks more like the cab of a delivery truck than an actual vehicle, really does have a rear seat, though it also doubles as a bench that folds flat to become the car's luggage area, if you want to carry more than a sandwich and some socks in the briefcase-sized storage area in the back.
It also seems like the grandest optical illusion ever. Get inside and it's actually quite spacious for driver and front passenger, with ample leg and head room and full-sized, comfortable seating. You motor along, a 1.3-liter four-cylinder producing a Fiat 500- or hybrid-like 94 horsepower, you can merge in and out of traffic, and you can even fly along at 80 MPH on the freeway.
It feels like a fairly normal car, as well. The CVT transmission does require ample gas and a bit of prayer to merge into traffic, but it's no worse than full-size cars with CVTs, though acceleration can be jerky, almost universally. Handling is pretty good, maybe a little tippy on a long, wide curve, but it's otherwise well-mannered. Given that the rear axle is also nearly under your bottom, the ride quality is more than a little bouncy, but not impossible.
But open the door – and the iQ seems to be nothing but door – and you'll wonder where the rest of the car went. Those meager 10 feet (and just 78.7 inches of wheelbase) make for one very small footprint, parked on stubby and overly prominent 16-inch wheels.
For ultra-urban dwellers, the upside is that the iQ can be parked literally anywhere – about three of them fit in the same space as a big truck, and you could probably drive one into the bed of a Tundra, and do a three-point turn.
It's an experience that makes a small vehicle such as the Honda Fit or the Hyundai Accent seem SUV-sized by comparison. And the insides are very, very austere – stylish, sure, in that plain-but-cool Scion style – but it's so small there isn't even a glove box. Storage is at a premium throughout.
My biggest quibble was the fact that, like the Smart Car, you would imagine mileage of something like 60 MPG, right? Since the iQ weighs only 2,127 pounds, and there's practically no car to haul around?
Unfortunately, my real-world mileage was about 34 MPG (the sticker rates it for 37 MPG combined) and … well, the new Altima gets that, and is also a real-sized automobile.
Overseas, the iQ is a Toyota and the engines are smaller and probably more fuel-efficient: In order to allow the Scion version to compete in a roadscape full of full-sized automobiles, the extra power was necessary, but not mind-blowingly efficient.
Also, it's not especially cheap. The car stickers for a touch over $15,000 but the model I drove had $4,000 in extras (the better stereo and satellite radio, a sway bar and a handful of TRD performance upgrades, plus carpets and illuminated door sills) and that takes the iQ into the leagues of full-sized autos.
The outside looks, cartoonishly Japanese, speak for themselves. Inside, it's a little more grounded, with attractive, glossy plastic panels on the door pulls and a manta ray-shaped center stack head atop the center stack.
The best part? iQ is the base material for the Aston Martin Cygnet, a three-times-more-expensive abomination created to satisfy European fuel consumption rules.
Tune in next week when I profile the new Ford Fusion, a real, totally normal full-sized car whose hybrid version generates a real 47 miles per gallon.
Start a dialogue, stay on topic and be civil.
If you don't follow the rules, your comment may be deleted.


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Rob van Beek needed a new logo design and created a contest on 99designs.
A winner was selected from 105 designs submitted by 34 freelance designers.
I need a logo for my own company, WebTopia. This logo I will use as my brand and it Needs to be suited for universal media use. So I can make stationary of it, use it in presentations and on my future website.
WebTopia is all about online strategy consulting, concepting and innovation. With these three specialties, I'm starting my own company as of now. I will help companies realise their goals based on these central activities.
I Need a logo of my companies name. The colour of the logo has to be Bronze coloured, and the same Font as Blue Blood clothing design.
I need this logo so I can put it in my presentations, on my stationary, my website etc.
- I love the style of Blue Bood clothinghttp://www.bluebloodbrand.com/
I think a Bronze colour really makes it perfect, but I'm open to suggestions
another beautiful type is sandwich_
- Item 1...
Find out how a design contest works or learn more about our logo design services.


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It looks like way back in February we missed Monster Pinball HD coming over for Windows Phone--consider this our makeup. The game is normally found on iOS and Android hardware, but it recently made a transition over to Windows Phone. Going for $2.49 with no free trial, the game is by no means cheap but it's pretty decent for what it is.
We'll show you a quick video demo of it action, and while it could be better, Monster Pinball HD is probably the best we have right now for this genre.
Pinball is one of those games where people who are into it are really into it. I consider myself one of those, which is why I could not refuse this game. It's been brought over for Windows Phone 7.x and 8 meaning this isn't using a new UNITY gaming engine or something similar. That's good news and bad news. The good news is more people can grab this game, especially those waiting for Windows Phone 8 later in the year. The bad news is the graphics are not as awesome as they could be. They're not bad--in fact they're some of the best we've seen for this genre on this platform. But there's a reason why gaming engines are popular and performance is one of them. In addition, porting the game to Windows 8 is no longer a trivial process.
The game of course is not Xbox LIVE enabled so no official achievements, but the game does offer some in-game ones to help those with the challenge-bug. Over all gameplay is solid, though not outstanding.
Is it worth it? It all depends on how much you're into pinball. If you're an eager player, then you don't have much choice as this is as good as it will get until Pinball FX2 is expected to drop in the future. The graphics are sharp, and the game is fun, we're just not sure why it's $0.50 more than on iOS and no free trial.
Anyway, watch the video above to get an idea. We'll see about doing a review in the future. Otherwise, you can go and buy Monster Pinball HD here in the Store for $2.49. Windows Phone 7.x and 8 are OK. Thanks, Umang S., for the tip!


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Last month, we asked Interior Designers, Architects and members of the trade to send us photos of their designs that included Lightology fixtures for a chance to win up to a $250 Lightology Gift Card.
Ninety-something photos (see all submissions here) and thousands of votes later, two winners stand out above the rest.
Karin H. Edwards Interiors won the People's Vote on our Facebook page with 122 votes for her Master Bathroom design while Frye Gillan Molinaro Architects got our vote for their transformation of a worn-down shed into a lighting designers dream.
We had a chance to chat with both design teams, and here's what they had to say about their winning projects!
People's Choice Winner: Karin H. Edwards Interiors
What is your favorite part of being a designer?
"I honestly believe that improving surroundings has real benefits. I've seen how the right design can build confidence, spark imaginations or put people immediately at ease. And, I love the nuts and bolts of the doing. It's always about collaboration — with craftspeople, with manufacturers, retailers and, most of all, the people using the room."
Could you share some background on the project featured in your photo?
"It's my own master bath and a labor of love. The paneling is meant to give it a dressing room feel and link to the bedroom's closet doors, which explains the choice of chandelier over the tub. Because the room is open to bedroom, I needed to create a powerful vista."
Is lighting an important element of your designs? Why or why not?
"It's critical. Anyone who says paint is the quickest changeup is wrong. Lighting draws the first notice, often unconsciously. It's the invitation, and it's the best way to build drama."
Lightology Winner: Frye Gillan Molinaro Architects
What is your favorite part of being a designer?
"Getting to generate and share positive energy from the designs that we create. Design is about communication and sharing of thoughts with other people. It's most satisfying when your results are truly appreciated — you know you have done your job well."
What is your/your firm's design philosophy?
"We believe in a blend of simplicity and whimsy. If a design becomes too complicated, it loses its "thrust" and effectiveness. A clear concept usually wins out over trying to do more than necessary. It's important to have some aspect of expressiveness there too — so that you can use space and light as a canvas. Whimsy can represent a number of things as you can be loose or intellectual about it — it's all about how you choose to execute it."
Could you share some background on the project featured in your photo?
"This photo represents a metamorphic culmination. We took what was once a non-descript, uninspired shed in the woods and made it into something that has a strong identity. The original raw space (with no interior finishes, light fixtures, or even mechanical system) was completely transformed into a hip loft space. It came together very quickly from a design standpoint but fleshing out the details took a bit more time."
What made you choose these fixtures?
"We took a walking trip to Lightology to get inspiration for the lighting, and originally we had only planned to scout out some sconces for the walls. Upon seeing the LED system featured in the showroom, we knew that we had to integrate that fixture into the design to add another dimension to the "mood" of the space. The idea of color splashing against the ceiling using beam-mounted LED lighting was something that we knew would be an instant conversation piece."


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Tyrannosaur, any of a group of predatory dinosaurs that lived from the late Jurassic Period (about 150 million years ago) to the latest Cretaceous Period (about 65 million years ago), at which time they reached their greatest dominance. Most tyrannosaurs were large predators, with very large, high skulls approaching or well exceeding a full metre (more than three feet) in length. The best-known and largest member of the group is Tyrannosaurus rex, or T. rex. The "king of the tyrant lizards," as its Latin name is usually translated, walked on powerfully developed hind limbs. If the animal had stood upright, it would have been more than 6.5 metres (21 feet) tall, but the usual posture was horizontal, with the body carried parallel to the ground and the tail held off the ground as a counterbalance. In this position a large adult, weighing 4,000 to 7,000 kg (about 9,000 to 15,000 pounds), could measure 14 metres long.
Form and function
Skull and dentition
The longest known tyrannosaur skull is 1.3 metres (more than 4 feet) long. The skull bones of large tyrannosaurs are often several centimetres thick and are strongly braced to each other, which suggests a resistance to the forces of biting, both inflicted upon and received from other tyrannosaurs. Engineering models, in fact, show that the bite force of T. rex would easily have been capable of ripping through a car roof, as portrayed in the 1993 motion picture Jurassic Park. The huge mouth contained some 60 teeth, which could protrude as far as 15 cm (6 inches). The crowns of the teeth were shed and regrown frequently (every 250 days or so, on the basis of microscopic lines visible within the teeth). Serrations of the teeth bear deep pocketlike recesses in which bacteria may have flourished to provide an infectious bite.
Tyrannosaur teeth are distinctive. The front teeth are small and U-shaped. The side teeth are large, and in adults they become even larger, fewer in number, and D-shaped in cross section rather than daggerlike as in most theropods, or flesh-eating dinosaurs. In juveniles the teeth are laterally compressed and serrated front and back, like those of other theropods. In mature individuals, however, the teeth fall neatly into three general classes: upper front teeth, upper side teeth, and lower jaw teeth. Gut contents and coprolites (fossilized feces) of tyrannosaurs, as well as remains of other dinosaurs preserved with tyrannosaurid bite marks, show that tyrannosaurs were voracious predators that could easily bite through skulls, pelvises, and limbs of other dinosaurs. Bite marks found on the bones of other tyrannosaurs, especially T. rex, have been interpreted by some scientists as evidence of cannibalism.
Other skeletal features
In contrast to the powerful jaws and legs, the forelimbs of tyrannosaurs were very small (less than the length of the shoulder blade), and in some forms the hands were reduced to only two digits. Although a mechanical reconstruction suggests that the musculature of the arms of T. rex and some other large tyrannosaurs could have lifted about 180 kg (400 pounds), the hands would not have been able to reach the mouth or grasp prey. The hind limb bones appear massive but are lightly constructed: the thickness of the bone wall is only about 20 percent of the bones' diameter—a figure approaching that of many birds.
The age of individual dinosaurs and other vertebrates can be determined by counting the annual growth rings that are laid down in the long bones, in a manner somewhat analogous to counting tree rings. By using a series of bones from early growth stages to adulthood, the life history of an animal species can be reconstructed. Such studies have shown that T. rex effectively reached full size in less than 20 years—approximately the same period as for human beings. Of course, at a length of 6.5 metres and a mass of six tons, T. rex reached a much larger size than humans in 20 years. But its growth rate was not as high as that of some herbivorous dinosaurs such as the hadrosaurs (duck-billed dinosaurs), which reached full size in seven or eight years, or the sauropods (the largest plant-eating dinosaurs), which attained most of their gigantic size in 14 years or so. On the other hand, the growth rate of T. rex was higher than that of the African elephant, which has a similar mass yet a longer time to maturity. Some of the known specimens of T. rex did not quite reach full size; others do not seem to have survived long after achieving it. This may testify to the hard life of Mesozoic dinosaurs.
Although it was once thought that male and female tyrannosaurs could be distinguished by the shape of the tail vertebrae near the pelvis, this feature turns out not to be diagnostic. However, one subsequently discovered feature does establish sex. During the reproductive cycles of female birds, a layer of bone (medullary bone) is often deposited on the inner wall of the long bones. This process has been recognized in some fossils of tyrannosaurs (and of a few other dinosaurs), indicating that these specimens are female.
Hell Creek discoveries
Fossils of T. rex are found only in the Hell Creek Formation of Garfield county, Montana, and adjacent areas of the United States, in deposits dating from the Maastrichtian Age, the last time unit of the Cretaceous Period—although slightly earlier relatives such as Tarbosaurus and Raptorex are known from Asia. Found in the same deposits as T. rex are fossils of the ceratopsians (giant horned dinosaurs) on which they likely preyed. There is some question about whether tyrannosaurs killed their food or simply scavenged it. However, neither predatory nor scavenging behaviour need be excluded, since T. rex, like many large carnivores today, probably fed opportunistically, scavenging when it could and hunting when it had to. One argument for predation emphasizes T. rex's vision. The eye sockets tend to be keyhole-shaped and directed forward, which has been taken as evidence for accurate depth perception, because the fields of view of the eyes would overlap. Other evidence supporting predation is the well-protected skull and formidable jaws. Wounds in the bones of its prey indicate that T. rex ate by using a "puncture and tear" stroke, planting its feet and using the powerful muscles of the neck and legs to anchor itself and pull flesh off bones.
Before 1980 all knowledge of T. rex was based on only four skeletons, none very complete. The Latin name was given to the first specimen by American paleontologist Henry Fairfield Osborn in 1905 and was based on partial specimens collected from the Hell Creek Formation by renowned fossil hunter Barnum Brown. Remains found by Brown are on display at the Carnegie Museum of Natural History in Pittsburgh, Pa., the American Museum of Natural History in New York City, and the Natural History Museum in London. Since 1980 more than two dozen other specimens of T. rex have been discovered in western North America, some very complete; however, some are in private collections and are therefore lost to science and education. Two of the best specimens, consisting of almost complete adult skeletons, were unearthed in 1990. One, the 85-percent-complete "Wankel" T. rex, is on display at the Museum of the Rockies in Bozeman, Mont., and the other, the 90-percent-complete "Sue," is displayed at the Field Museum in Chicago. Other T. rex specimens are mounted at other natural history museums in North America, such as the Denver Natural History Museum, the University of California Museum of Paleontology in Berkeley, the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, and the Royal Tyrrell Museum in Drumheller, Alta., near Dinosaur Provincial Park.
In 2000 five T. rex specimens were discovered in the Hell Creek Formation. Several are now on display at the Museum of the Rockies; one of them, the "B-rex," preserves soft tissues and also medullary bone that indicates the specimen was female. The soft tissues preserve transparent, flexible, hollow blood vessels that contain small round microstructures highly reminiscent in structure of red blood cells. The preservation of these structures is one of the most amazing features of the entire known fossil record.
Tyrannosaurs are generally divided into the large but more lightly built and slightly earlier albertosaurines and the still larger, more robust, and later tyrannosaurines. Most tyrannosaurs are known from the latest Cretaceous, but some basal forms are now known from the Early Cretaceous and even the Late Jurassic, though these earlier forms share few features with their later, well-known relatives. Guanlong, an animal about three metres long from the Late Jurassic of Xinjiang province, western China, is the earliest well-known member of the group; it has some primitive and unique features—the most notable being a complex skull crest consisting of a hollow bone running atop the midline of its skull. Dilong, an early tyrannosaur 1.5 metres (5 feet) long from the spectacular Liaoning deposits of northeastern China, is preserved with a covering of simple, filamentous "protofeathers" like those seen on many other Early Cretaceous theropod dinosaurs. Eotyrannus, from Early Cretaceous deposits on Britain's Isle of Wight, is also lightly built and relatively small (some 4.5 metres, or 15 feet, long). These three tyrannosaurs are so primitive that they retain three fingers on their hands.
Several small tyrannosaur fossils from the latest Cretaceous of western North America were once assigned to separate taxa, but most scholars now consider them to be merely young tyrannosaurs. For example, specimens once given the names Nanotyrannus and Stygivenator are now considered to be juvenile tyrannosaurs, and the former Dinotyrannus is now seen as a subadult T. rex. T. rex is the only tyrannosaur known from the late Maastrichtian Age (i.e., the latest Cretaceous Period) in North America. As is mentioned above, Tarbosaurus is a slightly earlier and very similar form from the latest Cretaceous of Mongolia.
Formally described in 2009, a new genus of earlier and smaller tyrannosaur, Raptorex kriegsteini, is based on a single specimen from the Early Cretaceous of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. It stood roughly 3 metres (10 feet) tall, and its weight was roughly 40 to 70 kg (90 to 150 pounds), about one-hundredth the weight of Tyrannosaurus. Although R. kriegsteini is small for a tyrannosaur, as most of the basal ones are, its body plan—with smaller, D-shaped tooth cross sections and short arms with reduced fingers—closely resembles a reduced version of T. rex.
Tyrannosaurs were long thought to be one of the carnosaurs ("flesh-eating lizards"), related to other large theropods such as the allosaurs. These resemblances have proved to be superficial, related to large size alone. Today tyrannosaurs are considered to be gigantic members of the coelurosaurs ("hollow-tailed lizards"), a group largely composed of smaller, more-gracile forms. Frequently they have been related to the largely toothless, ostrichlike ornithomimids, mainly because tyrannosaurs and ornithomimids share a peculiar foot with "pinched" foot bones. Tyrannosaurs may turn out to be closely related to the dromaeosaurs, the "raptors" of Jurassic Park, though evidence for this hypothesis is as elusive as any other.
Learn More in these related Britannica articles:
dinosaur: TetanuraeTyrannosaurs and the related albertosaurs were the largest of the Late Cretaceous theropods of the northern continents. They are distinguished by an exceptionally large, high skull and teeth with a much more rounded cross section than the typical daggerlike teeth of other theropods. Their forelimbs…
carnosaur(The tyrannosaurs are considered to be members of Coelurosauria, not Carnosauria, despite their large size.) The carnosaurs lived during the late Jurassic Period and survived into the Cretaceous Period.…
Dinosaur, the common name given to a group of reptiles, often very large, that first appeared roughly 245 million years ago (near the beginning of the Middle Triassic Epoch) and thrived worldwide for nearly 180 million years. Most died out by the end of the Cretaceous Period, about 66 million…
Jurassic Period
Jurassic Period, second of three periods of the Mesozoic Era. Extending from 201.3 million to 145 million years ago, it immediately followed the Triassic Period (251.9 million to 201.3 million years ago) and was succeeded by the Cretaceous Period (145 million to 66 million years ago). The Morrison Formation of…
Cretaceous Period
Cretaceous Period, in geologic time, the last of the three periods of the Mesozoic Era. The Cretaceous began 145.0 million years ago and ended 66 million years ago; it followed the Jurassic Period and was succeeded by the Paleogene Period (the first of the two periods into which the Tertiary…
More About Tyrannosaur2 references found in Britannica articles
Assorted References
- carnosaurs
- In carnosaur
- theropods


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Woman Sentenced Under Caylee's Law
A Wagner woman will spend time in prison for drug offenses and for failing to report the death of a child.
The case of 29-year-old Laurie Cournoyer was the first conviction under the South Dakota version of Caylee's Law since it took effect last July 1.
Attorney General Marty Jackley says Cournoyer was sentenced to ten years for possession of a controlled substance (methamphetamine), five years for keeping a place for use or sale of controlled substances, and five years for failure to report death of a child.
The sentences are to run consecutively.
The charges against Cournoyer stemed from an incident last July 4 involving the death of a 2 year-old child whose body was found in a closet.
Cournoyer was sentenced to ten years with five years suspended for possession of a controlled substance (methamphetamine) that stemmed from the possession of meth while she was incarcerated at the Charles Mix County Jail in Lake Andes.


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(Add a new paragraph (on Applications))
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But probably the most severe drawback is, that content becomes bound to applications and is not free for users to use on their systems. Of course a "JPEG" image can appear in many places across the system and in various applications: in a picture viewer, an image manipulation program or a desktop background chooser, but the interactions a user can have with this content are limited to specific applications. Although generally limitations are not a bad thing, since they could be applied strategically, the way current graphical user interfaces impose limitations on the way users interact with their content is a sign of fundamentally wrong design.
But probably the most severe drawback is, that content becomes bound to applications and is not free for users to use on their systems. Of course a "JPEG" image can appear in many places across the system and in various applications: in a picture viewer, an image manipulation program or a desktop background chooser, but the interactions a user can have with this content are limited to specific applications. Although generally limitations are not a bad thing, since they could be applied strategically, the way current graphical user interfaces impose limitations on the way users interact with their content is a sign of fundamentally wrong design.
''to be continued ...''
''to be continued ...''
First Commandment of User Interface design: I'm the computer, your platform. Thou shall have no other platforms before me.
Not even Especially not the shiny, web2.0 ones.
Plasma is a project with a solid foundation in the open source movement. For years open source communities have changed the way we think of software development and they are constantly challenging our expectations of what is possible through free and open collaboration of dedicated individuals. Today large parts of the technological infrastructure driving the civilized world are relying on open source software and life there would simply break down without it.
In the near future the open source collaboration model is also about to change the corporate landscape as businesses around the world, spurred by the current success of open collaboration in the realm of the web2.0, are realizing the potential of giving employees, as well as customers, a more active role across various communication channels.
As a subproject of one of the largest open source projects to date, Plasma is well aware of that cultural heritage and builds on that, adding at least two new aspects:
Traditionally the strong point of open source projects has been their exemplary treatment of humans as collaborators in the process of creating software. But open source projects, just as closed source projects, lacked an understanding of putting the human also into the center of their design considerations. User centered design is a fairly new topic in the field of software engineering and Plasma is one of only a few projects to truly use it as a guiding principle to create better software.
Doing so is also a bold experiment, since the open source development model lends itself perfectly to incremental improvements, but will first have to prove itself suitable also for genuine innovation, where not the competition but one's own imagination is the only guiding light.
Venturing something like this usually requires a shared vision among large parts of the involved parties. This document is intended to serve as a central scaffolding around which the necessary discussions for this shared vision can be had.
An interesting exercise to understand what user centered design is all about, is imagining oneself as an interface designer for an automobile's interior. Today every part of a driver's cockpit is, or could be, activated electronically; not just navigation systems or car stereos, also steering, braking and shifting can be done "by wire". This would potentially allow designers to create an in-car experience any way they pleased. Yet, designers hold off, because they understand, that they can not interfere with what the user is actually doing: driving a car. Regrettably such modesty is seldom to be seen in designers of computer user interfaces. Granted, their failure may not be as fatal as failure in interface design for automobiles would be, but survival of the user is hardly a measure of good user interface design. A clear notion of what the user is actually trying to achieve is of paramount importance to start a user centered design process.
While the look of computer user interfaces has changed a lot in past decades, the interfaces have hardly become better. The reason for that seems to be, that the undeniably ingenious ideas of former generations of software engineers have been "improved" without a proper understanding of their ingenuity; windows, icons, panels or files come to mind. Although they were good solutions in their time, no user needs these; but every computer user still needs solutions to the problems that they solved. Plasma is unique in its effort to not simply create fancier icons, panels and system trays, but to understand the problems icons solved for the user and create new and modern solutions to these problems.
In earlier user interfaces it was not always possible to directly interact with content. For different kinds of content different sets of functionality had to be loaded to provide suitable means of interaction, think text processing or image manipulation. So due to limited resources at that time it seemed more economical to not have all functionality loaded at all times and have some interactions be executed on representations of the actual content, instead of on the content itself.
Initially those representations were just text based, namely the file name of the file containing the relevant content. This brought with it the problem that all content was suddenly "the same". Imagine looking at ten pictures: it is instantly obvious which content is which, but looking at a list of the ten file names of these pictures, takes considerably more cognitive effort to discern the pictures. This remains true, even when not all pictures are named "IMG_#####.JPG", but have descriptive names.
So to help users to better get along with just representations of their content, icons were introduced. With icons it was possible to create a richer and more visual experience for the user.
As systems became more and more powerful, it was possible to play with the icon-metaphor to enhance user interfaces even more. Different kinds of icons could be used to represent different kinds of content, so the user's facility to discern content at a glimpse was restored; at least partially, since obviously content of the same kind still had to be identified by means of a file name.
Today systems are so powerful that it is possible to use an actual rendering of the content as an icon. So obviously one would think that representations of content could now be superseded by real content, at least in many places of an user interface. Real content allows for a much richer and immediate user experience and is more expressive than its representations, textual or iconic, could be.
Yet, in most user interfaces content is still represented as icons along with a file name. This puts an unnecessary cognitive strain on the user. Perhaps plasma can provide means to remedy this situation.
As others have so aptly put it: Let content be content; or as humorous natures might say: I am your content, thou shall not make for yourself an idol.
Another example of a fine idea drowned in current user interface misconceptions is the "Recent documents" menu. Giving users quick access to all the projects they are currently working on, is an excellent idea. But in the current user interface landscape, this idea was bound to fail. It is near impossible to represent the notion of a project in terms of what is currently available: files and applications.
The only remedy, when leaving all the other user interface concepts untouched, is to give in and embed the "Recent documents" idea inside every single application as an application specific "Recently opened" menu.
This works to a certain extent, but that way the user has to memorize his projects in terms of applications (, which violates the First Commandment: it renders the computer as a platform virtually useless, since the user has to use the text processing platform, to compose a letter or a paper or has to use the graphics editing platform to touch up photographs. While the underlying platform remains completely unaware of the projects the user is indulging in).
Funnily everything in the realm of digital machines is based on "ones" and "zeros" and to tap into the power of digital machines to process ones and zeros, abstractions have been devised, to make it easier for humans to handle ones and zeros. But sadly those abstractions stopped short of the abstractions that are actually needed to build user interfaces that don't get in the user's way.
In this regard current developments, of users "living on the internet" instead of on their desktops, might actually be beneficial. The notion of a file might soon be supplanted as bookmarks, text documents and photo collections are no longer file based but are accessed through specialized APIs. This current trend of vanishing files in user interfaces could be cleverly exploited by plasma, to adopt more usable user interface primitives, that help users get their work done.
Applications have been a really great part of user interfaces. In a command line environment a user could install new applications and thereby extend the functionality of the whole system. Imagine for example the sort(1) command, after a user installs it, he has, by means of a universal IPC mechanism, sorting functionality throughout his system.
With the advent of graphical user interfaces applications have been "stuffed" inside windows and despite the many advantages of this new approach, a lot of great features have been lost.
Today the system itself remains pretty useless, no matter how many applications are installed. It's applications instead, that offer functionality and usefulness to the user. But they don't add to the system as a whole. This increasingly becomes a problem as digitalization progresses. The feature set that even an inexperienced user uses to work, for example, with digital photographs is enormous and all this functionality has to be bundled with the application. This leads to functionality duplication among applications, which is a source of confusion for the user and system bloat.
But probably the most severe drawback is, that content becomes bound to applications and is not free for users to use on their systems. Of course a "JPEG" image can appear in many places across the system and in various applications: in a picture viewer, an image manipulation program or a desktop background chooser, but the interactions a user can have with this content are limited to specific applications. Although generally limitations are not a bad thing, since they could be applied strategically, the way current graphical user interfaces impose limitations on the way users interact with their content is a sign of fundamentally wrong design.
Related to how applications are used on today's desktops are surely windows. The basic role of windows in user interfaces is, to visually bundle functionality together to allow interaction with multitasking environments.
The problems associated with windows are probably the easiest to cope with, since they will dissolve almost on their own, when the whole concept of multitasking has to be rethought with multi-touch and especially multi-user input lurking just around the corner.
The best feature of windows is perhaps, that they make the common mantra: "Think outside the box!" almost tangible.
The usefulness of a system tray is also closely related to the problems we have in today's windowing environments.
The very rigid form of displaying information along with the possible interactions, that windows afford, is hardly suited to all information visualization needs on a users system. Some pieces of information are just of marginal importance, yet current windowing environments dictate either full representation or no representation at all.
Windows can of course be of different size, but their scalability applies not to the information displayed, but to the viewport, making the scale operation rather useless in many cases.
A system tray brings some limited form of semantic ZUI to the game. It essentially introduces a third form of representation. Besides a minimized application and an application running in a full window, the application can also be reduced to its system tray icon. There it can display various forms of status information or tooltips and also present a specialized set of interactions.
It is actually a promising idea, but it blatantly shows how its designers tried to just improve the current system, instead of searching for solutions that solve the real problem in terms of what the user is actually doing.
to be continued ...


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Australia Fraser Island Escapes departs Gold Coast, Brisbane, Noosa and Rainbow Beach on fully guided four wheel drive eco-adventures to Fraser Island. Spot dolphins, fish, whales, dugong and turtles.
Four Wheel Drive to freshwater lakes, beautiful wildflowers, birdlife and a remote surf beach. After a great day sightseeing, enjoy marshmallows around the campfire of an evening at our permanent powered camp site.
Australia Fraser Island Escape has been operating for over 20 years and offers the most extensive tours on the Islands. They're the only company to offer two and three day camping packages on Fraser, staying at their permanent powered site at Dilli Village. They also offer accommodation packages to Eurong Beach Resort and Kingfisher Resort.
All tour guides have driver authorisation, experience and training in a four-wheel drive.
Visit Fraser's world famous Lake McKenzie and the Central Station Rainforest. See the Glasshouse Mountains, and also Rainbow Beach and its amazing coloured sands.
They offer a range of packages to suit all tastes and budgets.
Day One: Four-wheel drive to Rainbow Beach before cruising to Fraser Island. Four-wheel drive Fraser Island's Easter Surf Beach to Lake Wabby. Return to Eurong Beach Resort, relax at the pool, spa or take an afternoon beach walk. In the evening stargaze or hit the night scene.
Day Two: A drive through Fraser's magical rainforest before a relaxing morning swim at Lake McKenzie. Boardwalk Central Station, see world heritage satinay forest, crystal clear Wanggoolba Creek. Swim at Lake Jennings, Lake Birrabeen and travel past Lake Benaroon to Lake Boomanjin - the red lake and largest perched lake in the world.
Drive from Brisbane through Noosa to Rainbow Beach, via the Cherry Venture. Swim in the clear blue waters and soak up the sun on the white sandy beaches. Then travel on to Kingfisher Bay Resort and Village to check into your Wilderness Lodge, or luxury eco-hotel room.
Explore Lake Waby, Seventy-Five Mile Beach, Valley of the Giant, the coloured sand formations at the Pinnacles and the famous Maheno shipwreck. Then swim in the fast flowing, clear, fresh water of Eli Creek. Relax by the swimming pools, spa and outdoor bars at Kingfisher Bay Resort.
See beautiful Moreton Island, flora and fauna, aboriginal midden sites, swim and snorkel at Blue Lagoon. Visit Cape Moreton light house and spot dolphins, turtles, manta rays and whales, before sandboarding the desert. Enjoy island hotel accommodation at Tangalooma Wild Dolphin Resort - a magical setting on Moreton Bay. Nightly dining at licenced restaurant or beach cafe (own cost) and feed wild dolphins by hand. Guest have the next day to spend at the resort before catching the ferry back to Brisbane.
Explore the wilderness of Moreton Island on this one day tour. Highlights include a four wheel drive island tour, sandboarding, Lake Honeyeater, Blue Lagoon, the lighthouse and local marine wildlife.
Day One: Experience the nature and four-wheel drive, walking adventure of Moreton Island. Enjoy the serenity of Blue Lagoon relax, swim, snorkel and take photos. Visit aboriginal midden site and Cape Moreton Lighthouse. Explore Honeymoon Bay and Champagne Pools before returning to camp. Enjoy a campfire, moonlight beachwalk or a night swim.
Day Two: Go Sandboarding and snorkel at Tangalooma's shipwrecks and relax on Tangalooma beach.
Day Three: Drive to Mount Tempest and hike up the highest sandhill in the world then four-wheel drive to eelgrass fields, home for dugongs, turtles and protected bird rookeries and try island tucker.
Experience Moreton Island on this two day tour. Highlights include snorkelling shipwrecks, Blue Lagoon, isolated beach walks, sandboarding, whale watching and seeing the lighthouse.
Depart Brisbane for Rainbow Beach. Look for dolphins, turtles and dugongs as you ferry cruise across to Fraser Island. Four-wheel drive to Fraser Island's 75 Mile Surf Beach with an eye out for dingoes, sea eagles and whales. Explore the world's largest rainforest growing in sand, and eco-boardwalk along the famous Wanggoolba Creek at Central Station. Visit Lake McKenzie or Lake Birrabeen. Experience the aboriginal culture and history of Fraser Island. Return via - Satinay and Blackbutt Forest.
Note: Information on listed products and services are provided by the operator and were correct at the time of publishing. Rates are indicative based on the minimum and maximum available prices of products and services. Please visit the operator's website for further information. All prices quoted are in Australian dollars (AUD).


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Frosty is enjoying the winter scenery in this snowy wonderland. But for you there is also a reason to enjoy this craft - the hidden fresh-scent Renuzit air freshener.
- STYROFOAM Brand Foam:
- Balls, one each: 4"; 2-1/2"
- Renuzit® LongLast® Adjustable Air Freshener
- Clay pot, 4-1/2"
- Wooden items: dowel, 3/8" diameter; craft stick
- Acrylic paints: light blue; orange
- White textured snow paint
- White pearl-finish dimensional paint
- Black felt, 9" x 12" sheet
- Blue plaid polar fleece, 1" x 15-1/2" strip
- Half-round black beads, 6mm, two
- Pink feather
- Lightweight cardboard, 8-1/2" x 11" sheets, two
- Gallon-size plastic bag
- Serrated knife
- Candle stub or paraffin
- Pencil
- Pencil sharpener
- Ruler
- Compass or small circle template
- Transparent tape or stapler with staples
- Metal tablespoon
- Medium flat paintbrush
- Disposable palette
- Water basin
- Paper towels
- Old toothbrush
- Household sponge
- Scissors
- Hand saw
- Sandpaper
- Low-temp glue gun and glue sticks
- Tape
or staple plastic bag over one cardboard sheet. Use pearl-finish
dimensional paint to "draw" 18 snowflakes of various sizes
(5/8" to 3/4") onto bag. Let dry.
- Paint
clay pot light blue; let dry. Apply second coat; let dry. Open air
freshener and place in pot.
- Wax
serrated knife with candle stub or paraffin. Cut 2-1/4"-diameter
circle from bottom of 4" foam ball; save foam scrap for snowy base.
Use spoon to carve out foam from inside ball, until it fits over top of
air freshener; save foam scraps. Place body over air freshener.
- Cut
2-1/2" foam ball in half; reserve one half for a future project.
Place half-ball (head) flat side down on work surface. Cut a 1/2"-wide
slice from one edge; newly cut edge is "chin." Slightly shape
flat back of head to fit around body.
- Cut
patterns and following pieces from black felt: hat crown, 2" x
5" strip; top of hat, 1- 5/8" circle; hat brim, 3" circle
with 1" circle removed from center. Roll and glue hat crown into a
tube, with 2" edges slightly overlapping. Glue inner edge of hat brim
to inside bottom edge of crown. Glue top onto crown; let dry.
- Place
hat onto head, leaving three-quarters of face exposed; glue to secure. At
back of head, fold hat brim up and glue to head. Glue head to body with
hat sandwiched between. Lower edge of head should rest 1/2" above pot
rim. Glue feather to hat brim as shown.
- Press
and glue flat side of beads into face for eyes. For nose, sharpen one end
of dowel in pencil sharpener; sand lightly to remove sharp tip. Use hand
saw to cut 1-1/2" from pointed end of dowel. Paint nose orange; let
dry. Glue nose into head.
- For
scarf, cut 1" fringe into each end of fleece strip, 1/8" apart.
Tie scarf around neck.
- Cut
2" foam ball in half. Place half-balls rounded side up on work
surface. Measure and cut 1-1/4"-wide section from center of each
half-ball for arms. Use fingertips to round cut foam edges. To ensure arms
will rest on pot rim, remove 1/4"-deep, 1"-long section from
flat side of each arm, measuring from one end. Glue arms to body as shown
with cut-out area against pot rim.
- Cut a
1/4"-deep slit into center bottom of each arm. Glue and insert
mittens into slits with thumbs facing each other.
- Cut
4-1/2" x 5-1/2" oval shape from cardboard sheet. Glue bottom of
pot to oval. Arrange and glue remaining foam scraps to cardboard around
pot to look like snow mounds. Shape foam as needed with knife or fingers.
- Follow
manufacturer's instructions to apply snow paint to mounds with craft
stick; let dry. Carefully peel snowflakes from plastic and glue to hat,
pot, and snow mounds.
- When gel is depleted, replace with a new air freshener.


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