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For carrying out section 301 and title IV of the PHS Act with respect to human genome research, $517,319,000.
|Source of Funding
|FY 2012 Actual
|Type 1 Diabetes
|Subtotal, adjusted appropriation
|Secretary's Transfer for Alzheimer Disease (AD)
|Real Secretary's Transfer under Secretary's Transfer Authority
|Secretary's Transfer for AIDS authorized by PL 112-74, Section 206
|Comparative transfer to NLM for NCBI and Public Access
|Subtotal, adjusted budget authority
|Unobligated balance, start of year
|Unobligated balance, end of year
|Subtotal, adjusted budget authority
|Unobligated balance lapsing
|Total obligations
1/ Excludes the following amounts for reimbursable activities carried out by this account:
Excludes $122 in FY 2012; $116 in FY 2013; and $218 in FY 2014 for royalties.
1/ All items in italics are "non-adds"; items in parenthesis are subtractions
FTTP = Full-time training positions
FTE = Full-time equivalent
Major changes by budget mechanism and/or budget activity detail are briefly described below. Note that there may be overlap between budget mechanism and activity detail and these highlights will not sum to the total change for the FY 2014 President's Budget request for NHGRI, which is $5.1 million more than the FY 2012 level, for a total of $517.3 million.
Understanding the Structure of Genomes (-$11.805 million; total $28.316 million): For several years, NHGRI has been decreasing its investment in this area, as knowledge about the structure of genomes has improved and as the cost of generating data for studying the structure of genomes has dropped (because of improvements in the technologies for sequencing DNA). This shift in priority is consistent with the vision laid out by NHGRI in its 2011 strategic plan for the field of genomics.
Understanding the Biology of Genomes (-$12.539 million; total $89.442 million): For the past several years, NHGRI's major investment in this strategic area has been the ENCODE (ENCyclopedia Of DNA Elements) Project. ENCODE has been implemented in a phased manner, with transition from the highly successful Phase II to the new Phase III occurring in FY 2012. With the success of ENCODE to date and the ability to generate ENCODE data at lower costs than previously due to technology improvements, NHGRI decided to decrease slightly its activity in this area. This allowed resources to be reallocated towards other strategic research areas for NHGRI and the field of genomics, in particular those aiming to introduce genomics into medical practice.
Using Genomics to Understand the Biology of Disease (+$10.76 million; total $158.935 million): This increase in resources for using genomics to understand the biology of disease represents NHGRI's ongoing shift toward the support of research areas that use genomic tools to study the biological basis of disease. Such disease-oriented genomic studies are essential for achieving the Institute's longer-term objective of advancing human health through genomics research.
Education and Training (+$7.036 million; total $28.5 million): NHGRI is in the process of better aligning its genomics-oriented education and training programs with the Institute's long-term strategic vision for the field of genomics. The change in funding is thus a result of expanding our training and education programs in areas of particular need, such as bioinformatics/computational biology and genomic medicine.
1. Inlcudes FTEs whose payroll obligations are supported by the NIH Common Fund.
2. Includes Real Transfer and Comparable Adjustments as detailed in the "Amounts Available for Obligation" table.
* The detail programs listed above include both extramural and intramural funding.
Section 301 and title IV of the Public Health Service Act, as amended.
FY 2012 Actual
FY 2014 President's Budget
Program funds are allocated as follows: Competitive Grants/Cooperative Agreements; Contracts; Direct Federal/Intramural and Other.
In the decade since the completion of the Human Genome Project (HGP), genomics has become central to biomedical research, with remarkable genomic accomplishments seen across myriad disciplines. The research funded by the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) has catalyzed a transformation in how biomedical science is conducted, and genomic tools and strategies are now advancing toward clinical integration and the realization of genomic medicine. Genomic analyses increasingly shed light on fundamental knowledge about biology and its perturbation in disease. NHGRI's leadership in high-throughput strategies and technology development continues to stimulate progress and innovation in basic and translational research, which in turn will enable the breakthroughs that will improve health outcomes for the nation.
In February 2011, NHGRI published a new strategic vision for genomics research 1. This updated vision articulates five research domains that together comprise a progressive continuum leading to the realization of genomics-informed medicine, namely understanding the structure of genomes; understanding the biology of genomes; understanding the biology of disease; advancing the science of medicine; and improving the effectiveness of healthcare. To align its organizational components most effectively with current scientific opportunities, NHGRI recently reorganized its Extramural Research Program, establishing the following:
Through the collaborative management of the extramural research portfolio across these divisions, NHGRI will continue in Fiscal Year (FY) 2014 to build a foundation for future breakthroughs and to expand research activities within the more translational domains described in the strategic plan.
Genome Sciences: Previous and ongoing NHGRI investments in the development of innovative and more powerful methods for sequencing DNA, as well as in the refinement of existing technologies, are fueling a revolution in the biomedical sciences. Researchers can now generate extremely high-resolution genomic data about an individual, a population, or even a single cell. Importantly, technological advancements spearheaded by NHGRI leadership have resulted in a phenomenal decrease in the cost of sequencing a human genome (more than four orders of magnitude since 2001).2 These decreases bring the type of genomic analyses once possible only in large-scale sequencing centers to research laboratories both large and small; they also make clinical genome sequencing applications closer to reality. Large specialized centers still have a vital role, both for training the next generation of genomics researchers and for refining genome-sequencing approaches and workflows that then get disseminated to the research community. The value of technology development is further complemented by bioinformatics tools and training modules that NHGRI-funded research programs are developing and making widely available.
Significant advances continue to be made in understanding the biology of genomes. In September 2012, NHGRI's ENCyclopedia Of DNA Elements (ENCODE) Project published a landmark series of papers, the culmination of more than 1,600 experiments. While protein-coding regions comprise less than two percent of the human genome, ENCODE results suggest that most of the rest of the genome serves a biological function. In FY 2014, ENCODE investigators will identify and characterize more of these important genomic regions. Since many of these elements contain DNA sequence variants previously linked to human disease, it is expected that future ENCODE data will help inform studies examining the clinical utility of genomic information.
Genomic Medicine: NHGRI-funded programs are using genomics to investigate common but genetically complex diseases that burden the health of the nation, such as asthma and diabetes. Scientists at the NHGRI's Genome Sequencing and Analysis Centers are investigating the genomic basis for conditions such as cardiovascular disease and Alzheimer's disease, while multidisciplinary teams of clinicians, genomicists, bioinformaticians, and bioethicists funded through the Clinical Sequencing Exploratory Research (CSER) program are studying the challenges of utilizing genome-sequence data in the routine practice of medicine. In FY 2014, NHGRI will continue to collaborate with the National Cancer Institute (NCI) on The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), a highly successful program that is transforming our knowledge about the genomic changes underlying cancer. In the area of rare diseases, NHGRI recently established three centers to accelerate progress in studying the remaining thousands of rare diseases whose underlying genomic defect is not yet known. Finally, NHGRI is now partnering with the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) to fund research exploring the utility of genome sequencing in the newborn period.
Genomics and Society: Since its inception, NHGRI has funded research to examine the ethical, social, and legal implications (ELSI) of genomic advances and the increasing availability of genomic information. Extramurally funded Centers of Excellence in ELSI Research (CEERs) and work in the institute's intramural research program have placed NHGRI at the forefront of bioethics research and training- indeed, NHGRI remains a leader in bioethics research at NIH.
The exploration of ELSI research questions is an integral component of several NHGRI clinical research initiatives, including the CSER program and the joint NHGRI/NICHD newborn sequencing studies. ELSI researchers are also investigating numerous issues associated with the return of individual research results and incidental findings in genomics research. In FY 2014 NHGRI will continue to fund and conduct research, as well as provide leadership, in this important area.
Genomics and Training: In order to ensure that the rapid pace of genomics research is maintained, it is imperative to train the next generation of researchers with robust expertise in genome sciences. In its Extramural Research Program, NHGRI supports training through a number of programs: institutional training grants, individual fellowships, NHGRI's Diversity Action Plan (DAP), supplements to recruit underrepresented minorities into research careers, and career development awards. In particular, NHGRI's DAP involves training scientists from diverse backgrounds, as well as conducting extensive outreach aimed at underrepresented minorities to inform them about the opportunities in genomics and ELSI research. In its Intramural Research Program, NHGRI also operates a wide range of training programs for post-baccalaureate students, pre- and post-doctoral scientists, physicians, and genetic counselors.
Beyond the Laboratory: DNA sequencing technologies advanced by NHGRI research are also generating public benefit through their application in other areas. For instance, these new technologies are now being used to track infectious outbreaks in hospitals and to monitor the health of ecosystems.
In summary, NHGRI's portfolio of basic and translational research will continue to extend our knowledge about the human genome and how to apply that knowledge to advance human health.
Overall Budget Policy: The FY 2014 President's Budget request for NHGRI is $517.319 million, an increase of $5.061 million or +1.0 percent above the FY 2012 Actual level. Funds are included in R&D contracts to support trans-NIH initiatives, such as the Basic Behavioral and Social Sciences Opportunity Network (OppNet).
1. Green ED, Guyer MS, and National Human Genome Research Institute. (2011). Charting a course for genomic medicine from base pairs to bedside. Nature, 470(7333): 204-213. Available at www.genome.gov/Pages/About/Planning/2011NHGRIStrategicPlan.pdf.
2. http://www.genome.gov/sequencingcosts/
Understanding the Structure of Genomes: Understanding the structure of genomes will remain fundamental to NHGRI's research portfolio in FY 2014. The 1000 Genomes project will continue sequencing the genomes of over 2,500 people from 26 populations around the world, providing key information about how the human genome varies between individuals. The 1000 Genomes data are in a publicly accessible resource for the research community. Leveraging this resource allows researchers to maximize the public investment in basic science and 'Big Data' initiatives, so that tomorrow's breakthroughs can happen more rapidly and at a lower cost. 1000 Genomes data are also being used to develop affordable technologies for individual genome analysis, which will eventually enable physicians to predict a person's risk for various diseases and to choose effective drugs and drug dosages.
The DNA Sequencing Technology Development Program has been one of NHGRI's most successful endeavors to date. Launched in 2004 when the cost of sequencing the ~3 billion bases in an individual's genome cost tens of millions of dollars, the program has been responsible for breathtaking decreases in DNA sequencing costs that have outpaced cost reductions in the computer industry. As a result, the cost of sequencing a human genome has fallen by many orders of magnitude to well below $10,000. By the end of FY 2014, the goal of routine human genome sequencing at a cost of less than $1,000 will almost certainly be achieved. Already, human genome sequencing - once only possible at a handful of large sequencing centers - can be performed at research and clinical laboratories large and small, allowing many NHGRI- and NIH-funded investigators the ability to generate much more data with the same amount of research dollars. In turn, this progress enables studies on the genomic basis of disease as well as the sequencing of patients' genomes on a scale that could not have been contemplated a few years ago. In FY 2014, NHGRI will continue to fund the development of innovative methods for DNA sequencing, with a focus on faster and more accurate genome sequencing for use in clinical care.
Budget Policy: The FY 2014 President's Budget estimate for Understanding the Structure of Genomes is $28.316 million, a decrease of $11.805 million or 29.4 percent less than the FY 2012 Actual level. For several years, NHGRI has been decreasing its investment in this area, as knowledge about the structure of genomes has improved and as the cost of generating data for studying the structure of genomes has dropped (because of improvements in the technologies for sequencing DNA). This shift in priority is consistent with the vision laid out by NHGRI in its 2011 strategic plan for the field of genomics. The activities falling within Understanding the Structure of Genomes will continue NHGRI's signature efforts to decrease the cost of DNA sequencing and to complete the 1000 Genomes Project. In FY 2014, NHGRI will continue its groundbreaking efforts to reduce the cost and improve the quality of DNA sequencing so that this technology, which has increasingly become central to biomedical research, can become a widely disseminated research tool and, beyond that, a clinical tool for healthcare. As the highly successful 1000 Genomes Project publishes its large datasets, further analyses and collection of additional data will enrich the publicly-available resources that inform studies on the Biology of Disease. Additional efforts will improve the reference genome sequences needed for efficiently analyzing thousands of human genome sequences collected in studies to identify variants underlying complex diseases. The Institute also will continue to fund meritorious investigator-initiated applications submitted in response to announcements that encourage new technologies and new approaches to the analysis of genome structure, and the role that genome structure plays in the determination of human disease, disease susceptibility, and environmental sensitivities.
Understanding the Biology of Genomes: The ability to sequence an individual's genome is only part of the puzzle; it is also fundamental to understand how that genome functions. ENCODE is an NHGRI program that has greatly expanded our understanding of the complex molecular choreography required for converting genomic information into living cells and organisms. NHGRI announced a $30 million expansion in cumulative ENCODE funding in September 2012 that will carry this program beyond FY 2014. Seven production centers will expand the catalog of functional elements in the human and mouse genomes, especially those elements that lie outside of protein-coding regions, thus helping to characterize the most difficult regions to understand both for disease studies and for individual patients. A considerably larger number of human cells and tissues will now be studied by ENCODE. One production center will focus on novel functional roles played by RNA, an area that previously had not been studied in depth by ENCODE. The companion effort to catalog functional elements in the mouse genome will focus on cell types that cannot be readily obtained from humans. Further, NHGRI has established a data coordinating center and a data analysis center, which together will make the ENCODE data more useful to the scientific community; their activities will include the evaluation of data quality, the dissemination of data to the research community, and the analysis of the data to provide new biological insights. To increase the use of ENCODE data, new efforts are being supported to develop novel computational methods to improve data analysis and to make the data more accessible for studying human biology and disease.Building on ENCODE, NHGRI has advisory approval to start a new effort in FY 2014 called the Genomics of Gene Regulation (GGR) program. Whereas ENCODE is developing a catalog of the genomic elements that play functional roles, GGR will aim to establish some of the 'choreography' that cells employ in using those functional elements in assembling and operating cells and tissues, specifically focusing on elements involved in regulating gene expression.
Budget Policy: The FY 2014 President's Budget estimate for Understanding the Biology of Genomes is $89.442 million, a decrease of $12.539 million or 12.3 percent less than the FY 2012 Actual level. For the past several years, NHGRI's major investment in this strategic area has been the ENCODE (ENCyclopedia Of DNA Elements) Project. ENCODE has been implemented in a phased manner, with transition from the highly successful Phase II to the new Phase III occurring in FY 2012. With the success of ENCODE to date and the ability to generate ENCODE data at lower costs than previously due to technology improvements, NHGRI decided to decrease slightly its activity in this area. This allowed resources to be reallocated towards other strategic research areas for NHGRI and the field of genomics, in particular those aiming to introduce genomics into medical practice. In FY 2014, NHGRI will continue to support the collection and analysis of ENCODE data, including developing new tools to make uses of these data by the research community more efficient and effective. Efforts will expand to integrate ENCODE data with other data types, and to understand how changes in functional elements in human genomes result in changes to biology that cause disease. Also in FY 2014, support for the CEGS program will continue to stimulate highly innovative research approaches that will substantially advance genomic methods to the study of a biological problem, and to foster the wider application of comprehensive, high-throughput genomics methods to the study of human biology and disease. The Institute also will continue to fund meritorious investigator-initiated applications submitted in response to announcements that encourage new technologies and new approaches to the analysis of genome biology.
FY 2013 Level: $43.1 million
FY 2014 Level: $46.1 million
Change: +$3.0 million
The decade of genomics research since the completion of the Human Genome Project has revealed much about the complexity of genome biology, yet our knowledge about how genes are controlled remains incomplete. All cells are built from the same set of genomic instructions, but are as specialized and different as muscle cells, neurons, and blood cells because of the differential regulation of how genes are regulated.
ENCODE is an ambitious NHGRI research program that is cataloging the functional regions of the human genome that regulate where and when individual genes or groups of genes are turned on or off. In September 2012, ENCODE published a landmark series of 30 papers in the journals Nature, Genome Research, and Genome Biology, reporting the results of >1600 different experiments. The magnitude and complexity of the data required creation of a novel way of accessing the findings, available at www.nature.com/encode.
In FY 2014, ENCODE will significantly expand the numbers of functional DNA elements studied, as well as scaling up the analysis of RNA-binding proteins and RNA elements. This resource of basic science is already being used by researchers across the biomedical research enterprise to power tomorrow's breakthroughs, and ENCODE data have been used by other scientists for important discoveries relevant to the study of Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease.
Just as differential gene regulation results in the many and varied cells and tissues that make up a human, subtle variation between the genomes of different individuals (less than 0.5 percent) is responsible for making each of us a unique person. The 1000 Genomes project is an international research consortium led by NHGRI, the UK's Wellcome Trust, and BGI-Shenzhen of China. The project is building the most detailed map of human genetic variation from genome sequence data generated from >2,600 individuals from 26 different populations across the world. 1000 Genomes data are publicly available to researchers, and has already been successfully used to inform studies ranging from evolutionary biology to disease-focused research.
By 2014, the sets of data from both ENCODE and 1000 Genomes will be substantively expanded, providing key data resources for linking basic research results to studies exploring the biology of disease.
Using Genomics to Understand the Biology of Disease: An ultimate goal of the Human Genome Project was to establish how an individual's genetic code influences their health, and to apply that knowledge to optimize their health and prevent disease. As our understanding of the structure and biological function of the human genome grows, NHGRI's research portfolio is expanding to develop approaches for using genomics to better understand the biology of disease. In this manner, NHGRI's basic research will be translated to studying human disease and then, in turn, to improving health and healthcare.
For instance, cancer is a genomic disease, as it is intricately linked to major alterations in an individual's genome. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), a collaboration between NHGRI and NCI, aims to apply genome-analysis technologies for cataloging the genomics alterations that occur in 25 different tumor types by 2014. In September 2012, TCGA researchers published landmark findings about the major genomic alterations in lung squamous cell carcinoma, the most common form of lung cancer. Importantly, these findings included the identification of a number of promising therapeutic targets that may lead to targeted clinical trials for patients with specific genomic alterations. Also in September 2012, a separate group of TCGA researchers published research that has revealed new insights into the four primary subtypes of breast cancer. In this study, they discovered marked genomic similarities between a type of breast cancer ('basal-like' or 'triple negative') and a common form of ovarian cancer. Computational analyses show that basal-like breast cancer and serous ovarian cancer might both be susceptible to drugs under development that inhibit blood vessel growth, thereby cutting off the blood supply to (and thus starving) the tumor, as well as to certain existing chemotherapeutic agents such as cisplatin. In FY 2014, TCGA will expand its efforts to the analysis of 25 different tumor types.
NHGRI's Intramural Research Program is also pursuing research to advance knowledge about the genomic contributors to disease. In the case of common diseases, the ClinSeq project will be examining clinical strategies for widespread use of genome sequencing in a clinical setting, initially focusing on cardiovascular disease. At the other end of the spectrum, rare diseases are the focus of the Undiagnosed Diseases Program (UDP), which draws on the resources and clinical expertise at the NIH Clinical Center to investigate medical mysteries, ideally arriving at diagnoses and possible treatment options for patients whose conditions have confounded medical experts, advancing our understanding about rare and common diseases in the process.
Budget Policy: The FY 2014 President's Budget estimate for Using Genomics to Understand the Biology of Disease is $158.935 million, an increase of $10.76 million or 7.3 percent more than the FY 2012 Actual level. NHGRI will continue to maintain and update the GWAS Catalog and to support whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing for the discovery of disease-related genes and other functional genomic regions. The Institute will continue to fund meritorious investigator-initiated applications that will increase the ability of genomics to enhance understanding of disease etiology and pathogenesis.
FY 2013 Level: $88.5 million
FY 2014 Level: $88.6 million
Change: +$0.1 million
Determining the genomic basis for human disease was a major impetus behind the Human Genome Project, and continues to be a central focus of NHGRI research. Current research programs in this area are discovering the causative genes across the spectrum of human disease, from rare and monogenic disorders to common complex diseases. The Undiagnosed Diseases Program (UDP) is focused on diseases at the rarest end of this spectrum. The highly successful and heavily subscribed UDP is a trans-NIH initiative, conceived and administered by NHGRI and conducted at the NIH Clinical Center. UDP harnesses the expertise of a diverse range of medical specialties to provide answers to patients with mysterious conditions that have long eluded diagnosis, advancing our knowledge about rare and common diseases in the process. In response to an overwhelming demand, UDP will be expanded in FY 2014 through the NIH Common Fund to eventually create a network of medical research centers across the nation involved in the program.
For approximately half of the more than 6,000 rare inherited (Mendelian) diseases caused by a single mutated gene, the genetic culprit is not known. An estimated 25 million Americans suffer from a Mendelian disease, ranging from well-known conditions such as cystic fibrosis to those that may affect only a few families. In FY 2014, the NHGRI Mendelian Disorders Genome Centers Program, with support from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), will be funding three groups to systematically find the genetic underpinnings of these illnesses. The Centers will collaborate with a worldwide network of rare disease experts to sequence the genomes of thousands of patients and their family members to identify the responsible genomic variants causing the underlying rare disease.
At the opposite end of the spectrum are complex diseases that are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the country, yet have complex genomic etiologies. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), a joint program between NHGRI and NCI, has been applying genome sequencing to gain new insights into cancer biology. In September 2012, separate groups of TCGA researchers published findings about the number and variety of genomic alterations in the most common form of lung cancer and the four primary subtypes of breast cancer. Importantly, these findings included the identification of some promising therapeutic targets.
Using Genomics to Advance Medical Science: Information from an individual patient's genome sequence will increasingly be used by clinicians to diagnose disease and guide therapeutic decision-making. With our understanding about the underlying genomic basis for disease growing and the cost of DNA sequencing decreasing, we are already seeing early advances in medical science. However, the adoption of genomic approaches in medical practice will require that genomic information be provided to clinicians in way that are easy to understand and use. Importantly, research is needed to understand how best to execute this information transfer.
Important new activities in this area include NHGRI's Clinical Sequencing Exploratory Research (CSER) program, which in FY 2014 will fund multidisciplinary teams at six centers to establish the analysis and interpretation tools, standard procedures, and institutional practices needed to integrate genome-sequence information into the clinical workflow. Integral to the specific projects in this program are studies examining the significant bioethical issues relevant to: acquiring large amounts of genome-sequence data from patients as part of their medical care; deciding what genomic findings to return to patients; and deciding when and how to communicate such findings to patients and their families. These groups are studying the use of genome sequencing in multiple areas (including cancer and cardiovascular disease), examining issues for pediatric as well as adult patients, and investigating the delivery of these advanced approaches to underserved minority populations.
Budget Policy: The FY 2014 President's Budget estimate for Using Genomics to Advance Medical Science is $33.784 million, an increase of $4.75 million or 16.4 percent more than the FY 2012 Actual level. Large-scale genome sequencing is increasingly being applied to the clinical diagnosis and potential treatment of diseases in programs such as the Undiagnosed Diseases Program and the Electronic Medical Records and Genomes Pharmacogenomics Program (eMERGE-PGx). Many of the new opportunities will be pursued in collaboration with other NIH Institutes/Centers. The Institute will continue to fund meritorious investigator-initiated applications that will improve the understanding and application of genomic function in risk assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of human disease.
Using Genomics to Improve the Effectiveness of Healthcare: Building a robust research portfolio in this area requires a broad foundation of research accomplishments within the four areas listed above, and it will be many years before a significant proportion of genomics research is focused on this. Nonetheless, to ensure readiness for this responsibility, NHGRI is beginning to fund preliminary research in this area. The Electronic MEdical Records and GEnomics (eMERGE) Network currently consists of a nine-member consortium of research centers and healthcare providers, and is investigating the utility and practical challenges of integrating patients' genomic information with their electronic medical records, with a focus on genomic information relevant to patients' responses to medications. The combined genomic and phenotypic (observable traits, characteristics, and symptoms) information collected in the electronic medical records enables novel approaches to clinical research and patients' ongoing clinical care. In FY 2014, the eMERGE Network will also explore the complex ethical, legal, and social issues involved with the use of electronic medical records for genomics research and the return of genomic information to patients, as well as developing best practices for the sharing of genomic data.
Also in FY 2014, NHGRI will fund between three and five collaborative Genomic Medicine Demonstration Projects in collaboration with NCI to develop methods for, and evaluate the feasibility of, incorporating an individual patient's genomic findings into his or her clinical care. This program aims to: define barriers to implementing genomic medicine in general, and consider how they relate to diverse clinical settings and populations; develop and disseminate solutions to these barriers, as well as the processes needed for genomic medicine implementation; assess outcomes of genomic medicine implementation projects; and identify outcomes most important to ensuring rapid and sustained adoption of genomic medicine as a medical discipline.
Budget Policy: The FY 2014 President's Budget estimate for Using Genomics to Improve the Effectiveness of Healthcare is $13.164 million, an increase of $3.561 million or 37.0 percent more than the FY 2012 Actual level. NHGRI will continue in FY 2014 to support this area of research in the Clinically Relevant Variants Resource to assess evidence for clinical relevance of genomic variation and the Genomic Medicine Demonstration Projects to test new approaches for implementing genomic medicine to improve healthcare. The Institute also will continue to fund meritorious investigator-initiated applications, and to collaborate with other NIH Institutes/Centers in studying genomic applications to healthcare.
FY 2013 Level: $25.2 million
FY 2014 Level: $33.8 million
Change: +$8.6 million
As NHGRI's investment in basic genomics research expands our knowledgebase about the structure of the genome, its biological function, and its role in human disease, researchers are increasingly able to translate that knowledge for medical applications. Genomic medicine is an emerging medical discipline that involves using genomic information about an individual as part of their clinical care for diagnostic and therapeutic decision-making. The incorporation of genomic medicine as a routine component of clinical care requires that the effectiveness of using genomic information to improve health outcomes be demonstrated. In FY 2014, NHGRI's Extramural Research Program will support research and NHGRI's Intramural Research Program will conduct clinical studies to generate such evidence.
For example, the Clinically Relevant Variants Resource program aims to develop a consensus approach for collecting, abstracting, and evaluating the published research regarding the clinical relevance of genomic variants associated with clinically important traits. The synthesis of these data and their supporting evidence into a user-friendly electronic resource will stimulate further research, and serve as the substrate for development of practice guidelines by professional and clinical organizations.The Genomic Sequencing and Newborn Screening Disorders Program, funded in conjunction with the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), aims to explore specific scientific challenges and opportunities related to the use of emerging genome-sequencing technologies in the context of newborn screening. In FY 2014, this program will fund multidisciplinary research studies to collect comprehensive genomic sequence datasets from newborns, and investigate how genome sequencing might be applied to newborn screening to gain new insights into newborn health.
Bioinformatics and Computational Biology: A consequence of the rapid reduction in the cost of DNA sequencing is that the computational analysis of the generated data - rather than the actual generation of that sequence data - has become the major bottleneck in genomics research. Recognizing this, NHGRI funds bioinformatics and computational biology research projects to improve how scientists manage and analyze the large volumes of data generated by genome sequencing, and to develop methods to visualize the data in ways that enable non-specialists to interpret the data. As genomic information is increasingly incorporated into clinical practice, this will be crucial, as the healthcare providers who will be using these data will most often not be genomics experts themselves. In FY 2014, NHGRI will develop programs that aim to computationally integrate the large datasets characteristic of genomics research (including those produced by 1000 Genomes, ENCODE, the NIH Common Fund Epigenomics project, and others), thereby adding value to each and enabling their broad use by the community of biomedical researchers.
Budget Policy: The FY 2014 President's Budget estimate for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology is $110.012 million, an increase of $1.479 million or 1.4 percent more than the FY 2012 Actual level. Activity in Bioinformatics and Computational Genomics research will increase with efforts to manage the increasing amount and complexity of genomic data. This will be accomplished through support of databases that collect and efficiently present, to basic and clinical research scientists, datasets that grow rapidly in size and complexity. Considerable support will be provided to developing new algorithms for analyzing and integrating genomic data, and making those software tools more widely accessible. Efforts to increase the efficiency of data storage and distribution will continue, to match the growing size of genomic datasets produced as studies expand on the genomic contributions to disease. The Institute also will continue to fund meritorious investigator-initiated applications submitted in response to announcements that encourage new technologies and new approaches to the rapidly emerging issue of public access to large genomic datasets.
Education and Training: An appropriately trained workforce and public will be essential for the beneficial realization of genomic advances. Scientists will need to be trained in bioinformatics and computational analyses as well as biological sciences. Healthcare professionals will need to understand the connections between genomic data and its medical applications. The public will need to understand the basics of genomics and the link between their own genome and their health. To that end, FY 2014 will bring efforts by NHGRI to foster and support many education and training activities aimed at various core audiences: the next generation of genomics and genomic medicine researchers; healthcare providers; and the general public (through the incorporation of genomics into primary and secondary education, as well as lifelong learning outreach).
To stimulate the development of programs that meet these needs and in response to high-priority areas identified by a working group of the National Advisory Council for Human Genome Research, NHGRI will support training programs in the following areas in FY 2014: statistics; bioinformatics; translation of basic genomics into clinical practice; and development and exploration of new genomic technologies for the early detection of disease. These areas of expertise, which are necessary to take full advantage of the very large datasets generated by both basic and clinical genomics studies, were identified as lacking in the workforce.
Budget Policy: The FY 2014 President's Budget estimate for Education and Training is $28.474 million, an increase of $7.036 million or 32.8 percent more than the FY 2012 Actual level. In FY 2014, NHGRI will continue its support for training the next generation of genomics researchers, as well as programs aimed at bringing genomics to healthcare professionals and the general public. NHGRI also plans to increase its support for training in the following areas: bioinformatics, data science, and genomic medicine.
Genomics and Society:Since its inception, NHGRI has dedicated five percent of its research funding to examine the ethical, legal, and social implications (ELSI) of genomic advances and the increasing availability of genomic information in society. This research area continues to be a vital component of the Institute's strategic vision. In FY 2014, the program will continue to explore issues that arise in the design and conduct of genomics research, particularly those related to the clinical applications of genomics. Questions of particular interest include those related to informed consent for genomics research; privacy issues arising from the use of large-scale research databases; when and how to return individual genomic results to research participants; and whether and how to provide information about unanticipated health-related genomic findings to participants.
In addition to multiple standing funding announcements to stimulate ELSI research, the NHGRI-funded Return of Results Consortium, a group of investigators conducting normative and empirical research on issues relating to the return of research results and incidental findings in the context of genomics research and clinical care, will begin in FY 2014 to generate results that should inform future genomic medicine programs. In addition, other clinical and laboratory projects (such as the CSER Consortium, the eMERGE Network, and the newborn screening initiative) will include elements that address ELSI questions.Within the Institute's Intramural Research Program, the Social and Behavioral Research Branch will continue in FY 2014 to conduct leading-edge research testing the effectiveness of strategies for communicating information about genetic risks; develop and evaluate behavioral interventions relevant to genomics; analyze how to use genomic discoveries in clinical practice; and explore the social, ethical, and policy implications of genomics research.
Budget Policy: The FY 2014 President's Budget estimate for Genomics and Society is $29.070 million, an increase of $0.11 million or 0.4 percent more than the FY 2012 Actual level. This amount represents more than the 5.0 percent of the total NHGRI budget that NHGRI is legislatively mandated to spend in this area of research. In FY 2014, NHGRI will continue to support the ELSI research program and the Intramural Research Program's Social and Behavioral Research Branch in their efforts to anticipate and address the social, legal, and ethical issues that will arise from new information about the human genome and the genetic contributions to human disease, in addition to the development of new approaches for applying that information to the improvement of human health.
Research Management and Support: NHGRI's Division of Policy, Communications, and Education uses Research Management and Support funds to provide key leadership for a number of ongoing initiatives, including National DNA Day and other educational outreach activities, as well as community-focused genomics programs. NHGRI also continues to provide leadership in the area of healthcare professional education, developing web-based resources such as the Genetics/Genomics Competency Center (G2C2) [g-2-c-2.org] (a central repository for health professional education resources) and the Global Genetics and Genomics Community (G3C) [g-3-c.com] (a bilingual collection of virtual case studies that provide students with a self-guided learning experience.)
Budget Policy: The FY 2014 President's Budget estimate for the Research Management and Support program is $26.122 million, an increase of $1.709 million or 7.0 percent more than the FY 2012 Actual level. In FY 2014, NHGRI will continue to improve efficiencies in travel and conferences in an effort to reduce costs. NHGRI also plans to continue addressing the challenges and opportunities that exist in strategically managing a research portfolio that addresses areas of critical research.
Includes FTEs whose payroll obligations are supported by the NIH Common Fund for Medical Research.
Includes FTEs whose payroll obligations are supported by the NIH Common Fund.
Posted: April 10, 2013


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Protect your investment with this solid stainless steel grid that sits on the bottom of your fireclay sink. Protects the sink from nicks or cracks caused by heavy pots or pans dropped in, reduces the need for cleaning marks or stains of the bottom of the sink. This model also fits perfectly into the bamboo farm sink.
- Custom made to fit sink model AB510 and AB3021
- Made of solid stainless steel, this grid is built tough and made to last the test of time.
- This grid helps protect the surface of your sink from scratches or stains caused by heavy pots and pans or sharp knives.
- "Stands on durable plastic feet raised about half an inch above the bottom of the sink. "
Additional Information
|ADA Compliant
|Stainless Steel
|Width (Inches)
|UPC Code
Write Your Own Review
ALFI Warranty.
Carry a 1 year warrantee against manufacturing defects.
Carry a 10 year warranty against fading / staining of the glaze.
Limited lifetime warranty against manufacturing defects in materials and workmanship. Mechanical components are warranted against defect for 5 years from the original purchase.
ALFI brand products are warranted for normal use and exclude defect or damage caused by or resulting from misuse, abuse, neglect, scratches, dents, abrasives, chemicals, improper installation/care/maintenance (whether performed by a plumber, contractor, service provider, or unqualified person), or alteration. This warranty does not apply to the replacement of components where damage is caused by normal wear and tear, dirt, lime scale, aggressive water conditions, or harsh or abrasive cleaners or materials. If a product is defective, the limit of damage is the cost of the defective material. Our warranties are not transferable. ALFI brand is not liable for consequential damage, labor loss, or expense of any nature.
This warranty applies to residential applications. Commercial/Industrial/Business applications are warranted for 1 year from original purchase date
Shipping And Return
Thank you for shopping with Express Décor! Your satisfaction is very important to us. If you wish to return this product, please view the following link for our detailed return policy here.

subset: commoncrawl


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VOP_LOOKUP(9) BSD Kernel Manual VOP_LOOKUP(9)
VOP_LOOKUP - vnode operations
#include <sys/vnode.h> int VOP_CREATE(struct vnode *dvp, struct vnode **vpp, struct componentname *cnp, struct vattr *vap); int VOP_FSYNC(struct vnode *vp, struct ucred *cred, int waitfor, struct proc *p); int VOP_GETEXTATTR(struct vnode *vp, int attrnamespace, const char *name, struct uio *uio, size_t *size, struct ucred *cred, struct proc *p); int VOP_ISLOCKED(struct vnode *); int VOP_LINK(struct vnode *dvp, struct vnode *vp, struct componentname *cnp); int VOP_LOCK(struct vnode *vp, int flags, struct proc *p); int VOP_LOOKUP(struct vnode *dvp, struct vnode **vpp, struct componentname *cnp); int VOP_MKDIR(struct vnode *dvp, struct vnode **vpp, struct componentname *cnp, struct vattr *vap); int VOP_PRINT(struct vnode *vp); int VOP_READLINK(struct vnode *vp, struct uio *uio, struct ucred *cred); int VOP_REALLOCBLKS(struct vnode *vp, struct cluster_save *buflist); int VOP_RECLAIM(struct vnode *vp, struct proc *p); int VOP_REMOVE(struct vnode *dvp, struct vnode *vp, struct componentname *cnp); int VOP_REVOKE(struct vnode *vp, int flags); int VOP_RMDIR(struct vnode *dvp, struct vnode *vp, struct componentname *cnp); int VOP_SETEXTATTR(struct vnode *vp, int attrnamespace, const char *name, struct uio *uio, struct ucred *cred, struct proc *p); int VOP_STRATEGY(struct buf *bp); int VOP_SYMLINK(struct vnode *dvp, struct vnode *vpp, struct componentname *cnp, struct vattr *vap, char *target); int VOP_UNLOCK(struct vnode *vp, int flags, struct proc *p); int VOP_WHITEOUT(struct vnode *dvp, struct componentname *cnp, int flags);
The VOP functions implement a generic way to perform operations on vnodes. The VOP function called passes the arguments to the correct file system specific function. Not all file systems implement all operations, in which case a generic method will be used. These functions exist to provide an abstract method to invoke vnode operations without needing to know anything about the underlying file system. Many syscalls map direct- ly to a specific VOP function. The arguments for each VOP function consist of one or more vnode pointers along with other data needed to perform the operation. Care must be taken to obey the vnode locking discipline when using VOP functions. The lock- ing discipline for all currently defined VOP functions is described in the file sys/kern/vnode_if.src. Many VOP calls take a struct proc *p ar- gument. This should be the current process. VOP calls are not safe to call in an interrupt context. The following sections comment on the VOP functions from the consumer's perspective. Some notes for file system implementors follow.
VOP_CREATE() creates a new directory entry for a regular file in the directory dvp and returns a locked, referenced vnode in vpp. The file name is in cnp and its permissions will be vap.
VOP_FSYNC() flushes any dirty buffers associated with vp to disk. The vnode is locked on entry and exit. waitfor can be set to MNT_WAIT to in- dicate VOP_FSYNC should not return until all data is written.
VOP_GETEXTATTR() and VOP_SETEXTATTR() are called to get and set named ex- tended file attributes (see extattr(9)). vp is the vnode for which to get or set the attribute. It must be locked. attrnamespace is an integer describing whether the attribute belongs in the user or system namespace. name is the extended attribute to get or set. uio is a uio(9) structure with the userland address containing the userland data. VOP_GETEXTATTR will return the actual length of the attribute in size if it is non-NULL. cred is a pointer to the credentials used to access the file.
VOP_LINK() increases the link count for the vnode vp. A new entry with name cnp should be added to the directory dvp. dvp is locked on entry and unlocked on exit.
VOP_LOOKUP() finds the file corresponding to the name cnp in the directo- ry dvp and returns a vnode in vpp. dvp is locked on entry and exit, and vpp is locked upon a successful return. vpp will be NULL on error, and cnp->cn_flags will be set to PDIRUNLOCK if dvp has been unlocked for an unsuccessful return.
VOP_MKDIR() implements the mkdir(2) syscall. A new directory with name matching that in cnp and with permissions vattr will be created in the directory dvp. On success, the new vnode is returned locked in vpp. dvp must be locked on entry and is unlocked on exit.
VOP_PRINT() prints information about the vnode to the kernel message buffer. It is not used normally, but exists only for debugging purposes.
VOP_READLINK() reads a symbolic link and returns the target's name in uio. vp is locked on entry and exit and must be a symlink.
VOP_REALLOCBLKS() is called by the vfs write clustering code. It gives the file system an opportunity to rearrange the on disk blocks for a file to reduce fragmentation. vp is the locked vnode for the file, and buflist is a cluster of the outstanding buffers about to written. Currently, only FFS implements this call.
VOP_RECLAIM() is used by vclean(9) so that the file system has an oppor- tunity to free memory and perform any other cleanup activity related to vp. vp is unlocked on entry and exit. VOP_RECLAIM should not be used by generic code.
VOP_REMOVE() removes the link named cnp from the directory dvp. This file corresponds to the vnode vp. Both dvp and vp are locked on entry and un- locked on exit, and each has its reference count decremented by one. VOP_REMOVE does not delete the file from disk unless its link count be- comes zero (for file systems which support multiple links).
VOP_REVOKE() is used by the revoke(2) syscall to prevent any further ac- cess to a vnode. The vnode ops will be changed to those of deadfs, which returns only errors. vp must be unlocked.
VOP_RMDIR() implements the rmdir(2) syscall. The directory vp will be re- moved from the directory dvp. Both are locked on entry and unlocked on exit. The name of the directory for removal is additionally contained in cnp.
VOP_STRATEGY() is the only VOP call not taking a vnode argument. It calls the appropriate strategy function for the device backing the buffer's vnode.
VOP_SYMLINK() creates a symbolic link with name cnp in the directory dvp with mode vap. The link will point to target and a vnode for it is re- turned in vpp. The directory vnode is locked on entry and unlocked on exit. Note that unlike most VOP calls returning a vnode, VOP_SYMLINK does not lock or reference vpp.
VOP_LOCK() is used internally by vn_lock(9) to lock a vnode. It should not be used by other file system code. VOP_UNLOCK() unlocks a vnode. flags should be zero in most cases. VOP_ISLOCKED() returns 1 if vp is locked and 0 if not. It should be used cautiously, as not all file sys- tems implement locks effectively. Note the asymmetry between vn_lock and VOP_UNLOCK.
VOP_WHITEOUT() manipulates whiteout entries in a directory. dvp is the directory containing, or to contain, the whiteout. It is locked on entry and exit. cnp contains the name of the whiteout. flags is used to indi- cate the operation. Whiteouts may be created or deleted. A whiteout entry is normally used to indicate the absence of a file on a translucent file system.
The VOP functions are stubs which redirect their arguments to the ap- propriate function for each file system. In order to allow for layered file systems and generic bypass methods, all vnode operation implementing functions take only a single void * pointer as an argument. This points to a structure containing the real arguments. Additionally, this struc- ture contains a struct vnodeop_desc *, or vnodeop description. The description is typically used by the abstract VOP code, but can be useful to the lower implementation as well. Every file system defines an array of struct vnodeopv_entry_desc that contains one entry for each implement- ed vnode op. Unimplemented vnode operations match the default descrip- tion, vop_default_desc. Most non-layer file systems should assign the de- fault error handler, vn_default_error, to the generic description. All lower level implementations should conform to the interfaces described above. The rules for locking and referencing vnodes are en- forced by each file system implementation, not the VOP stubs.
The VOP functions return 0 to indicate success and a non-zero error code to indicate failure.
sys/kern/vnode_if.src source file containing VOP definitions sys/kern/vnode_if.c C file with implementations of each VOP stub call
errno(2), vn_lock(9), vnode(9)
This man page was written by Ted Unangst for OpenBSD.
The locking discipline is too complex. Refer to vn_lock(9). MirOS BSD #10-current March 9, 2003 3
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These manual pages and other documentation are copyrighted by their respective writers;
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Art & Photography Flash Templates
We have a collection of 209 designs in this area!
These art and photography flash templates are aimed for artists, art dealers, galleries, photographers, painters, and people or companies into printing work. One example could be an artist that may need a website to show off their art in a portfolio which could be used to sell to customers or display their work for potential employers.
Flash templates are very similar to regular website templates except that they are primarily driven with Flash technology which can produce some beautiful striking effects. These art & photography templates are in great demand because they have the ability to really impress your visitors with visual and sound effects. Each art & photography flash template in our collection can be customized to meet your unique requirements of your project.


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The headline kind of says it all. The rationale is that anal sex may help with rectal placement of secret suicide bombs.
"After he sodomizes you, you must ask Allah for forgiveness and praise him all the more."
I'm not often speechless. This time I am.
Views: 670
Wow. Just wow. I'm pretty much speechless myself. Now that is some CRAZY mental gymnastics.
Clearly a situation when the END justifies the means. :)
Sounds like whatever school you went to could use a sex ed class.
It's like the old joke about where lawyers come from.
I don't know about this. I don't trust David Horowitz enough to believe it.
Elsewhere, I THINK here on A|N, there is an actual video of an islamic cleric holding forth on this issue (in Arabic, btw). So yeah, doc ... it's for real.
And here it is.
Dr. Kellie, that is a good point.
The Muslim cleric must have read Mirror Reversal. The ending of Chapter 5 is intense and graphic. The Duggars with the 20 kids should read it. Humans are breeding themselves to extinction; attitudes toward sex and reproduction have to change.
To some it's "Abomination", to me it's the serendipity of being human.
She rolled over and assumed the position on all fours, with her head facing the bedpost and cheeks lifted high off the bed. She slowly undulated her bony, inviting rump. Her posterior was moist from sweat, pheromones and the secretions of frantic glands. With the fluid arm movements of a lovely delicate ballerina, she rapped her arms around her cheeks to fully expose her tiny star-shaped sphincter, like the oculus of an unpretentious cathedral—venerating not a mythological deity in an indifferent universe but the beauty of the human body.
The headline struck me as a Poe.
Checking the Advocate article, it's now "updated to reflect feedback after our first version", with the title "Researcher's Claim About Suicide Bombers Called False".
They quote a blogger who recognized the man in the video, and who says "the story is posted in Arabic-speaking forums as a joke but is read as if serious" in the video.
Thank you for the update and clarification. I'm really tired of the false stories on the internet. My grandfather, who has been dead for 40 years, used to say "Don't believe anything you hear and only half of what you see".
© 2019 Atheist Nexus. All rights reserved. Admin: The Nexus Group. Powered by


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[Hebron, May 18. Image via Getty]
An Israeli soldier keeps guard near a Palestinian woman standing by a Star of David graffiti sprayed by Israeli settlers near an army checkpoint in the centre of the occupied West Bank city of Hebron on May 18, 2009 during a visit by a delegation of ultra-nationalist Israeli MPs protesting against Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu's promotion of the easing of restrictions on Palestinians. Netanyahu will have first face to face meeting with President Barack Obama amid divisions over Middle East peacemaking and Iran's nuclear ambitions. The hawkish premier, who wants a 'fresh' approach to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, will unveil in the White House meeting on May 18 his long-awaited policy for regional peace focused on countering Iran, aides said. AFP PHOTO / MENAHEM KAHANA (Photo credit should read MENAHEM KAHANA/AFP/Getty Images)


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Last week, MTS Systems Corp., Sensors Div., announced that it has created a new initiative to help improve control and safety in mobile machinery with its compact model MS sensor. These sensors are small enough to fit into machinery components like steering systems, blade deck lifters, and others. In steering systems, for example, the sensors could enable GPS positioning of machinery.
"The need for greater, more precise control across almost every component of modern construction, agricultural and mining vehicles is driving a market for smart cylinders that can fit in the tightest possible spaces," said Haubold "Hub" vom Berg, technical marketing manager for mobile hydraulics at MTS Sensors. "MTS Sensors offers a wide range of small to medium sized magnetostrictive sensors that meet those needs."
The Temposonics Model MS sensor has a diameter of 28 mm, operates over a temperature range of -40 to 221°F, and comes standard with a cable connection that is compatible with typical mobile equipment electrical connector requirements. It generates an analog signal, which provides accurate and reliable cylinder position feedback for the life of the hydraulic cylinder. Rated for up to 100 g of shock and 15 g of vibration, it also features 100 V/m EMI protection and provides a measuring range of 50 to 2000 mm (1.97 to 78.7 in.).
Visit MTS for more details.


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|Home News OWC Intros DIY Kit for Adding Second Hard Drive to 2011 Mac mini
|Shop for refurbished Mac minis and iMacs!
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Copyright © 123Macmini.com. All Rights Reserved.


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Every year the American Kennel Club (AKC) releases their ranking of dog breeds. While some breeds are perennial top tens, there is some change each year. Whether it's the movies (Dalmatians increase in popularity any time a 101 Dalmatians movie is released) or changing lifestyles (smaller dogs are more popular now that more people live in condos), top breeds are reflective of our lives. So what makes these breeds so popular? Plenty of fascinating characteristics that make them ideal pets!
1. Labrador Retriever
Labrador Retrievers, or 'Labs' as they are lovingly known, are the quintessential family dog, which is why they've held top spot on the AKC dog breed list for 19 years in a row!
The popularity of Labs as a family pet comes from their mellow temperament, loyalty, intelligence, and gentle nature with kids.
These traits make them popular as working dogs too. Seeing-eye/assistance dogs, search and rescue dogs, detection dogs and more are regularly Labs. They're movie stars too – did you see the recent hit Marley & Me?
Originally from Newfoundland, Labs come in three different colors: yellow, black, and chocolate (brown). They can also be a red color, called 'fox-red', which is technically still a yellow lab.
2. German Shepherd
German Shepherds have long been popular dogs, and were even the #1 dog breed throughout the 1920s, reportedly due to their starring roles in Hollywood (as characters such as Rin Tin Tin). Bred as herding dogs, they originated in the 19th century – in Germany, of course!
They are large-sized dogs, most commonly tan & black or red & black varieties. They are known for their loyalty and protective nature, which makes them an ideal choice for a family pet.
German Shepherds are considered the third-smartest dog breed, behind Border Collies and Poodles. Due to their high intelligence, they are also the number one choice for police, guard, and military dogs in the world.
3. Yorkshire Terrier
Celebrities often carry pet Yorkies around in their purses, contributing to their popularity! Famous fans include: Britney Spears, Tara Reid, Venus Williams, Kelly Rowland, and even Joan Rivers.
Yorkies originate from Yorkshire, England. They have glossy, straight hair and are black and tan in color. Intelligent, attention-loving dogs, they're affectionate and protective to their owners. While these 'toy' dogs don't intimidate with their size, they have a ferocious bark to make up for it! They're also known for their bravery – one Yorkie named Smoky fought in 12 combat missions and won eight battle stars for her service in the US Air Force.
4. Golden Retriever
Many people believe Golden Retrievers are part of the Labrador Retrievers breed. It's easy to see why: like Labs, Golden Retrievers are dogs bred originally for retrieving that make great family pets due to their friendly temperament. They're a similar color too.
But Golden Retrievers are a completely separate breed, with different origins (they're from Scotland!), a stockier build and a longer, shaggier coat.
Golden Retrievers are a good breed for agility and obedience training. They are too friendly to be guard dogs, but their intelligence makes them well-suited for search and rescue. These sweet dogs are even used by zoos as surrogate mothers to babies of different species, due to their kind, nurturing temperament.
5. Beagle
Beagles are small-to-medium sized dogs that were developed as scent hounds for hunting. Beagle-type dogs have had a long history in literature and art, and have been favorite dogs of royalty. But no beagle can compare to the most famous one of all: Snoopy!
Beagles are popular as pets because they have a 'merry' temperament and enjoy spending time with their family. In the working world, they are often used as detection dogs in airports, sniffing out contraband food and other items in luggage.
6. Boxer
Like most of the dog breeds listed so far, Boxers make great family pets. They're a medium-sized dog that are playful, energetic and great with children. Boxers are also good guard dogs due to their alertness and strength.
Boxers have short, smooth hair and are usually fawn or brindle in color, sometimes with black and white accents. White boxers, though much rarer, also exist. The breed was developed in Germany from the English bulldog and the now extinct Bullenbeisser.
7. Bulldog
Chances are you either love Bulldogs or you hate 'em. But enough people love these unique-looking dogs to make them number 7!
When people picture Bulldogs, they are usually thinking of the English (or British) variety. Two other breeds exist: the American Bulldog and the French Bulldog. American Bulldogs are larger and less stocky than the English version, while French Bulldogs are much smaller – similar in size to a Boston Terrier.
British Bulldogs were bred at least as early as the 16th century. Known for their stubborn nature, Bulldogs are also friendly and very loyal to their family. The Bulldog is a national animal of the United Kingdom and is also a popular mascot of the U.S. Marine Corps!
8. Dachshund
The word 'dachshund' is German, literally translated as 'badger dog' since this breed was originally bred to hunt badgers and small prey animals. You might know this dog better as a 'wiener' or 'sausage' dog, due to their unique look – a long body with short, stubby legs. Dachshunds are usually small to miniature-sized dogs. They have three different kinds of coats: smooth, long-hair, and wired.
Dachshunds are known for being devoted and loyal dogs, though they typically make better pets for older children due to their stubborn temperament. Dachshunds, like a lot of small dogs, tend to have a personality much larger than their size, and will often bark at unfamiliar dogs or people. Sometimes they need to be carried up and down stairs too!
9. Poodle
You probably know Poodles for their traditional poufy haircuts. Despite their sometimes goofy appearance, they are one of the most intelligent breeds of dogs, and one that has been around for centuries. They come in four sizes: standard (large), medium, miniature and toy.
Since Poodles are such smart dogs, they do very well in agility and obedience training. They were originally bred as retrievers, so they also love water and water sports.
They're easy to train and are good with children, so they make great family pets. Plus, they have curly coats that don't shed.
10. Shih Tzu
The Shih Tzu is one of the most ancient dog breeds in the world, originating in China (or possibly Tibet), where the name literally means 'lion dog.' Shih Tzu were considered holy dogs in ancient times, and were treated as sacred companion dogs by Chinese royalty.
They are small dogs with long, soft coats that come in a variety of mixed and solid colors. Since Shih Tzu have a long history of being companion dogs, they are excellent family pets. They are friendly and playful and are known as lap dogs. Like the Yorkie, you probably have seen Shih Tzu being carried around in dog purses, and they are also a popular breed to outfit in the latest fashion trends.
A German Shepherd guide dog, named Orient, led her blind hiker the entire 2,100 mile Appalachian Trail. Average size of a German Shepherd litter is 8 puppies.
The Royal Canadian Mounted Police, which originally utilized white German Shepherds in their breeding and training program, now consider the breed unsuitable because "white hairs don't go well on dark blue pants and they make too good a target at night."
The proper English name for this breed is German Shepherd Dog but they are usually informally referred to as German Shepherds, Alsatians (commonly used in the UK) or Schäfer(hund).
A 12 lb Yorkshire Terrier named Oliver once defended an elderly woman from an 80 lb Akita. The woman escaped to safety and the Yorkie survived with only nine stitches.


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Pharrell's Wacky Hat Trend Carries Into Spring
You wouldn't be alone in assuming that the especially tall, unusually molded Vivienne Westwood hat Pharrell wore to the Grammys was merely a PR stunt, but it looks like the unusual topper isn't quite the fashion fluke we imagined. One of our favorite New York-based brands, Kule, has come out with a curiously tall hat for spring that we couldn't help but compare to Pharrell's. Kule's Malcolm Hat ($405) is decidedly more warm-weather appropriate, as it's made from straw and features a pretty grosgrain ribbon, and we have to admit, we're adding it to our wish list. Click through to check out the unexpectedly endearing hat of gigantic proportions, and let us know if you'd wear it in the comments.
Sure, the look is a little editorial, but half the fun of fashion is taking risks. Why not surprise yourself by stepping outside your sartorial bounds?
Let's just say you won't be mistaken for your average hipster in a fedora.
Kule Malcolm Hat ($405)
Get the lowdown on outfit ideas that pair perfectly with hats.
- Explore More:
- hat
- fedora hat
- straw hat


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MVR, a manufacturer of high performance sustainable plastic resins, has received U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) clearance to produce its recycled polypropylene (PP) and recycled polystyrene (PS) resins for use in thermoformed or injection molded articles for contact with non-alcoholic food.
The resins, which are approved for up to 100 percent recycled content and have comparable performance qualities compared to virgin PP and PS, have wide consumer applications.
"Receiving FDA clearance for the use of MVR recycled polypropylene and polystyrene in food contact applications is a big step forward for MVR, our packaged goods customers who have been demanding it and the environment," said Ronald Whaley, president and chief executive officer. "This clearance expands our potential market by allowing us to meet the need of our customers and the increasing demands of consumers for environmentally friendly food packaging and other products and helps to prevent the buildup of plastic waste in landfills."
MVR produces recycled PP and PS resins from plastic waste supplied by U.S. retailers through a proprietary process of sorting, washing, drying and extruding. The recycled resins can be mixed with virgin food grade resins or used as is to create thermoformed or injection molded products such as cups, plates, containers, cosmetics, housewares accessories and cutlery. The conditions of use range from boiling water up to 212 degrees F to storage of frozen items. By the end of 2010, MVR plans to have the capacity to manufacture 90 million pounds of post consumer recycled resin annually.


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Investigating the harmful health effects of excess fat, researchers at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis have identified a protein that triggers death in mammalian cells overloaded with saturated fat.
When the researchers halted production of this protein, called EF1A-1, the cells were able to thrive in ordinarily damaging amounts of the saturated fat palmitate, a fat abundant in Western diets. At the same concentration of palmitate, normal cells still producing EF1A-1 rapidly died. The study will be published in the February 2006 issue of Molecular Biology of the Cell.
"When lipids (fats) accumulate in tissues other than adipose tissue, cellular dysfunction or cell death results," says senior author Jean Schaffer, M.D., associate professor of medicine and of molecular biology and pharmacology. "For example, preliminary studies on animals suggest that the accumulation of fat in the pancreas contributes to the development of diabetes, and accumulation of lipids in skeletal muscle of leads to insulin resistance."
Other studies have linked the genesis of heart failure to fat-induced cell dysfunction and cell death in the heart. "As physicians our primary focus in diabetic patients is on glucose control," says Schaffer, a member of the Center for Cardiovascular Research at the School of Medicine and a cardiologist at Barnes-Jewish Hospital. "But it appears we should also be more aggressive with respect to lowering lipids such as triglycerides and fatty acids."
With the discovery of EF1A-1's role, this study is the first to identify a critical step in the pathway that leads from high cellular fat to cell death, according to Schaffer. EF1A-1 is an extremely abundant protein with several diverse functions within cells, including protein synthesis and maintenance of the cytoskeleton, the cell's internal support structure.
In mammalian cells grown in culture, the researchers saw that EF1A-1 and the fat palmitate work hand in hand: the presence of EF1A-1 dictated sensitivity to palmitate-induced cell death, and palmitate caused a rapid increase of the amount of EF1A-1 produced.
Schaffer's laboratory earlier had developed a transgenic mouse that accumulates fat in its heart muscle cells resulting in the death of cells, heart failure and premature death. They found that EF1A-1 was increased nearly three-fold in the hearts of these animals.
Removal of EF1A-1 protected cells from palmitate-induced death, and its absence allowed cells to withstand assault by highly reactive oxygen molecules. According to study authors, this indicates that EF1A-1 probably contributes to cell death from oxidative stress, which is known to stem from high lipid levels. Cytoskeletal changes seen in cells missing EF1A-1 suggested to the researchers that EF1A-1's cytoskeletal role also is important in cell death resulting from fat overload.
"Cells have a lot of mechanisms for incorporating fatty acids into storage forms, for metabolizing them or for using them in cellular membranes," Schaffer says. "But saturated fats like palmitate are poorly stored in the tiny fat droplets normally found in most cells and therefore are more likely to enter into pathways that lead to cell death such as the one in which EF1A-1 is involved."
In the process of identifying the role of EF1A-1, the lab members uncovered other proteins implicated in the toxicity of excess fats. They are now investigating each to find out what part it plays.
Future investigations by Schaffer's research team will study the EF1A-1 protein to see whether fatty molecules directly alter the protein, or if they cause it to relocate within the cell.
Borradaile NM, Buhman KK, Listenberger LL, Magee CJ, Morimoto ETA, Ory DS, Schaffer JE. A critical role for eukaryotic elongation factor 1A-1 in lipotoxic cell death. Molecular Biology of the Cell, February 2006.
Funding from the National Institutes of Health, the Washington University School of Medicine--Pharmacia Biomedical Program (JES) and the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada supported this research.
Washington University School of Medicine's full-time and volunteer faculty physicians also are the medical staff of Barnes-Jewish and St. Louis Children's hospitals. The School of Medicine is one of the leading medical research, teaching and patient care institutions in the nation, currently ranked third in the nation by U.S. News & World Report. Through its affiliations with Barnes-Jewish and St. Louis Children's hospitals, the School of Medicine is linked to BJC HealthCare.
View online: http://mednews.


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SodaStream (NASDAQ:SODA) scored a new collaborative agreement with Whirlpool (NYSE:WHR) on Monday to jointly develop KitchenAid-branded soda makers.
While terms of the transaction were not disclosed, shares of the Israeli maker of at-home carbonation systems climbed close to 2% to $74.07. They have advanced 65% year-to-date.
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Biodiversity Education at a Natural World Heritage Site: Kirstenbosch Botanical Garden. World Heritage Convention
Volume 2 Number 1 - April 2005
Donavan Fullard
Résumé en Français
Resumen en Español
Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden, in Cape Town, is situated on the slopes of Table Mountain and falls within The Cape Floristic Region which has been inscribed as South Africa's sixth World Heritage Site. This is the first time that a botanical garden has been recognised as a natural World Heritage site. In the following article Donavan Fullard describes the Kirstenbosch Environmental Education Programme and explains how it supports the mission of the World Heritage Convention: To encourage participation of the local population in the preservation of their cultural and natural heritage.
The mission of the programme is to inspire and enable people from all walks of life to take responsibility for their environment. The programme primarily targets the learners/youth, from the disadvantaged areas and under-resourced schools from the Cape Flats in the Western Cape, to participate in its exciting and curriculum linked, garden-based and outreach greening programmes which cover a wide variety of themes, learning programmes and activities.
The people of Cape Town are immensely proud and excited about the honour that was bestowed on their garden - for the first time a botanical garden has been recognised as a natural World Heritage Site. However, in my opinion, a great number of Cape Town's people living on the Cape Flats (an area created during the Apartheid era) do not share in this excitement, either because they are not aware of or feel indifferent to this achievement because of its 'non-relevance' to their lives. Socio-economic factors such as poverty, unemployment and crime are the high-priority issues in their lives. Friedman, H (2003) in her article 'Survival of the greenest in the Cape', says that "to most kids living on the Cape flats, the term 'wildlife' means negotiating a daily gauntlet of gangs, violence and drugs". One of the aims of Kirstenbosch's education programme is to offer these children (from strife-torn townships like Mitchell's Plain, Khayelitsha, Lavender Hill) the opportunity to experience 'wildlife' of a different kind – the rich biodiversity of a world famous indigenous botanical garden.
Environmental Education Programme
Kirstenbosch National Botanic Garden offers an environmental education programme to all learners in Cape Town and surrounding areas, but particularly to those from disadvantaged areas. The programme is located within the education directorate of the South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) a government parastatal, formerly known as the National Botanical Institute. It focuses on four key areas:
- a Garden-based education programme
- school indigenous greening (Outreach Greening) programme
- teacher professional development
- resource and curriculum development.
The aims of the programme are:
- to develop effective environmental education and interpretation programmes that respond to international and national environmental policies and legislation
- to make the gardens more educationally relevant and accessible to all teachers and learners, particularly those who in the past did not have the opportunity to visit
- to contribute to transformation in education through our programmes and networks
- to promote the education value of indigenous gardens in schools
- to ensure effective communication and networking within SANBI, and between SANBI and the public and others involved in environmental education
- to contribute to the transformation process by appointing staff from previously disadvantaged groups wherever possible, and providing support and mentorship to enable staff to develop to their full potential
The important role of education to attain sustainable development is recognised globally. Willison, (1997) argued strongly for botanic gardens to engage in 'stronger' forms of education for sustainability. She describes this as a "holistic approach to education which emphasises the interrelationship of disciplines". In South Africa, education plays a critical role in ensuring improvements in the quality of life of all people, the eradication of poverty, reducing inequalities and promoting sustainable development and growth (Wagiet, 2002). I also believe that in South Africa environmental education has, and can still, contribute significantly to transformation and development.
At Kirstenbosch, we strive towards offering an environmental education programme that adheres to the principles of EfS and is aligned to our national curriculum statement policies. In addition, we strongly associate with the following definition of environmental education - describing it as a 'responsive process of change' involving the development of capacity to 'collaboratively develop capabilities (tools, resources, action competencies) to deal with and encourage change in local contexts' (source unknown).
In the past, our key focus areas functioned in isolation whereas now; we strive towards integrating our various programmes to achieve a more meaningful and holistic approach. I will briefly give an overview of our programmes.
Garden-Based Programme
On average about 8 -11, 000 learners from Grade R – 12 participate in the activities offered per year as part of the guided school programme. The programme is very popular and primarily supports formal education with exciting, hands-on activities that engage learners with indigenous plants and issues related to the sustainable use of these plants. Themes (with a variety of learning programmes) on offer include Introduction to Kirstenbosch and Fynbos, Plants and People, Ecology, Water, Biomes, Plant reproduction, Plant adaptations and Travel and Tourism. Biodiversity issues are addressed in all these programmes, but since the transition from the Botanical to Biodiversity institute, we have begun with the development of a new Biodiversity programme. The programme focuses on experiential learning and learners are actively encouraged by education officers to participate in their groups through discussion and debating of issues. Learners are also encouraged to reflect critically on environmental issues and to make connections between the issues they encounter and their lives. An example here is their experience in the Useful Plants Garden where the sustainable use of useful and medicinal plants are not just explored, discovered and investigated, but also probed and linked to their lives from a socio-cultural perspective.
The Kirstenbosch Outreach Bus provides transport for learners from under-resourced schools to attend the programme. The most visits recorded are from schools of Mitchell's Plain and Khayelitsha – these areas were identified by President Thabo Mbeki for socio-economic upliftment. Our programme has been fortunate to receive funding from the National Lottery Fund, which makes it possible for us to provide transport to 50 schools, from disadvantaged areas, to bring a group of 180 learners on a free visit to our Biodiversity Education and EfS programmes for the next three years (2005-2007). An environmental audit will be carried out at each school and the impact of our programme will be closely monitored and evaluated by staff members as well as external consultants. The selection criteria used to identify schools, included schools that have been on our outreach greening programme and never visited the garden, schools that have shown commitment to the environment, schools that visit regularly but have difficulty paying and schools with learners with special needs.
Outreach Greening Programme
Currently we have developed 46 indigenous school gardens on the Cape Flats (Nyanga, Langa, Gugulethu, Mitchell's Plain, Manenberg and Khayelitsha). These schools are part of the Kirstenbosch indigenous school gardening programme and are all at different levels of involvement with the programme, ranging from first to third year and beyond.
The aims of the Outreach Greening programme are:
- to establish indigenous, water-wise school and community gardens
- to encourage ecological awareness and environmental responsibility
- to develop gardening skills to enable economic empowerment and local environmental action
- to promote the educational value of indigenous plants and gardening
- to develop partnerships between communities and organisations.
We have received funding from the government's Department of Environmental affairs and Tourism as part of the Greening of the Nation project to 'green' schools and communities over the next three years. We have selected 17 new schools from the Cape Flats who will join our three year outreach greening programme, as well as several community organisations such as an HIV/AIDS group, womens' empowerment group and community greening groups.
The first two years of the indigenous school greening programme focus on horticultural training of 'Green Teams' (representative of all stakeholders – learners, teachers, ground persons and community members) at schools and garden development. To ensure sustainability of the project we introduce a series of workshops with teachers from year two. Teachers collaboratively develop teaching and learning support materials to use in the garden as a resource for education.
With the integration of our garden-based, outreach greening and teacher professional development programmes we promote a strong 'action competence approach' to environmental education (Jensen & Schnack, 1997). The development of skills such as critical thinking, problem solving and interpersonal skills, form the basis of our work and is what we try to promote and achieve through our programmes at Kirstenbosch. By introducing learners and teachers to our programmes, we hope to stimulate the development of a 'critical perspective' that will hopefully lead to 'concrete action'.
A success story as evidence of our goal was achieved when West End Primary school (from a disadvantaged community in Mitchell's Plain) visited our programme for the first time at the end of 2003. Both learners and teachers found the programme to be extremely invigorating and of great value to them. They successfully applied to join the outreach greening programme in 2004, and have since converted a sandy and barren part of their school yard into a beautiful indigenous garden. Learners, teachers and ground staff are working side-by-side to take responsibility for their environment and contributing to whole school improvement. One teacher at the school commented "The garden has given new meaning and purpose to our lives at school which under normal circumstances were dominated by negativity and frustrations".
Teacher Professional Development
The Kirstenbosch programme has always played a crucial role as a service provider in the implementation of the education transformational processes, specifically Outcomes Based Education and the Revised National Curriculum Statement Policies (RNCS). Currently staff are supporting foundation phase educators with the implementation of the RNCS within SANBI's context through a process of participatory action research. As part of post-graduate research, staff members collaborate with teachers and curriculum advisors from the provincial education department in the development of new and special programmes, teaching and learning support materials, etc.
Resource and Curriculum Development
The development of teaching and learning support materials to support our programme and that of the formal curriculum are key features of the Kirstenbosch programme. The centre offers a wide range of resources and facilities available to educators. The Greening Manual published in 2002 is an excellent indigenous gardening handbook for South African Schools developed by staff. A brochure and support materials on biodiversity will be developed in 2005 to assist teachers with their programmes at school.
Kirstenbosch environmental education programme strives at all times to provide quality education about, in and for the environment to contribute to the building of a responsible and environmentally active citizenry.
The challenges that the programmes face, which include funding and staff capacity, are strongly outweighed by the strengths of the programme. These include highly motivated, qualified and experienced staff with a strong belief in lifelong learning, visionary and informed leadership.
We realise that Kirstenbosch, as a world renowned botanic garden as well as a World Heritage site, has much to offer EfS and that we are ideally placed to work with local communities, especially through our outreach greening programmes, to resolve environmental problems. In so doing, we endeavour to support UNESCO's World Heritage mission to encourage participation of the local population in the preservation of their cultural and natural heritage.
1. Friedman, H (2003) Survival of the greenest in the Cape. The Teacher
2. Jensen, B. & Schnack, K. (1997) Environmental Education Research, Vol. 3, No.2.
3. Wagiet, R.(2002) Education a crucial vehicle for sustainable development – WSSD. Education News bulletin
4. Willison, J (1997) Roots 15, p20-22 Botanic Gardens and Education for Sustainability.
Le Jardin Botanique National de Kirstenbosch à Cape Town est situé sur les versants du Table Mountain et appartient à la Région florale du Cap qui a été inscrite comme sixième site du Patrimoine Mondial de l'Afrique du Sud. C'est pour la première fois qu'un jardin botanique a été reconnu comme site naturel du Patrimoine Mondial. Dans l'article qui suit, Donavan Fullard décrit le programme d'éducation environnementale de Kirstenbosch et explique comment il soutient la mission de la Convention sur le Patrimoine Mondial: à encourager la participation de la population locale à la préservation de leur patrimoine culterel et naturel.
La mission du programme est d'inspirer des gens de tous bords et de les rendre aptes à prendre des responsabilités pour leur environement. Le programme vise avant tout les étudiants/jeunes des régions désavantagées et des écoles en manque de moyens des Cape Flats dans le Western Cape pour les faire participer à ses programmes excitants de verdissement reliés par curriculum, tant basés au jardin que tournés vers l'extérieur et qui couvrent une variété de thèmes, de programmes d'enseignement et d'activités.
El Jardín Botánico Nacional de Kirstenbosch, en la Ciudad del Cabo, está situado en las laderas de Table Mountain, y cae dentro de la región florística del Cabo, y ha sido inscrito como el sexto lugar en Sudáfrica declarado Patrimonio Mundial. Fue el primer jardín botánico declarado Patrimonio Mundial. En el artículo que sigue Donovan Fullard describe el Programa de Educación Medio Ambiental de Kirstenbosch y explica como apoya la misión de la Convención de Patrimonio Mundial: el promocionar la participación de la población local en la preservación de su patrimonio cultural y natural.
El programa se propone inspirar y permitir a la gente de todas partes a reconocer su responsabilidad por el medio ambiente. El programa sobre todo se dirige a los jóvenes de zonas menos aventajadas y de los colegios bajos en recursos de Cape Flats en el Cabo occidental, para que participen en sus apasionantes programas, relevantes al currículo, con actividades tanto dentro como fuera del jardín, relacionadas a una gran variedad de tremas, programas educativos y otras actividades.
About the Author
Donavan Fullard is Deputy Director of Education, Kirstenbosch National Botanic Garden, Private Bag X7, Claremont, Cape Town, South Africa. Tel: 021 -799 8670. Direct line: 021 – 7998696. Email: firstname.lastname@example.com. Website: www.sanbi.org
Details of this Convention can be found at: http://whc.unesco.org/


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The Anne of Green Gables Licensing Authority Inc.About Product Licensing
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