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These people know there stuff
Have been going here for over 10 years now with multiple vehicles, they are always honest and straight forward, Mike doesn't beat around the bush, fair prices and always gets it done when they say. Thanks for the great service! It's becoming a lost art with customer service and honesty.
Great as always
Mike and Kat at Elmer's have always given us great and timely service. They combine this with great communication. This trip to their shop was no different. Great as always. Thanks again.
I have been going to elmer for almost a decade now,I wouldn't go anywhere else. they provide high quality service and are very knowledgeable which is a rare thing to have nowadays.
Oil change and check out fuel injectors
As always, great and friendly service.
Highest quality service
Elmer's auto clinic is a shop you can trust. Mike and his team are honest and trustworthy. You can rest assured that they will provide the very best services as well as the best pricing and you know that the work is complete. Elmer's is a complete one shop automotive center and they stand behind their work. I trust them with my families vehicle with complete confidence.
Always a great job.
Work is always done properly. Fair prices and pleasant knowledgeable folks.
Top notch service at a honest and fair amount. Would recommend Elmers to all of my family and friends and anyone looking for a dependable and trustworthy and friendly mechanic shop.
Very friendly, very informative about the work to be accomplished. The break job that was performed I'm very happy with. I gave them instructions to replace parts that was needed, and they were honest and only replaced the bad parts. Very Satisfied
Great service for a great price! Very honest!
Great job
Elmer's is a great place to do business!
Kept their word
Repaired the starter for what Mike originally quoted, which was 200 to 600 less than the other local shops I called. Part appropriately priced and labor price much lower than other shops quotes. Problem fixed and work guaranteed. Timely and friendly. Thanks!
2005 Explorer repair
Great and fast service, as always. Mike has never failed to deliver on service or his promise to us. Thanks.
Quick and easy
Came in for an emissions test and oil change and was told about my differential fluid needing to be serviced as well. They were quick and easy to work with and the vehicle runs fantastic.
Safety and Emmisions
I always receive prompt and great service here. Mike is my go to mechanic. He has never done me wrong and had my car done when he said he would. Thanks!
Michael checked the brakes and said they still have life in them. Saved me $200
The Best Mechanic
Great people! Honest and trustworthy! If they can't fix it or work on it, they give great recommendations
I have been going to Elmers for a couple years now. Every visit is done in a very professional manner. Elmers always lets me know if any changes to the repairs before doing them. Elmers has never does unnecessary repairs. I am always completely satisfied with every visit.
Great prices...good work...keep it up.
I appreciate the great work you do, and love petting your dog he joined me on the couch and made me feel very welcome.
Wonderful people.
Great service, affordable, honest and trustworthy.
Love the service
I've been taking my vehicle here for several years. I won't go anywhere else. They're very honest and haven't any problems.
Trustworthy and Reliable
They always provide the best service at an affordable price. Would recommend to anyone
Professional and friendly
Fast service, gets you in quickly. Have had no problems with anything worked on.
Great Service as Usual!
Took my Jeep into Elmer's and they performed a full service oil change, checked all my fluids, topped off my windshield washer fluid, and got it all done within about 20 minutes! They are professional and spot on with all my vehicles. They have a customer for life!
Trustworthy and Honest
Mike and Kat take great care of people. They tell you what needs to be done and how much. I have been going to Elmer's since 2007 and have always had honest feedback and wonderful care.
Awesome job!!!!!
I dropped off my vehicle and they got back with very early in the morning with a diagnosis to my problem, they quoted me a very fair price and have my vehicle back to me same day. Very professional and polite shop
Awesome job!!!!!
I dropped off my vehicle and they got back with very early in the morning with a diagnosis to my problem, they quoted me a very fair price and have my vehicle back to me same day. Very professional and polite shop
Great service
Mike and Kat are wonderful. Very honest and will let you know what to look for and plan for
We tested the car this morning by going to salt lake city ut and back to Ogden ut, then home & around town with no problems. Thanks to all of you for your help. Your cost of service was $ 300.00 less than the other quote. We will be back in the future.
Your speedy service is appreciated, we have not had a chance to test the car out but will do so tomorrow. Will add what we think then. Thank you for getting the car back to us so soon.
Wonderful service, honest and reliable
Mike at Elmer's is the best. He cares about his customers. He is honest and will tell you what is wrong. His prices are fair.
Professional shop
It's refreshing to find a shop that is honest and professional. I just bought a used truck Mike with through it from bumper to bumper, he helped me to prioritize the things he found into must have's right away, and things that need to be addressed butane wait. He was mindful of my budget, but was strict about anything that would cause safety concerns. I highly recommend this shop to anyone looking for quality service with friendly and professional employee's. Thanks Mike.
You guys are awesome, that's why I am not going anywhere else!
I always have the best experience with Elmer's Auto, they are all so personable, efficient, honest and so fairly priced for the great job they do! Thanks again for another great experience! Love you guys!
My favorite auto shop
I love this place. I am an older, single woman and trust Mike to be honest with me.
My experience was great, Mike is very helpful and tells it like it is. And at a very good rate of cost. I will be going back to him.
Fast Friendly Service
I've been using Elmer's since I started working next door. Almost every issue we've brought to them they've been able to diagnose and repair in the same day by the time I get off work. They're reasonably priced, fair, and honest. I highly recommend Elmer's Auto!
Great customer service
Mike was very helpful in diagnosing my oil leak. He inspected the car for free and let me know the complexity of my repair.
Great Shop!!!
Very professional, dropped my truck off and was fixed in an hour.
Excellent work!
A little costly but I was worked with and explained everything clearly, I even got to learn some new things about my car. Why give your money to a corporate chain, no help! Give it tintype guys who care, and they will earn it!
It was super.
Great people, great service
Job was done on time, done correctly, explained well, charged fairly!
Good Value, knowledgeable mechanics
Elmer's Auto Clinic is my regular auto care clinic because they know what they're doing, and they explain well. Further, they do good work, in reasonable time frames. i love having them for my mechanics.
Professional and friendly
Enjoyed the service and tips on what need to be done when my check engine light came on an older vehicle. Recently upgraded to a new car and get my oil change regularly.
Great place to get complete autocare
I was in and out in a timely manner, Mike and Murray took the time to explain the services being performed and even inspected my vehicle and shown me things to be aware of and services recommended to be done soon. I didn't feel like they were upsell me but rather to give me the needed recommendation that allowed me to make a proper decision about my maintenance options
Top notch personal service!!!
The entire staff welcomed me upon arrival, and immediately assessed my vehicle's annual inspection requirements. Within moments my truck was getting taken care. The cordial staff made me feel like I was a long time customer even though this was my first visit. It was amazing to have such a wonderful experience dealing with the personable and professional staff members who were totally open and honest during my visit. All my future automotive inspection and maintenance needs will definately be with Mike and his team. Thanks guys!
Always great service
My wife and I moved to Clearfield a little over a year ago. The hardest part about moving is finding the new shops to get stuff done. We have found our new mechanics at Elmers Auto clinic. Always treat our vehicles right. They give us a list of preventative maintenance to keep our cars running right. Always helpful and available to answer any questions. Will continue to take my vehicles there in the future.
Good Service As Usual
I have been going here for the last 10 years and these guys never let me down, when I have had a problem with any of my vehicles they diagnose the problem and usually give me several options to correct it, Their not pushy, they don't try to push me into something I don't need. Their lube center is one of the old school type lube centers, they actually top off my fluids, and grease the chassis, etc, and let me know if there are any other issues that I don't know about, not just things like air filters, pcv valves, etc. They inform me of upcoming service so I can budget the cost, like when my brake pads are getting low, or my transmission fluid is starting to look dirty, etc. Their service software even notifies me via e-mail or text message of upcoming suggested repairs and when i'm coming up on my next oil change! These guys are great and really know their stuff, Elmer's Auto Clinic & Uhaul is my shop for life!
I like how they truly care about your vehicle and keeps it maintained.
Mike and Murray are the best mechanics we have ever had. They are so nice, and they are the greatest in the work they do. Everything is always done right the first time and we won't take our vehicle anywhere else!!!! Thank you so much for all you do for us. I will HIGHLY recommend you to everyone.....
Excellent, Even a single 70 year old woman feels comfortable going there.
I like the way Mike and Murray explain things so well. They have my trust. So far I have no complaints. Today Mike advised me about the bad job that was done at the last place I had the oil changed. I had already decided I wasn't going back to Firestone in Ogden. He also told me I would need an air filter soon. I appreciate the "heads-up" so I can plan for the expense. They are nice guys.
Mike is majic!
Mike is a really talented electrical issue sniffer. I'm REALLY HAPPY with his work! My 95 Geo Metro had a dim headlight when I first got it & all the wiring tested out as good. My son piggy-backed the wiring & that worked for nearly a year (right up to 2 months ago) That's when a fuse blew, was replaced and then a few days later both headlights were out for no apparent reason. The wiring tested good & I couldn't locate any bad ground. The relays & fuses were good & I couldn't see any burned connections on the wires or the pigtails. Still no lights. The dash dimmer lights worked when and however they wanted to, & the stereo has always been quite crackly sounding. I had to turn my headlight switch on to hear it at all & then only the passenger side speaker worked clearly. I pulled switches at junkyards and left them in my car when I dropped it off at Elmers Auto with Mike. The parts weren't available new & even if they could be located it would have cost me $450.00 for just the steering column combo switch. I thought I was going to be without my car for several days in order for Mike to locate the initial issue. I got a text within just a few hours that my car was fixed & went on with my day. I'm also really glad that Mike can think outside the dealership manual. The manual would have had him tear my dash out to reach the first headlight split & that would have been really expensive. The second split in the engine compartment was in operable condition, so he used that one to piggyback the lights, same wire, just a few feet further down the line. All in all it was under $200.00 in labor after using the parts I got out of the junkyards, replacing the dimmer switch (twice), fix a pigtail under the dash, connect the headlights (Piggybacked again) & determine that it was all from a live short inside the stereo in the dash.
Repair Sabb9-3
Had both cars down at the same time, the guy's at Elmer's got right on fixing my Saab so that I could at least have a car to drive while my other one was getting fixed. Fast and fair and they actually call you to let you know what the problem is first before the repairs are done. Thanks. By the way, the problem fixed was a bad air conditioning compressor.
Repair 1993 Pontiac Grand Prix
Had several problems going on due to the age of the vehicle. They changed the fuel pump, did a full tune-up and flushed the fuel system. All of these needed to be done but did not fix the original problem which was a stalling issue. Mike went above and beyond I diagnosing and finally fixing this problem. He spent many extra hours in searching online and under the hood in solving the problem. It ended up being a small split in the diaphragm of the fuel regulator. We thank Elmer's for the extra effort on our behalf and for being fair with us. Thanks again.
Murray and Michael have taken care of my vehicles since 2006. They are someone I know I can trust. They are helpful, honest and have integrity. They are there to fix your vehicle, not to just take your money. Would definitely recommend
Great job
Great job and would recommend to other pepole
Came in for an inspection and emissions they got me right in. It was fast and very professional. Thanks guys
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- English


text:
Creating Without Shame: Care Providers Turn Real-Life Stories Into an HIV-Focused Telenovela
A Conversation With Sin Vergüenza Producers and Creators Natalie Sanchez and Hilda Sandoval
March 6, 2013
Family secrets ... betrayed trust ... condom usage?
The classic, persistent themes of Spanish-language soap operas, also known as telenovelas, get a refreshing, enthralling update in Sin Vergüenza (Without Shame), the new telenovela that is taking the Internet by storm. Presented in English as well as Spanish, and imagined and realized by California's vast AltaMed health care network, the aim of the show is to "educate without being educational." The project is a unique endeavor -- it combines a fresh narrative format with the ability to tackle real-world issues such as HIV, stigma, lesbian/gay/bisexual/transgender (LGBT) issues, family issues, infidelity, shame, aging, dating and more.
Before you read, make sure to watch Episode 3 of Sin Vergüenza. Stay tuned for two more episodes in the coming weeks -- each accompanied by a conversation with key people involved in the production!
Haz clic aquí para ver la telenovela Sin Vergüenza, capítulo 3, en español.
Mathew Rodriguez: Can you give an overview of what AltaMed does and what they offer?
Natalie Sanchez: AltaMed is the largest federally qualified health center in the nation, and we offer primary health care at 22 clinics. But, altogether, we have 43 sites. We serve about 150,000 clients in a year. We have been providing HIV services for over 20 years.
Hilda Sandoval: Of the 22 sites that provide medical services, three of them focus on HIV care. Recently we implemented universal testing at all of our sites, and when a patient is identified as HIV positive, the referral is sent over to us, whether it's at East L.A., Pico Rivera or El Monte, which are the sites that have specialized care for HIV patients.
Mathew Rodriguez: Does AltaMed serve a particularly large Latino population?
Natalie Sanchez: Yes, actually, we are centralized in L.A. County and Orange County, and the focus of the care that we provide is really targeting Latinos. We have a rather large number of patients who come in who are monolingual Spanish-speaking, uninsured, and also undocumented. We really take great pride in saying that we do not discriminate -- anybody gets treated, and the same applies to our general medical sites. Because we are a federally qualified health program, we have the luxury to provide care to all individuals who come in through our doors. And a good number of them are Latino.
Hilda Sandoval: We definitely take great pride in serving those who are underrepresented in the community. So the fact that we do this work is a rewarding experience for most of our employees.
Mathew Rodriguez: What made you both want to pursue this project as part of the HIV services that AltaMed offers?
"It's taken us some time to change the culture and to prepare providers, as well as clinic staff and clients, to accept HIV as a routine part of care, because there's this perception that HIV only affects certain populations. We've had to do a lot of training." -- Natalie Sanchez
Natalie Sanchez: The primary reason that we wanted to do this telenovela series was to raise awareness about HIV and the importance of routine HIV testing. We've incorporated routine HIV testing into all 22 of our clinics. It's taken us some time to change the culture and to prepare providers, as well as clinic staff and clients, to accept HIV as a routine part of care, because there's this perception that HIV only affects certain populations. We've had to do a lot of training. But now we're looking at doing a lot more training with our clients who perceive that they're not at risk for HIV.
Hilda Sandoval: About a year and a half ago, we had the opportunity of developing a series of videos for staff, and the focus of that project was really to get AltaMed staff as a whole, not only in HIV services but everyone else, at one level of understanding some of the important components of working with our community. Natalie and I were both involved in the development and the writing of those modules. We created an HIV 101, Universal HIV Testing, Delivering a Positive Result, LGBT Cultural Sensitivity, and Linguistic Services Accessibility.
It was really a wonderful project, because we were able to connect all of the missing pieces that we have as an organization. Yes, we talk about HIV all the time, but that's the work that we do. In our general medicine departments, treating a client who's identified with an HIV diagnosis, there were times in which our medical staff didn't have the appropriate tools to address their needs. With the implementation of universal testing, it gave us the opportunity to begin that dialogue.
When we had the opportunity to have additional funding this past year, we said, "We need to do more, but now we need to connect to the community." Internally we were working to develop a better understanding on the effects of HIV on our population, but now we needed to reach those individuals in the community who do not think they are at risk. We were brainstorming on an idea. We knew we needed to educate the community, but we needed to do it in a way that was not educational. We needed to do it in a way that had some type of a story, something that was suspenseful, something that had intrigue. And that led to the telenovela.
We were at a table, just talking about this project, and we were sitting with John Reynolds, who is part of the production team that we had worked with on the first project. Natalie, John, Tom, our director [at AltaMed] and a few other individuals were there, and we were saying, "OK, what do we need to do?" We threw out a lot of ideas and Natalie said, "I'd love to see a grandmother in a story." And from there it kind of evolved: "Oh, we need a young, gay man in the story"; and "We need a closeted older gay man." It morphed into this wonderful family. I say "morphed" because each family member represents a patient that we've seen over the last 20 years. The stories, many times, overlap. Many times, we hear one story, and we say, "That sounds like So-and-so's story." Because it's a repeated story, that means it's a continuing issue, and that means we're not talking about it. That's why we found it so relevant to address in this format.
Natalie Sanchez: Another reason we said that we didn't want to do the traditional education is because people ignore it. [laughs] We've been in the field for so long, for over 10 years, and we do it on a day-to-day basis where we're educating the community, doing HIV 101, but people just don't connect. And, yes, they'll hear you, but they'll think, "Oh, that's somebody else's story. That doesn't affect me. That doesn't apply to me." By doing these storylines, we're addressing not only HIV risk, but some of the generational traditions that have been passed on.
If you look at the different generations in the series, the grandmother, the mother, and the daughter, you'll see some of the traditions that are being past on and the struggle of Christina, the young one, to kind of break out of those traditions, in dealing with her own relationship in today's generation and being able to make choices and be assertive in requesting to use a condom with her partner.
We also wanted to address different marital statuses. In our clinics, as we're doing routine HIV testing, we get a lot of comebacks where patients say, "Well, I'm not at risk for HIV, I don't think I should get at test, because I've been married for over 10 years, and I know I'm not with anybody else." So we wanted to address that by having family members who are in relationships, as well as family members who had been married, and those that are not married.
"[T]he stories are intended to ignite some discussions, or to hit a nerve here and there. When we start talking about these transgenerational issues, we're also taking about those family secrets, those issues of infidelity, that we all know take place, but nobody wants to come to light." -- Hilda Sandoval
Hilda Sandoval: I'd like to add that the stories are intended to ignite some discussions, or to hit a nerve here and there. When we start talking about these transgenerational issues, we're also taking about those family secrets, those issues of infidelity, that we all know take place, but nobody wants to come to light. And then we brought in another layer, another big taboo, which is to talk about homosexuality. I think addressing the challenges and the stigma that still exist in our community as it relates to someone who is gay identified, or questioning, or struggling with their sexual identity, is one of those things that we don't have the tools as a community to really start talking about.
We've gotten some feedback from some viewers who said, "Wow, you normally don't see a condom being pulled out"; "You normally don't see the disapproval taking place between a father and a gay son"; "You normally don't see the issue of infidelity hit on so many levels." The daughter seeing the mom in distress because she suspects her father is being unfaithful; the daughter not knowing how to respond to her father, but putting a condom in his pocket, but, at the same time, still struggling to talk about it to him, like, "Dad, why are you doing this to mom?" And then, going back to her own relationship and saying, "There is this pattern that I want to stop." These are the things that we normally see in a very vague tone in normal novelas, but Sin Vergüenza really just pushes the envelope.
It's the elephants in the room that nobody wants to talk about, but they're constantly being shoved in their faces. And that's what HIV is: You need to talk about it.
This article was provided by TheBody.
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Journal of soil science and plant nutrition
On-line version ISSN 0718-9516
J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. vol.12 no.1 Temuco 2012
Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 2012, 12 (1), 99-112
Water flow and conductivity into capillary and non-capillary pores of soils
Abdelmonem M. Amer1
1Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Menoufia University, 32511 Shebin EI-Kom, Egypt. E-mail address: firstname.lastname@example.com
Downward water flow in the vadose zone occurs principally through the non-capillary pores, while the redistribution and lateral and upward flow occurs in the capillary pores. The purpose of this study was to propose equations to estimate water flow, Q(θ), and hydraulic conductivity, K(θ), in the capillary and non-capillary soil pores. The equations related K(θ) to soil pore radius (r) were based on soil hydraulic data, including water retention h(q), field basic infiltration rate, water sorptivity (S) and distribution density function f(r) of the soil pore size. Calcareous sandy loam and alluvial clay soils located at the Nile Delta were used to test the validity of the assumed equations. Data showed that the values of K(θ) calculated by the proposed equations were in the common ranges for such soils. The equations are therefore expected to be applicable for both coarse and fine textured soils. Also, an equation was derived to estimate the sorptivity at steady state infiltration. It was observed that S is decreased in going from the un-saturation condition to steady state infiltration by 15.1% and 45.9% in sandy loam and clay soils, respectively.
Key words: Unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, soil pore size, water infiltration and sorptivity.
1. Introduction
Mathematical models have become increasingly popular in the research and management of soil water flow and transport processes. The unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, K(θ), and the relationships between water content (θ), pressure head (h) and soil pore size are important to quantify the rate of water flow and transport through the vadose zone. Water moves into soil pores due to gradients in water content and potentials, and this is usually from a wet soil to a dry one. The ability of pores to conduct water is controlled mainly by pore sizes, continuity and distribution of the pores in the soil. The soil pore sizes could be classified into macro (non-capillary) pores, coarse capillary pores and fine capillary pores (FCP) (Baver and Gardner 1972). The non-capillary pores are represented as rapidly draining pores (RDP), while the coarse capillary pores (CCP) are represented by the slowly draining pores (SDP) and water holding pores (WHP) (Amer 2002). The pressure head corresponding with the cutoff between capillary and non-capillary pores varies widely, ranging from 0.1 kPa (Beven and Germann 1982) to 10 kPa (Marshall 1956). In the present study, h = 10 kPa has been selected as corresponding to the limit between capillary and non-capillary pores (Amer et al., 2009).
Theoretically, K(θ) may be predicted using statistical pore size distribution models, which assume water flow through " idealized " cylindrical pores. These models are described with the equations of Poiseuille and Darcy (Mualem 1976; Amer et al., 2009) in which water filled pores can be treated as capillary bundle tubes. The non-capillary pores have been recognized as significant pathways for water and solute movement in the soil. In most cases, macro (non-capillary) pores comprise only a small portion of the total soil voids, but under some conditions vertical flows through the macro pores dominate during infiltration (Chen and Wagenet 1992).
The aim of this work was to propose equations for predicting water flow and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, K(θ), in capillary and non-capillary pores of soils. The approach is based on data on certain hydraulic parameters such as soil water retention y(q), distribution density function f(r) of pore sizes and sorptivity at steady infiltration rate. These parameters can be measured experimentally and the procedures are not as time-consuming as measuring K(θ) in situ. Moreover, results of measuring K(θ) in situ are often unreliable.
2. Theoretical background
2.1. Soil water retention and pore size classes Water is held in soil pores by cohesive and adhesive capillary forces. The size of the pores in unsaturated state can be determined through the so called hydraulic radius (r) of a section of pore space. The relationship between r and the capillary forces expressed as pressure head potential (h in m) is represented by the capillary rise equation (Hillel 1980):
where, r (in m) is the equivalent cylindrical pore size (hydraulic) radius related to the meniscus curvature radius (R) via the equation; r = R cos α, and cos α =1, (as it was assumed that the contact angle (α) is 0 for a wetted surface), y is the surface tension between water and air (at 20°C= 0.0727 kg s-2), g is the acceleration due to gravity (9.8 m s-2), pw is the density of water (at 20°C= 998kg m-3). As the soil dries out, increasing suction occurs due to the progressive emptying of capillary pores. Pore size diameters were determined for the ranges of soil matric potentials by applying Eq.(1) with respect to the soil water retention curves.
The equivalent pressure (Ψ) ranges of 0-10, 10-33, 10-1500, 33-1500, and > 1500 kPa, are roughly corresponding to rapidly draining pores (RDP), slowly draining pores (SDP), coarse capillary pores (CCP), water holding pores (WHP), and fine capillary pores (FCP) diameters. Classes can be combined into total draining pores (TDP) (0-33 kPa), and total water-storage pores (WSP) (> 33 kPa), as well as into macro (non-capillary) pores (<10 kPa) and soil matrix (capillary) pores (>10 kPa).
2.2. Waterflow in relation to soil capillary pores
The defined ranges of soil pore sizes indicate that the rapidly drainable pores (RDP) radius (r) may range from 15 - 2500 μm (Chen and Wagenet 1992). Within this range, as the radius increases, the Reynolds number (Re, dimensionless) for a water-filled- cylindrical pore (tube) will increase in value, creating a possible change in flow conditions from laminar to non-laminar flow:
where u :is the average flow velocity in the pores tube (LT-1), r is an equivalent radius, and η is the dynamic viscosity of water (10-3 kg m-1s-1 at 20C) and pw is the density of water (103 kg m-3).
By incorporation of the Poiseuille equation for average velocity into Eq. 2, we get;
where is pressure gradient, in units of M L-2T-2.
Given Re = 1 (i.e., inertia force = viscosity force), and as gravity acceleration, -then from Eq.2a, the criteria radius (rc) between laminar and non laminar flow can be calculated as (Chen and Wagenet, 1922):
By applying the aforementioned values of the parameters in the right term of the Eq.3, then the critical radius of pore is equal to rc= 95μm. As the water-filled, non-capillary pores (RDP) have diameters ≥28.8μm (r≥ 14.4 μm), so it is expected that rc divides the RDP into laminar (Re1 at r = 14.4 - 95 μm) and non-laminar (Re>1 at r> 95μm) water flow. The Poiseuille equation for average velocity (u) of water can also be applied for a pore radius ≤ rc in the form (Amer et al., 2009):
where, is the gradient hydraulic head (m.m-1), and h is the hydraulic head (m), and l is the length of pores tube. Then the flow rate, Q (L3.T-1) for a single cylindrical pores tube is:
where πr2 is the cross-sectional area of the soil pores. Soil matrix is assumed to behave as a homogeneous soil with a majority of capillary pores (SDP+WHP+FCP), described by classical water flow equations based on Darcy's law, in which:
From the Poiseuille equation (5) and Eq. (6), the hydraulic conductivity, K (LT-1) for one cylindrical capillary pore will be as:
If the distribution density function of pore sizes, f (r), is defined for pore sizes from rmin . to rmax within a unit area of a capillary bundle, the total water flow capacity Q (L3T-1) at =1, will be:
For capillary pores, water flow Q(r) can be formulated as follows:
where r is the pore radius as applicable to the water adsorption capacity (Wa) at which water does not move, fine capillary pores (FCP), water holding pores (WHP), and slowly drainable pores (SDP), respectively. The pore radius was taken to be as the largest one for each class.
2.3. Infiltration and hydraulic conductivity into non-capillary pores
Under the conditions of non-laminar flow where Re>1, the average flow velocity (u) and then the hydraulic conductivity, K ,can be estimated from the infiltration rate, i and sorptivity, S. The infiltration rate (i) is the volume of water infiltrating through a horizontal unit area of soil surface at any instant (infinitely small period of time) and has unit of LT-1. The cumulative infiltration (I) is the total volume of water that has infiltrated through a unit of horizontal area of soil surface over a given period of time, measured from the beginning of infiltration.. For many soils, a plot of I as a function of time t is described (in depth unit, cm) by the equation of Kostiakov (1932):
where, c and m are constants for a given soil and a given moisture content, respectively. These constants could be obtained if log I is plotted against log t;
At unit time, I = c, where log c = intercept and m = slope of the linear regression of Eq.11.
The instantaneous infiltration rate (i) at any time can be derived by differentiating the expression for I (Eq.10) with respect to time t;
Philip (1957) showed that the cumulative infiltration, I, cm in soil changes with square root of time (t05), with the t in minutes, and it depending on the sorptiv-ity (S) of the soil. Sorptivity is the capacity of a soil to absorb (suck up) water and is influenced by the antecedent water content of the soil. If I is plotted against t05 then a linear relationship is usually found for the first 1 to 3 minutes of infiltration. The slope of the linear relationship,allows to determine S at the unit time. With respect to the Philip infiltration equation, the cumulative infiltration, I, and the sorp-tivity, S, can be calculated at relatively short periods of time as follows:
where α is a constant ranged as 0≤a≤ 1, and Ks is the saturated hydraulic conductivity.
Philip (1969) and Swartzendruber and Young (1974) suggested that a fit of Eq.13 to the whole time of infiltration would lead to select α ≈1. So, the Eq.13 can be rewritten as follows:
After long periods of times, t at which the instantaneous infiltration rate (i) reached the basic infiltration rate (ib), the steady state of water flow is predominant, and ib is supposed to be proportional to saturated hydraulic conductivity ( i.e. ib = aKs). Amer (2011) proved that the matching factor a (dimensionless) as a function between i and Ks, is:
where, the parameters in the right term of Eq.15 are the same as mentioned above.
In this study, S, after a long period of time, t hr from the beginning infiltration, is denoted as wet sorptivity or steady state sorptivity, Sw (LT-0.5). To estimate Sw, the Eq.14 should be developed using Eq.12 as follows:
At steady state infiltration, i= ib, hence, substituting Eq.16 into Eq.10 produces:
Incorporating Eq.17 into Eq.14, subsequently, we obtain:
During infiltration, the application rate of water to soil surface is often greater than K(θ)RDP + K(θ)h, where K(θ)RDP is the hydraulic conductivity into the rapidly drainable pores and K(θ)h is the matrix unsaturated hydraulic conductivity. If the addition of water continues until the time of steady state infiltration is reached, it is expected that the macro non-capillary pores (Δθ) RDP will eventually be completely saturated with water before the matrix is saturated (Chen and Wagenet 1992). Then the steady state infiltration rate can then be considered as ib= αK(θ)RDP for rapidly drainable pores. In this case, the matching factor (α) is assumed to represents the inverse of the saturation degree at steady state infiltration, i.e. Hence, combing these relationships with respect to Eq. 20, the K(θ)RDP can be estimated as follows :
2.4. Elapsed time for steady state infiltration
The time, t, that must elapse before the instantaneously infiltration rate, i, becomes approximately constant can be expressed in term of the soil property, m. In this case, ib can be defined by differentiating i with respect to time (Eq.12) and then by assuming that stability is reached when the change in i values with time, t does not exceed 10% of i at the previous hour , as follows (Amer, 2011):
By solving for t in the right-hand two terms of the last equation, we find:
2.5. Q(θ) and K(θ) in relation to soil water filled pores
For rapidly drainable pores (RDP), the existence of a range of pore sizes between rmin and rmax (in Eq.8), al lows definition of Q (r) for capillary and non-capillary pores i.e. from rmin = 14.4 μm (= rSDP) up to the critical radius rc (= 95 μm) and from rc up to rmax (≈1500 μm). The r represents the total pores ofsoil at saturation (pF = 0). Substituting Eq.21 into Eq.8, the water flow into RDP can be obtained as follows:
In practices, since the distribution density function, f (r), of pore sizes is difficult to obtain (Chen and Wagenet 1992), a conceptual method of water filled pores, Δθ, is employed to estimate f (r) function whereas the f (r) is usually taken to be similar as the soil water retention (Ψ) function with r corresponding to:where θ is the volumetric soil water content (L3L-3) corresponds to Ψ and r.
By substitution of Eq.25 in Eqns. 9 and 24, the total water flow, Q(θ) [L3T-1], and hydraulic conductivity, K(θ) [LT-1], can be obtained for capillary and non-capillary pores as follows:
Multiplying the first part of Eq.27 by a matching factor Ks/Kc, i.e. the ratio of the measured saturated K to the calculated Kc for total pores, the K(θ) can be rearranged as:
where Δθ is the change in the ratio of volume fraction (L3.L-3) of moisture, going from soil pores occupied by water from the pores of immobile water (soil moisture adsorption capacity, Wa) up to slowly drainable pores (SDP). The Δθ can be expressed as a fraction of the soil bulk volume (as in Eq.28), or as ratio of total pores (¿9/9s). When this fraction is substituted for Δθ
in Eqns 28 and 26, the results are:
The critical pore radius (rc) between laminar and turbulent flow is corresponding to the critical moisture content, and rc which can be estimated indirectly from soil moisture retention curve at rc= 95μm. Regardless of the value of rc , the rapid water flow in the non-capillary pores will result in some transfer of water into the soil matrix through the macro-pore wall due to the difference in water potential between the macro-pore and the matrix. The K cutoff point is for the largest r of each certain class, and this was matched with the corresponding Δθ class, and the Wa was subtracted from Δθ of the >1500 kPa class. Larger classes are accumulated of the K's from smaller classes. The value of hydraulic conductivity K(θ) is recognized as being it depends on the nature of the medium and the physical properties;(pwg/η) of the perfuse water.
3. Material and methods
Two soil profiles were chosen to investigate the applicability of the suggested equations. The first soil profile (I) is a calcareous sandy loam soil located at the Nubaria area (northern west Nile Delta). The second (II) is an alluvial clay soil from the farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Menoufia University, at Shebin Elkom (middle Nile Delta). Disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were taken from each of three depths for each soil profile. The undisturbed soil samples were used to determine bulk density, and saturated hydraulic conductivity by using the constant head method (Klute and Dirksen, 1986). The de-sorption soil water retention curve, for pressure heads h up to about 100 kPa, was determined using undisturbed samples for clay soil (profile II), and a neutron probe and tensiometers were used in situ for calcareous soil (profile I). The determination of soil moisture content (θ), on volume basis, was extended in the laboratory at different h values up to 1500 kPa for the two soil profiles. The data of pore size were obtained using the soil water retention h(θ) curves, and then classified diametrically upon Eq.1. The pore size distribution was expressed as a percent of soil bulk volume (Δθ%) and of total pores volume, (Δθ/θs)x100, (where θs is saturation degree). Disturbed samples were air-dried, gently crushed, sieved through a 2 mm sieve, and used for analysis of desorption at higher pressure heads, CaCO3 content, texture, saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks), salinity (EC), and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) These analyses were done following the procedures as mentioned by Sparks et al. (1996) and Dane and Topp (2002). As given in Amer (1993, 2009), we used the water vapour adsorption isotherm method, with applying the BET theory to estimate the moisture adsorption capacity (Wa), which is considered to be immobile water content in a soil. Wa is equal to three layers of adsorbed water (films); Wa = Wm + 2 Wme where, Wm is the mono-adsorbed layer of water vapor on soil particles, and Wme is the external mono-adsorbed layer of water vapor. Some physical and chemical properties of the studied soils are shown in Table 1.
The unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, K(θ), values were calculated by Eq.29 and compared with estimated data (KG ) by van-Genuchten's equation (1980) in calcareous soil:
whereis the volumetric soil moisture content at the moisture suction h, kPa, θr is the residual moisture content, (in this study θr = PbWa), cþ is total porosity, and n is a constant depending on the fitting of the sigmoid curve.
Field infiltration rate was obtained with the double ring infiltrometer (Reynolds et al., 2002). The sorptivity and infiltration parameters were done for both locations of soil profiles. Measured intake rates for individual infiltration runs were obtained at 2 to 10-minute intervals for the triplicates measurements of the locations. Infiltration rates (i in cm/h), as fitted to the Kostiakov equation (1932) were measured in the experimental field.
4. Results and discussion
4.1. Capillary and non-capillary pores Table 2 shows the pore size distribution; RDP, SDP, WHP, and FCP as derived from the soil moisture retention data of the studied soils applying the Eq.1. The non-capillary rapidly drainable pores (RDP) and ratio of air to water (A/W) indicated that the total drained pores, as compared with the capillary and water storage pores, were higher in the sandy loam soil (profile I) than in the clay soil (Profile II). This is due to the relatively coarse texture and high CaCO3 content in the profile I. The maximum value of A/W ratio was observed in the surface depth of the sandy loam soil, but it was occurred in the subsurface depth of the clay soil. As expected, the numbers of capillary pores were as much as high in the clay soil (fine textured profile) if compared to the sandy loam soil profile.
4.2. Infiltration and sorptivity
Experimentally, the typical trends in cumulative infiltration, I (cm) versus time t (minute) and infiltration rate, i (cm/h) are illustrated by the empirical power functions, I= 1.44 t 0.65, i = 56 t -0.35, and I = 0.6 t 0. 53, i = 19.1 t -0.47 in sandy loam (profile I) and clay (profile II) soils, respectively. At the onset of wetting, the moisture gradient was the greatest, hence the more rapid infiltration. The infiltration rate i (LT-1) slowed down gradually with time t and reached the steady state (basic infiltration rate, ib ) after 3.5 and 4.7 hours (Eq.23) from the beginning of infiltration for I and II soil profiles, respectively. At the beginning of infiltration (un-saturation conditions), the sorptivity, S, was calculated using I as a function of time tm where m was adjusted to 0.5. The S values were found as 1.324cm/ min0.5 and 0.618 cm/min0.5 for the profiles I and II, respectively. After a long time of infiltration, the sorptivity may be called steady state sorptivity or wet sorptivity (Sw) (Amer 2011). Using Eq.19 to calculate Sw , it was observed that at steady state infiltration the sorptivity values were 1.124 and 0.334 cm / min0.5, 1. e., decreased by 15.1% and by 45.95% for I and II soil profiles, respectively. It means that a dry soil (un-saturated) typically has a much greater sorptivity than a wet soil. Though a soil with larger (non-capillary) pores has a lower sorptivity than a soil with smaller (capillary) pores (Hallett 2008), S was higher in sandy loam (calcareous) soil than in clay soil. This result attributed to the abundance of the CaCO3 fraction which has a great ability to suck up water in such calcareous soil (Ghazy, 1993).
4.3. Waterflow rate
The flow of water under saturated conditions is a function of two opposing factors, namely, the effective pore size and the continuity of water films in the conducting pores. At a given suction, the decrease in pore size facilitates the flow of water by increasing the continuity of the water films in the water conducting pores (Amer 2003). Simultaneously, however, it slows down the flow of water by the increased resistance in pores because from Poiseuille's law and the present derived equations, the water flow rate per unit cross-section area of pores is proportional to the square of the pore radius (r2). The ultimate effect of particle-size/pore size (capillary and non-capillary) distribution on unsaturated water flow is thus the resultant of these two opposing phenomena (Mundra et al., 1989). However, as the values of K(θ) increased with an increase in water content (θ), the water flow rate Q(θ) must obey the same trend of K(θ) for the same radius, since; Q(θ) = πr2 K(θ).
4.4. Unsaturated hydraulic conductivity
Data presented in Table 3 show the values of unsatu-rated hydraulic conductivity, K(θ), as calculated by Eq.29 at different soil pore size classes. It was evident that the values of hydraulic conductivity for fine capillary pores, (K(θ)FCP), were very low in the soil matrix whereas they fluctuated between (3.26-4.17) x10-9 and (0.38-2.30)x10-8 cm/s in the I and II soil profiles, respectively. As expected the values of K(θ) increased with increase in capillary and non-capillary pore sizes from FCP to SDP and up to RDP (Fig.1). The larger the pore size the greater is the hydraulic conductivity (Ahuja et al., 1989). The values of K(Δθ)RDP in the range of non-capillary pores remained smaller than those for the range of soil matrix (capillary) pores (K(Δθ)h), in clay soil (Profile II). On the contrary, the K(Δθ)RDP and K(Δθ)SDP values were higher in sandy loam soil (profile I) than that in soil matrix pores. This is due to the relatively large pores and high RDP fraction percent of all depths of the sandy calcareous soil (profile I) as compared to the clay soil (Table 2). The opposite was observed for WHP and FCP where K(Δθ)h values were higher for all depths of the clay soil than in the sandy loam soil.
In comparison with the van-Genuchten's model, the predicted values of K(O) by the suggested equation (29) were in consistent with those calculated by van-Genuchten's model (Eq.31) (K(θ)g ) for the water holding pores values, WHP. The calculated K(θ)g values were obtained only for sandy calcareous soil (profile I), whereas the values of the constant n (in Eq.31) were 0.1837, 0.1632, and 0.1603 for the calcareous soil depths; 0-20, 20-40, and 40-60 cm respectively.
However, the values of K(θ)g were relatively inconsistent for the other pore size classes. These results may be due to the fact that the calculation of the n constant was done only over the water retention range 0-100 kPa of the soil moisture characteristic curve. This range includes the values of air-entry point and (Δθ)WHP. In general, the values of the predicted K(θ) were less by about 3 times than those of K(θ)g / Ks for calcareous soil (Table 3).
5. Conclusions
The characterization of water flow properties and un-saturated hydraulic conductivity in the root zone of soils has become an ever-increasing problem in Soil Physics. One of the main problems is the understanding of flow in a constantly changing transforming porous media, where the soil pores and water pathways evolve spatially and temporally, for example due to interaction with the flow, aggregates, compaction, destruction of permeability...etc. To overcome this problem, new equations are presumed to predict the water flow Q(θ) and hydraulic conductivity K(θ) into capillary and non-capillary pore size classes in coarse (sandy loam) and fine (clay) textured soils. Then the total hydraulic conductivity of the studied soils is predicted as a summation of hydraulic conductivity for each pore size class. The pore size classes are explained in this work as rapidly drainable pores (RDP), slowly drainable pores (SDP), water holding pores (WHP), and fine capillary pores (FCP). They were derived upon the soil moisture retention data of the studied sandy loam and clay soils. Also, the progress in this work is how to solve the problems regarding the upper limit of the rapidly drainable pores (RDP) diameter, and the expected predominant of non-laminar (turbulent) flow at saturation condition into the large pore sizes. To solve this problem the conceptual of the critical radius that found to be rc = 95 μm was provided in the present study. Upon the rc value, the RDP range was divided into two parts; (1) ranges from the upper limit of slowly drainable pores (SDP, 14.4 μm ) up to the critical limit or radius, rc (= 95 μm), (2) ranges from rc (= 95 μm) up to the maximum limit of pore size at full saturation. In this respect a new model, depending on water sorptivity (S) at steady state infiltration, was suggested to determine the water flow and hydraulic conductivity into the RDP upon the range of non-laminar (turbulent) water flow, i.e. from rc = 95 °m up to the maximum size of RDP ( rmax ). To obtain the effective water content which contribute to Q(θ) and K(θ) values, the immobile adsorbed water (soil moisture adsorption capacity, Wa) was reducted from the water content at fine capillary pores (θ)FCP The values of K(θ) calculated by the assumed equations were in agreement with those calculated by van Genuchten's model (K(θ)G) for WHP only. However, the calculated values of K(θ) were within the range of the commonly measured values for the studied soils, indicating the applicability of the assumed equations for predicting the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity in both coarse and fine textured soils.
I would like to express my gratitude to William De-Tar, retired Agric. Engr., USD of Agric.-ARS, US Cotton Res. Station, 17053 Shafter Avenue, Shafter, CA 93263, for correcting the English language of the manuscript. His assistance is gratefully acknowledged. I am also grateful to the anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments.
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Amer, A.M. 2003. Soil hydrophysics. Part1. El-Dar Al-Arabia for Publish & Distrib., Cairo, Egypt. 452pp. [ Links ]
Amer, A.M. 2009. Moisture adsorption capacity and surface area as deduced from vapour pressure isotherms in relation to hygroscopic water of soils. Biologia 64, 3: 516-521. [ Links ]
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Amer, A. M. 2011. Prediction of hydraulic conductivity and sorptivity in soils at steady state infiltration. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science. Online http://www.tandfonline.com/
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Van Genuchten, M. Th. 1980. A closed-form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 44, 892-898. [ Links ]
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Colon cancer or rectal cancer is the third most common cancer in the United States. And it occurs most often in people older than 50.
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The surname "is derived from Boreton, in the parish of Condover, in Shropshire, an estate which remained in the family until the reign of James I. 'Goiffrid de Bortona' (Burton,) one of the foresters of Shropshire, in the reign of Henry I., is the first recorded ancestor." [3]CITATION[CLOSE]
Shirley, Evelyn Philip, The Noble and Gentle Men of England; The Arms and Descents. Westminster: John Bower Nichols and Sons, 1866, Print.
Another branch of the family was found at Dalton in Lancashire in early times. "At the time of the Domesday Survey, the manor was held by a Saxon chief named Gilmichael, and it was afterwards annexed to the manor of Burton; soon after the time of Richard I. it seems to have been granted to the family of Burton." [4]CITATION[CLOSE]
Lewis, Samuel, A Topographical Dictionary of England. Institute of Historical Research, 1848, Print.
"William Burton, the antiquary, and his brother Robert, author of the Anatomy of Melancholy, were natives of [Lindley, Leicestershire], the former born in 1575, and the latter in 1576." [4]CITATION[CLOSE]
Lewis, Samuel, A Topographical Dictionary of England. Institute of Historical Research, 1848, Print.
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Penguins' late rally leads to SO win vs. Canucksby Kevin Woodley
VANCOUVER -- Sidney Crosby found a familiar spot at Rogers Arena to score a couple more dramatic goals, but this time it was for the Pittsburgh Penguins.
In his first game back since scoring the gold medal-winning goal for Canada at the 2010 Vancouver Olympics, Crosby helped set up Kris Letang's goal with 1:11 left, tied it himself a little more than 16 seconds later, then scored the only goal in the shootout to lead Pittsburgh to a dramatic 5-4 win against the Vancouver Canucks on Tuesday night.
Having Crosby in the building again brought back memories. So did watching him celebrate the tying goal a few feet from where the gold medal celebration happened, then score the winner on a shootout deke between goalie Eddie Lack's legs into the same net.
"It's hard not to think about it when you're out there," Crosby said. "Kind of put it in the back of your mind though, because there's some other important things happening in the next little while."
After giving up the lead on goals 17 seconds apart earlier in the third, Marc-Andre Fleury was on the bench for an extra attacker when Letang, who was robbed a couple of times and hit a crossbar earlier in the game, beat a screened Lack on the glove side at 18:49.
"Tough game," said Letang, playing his second game after missing 10 with an upper-body injury. "I had so many chances and to not be able to convert and put the game away was tough, but all the guys told me to stick with it, there's always a next shot, and it ended up being a goal."
Crosby scored the tying goal with 54.2 seconds left after being left alone at the side of the net to tap in a rebound pass through the crease from Chris Kunitz.
It capped a good day for Kunitz, who was named to the Canadian roster for the 2014 Sochi Olympics with Crosby earlier Tuesday.
"We gave the best player in the world an open net with a minute to go," said Lack, who made 31 saves. "That can't really happen."
It's happened too often this year for the Canucks, who failed to hold on to a lead for the fourth time in the past five games. They've lost five straight, matching their longest losing streak of the season.
It was also the fifth time Vancouver has surrendered a tying goal after the opposition pulls its goalie for an extra attacker, though they did win two in overtime.
"I feel like when we are in it, it actually feels good, and then when they got their third one, I don't know if we panicked or not," Lack said.
It was a familiar ending to a game that was anything but for Crosby.
Held without a point the first 58:49, it would've been the first time in six games and the second time in the past 17 games he was kept off the scoresheet. The Penguins captain even committed the turnover that sparked the Canucks' comeback, but his team never panicked.
"It doesn't matter what the score is with our team; we always believe we can come back," said Fleury, who finished with 22 saves.
Brian Gibbons and Evgeni Malkin also scored as Pittsburgh opened a three-game Canadian trip with their 17th win in 20 games.
Penguins coach Dan Bylsma passed Eddie Johnson for the Penguins' franchise record with his 233rd career victory.
"Memorable game, yes," Bylsma said. "I knew the number at the start of the season, but I didn't think we'd be getting it this quickly. To pass an Eddie Johnson, he's a big figure in our dressing room and a big figure in our organization, and it's a milestone."
Bylsma wasn't shocked that it included heroics from Crosby -- especially here.
"I wasn't surprised by the celebration in that corner," he said.
Pittsburgh's late rally ended a wild third period in which the Canucks overcame a 2-1 deficit to take a two-goal lead. Defenseman Chris Tanev tied it at 7:39 before Chris Higgins and Zack Kassian scored 17 seconds apart to put Vancouver ahead 4-2.
"They did it to us, so it was nice we did it back," said Fleury, who stopped all three Vancouver attempts in the shootout and hasn't given up a goal on 11 chances this season. "When your team does something like that, you just want to help out, and I got my chance in the shootout."
With his team trailing 2-0, defenseman Jason Garrison started the Canucks' comeback with his fifth goal with 4:25 left in the second period after an uncharacteristic giveaway by Crosby.
Crosby's blind backhand out of the corner went to Garrison atop the right circle, and he wristed his first goal in 14 games, and 100th career NHL point, past Fleury high on the blocker side.
Tanev, who also had an assist, tied it at 2-2 with a low shot through a screen by Higgins and Kassian, and Higgins put the Canucks ahead on a breakaway, slipping a backhand through the legs of a sprawling Fleury with 6:53 left. He assisted on Kassian's goal on the next shift.
Seconds after Lack robbed James Neal at the other end, Kassian, who also had an assist, batted Higgins' high pass out of the air and chipped a floater over Fleury's shoulder. Again, it wasn't enough.
"It's happened way too many times," captain Henrik Sedin, who didn't take any faceoffs but denied a report he is playing through an injury, said of all the blown leads. "We should have at least five of six more points right now. We have to take a look and see what we are doing wrong."
Vancouver coach John Tortorella was blunt when asked if his team was fragile. "Sure it is," he said.
"This one was a doozy," Tortorella said. "That's what is around us. We are going to try to exorcise it and get it away from us."


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LinuxConf Tasmania 2009: Devils, Schoolgirls, Never Reboot Again, Geekcars, and More
Klingons, Sugar, Accessibility, Computing Without Electricity
This is your faithful correspondent, reporting from LinuxConf Australia (LCA) in Hobart, Tasmania, where it's been an eventful week packed with Linux information.
The week started with two days of "miniconfs" on topics ranging from kernel development to system administration to gaming to women in Linux. Miniconfs are less formal than the main conference, and they usually include good discussion sessions.
On Monday, I divided my time between the kernel miniconf and the LinuxChix miniconf. The kernel talks included good discussions of details like the difficulties of parallel programming and the problems involved with ACPI handling. Over at the LinuxChix miniconf, we listened to useful talks like Jacinta Richardson's "On Speaking", a discussion session on how to get more schoolgirls involved with computers, and a seminar on "Geek Parenting." LinuxChix and Google also hosted a barbecue lunch. I also heard lots of good reports from the System Administration miniconf.
Miniconfs continued on Tuesday. Again, I heard good reports from the sysadmin miniconf, and there were also miniconfs on topics including multimedia, virtualization, and "Free as in Freedom", the last including talks on copyright law, how to convince outsiders of the benefits of free software, citizen reporting and how to avoid getting sued, and the problem of freeing geographic and mapping data.
The regular conference talks began on Wednesday. Keith Packard reported on improvements in X since this time last year: there have been a surprising number of improvements, including a new mechanism called GEM to help in sharing data between X and the kernel. It isn't usable on all graphics cards yet, but if and when it is it should help performance quite a bit. Packard's co-worker Carl Worth followed up with a highly useful discussion of how to debug the Linux graphics pipeline.
For those not interested in the gory details of X, a talk in the same time slot by Thomas Sprinkmeier on "Remote Management System. Really Remote" discussed the problems of communicating with computers in locations so remote that they lack not only internet access but also power. He solved the power problem by setting up a generator that could be turned on from a signal over a 3G modem, kept powered by a solar panel.
Jonathan Corbet gave a talk on how to get involved with the kernel development process and what stages a change goes through in order to get included in the mainline kernel. The day also featured two Firefox talks: my talk on hacking Mozilla code and Jason White's talk on a web accessibility framework called Orca. On Wednesday evening there was a followup BOF ("Birds Of a Feather" meeting) to discuss what the Mozilla Foundation should do with its money.
Thursday opened with talks on Sugar, the software environment used for the One Laptop Per Child XO laptops, as well as better user documentation and AIO in the kernel. But I couldn't resist Paul Fenwick's talk on The Art of Klingon Programming, which turned out to be about a new and useful error trapping mechanism for Perl.
- Skip Ahead
- 1. Klingons, Sugar, Accessibility, Computing Without Electricity
- 2. Klingons, Sugar, Accessibility, Computing Without Electricity


text:
|Proceedings of the Workshop on
|Functional and Declarative Programming in Education
|Paris, 29 September 1999
If you wish to receive a paper copy of the proceedings, please send email to Donna Jares
This technical report contains the papers presented at the workshop on Functional and Declarative Programming in Education 1999 (FDPE'99). The workshop took place in Paris, France, on September 29, 1999. The aim of FDPE'99 was to provide a forum for researchers and teachers who love using functional and declarative languages for instructional purposes.
The organizers selected seven papers from 17 draft papers, which were submitted in response to a call for papers. All organizers reviewed all of the papers. Following the review process, the program committee held a virtual meeting. The meeting lasted four days, with lively discussions. The organizers summarized the comments raised during this virtual meeting and forwarded them to the authors. Much of the administration of the discussion was performed via Scheme-generated HTML pages.
|Matthias Felleisen
|Michael Hanus
|Simon Thompson
|Rice University, USA
|RWTH Aachen, Germany
|University of Kent, UK
|FDPE'99 Organizing Committee
Matthias Felleisen, Michael Hanus, and Simon Thompson.
Proceedings of the Workshop on Functional and Declarative Programming in Education
Rice Technical Report 99-346. August 1999.


text:
Yaniv2 needed a new wordpress theme design and created a contest on 99designs.
A winner was selected from 69 designs submitted by 6 freelance designers.
We are a young company focused on helping people borrow and loan within their communities. The purpose of this site is to help alumni communities in particular. When a student needs some financial help, it is more and more difficult to get a credit card, etc. Our site let's them ask their alumni community (and our list of registered lenders) for a loan.
So far we have built a demo site at http://www.thealumnibank.com, but are not happy with the aesthetic or user experience. We are looking to really upgrade the entire project and convey an image of professional and sophisticated, yet familiar and approachable, as any community website should be.
In addition to the site, we would like an HTML designed email form, in the theme of the site, which we will use to communicate with borrowers and lenders.
The target audiences are current university students and alumni. Both will approach with caution, so the site needs to communicate in a clear way exactly what we do, and how we do it. The site should make people feel special about being part of their community, and excited to leverage their affiliation with the community in this new way.
We are open to various designs. Please don't use the logo that we have on our current site, as we aren't planning to keep it.
The key is that the site be sophisticated, attractive, and approachable. It must convey both warmth and familiarity of an alumni community (logos? college-related themed photos?) and the professional integrity of a financial entity. I realize these are difficult to convey at once.
The minimum requirements of the site in terms of functionality are similar to what you can see on our current site. Firstly, the entire process needs to be explained clearly. Secondly, borrowers need to register on the lending platform that we have partnered with, and then come back to let us know the location of their request. We believe they will come back because that is how they will ensure that their alumni will find out about the request. Thirdly, the site needs to register lenders on our site, and then direct the lenders to the lending platform, where they will register their bank account and transfer funds into their account.
Currently both registration forms are in jot form. As borrowers register, we send emails to the lenders notifying them of the new request. If this database could be centralized in Wordpress, that would be great, but we don't know enough about what Wordpress offers.
Please don't use the current logo on our site. We aren't keeping it.
Friends, we love sites that have one large high res image in the background, can we see some like that? Maybe of a college green, or something else with nice detail? Just one direction you can take this project...


text:
Scott Fried
Excerpts from Scott Fried's book, If I Grow Up: Talking With Teens About AIDS, Love, and Staying Alive
Scott uses himself as Exhibit A. He begins each lecture with his story of how he got infected with HIV in 1987 at the age of 24, during his first and only unsafe sexual encounter. His unstoppable approach to educating others can be encapsulated into one thought: One must understand the value of one's own life, and hold it sacred in order to refrain from dangerous behaviors that could lead to HIV infection and other crises.
He is the author of two books. If I Grow Up: Talking with Teens about AIDS, Love and Staying Alive is a moving chronicle of his experiences and lectures. The book is part journal, part guide and part love-letter, researched and compiled from hundreds of lectures to thousands of students across the country. My Invisible Kingdom: Letters From the Secret Lives of Teens, presents a cross-section of the thousands of letters from students who have written to Scott in an attempt to share their pain and doubt on such diverse topics as rape, eating disorders, suicide, self-mutilation, coming out, addiction and broken hearts. The book is also intended for parents and other adults who are concerned about the physical and psychological well-being of today's youth.
In addition to his lectures, Scott has conducted peer HIV-education programs for the New York City area, encouraging teenagers to teach their own peer group. He co-founded an HIV-positive speakers' bureau, through a nonprofit AIDS organization and in connection with the New York City Board of Education, providing free HIV prevention workshops to students in the five boroughs. He has also facilitated support groups for people newly infected with HIV and was seen on the television daytime drama Guiding Light portraying Bart, a young man living with AIDS.
Scott's writing has been published in numerous periodicals and newspapers and is featured in the books Living Proof: Courage in the Face of AIDS, The Faces of AIDS: Lives at the Epicenter and The World is a Narrow Bridge: Stories that Celebrate Hope and Healing. He has been interviewed on ABC "Eyewitness News" and "The Sally Jessy Raphael Show." He received the Honorary Star of the Rainbow Award for his work with teens and is a biannual guest speaker at the Office of President Clinton in New York City.
For more information, please visit Scott's website at www.scottfried.com, call 212.465.2646 or write to him online at firstname.lastname@example.com.


text:
$80.75 $95.00
This is the actual green quartz crystal clock you will receive.
(styled shots shown for example only)
New Item to Mod North and Co. | Limited Edition
▪Green quartz is affiliated with the Heart Chakra
▪Green quartz is said to improve luck flow
▪Green quartz can be used to purify negative energy
▪round shaped green quartz crystal slab, thick and substantial, natural edge, high degree of variegation
▪mounted on powder coated dark gold metallic metal base
▪brass modern style hands
▪OPTIONAL gold markers for time (dash markers, dot markers or roman numerals)
▪quiet step (no tick) Seiko brand movement included, battery powered
▪double AA battery not included
▪Overall Width - 5.25"
▪Overall Height - 5.25"
▪Slab Thickness - 3/8"
▪FREE Shipping for US Domestic Only
▪Clocks are shipped via USPS Priority Mail, tracking and insurance are included
▪Instruction card included for setting the clock
▪International orders are shipped standard USPS First Class International Service, Priority Mail is available for additional charge, please message with your country for an estimate
▪International orders sent First Class can take anywhere from 3 to 6 weeks to arrive, tracking and insurance provided
▪International orders sent Priority Mail are 6-10 Business Days for most locations, tracking and insurance provided
▪We are not responsible for import taxes or delays due to customs
Offered are our hand selected, premium green quartz crystal slabs from our private curated collection sourced from India. Our exclusive signature handmade modern boho green quartz desk clocks make a delightful gift. Occasions such as birthdays, housewarming, engagement, anniversary and weddings are just a few examples! These are also a wonderful treat for yourself to dress up your desk, nightstand and/or bookshelf. Each green quartz slab is selected for it's unique characteristics which include interesting variegation, movement and coloration. Each Mod North + Co. piece is handmade with love in our studio in Oconomowoc, WI. Bring home a lovely time piece that will last for generations!
Thanks for looking!
M o d N o r t h + C o.
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© 2019 Mod North and Co
Debit, Credit, Etsy Gift Cards and PayPal are accepted.
The time needed to prepare an order for shipping varies. For details, please see individual items.
Customers are responsible for any customs and import taxes that may apply. We are not responsible for delays due to customs.
Shipping time varies by item, please see individual items for specific information. If an item needs to be rushed, please send a message prior to purchasing so the best shipping method can be determined. Free Shipping is not available on expedited items, buyer will need to pay the increased costs.
Please make sure the shipping address is correct in the system as it is not entered manually. The system currently in use is Etsy/USPS shipping labels which the address is generated by the customer at time of checkout or when an account was first set up with Etsy.
We ship the majority of our items with USPS Priority Mail with the exception of smaller items going USPS First-Class. All items are insured and able to track. All of our packaging is reused from incoming packages we get to our home. As a family of almost 7 we buy many household/pantry items in bulk and therefore end up with a ton of packaging materials which we use for all of our shop packages.
For International customers, the default shipping is USPS First-Class International Service. If an item needs to be expedited, it can be sent via USPS Priority Mail Flat Rate for an additional fee.
Please note, once a package leaves the US, it is at the mercy of whichever country the item is heading to. If there are delays, it is out of our control. We are happy to help with tracking an item if possible or opening a case with our US carriers if need be. However, once the item arrives to the intended country, it is the customer's responsibility to follow up with the receiving carrier to obtain the item.
© 2019 Mod North and Co
But please contact me if you have any problems with your order.
Your satisfaction with your purchase and experience is of the utmost importance. Please do not hesitate to contact with questions and/or concerns and we will work to find a solution for the issue.
Due to the nature of handmade work, returns and exchanges are not possible. Please make sure to view all photos, read product descriptions, check dimensions and shipping policies carefully before completing your purchase. Customers are encouraged to reach out to us via Etsy convo for additional questions and/or photos of items to assist in making the purchase. Video demo is also available for assistance in making a purchase. IF a refund and/or return is granted upon further review of the unique circumstances, there will be a 15% restocking fee of the original item cost. All return shipping costs are paid by the buyer. Original shipping costs will not be refunded. Those funds are allocated for paying the United States Postal Service and we do not get a refund back for items that have already been shipped.
If a problem arises from one of our handmade clocks, please let us know immediately so we can determine the best course of action. We want you to be happy with your purchase and in most instances, we can help resolve the problem for you.
Once purchased, the clock is run for a minimum of 48 hours with a fresh battery to ensure the clock mechanism is working properly. After that, it is packaged and sent out. This time is accounted within the processing time for all orders.
Should a clock mechanism stop, be off with time or sporadically work, please let us know immediately so we can work out a proper solution. We are willing to work with you to make sure you are happy and to resolve the issue should one arise.
In the unlikely event that you receive a defective or damaged item (with the exceptions of damages incurred during transit) a refund may be possible. Please contact us via Etsy convo within 2 days of receiving your purchase with images of the damaged item plus shipping box and a description of the damage. Before a refund is issued, the defective product must be returned in it's original condition and packaging. In most instances, we will cover the cost of return shipping for a damaged or defective item. Once the item is back in our possession, we will refund the original cost of the item after we initiate the claim with USPS. We do insure each item with the chosen carrier for the full declared value of the item. We do not issue a refund payment until USPS has issued it first to us. The claim will be filed by us and typically the Buyer will need to fill out an Affidavit form confirming the damaged item.
Color and/or style variation will not be considered an acceptable description as a defective/damaged refund or exchange. Great care and time is taken to accurately photograph and depict the work with regards to the description. Please note color variations may occur because of differences in monitor settings.
© 2019 Mod North and Co
We are a family run business and so with that, it is myself doing the majority of the work along with help from my husband when time permits. He has his own full time career. I am responsible for the creating/designing/making of all pieces, photographing, marketing, social media, administration, listing, packaging and shipping. As one can imagine, a lot of time goes into each of these aspects of our business. We also have four children (with one on the way) two to seven years old so family time is very important to us, especially on the weekends. Please note, I will answer all emails and messages within 1 business day. I am very conscious about providing an excellent customer service experience and want you to be happy with your purchase!
© 2019 Mod North and Co
Yes, time markers can be added to all of our clocks. Most of the listings have it as an option when you add it to your cart. If the clock you would like does not show this option, please message us.
© 2019 Mod North and Co
Yes, all of our clocks come with a quiet step (no tick) Seiko brand movement.
© 2019 Mod North and Co
All agates are unique and one of a kind. Agates have many different color and style variations. No two pieces are alike hence what makes them so valuable. We can try to find something in the same color family, but not another duplicate.
© 2019 Mod North and Co
We only offer gold for the bases, time markers and clock hands. We purchase all of our parts in wholesale quantities and do not stock anything other than the gold as it would be too costly for us to carry the additional inventory in another color.
© 2019 Mod North and Co


text:
Frequent Links
Community gardening
A community garden is a single piece of land gardened collectively by a group of people.[1]
Community gardens provide fresh produce and plants as well as satisfying labor, neighborhood improvement, sense of community and connection to the environment.[2] They are publicly functioning in terms of ownership, access, and management,[3] as well as typically owned in trust by local governments or not for profit associations.
Community gardens vary widely throughout the world. In North America, community gardens range from familiar "victory garden" areas where people grow small plots of vegetables, to large "greening" projects to preserve natural areas, to tiny street beautification planters on urban street corners. Some grow only flowers, others are nurtured communally and their bounty shared. There are even non-profits in many major cities that offer assistance to low-income families, children groups, and community organizations by helping them develop and grow their own gardens. In the UK and the rest of Europe, closely related "allotment gardens" can have dozens of plots, each measuring hundreds of square meters and rented by the same family for generations. In the developing world, commonly held land for small gardens is a familiar part of the landscape, even in urban areas, where they may function as market gardens.[citation needed]
Community gardens may help alleviate one effect of climate change, which is expected to cause a global decline in agricultural output, making fresh produce increasingly unaffordable.[4] Community gardens encourage an urban community's food security, allowing citizens to grow their own food or for others to donate what they have grown.[4][5] Advocates say locally grown food decreases a community's reliance on fossil fuels for transport of food from large agricultural areas and reduces a society's overall use of fossil fuels to drive in agricultural machinery.[6] A 2012 op-ed by community garden advocate Les Kishler examines how community gardening can reinforce the so-called "positive" ideas and activities of the Occupy movement.[7]
Community gardens improve users' health through increased fresh vegetable consumption and providing a venue for exercise.[4][8] The gardens also combat two forms of alienation that plague modern urban life, by bringing urban gardeners closer in touch with the source of their food, and by breaking down isolation by creating a social community. Community gardens provide other social benefits, such as the sharing of food production knowledge with the wider community and safer living spaces.[9] Active communities experience less crime and vandalism.[10]
Land for a community garden can be publicly or privately held. One strong tradition in American community gardening in urban areas is cleaning up abandoned vacant lots and turning them into productive gardens. Alternatively, community gardens can be seen as a health or recreational amenity and included in public parks, similar to ball fields or playgrounds. Historically, community gardens have also served to provide food during wartime or periods of economic depression. Access to land and security of land tenure remains a major challenge for community gardeners and their supporters throughout the world, since in most cases the gardeners themselves do not own or control the land directly.[11]
Some gardens are grown collectively, with everyone working together; others are split into clearly divided plots, each managed by a different gardener (or group or family). Many community gardens have both "common areas" with shared upkeep and individual/family plots. Though communal areas are successful in some cases, in others there is a tragedy of the commons, which results in uneven workload on participants, and sometimes demoralization, neglect, and abandonment of the communal model. Some relate this to the largely unsuccessful history of collective farming.[12]
Unlike public parks, whether community gardens are open to the general public is dependent upon the lease agreements with the management body of the park and the community garden membership. Open or closed-gate policies vary from garden to garden. However, in a key difference, community gardens are managed and maintained with the active participation of the gardeners themselves, rather than tended only by a professional staff. A second difference is food production: Unlike parks, where plantings are ornamental (or more recently ecological), community gardens often encourage food production by providing gardeners a place to grow vegetables and other crops. To facilitate this, a community garden may be divided into individual plots or tended in a communal fashion, depending on the size and quality of a garden and the members involved.[13]
Plot size
In Britain, the 1922 Allotment act specifies "an allotment not exceeding 40 [square] poles in extent"; since a rod, pole or perch is 5.5 yards in length, 40 square rods is 1210 square yards or 10890 square feet (equivalent to a large plot of 90ft x 121ft).[14] In practice, plot sizes vary; Lewisham offers plots with an "average size" of "125 metres square".[lower-alpha 1][15]
In America, plots vary; for example, plots of 3m × 6m (10ft × 20ft = 200 square feet) and 3m x 4.5m (10ft x 15ft) are listed in Alaska.[16] Montgomery Parks in Maryland lists plots of 200, 300, 400 and 625 square feet.[17] In Canada, plots of 20x20 and 10x10 feet, as well as smaller "raised beds", are listed in Vancouver.[18]
Plant choice and physical layout
While food production is central to many community and allotment gardens, not all have vegetables as a main focus. Restoration of natural areas and native plant gardens are also popular, as are "art" gardens. Many gardens have several different planting elements, and combine plots with such projects as small orchards, herbs and butterfly gardens. Individual plots can become "virtual" backyards, each highly diverse, creating a "quilt" of flowers, vegetables and folk art.[citation needed]
Raised beds are sometimes used to separate plants from surrounding natural plants or to improve ease of access, especially for disabled gardeners.[19]
Group and leadership selection
The community gardening movement in North American prides itself on being inclusive, diverse, pro-democracy, and supportive of community involvement. Gardeners may be of any cultural background, young or old, new gardeners or seasoned growers, rich or poor. A garden may have only a few people active, or hundreds.[citation needed]
Finally, all community gardens have a structure. The organization depends in part on whether the garden is "top down" or "grassroots". There are many different organizational models in use for community gardens. Some elect boards in a democratic fashion, while others can be run by appointed officials. Some are managed by non-profit organizations, such as a community gardening association, a community association, a church, or other land-owner; others by a city's recreation or parks department, a school or University.
Gardeners may form a grassroots group to initiate the garden, such as the Green Guerrillas of New York City,[20] or a garden may be organized "top down" by a municipal agency. The Los Gatos, California-based non-profit Community Gardens as Appleseeds[21] offers free assistance in starting up new community gardens around the world.
Membership rules and fees
In most cases, gardeners are expected to pay annual dues to help with garden upkeep, and the organization must manage these fees. The tasks in a community garden are many, including upkeep, mulching paths, recruiting members, and fund raising. Rules and an 'operations manual' are both invaluable tools, and ideas for both are available at the ACGA.[22]
The first Australian community garden was established in 1977 in Nunawading, Victoria followed soon after by Ringwood Community Garden[23] in March 1980.[24]
SpainPotlucks and paellas are common, as well as regular meetings to manage the affairs of the garden.[25]
United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, community gardening is generally distinct from allotment gardening, though the distinction is sometimes blurred. Allotments are generally plots of land rented to individuals for their cultivation by local authorities or other public bodies—the upkeep of the land is usually the responsibility of the individual plot owners. Allotments tend (but not invariably) to be situated around the outskirts of built-up areas. Use of allotment areas as open space or play areas is generally discouraged. However, there are an increasing number of community-managed allotments, which may include allotment plots and a community garden area, many of them overseen by the Federation of City Farms and Community Gardens (a registered charity).[26]
The community garden movement is of more recent provenance than allotment gardening, with many such gardens built on patches of derelict land, waste ground or land owned by the local authority or a private landlord that is not being used for any purpose. A community garden in the United Kingdom tends to be situated in a built-up area and is typically run by people from the local community as an independent, non-profit organisation (though this may be wholly or partly funded by public money).[citation needed]
It is also likely to perform a dual function as an open space or play area (in which role it may also be known as a 'city park') and—while it may offer plots to individual cultivators—the organisation that administers the garden will normally have a great deal of the responsibility for its planting, landscaping and upkeep. An example inner-city garden of this sort is Islington's Culpeper Community Garden, which is a registered charity,[27] or Camden's Phoenix Garden.[28]
United States
There is an extensive network of community gardens and collective urban farms in Taipei City often occupying areas of the city that are waiting for development. Flood-prone river banks and other areas unsuitable for urban construction often become legal or illegal community gardens. The network of the community gardens of Taipei are referred to as Taipei organic acupuncture of the industrial city.[29]
Often externally supported, community gardens become increasingly important in developing countries, such as West African Mali to bridge the gap between supply and requirements for micro-nutrients and at the same time strengthen an inclusive development.[30]
- ↑ This apparently means 125m2 or about 1345 square feet, equivalent to a plot of about 15ft x 90ft.
- ↑ What is a community garden?; American Community Garden Association; 2007; accessed on 2007-11-01.
- ↑ Hannah, A.K.; & Oh, P. (2000). Rethinking Urban Poverty: A look at Community Gardens. Bulletin of Science, Technology and & Society. 20(3). 207–216.
- ↑ Ferris, J.; Norman, C.; & Sempik, J. (2001). People, Land and Sustainability: Community Gardens and the Social Dimension of Sustainable Development. Social Policy and Administration. 35(5). 559–568.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Harris, E (2009). "The role of community gardens in creating healthy communities", Australian Planner, v. 46, no. 2 (June 2009) pp. 24–27.
- ↑ Nelson, Toni (1996). "Closing the nutrient loop: Using urban agriculture to increase food supply and reduce waste", World Watch v. 9 (Nov./Dec. 1996) pp. 10–17.
- ↑ [1]: Kishler, Les. Opinion: community gardens are a serious answer to food supplies, health (2010, March 18) San Jose Mercury News .
- ↑ [2]: Kishler, Les. Occupy Community Gardens (2012, February 12) Nation of Change .
- ↑ "Lean and green". Wellbeing.com.au. 1 May 2013. Retrieved 7 May 2013.
- ↑ Harris, E (2009). Non-profit organizations in Kansas City and elsewhere help children, community groups, and low-income people grow gardens. "The role of community gardens in creating healthy communities", Australian Planner, v. 46, no. 2 (June 2009) pp. 24–27.
- ↑ Melville Court, Chatham, Kent," Moiser, Steve, Landscape Design, no306 (Dec. 2001/Jan. 2002) p. 34.
- ↑ Visionaries and planners : the garden city movement and the modern community, Stanley Buder. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990. ISBN 0-19-506174-8
- ↑ "At The Community Garden, It's Community That's The Hard Part". NPR. 2012-03-20. Retrieved 2012-04-26.
- ↑ Selected factors influencing the success of a community garden, by Gordon Arthur Clark. Kansas State University, 1980.
- ↑ "Allotments: a plotholder's guide" (PDF). Retrieved 18 May 2015.
- ↑ "Allotments and community gardens". Lewisham Borough Council. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
- ↑ "Parks and Recreation: Community Gardens". Municipality of Anchorage. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
- ↑ "Community Gardens Program". Montgomery Parks, Maryland. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
- ↑ "Community Gardens". City of Vancouver. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
- ↑ Urban preservation: How greening small spaces can strengthen community roots in Ottawa, Canada.
- ↑ Green Guerillas
- ↑ Community Gardens as Appleseeds
- ↑ American Community Gardening Association
- ↑ "Ringwood Community Garden". Retrieved 29 January 2014.
- ↑ Environment and Sustainable Development Directorate (5 April 2013). "A Study of the Demand for Community Gardens and their Benefits for the ACT Community". ACT Government. Retrieved 14 April 2013.
- ↑ "Urban Gardens". Urbangardensbarcelona.wordpress.com. 2009-11-25. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
- ↑ "About FCFCG". Federation of City Farms and Community Gardens. Retrieved 12 January 2014.
- ↑ "Culpeper Community Garden: Islington's Green Oasis". Retrieved 12 January 2014.
- ↑ "The Phoenix Garden". Retrieved 12 January 2014.
- ↑ "The Community Gardens of Taipei" Casagrande, Marco (2010). P2P Foundation
- ↑ Hans-Heinrich Bass, Klaus von Freyhold und Cordula Weisskoeppel: Water harvesting, tree protection: towards food security in the Sahel, Bremen 2013