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- Sep 26:
- One year after topping list, CU-Boulder no longer one of Playboy's Top 10 party schools
- Aug 20:
- CU-Boulder tops Princeton Review's 'Reefer Madness' list, falls off party school rankings
- West Virginia tops party school rankings; Colorado drops out entirely
- Aug 8:
- CU-Boulder ranked No. 3 party school in the country by Newsweek
- Apr 13:
- Playboy: CU-Boulder nation's No. 1 party school, thanks to 4/20, pot, beer
1. Colorado College in Colorado Springs
2. University of California in Santa Cruz
3. University of California in Santa Barbara
4. University of Colorado in Boulder
5. Bard College in New York
Puff, puff ... pass the "reefer madness" crown to Colorado College in Colorado Springs.
The University of Colorado -- where more than 10,000 people gather each April 20 for the annual 4/20 marijuana smoke-out -- moved up two spots from No. 6 last year to No. 4 this year on the Princeton Review's "reefer madness" list.
But the Boulder campus was trumped by its southern neighbor Colorado College, a small private school that's ranked No. 1 in the nation on the list.
Jackie Beisman, a CU student from Austin, Texas, said it seems like CU's ranking should be higher.
"Marijuana is a popular recreational activity here," she said.
Beisman, a communication major, said when she was shopping for colleges she considered the school's academic reputation -- but also wanted a school that's known to do some partying and has nice scenery.
The Princeton Review released its annual college rankings Monday.
CU also ranked No. 20 for "great college town" and No. 20 for "most politically active students."
Ohio University in Athens was dubbed the top party school by the Princeton Review this year. CU, which topped the party school list in 2003, was absent from those rankings this year.
Rob Franek, vice president and publisher of the Princeton Review, said Colorado College has been a "usual suspect" on the marijuana list for the past few years, and this year it surpassed CU. Both schools, he said, have strong academic records.
"I have high respect for both schools," Franek said. (No pun intended).
The Princeton Review surveyed 122,000 students nationwide before compiling its lists.
"We go directly to whom we think would be experts, and that's current college students," Franek said.
A spokeswoman for Colorado College did not return calls from the Camera. The college also ranked high for having good classroom discussions and for being a "Birkenstock-Wearing, Tree-Hugging, Clove-Smoking Vegetarians" kind of school.
Jonathan Fortune, who will be a senior at Colorado College in the fall, said the school has a small-scale 4/20 smoke-out that draws about 100 people.
"I think it's inevitable for Colorado schools to be higher up on the list, with medical marijuana dispensaries being so prominent," he said.
Fortune said the ranking is not anything to be proud of, but students do seem to smoke quite a bit.
CU spokesman Bronson Hilliard said the rankings are subjective and have no scientific backing.
"The media is way more interested in the rankings than we are," Hilliard said.
In the spring, Playboy ranked CU the No. 1 party school in the nation, saying it's a "beer drinker's paradise" and citing the massive 4/20 gathering.
The Princeton Review -- a college test prep company with no relation to Princeton University -- released the "top 20" in advance of its guidebook "The Best 376 Colleges: 2012 Edition," which goes on sale today. The lists range from "happiest students" to "everybody plays intramural sports" to "Got Milk? (beer usage reported low)."
Samantha Okumara, a CU senior studying integrative physiology, said CU's ranking on the "reefer madness" list is probably correct -- but it overshadows the university's academic credentials.
"I think it's accurate, but the school deserves a better reputation," she said.
CU last week released survey results that included participation rates in the 4/20 smoke-out. Of the 3,478 undergraduates who responded, 24 percent reported that they smoked pot or ate food containing marijuana at the gathering. About 11 percent joined the crowd but didn't consume pot. About half of students -- 48.4 percent -- had nothing to do with the smoke-out, and the remaining students watched it from a distance.
Contact Camera Staff Writer Brittany Anas at 303-473-1132 or email@example.com.


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STARmeterSEE RANK
Up 2,884 this week
Peter Mayhew (II)
Peter Mayhew was born on May 19, 1944 in Barnes, London, England. Now residing in Texas, this former resident of Yorkshire, England, was working as a hospital attendant at the King's College Hospital in London when film producer Charles H. Schneer saw his photo, literally standing above the crowd around him. Charles H. Schneer cast him in Sinbad ... See full bio »
Born:in Barnes, London, England, UK
More at IMDbPro » Contact Info: View agent, publicist, legal on IMDbPro

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Jump to navigation
AIA Lecturer: Bettina Arnold
Bettina Arnold obtained her BA in Archaeology from Yale University and her MA and PhD degrees in Anthropology from Harvard University. She is Professor of Anthropology at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, where she served as the Co-Director of the Center for Celtic Studies from 2000-2009 and Coordinator of the Museum Studies Graduate Program from 1996-2012. She is the Editor of the on-line peer-reviewed journal e-Keltoi. Her area of expertise is the pre-Roman European Iron Age, but in the course of her career she has participated in archaeological projects ranging from the Middle Bronze Age through the early medieval period in western Europe. Since 1999 she has co-directed a research project in southwest-Germany focused on the burial record of the early Iron Age Heuneburg hillfort and its environs; two burial mounds associated with this site were excavated by the Landscape of Ancestors project between 1999 and 2002. Finds from those excavations were featured in Die Welt der Kelten: Zentren der Macht - Kostbarkeiten der Kunst, a major exhibition in Stuttgart in 2012-2013. Her research has focused on the archaeological interpretation and analysis of complex societies, particularly as reflected in mortuary contexts; material culture as a symbolic system and a means of communicating social relationships; the archaeological interpretation of prehistoric gender configurations in burial contexts; and the socio-political history of archaeology and museum collecting, especially their involvement in identity construction in 19th and 20th century nationalist and ethnic movements in Europe and the United States. Recent publications include: Bettina Arnold (2012) The lake dwelling diaspora and natural history museums: identity, collecting and ethics, in Francesco Menotti and Aidan O'Sullivan (eds) The Oxford Handbook of Wetland Archaeology and Beyond, pp. 865-881. Oxford: Oxford University Press; Bettina Arnold (2012) The Vix Princess redux: a retrospective on European Iron Age gender and mortuary studies, in Lourdes Prados Torreira (ed.) La Arqueología funeraria desde una perspectiva de género, pp. 215-232. Madrid: UA Ediciones; Derek B. Counts and Bettina Arnold (eds) (2010) The Master of Animals in Old World Iconography (Budapest: Archaeolingua).
AIA Tours


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Work has got underway on plans to redevelop Doncaster Market.
Diggers and workmen have begun ripping up stalls and concrete in the area between the Wool Market and the Corn Exchange with the area fenced off to the public while the work is carried out.
Artists' impressions have already been released revealing planned designs for the outdoor market and a public square area outside the Corn Exchange.
The £1 million plans are aimed at regenerating the town centre and creating potentially hundreds of jobs.
Proposals for the new market include modern stalls and improved sight lines with a 'grid' structure similar to aisles in a supermarket.
The proposed new layout should improve access to the Wool Market and also enable the creation of a public square in front of the Corn Exchange featuring attractive paving, new benches and street lighting.
The project is due to be completed by the autumn.


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In boys basketball: Lake Region improves to 6-0
by Harris Kinsey
copyright the Chronicle 1-9-2013
After playing three consecutive games on the road, the Lake Region boys varsity hoped to get a win at home. They played hard and came out on top 75-65 over Missisquoi Thursday night, January 3.
Drew Gallup paced Lake Region with 20 points. Clint Provoncha and Caleb Prue added 17 points apiece to guide the Rangers. Matthieu St. Amour of Missisquoi led all scorers with 39 points but didn't get much help, as the other players for Missisquoi just couldn't get it done against Lake Region's defense.
In the first quarter Missisquoi scored first on a shot by R.J. Machia to go up 2-0. Then a steal and a layup by Drew Gallup tied the game at 2. Then St. Amour hit a three pointer. Missisquoi 5, Lake Region 2.
Lake Region scored again to pull within one, but St. Amour hit two more threes. Missisquoi 11, Lake Region 4.
Lake Region then came back with strong defense and timely scoring. The first quarter ended with the score 15-13 in favor of Missisquoi.
Lake Region came out with a great showing in the second quarter. The first score of the second quarter came on two free throws by Provoncha to tie the game at 15.
Then Lake Region's defense took over the quarter. They forced turnover after turnover. Mainly on steals, but they forced bad plays. Their defense was so good that Missisquoi didn't score until the 1:55 mark of the second quarter on two free throws by St. Amour. They only hit a three and a two-point shot for a total of seven points in the entire quarter. Lake Region turned many of those turnovers into baskets, and scored 18 points in the quarter. At halftime the score stood at 31-22 in favor of Lake Region.
Lake Region came out in the third quarter and picked up where they left off. Caleb Prue scored the first points of the quarter for Lake Region. Lake Region's defense was just as good as in the second quarter, and held Missisquoi scoreless until the 4:33 mark of the third quarter, when St. Amour made a free throw. Missisquoi was held to 14 points in the third while Lake Region also scored 14 points. After three quarters of play Lake Region led 45-36.
The fourth quarter turned out to be the most exciting quarter. Matthieu St Amour took over the quarter with 16 points to lead a hard charge by Missisquoi. However, Drew Gallup contributed ten points of his own in the quarter for Lake Region. Caleb Prue scored the first bucket of the quarter and Alex Larose answered back a minute later for Missisquoi. The game went back and forth the whole quarter. Missisquoi pulled close, but Lake Region made key free throws and hit timely shots down the stretch to put the game away. The final score was Lake Region 75, Missisquoi 65 .
After the game LR coach James Ingalls said, "We played very well tonight. Our calling card is our defense, and again our defense was very tough. Our defense leads to offense for us as we like to run the floor, and tonight was no different. Everybody contributed tonight. It was a real team effort."
Lake Region's next games are January 5 at Lyndon, and then Monday, January 7, against Winooski at home.
For more free sports stories, look in our sports category on this site or subscribe to our print or online editions. Click on this link for a full winter sports schedule.


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In Teaching C.L.R. James' "Minty Alley": Tricksters, Intellectuals and the Folk
In Teaching C.L.R. James' "Minty Alley": Tricksters,
Intellectuals and the Folk
In examining C.L.R. James' early novel "Minty Alley," we chose to focus on several issues
germane to the study of literature of the African Diaspora: the female trickster figure, the genre of
the yard novel, and the interplay between West Indian intellectualism and the folk.
The following materials offer sources and suggestions for teaching "Minty Alley": a slide show of
images of Trinidadian culture at the turn of the twentieth century, a map of C.L.R. James' life
which illustrates the Pan-African nature of his life and work, a lesson plan with discussion
questions and activities for teaching the novel, an annotated bibliography of sources (including
primary resources) which may prove helpful in teaching James, as well as entertaining
information relating to the influence of carnival and calypso on the novel.
Lesson Plan:
Teaching Minty Alley in an undergraduate classroom:
An introduction to C. L. R. James and to Trinidadian culture contemporary to Minty Alley
Emphasis on the trickster and Maisie as the female trickster
Tying it all together: a comparison to African American culture
In Teaching C.L.R. James' "Minty Alley": Tricksters, Intellectuals and the Folk
1. An Introduction to C. L. R. James
We begin our unit on C.L.R. James by examining a map of his life which illustrates the various
migrations he took and the evolution that his travels affected in his politics and work. This map
only provides a very brief gloss over James' career, but it is hopefully useful to visualize the
various migrations he undertook, as his geographic movement goes hand in hand with his
evolution as a scholar.
Minty Alley is a unique and significant work that comes at the beginning of his long career as a
scholar, author, and political activist. Written in 1928 while James was still a young man in
Trinidad, before he came politicized and before he began taking on the perspective of the
proletariat in his writings, Minty Alley can be understood as the starting point of James' Pan-
African journey. Viewing images of the people and places that shaped James into a Marxist and
eventually Trotskyite who worked for the liberation of the underclass across the African diaspora
can help illuminate our understanding of James' only novel.
Mapped Introduction
{Online Map as a Visual Introduction}
Guide to Map:
1. Trinidad
James as young man
Queen's College
Audio of Darcus Howe reading from "Beyond a Boundary" re childhood
o Howe is James' great-nephew
o 3:44-4:25
James was a member of the Beacon Group and wrote a collection of short stories and his
only novel, Minty Alley, during his early years in Trinidad.
2. Britain A
Learie Constantine: impetus for journey
He wrote for the Manchester Guardian about cricket
In England, James became a Marxist and eventually a Trotskyite. During this time, he
wrote his classic work, the Black Jacobins, which was a history of the Haitian revolution.
He also wrote a play about Toussaint Louverture, staged in 1936.
Also, Minty Alley was published in London in 1936 and was the first novel to be published
by a black Caribbean author in England.
James went to North America to meet with Trotsky in Mexico in 1938.
He met his second wife, Constance Webb, in California, and their relationship was based
on a voluminous correspondence, and their relationship is credited with opening James'
eyes to issues of feminism.
He engaged in a speaking tour across the U.S. and worked with the Socialist's Workers
Party to help with African-American labor movements.
Due to issues with his visa, James was deported from Ellis Island in '53 and went briefly
to England and then back to Trinidad.
4.Back to Trinidad, Later Years
In Teaching C.L.R. James' "Minty Alley": Tricksters, Intellectuals and the Folk
During the late 50s and early 60s, James edited The Nation, a newspaper for the pro-
independence People's National Movement party. He became immersed again in the
Pan-African movement, with particular interest in Ghana's devolution.
In 1963, James wrote his autobiographical book about cricket entitled "Beyond a
Boundary." Critics describe it as the best book about cricket ever written.
-picture of cover
The play "The Black Jacobins", which was a rewrite of his book of history "The Black
Jacobins and his play about Toussaint Loverture, premiered in Nigeria in 1967.
-flyer of Black Jacobins premiere in Nigeria
5. Britain B
James returned to Britain in the 1970s.
James and his third wife Selma in later years
James in '83
picture of movie about cricket
he died in 1989 in Brixton, England
Discussion questions:
A.) C. L. R. James and Marxism
The novel centers on the relationship between the middle class Haynes and the working class
members of the yard. James' Marxist and later Trotskyite politics blossomed after he wrote Minty
Alley and left Trinidad does one see any roots of his Marxism in Minty Alley? How does James
navigate the conflicts between the bourgeois and the popular, the individual versus the collective?
In Teaching C.L.R. James' "Minty Alley": Tricksters, Intellectuals and the Folk
2. The Culture of Trinidad
* Slide show of photos of early twentieth century Trinidad
Link to slide show.
"Mommy, where did the yard novel come from?"
* Influences on the yard novel:
1. Carnival
Carnival is a seasonal celebration that takes place before Lent. It typically involves
parades and performances of all sorts. After Emancipation in the 1834, Carnival became
a source of pride for the popular masses, and the rituals began to reflect popular culture.
One part of Carnival was the calypso tents, which originated as places where calypso
bands would practice before Carnival. Overtime these tents became main attractions in
Carnival. Now, calypso tents are the places to go to see what's new in calypso music.
2. Calypso
Calypso music covers a variety of topics, from politics to love. They can be serious or
comical, and often have a satirical element, commenting on recent events. Some calypso
songs are about domestic troubles, focusing on a few specific characters and one main
conflict. This elevation of working class dramas into creative pieces of art is similar to the
yard novel.
King Radio "Neighbour," samples and full version available from Amazon,
CD Universe, and many other venues on the CD Calypso Carnival, 1936-
1941 (Cambridge, MA: Rounder, p1993).
The Caresser "John Thomas," samples and full version available from
Amazon, CD Universe, and many other venues on the CD Calypso Carnival,
1936-1941 (Cambridge, MA: Rounder, p1993).
3. The Calypso Drama
Originally staged in calypso tents during Carnival. These were vaudeville-like sketches
performed by several calypso singers. They focused on domestic dramatic situations, as
the yard novel did, and were done in musical form. Comical and bawdy in nature, they
often involved costumes.
Alan Lomax "Introduction to a Calypso Drama, 'The GI and the Lady,"'
samples and full version available from Amazon, CD Universe, and many
other venues on the CD Calypso After Midnight!: The Live Midnight Special
Concert (live), (1999).
Lord Invader, Macbeth the Great, and the Duke of Iron "The GI and the
Lady (Calypso Drama)," samples and full version available from Amazon,
CD Universe, and many other venues on the CD Calypso After Midnight!:
The Live Midnight Special Concert (live), (1999).
* Group Assignment: Have the students create lyrics to a calypso song based on their
newfound knowledge of calypso music. Another option is to have them turn Minty Alley into a
calypso song.
In Teaching C.L.R. James' "Minty Alley": Tricksters, Intellectuals and the Folk
3. The Yard Novel meets the Bildungsroman
* Reading of "Triumph" as an introduction to the yard novel (either in its entirety out-of-class or
just excerpts in-class)
James, C.L.R. "Triumph." The Future in the Present. Westport: Lawrence Hill and Co.,
* A comparison to popular culture: Consider the viewer as voyeur -- how is this like reality
television? Why do we like reality television? Why do we like Minty Alley? Haynes is a
voyeur. He enjoys watching his neighbors through a hole in the wall as they do things that he
does not do (have sex, argue, lie, cheat). They are not necessarily things that he wants to
do, but they are fun to watch. We enjoy watching girls compete for the affections of Flavor
Flav on The Flavor of Love and such shows, not because it is what we want, but because it is
grotesquely entertaining to watch full grown women hot tub with a rapper, argue amongst
themselves, and physically fight one another. These are activities that do not occur in our
normal lives, so they seem exotic and exciting.
* The reception of the yard novel in Trinidad: Discussion of "vulgarity" in literature; examination
of Belmont article
Discussion questions:
A.) What are the effects of James' choice to utilize a limited narrator? (Haynes peeks
through a hole in the wall.)
B.) The connection between Calypso, the yard novel and the bildungsroman what does
James achieve by drawing on these disparate genres or traditions?
C.) Where do we see the influence of the folk in Minty Alley?
D.) What, if anything, can we make of the fact that Minty Alley was James' only novel?
In Teaching C.L.R. James' "Minty Alley": Tricksters, Intellectuals and the Folk
4. Comparison to situation faced by the writers of the
Harlem Renaissance
* In-class reading of responses to Du Bois' questionnaire "The Negro in Art"
*The Beacon writers faced criticisms similar to those faced by Harlem Renaissance writers
who depicted the folk.
o Du Bois, W. E. B. "The Negro in Art: How Shall He Be Portrayed, A Symposium." The
Crisis August 1926:193-194.
o Du Bois, W. E. B., Otto Mack, and Julia Peterkin. "The Negro in Art: How Shall He Be
Portrayed, A Symposium." The Crisis September 1926: 238-239.
o Du Bois, W. E. B., John Farrar, Langston Hughes, Alfred Knopf, William Phelps, J.
Springarn. "The Negro in Art: How Shall He Be Portrayed, A Symposium." The Crisis
April 1926: 278-280.
* What should be depicted in art? What are the advantages of depicting the lower class? The
upper class?
More popular culture: How does this compare to the contemporary criticism rappers face
concerning subject matter and the vernacular?
-Link to "censored rap" article, "Chamillionaire ditches profanity and N word on new
album 'Ultimate Victory'."
In-class activity: Tag Team Debate
o The students are each assigned a questionnaire response from the Crisis. They
should answer the following question from the perspective of the respondent:
What is appropriate subject matter to depict? The class should reproduce the
different positions within the debate and represent them in a reproduction of the
debate. *Divide the class into two groups: propaganda and art. Keep a running
tally of "good points" on the dry erase board.
*Propaganda: These students argue that art should have an ulterior
motive. Artists are representatives of their race, social class, etc. They
are morally obligated to represent the "best" of their races as well as the
*Art: These students should argue that as artists, the writers should feel
free to create whatever characters that they see fit, no matter how base
or immoral.
In Teaching C.L.R. James' "Minty Alley": Tricksters, Intellectuals and the Folk
5. The Trickster
An introduction to the traditional trickster: Reading of some of Dr. Louise Bennett's
Anancy Stories; Description of the trickster in African literature
And the female trickster (see useful quotations pages)
Discussion Questions:
How is Anancy like Maisie? How are they different? What tricks does Maisie play? If
she were a hero, what would her super powers be?
How does Maisie's gender complicate her role as a trickster? In what ways is she
more powerful than if she was masculine?
How do the female characters of the novel Maisie, Mrs. Rouse, Miss Atwell, Nurse
Jackson, Philomen, Ella -- fit into Dr. Horton-Stallings theory of the trope of the
"Queen Bee?"
What do we make of the presence of Obeah in the novel, and its use by Nurse
Jackson, Benoit and Maisie?
In Teaching C.L.R. James' "Minty Alley": Tricksters, Intellectuals and the Folk
6. Conclusion
Discussion Questions:
Where does Minty Alley fit into the African diasporic literary tradition?
Where does the folk fit in? Where does Louise Bennett fit into the literary tradition?
In Teaching C.L.R. James' "Minty Alley": Tricksters, Intellectuals and the Folk
Annotated Bibliography
Primary Resources List
Belmont, James. "The Real Faux Pas: Vulgarity Without an Excuse." Trinidad Guardian
22 Dec. 1929: 1.
Bennett, Louise. Anancy Stories and Dialect Verse. Pioneer Press: Kingston, 1957.
Calypso Carnival 1936-1941 Compact Disc. Rounder Records, 1993.
Calypsos at Midnight! Compact Disc. Rounder Records, 1999.
James, C.L.R. The C.L.R. James Reader. Ed. Anna Grimshaw. Oxford: Blackwell, 1992.
James, C.L.R. The Future in the Present. Westport: Lawrence Hill and Co., 1977.
James, C. L. R. Minty Alley. London: Secker and Warburg, 1936.
Mendes, Alfred. "Literature and Culture: A Commentary." Trinidad Guardian 20 Apr.
1930: 2.
Visiting with Miss Lou. Dir. Carey Robinson. VHS. CPTC, 2003.
Resources with Annotations
Belmont, James. "The Real Faux Pas: Vulgarity Without an Excuse." Trinidad Guardian
22 Dec. 1929: 1.
This newspaper article is a scathing review of the collection Trinidad, published by C. L. R. James
and Alfred Mendes, which is a collection of poems, articles and short stories written by
Trinidadians. The criticism stems from the opinion of the author (echoed in letters by several
readers of the newspaper), who purport that the subject matter is obscene.
This primary document will be helpful in that it is easily compared to W.E.B. Du Bois'
condemnation in his magazine, The Crisis, in which it is stated that the subject matter of the
Harlem Renaissance misrepresents the African American population. It easily sets up a parallel
between the two burgeoning literary cultures and contributes to the "art vs. propaganda" debate.
This debate argues whether art should embody the best of the culture (which might have been
under-represented but considered boring) or the base percentage (which was intriguing but
seemed to perpetuate the myth that the cultures--African American and lower class Trinidadian--
in question were immoral).
Bennett, Louise. Anancy Stories and Dialect Verse (New Series). Kingston: Pioneer Press,
Bennett's collection of folk tales features an example of a typical trickster figure, Anancy the
spider. Also, the dialect verse was featured in the Jamaican newspaper, The Gleaner and
therefore was often written as commentary on current events in Jamaican culture.
It can be used to compare Maisie to Anancy in a comparison of tricksters. Also, it will provide
undergraduates with an idea of what Jamaican society was like.
Calypso Carnival 1936-1941 Compact Disc. Rounder Records, 1993.
Calypsos at Midnight! Compact Disc. Rounder Records, 1999.
These two CDs are useful as examples of traditional calypso music. They feature a variety of
song types, including domestic songs that are similar to the yard novel. The music and the lyrics,
or just one of the two, can be used to show undergraduates how the yard novel is part of a larger
cultural picture in Trinidad.
C.L.R. James's Caribbean. Ed. By Paget Henry and Paul Buhle. Durham: Duke UP, 1992.
In Teaching C.L.R. James' "Minty Alley": Tricksters, Intellectuals and the Folk
This collection of essays, letters, and interviews about James's life and work is split into sections:
"Portraits and Self-Portraits," "Early Trinidadian Years," "Textual Explorations," and "Praxis." It
also includes a chronology and glossary of relevant works and terms (like "dub poetry"). The most
useful essays are those giving details about James's life, which illustrate how his background
intersected and influenced his work. One letter excerpt shows how he was inspired by his
landlady to create the character of Mrs. Rouse in Minty Alley. One particularly useful essay, "The
Audacity of It All: C.L.R. James's Trinidadian Background," by Selwyn Cudjoe, describes the
cultural context of James's Trinidad, including the importance of Carnival.
C.L.R. James: His Intellectual Legacies. Ed. By Selwyn R. Cudjoe and William E. Cain.
Boston: University of Massachusetts Press, 1995.
A collection of writings pertaining to James, this book includes personal memoirs on James by
colleagues such as Anna Grimshaw, literary essays on Minty Alley, essays on James' political
work and writings, and an account of the scholarship on James. Particularly useful will be the
essays by Helen Pyne-Timothy, H. Adlai Murdoch and Barbara Paul-Emile on James' early short
stories and the dimensions of colonialism and gender in Minty Alley. The collection also offers
letters written to and by James.
Cooper, Carolyn. Noises in the Blood: Orality, Gender, and the "Vulgar" Body of Jamaican
Popular Culture. Durham: Duke UP, 1995.
In chapter two of her book, 'Cultural an tradition an birthrigh': proverb as metaphor in the poetry of
Louise Bennett, Cooper provides many of Bennett's folk proverbs as well as interpretations of
them. She also puts the proverbs into context by pointing out their relevance to Jamaican culture.
In chapter three, Than cunny Jamma oman: representations of female sensibility in the poetry of
Louise Bennett, Cooper examines the female figure in Bennett's dialect verse, again provides
context, as well as a comparison to the Anansi trickster figure, which is particularly helpful (to us)
in tying together Maisie as a trickster figure to Anansi, who Cooper calls "the quintessential
Du Bois, W. E. B. "The Negro in Art: How Shall He Be Portrayed, A Symposium." The
Crisis Aug. 1926:193-194.
Du Bois, W. E. B., Otto Mack, and Julia Peterkin. "The Negro in Art: How Shall He Be
Portrayed, A Symposium." The Crisis Sept. 1926: 238-239.
Du Bois, W. E. B., John Farrar, Langston Hughes, Alfred Knopf, William Phelps, J.
Springarn. "The Negro in Art: How Shall He Be Portrayed, A Symposium." The Crisis Apr.
1926: 278-280.
The above articles highlight the series of responses to Du Bois questionnaire (the first article
listed) in which he facilitates a debate on how the African American author should portray his race
within creative works. The respondents are often influential members of the community or artists
of the Harlem Renaissance.
These articles are useful in connecting the plights of Jamaican and Trinidadian authors (such as
Bennett and James) to the authors of the Harlem Renaissance, whereby they were forced to
confront the accusations that their works were vulgar and over-sexed. Ultimately, this
comparison creates a parallel between African American literature and Caribbean literature in the
early twentieth century.
Duran, Jane. "C.L.R. James, Social Identity, and the Black Rebellion." Philosophia
Africana, Vol. 8, No. 1, March 2005. 1-10.
In Teaching C.L.R. James' "Minty Alley": Tricksters, Intellectuals and the Folk
Duran's essay attempts to integrate James' Marxist stance with his writings on Black African-
Americans, in order to solidify James' place in the canon. Duran posits that James attempts
through his work to construct a social identity for African-Americans, an identity which lends itself
to self-actualization as a revolutionary force. Duran states that James examines African-
Americans as a group, without concern for what this label means, whom it applies to, and what
variations in identity, among other concerns, exist within the group as a whole. According to
Duran, it is in James' interest to conceptualize African-Americans as a homogenous group in
order to provide context and impetus for a Black American revolution. Duran highlights James'
recognition of the history of Black political movements, specifically the way in which he "sees
previous movements, including the Haitian revolution, a number of nineteenth-century
movements, that of Marcus Garvey, and so forth as intimately related to the Black Power
movement of the 1960s, for example." Reading this essay in conjunction with Minty Alley would
be particularly useful, as Duran provides a nice overview of James' Marxist theory and its
connection to Black political movements.
Eudell, Demetrius L. "A New Kind of Freedom: Some Notes on the Transformative Thought
of C.L.R. James." Research in African Literatures. 156-173.
Eudell delineates the ways in which James departs from the standard Marxist theory in
envisioning the actualization of individuals, not the collective state, as the ultimate good. By
examining three books written about James Anthony Bogues' Caliban's Freedom: The Early
Political Thought of C.L.R. James, Aldon Lynn Nielsen's C.L.R. James: A Critical Introduction,
and Kent Worcester's C.L.R. James: A Political Biography, Eudell provides a synopsis of James'
life and political evolution. Through Bogues, Nielsen and Worcester, Eudell traces the
development of James' Marxism, from his childhood in Trinidad to his years in England, his
transition to Trotsykism, his work in Black American labor movements, and an in-depth
examination of his various works. This essay would be particularly useful in teaching James in a
class in which time constraints prevent a reading of the books on James by Bogues, Nielsen or
Fall of Man: Calypsos on the Human Condition, 1935-1941. CD Liner Notes. Rounder
Records, 1999.
These liner notes, along with the music and liner notes for items _-_ are good examples of
calypso music contemporary to the beginning of the yard novel.
Foote, Russell. Carnival: Contemporary Crucible of the Social Sciences. St. Augustine,
Trinidad: University of the West Indies, 2005.
In this book, Foote discusses Carnival and Calypso in a highly academic fashion, using
deconstruction and other philosophies (those of Derrida, Foucault, and Lacan are mentioned) as
a basis of analysis. Though probably not as useful for teaching undergraduates, the book does
give some interesting definitions of Calypso. It is more appropriate to provide additional context
for the teacher.
Hamner, Robert. "The Measure of the 'Yard Novel'. From Mendes to Lovelace."
Commonwealth Essays and Studies 9.1 (1986): 98-105.
Hamner introduces the idea of the yard novel subgenre as a true West Indian literature. He
identifies the major traits of the yard novel genre, examining how they work in eight different yard
novels, including Minty Alley. Hamner describes how books from different time periods are
closely related through these traits, and concludes that the variety within the different texts
reflects a flexibility of literary expression.
In Teaching C.L.R. James' "Minty Alley": Tricksters, Intellectuals and the Folk
This is useful for identifying the main characteristics of the yard novel, so we can see how Minty
Alley fits within the genre. This gives a good background for undergraduates. Also, we can look at
the list of traits to see which ones can be traced back to Calypso (such as the sweet man
James, C.L.R. The Future in the Present. Westport: Lawrence Hill and Co., 1977.
This work is a collection of essays and stories written by James on subjects ranging from "The
Atlantic Slave Trade" to Stalin to W. E. B. Du Bois. The essays that will be the most useful are
those on Du Bois, "The Artist in the Caribbean," "The Revolutionary Answer to the Negro Problem
in the U.S.A," and "Triumph." These essays and short story give their readers a glimpse into the
opinions of James on subjects which will allow them to understand his feelings about the plight of
the African American as well as that of the Caribbean, which will encourage a comparison of the
two cultures.
The collection also offers an introduction to yard fiction in "Triumph." The genre of yard fiction is
undoubtedly foreign to most students, and the first few sentences of this piece define yard fiction
clearly and concisely. "Triumph" would be a good story to read in conjunction with James' Minty
Alley, as it is short and entertaining throughout.
James, C.L.R. The C.L.R. James Reader. Ed. Anna Grimshaw. Oxford: Blackwell, 1992.
This book includes "Triumph" as well as "La Divina Pastora," which is considered a close
predecessor of the yard story. The collection also includes a majority of James's letters to
Constance Webb, which provide background to both his work as a writer/activist/critic and his
own personal life.
His letters to literary critics and his essay "Popular Art and the Cultural Tradition" show his
fondness and reverence for popular art, like Charlie Chaplin. This can be used in conjunction with
the yard novel to examine ways in which James preferred the culture of the masses. Teachers
can open a discussion on the intersection between mass culture and the folk. See #3 in the
Lesson Plan for discussion questions on popular culture and the yard novel and #4 for questions
on popular culture, vulgarity, and art.
James, C. L. R. Minty Alley. London: Secker and Warburg, 1936.
We are examining James' Trinidadian yard novel. It has an introduction by Kenneth Ramchand.
King, Nicole. C.L.R. James and Creolization: Circles of Influence. Jackson: UP of
Mississippi, 2001.
King's book covers the scope of James' literary and political career, through the lens of
creolization or hybridity. King's argument is that creolization, the process by which the
intersection of two cultures through colonization results in changes that cut both ways, is at play
in much of James' work. The book includes an interesting chapter on the history of The Black
Jacobins and Touissant L'Overture, the history and play that eventually were merged into a
second play in the 1960s, somewhat confusingly entitled The Black Jacobins. King's chapter on
Minty Alley is very helpful for a study of Minty Alley, due to her placement of the novel in its
cultural and political context.
Landay, Lori. Madcaps, Screwballs and Con Women. Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania P,
Landay's book is an examination of various female trickster figures in American history from the
nineteenth century to contemporary popular culture. Particularly useful will be chapter two on
"The Female Trickster in the Jazz Age," and chapter five on "Feminism and the Female Trickster
In Teaching C.L.R. James' "Minty Alley": Tricksters, Intellectuals and the Folk
in Contemporary American Culture." The second chapter will appeal to students as they should
have been recently introduced to the newly liberated women of the jazz age, and they will already
be familiar with the contemporary female tricksters of the fifth chapter through such blockbusters
as Sister Act with Whoopi Goldberg and Batman Returns starring Michelle Pfeiffer as the
Lawrence, Leota. "Three West Indian Heroines: An Analysis." C.L.A. Journal Vol. XXI. Ed.
O' Daniel, Therman. Baltimore: College Language Association, 1977. 238-250.
This essay compares three heroines of West Indian literature: James' Maisie, Bita from Claude
McKay's Banana Bottom, and 'Tee from Merle Hodge's Crick Crack Monkey. The essay focuses
primarily on defining the characters as heroines and also on the women's migration away from
their homelands.
Lawrence's work is useful mainly in identifying Maisie as a heroine in order, for our purposes, to
define her as a heroic trickster figure. Lawrence also gives her reader insight as to the realism of
the characters of Minty Alley and a brief description of how the novel was received by the upper
class of Trinidad.
Mason, Peter. Bachanal! The Carnival Culture of Trinidad. Philadelphia: Temple UP, 1998.
This book goes through the history of Carnival. It also provides descriptions and discussion of the
different rites of Carnival, such as stickfighting, calypso tents, and mas. Included are color
pictures from modern Carnivals. It answers the who-what-where-why-when-and-how of Carnival.
This book can be used when tracing the history of the yard novel. Though there is no academic or
critical discussion, it is still useful for teachers to provide a basic understanding of Carnival. I used
it mostly after reading several academic discourses on Carnival but still not understanding the
basic elements of the festival.
Mendes, Alfred. "Literature and Culture: A Commentary." Trinidad Guardian 20 Apr. 1930:
Mendes' short article is a direct response to Belmont's article in the Trinidad Guardian which
condemned his collection of literature entitled Trinidad. Mendes defends Trinidad, suggesting that
the negative response is rooted in Victorianism and also in Christianity. He cites obscenity as
existing in "almost all the world's great literature," and also brings up the suggestion of
determining the difference between secrecy and modesty.
It will be useful to read this essay in order to examine an alternative to Belmont's opinions when
discussing what purpose the chosen subject matter served and exactly why the public was
incensed. It is a defense of the "art" angle within the art vs. propaganda debate based in Du Bois'
Crisis articles of the Harlem Renaissance.
Nielson, Aldon. C.L.R. James: A Critical Introduction. Jackson: UP of Mississippi, 1997.
The first chapter of this book examines the works of C. L. R. James as both literature and also
theory in the instance of Minty Alley. It delves into the importance of the point of view in Minty
Alley especially in comparison to the short story, "Triumph," which is a comparison of omniscient
to limited narrative styles. The limited narrative style is symbolic of the limited knowledge of the
middle and upper classes of Trinidad possess concerning the lower class.
The examination of narrative styles presents the opportunity to discuss the class conflict of
Trinidad as it is introduced through the novel, especially through the various skin colors and
nationalities of the characters. This might transfer into a conversation about the skin color
In Teaching C.L.R. James' "Minty Alley": Tricksters, Intellectuals and the Folk
hierarchy of Harlem, as well as offer an opportunity to discuss why James made the decision to
present Haynes as a voyeur who occasionally interacts and interferes.
Stallings, L. H. Mutha is Half a Word!: Intersections of Folklore, Vernacular Myth, and
Queerness in Black Female Culture. Columbus: Ohio State Press, 2007.
The introduction to Stallings' text acts as an introduction to the trickster. It contains detailed
description of the female trickster, and also makes many references to popular culture. This may
be difficult reading for an undergraduate. However, it is a useful resource, and might be picked
through for quotations or broken down in a lecture on Maisie as the female trickster.
Visiting with Miss Lou. Dir. Carey Robinson. VHS. CPTC, 2003.
Visiting with Miss Lou is a short video which presents a little bit of Dr. Louise Bennett's history. It
also offers the opportunity to see and hear Bennett recite some of her poetry, tell some of her
stories, and sing.
This video is entertaining, though the old school videography will inevitably be considered
laughable to the students. It is useful in that it offers an opportunity hear the dialect. It also
features a brief examination of why Bennett composes in dialect and why dialect is looked down
upon in Jamaica. The dialect focus could be an introduction to an in-class discussion on
language and culture. Bennett is described in the video as having been incorrectly categorized
as a comedienne as opposed to a poet which can also contribute to the aforementioned debate.
The video also provides details about Bennett's life in Great Britain and New York City, which
may prove useful in discussing migration out of the West Indies. A comparison might be made to
Maisie in MintyAlley concerning Maisie's flight from her island home near the end of the novel.
Whitlock, Gillian. "The Bush, The Barrack-Yard and the Clearing: 'Colonial Realism' in the
Sketches and Stories of Susanna Moodie, C.L.R. James and Henry Lawson." The Journal
of Commonwealth Literature 20.1 (1985): 36-48.
Whitlock examines three different types of stories, all which can be grouped together by their
colonial realism. Whitlock distinguishes colonial realism from the philosophical realism of writers
like Henry James by pointing out the colonial realists' focus on local, low-class scenes and
characters. Colonial realists also use formal techniques comparable to those found in oral
This article will be useful in its analysis of James's short yard fiction. By comparing the
Trinidadian yard novel to other regional genres, Whitlock emphasizes the commonalities between
the genres: dialect, natural details, folk content. This then isolates what makes the yard novel
different from other colonial realist texts, besides just geographical setting. All this serves to help
clearly define the yard novel.
In Teaching C.L.R. James' "Minty Alley": Tricksters, Intellectuals and the Folk
Useful Quotations
(For introducing the trickster, the female trickster, for reading Maisie as a female trickster,
for tying in Dr. Louise Bennett, and for comparing the yard novel to Carnival and calypso)
Maisie as heroine
"Born in culturally and materially impoverished worlds, they are either given the opportunity to
leave the stultifying confines of their society, or, as in Maisie's case, they actively seek a means
of escape. It might be of significance to note here that most West Indian writers themselves have
demonstrated that in order to be literarily creative, they had to remove themselves physically from
their environment." (Lawrence 239)
"Maisie's narrow and constricting environment offers no outlet for her high spiritedness, and her
frustration turns into devilment, directed for the most part against her aunt, Mrs. Rouse."
(Lawrence 243)
"So like many West Indian women and men in her position, Maisie chooses not to surrender to
the limitations and barrenness of her environment. Her only alternative is an escape, a departure
to an uncertain future, but one in which she believes that she will be materially compensated for
her labors." (Lawrence 246)
Reception of Minty Alley
"For his realistic portrayal of Maisie and the other inhabitants of Minty Alley, James was soundly
criticized by the "respectable" sector of Trinidad society." (Lawrence 250)
About Louise Bennett
"Louise Bennet is the quintessential Jamaican example of the sensitive and competent Caribbean
artist consciously incorporating features of traditional oral art into written literature." (Cooper 39)
"Bennett, herself, insists that she is a writer: 'From the beginning, nobody ever recognized me as
a writer. "Well, she is 'doing' dialect"; it wasn't even writing you know. Up to now a lot of people
don't even think I write.'" (Cooper 40)
Bennett and class
"Pread out yuhself de Liza,
One Dress-oman dah look like she
She see di li space side-a we
And wan foce herself een deh."
"This literal spreading out of self is an evocative metaphor for the irrepressible survival instincts of
Jamaica's dispossessed who refuse to be squeezed out of existence. The amplitude of the body
becomes a figure for the verbal expansiveness that is often the only weapon of the politically
powerless; tracings and other forms of verbal abuse are essential armaments in class warfare.
The well-dressed young woman who is not to be allowed to sit with the market-women at her
convenience must know her place; she cannot violate the social space that the ostracized
market women have come to claim as their own." (Cooper 41)
Bennett's Cunning Jamaican Woman/Trickster
"This multifarious heroine-victim of Bennett's comic/satirical sketches presents us with a diversity
of social class values and behaviors that attests to the verisimilitude of Bennett's detailed
portraiture." (Cooper 47)
"The proverbial cunning of the Jamaican woman is one manifestation of the morally ambiguous
craftiness of Anansi, the Akan folk hero, transmuted in Jamaican folklore into Brer Nansi, the
archetypal trickster. Folktales of the mighty outwitted by the clever proliferate throughout the
In Teaching C.L.R. James' "Minty Alley": Tricksters, Intellectuals and the Folk
African diaspora. The shared history of plantation slavery in the Americas consolidates within the
psyche of African peoples in the hemisphere, cultural continuities, ancestral memories of
sabotage and marronage, systemic resistance to servitude. It is within this broader tradition of
noe-African folk consciousness the Anansi syndrome that Bennett's elaboration of Jamaican
female sensibility can be best understood." (Cooper 47-48)
History of the Trickster and the Female Trickster
"The term 'trickster' originates in Daniel Brinton's 1968 study of the contradictory figure of Native
American tales and myth who is both fooler and fooled, heroic and base... In general, trickster
figures are representations of liminality, duality, subersion, and irony..they use impersonation,
disguise, theft, and deceit to expose hypocrisy and inequality, to subvert existing social systems
and to widen their sphere of power." (Landay 2)
"Tricksters often switch gender from masculine to feminine and back again, they implicitly include
the criterion of masculinity and the privilege of autonomy and mobility with which masculinity is
synonymous." (Landay 2)
"She is the modern day "Lorelei," the mythic German siren who lured sailors to their deaths by
combing her beautiful hair." (Landay 53) -describing Lorelie Lee, of Gentlemen Prefer Blondes
"For Lorelei, whose only desires are material, turning on the pink light of femininity means turning
Piggie on sexually with her blend of sexual allure and innocence." (Landay 53)
On the Yard Novel
"Where people in England and America say slums, Trinidadians say barrack-yards. Probably the
word is a relic of the days when England relied as much on garrisons of soldiers as on her fleet to
protect her valuable sugar-producing colonies. Every street in Port-of-Spain proper could show
you numerous examples of the type: a narrow gateway leading into a fairly big yard, on either
side of which run long, low buildings, consisting of anything from four to eighteen rooms, each
about twelve feet square. In these lived the porters, the prostitutes, carter-men, washerwomen
and domestic servants of the city." (From "Triumph" in The C.L.R. James Reader.)
"The writers I am concerned with here tried to write about their colonial societies in a way which
seemed to them authentic and indigenous, in a form incorporating elements of oral traditions and
in content looking to be a local microcosm." (Whitlock 37)
On Carnival
"The second half of the nineteenth century in Trinidad was characterized by a fierce sense of
nationalism manifested via cultural practices. Chief among these practices was the annual
Carnival celebration which, until 1834, was confined to the upper class. After Emancipation,
Carnival was taken over by the masses and for the remainder of the century became the
dominant manifestation of popular culture." (C.L.R. James's Caribbean 41)
On Calypso
"Calypso is folklore of Trinidad, a style of poetry telling about current events in song." (Lord
Invader, from Calypso at Midnight!)


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President Trump,
sounds so much better, then obamma the socialist
the sun once again is shining on the good ol' USA
Lmao! Love it!DOWNTOWN A Chicago architect wants to hide the massive Trump Tower sign with a row of strategically placed flying golden pigs, a display aimed at providing "visual relief to the citizens of Chicago."https://www.dnainfo.com/chicago/2016...tJcKVkfME.linkRoberts said the pigs pay homage to Pink Floyd's "Animals" album, which, like George Orwell's Animal Farm, depicts pigs as the rulers of society. The piece has four pigs one for each year of a Trump presidency and are painted gold "in a commentary of the gaudy style of Mr. Trumps own gold-ensconced penthouse interior he has labeled 'comfortable modernism,'" Roberts wrote.
President Trump,
sounds so much better, then obamma the socialist
the sun once again is shining on the good ol' USA
#Trumpcare will sound even better if he can pull it off. If he does then part of President Obama's great legacy in signing the Affordable Care Act and Healhcare Insurers Bill of Rights will be preserved for all time in the United States of America. :-)
The tolerance of the left is underwhelming
How is this acceptable


text:
Darien Car Clinic needed a new logo design and created a contest on 99designs.
A winner was selected from 58 designs submitted by 32 freelance designers.
Darien Car Clinic
Car Wash and express oil change - we want to design a new logo and store front sign. We are located in a very affluent town with stringent sign regulations - The logo should be conservative using conservative colors, Blue, Green etc. The sign is a square and the demensions are approximately 84" wide and 50" tall
Affluent community -
The logo and sign needs to be conservative and classy. The community will not allow bright, cheap looking signs. The goal is to come up with a nice logo for Darien Car Clinic to be used on the sign outside:
Darien Car Clinic
Car Wash
Express Oil Change
Find out how a design contest works or learn more about our logo design services.


text:
These are some of the views and reports relevant to our readers that caught our attention this week.
Google's uProxy: A Peer-to-Peer Gateway to Internet Freedom
"In parts of the world where repressive governments control the Internet with unassailable firewalls, netizens don't see the same web that people in other countries can.
Now, Google wants to give people in these countries a tool to circumvent those invisible barriers, and defeat censorship. Called uProxy, it is meant to be an easy-to-use, peer-to-peer gateway to the open Internet. With uProxy installed, somebody in Iran could use a friend's Internet to connect with him or her." READ MORE
Pressure Grows On African Politicians And Global Policymakers To Tackle Corruption, Money Laundering And Tax Evasion
Financial Transparency Coalition
"African civil society organisations and a coalition of leading international development organisations have called for global policymakers to adopt measures to counter the hundreds of billions of dollars siphoned out of the continent through money laundering and industrial scale corporate tax avoidance.
The Financial Transparency Coalition's (FTC) two-day high-level conference with Policy Forum held in Dar es Salaam last week was attended by 150 senior politicians, prominent international lawyers, academics, anti-corruption specialists and campaigners." READ MORE
What Is Powering the Post-2015 Development Agenda?
The Interdependent
"The recent Social Good Summit, presented by Mashable and the United Nations Foundation, conveyed a technological call to action to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGS) and create the post-2015 development agenda. To that end, the conference utilized the tagline and Twitter handle #2030NOW. The conference was streamed live worldwide, creating a widespread audience able to contribute to the dialogue, with forums readily available for expressing views and ideas.
As evidenced by the many facets of technology utilized at the summit, endless technological advances are shaping the world. In March, the United Nations revealedthat more people (six out of seven billion) own a mobile phone than the 4.5 billion who have access to a toilet. Technology has effectively fostered a culture of social media and hyper-communication, but how exactly are technology and communications already working to create a better world?" READ MORE
Emerging Market Multinational Companies-Ready for Prime Time?
Transparency International
"The world is changing. The United Nations Development Programme projects that by 2020, "the combined economic output of three leading developing countries alone – Brazil, China and India – will surpass the aggregate production of Canada, France, Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom and the United States."
The growing importance of emerging markets means their impact is felt broadly around the world. Thus it is important companies from emerging markets do all they can to stop corruption from being a part of their business. As markets become global, the ethical and transparency standards of companies must become higher and more universally applied." READ MORE
How teachers in Africa are failed by mobile learning
"Only projects that work with existing education systems will improve learning and cut poverty, says Niall Winters.
You've no doubt heard of the mobile phone revolution sweeping Sub-Saharan Africa — perhaps mobile money transfer, or mHealth. The hope is that mobile technologies will transform lives by improving health, education, finance and women's position in society.
However, as knowledge management expert Piers Bocock notes, there is a vast disconnect between the companies that produce and market these technologies and on-the-ground implementers — with the hype perhaps best exemplified by former US President Bill Clinton." READ MORE
Declaration-A Citizens' Call to Action on Open Data
Global Open Data Initirative
"Governments exist "by and for the people". The data they collect (or fund others to collect) in the course of carrying out their statutory duties also belongs to the people, and in the 21st century it is fast becoming one of the most valuable public goods we have – yet it often remains inaccessible or unaffordable to the vast majority. The Global Open Data Initiative aims to make Government data openly available to all – available for anyone, anywhere to download, use, re-use and redistribute without charge for any purpose. We welcome government and multi-stakeholder efforts to advance open government data, and we seek to contribute to their success. However, to ensure that such efforts deliver real and sustained benefits for citizens, it is essential that civil society comes to the table with its own strong vision, ideals and demands. The Global Open Data Initiative seeks to engage and unite as broad a civil society constituency in a shared vision of the role of open data in accountable, inclusive and participatory governance." READ MORE
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Photo credit: Flickr user fdecomite


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- Research
- Open Access
Modelling non-homogeneous stochastic reaction-diffusion systems: the case study of gemcitabine-treated non-small cell lung cancer growth
- Paola Lecca1Email author and
- Daniele Morpurgo1
© Lecca and Morpurgo; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2012
- Published: 7 September 2012
Reaction-diffusion based models have been widely used in the literature for modeling the growth of solid tumors. Many of the current models treat both diffusion/consumption of nutrients and cell proliferation. The majority of these models use classical transport/mass conservation equations for describing the distribution of molecular species in tumor spheroids, and the Fick's law for describing the flux of uncharged molecules (i.e oxygen, glucose). Commonly, the equations for the cell movement and proliferation are first order differential equations describing the rate of change of the velocity of the cells with respect to the spatial coordinates as a function of the nutrient's gradient. Several modifications of these equations have been developed in the last decade to explicitly indicate that the tumor includes cells, interstitial fluids and extracellular matrix: these variants provided a model of tumor as a multiphase material with these as the different phases. Most of the current reaction-diffusion tumor models are deterministic and do not model the diffusion as a local state-dependent process in a non-homogeneous medium at the micro- and meso-scale of the intra- and inter-cellular processes, respectively. Furthermore, a stochastic reaction-diffusion model in which diffusive transport of the molecular species of nutrients and chemotherapy drugs as well as the interactions of the tumor cells with these species is a novel approach. The application of this approach to he scase of non-small cell lung cancer treated with gemcitabine is also novel.
We present a stochastic reaction-diffusion model of non-small cell lung cancer growth in the specification formalism of the tool Redi, we recently developed for simulating reaction-diffusion systems. We also describe how a spatial gradient of nutrients and oncological drugs affects the tumor progression. Our model is based on a generalization of the Fick's first diffusion law that allows to model diffusive transport in non-homogeneous media. The diffusion coefficient is explicitly expressed as a function depending on the local conditions of the medium, such as the concentration of molecular species, the viscosity of the medium and the temperature. We incorporated this generalized law in a reaction-based stochastic simulation framework implementing an efficient version of Gillespie algorithm for modeling the dynamics of the interactions between tumor cell, nutrients and gemcitabine in a spatial domain expressing a nutrient and drug concentration gradient.
Using the mathematical framework of model we simulated the spatial growth of a 2D spheroidal tumor model in response to a treatment with gemcitabine and a dynamic gradient of oxygen and glucose. The parameters of the model have been taken from recet literature and also inferred from real tumor shrinkage curves measured in patients suffering from non-small cell lung cancer. The simulations qualitatively reproduce the time evolution of the morphologies of these tumors as well as the morphological patterns follow the growth curves observed in patients.
s This model is able to reproduce the observed increment/decrement of tumor size in response to the pharmacological treatment with gemcitabine. The formal specification of the model in Redi can be easily extended in an incremental way to include other relevant biophysical processes, such as local extracellular matrix remodelling, active cell migration and traction, and reshaping of host tissue vasculature, in order to be even more relevant to support the experimental investigation of cancer.
- Gemcitabine
- Glucose Uptake
- Virial Coefficient
- Frictional Coefficient
- Reaction Event
As the name indicates, reaction-diffusion models consist of two components. For systems of molecules and atoms, the first component is a set of biochemical reactions which produce, transform or remove chemical species. The second component is a mathematical description of the diffusion process. At molecular level, diffusion is due to the motion of the molecules in a medium. If solutions of different concentrations are brought into contact with each other, the solute molecules tend to flow from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration, and there is ultimately an equalization of concentration. The conceptual framework of a micro-scale reaction-diffusion system can be also adopted to describe the phenomenology of cellular proliferation in tumor growth. Indeed, reaction-diffusion equations based models have been widely used in the literature for modeling the tumor growth. A comprehensive review of reaction-diffusion models and spatial dynamics of tumor growth can be found in [1–4], while specific literature about different variant of reaction-diffusion models of tumor growth can be found in [2, 5–13]. Recently, there have been also interesting approaches to the adaptation of general reaction-diffusion models to the specific patient [14, 15].
In this application domain, the reaction-diffusion models describe the evolution of the tumors via proliferation of malignant cells and their infiltration into the surrounding healthy tissue (see [16] for a review). The building block of these models is the reaction-diffusion type partial differential equations expressing the rate of change of the tumor cell density as sum of two terms. These terms correspond to the two phenomena described by the model: the diffusion term models, via the first Fick's law, the migration of tumor cells within the tissue and the reaction term, that is polynomial in the tumor cell density, models the proliferation of tumor cells [15]. Different reaction-diffusion models proposed in the literature mostly differ by the construction of the diffusion tensor in the mathematical expression of the Fick's law and the form of the proliferation term [15].
In this study we present a multiscale reaction-diffusion model linking the proliferation of malignant cells to (i) the upshot of the interactions between the oncological drug and the tumor cell, (ii) the availability and the rate of uptake of nutrient by the tumor cells, (iii) and, finally the availability and the rate of consumption of oxygen. Moreover, unlike the majority of the existing models of tumor growth, our model is stochastic, i.e. the interactions between tumor cells and drugs, as well as the events of uptake and consumption of nutrients and oxygen are stochastic Markov events. All the reaction-diffusion events are parallel and concurrent. The probability of a given event to be executed is proportional to the number of substrate molecules (for biochemical reactions) or to the number of cells (for interactions like cell proliferation and tumor growth). Recent studies [17] support this approach and show how the competitive intra-cellular reactions for the uptake and consumption of nutrients and oxygen are crucial in determining the tumor morphology.
We developed a generalization of the Fick's laws to model diffusion of drugs, nutrients and oxygen in the tissue, whereas we use the standard Fick's law to model the tumor cell proliferation and invasion following the gradient of nutrients and oxygen. Namely, the number of tumor cells and their spatial proliferation depend on the diffusion of nutrients, oxygen and drugs through the space and on the results of the interaction of these cell with the anticancer drug.
Before proceeding with a detailed explanation of our model of reaction-diffusion system, we briefly introduce the motivations and the guidelines of our work.
The tumor size provides a measure that is useful for describing the time course of tumor response to the chemotherapic treatment. However, tumor growth changes can be observed only through repeat following-up visits and may require sophisticated and expensive hardware and software imaging techniques especially for monitoring the size of in deep-seated tumors. Due to this reason, the measurements of tumor progression in time and space have yet to gain wide application as an end point for drug effects modelling in clinical trials. The measurements of tumor size are still principally used for tumor stage categorization, whereas in the early-phase clinical trials the measurements of changes in hematologic variables have been used as pharmacodynamic targets [18]. Therefore, a pharmacodynamic model that describes the interactions of tumor cells with the oncological drug and with nutrients, as well as the drug effects may have practical potential as a midterm end point for decision making about drug administration schedule and treatment duration. In this article, we focus on the modelling and simulation of the growth of non-small cell lung cancer treated with gemcitabine. This kind of cancer and its pharmacological treatment have been recently studied and new experimental data concerning both the measurements of the progression of tumor size [18] and the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the gemcitabine [19] are now available and enable us to use of the computational models presented in this study.
In order to build an accurate and predictive model of tumor growth, the physical and biochemical non-homogeneous environments in which the tumor arises and progresses, a generalization of the current mathematical formalization of reaction-diffusion systems is needed both at the micro-scale of the intra-cellular phenomena and at the meso-scale of inter-cellular and tissue processes. A preponderance of reaction-diffusion models of intra- and inter- cellular kinetics is usually performed on the premise that diffusion is so fast that all concentrations are maintained homogeneous in space. However, recent experimental data on intra- and inter-cellular diffusion constants, indicate that this supposition is not necessarily valid even for small prokaryotic cells [20, 21]. If the system is composed of a sufficiently large number of molecules, the concentration, i. e. the number of molecules per unit volume, can be represented as a continuous and differentiable variable of space and time. In this limit a reaction diffusion system can be modeled using differential equations. In an unstructured solvent, ideally behaving solutes (i.e. solutes for which solute-solute interaction are negligible) obey the Fick's law of diffusion. However in biological systems even for purely diffusive transport phenomena classical Fickian diffusion is, at best, a first approximation [22, 23]. The intra- and the inter-cellular media are not homogeneous mixtures of chemical species, but highly structured environments partitioned into compartments in which the distribution of the biomolecules could be non-homogeneous. The description of diffusion processes in this environment has to start from a model in which diffusion coefficient contains its dependency on the local concentrations of the solutes and solvent.
In order to tackle this problem, this paper presents a new model of diffusion coefficient for a non-homogeneous non-well-stirred reaction-diffusion system. In this model the diffusion coefficient explicitly depends on the local concentration, frictional coefficient of the particles of the systems, and of the temperature of the reaction environment. In turn, the rates of diffusion of the biochemical species are expressed in terms of these concentration-dependent diffusion coefficients. In this study the purely diffusive transport phenomena of non-charged particles, and, in particular, the case in which diffusion is driven by a chemical potential gradient in the x direction only (the generalization to the three-dimensional case easily ensues) are considered. The generalization of the Fick's law introduced in this work, consists of five main steps: 1. calculation of the local virtual force F per molecules as the spatial derivative of the chemical potential; 2. calculation of the particles mean drift velocity in terms of F and the local frictional coefficient f; 3. estimation of the flux J as the product of the mean drift velocity and the local concentration; 4. definition of diffusion coefficients as function of local activity and frictional coefficients and concentration; and 5. calculation of diffusion rates as the negative first spatial derivative of the flux J.
The diffusion events are modeled as reaction events and the spatial domain of the reaction chamber is divided into N s sub-volumes (or meshes) of size l, that from now on will be called meshes. The movement of a molecule A from box i to box j is represented by the reaction , where A i denotes the molecule A in the box i and A j denotes the molecule A in the box j. The reaction-diffusion system is thus modeled as a pure reaction system in which the diffusion events are first order reactions whose rate coefficients k are expressed in terms of state-dependent diffusion coefficients. The time evolution of the system is computed by a Gillespie-like algorithm [24] that selects at each simulation step in each mesh the fastest reaction, compares the velocities of the N s selected reactions and finally executes the reaction that is by far the fastest.
The paper outlines as follows. First we describe our generalization of the Fick's law, then we briefly describe how it can be incorporated in a stochastic simulation framework. Finally, we present a model of tumor growth and the simulation results.
We summarize here the main passages of the generalization of the Fick's first law. We refer the reader to Lecca et al.[25] for a more comprehensive description of the mathematical structures and passages.
A generalization of Fick's law for modeling diffusion
where is the standard chemical potential of the species i (i.e. the Gibbs energy of 1 mol of species i at a pressure of 1 bar), R = 8.314 J · K - 1 · mol-1 is the ideal gas constant, and T the absolute temperature.
where f i α c i is the frictional coefficient, and v i is the mean drift speed.
i.e. the number of molecules per unit volume multiplied by the linear distance traveled per unit time.
where is the diffusion coefficient midway between the mesh points.
where k f is an empirical constant, whose value can be derived from the ratio R = k f /[η ]: Accordingly to the Mark-Houwink equation [27], [η ] = kM α is the intrinsic viscosity coefficient, α is related to the shape of the molecules of the solvent, and M is the molecular mass of the solute. If the molecules are spherical, the intrinsic viscosity is independent of the size of the molecules, so that α = 0. All globular proteins, regardless of their size, have essentially the same [η ]. If a protein is elongated, its molecules are more effective in increasing the viscosity and [η ] is larger. Values of 1.3 or higher are frequently obtained for molecules that exist in solution as extended chains. Long-chain molecules that are coiled in solution give intermediate values of is α, frequently in the range from 0.6 to 0.75 [27]. For globular macromolecules, R has a value in the range of 1.4 - 1.7, with lower values for more asymmetric particles [28].
Although Eq. (13) is a simplified linear model of the frictional forces, it works quite well in many case studies and can be easily extended to treat more complex frictional effects (see [25, 29]).
An estimate of B is given by truncating the infinite series of functions to j = 4, since simulation results not shown here prove that taking into account the additional terms, obtained for j > 4, does not significantly influence the simulation results [25].
Modelling the stochasticity
Both diffusion and reactions are modelled as reaction events whose dynamics is driven by the First Reaction Method of the Gillespie algorithm.
In particular, the diffusion events are modeled as first-order reactions. namely, the movement of a molecule A from box i to box j is represented by the reaction , where A i denotes the molecule A in the mesh i and A j denotes the molecule A in the mesh j. In this way, the reaction-diffusion system is modeled as a pure reaction system.
The space domain of the system is divided into a number N s of squared meshes of size l. The time evolution of the system is computed by the First reaction Method of Gillespie [24] that at each simulation step selects in each mesh the fastest reaction, compares the velocities of the N s selected reactions and finally executes the reaction that is by far the fastest. The fastest reaction is defined as the reaction whose waiting time is the smallest.
where and are the number of chemical species that diffuse and the number of those the undergo to reactions, respectively. In general , since some species both diffuse and react. In Eq. (30), r i (diff)is the kinetic rate associated to the jumps between neighboring subvolumes, whereas in Eq. (31), r i (react)is the stochastic rate constants of the i-th reaction.
Here we describe the model of tumor growth implemented with the toll Redi. Redi is a software prototype Redi [25] that has been recently developed by Lecca et al. [25, 34] to simulate the mathematical model of stochastic reaction-diffusion system that we have described in the previous section. We refer the reader to the references [25, 34–36] for technical details about the implementation and for a user manual of this software.
Model of tumor growth
The reaction-diffusion system modelling tumor growth involves four components: (i) the drug, gemcitabine, (ii) the tumor cell, (iii) oxygen, and (iv) glucose. The reaction events we modeled are the following:
R1. gemcitabine injection;
R2. gemcitabine diffusion;
R3. gemcitabine degradation (rate parameter k1);
R4. effective interaction of gemcitabine and death of tumor cell (rate parameter k2);
R5. ineffective interaction of gemcitabine: the tumor cell survives to the drug (rate parameter k3);
R6. tumor growth (rate parameter k4);
R7. glucose uptake (rate parameter k5);
R8. oxygen uptake (rate parameter k6);
R9. glucose diffusion;
R10. oxygen diffusion;
R11. tumor turnover (rate parameter k7).
values of parameters and variables in the three models.
Model 1
Model 2
Model 3
Nr. of tumor cell per mesh
Amount of gemcitabine per mesh
1 μg
1 μg
10 μg *
Amount of glucose per mesh
792 μg
Amount of oxygen per mesh
3 μg
Model 1
Model 2
Model 3
Gemcitabine infusion rate (k0)
0.56 pg/sec
Gemcitabine degradation (k1)
2.78 × 10-5 sec-1
Gemcitabine efficacy (k2)
8.33 × 10-7 (mm · sec) -1
Rate constant of resistance appearance (k3)
2.78 × 10-8
Tumor growth rate (k4)
5.56 × 10-5 mm/sec
Glucose uptake rate constant(k5)
10.4 pg/sec
0.0104 pg/sec
10.4 pg/sec
Oxygen uptake rate constant (k6)
0.16 pg/sec
Tumor turnover (k7)
218 mm · week
Molecular weight of gemcitabine
0.29966 kD
Molecular weight of gslucose
0.18016 kD
Molecular weight of oxygen
0.01801528 kD
categorization of patients and average values of gemcitabine efficacy.
Category of patient
Median value of efficacy
0.03817219 (cm · hours)-1
0.03815441 (cm · hours)-1
0.02937583 (cm · hours)-1
0.07753538 (cm · hours)-1
0.03815441 (cm · hours)-1
Finally, the parameters of reactions R7 (k5) and R8 (k6) have been taken from [40, 41] and [42, 43], respectively.
According to reactions R9 and R10, tissues receive glucose and oxygen perfusing through the vessel wall and diffusing in the extracellular space.
Finally, the event R11 (tumor turnover) refers to the replacement of old tumor cells with newly generated ones from the existing ones. Tumor turnover is measured in units of sec · mm, and its value (k7) for non-small lung cancer cell has been measured by Tham et al. [18].
We simulated the morphological changes of an irregular 2D spheroidal tumor having an initial diameter of 3 mm. The size of the computational space is 40 × 40 squared meshes each of which represents a squared portion of tissue having a side of 1 mm. If we assume that the cells have a diameter of 50 μ m, a mesh of 1 mm2 is approximately occupied by 2457 cells.
All the events R1-R11 are modelled as reaction-events as in the following
R1. gemcitabine injection: zeroth-order reaction ∅ → gemcitabine
R2. gemcitabine diffusion: first order reaction modelling the movement of gemcitabine molecules from mesh k to the mesh k': gemcitabine k gemcitabine k', where defined by Eq. (32);
R3. gemcitabine degradation (rate parameter k1);
R4. effective interaction of gemcitabine and death of tumor cell (rate parameter k2);
R5. ineffective interaction of gemcitabine: the tumor cell survives to the drug (rate parameter k3);
R6. tumor growth (rate parameter k4);
R7. glucose uptake (rate parameter k5): zeroth-order reaction glucose;
R8. oxygen uptake (rate parameter k6): : zeroth-order reaction ; oxygen;
R9. glucose diffusion: first order reaction modelling the movement of gemcitabine molecules from mesh k to the mesh k': glucose k glucose k' , where r(diff) is defined by Eq. (32);
R10. oxygen diffusion: first order reaction modelling the movement of gemcitabine molecules from mesh k to the mesh k': oxygen k oxygen k' , where r(diff) is defined by Eq. (32);
R11. tumor turnover (rate parameter k7): a zeroth-order reaction describes the generation of new tumor cells from the existing ones; a subsequent first order reaction specifies the replacement of old tumor cells with newly generated ones.
We developed three models, by changing the values of the glucose uptake, the dose of gemcitabine and the number of tumor cell per mesh. In vivo and in vitro experiments carried on in the last decade highlight the crucial role of these variables in governing the dynamics of tumor growth. Some reference experimental studies in this regards are reported in [44–47]. Table 1 reports the initial values of the variables as well as the values of the parameters in the three models. The Model 1 is the reference model whose parameter have physiological values and the dose of gemcitabine is the one usually administered in vivo and in vitro clinical trials. In Model 2 we decreased the number of tumor cells per mesh and the rate of glucose uptake (100 cells per mesh instead of 2547 cells per mesh). In Model 3, we increased the dose of gemcitabine (10 μg instead of 1 μg). The orders of magnitude of changes of the parameter values in Model 2 and Model 3 are those that cause a significant change in the tumor growth progression.
Figure 3 shows the simulation of Model 3, where we increased the dose of gemcitabine by a factor 10 to explore the behavior of the tumor mass for the extreme limit of an unrealistic dosage configuration. The rate of glucose uptake is the same as in Model 1. We observed a behavior similar to the one observed in the simulation of Model 1.
As expected, from these simulations we deduced that the effect of gemcitabine is stronger (i) at the early stage of the tumor (i.e. when the number of tumor cells is still low) and the rate of glucose uptake is also low (Model 2), or (ii) if the dose if greater them 1,000 mg.
At the best of our knowledge our study is the first attempt to model and simulate the tumor growth of non-small cell lung cancer in space and time. We validated our models by comparing the time behavior of the longitudinal size of the tumor ellipsoid with the theoretical and experimental results of Tham et al. [18]: we found a good agreement between the experimental data and the predictions of Model 2 and Model 3, such as the dosage of body gemcitabine necessary to slow down and arrest the growth of tumor (about 10 μg of body dose as in [18]), and the rate of tumor growth in the case of an insufficient amount of drug (between 0.5 an 1 mm per week as in the graph reported in [18]). Moreover these models confirm the correlation between glucose uptake and pharmacological treatment as reported by Duhaylongsod et al. in [44]. Namely, comparing the results of Model 2 and Model 3 with those of Model 1 we confirmed the necessity of a higher dose of gemcitabine or conversely of the reduction of the glucose uptake [18, 48] for obtaining a significant increment of tumor shrinkage.
We have presented a computational framework for modeling and simulating the spatial dynamics of the diffusion of biological entities at micro- and meso-scale in a non-homogeneous medium. We use these mathematical and computational structure to model and simulate a non-small cell lung cancer treated with gemcitabine. The drug efficacy and the rate constant of resistance appearance have been estimated from real tumor growth curves recorded in 56 patients. The other parameters have been obtained from the literature reporting the in vitro experiments of the last decade. We explored the behavior of the model under different conditions concerning the rate of glucose uptake, the number of tumor cells and the dose of gemcitabine. The proposed models reproduce the expected tumor growth rate at the optimal body concentration of gemcitabine and confirm the correlation between glucose uptake and the response to the chemotherapy. At the best of our knowledge, this study is the first attempt to build a reaction-diffusion model of non-small cell lung cancer by integrating data from in vivo experiments and by inferring kinetic parameters from the tumor shrinkage curves of patients with the purpose to provide in silico-generated dynamical images of the morphology of this kind of tumor.
Nonlinear models of cancer growth are needed to understand the phenomenon of realistic cancer growth. Simulations of such models conducted to determine the patterns of cancer growth and cancer response to drug and nutrient supply could support the design of the administration schedule and the duration of the therapy. Moreover, a computational model of a reaction-diffusion system taking into account the stochasticity of the interaction between drugs and tumor cells as well as the non-homogeneity of the intra- and inter-cellular medium may be a contribution toward this direction. Further extensions of this study are in progress and consider the opportunity to include immunological and angiogenic factors and interactions to make the current models more accurate, realistic and of greater medical interest.
The authors would like to thank Corrado Priami of the Microsoft Research - University of Trento Centre for Computational and Systems Biology of Trento (Italy), and University of Trento, for his valuable suggestions, R. A. Soo of the Department of Hematology-Oncology, National University Hospital of Singapore, and Lai San Tham of the Lilly-NUS Centre for Clinical Pharmacology for their indications.
This article has been published as part of BMC Bioinformatics Volume 13 Supplement 14, 2012: Selected articles from Research from the Eleventh International Workshop on Network Tools and Applications in Biology (NETTAB 2011). The full contents of the supplement are available online at http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcbioinformatics/supplements/13/S14
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