text:
This proceeding is available on CD-ROM
1st Computer Networking Conference
Review Abstracts CNC 1
2nd Computer Networking Conference
Review Abstracts CNC 2
3rd Computer Networking Conference
Review Abstracts CNC 3
4th Computer Networking Conference
Review Abstracts CNC 4
1st Computer Networking Conference
2nd Computer Networking Conference
3rd Computer Networking Conference
4th Computer Networking Conference
1st Computer Networking Conference
Review Abstracts CNC 1
October 16-17, 1981
2nd Computer Networking Conference
Review Abstracts CNC 2
March 19, 1983
3rd Computer Networking Conference
Review Abstracts CNC 3
April 15, 1984
4th Computer Networking Conference
Review Abstracts CNC 4
March 30, 1985
1st Computer Networking Conference
October 16-17, 1981
This proceeding is available on CD-ROM
- Location:
- National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, Maryland
- Coordinator:
- Paul L. Rinaldo, W4RI
- Hosted by:
- Radio Amateur Satellite Corporation (AMSAT)
Amateur Radio Research and Development Corporation (AMRAD)
- Amateur Packet Network Agenda
by Paul L. Rinaldo, W4RI
- Introduction - The American Radio Relay League (ARRL)
is sponsoring this first international Amateur Radio Computer
Networking Conference for several reasons. One is to recognize
the innovative work that Canadian and U.S. amateurs have already
done in packet radio. Another is to explore the possibilities
of an integrated amateur packet network. Assuming that there is
a consensus that a network can be developed, the third is to try
to set up a framework for orderly growth.
This paper outlines my current thinking on some aspects of amateur packet radio networking. I have included a number of things that I believe should be considered at this conference and in the few months ahead.
- SOFTNET - Packet Radio in Sweden
by Jens Zander, SM5HEV
- Abstract - An experimental packet radio network is under construction at the University of Linkoping, Sweden. The network is distributed and all nodes are programmable via the network during normal operation. This concept gives full flexibility at all levels. Experiments at low levels, such as access schemes, as well as at high levels, such as routing and flow-control, are possible. Finally, the implementation of the network is sketched.
- An Expandable Microwave Network for Multimode Communications
by Dave Ingram, K4TWJ
- The projected network described in the paper was originally conceived with the purpose of interlinking communities and cities on a broadband basis. Numerous other capabilities, however, were soon included to permit almost direct compatibility with future communication expansions. The resultant network is highly flexible: it may be instigated between adjoining communities and or cities, with additional networks being implemented in other areas and interlinked as desired. Communication modes which ca n be handled by the network are limited only by users desires and their respective modes. A basic outline of the microwave network shown in Figure 1, and an overview of its operation follow.
- Deaf Telecommunications Networking
by Barry Strassler
- Thank you every one of you for giving me the opportunity to give you a glimpse into the world of deaf telecommunications. It should be of interest to you because out technology interrelates with yours in many ways, and perhaps might even spur you on to better developments.
- From RTTY to Packets
by Joe Kasser, G3ZCZ
- Introduction - Putting a microprocessor into an RTTY station can improve the usefulness of the station by orders magnitude. RTTY comes in various aspects: there is the old fashioned Baudot network chugging along at 45.5 baud; the new ASCII links are running at 300 bauds and exchanging computer data; and, up and coming are the packet radio networks. This article discusses the whole arena of digital communications and shows how each is a step in the whole picture; and how as computers are added, a digital network can be developed that can accommodate users with almost and equipment (e.g., a Model 15 Baudot machine and an ASCII terminal) can communicate via microprocessor based repeaters.
- Network Architecture and Protocols for a Widespread Amateur
Digital Communications Network
by Douglas Lockhart, VE7APU
- In the last couple of years the Vancouver Amateur Digital Communications Group (VADCG) programmable communication controller has been used in many areas of the U.S. and Canada. As one of those who worked on the development of the board and its software, I am very please to see that it has gained fairly widespread acceptance in the Amateur Radio fraternity. It was not so clear, a couple of years ago, whether or not it would be accepted because it involved the use of techniques unused in Amateur Radio at the time.
- On the Care and Feeding of Your Packet Repeater
by Hank Magnuski, KA6M
- Abstract - This paper will describe the construction and functioning of the KA6M packet repeater, and will report on the operational results during the first 10 months of service. Since its initial turn-on in December of 1980, the repeater has been transformed from an experiment to a major Bay Area repeater serving a user group now approaching 30 stations. The repeater has been extremely important in testing new hardware and software, and in provoking interest in the area's amateur community.
- On the Use of a Two-Frequency Traditional Voice Repeater for
Local Area Packet Networking
by David W. Borden, K8MMO
- Abstract - In using the VADCG Terminal Node Controller (TNC) board in the Washington D.C. Metro area, members of the Amateur Radio research and Development Corporation (AMRAD) have found it convenient to use an existing voice two meter repeater for packet work. This paper addresses some of the problems encountered with this approach and some of the benefits that accrue.
- Formation of Local Standards in North Jersey Packet Group
by E. Robinson, W2FPY
- The successful introduction of digital packet communications to amateur radio depends not only upon the technical standards of the hardware and software of the packet interface, but also upon the resources and needs of the local amateur community. The planning of a local packet network requires examination of factors such as the available engineering talent, financial resources of both individuals and the packet group as a whole, and pre-existing user equipment.
- An Emergency and Routine Communication Network for Illinois
Using Packet Radio Techniques
by Richard W. Doering, WA6CFM and Forrest R. George, W9SKD
- Abstract - Amateur Radio teletypewriter and computer communication may be enhanced using a packet radio network to time share network nodes, detect and correct errors, expand geographic coverage, and facilitate bulletin broadcasting. The network is based on a access 0 persistent protocol. Application of such an area packet radio network to emergency and routine communication in northern Illinois is discussed.
- Computer-Controlled Message Handling
by Russell D. Ward, Jr. WA4ZZU
- Although usage of computers in Amateur Radio is slowly increasing, some study should be given to methods of promoting this utilization. This paper will show two methods of increasing computer message handling in Amateur Radio. These two methods are increased availability in the middle-term future and increased use of present capacity.
2nd Computer Networking Conference
March 19, 1983
This proceeding is available on CD-ROM
- Location:
- San Francisco, California
- Coordinators:
- Hank S. Magnuski, KA6M
Paul L. Rinaldo, W4RI
- Hosted by:
- Amateur Radio Research and Development Corporation (AMRAD)
Pacific Packet Radio Society
2nd Computer Networking Conference
March 19, 1983
- The PACKSAT Project
by Den Connors, KD2S
- Abstract: AMSAT has begun the design and development of a new form of Amateur Satellite. The PACSAT series of satellite systems has as a design goal total I global access by all hams to a store-and-forward packet radio message handler. AMSAT is proposing the design and prototyping of a satellite-based experiment for advanced digital packet satellite communications experiments.
- AX.25 Level 2 Protocol
by Terry L. Fox, WB4JFI
- Abstract: This paper contains the latest draft of the AX.25 protocol specification. This is the first public release of this draft. Earlier drafts have been given to specific individuals for comment and as a reference for software development. Changes should be expected. Please check the AMRAD Newsletter for announcements of later versions.
- Level 3 Position Paper
by Terry L. Fox, WB4JFI
- Abstract: Now that the amateur packet radio community seems to have agreed on a protocol at layer 2, the link level of the Open System Interface Reference Model (OSI-RM), it appears that it is time to begin to work on the layer 3, or network layer. Layer 3 is actually made up of two sub-layers, a local and metropolitan network sub-layer, and an internetwork sublayer.
- A New Packet-Radio-Controller Board
by Terry L. Fox, WB4JFI
- Abstract: This paper dessribes the AMRAD packet assembler/disassembler (PAD) to be released soon. It is Zilog Z80A based, uses a Zilog 8530 serial communications controller and is packaged on an S100 pc board.
- Design Decisions for the TAPR TNC Link Level
by David Henderson, KD4NL
- Abstract: The decisions that were made up front on the software side of the TAPR project have had a very strong impact on the implementation and success of that project. Following is a review of some the design decisions that were made long before coding started, and a chronicle their impact upon implementation and performance.
- Unique Features of the TAPR TNC
by Lyle Johnson, WA7GXD
- Background: The Tucson Amateur Packet Radio (TAPR) Terminal Node Controller (TNC) began as a local project done by a handful of Tucson-area Amateurs late in 1981. The project attracted enough attention to cause the formation of a formal club as well as an enlarged number of participants. As interest continued to grow, TAPR incorporated as a nonprofit R&D group, and the TNC project changed from a local effort to include active participation in the design, implementation and testing phases with Amateurs from the West Coast to the Northeast.
- Modulation and Access Techniques for PACSAT
by Phil R. Karn, KA9Q/2
- Abstract: This paper describes work underway within AMSAT to define modulation, channel access methods, and related system-level considerations in the I design of the store-and-forward packet I radio satellite known as PACSAT. This is not intended as a comprehensive design specification, primarily because I one doesn't yet exist! In particular, I only those decisions primarily concerning spacecraft hardware design are emphasized here, since the details I of control algorithms, protocols, etc, will reside in software capable of being changed and reloaded into the onboard computer(s) after launch.
- A Block-Oriented Interface for CP/M and the VADCG Terminal Node Controller
by Douglas Lockhart, VE7APU/3
- Abstract: This paper describes a system of hardware and software which provides for the transfer of blocks of data between a VADCG Terminal Node Controller (TNC) and a CP/M system with a serial interface. Both the software to run in the TNC and in the CP/M system is included. The system provides block transfers, data transparency, flow control and error checking and retransmission in both directlons over the interface.
- Link-Level Address Mechanisms in Amateur Radio Protocols
by Hank S. Magnuski, KA6M
- Abstract: In October, 1982, agreement was reached on a new Link Level protocol for amateur packet radio networks. One of the unique aspects of the protocol is the set of address f ields used at the beginning of each frame. This paper reviews the types of addressing used prior to the adoption of the new standard, and explains in detail how the new address mechanism works.
- Real-Time Low-Level Software on the TAPR TNC
by Margaret Morrison, KV7D
- Introduction: This paper describes the low-level assembly language routines (LLR) of software released with the Tucson Amateur Packet Radio (TAPR) Beta Test terminal node controllers (TNCs). The primary functions performed by these routines are initialization of peripheral devices and data in RAM, maintaining input and output (I/O) buffers, servicing interrupts from peripheral devices, handling nonvolatile RAM data storage and retrieval, and calibration and checkout routines. Entry points are provided which are appropriate to the subroutine calling sequence of the Pascal compiler used for the high-level routines (HLR). In addition, a low-level debug program provides capability for direct access to peripherals, inspection of RAlf and ROM locations, and execution of temporary code in RAM. The present LLR code occupies about six kilobytes of ROM.
- Designing the TAPR TNC Audio Input Filter
by Margaret Morrison, KV7D and Dan Morrison, KV7B
- Abstract: Standard modulation for present terminal node controllers is Bell 202 compatible 1200 Hz / 2200 Hz phase-continuous FSK. Fig. 1 shows the typical spectral characteristics of such data. Notice that frequencies ranging from about 500 Hz to 2900 Hz are present in random NRZI data. One might guess that frequencies outside the central region from 1000 Hz to 2400 Hz could be eliminated with no degradation of demodulator performance. This turns out to be incorrect: the demodulator PLL needs this information to ensure timely response to data transitions. Thus, the ideal audio response over the link should be flat from below 500 Hz to over 2900 Hz.
- Packet Radio for Emergency Communications
by Bob Neben, K9BL
- Abstract: There is a need to redesign the techniques we use to handle emergency trafflc. Many of us are combining processor controlled equipment and traffic handling techniques designed in the 1930's.
- Multi-use Design Considerations for the TAPR TNC
by Harold E. Price, NK6R
- Abstract: The Amateur Packet Radio Terminal Node Controller (TNC) built by TAPR Inc. is designed to meet the needs of a wide range of users, from the technical experimenter to the "appliance operator" end user. This paper discusses the human engineering factors which went into the design of the TNC's external software interfaces that enable it to serve a heterogeneous user
- Packet Radio - A Software Approach
by Robert M. Richardson, W4UCH
- Abstract:
A software rather than hardware approach to synchronous Packet Radio communication at 1200 or 2400 Baud using the Radio Snack TRS-80, Model I or Model III microcomputer is described. The program duplicates virtually all the functions provided by the Vancouver Area Digital Communications Group (VADCG) terminal node controller board which requires an 8085 microprocessor, an 8273 synchronous data link controller (SDLC), an 8250 serial I/O, and a number of EPROM and RAM memory chips, plus a separate microcomputer with RS232C interface and a 1200/2200 Hz modem.
- The only external equipment required by the software approach, other than a TRS-80, amateur VHF transceiver and antenna, is a port zero encoder/decoder, and two EXAR chips for AFSK keying and demodulation. The proqram has been extensively tested on the 2 meter amateur band working into southern Ontario and locally in western New York.
- Introducing the Packet Adaptive Modem (PAM)
by Paul L. Rinaldo, W4RI
- Abstract: This paper describes a modem design undertaken by Robert E. Watson and the author. The modem was designed primarily for high-freguency packet radio applicatlons. It operates at slgnaling rates of 75, 150, 300, 600 and 1200 bauds. The data rate is sof tware controllable through a modifled RS-232-C port. A frequency shift of 600 Hz is mamntained for all data rates. The modulator is phase continuous and provides X32 or X64 clock to the packet assembler/disassembler (PAD) or termlnal-node controller (TNC). The demodulator employs a National MF10 switched-capacitor filter SCF chip for each of the 1500-Hz mark and 2100Hz space frequencies. Bandwidths of the MF10s are software controllable to accoramodate different received data rates and receiver frequency tolerances. A Point-to-point wired prototype of the modem hag been built on an S-100 perf board. Power may be taken from the S-100 bus or provided by a separate power supply. The prototype has been laboratory tested with excellent "eye diagrams" on speeds up to 600 baud with some eye closing at 1200 bauds. Still pending is a design declsion whether to combine an optimal minimumshlft keying (msk) demodulator circuitry for 1200baud operation with this modem or to make it a separate modem. Upon completion pc boards and documentatlon will the made available to amateurs.
- SOFTNET - An Approach to High-Level Packet Communication
by Jens Zsnder, SM5HEV and Robert Forchheimer
- Abstract: SOFTNET is a packet-radio concept under development in Sweden. The network is distributed and all nodes are programmable via the network during normal operation. This concept represents an unconventional approach to the protocol issue and offers elegant solutions to the higher level communication problems. This paper gives a programming model of the network, along with some illustrating examples.
3rd Computer Networking Conference
April 15, 1984
This proceeding is available on CD-ROM
- Location:
- Trenton, New Jersey
- Coordinator:
- Paul L. Rinaldo, W4RI
- Hosted by:
- American Radio Relay League (ARRL)
3rd Computer Networking Conference
April 15, 1984
- Networking Considerations for the Amateur Packet Network
by J. Gordon Beattie Jr., N2DSY
- Abstract: Several issues related to internetwork communications require the discussion and consensus of the amateur community if packet communications facilities are to be flexible for the users and coordinators alike. IN this article, the reader will be shown a system of suggested network hierarhies and the interface control procedures required. These hierarchies are patterned after the ARL's National Traffic System. This is not to say that this writer is suggesting a monolithic structure. In fact, some sections or regions may evolve with several networks covering the same area. This will occur as a result of demand or interest in a particular area. Such a situation is like having early ane late sessions of an NTS net, except packet networks can run continuously and simultaneously.
- The Eastnet Network Controller
by David W. Borden, K8MMO
- Abstract: This paper describe a proposed packet radio network control computer running at high packet baud rates on the East Coast Amateur Packet Network, EASTNET. Principally discussed is the digital hardware, but also mentioned is some crude digital side uses STD bus hardware developed by Jon Bloom, KE3Z to begin testing, and eventually will use the AMRAD Packet Assembler Disassembler (PAD) board running in an S-100 Bus (IEEE-696) computer.
- HF Packets: Modems and Gateways
by Robert E. Bruninga, WB4APR
- Abstract: With the increaseing Packet Radio activity and need for long-haul linking between Local Area Networks (LANs), a number of experiments are being conducted on the viability of packet radio on the HF bands.
- Eastnet: An East Coast Packet Radio Network
by Robert E. Bruninga, WB4APR
- Abstract: The idea of a digital packet radio network linking the East Coast was envisioned in the late 1970' 6 when the Department of Communications in Canada and later the Federal Communications Commission in the US authorized the transmission of digital data over amateur radio frequencies. Today, EASTNET is a reality with relay sites becoming operational in Washington DC, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, Connecticut, and Boston. By 1985, connectivity from Boston to Norfolk will be established. This paper will discuss the present status of EASTNET and will propose an orderly plan for development of a more sophisticated, higher data rate system. Repeater siting considerations and frequency planning will be addressed.
- The Racing Problem: A Packet Solution
by Robert E. Bruninga, WB4APR
- Abstract: Last June several members of AMRAD participated in the Old Dominion horse ride and 100 mile endurance run near Front Royal Virginia by providing mobile and emergency communications. A dozen or so checkpoints were manned by radio amateurs as well as shotgun riders with each of the key event and emergency personnel to provide VHF communication throughout the several county area of rural roads and 1500 foot mountains. A portable repeater was constructed out of two Icom 2AT walkie-talkies and battery powered throughout the weekend event. This was only the beginning of the excitement involved in designing a better way to do it next year. In fact, our primary interest as noted in Dave Borden's AMRAD Newsletter Packet column of July 83 was the desire to link a system of computers on packet radio to handle the data on the over one hundred horses, riders and runners so that information would be readily available at key points for emergency purposes. This paper will describe a distributed data base system implemented with Commodore 64 and VIC-20 Computers linked via amateur packet radio.
- ISO Reference Model Review
by Terry Fox, WB4JFI
- Abstract: This paper will review the status and positions of the various layers in the ISO (International Standards Organization) OSI-RM as applied to amateur packet radio.
- AX.25 Network Sublayer Protocol Recommendation
by Terry Fox, WB4JFI
- Abstract: This is the first of four papers that make up a protocol recommendation for AX.25 at Level 3A, the network sublayer. This eries of papers is being generated by AMRAD after a series of meeting between AMRAD members Paul Rinaldo, W4RI, Terry Fox, WB4JFI, Dave Borden, K8MMO, Eric Scace, K3NA, and Gordon Beattie, N2DSY. This is a first draft, corrections and ammendments will be forthcoming. Follow the AMRAD Newsletter (see information in the first paper ot this series) for further information.
- Packet Formats of AX.25 Level 3 Protocol
by Terry Fox, WB4JFI
- Abstract: This paper is Part two of a series of papers that describe The Network Sublayer portion of an AX. 25 data communications system. The purpose of this paper is to describe the formats of the various types of packets used to establish, maintain, and tear down a connection between a DTE and a DCE, along with the packets necessary to control the data flow along that connection while it is operational. This paper was generated by taking the CCITT X.25 document and adding or deleting nformation pertaining to amateur radio data networking. This is a first draft, corrections and ammendments will be forthcoming. Follow the AMRAD Newsletter (see information in the first paper ot this series) for further information.
- Optional Facilities for AX.25 Level 3 Protocol
by Terry Fox, WB4JFI
- Abstract: This paper is the third in a series of papers that make up a recommendation for the AX.25 Network Sublayer protocol. The purpose of this paper is to describe optional user facilities requested of the network or called DTE at time of a call request. Included in these facilities are standard CCITT recommended facilities, and additional amateur network facilities. The amateur facilities are suggested by the draft committee, reader suggestions or comments are invited. This is a first draft, corrections and ammendments will be forthcoming. Follow the AMRAD Newsletter (see information in the first paper ot this series) for further information.
- Annex A Through F for AX.25 Level 3 Protocol
by Terry Fox, WB4JFI
- Abstract: This is the fourth of four papers that make up a recommendation for the AX.25 Network Sublayer protocol. This paper contains the annexes for the previous three papers. These annexes are based on the CCITT X.25 document, modified as necessary to operate in the amateur environment. This is a first draft, corrections and ammendments will be forthcoming. Follow the AMRAD Newsletter (see information in the first paper ot this series) for further information.
- An Enhanced Terminal Node Controller
by Lyle Johnson, WA7GXD
- Abstract: This paper describes changes made in the Terminal Node Controller (TNC) developed by Tucson Amateur Packet Radio (TAPR) as a result of extensive field evaluation during the TAPR Beta test.
- Some Thoughts on AX.25 Level Two
by Lyle Johnson, WA7GXD
- Abstract: Comparisons are made between commercial packet-switching applications and the unique Amateur radio environment. Suggestions for enhancing the AX.25 Level Two protocol are given.
- The OSCAR-ll Packet Experiment
by Lyle Johnson, WA7GXD
- Abstract: UoSAT/OSCAR-ll contains a digital storeand-forward communications facility. This paper presents some background on the development and implementation of this experiment as well as describing its design.
- A New Vancouver Protocol
by Douglas Lockhart, VE7APU
- Abstract: This paper describes a new datalink protocol which is being developed by the author in Vancouver and being tested in Toronto. It is designed to replace the previous link level protocol commonly known as the 'Vancouver protocol' and it addresses all the major limitations of that protocol.
- Working 'Packet' on OSCAR 10
by H.S. Magnuski, RA6M
- Abstract: This paper summarizes the technical and operational aspects of trying to communicate via packet radio on the AMICON channel of AMSAT's Oscar 10 satellite. A calculation of effective throughput is made which considers factors other than the traditional Eb/No parameter.
- A Packet Radio Emergency Communications System
by Bob Neben, K9BL
- Abstract: We have come a long way in the use of packet radio. In the past few years we have gone from a handful of experimenters proving the particality of the concept, to hundreds and soon thousands of active Packeteers. Talking to one another to help the synergism of ideas is valuable, but the time is now to start building a viable system that will help public good.
- An Application Note Describing A Low Power RS232 Like Interface
by Paul Newland, AD7I
- Abstract: Radio Amateurs are beginning to make use of low-power (LP) micrprocessor systems for controllers and now have need for a LP serial Interface to connect them to other LP terminals or computers . This application note describes a LP serial interface that is compatible with conventional RS232 terminals plus the new "lap" computers that have only a "sort-of" RS232 serial interface.
- Q-Call
by Paul Newland, AD7I
- Abstract: This document defines a method of provldlng a Selectlve Group Cal I inq (SGC) facility on top of CCIR Rec 476-3 (AMTOR) MODE-Bc. SGC has application on 80 meters and VHF where propagatlon provides cons I stent communications . It provides a mechanism to allow a group of statlons to intercommunicate Without printing messages of other groups or andindividuals sharing the channel.
- Packet Radio Software Approach - 1984 Onwards
by Robert M Richardson, W4UCH
- Abstract: The future of the software approach is 'crystal balled' bv the author of 'Synchronous Pac~et Radio - The Software Approach' (Vols. 1, 2, & 3) and 'The Gunnplexcr Cookbook - A 10 GHz Microwave Primer.' Topics discussed include: - Bringing the software approach to the top of the learning curve. - New generation microprocessors influence on the software approach. - Low power requirement applications of the software approach to remote terrestrial repeaters and spacecraft. - Implementing the software approach on very low-cost microcomputers. - Future packet predictions year 2000 AD.
- Packet Radio - The 3rd Generation Software Approach AX.25 Protocol
by Robert M. Richardson, W4UG
- Abstract: The 3rd generation 'software approach' to 1200 baud packet radio using the AX.25 protocol is described. This approach consists of software written in assembly language to replace the Tucson Amateur Packet Radio (TAPR) terminal node controller (TNC) which includes: - the TNC's 6809E microprocessor. - the TNC's costly SDLC/HDLC controller. - the TNC's large 25K to 35K EPROM. - the TNC's dynamic RAM. - the TNC's RS232 UART - the TNC's ancillary support chipS.
- A Mini-Sized Bulletin Board System Possible Standard for Packet Radio
by Robert M. Richardson, W4UCH
- Abstract: AUTO connect/disconnect mode for unattended operation is available with the Vancouver Area Digital Communications Group's terminal node controller (TNC), the Tucson Amateur Packet Radio TNC, and 'Synchronous Packet Radio Using the Software Approach - AX.25 Protocol' software TNC.
- Keyboard Input Message With Automatic Switching in Connected
Mode and Return for Packet Radio Using Software Approach
by Robert M. Richardson, W4UCH
- Abstract: A number of options open to the programmer are discussed including manual switching, using interrupts, and psuedo interrupt mode. The objective is to emulate as closely as possible the packet radio hardware approach (VADCG and TAPR TNC) which utilize their own microprocessor, ROM, and RAM plus a separate host microcomputer.
- Adding Multiple Repeater Capability to Packet Radio Using the
Software Approach AX.25 Vol.2
by Robert M. Richardson, W4UCH
- Abstract: A breif assembly language subroutine to add multiple repeater call letter decoding within the address field of a received AX.25 frame is described.
4th Computer Networking Conference
March 30, 1985
This proceeding is available on CD-ROM
- Location:
- San Francisco, California
- Coordinators:
- Paul L. Rinaldo, W4RI
Dr. Henry S. Magnuski, KA6M
- Hosted by:
- American Radio Relay League (ARRL)
4th Computer Networking Conference
March 30, 1985
- Communications Protocols for the Network and Transport Layers
of the Amateur Packet Network
by J. Gordon Beattie, Jr., N2DSY and Thomas A. Moulton, W2VY
- Abstract: There has been much discussion among amateurs about internetworking with other areas of the country and globe. This has led to the introduction of terms into the vocabulary of many amateurs, many of whom are newly equipped with computers. In this paper, we will present the ISO/CCITT Open Systems concept and its impact on the protocols we wili be using to provide reliable data transfer in the amateur network. In order to provide a basls for contrast, we will also introduce the U.S. Department of Defense protocols.
- Proposal: Recommendation AX.121NA Numbering Plan for the
Amateur Radio Network in North America
by J. Gordon Beattie, Jr., N2DSY and Thomas A. Moulton, W2VY
- Abstract: The purpose of this Numbering Plan is to facilitate the introduction of amateur data networks and provide for lnternetworking ln the North American region.
- The Frequency Agile Message System (FAMS)
by David W. Borden, K8MMO
- Abstract: With the increasing traffic appearing on local two meter packet radio channels, computer packet radio message systems appear to the casual conversationalist typer as channel hogs The message systems interfere in two modes. First, a typer user connects with it and downloads large packets of file data, help messages, directory etc. Second, a semi-automatic store and forward mode is invoked periodically to forward messages further up the network to other messages systems. The service these message systems provide more than justifies their existence, so the answer is not to ban them. A new method might alleviate the interference and retain their useful features This method involves frequency agility, the ability to switch frequencies on command, to pass traffic.
- EASTNET: A Year Later
by Bob Bruninga, WB4APR
- Abstract: The original goal of EASTNET to link the eastern seaboard from Washington DC to Boston was met more or less on August 6, 1984 when packets were exchanged via the repeater path WB4APR-6 in Elk Neck Maryland, WA2LQQ-O in Warwick NY, WORLI-O in Westford MA, and KD2S-l in Lowell MA. Since that time numerous alternate paths have been exercised but the saturation of the primary link frequency of 145.01 MHz during prime evening hours has prevented routine end-to-end multi-hop paths.
- Packet Radio Timing Considerations
by David Engle, KE6ZE
- Abstract: This Paper presents an analysis of existing packet radio systems and equipment (2 Meter AFSK). Both dual and single frequency repeater efficiencies are analyzed. The results demonstrate the relative inefficiencies of the existing networks. These inefficiencies reduce the effective capacity of a 1200 baud channel to 300-500 baud. In order to correct some of these inefficiencies a few suggestions are offered.
- Of Virtual Circuits, Datagrams, and the Circular File
by Terry Fox, WB4JFl
- Abstract: This paper presents s1ightly biased view of the main two types of networking concepts being discussed for amateur radio.
- CCITT X.224 Transport Layer Protocol Basic Description
by Terry Fox, WB4JFI
- Abstract: In order to assure absolute data integrity through the amateur network, some form of transport layer protocol should be employed between the entry and exit points of the network. In datagram service, this transport comes in two basic forms, the Transmission Control Procedure (the TCP in TCP/IP) and the User Datagram Protocol, or UDP. The UDP is a very small transport protocol, and as such does not provide absolute data integrity under all conditions. The TCP is a much more robust protocol, and as such is capable of assuring absolute data integrity through the network, with a much higher overhead.
- FADCA GATOR Link 1 Packet Radio Linking Network
by Howard Goldstein, N2WX and Ted Huf, K4NTA
- Abstract: The GATOR LINK 1 concept was devised in the summer of 1984 by a group of members of the Florida Amateur Digital Communications Association (FADCA) as a method of linking packet radio digipeaters into a system that would provide wide area communications without the problems involved in single frequency digipeating. It was recognized that while AX.25 Level 2 provided a means of linking digipeaters, as packet radio activity grew, it would be more difficult to use this feature because of collisions.
- Modifying the Hamtronics FM-5 for 9600 bps Packet Operation
by Steve Goode, K9NG
- Abstract: Within the last year considerable attention has been given to level three linking of local area packet groups across the country. Experiments Using virtual and datagram circuits are under discussion. This paper presents an interface board and the necessary modifications to the Hamtronics FM-5 220 MHz transceiver allowing operation at 9600 bits per second (bps) to provide a high speed link between the local area networks.
- Packet Radio for Distance Teaching in the Third World
by Phil Gray, KA7TWQ
- Abstract: How Packet Radio could greatly improve the intersctive capabilities of Distance Teaching. Some views on how Packet Radio could improve the delivery and efficiency of Distance Teaching in Less-Developed Countries.
- Packet Radio Development - 1985
by Lyle V. Johnson, WA7GXD
- Abstract: A review of packet growth since the Third ARRL Networking Conference is followed by a discussion of anticipated expansion of packet activity during the next year. A framework for orderly growth is presented, based on the above observations.
- Packet Radio and the National Hurricane Center
by Joel I. Kandel, KI4T
- Abstract: Amateur radio operators in South Florida are exploring the capability of Packet Radio to provide the National Hurricane Center with high quality weather observational data, and in turn transmit timely forecast information from the Hurricane Center to effected areas.
- TCP/IP: A Proposal for Amateur Packet Radio Levels 3 and 4
by Phil Karn, KA9Q
- Abstract: This paper presents a case for basing Level 3 (the network layer) of Amateur Packet Radio on trhe datagram concept. It further proposes that the DARPA protocol IP (Internet Protocol) and TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) be adopted intact as the standard Level 3 (Network) and Level 4 (Transport) protocols for Amateur Packet Radio. I will then provide an overview of TCP/IP, explain why it, as a datagram protocol, is more suitable for our needs than the virtual-circuit protocol CCITT X.75, and show how it would be used above the AX.25 Level 2 protocol already in use.
- Addressing and Routing Issues in Amateur Packet Radio
by Phil Karn, KA9Q
- Abstract: As amateur packet radio evolves from scattered, ad-hoc collections of local area digipeaters into a large, auitomatic, and interconnected network, several issues related to naming, addressing and routing will have to be faced and overcome. Routing in particular, has long been a fertile research area in computer networking. I make no claim to knowing the answer to many of these problems; however, I believe that they can at least be stated, and that certain decisions can be made early to ease experimentation with various solutions. In particular, the problem of address assignment is discussed with particular emphasis on making the routing problem easier.
- X.3 and X.28 Protocol for Terminal Node Controllers
by Douglas Lockhart, VE7APU
- Abstract: This paper proposes the adoption of an extended version of CCITT recommendations X.3 and X.28 for use in Amateur radio Terminal Node Controllers. The various X.3 parameters and X.28 commands and service signals (messages) are outlined and the extensions in place in the V-2 software implementation on the VADCG (Vancouver Amateur Digital Communication Group) TNC are discussed.
- Formal Definition Meeting for the Packet Radio Experiment RUDAK
to be Included in AMSAT P3-C
by Dr. Karl Meinzer, DJ4ZC and Hans Peter Huklen, DKlYQ
- Abstract: During the weekend February 15 thur 17, AMSAT-DL hosted a formal meeting to define the Packet payload in PS-C. The experiment has been name "RUDAK" for "Regenerativer Umsetzer fur Digitale Amateur-Kommunikation".
- A More Watchful Watchdog for Microcomputers
by Paul Newland, AD71
- Abstract: Many hardware/software watchdog timers consist of a software routine that repetitively triggers a hardware retriggerable monostable. If the monostable ever times out, the computer is reset. This technique, although useful, is not extremely reliable under most software/hardware insane conditions. This paper discusses an alternative approach that may prove to be more reliable under various fault conditions.
- A Few Thoughts on User Verification Within a Party-Line Network
by Paul Newland, AD7I
- Abstract: This paper presents an idea for verifying that a user within a party-line network is who he or she claims to be. The idea assumes that the channel is a party-line and that potential intruders will monitor authorized communications and may attempt to masquerade as authorized users. No attempt is made to encrypt the authorized user's data for transmission over the party-line.
- Another Application Note Describing a Low-Power RS232-Like Interface
by Paul Newland, AD7I
- Abstract: A new and improved low power RS232like interface is discussed. It features half the power consumption of the interface presented in a previous paper and uses fewer parts.
- The Realities of Packet Radio in the Amateur Radio Service,
circa 1985 - or - How to Deal with a User Base
by Harold E.Price, NK6K
- Abstract:
The author postulates the existence of two major experimenter groups in amateur packet radio; those who experiment with data sent via packet radio and those who experiment with the way data is sent via packet radio. The problems of these groups in the face of 5000 or more packet users by the time of the 5th ARRL networking conference are discussed.
- Let me preface this discussion by noting that some of the thoughts presented here were the result of group discussions during a meeting of the ARRL Ad Hoc Digital Communications Committee in 1984. At that meeting, the major discussion was layer three networking.
- The Implications of Traditional Operating Practices for Amateur
Packet Network Design
by Gwyn Reedy, WlBEL
- Abstract: Amateur packet network design relies heavily upon equipment and procedures developed for commercial service. This paper urges network designers to examine the anticipated uses of the network by amateurs, and modify commercial practice to accommodate the existing amateur population.
- AX.25 Net Operation in the Connected Mode Using the Software
by Robert M. Richardson, W4UCH
- Abstract: This brief paper presents the means whereby an amateur radio net may be conducted using the AX.25 packet protocol with all stations in the connected mode. Use of a net control station connected simultaneously to all members of the net is described as well as window overlays on the video displays of all members of the net to display other net members packet information fields.
- Computer Networking in Japan 1985 - Onwards and How Bill Gates'
(Microsoft) Created the Far East and Pacific MSX Standard
by Robert M. Richardson, W4UCH
- Abstract: The evolution, development, and implementation of the Microsoft MSX operating system in nearly 2 dozen models of microcomputers now being manufactured in the Far East and Pacific (FEP) is discussed alons with their impact on packet radio on the amateur bands primarily in Japan, for the 1985 - onwards, time frame.
- Activity Report of PARNET
by Tskemi Yamazaki, JAlMIR, Masahiro Takeda, JA3FGN, Notokazu Kashida, JHlUWU, Masa-aki Yonezawa, JElWAZ, and Tadanori Harada, JI1BXM
- Abstract: We have been studying and working on digital communications in ham radio for the past year. The group activities are discribed in this paper. In section one, there are member's profiles, group's aim/policy and results of our investigations. In section two, the hardware of the prototype is described. In section three, the software descriptions and in section four, prospect in the future is written.
Appendix 1: Amateur Packet Radio in Region 3
by Paul L. Rinaldo, W4RI
- Proceedings Paper


text:
"It's really hard to beat the look of black and silver." –Kirby Martin, an owner-operator out of Gettysburg, PA, and the 2010 grand champion of American Trucker's "Reader's Rig" contest
One of the many "other hats" I wear in this business is that of editor of American Trucker magazine; a publication dedicated to those fleets and independents that rely on used equipment to get their respective jobs done.
Perhaps the best part of this particular job is putting together a special section every month called Reader's Rigs, which shows of photos of all manner of trucks sent in by readers from all over the country.
I also do some of my own "shutterbugging" for this section, too, when I'm out at truck shows and such, as there's an awful lot of fine-looking hard working iron out there that rarely gets to grace the pages of a magazine, much less the digital halls of the Internet.
One such truck caught my eye at Shell's "SuperRigs" contest back in June: a sharp yet subtle black-and-silver 2003 Peterbilt 379 tractor, owned and operated by Kirby Martin out of York's Springs PA; a little town that's but a stone's throw from the site of one of the greatest battlefields in American history – Gettysburg.
I took some snaps of Martin's rig, chatted with him for a while, and then we went our separate ways. Yet a few months later, while sifting through all the photos of trucks displayed in our Reader's Rigs section, my eye kept returning to Martin's truck – a truck appropriately named "Old School."
So when it came time to vote on a "grand champion" from all the participants in our Reader's Rigs section, Martin's truck is the one that ended up alone in the winner's circle.
His tractor follows classic lines that are rapidly vanishing from this industry – a past he highlighted by installing an old-style 46-inch all-aluminum sleeper bunk on the back of his cab.
All the "silver" is aluminum, except for the Hogebuilt half-fenders on the rear tandem axles, which are stainless steel, he told me during the photo shoot we put together for the winner of our annual contest. "In fact, I had the frame painted electric blue to help the black and silver stand out more, Martin said.
Yet Martin's rig is no show truck, as it's got 790,200 miles on the odometer from long years spent hauling horse feed and other agricultural goods across Virginia, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Delaware and New Jersey.
[PPG Commercial Coatings, which sponsors Reader Rigs, had territory manager Dale Taylor present Martin with his championship plaque -- and even HE could not believe how sharp Martin's truck looked after all those miles!]
Martin himself is "old school" in many ways himself, learning to drive a truck the old fashioned way – on a farm. His family operated a few trucks hauling grain and feed for fellow sod pushers and Martin told me he just couldn't get enough time behind the wheel.
When he began driving on his own as a career, he started out with an old cabover Peterbilt, then went on to purchase a 1983 model Kenworth W900 from a friend and fellow driver. "I knew the guy who owned it and how well he took care of it, so I knew I was getting a good truck," Martin explained. "I ran that truck a long time, too."
Yet Martin also knew he wanted to own truck one day dressed and spec'd out his way. So, after saving and scrimping, he settled on a Peterbilt 379, powered by a 550 hp Caterpillar C-15 engine and married to a manual 18-speed Eaton Fuller gearbox. He also plans to keep this truck a while longer, too – until it passes 1 million miles, actually.
Martin gets about 5.5 to 5.75 miles per gallon with "Old School," which suits him just fine. "I know a lot of folks that are getting 7 to 8 mpg but that are also going broke," he told me. His racks up about 90,000 to 100,000 miles a year but the best part is that he's home almost every night – something his wife really likes, as they've got a family of three boys underfoot. "They keep us on our toes," Martin told me.
He still holds to "farmer's hours" as the saying goes in his neck of the world – up at 3 a.m. and on the asphalt before the sun even thinks to make an appearance. "I've been getting up at that hour since forever," Martin told me. "I love trucking but I love being home with my kids, too. This way I get the best of both worlds."

subset: commoncrawl


text:
So as atheists, I'm curious to hear how everyone feels about mind altering substances and their potential uses and harmful side effects.I'm also curious to hear your stance on the idea of a "drug war".I've just never had an opportunity to grill this demographic about it.I'll tell you now, I'm a major advocate for ending marijuana prohibition.I also (in spite of what at first seems like common sense) believe that opium and cocaine should be legal.I believe the FDA should get involved with the practice of reviewing and approving for use, synthetic recreational drugs.What do you guys think?
Views: 1711
Maybe you have ADHD if you couldn't focus. Often times people with ADHD try to self-medicate themselves with THC when medication like Adderall/Ritalin provide much more benefits with less side effects. I would go see a psychiatrist and have him see if there might be a case of ADHD. or ADD.
Just don't fail a drug test when you are out looking for a job.
That's an educated, reading, voting, on time, excell in most every job ever done, creative, musical, artistic, daily Cannabis User to you.
You use "pot head" as a bad term like some people use atheist
I'm really tired of your "drug" bashing, particularly cannabis/hemp.
I will have to fully respond hopefully tomorrow - No time now as just finished a DJ job and it's after 4AM and heading to Portland in a few hours.
Please check your cannabis facts---- and don't lump all "illegal" drugs together. Cannabis is NOT meth, coke, heroin, alcohol or tobacco, nor is it a "gateway" to other drugs.
Hemp (same plant grown differently) has been used for clothing, paper, food, fuel and thousands of other things untill it was made illegal.
NORML and Drug Sense are two excellent sites.
Thanx for now- back soon
Just to note: it doesn't add to your reputation by having "420" in your name. Marijuana can be used for medicinal purposely and for legitimate reasons and that's all good. Marijuana can even be used once in a blue moon for recreation. That's all good still. But for someone to need to smoke habitually on a regular basis, then they have what is called an addiction.
Cannabis is NOT meth, coke, heroin, alcohol or tobacco, nor is it a "gateway" to other drugs.
I agree marijuana should not be illegal - or at the last should be decriminalized in ways to a minimum that it has pretty much been in California. And I never said marijuana was similar to other drugs (every drug is different) but it has been demonstrated THC does kill brain cells. And chronic Marijuana use does lead to other drugs at a higher rate than controlled groups.
"but it has been demonstrated THC does kill brain cells."
"Research has also shown that past claims of brain damage from cannabis use fail to hold up to the scientific method. Instead, recent studies with synthetic cannabinoids show that activation of CB1 receptors can facilitate neurogenisis, as well as neuroprotection, and can even help prevent natural neural degradation from neurodegenerative diseases such as MS, Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's. This, along with research into the CB2 receptor (throughout the immune system), has given the case for medical marijuana more support.THC is both a CB1 and CB2 agonist."
"Research in rats indicates that THC prevents hydroperoxide induced oxidative damage as well as or better than other antioxidants in a chemical (fenton reaction) system and neuronal cultures. In mice low doses of Δ9-THC reduces the progression of atherosclerosis"
"And chronic Marijuana use does lead to other drugs at a higher rate than controlled groups."
yes it does but only because of one reason, and that is because it is illegal, to get it you have to deal with drug dealers who often sell other drugs
Data Show Anatomical Brain Abnormalities from Marijuana Use.
In the human brain, the hippocampus is associated with the regulation of emotion and memory, while the amygdala controls fear and aggression. Recently a study was conducted by Dr. Murat Yücel and associates from the ORYGEN Research Centre and the Neuropsychiatry Centre at the University of Melbourne in order to determine whether long-term heavy cannabis use is associated with gross anatomical abnormalities in two cannabinoid receptor–rich regions of the brain, the hippocampus and the amygdala.
In the study, Yucel's team did high-resolution MRIs on 15 men who smoked more than five joints a day for more than 10 years with no history of poly-drug abuse. They compared those with scans of 16 men who did not use marijuana. In addition, all the men took verbal memory tests and were examined for symptoms of psychiatric disorders.
Results indicated that the hippocampus of marijuana users was 12 percent smaller, and that the amygdala of marijuana users was 7.1 percent smaller than among nonusers. Cannabis use also was associated with sub-threshold symptoms of psychotic disorders. Lead researcher Murat Yücel said, "This study shows long-term, heavy cannabis use causes significant brain injury, memory loss, difficulties learning new information, and psychotic symptoms, such as delusions of persecution, paranoia, delusions of mind-reading, and bizarre social behaviors in even non-vulnerable users."
"The more marijuana was used, the more these individuals were likely to show reduced brain volumes in the hippocampus and amygdala, as well as being more likely to develop symptoms of psychotic disorders and to have significant memory impairment." "There is ongoing controversy concerning the long-term effects of cannabis on the brain," the authors write. "These findings challenge the widespread perception of cannabis as having limited or no neuroanatomical sequelae. Although modest use may not lead to significant neurotoxic effects, these results suggest that heavy daily use might indeed be toxic to human brain tissue.
Further prospective, longitudinal research is required to determine the degree and mechanisms of long-term cannabis-related harm and the time course of neuronal recovery after abstinence." Author Affiliations: ORYGEN Research Centre (Drs Yücel, Whittle, and Lubman) and Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health (Drs Yücel, Whittle, Fornito, and Pantelis), Melbourne, Australia; School of Psychology and Illawarra Institute for Mental Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia (Dr Solowij and Ms Respondek); and Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, Australia (Dr Solowij). All text and images from Fair Use.
Regional Brain Abnormalities Associated With Long-term Heavy Cannabis Use. Murat Yücel, PhD, MAPS; Nadia Solowij, PhD; Colleen Respondek, BSc; Sarah Whittle, PhD; Alex Fornito, PhD; Christos Pantelis, MD, MRCPsych, FRANZCP; Dan I. Lubman, MB ChB, PhD, FRANZCP; General Psychiatry. 2008;65(6):694-701.
More research:
sassan. k.
you forgot to include one crucial part of that article and that is that the researchers acknowledged that the study did not prove it was the marijuana and not some other factor that triggered these brain differences.
both suggests that cannibinoids actually promote neurogenisis in the hyppocampus or help protect it atleast.it isnt entirely impossible that people with a problem with /defective hyppocampus are more likely to be chronic pot smokers due to its benefial effects. especialy since chronic pot smokers who smoke it as much and for aslong as those test subjects are not the norm at all amongs users
as for the rest.. Five joints a day? Let's do the math – a joint (by US goverment standerds ) is ¾ gram, so that's a little less than four ounces a month.
and what exactly does it mean to show signs of a disorder, but not enough to actually be diagnosed with it? According to the study, they "assessed for subthreshold psychotic symptoms and verbal learning ability in this otherwise psychologically healthy sample." So, these guys smoked a quarter-pound a month for 20 years and you can't find anything psychologically wrong with them?
Rocky, the vast majority of studies leave that open since there haven't been enough longitudinal studies and the ethical boards make doing such studies very difficult. But there is no doubt that there are changes in neural functioning and the rewiring of neural pathways and the alterations of synapses. Live in your fantasy world all you want - it is fine to be for the legalization of Marijuana and other drugs (I am) but it is not fine to encourage drug use by susceptible teenagers who will believe everything they read by such advocates as yourself who claim "marijuana is healthy for you" type of mentalities.
i am not saying it is healthy for you but it is no where near as bad as most people think. especialy if used occasianly. but even heavy use of it is nowhere near as dangerous as heavy use of most other legal substance.it is impossible to OD on unlike nearly every other substance legal or otherwise. it is many orders of magnitude safer than alcohol. i bet even chronic use of it is safer than chronic caffeine use.
420 most certainly does add to my reputation, same as artist, musician, world traveler, skeptic and atheist and so much more.
I love to smoke cannabis. LOVE it. Love the taste, the smell, the high. Love the way it looks growing. All the different varieties and strains. More beautiful than a rose. A most benificial plant.
I want, and work towards, changing the laws for ALL it's uses: recreationally-medicinally- for food, clothing, fuel, paper and thousands of other uses.
Along with the study of science, physics, evolution, psychology and other things, cannabis is my artistic and musical muse, it is my inspiation before and relaxation after my work and so much more.
420 is a wonderful term I have associated with for 25 years or more, as I'm not sure when I first started hearing it. I could care less what you think does or does not add to my "reputation" which you know fuck all about anyways.
You say "But for someone to need to smoke habitually on a regular basis, then they have what is called an addiction"
Addiction: noun
The state of being enslaved to a habit or practice or to something that is psychologically pr physically habit-forming, as narcotics, to such an extent that it's cessation causes severe trauma.
Alcohol, nicotine, heroin, cocaine, meth, caffeine- and many other "legal" drugs cause these symtoms- NOT pot.
Who are you to say what is OK either medicinally or recreationally for me or anybody but yourself?
Who NEEDS to smoke HABITUALLY?
I go months without cannabis when I go out on a contract. No withdrawals, no sever trauma, no "addiction". Like it or not, smoke it or not, you know that is NOT cannabis.
I've been smoking, reading and studying cannabis/hemp for over 30 years. Are you seriously giving me links to government drug sites with financial ties to the prison/industrial complex and pharmaceutical companies with a vested interest in keeping cannabis and other "drugs" illegal?
Really? That's like x-tians coming here and linking to Intelligent Design sites to prove how evolution and science are not true.
Really? Links to the same people that used to show a fMRI of a coma patient and say it's a brain on pot, just to show it's bad?
Bad science makes bad facts. Bad facts make bad laws.


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Atmospheric Sciences & Global Change
Research Highlights
February 2009
Satellite Will Get a Better "Look" at Airborne Particles
New measurement method named as one of the most noteworthy contributions to atmospheric science
Results: A team of U.S. and French scientists has come up with a novel way to measure, from space, tiny atmospheric particles that affect global warming. A NASA satellite to be launched this summer will use the new approach to reveal global climate change patterns.
Aerosols, which are tiny bits of dust, soot, and other material found in Earth's atmosphere, affect the climate by increasing or decreasing the amount of solar energy the Earth system absorbs. Satellites can measure sunlight reflected by the Earth system, deriving important properties of atmospheric aerosols worldwide. This gives scientists a global climate "picture" over time. But satellites have a hard time measuring aerosols over land, because surfaces such as deserts, forests, grasslands, snow, and ice reflect sunlight so differently.
The new method uses highly accurate remote sensing measurements of light polarization for a broad range of wavelengths and viewing angles. Light becomes polarized when it hits a surface and reflects back. That extra information reveals more about light and aerosol reflection. The new method uses measurements from the longer wavelengths of light to estimate surface polarization properties accurately, and it measures the amount and properties of aerosols from shorter-wavelength light. The end result: a more accurate representation of how aerosols influence the Earth's energy balance and climate.
"This fills an important gap that the science community has struggled with—realistically measuring aerosols over the Earth's land surfaces, where people usually generate them," said Dr. Beat Schmid, a Pacific Northwest National Laboratory atmospheric scientist who served on the research team. "When used by satellites, this method will be more accurate than anything else out there," he said. Schmid serves on the science advisory group for NASA's Glory mission, which will send the light-polarization setup into space for the first time.
Scientists will use the method with an instrument called an aerosol polarimetry sensor that launches with the satellite in June 2009. It's the first satellite mission dedicated to understanding the effects of particles in the atmosphere. After the satellite launches from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California, it will join a "train" of others that orbit the Earth once every 100 minutes.
The research team isn't the only ones touting the significance of the novel approach. The Journal of Geophysical Research selected the research as an editor's highlight. This means it's in the top five percent of extraordinary contributions to atmospheric science published in the Journal annually.
Scientists have figured out how to get much better satellite measurements of airborne particles over the Earth's land surfaces, where many pollutants originate. (Image: NASA Glory satellite, artist's conception.)
Method: The team tested the new approach with an aircraft version of the aerosol polarimetry sensor in two situations. The first was in clear skies over the U.S. Southern Great Plains site of DOE's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Climate Research Facility. The second test involved polluted conditions, flying over a thick smoke plume from a wildfire in the Mojave desert of Southern California. Results from both tests showed that the new method provides measurements of aerosol properties that are within the same range of those measured directly from ground-based instruments known as sun and sky radiometers.
Why it matters: Aerosols are one of the largest sources of uncertainty in assessing climate change. The new method, used with satellites, will enable scientists to measures airborne particles more accurately from space than ever before. Better measurements lead to more accurate climate predictions.
What's next: The satellite is expected to collect and send aerosol measurements back to Earth for three years.
Acknowledgments: The research was funded by NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, NASA Radiation Sciences Program, and DOE's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program. In addition to Schmid, other researchers included Fabien Waquet from Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, France; Brian Cairns, Michael Mishchenko and Larry Travis from NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies; and Jacek Chowdhary and Kirk Knobelspiesse from Columbia University. PNNL's involvement is part of its quest to transform the prediction of climate change and its impacts.
Reference: Waquet, F., B. Cairns, K. Knobelspiesse, J. Chowdhary, L. D. Travis, B. Schmid, and M. I. Mishchenko. January 2009. "Polarimetric Remote Sensing of Aerosols over Land." J. Geophys. Res., 114, D01206, doi:10.1029/2008JD010619.


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The 7th of ten planned "Top Ten" shows your friends in podcasting are doing to commemorate Year 10 of YOUR Chillpak Hollywood Hour is one of their most personal and unusual shows of the year … Back when they were shooting their epic documentary The Truth Is Out There, someone asked Phil whether he and Dean do the podcast to promote their movies, or whether they make movies to promote their podcast. Phil found amusing the assumption that promotion MUST be a part of what he and Dean were doing and yet found the question an interesting one. Almost six years since the World Premiere of that film, which is truly equal parts comedy, consciousness and conspiracy, it is apparent that what motivates them to keep making films is the same thing that motivates them to keep doing this show: A desire to engage in conversation. Join them this week, as they take a look back at "TRUTH" and count down the top ten things that strike them now when watching their prescient, disturbing, moving and truly funny documentary. Even if you haven't seen the movie, you will find the discussion about it inspiring, insightful, irreverent. It is YOUR Chillpak Hollywood Hour, after all!
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text:
air ride suspension.
Reviewed By Adam L (Brownsville, WI) Reviewed for a 2004 GMC Yukon XL —5/9/2013 4:15 PM
I put these on a 6 in lifted Yukon 3/4 ton, worth every penny it takes the sway out and really makes the truck handle great. If your looking into these trust me get them.


text:
Diamond Supply Co
|Sort By: | Show Items
$99.99 $50.00 $119.99 $60.00
The Premier Sneakers - Black Woven
$79.99 $40.00 $94.99 $47.50
Since its establishment in 1998 by skateboarder/designer Nick Tershay, aka Nick Diamond, Diamond Supply Co. has become one of the leading streetwear brands for shirts, shoes, outerwear, accessories, and more. Originally famous for skateboard accessories and clothing, Diamond's collections have continued to expand over the years. In 2005, Diamond collaborated with Nike to release the Diamond "Tiffany" Dunk SB, which had sneaker heads lining up outside stores days in advance. To this day, the Diamond "Tiffany" Dunk SB remains one of the most iconic streetwear sneakers. In addition, Diamond Supply Co. has developed a reputation for its daring design choices and for producing high-quality gear with exceptional durability. By maintaining its rigorous standards, Diamond Supply Co. will only become increasingly influential in the world of streetwear fashion.


text:
Available ebook formats: epub mobi pdf lrf pdb html
Expert: laughter & art therapy, psychology of wellness, finding love, healing jealousy, emotions & quality of life;
NLP Practitioner, Transformations International Consulting & Training Ltd, New Zealand with Dr. Richard Bolstad
2. «Self-transformation», Master-class by Steve Andreas, USA-Poland, 2003
3. «Multimedia methods in correction cognitive disorders», Master-class» Brain Train IVA, Sweden-USA, 2005
4. Doctorial Course in Pedagogical Psychology 2007-2010
Dissertation theme: Multimedia methods in self-regulation
Languages: English. Russian, French, Italian (written), Latin
Publications: 18 scientific articles, 2 scientific monographies
1."The Secret of Healing Jealousy" (smashwords)
2. "The Love Formula" (amazon)
3. "How to Create Love" (smashwords)
4. "Laugh at them" (translated into French & Russian, smashwords)
5. "Setting Goals that Work for You" (smashwords)
6. "Fear Loss Erotica Method" (smashwords) and others below
Translated: from English into Russian and puplished 3 books by Richard Bolstad
Hobbies & interests: Skiing, helicopters, travelling, Italian opera, painting, sewing, knitting, gardening


text: On Tue, 1 Feb 2005, John Hearns wrote: > > on that note, though - does anyone have comments about booting > > machines from flash? > > > I've booted a mini-ITX system from flash, > the distribution in question was a wireless access point. > All you need is a CF to IDE adapter. ANY system can be booted from CF ... amd for an AP, you'd probably want to boot off a usb stick since those are presumably hotswappable whereas CF is not there are lots of "CF - ide adpators" pcengine.ch makes um and resells to the list of folks in the list jim posted ( ituner(mini-box), logicsupply, etc ... ) they also have those that plug the CF into the ide port on the motherboard - but, i havent seen any hotswap cf-ide adaptors yet though > Its common to have firewall distributions, such as ipcop, > to boot from flash. > http://www.ipcop.org/1.4.0/en/install/html/mkflash.html installing to 128MB or 256MB CF implies that you install the minimum packages ( glibc + networking ) and have the rest of your binaries on nfs-server:/usr/local/cluster-stuff which gets automounted onto the CF-based nodes it'd be good to keep a master CFnode ( minimal system install ) so that it can be updated and patched as needed on one place, and those patch files also makes it to the next CF release for the other nodes -- or dont patch the cf after its made :-) > I believe one wrinkle is to either log to a remote host, > or if you log locally to log to a ramdisk and only write to > the CF card at infrequent intervals. writing to CF is good and bad ... since it has limited write capabilities, but there's not much writing that needs to be done, and even if there is, one can write all the system data to /dev/ramdisk instead of CF the CF can be mounted read-only c ya alvin


text: Elaine Treharne is Professor of Early English at Florida State University, and co-director of the AHRC-funded project, The Production and Use of English Manuscripts 1060–1220. She has published extensively on early English manuscript studies and Old English literature; she specializes in religious prose and is currently writing a study of the "sensual book", as well as editing a four-volume Encyclopaedia for Wiley-Blackwell on Book History. She is a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries and of the Royal Historical Society and is a Trustee of the English Association.


text:
July 25, 2007
Equinix Reports Second Quarter 2007 Results
FOSTER CITY, CA — July 25, 2007 — Equinix, Inc. (Nasdaq: EQIX), the leading provider of network-neutral data centers and Internet exchange services, today reported quarterly results for the period ended June 30, 2007.
Revenues were $91.8 million for the second quarter, a 34% increase over the same quarter last year and an 8% increase over the previous quarter. Recurring revenues, consisting primarily of colocation, interconnection and managed services, were $87.9 million, a 35% increase over the same quarter last year and a 9% increase over the previous quarter. Non-recurring revenues were $3.9 million in the quarter, consisting primarily of professional services and installation fees.
Cost of revenues were $55.6 million for the second quarter, including $1.0 million of stock-based compensation, a 5% increase over the previous quarter and a 22% increase over the same quarter last year. Cost of revenues, excluding depreciation, amortization, accretion and stock-based compensation of $21.9 million, were $33.7 million for the second quarter, a 6% increase over the previous quarter and a 26% increase over the same quarter last year. Cash gross margins, defined as gross profit less depreciation, amortization, accretion and stock-based compensation, divided by revenues, for the quarter were 63%, up from 62% the previous quarter and up from 61% the same quarter last year. On a same IBX basis (defined as IBX centers which have been available for new customer installs for at least four full quarters), cash gross margins were 68%.
Selling, general and administrative expenses were $33.4 million for the second quarter, including $9.0 million of stock-based compensation, a 6% increase from the previous quarter and a 27% increase over the same quarter last year. Selling, general and administrative expenses, excluding depreciation, amortization and stock-based compensation of $10.6 million, were $22.8 million for the second quarter, a 10% increase over the previous quarter and a 29% increase over same quarter last year.
Net income for the second quarter was $1.2 million, including stock-based compensation expense of $10.0 million. This represents basic and diluted net income per share of $0.04 based on a weighted average share count of 31.1 million and 32.7 million, respectively. Excluding stock-based compensation and the restructuring charge, the Company had non-GAAP net income of $11.7 million for the second quarter. This was a $2.3 million increase over the prior quarter and an $8.1 million improvement over the same quarter last year.
EBITDA, defined as income or loss from operations before depreciation, amortization, accretion, stock-based compensation expense and restructuring charges, for the second quarter was $35.3 million, up from $32.4 million the previous quarter and up from $24.0 million the same quarter last year.
"Equinix delivered an exceptional second quarter and, as demonstrated by our increased guidance, is positioned for a very strong second half," said Steve Smith, CEO of Equinix. "Our continued execution on our expansion plan and our strategic move into Europe with the announced acquisition of IXEurope demonstrate our ability to fully capitalize on our market leadership position."
Capital expenditures in the second quarter were $139.8 million, of which $10.2 million was attributed to ongoing capital expenditures and $129.6 million was attributed to expansion capital expenditures. In addition, the Company purchased a new property in the Los Angeles metro area for $49.0 million with cash in June 2007.
The Company generated cash from operating activities of $38.1 million as compared to $20.1 million in the previous quarter. Cash used in investing activities was $157.4 million as compared to $57.6 million in the previous quarter. Adjusted free cash flow was a negative $70.3 million in the second quarter. Adjusted free cash flow is defined as net cash generated from operating activities less net cash used in investing activities (excluding the purchases, sales and maturities of short-term and long-term investments and the purchase and sale of real estate).
As of June 30, 2007, the Company's cash, cash equivalents and investments were $324.0 million, as compared to $392.4 million in the previous quarter.
Other Company Developments & Metrics
- On a same IBX basis (defined as IBX centers which have been available for new customer installs for at least four full quarters), revenues were $80.5 million; cost of revenues were $42.7 million; cost of revenues, excluding depreciation, amortization, accretion and stock-based compensation, were $25.9 million and cash gross margins for the quarter were 68%. EBITDA on a same IBX basis was $32.5 million.
- Equinix added 96 new customers in the quarter.
- On a weighted average basis, the number of cabinets billing at the end of the quarter was approximately 19,200 representing an approximate utilization rate of 77%.
- U.S. interconnection service revenues were 22% of U.S. recurring revenues for the quarter. Interconnection services represent approximately 20% of total worldwide recurring revenues.
- The company announced the acquisition of a site for a new IBX in the Los Angeles market for $49.0 million, which closed in June 2007, as well as its intention to expand its existing IBX center in Santa Clara by approximately 1,100 cabinets.
- The company completed its purchase of its flagship Silicon Valley IBX for $65.0 million in early July 2007.
Business Outlook
For the third quarter 2007, revenues are expected to be in the range of $96.5 to $97.5 million. Cash gross margins are expected to be approximately 61%. Cash selling, general and administrative expenses are expected to be $22.0 to $23.0 million. EBITDA for the third quarter is expected to be $36.0 to $37.0 million. Net loss is expected to be approximately $2.0 million, including the impact of approximately $10.0 million of stock-based compensation expense. Net interest expense is expected to be approximately $6.0 million. The weighted average shares outstanding are expected to be approximately 31.4 million. Capital expenditures are expected to be approximately $100.0 to $105.0 million, including approximately $90.0 million of expansion capital expenditures.
For the full year of 2007, total revenues are expected to be in the range of $373.0 to $377.0 million. Total year cash gross margins are expected to be in the range of 61% to 62% including approximately $6.9 million of net cash costs attributed to our expansion IBXs. Cash selling, general and administrative expenses are expected to be approximately $88.0 million. EBITDA for the year is expected to be $141.0 to $143.0 million. Net loss is expected to be in a range of $10.0 to $12.0 million, including the impact of approximately $41.0 million of stock-based compensation expense. Net interest expense and loss on conversion and extinguishment of debt is expected to be approximately $16.0 million. The weighted average shares outstanding are expected to be approximately 30.7 million. Capital expenditures for 2007 are expected to be in a range of $380.0 to $390.0 million, comprised of approximately $40.0 million of ongoing capital expenditures and $340.0 to $350.0 million of expansion capital expenditures for the build out of the Washington, D.C., Tokyo and Singapore expansions opened this year, as well as the announced expansions in the Washington, D.C., Chicago, New York, Silicon Valley and Los Angeles metro areas. This range reflects $10.0 million of expansion capital shifted from 2007 into 2008 for the second phase of the Tokyo build.
The Company will discuss its results and guidance on its quarterly conference call on Wednesday, July 25, 2007, at 5:30 p.m. EDT (2:30 p.m. PDT). To hear the conference call live, please dial 1-773-799-3263 (domestic and international) and reference the pass code (EQIX). A simultaneous live Webcast of the call will be available over the Internet at www.equinix.com, under the Investor Relations heading. A replay of the call will be available beginning on Wednesday, July 25, 2007 at 7:30 p.m. EDT (4:30 p.m. PDT) by dialing 1-203-369-3899. In addition, the Webcast will be available on the Company's Web site at www.equinix.com. No password is required for either method of replay.
About Equinix
Equinix is the leading global provider of network-neutral data centers and Internet exchange services for enterprises, content companies, systems integrators and network services providers. Through the company's Internet Business Exchange™ (IBX®) centers in 10 markets in the U.S. and Asia, customers can directly interconnect with every major global network and ISP for their critical peering, transit and traffic exchange requirements. These interconnection points facilitate the highest performance and growth of the Internet by serving as neutral and open marketplaces for Internet infrastructure services, allowing customers to expand their businesses while reducing costs.
Non-GAAP Financial Measures
Equinix continues to provide all information required in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), but it believes that evaluating its ongoing operating results may be difficult if limited to reviewing only GAAP financial measures. Accordingly, Equinix uses non- GAAP financial measures, such as pro forma revenues, EBITDA, cash cost of revenues, cash gross margins, cash operating expenses (also known as cash selling, general and administrative expenses or cash SG&A), non-GAAP net income (loss), free cash flow and adjusted free cash flow to evaluate its operations. In presenting these non-GAAP financial measures, Equinix excludes certain non-cash or non-recurring items that it believes are not good indicators of the Company's current or future operating performance. These non-cash or non-recurring items are a non-recurring revenue adjustment with respect to 2006 results, depreciation, amortization, accretion, stock-based compensation, restructuring charges and, with respect to 2006 results, the gain on Honolulu IBX sale, and with respect to 2007 results, the loss from conversion of debt. Recent legislative and regulatory changes encourage use of and emphasis on GAAP financial metrics and require companies to explain why non-GAAP financial metrics are relevant to management and investors. Equinix excludes these non-cash or non-recurring items in order for Equinix's lenders, investors, and industry analysts who review and report on the Company, to better evaluate the Company's operating performance and cash spending levels relative to its industry sector and competitor base.
Equinix excludes depreciation expense as these charges primarily relate to the initial construction costs of our IBX centers and do not reflect our current or future cash spending levels to support our business. Our IBX centers are long-lived assets, and have an economic life greater than ten years. The construction costs of our IBX centers do not recur and future capital expenditures remain minor relative to our initial investment. This is a trend we expect to continue. In addition, depreciation is also based on the estimated useful lives of our IBX centers. These estimates could vary from actual performance of the asset, are based on historic costs incurred to build out our IBX centers, and are not indicative of current or expected future capital expenditures. Therefore, Equinix excludes depreciation from its operating results when evaluating its operations.
In addition, in presenting the non-GAAP financial measures, Equinix excludes amortization expense related to certain intangible assets, as it represents a cost that may not recur and is not a good indicator of the Company's current or future operating performance. Equinix excludes accretion expense, both as it relates to its asset retirement obligations as well as its accrued restructuring charge liabilities, as these expenses represent costs, which Equinix believes are not meaningful in evaluating the Company's current operations. Equinix excludes non-cash stock-based compensation expense as it represents expense attributed to stock awards that have no current or future cash obligations. As such, we, and our investors and analysts, exclude this stock-based compensation expense when assessing the cash generating performance of our operations. Equinix excludes restructuring charges from its non-GAAP financial measures. The restructuring charges relate to the Company's decision to exit leases for excess space adjacent to several of our IBX centers, which we do not intend to build out now or in the future. With respect to its 2006 results, Equinix reports pro forma revenues and excludes the gain on Honolulu IBX sale. Pro forma revenues exclude a revenue adjustment recorded in the fourth quarter of 2006 in connection with our adoption of Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 108, which is a one-time adjustment and will not recur. The gain on Honolulu IBX sale represents a unique transaction for the Company and future sales of IBX centers are not expected. The Honolulu market was not considered a core, strategic market for the Company. With respect to its 2007 results, Equinix excludes the loss from conversion of debt as this activity is not typical for the company. Management believes such items as restructuring charges, the gain on the sale of an IBX center and the loss from conversion of debt are unique transactions that are not expected to recur, and consequently, does not consider these items as a normal component of expenses or income related to current and ongoing operations.
Our management does not itself, nor does it suggest that investors should, consider such non- GAAP financial measures in isolation from, or as a substitute for, financial information prepared in accordance with GAAP. However, we have presented such non-GAAP financial measures to provide investors with an additional tool to evaluate our operating results in a manner that focuses on what management believes to be our core, ongoing business operations. Management believes that the inclusion of these non-GAAP financial measures provide consistency and comparability with past reports and provide a better understanding of the overall performance of the business and its ability to perform in subsequent periods. Equinix believes that if it did not provide such non-GAAP financial information, investors would not have all the necessary data to analyze Equinix effectively.
Investors should note, however, that the non-GAAP financial measures used by Equinix may not be the same non-GAAP financial measures, and may not be calculated in the same manner, as that of other companies. In addition, whenever Equinix uses such non-GAAP financial measures, it provides a reconciliation of non-GAAP financial measures to the most closely applicable GAAP financial measure. Investors are encouraged to review the related GAAP financial measures and the reconciliation of these non-GAAP financial measures to their most directly comparable GAAP financial measure.
Equinix does not provide forward-looking guidance for certain financial data, such as depreciation, amortization, accretion, net income (loss) from operations, cash generated from operating activities and cash used in investing activities, and as a result, is not able to provide a reconciliation of GAAP to non-GAAP financial measures for forward-looking data. Equinix intends to calculate the various non-GAAP financial measures in future periods consistent with how it was calculated for the three and six months ended June 30, 2007 and 2006, presented within this press release.
View Q2 2007 Financial Statements
Forward Looking Statements
This press release contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Actual results may differ materially from expectations discussed in such forward-looking statements. Factors that might cause such differences include, but are not limited to, the challenges of acquiring, operating and constructing IBX centers and developing, deploying and delivering Equinix services; unanticipated costs or difficulties relating to the integration of IXEurope into Equinix; a failure to receive significant revenue from customers in recently built out data centers; failure to complete any financing arrangements contemplated from time to time; competition from existing and new competitors; the ability to generate sufficient cash flow or otherwise obtain funds to repay new or outstanding indebtedness; the loss or decline in business from our key customers; the results of any litigation relating to past stock option grants and practices; and other risks described from time to time in Equinix's filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. In particular, see Equinix's recent quarterly and annual reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, copies of which are available upon request from Equinix. Equinix does not assume any obligation to update the forward-looking information contained in this press release.
Equinix and IBX are registered trademarks of Equinix, Inc. Internet Business Exchange is a trademark of Equinix, Inc.


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Watch an introduction to Bethabara Park [video]
The Museum Gift Shop offers unique handcrafted baskets, pottery, and tinware as well as books, colonial collectibles, and toys.
The grounds, gardens, and trails are open year round, sunrise to sunset, free of charge.
Check the Events page for a list of special programs and activities designed with fun in mind.
Stop by the Visitor Center for tour and event information. Enjoy a 16-minute video and learn about the Moravians and how they came to Bethabara in 1753. Costumed interpretive guides offer tours of the 1788 Gemeinhaus (Church).
A great start to your visit!
The Visitor Center is handicapped-accessible.
Directions to Bethabara Park (see below for Google map)
School Tours
Self-Guided Tours
The German-speaking Moravians
appointed a town official to
welcome and host English-speaking
travelers with the settlement's
famous hospitality.
Google map to Historic Bethabara Park:
View Larger Map
Receive E-Mail Notification When New Information is Posted on this PageAs a member, enjoy the benefits of MyCityofWS, including your choice of newsletters, and notifications about events and site updates. Login and Manage Your Subscriptions Now.


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470 members31 Likes
hey interested in playing a game sometime, do let me know.
Hi, I'm Mark, the founder of Tennisopolis, the world's largest and most active tennis network. Please share Tennisopolis with your friends by supporting our Facebook page. Click here for a Guide to Meet Tennis Partners.
Have a look at our
introduction page which will help you navigate the massive network which now has over 39,300 members and
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Friend me,
Mark, The Mayor of Tennisopolis
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Rep. Sundin updates county commissioners
House Representative Mike Sundin addressed the Carlton County Board of Commissioners at their May 25 meeting on legislative issues affecting the area directly this year. "It has been a learning experience," Sundin commented. "But, there are critical needs in my district in which progress is being made."
Bills enabling the city of Moose Lake to charge a small sales tax on local purchases and bonding help for the proposed new Moose Lake School are in the mix. Funding for the Big Lake Area Sanitary District is progressing. Text for Life, a suicide hotline for teens, is seeking state funding for a regional program. Dave Lee, director of Carlton County Health and Human Services, has been instrumental in this program's inception and success.
A new wheel-age tax, the ability of the counties to add an additional $20 per resident vehicle registration and fund local transportation needs, is being debated in St. Paul. Sundin reported that a group of citizens, businesses, and cities and townships are working on an upgrade to Highway 73 in western Carlton County. "It is necessary for public safety and continued economic well-being in that area," Rep. Sundin noted.
Walt Leu, engineer for the Department of Transportation (DOT) out of the Duluth region, reported on the 2013 DOT highway construction program for Carlton County which is approximately $30,000,000. Upgrading Interstate 35 from Esko to Proctor will cost $15,000,000. Almost $4,000,000 will be used to rehabilitate the four bridges at the Scanlon exchange on Interstate 35. Cable median barriers will be installed from County 4, the Mahtowa exit, south in 10 locations to Highway 70. Major work will occur on Highway 210 in the Jay Cooke Park area with 2012 flood damage to roadbed and installation of a new bridge. The Thomson bridge will receive major maintenance. Highway 33 will be redone down to Cloquet and Highway 73 will get an overlay down to Cromwell from Floodwood.
Liberty Tire Recycling has increased its rates for accepting Carlton County Transfer Station tires. Passenger car tires increased to $2.50 per tire, truck tires are $10 per tire, as examples. Michael Tardy started as Highway Engineer effective March 25.
A proposal from the county's Building Committee now has legs to run. DSGW Architects out of Duluth has been hired to form a building plan in which a number of departments would be moved from the Carlton Courthouse area to an expanded Transportation Building complex. A second floor is being studied and additions, which include expansion of the vehicle storage garage. Boldt Construction will provide figures for the project. A number of department heads are presenting their needs.
A sale of the old County License Building in Cloquet and plans for a new home for Soil and Water Conservation and Extension Services figure into the current discussion.
Pat Oman, director for Carlton County Economic Development, received approval for the Wright Senior Citizens to get a loan from the Economic Development Fund of $10,000 to tie in with an already approved $25,000 forgivable Small City Development loan for a building improvement. Energy and handicap accessibility upgrades will be realized.
Three Minnesota Investment Fund loans were approved to help cover flood losses of 2012. Brent's Heating and Cooling of Carlton got a loan for $106,702 with $53,351 forgiven in 10 years. Knife Island Campground of Scanlon is receiving a $121,149.79 loan from MIF with $60,574.90 forgiven in 10 years. Think N Play of Esko is receiving a $227,192.34 MIF loan with $113,596 forgiven in 10 years. Leslie Collier's Hairstyling of Barnum is receiving a $11,499.39 MIF loan with $5,749.70 forgiven after 10 years.


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Newport Beach Relay for Life
The 11th annual American Cancer Society Relay for Life of Newport beach kicks off at 9 a.m. at Newport Harbor High School, 600 Irvine Ave., Newport Beach. A Luminaria Ceremony in honor of cancer survivors and in memory of those who have died of cancer will happen after sundown. Luminarias can be purchased for $10 until 7 p.m. For more information, visit http://www.RelayForLife.org/
Team Hope Walk
Huntington's Disease Society of America will stage its 10th annual Orange County Team Hope Walk on the campus of UC Irvine. Registration for the walk opens at 8 p.m. and the event begins at 9 a.m. To sign up, visit http://www.HDhope.org.
Neighborhood Garage Sale
About 150 homes are expected to participate in the 20th annual Mesa Verde Neighborhood Garage Sale in Costa Mesa, from 8 a.m. to 2 p.m. For more information, visit http://www.torellirealty.com or call (714) 540-7355.
Ken Auletta
New Yorker Magazine columnist Ken Auletta will be the guest speaker at the Newport Beach Central Library, 1000 Avocado Ave., talking about his new book "Googled: The End of the World As We Know It." The event will take place at 2 p.m. Saturday, with tickets costing $35 per person. For more information, call (949) 548-2411 or visit http://www.nbplfoundation.org.
Meet the Artists
Engard Arts presents a meet the artists event, from 5 to 7 p.m., at Heller Chiropractic Spa, 2900 Bristol St., C-105, Costa Mesa. For more information, call (714) 557-9454.
Harmony and Hoops
Penny Marshall, Master P, Sam Cassell and other stars are scheduled to appear in the Harmony and Hoops Celebrity Basketball Game, which will local nonprofits. The event starts at 5 p.m. at the Bren Events Center at UC Irvine. For more information, go to http://www.harmonyandhoops.com.
'Snow Angel' at SCR
'South Coast Repertory's Teen Players presents "Snow Angel," written by David Lindsay-Abaire and directed by Hisa Tikakuwa. SCR is at 655 Town Center Drive, Costa Mesa. For showtimes and more information, visit http://www.scr.org or call (714) 708-5555.
Island Artwalk
The 18th annual Balboa Island Artwalk is from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. along South Bayfront. As many as 90 artists will be exhibiting their work and there will be four live music stages. For more information, visit http://www.balboaislandartwalk.info.
O.C. Arthritis Walk
The Orange County Arthritis Walk kicks off at 9 a.m. from Aldrich Park on the UC Irvine campus, 4199 Bison Ave., Irvine. Registration begins at 7:30 a.m. For more information, visit http://www.ocarthritiswalk.org.
Fundraiser for American
Cancer Society
Kathryn Smith, a Costa Mesa resident, along with Betty and David Comegys — and the San Diego Padres and American Cancer Society acting as a third party — are organizing an event at Sunday's Angels-Padres game at Petco Park in San Diego to benefit the ACS. The group has reserved the top floor of the Western Metal Supply Co. building near the left-field foul pole at Petco. The party starts at 12:05 p.m., followed by the game at 1:05 p.m. Tickets for the event cost $110 each. Mail your check to: Kathryn Smith, 3374 Corte Cassis, Costa Mesa. For more information, call her at (714) 435-1743 or (704) 516-8081, or email her at email@example.com.
Israel Expo
The 2012 Israel Expo — Orange County's largest celebration of Israel, sponsored by the Jewish Federation and & Family Services — is from 1 to 6 p.m. at the Tarbut V'Torah campus, 1 Federation Way, Irvine. The event features an interfaith prayer for peace at 3 p.m. with Jewish and Christian clerics and a peace concert featuring the Israeli peace activist Liel Kolet. For more information, visit http://www.IsraelExpo.org.
Preserving Your Heirlooms
The Costa Mesa Historical Society presents Hal Horrocks, a local resident and genealogist, who will talk about how to preserve your family's heirlooms. Admission is free to the program, which starts at 2:30 p.m. at 1870 Anaheim Ave., Costa Mesa. For more information, visit http://www.costamesahistory.org.
CdM Republicans
Assemblyman Allan Mansoor (R-Costa Mesa) will be the speaker at a monthly meeting of the Corona del Mar Republican Assembly. The event begins at 5 p.m. at Coco's Restaurant, 3446 E. Coast Hwy., Corona del Mar. Cost is $20. For more information, call (949) 378-8944.
Watch Solar Eclipse from UCI Observatory
Sunday night's solar eclipse can be viewed at UC Irvine Observatory from 5:30 to 8 p.m. For more information, go to http://www.physics.uci.edu.


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Available by Phone Daily10 a.m.-9 p.m.
Serving Asheville and the US
Enjoy every moment of your stay when you choose accommodations at the Aberdeen Inn.
Our wonderful B&B features all the amenities of home, plus a gourmet, delicious morning breakfast.
Relax in comfort and enjoy everything Asheville, North Carolina, has to offer when you stay at Aberdeen Inn. Our bed and breakfast offers five nice, comfortable rooms in a gentle, cottage setting you and your family are sure to love.
As one of the earliest houses built in the area, our inn sits on a small rise surrounded by nearly an acre of lawn, trees, and gardens. From here, guests enjoy the surrounding oak trees, dogwood trees, and mountains while relaxing on our wraparound front porch or upper deck.
We want to always make our guests feel like it's your home away from home.
Contact us in Asheville, North Carolina, to hear everything we have to offer.


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If you are considering staying inside one of the accommodations in manchester city centre, you might find the following info very valuable. I have spent a vast amount of time sleeping over at countless of the inns in and about the centre of Manchester. Predominantly because of commerce visits, but also because I go to see the football at times as well.
There are masses of very groovy hotels in the district to choose from, however of course it depends on which type of hotel you are aiming for and what your budget is going to be.
First, i'll mention a couple of the flats you are able to stay in. These are essentially fully furnished flats with a cooking area, living room, toilet, and in a quantity of instances a roof terrace or a balcony as well.
Some of the best hotels in manchester city centre i've slept in include the bloom residences that are just a little stroll from most of the good spots in the west region of the town centre. The fees are pretty fair and the service is very good in general. more…


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Flyers defenseman Kimmo Timonen strongly refuted a report from the Flyers' flagship radio station, The Fanatic (97.5 FM), that goalie Ilya Bryzgalov (Bryzzzzzzzz?) was benched Tuesday on Long Island because he fell asleep at a team meeting.
Timonen laughed at the report.
"No, that's not true," he said."...He wasn't sleeping."
He paused.
"What a scoop!" he added, sarcasm dripping.
"I did not see him sleeping at a team meting," winger Wayne Simmonds said.
"Our meetings are short. That's just a bad rumor," forward Ruslan Fedotenko said.
Coach Peter Laviolette also denied it.
Bryzglaov had started 22 straight before being replaced by Steve Mason in arguably the Flyers' biggest game of the season Tuesday. Mason played well in a 4-1 loss. One Islanders goal was scored by the Flyers, and another was fired into an empty net after the goalie was pulled.
Sleepgate unfolded one day after former Flyers Sergei Bobrovsky of Columbus and Ray Emery of Chicago had shutouts for their respective teams. Both have been mentioned as Vezina candidates.
The Fanatic's Harry Mayes is the one who reported that Bryzgalov fell alseep at a meeting. Mayes said he stood by his report and that it came from "someone close to the organization."
Grossmann done. Defenseman Nick Grossmann will likely miss the rest of the regular season with concussion issues, GM Paul Holmgren said.
On a positive note, Danny Briere may play Thursday against visiting Ottawa, Holmgren said. Briere and Grossmann have missed the last nine games because of concussions, both suffered at a practice.
Breakaways. Scott Laughton will report to the AHL Phantoms on Thursday, Holmgren said......Bryzgalov is expected to start Thursday against visiting Ottawa, which has lost five straight.
Follow Sam Carchidi on Twitter @BroadStBull.