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Acceptable Use Policy for Faculty and Staff
This policy of the College of William & Mary views administrative data, third party proprietary information, and College information systems as critical business assets. Misuse or damage of administrative data, third party proprietary information, or College information systems may be as costly to the College as misuse or damage of physical property. College employees are responsible for the protection and proper use of College administrative data, third party proprietary information, and information systems according to the policy provisions set forth below. In addition to this policy, individuals and departments are required to abide by the Data Classification and Protection policy which details the minimum security requirements for the administration of sensitive data. Please read this and all other information security policies and standards carefully before acknowledging awareness of their provisions.
- Restricted College administrative data and third-party proprietary information (e.g., licensed software and designated portions of vendor contracts) in the custody of College staff members shall be used only for official College business and as necessary for the performance of assigned duties. Restricted College information includes student records that are confidential under the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA 1974, as amended), personnel records, and other data to which limited access is subject to prior administrative approval.
- College administrative data or third-party proprietary information shall not be altered or changed in any way except as authorized in the appropriate performance of assigned duties.
- College administrative data or third-party proprietary information shall not be divulged to anyone unless their relationship with the College as an employee, customer, vendor, or contracted temporary employee warrants disclosure and is authorized or required by law and College policy.
- Unless publicly available, College administrative data shall only be accessed by staff members who are specifically authorized to do so.
- College information systems shall not be used for personal economic benefit or for political advocacy. Occasional use (e.g., email, web) of College information systems for personal use is acceptable if it does not interfere with a staff member's job performance. Any use of a staff member's private office for external paid employment is also subject to College review as specified in the College's Policy on External Paid Employment (approved by the Board of Visitors, 2 February 1996).
- Any user IDs and passwords assigned to a faculty or staff member shall be used only by that faculty or staff member and shall not be shared with others.
- The College strictly prohibits illegal use of copyrighted software and materials, the storage of such software and materials on College information systems, and the transmission of such software and materials over William and Mary network facilities.
- The College is providing staff members with access to shared resources. Staff members shall not knowingly engage in any activity harmful to the College's information systems, administrative data, or third-party proprietary information. (e.g., creating or propagating viruses, overloading networks with excessive data, instituting or promulgating chain letters, or instigating unauthorized mass postings of any type).
- William & Mary information systems shall not be used to engage in any activity prohibited by College policies, or by state or federal law.
- College staff members shall not circumvent or subvert any College system or network security measures. They shall not use College email services to harass or intimidate another person. They shall not send email using or impersonating someone else's user ID or password.
- The College does not routinely inspect, monitor, or disclose electronic mail. However, electronic messages are written records and may be subject to disclosure under the Freedom of Information Act, legal process, or College review upon receipt of a credible allegation of misconduct. The College will investigate and may pursue appropriate internal or external civil or criminal proceedings when misuse of College administrative data, third party proprietary information, or College computing resources is suspected.
- Failure to comply with any of the above stated policies may result in a staff member being disciplined or terminated from his or her position, in accordance with general employment policies and procedures that apply to respective categories of employees.
- This policy does not affect the duties, powers and responsibilities of the Board of Visitors.


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Sept. 24, 2011
PROVIDENCE, Rhode Island – Even with a late goal from Craig Laugelle (Cohasset, MA), men's soccer (4-3, 0-2 LEC) was unable to complete the comeback as Rhode Island College (4-4, 1-1 LEC) managed to hang on to earn a 2-1 Little East Conference win Saturday afternoon at RIC Soccer Field.
Laugelle's goal, his first of the year, found the back of the net in the 86th minute off of a Douglas Silviera (Revere, MA) assist, his first of the season. UMass had their chance to tie the match in the final 56 seconds of play with a penalty kick opportunity. Unfortunately, Rhode Island goalkeeper Nick Clark managed to stop the last second attempt to preserve his team's conference victory.
After a back and forth first half, the action really began to pick-up in the second. All three goals in Saturday's contest came in the final 12 minutes of play. Ending the scoreless draw in the 78th minute was Emmanuel Asiedu's who netted his first goal of the year to make it 1-0 in favor of the host Anchormen. Just moments later Rhode Island extended their lead to two following an Ignacio Cespedes goal in the 81st minute.
However, with the late score by Laugelle, Saturday's match was far from over, and just as time winded downs the Beacons saw Victor Rosario (Newton, MA) break through the Anchormen's defense. This last second spark, would lead to a blatant take down in the box by a Rhode Island College player setting up perhaps the biggest moment of Saturday's match.
As the official placed the ball on the penalty kick dash, sophomore Stefanos Galouzis (Watertown, MA) approached the ball ready to take the kick. With his back to the net, Galouzis made a quick turn and fired the ball to the left corner. Clark managed to extend his foot just far enough to push the ball away from the goal keeping his team's lead intact.
Clark went on to end the match with five stops, while UMass goalkeeper Brycen Dowd (Mansfield, MA) came-up with five saves of his own.
On the day, UMass totaled 16 shots and 10 corner kicks. Rhode Island tallied 13 shots and nine corner kicks.
Men's soccer returns to action on Wednesday when they travel to Becker College for a 3:30 p.m. non-conference match.

subset: commoncrawl


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Archiginnasio of Bologna - Anatomical Theatre of Bologna: Unless you're a medical type, an anatomical theatre is not quite the kind of place that you would normally plan to visit during the holidays. However, a visit to the Bologna Anatomical Theatre is one that should not be be missed. This … [Read more...]
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text: Hi Rob, > The MQbench project does look interesting. Sort of a GUI version of > SkaMPI? It's something like the Pallas benchmark. But there aren't all Mpi Calls implemented yet. But its nice to choose a bunch of nodes and then a second one in the same application and see the differences. Its ordinary C mpi surrounded by a C++ Qt gui. > If you write an MPI program, it should work with all MPI implementations > (modulo missing MPI-2 features). It will not necessarily cleanly link > with any arbitrary library, in the same way that a C program will not > dynamically link with any arbitrary C library. > > So there is always going to be an issue of recompilation; is that your > second concern? Yes it is. Its probably possible to make software packages available for common linux distributions. But if you have to consider several mpi implementations extra, that could be lot of packages. I've you have written a major application like ls-dyna you can say: Take these linux, these compiler and this mpi and you get our compiled version, but nobody will alter their cluster for an add-on program like a mpi-copy tool. So the only choice is to go opensource. But in some areas it is important that (small or large) companies make professional, supported software available. But this isn't easy with mpi. Regards, Rene


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Weekly Wire: the Global Forum
These are some of the views and reports relevant to our readers that caught our attention this week.
Like Water for Internet: Ory Okolloh Talks Tech in Africa
"Last week, ahead of her trip to Washington, D.C., to speak to the World Bank about Africa's private sector, the 35-year-old Policy Manager for Google Africa took to her Twitter account and asked her followers, "What should I tell them?"
The responses came in fast and varied from rants about corruption in multinational corporations to comments about infrastructure and energy. For the most part, Okolloh didn't engage the responses, but she did re-tweet them for all to read and she made sure to add the World Bank's twitter account to the dispatches so that the behemoth institution could also see what Africa's tweeting populace had to say." READ MORE


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giga is a valid word in this word list. For a definition, see the external dictionary links below.
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e - aggie n - aging s - gigas
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ag ai gag gig
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Handpicked Overwatch Betting Tips
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One of the most important Overwatch Betting tips is to gather information. Be a researcher and follow a systematic procedure on how to get information online. You have the power of the internet to know the mechanics of OWL, the teams and players competing, and the tournament format. Compared to other esports tournaments, OWL only has 12 teams this season. It should be easy for you to get the strengths and weaknesses of these teams. From New York Excelsior to Philadelphia Fusion, a bettor must know everything. When your research begin and when the match start, get the information and let go of the biases. Avoid favoritism and spread your bets.


text: Hi All, Originally this thread was about the choice of Athlon vs. Opteron. But the comparison between Opteron/Intel was brought up. I wish to state that the best choice is highly dependent on YOUR application. I test various CFD and FEM engineering applications. I have not only seen differences when comparing different application programs, but also when comparing different uses of the same program (say if a person changes a job from statics to dynamics). The biggest question should be how YOUR application is used. Below is a web site comparing IA32, IA64 (linux and HPUX), Opteron and an IBM P655 running AIX. The site should only be used to compare hardare platforms when running our software. I am sure that Fluent, LSTC/Dyna, Star-CD have similar sites. I recomend finding out about the software that you will be using. MSC.Nastran Hardware comparison: http://www.mscsoftware.com/support/prod_support/nastran/performance/v04_sngl.cfm Regards, Joe Griffin Robert G. Brown wrote: >>In order to do the test, we have no doubt about the OS: Red Hat >>Enterprise 3, but we are a bit confused about the harware of choice: >> >> Athlon64 >> Opteron >> >>As far as we know, Opteron has two main differences: >> >> - A wider memory interface (128 bit in front of 64) >> - A larger L2 cache memory (1 Mb) >> >> >>3) >> >>Which is the most mature solution: AMD Opteron or Intel Itanium? >> >> > >Did you mean mature or moribund;-)? > >I'm only half kidding. Itanium is dead as a doornail as technology goes >-- overpriced, underperforming, incompatible. Intel is migrating to a >(more or less) Opteron compatible 64 bit processor as fast as they can >get there, as Major Software Companies (MSC) have announced that they >aren't going to do major ports to new chips with new machine languages >and compilers anymore if they can possibly avoid it. If Intel dropped >the price of an Itanium to slightly LESS than that of an Opteron, I >think they'd still have trouble maintaining a market, because Opterons >are relatively easy to port to and will in principle run i386 code >(badly, of course) native. Sometimes. I haven't had a lot of luck with >it, of course, because you can't mix i386 code and 64 bit DLLs and we >installed a 64 bit version of the OS from the start, but theoretically >it will work. > >The good news is that Opterons are surprisingly fast for MY applications >for their relatively pokey CPU clocks, and some benchmarks show that >they can be really quite fast indeed for memory intensive applications >relative to e.g. an Athlon or P4 clock. They also run much cooler than >regular Athlons (again for my application). I draw ballpark of 185 >watts loaded (dual CPU Opteron) vs 230 Watts or so loaded (dual CPU >Athlon) running more or less the same code. > > rgb > > >


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(Reuters) - Wolfgang Puck may be the world's best-known celebrity chef — he certainly was one of the first in the U.S. — and at 63, he is busier than ever. Puck oversees a global empire of restaurants (including his flagship, Spago, in Beverly Hills), popular lines of canned and frozen food, and his designer cookware, all balanced with television and radio appearances and seemingly nonstop travel. As he recently told the New York Times, "Why stop? What would you do at home?"
There is even more on his plate: For the past 17 years, Puck has also been the executive chef of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences' annual after-Oscar Governor's Ball, probably the ultimate Hollywood party. The next dinner, on February 24, will once again be at the Hollywood & Highland Center, in the ballroom of the former Kodak Theater, now the Dolby Theater.
So what's the secret to cooking for George Clooney, Angie and Brad, and hundreds of other Academy members? We caught up with the superstar chef in Los Angeles, on his cell phone in his car on his way to yet another meeting.
Q: How many guests are we talking about for this party?
A: There are about 3,500 people who attend the Awards, and we have a little less than half — 1,600 — at the actual dinner. It's by invitation only.
Q: Organizing it strikes us as something like a military operation. Do you start planning the next one as soon as you finish the one on Oscar night?
A: Not at all. I do everything at the last moment. That's my favorite thing.
Q: So that keeps the menu up to date. But don't you have to finalize it ahead at some point?
A: We have to have the dishes decided by the middle of January. We do a presentation at a press conference for the media. So even Sherry has to have her dessert ready then, too.
Q: Can you handle special requests?
A: Oh, yes. We have everything: Vegetarian, vegan, gluten-free, kosher …
Q: But how do you juggle all those different things?
A: We changed the format a few years ago to small plates. That way, there is something for everyone. So all night long there are small-portion dishes that get passed around to the tables.
Q: Like what?
A: You might get one grilled lamb chop, a small something with lobster like we do at Chinois, mini chicken pot pie with black truffles, slices of pizza, mac and cheese, a small potato with caviar. You eat six or seven little things. It's easier on the kitchen, and everyone can pick and choose.
Q: Any particular favorites with the crowd?
A: After the first time we made the chicken pot pie with black truffles, someone on the Academy Board of Governors told me, "We don't care what else you do, but you have to have the pot pie."
Q: Can you dish on some specific celebs?
A: Barbra Streisand loves the wild mushroom risotto with black truffles, and the slow-braised short ribs. And a few years ago, Danny DeVito asked for a double order of lobster.
Q: How large is the team that you work with on that evening?
A: We have probably 300 in the kitchen and then 600 waitstaff in the dining room.
Q: Walk us through the time line leading up to that Sunday night.
A: Matt, our catering manager, organizes and buys everything. By Friday, we have all the food in for sure. But we might start ahead of that with things like smoked salmon — that's 10 days before — or a week ahead for other things. We get the produce and perishables in as last-minute as we can. We had 800 Dover sole one year for the 1,600 portions.
Q: And the cooking?
A: We start the day before with what we can do, and then at 5 p.m. Sunday, as the show comes on in LA.
Q: It sounds as if you're just using your regular staff to get this all done. That's impressive.
A: Pretty much, yes. And we have a lot of other parties going on at the restaurants that week, too.
Q: What's the seating arrangement? Do you help with that, too? That could be a nightmare in Hollywood.
A: I am part of that. And I treat it like my restaurants. We seat friends together, and the films and studios together. Dawn Hudson is great. She told me, "I want to have a party." And the more we make it into an upscale party with great food, the more people like it.
Q: We know that it wasn't always so.
A: No. When we were still at the original Spago, nobody went to the Governor's Ball. The stars walked through it and then went straight to Swifty's party at Spago. The press couldn't interview anyone. The whole thing has changed.
Q: So it was a smart move to hire the creator of Spago for the Governor's Ball.
A: It was rocky at the beginning. The first time I did it, the show was still at the Shrine. We had to build a kitchen outside, and it was windy and the burners kept going out. I was worried we would be serving raw chicken with black truffles. We had to put aluminum foil around the burners to keep them from blowing out. I had other LA chefs — I remember that Angelo from Valentino was there — to help me.
Q: But the Dolby Ballroom kitchen is better, I'm sure.
A: We have two kitchens there, and we designed them. So we don't have to go camping anymore.
Q: When do you eat on Oscar night?
A: I eat all night as the plates go out, and of course we have staff meals — salads, soups — and we feed the crew and other staff. We feed more than 3,000 people that day.
Q: Who would you have cook an awards dinner for you?
A: I'd have a lot of the LA people, like Nobu and Nancy Silverton, and some of the new chefs like the guys from Animal. And I'd have some really good wines. For any awards dinner, you need to have good wines.
Q: Who does the wines for the Governor's Ball?
A: Moet & Chandon. We're hoping they'll be back.
Q: Any downtime after the big night?
A: Oh, no. Straight back to work. We have the new Spago to run. I'm very happy with it, and people seem to love it.
Q: It sounds as if you have the Governor's Ball down to a science.
A: It's easier when it's organized. To make a success, you have to do what you know how to do well. This isn't the night to try anything new.
Barbara Fairchild, the former editor-in-chief of Bon Appetit, is a best-selling author, speaker, consultant and an inductee into the James Beard Foundation's "Who's Who in American Food and Beverage."
This story wqas refiled to correct the date to Feb. 21)
Reporting by Barbara Fairchild. Editing by Arlene Getz, Kathy Jones and Douglas Royalty


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House Republicans on Friday topped off their "Stop Government Abuse Week" by passing a years-in-the-works bill to require newly proposed federal regulations to be independently analyzed by entities such as the Congressional Budget Office to gauge their burden on businesses and state and local governments.
The Unfunded Mandates Information and Transparency Act (H.R. 899), which passed the House 234 to 176, drew a veto threat from the Office of Management and Budget, and is opposed by many in the environmental and workplace safety nonprofit community.
The bill's prospects in the Senate are uncertain, like other bills the House approved this week calling for greater transparency and extra scrutiny of agency spending and rules.
"At the very least policymakers and unelected regulators should know the price of what they dictate," said the bill's chief sponsor Rep. Virginia Foxx, R-N.C., in a statement. The act "will help restore honesty and transparency to federal mandates and ensure Washington bureaucrats are held accountable for seeking public input and considering the negative consequences, in dollars and in jobs, prospective mandates will impose on the economy."
Rep. James Lankford, R-Okla., said during floor debate, "This bill assumes one thing -- that regulators are human and not infallible. Whenever someone in Washington has a good idea, someone has to pay for it. This says they have to have consultation with the people affected."
Rep. Joe Garcia, D-Fla., who opposed the bill, said, "Just as it is absurd to say all regulations are good, it is equally absurd to say all regulations are bad, as this bill does."
The White House said the bill "would introduce needless uncertainty into agency decision-making and undermine the ability of agencies to provide critical public health and safety protections," warning that it would "create needless grounds for judicial review" and slow down decision-making by adding "to the already robust analytical and procedural requirements of the rulemaking process."
The liberal-leaning Public Citizen and an allied group of advocates called the Coalition for Sensible Safeguards wrote to lawmakers saying the Foxx bill and other legislation the House passed during "Stop Government Abuse Week" would "undermine our nation's ability to set health, safety and environmental standards as well as new financial protections. Given that we have experienced multiple health and safety disasters in communities and workplaces across the country in recent years, it is the wrong time to thwart the progress of necessary public protections."


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There's some dog guests today at the house, which makes my dog children crazy and wild with excitement. New dog butts to sniff, unfamiliar tails to chase and everyone's precious little hackles go up, making all the hair on their backs look like they've gelled them into tiny Mohawks. The thing about dogs is that if you really look, they are all kind of the same colors, but the variations of these hues and the ways that they manifest themselves are infinite and unpredictable yet at the same time contained. These dogs are all different but there's something ancient about them that makes them seem like they are from the same dog stock, that somewhere in history they came from the same dog place. It's all the same dog family and dog genes and dog tree.
When my big dog ralph was alive, he would growl frightfully at canine social callers. He had no patience for puppies, and would turn any or all onto their backs at the most minor offense. It seemed like there was a thread in his jowls running up his snout, and when it was pulled it would lift his face up into a werewolf grimace, which would disappear as fast as I could say his name.
The littlest dog guest, Emily, also has this thread, right on her nose, a teensy stitch to display her displeasure at being sniffed by my Chihuahua Gudrun, who looks positively giant next to her toy breed runt body. I speak in a high nasal tone which makes this sweet visitor feel safe and she wraps her entire being around my neck like a muffler and I can feel her bones vibrate with my breath.
What a gift it is to be around animals who love people and I think that dogs are the most loving of all. I can't speak about cats, as I am allergic and haven't ever gotten to know one because of the sneezing and swelling that inevitably commences whenever I am close to one, but dogs I can attest have an affection that is unparalleled. No person has loved me like my dogs have, and I cannot be sure if I have loved anyone as purely and selflessly as they do seemingly without effort. I love how dogs don't fear intimacy. They are daringly close and unashamed of their dog emotions and don't hold back a thing ever.
This is why it is exciting to meet new ones and have dog visits and small canine events. The presence of pets is life affirming in the warmest and furriest way. I thrill at their elegant spines and how their dog legs move fast under their dog chassis. I can understand why people hoard animals and collect more and more to the point they cannot function and must have their beloved pets removed by the authorities and their houses razed to the ground to rid the floorboards of the ammoniated smell of a hundred animals or more peeing on the same spot.
It gets to me when these people have to let go of their important creatures, and I cry right along with them on the tv, as I couldn't even imagine this. I could never. I remember the diehard folks during hurricane Katrina, standing on their rooftops with rifles, refusing to leave their animals behind and threatening to kill anyone who tried to make them. I get it. that is me right down to the ground. I could never let one of mine go. You would have to kill me first. Even in death, I can never let them go. They are mine and remain mine forever and ever. It's my responsibility and my great pleasure. It is an honor to care for animals and this I never take for granted.
When I was adopting Ralph, he was just a baby black dot of fur on a desk. I filled out a form and scratched him under his chin where I would learn that he loved it best. There was a sudden commotion, as an older graying muzzle poodle was brought into the animal shelter by his owner, and the volunteer tried to calm him, as the owner, who I never saw, left the dog there without so much as a good bye. The poodle let out the most blood curdling scream, a howl that hurt my heart and ears, just one long note, held out and sustained in isolation and abandonment and fear.
the volunteer shook her head. "People have no respect for life. That dog is perfectly good. Perfectly healthy. She just doesn't want him. No respect for life. None at all." She looked at me with tired eyes that had seen much dog tragedy. She pet Ralph on his puppy fluffed chest, and she didn't know his name was Ralph as he hadn't even been named yet. "You take care of this dog. He's a good boy. He will be a good dog for you." I nodded solemnly and looked away not sure what else to do.
"I can tell you will do a good job."
I knew that I would too.
The volunteer picked up the poodle, who would not be consoled. The dog flipped and squirmed and wrenched himself out of the volunteer's arms and ran full force back to the entrance, pushing on the heavy wood and glass door with all his dog might as if it was the only thing keeping him from his owner's side.


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Photo by Margaret Fox
Your sound has been closely associated with your Ibanez AS-200 for nearly 30 years. Did you continue to use it on this album?
I used my Ibanez for half the album and my Fender Strat for the other.
What was it about the Strat that drew you away from the Ibanez?
I've played the Ibanez for 30 years and it's still my main guitar, but it's just fun to play other guitars. One thing about these Fender guitars—both the Telecaster and Stratocaster—is the more I play them, the more they respond differently. They make certain things easier to play because they speak on particular kinds of things that the Ibanez doesn't, and vice versa. There's one tune we were working on, and I was playing the Strat. Avi said, "Just go back and play it on your Ibanez." I did and that was exactly what it needed.
Are they vintage Fenders or newer ones?
No, they are fake vintage. [Laughs.] They're from the Custom Shop. I told a friend of mine, Artie Smith, who is one of the great guitar guys in New York, that I wanted to get a Strat, but didn't want to spend 15 grand on a vintage one. He said there was a good one at Sam Ash, so I went up there and played it for a while. I was totally embarrassed to buy it, because it has a fake cigarette burn in it and screws that have been rusted and two kinds of rubbed-off finish. [Laughs.] But you know, it sounds really good and it's a great guitar.
Do you think there's something special about playing a guitar that simply feels old?
I think it might have something to do with what the Custom Shop is doing to the guitars to make them play like a guitar that has been around for a while. I think it's something more than just the cosmetic value, but I'm not sure because that whole thing is magic anyway.
I just bought an old ES-330 because I was playing a gig with my Tele and I broke a string and I'd left my strings back at the hotel like a dummy. The guitarist in the other band had an old 330, and I borrowed it and loved it. So I shopped around for a 330 and at one point I was trying to choose between 10 vintage ones in different stores. But one of the shops, Willie's in Minneapolis, also had a new Gibson Custom Shop ES-330, and I came close to buying that one because it was really good. When I closed my eyes, I had a hard time figuring out which guitar was vintage. But as it turns out, each one of them is different anyway.
It sounds like you didn't use many effects on the album.
I only used my Boomerang on one part of "Snake Dance." However, I did get a new pedalboard for this tour. My old pedalboard died and Mason from Vertex Effects came down to a gig in Oakland. I knew he had been making pedalboards for a lot of the guys out West, including Robben [Ford]. For Überjam, I have to have my Wammy Wah pedal, although I didn't use it on this record. Mason convinced me to try a new distortion pedal, which is the Blue Note, and that was nice. He also sold me on one of his new wah pedals, which replaced the Vox I'd been using. I use my Boomerang off the board, so he came up with a way to hook it up since it's not true bypass and because it's big. I use the Boomerang a lot in Überjam. You can't program anything into the Boomerang, which is good, so I do it all on the fly. I just quickly play something in there and it comes back either in half-time or double-time, backwards or something.
Scofield's pedalboard
Did Mason mod any of your existing pedals?Yeah, my old Boss GE-2 Equalizer and Boss CE-3. The equalizer is more like a treble booster and the chorus was modified with a faster speed, more warble, and some fatness to emulate a Leslie. He then made them all true bypass.
Your previous pedalboard was a loop-based system and this new version is more linear. Why the switch?
This new one has a buffer, which is a new thing for me. My previous pedalboard, which was also really good and made by Pedal-Racks here in New York, was a different system. On that board I was able to turn on each pedal individually so my guitar would not be routed through other pedals. When you have each one on, you're only going through that pedal. With Mason's system, they are all hooked up through the buffer and it magically makes it sound okay. He took my old pedals and made them true bypass, so everything is true bypass and the buffer gives back whatever you're losing. It's pretty amazing.
Paired with longtime collaborators, Medeski, Martin, and Wood, Sco employs some reverse looping to create a call-and-response effect during a show from the North Sea Jazz Festival.


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Silurian Period, in geologic time, the third period of the Paleozoic Era. It began 443.8 million years ago and ended 419.2 million years ago, extending from the close of the Ordovician Period to the beginning of the Devonian Period.
During the Silurian, continental elevations were generally much lower than in the present day, and global sea level was much higher. Sea level rose dramatically as the extensive glaciers from the Late Ordovician ice age melted. This rising prompted changes in climatic conditions that allowed many faunal groups to recover from the extinctions of Late Ordovician times. Large expanses of several continents became flooded with shallow seas, and mound-type coral reefs were very common. Fishes were widespread. Vascular plants began to colonize coastal lowlands during the Silurian Period, whereas continental interiors remained essentially barren of life.
The name of this period is derived from work done by Scottish geologist Roderick I. Murchison, who in 1835 named a sequence of rocks in Wales and its borderland with England in honour of a native people called the Silures. The Silures, under the leadership of Caratacus, resisted Roman conquest for 30 years until 78 ce, when they were finally overcome.
The Silurian environment
During most of the Silurian Period, the vast Panthalassic Ocean covered the northern polar regions, the supercontinent of Gondwana stretched over the southern polar region, and a ring of at least six continents spanned the Equator and middle latitudes. The approximate orientations and locations of Silurian continents can be reconstructed using a combination of paleomagnetic, paleoclimatic, and biogeographic data. The Earth's magnetic field leaves its signature on volcanic rocks and certain sedimentary rocks rich in such iron-bearing minerals as magnetite. As rocks capable of being magnetized are cooled or otherwise lithified, their component crystals (grains) are lined up with the Earth's magnetic field. Unless the rocks are remelted by the heat from the planet's interior or reworked by erosion, they retain this signature regardless of whether they change position or not. The Earth's zonal climate also has an effect on global patterns of sedimentation.
The most unusual features of the Silurian that distinguish it from the present-day physical environment relate to conditions of low continental elevations combined with a much higher global stand in sea level. Extensive continental regions were flooded by shallow seas ranging in water depth from a few to little more than 100 metres (330 feet). Where these seas occupied a tropical to subtropical climatic zone, coral mound reefs with associated carbonate sediments were very common. Strata forming in arid regions differ from those formed in inundated areas or other regions with high annual rainfall. The deposition of evaporites (salts) was periodically set in motion as a result of reduced ocean circulation occurring in geographically restricted places such as shallow embayments.
The strong faunal endemism (the restriction or limiting of species to specific continents or isolated regions) present during the Ordovician Period was replaced during the Silurian Period by a situation where some species were distributed globally. Seafloor topography was muted over large areas of flooded continental platforms, and faunas of shelly invertebrates in different regions were remarkably consistent with one another. This has allowed geologists and stratigraphers to correlate layers of Silurian rock found on different present-day continents.
The geographic summary that follows is based on a global reconstruction specific to the Wenlock Epoch which spans the middle of the Silurian Period.
Much of North America (including Greenland), northwestern Ireland, Scotland, and the Chukotskiy Peninsula of northeastern Russia belonged to the paleocontinent Laurentia (a name derived from Quebec's portion of the Canadian Shield). With respect to the present-day Great Lakes and Hudson Bay, Laurentia was rotated clockwise during Wenlock time to fit fully between the latitudes 30° N and 30° S of the paleoequator. The present south shore of Hudson Bay was at the centre of Laurentia, with the Wenlock paleoequator crossing near Southampton Island. The microcontinent of Barentsia, which included Norway's island of Svalbard, was likely appended to Laurentia off eastern Greenland. Island arcs and highland areas, such as Taconica (a landmass that would become part of eastern North America) and Pearya (a landmass that would become the northern part of Ellesmere Island), rimmed the flooded continent. During the Llandovery and Wenlock epochs, more than 65 percent of Laurentia was flooded by shallow seas.
The narrow, north-south Iapetus Ocean still separated Laurentia from another paleocontinent, Baltica, during Wenlock time. The Uralian and Variscan-Hercynian sutures—regions where earlier orogenies (mountain-building events) had welded landmasses together—marked the eastern and southern margins of this paleocontinent. The northern tip of Scandinavia was situated just below the paleoequator during the Wenlock Epoch, but the islands of Novaya Zemlya extended well to the north. The most prominent features were the Caledonian highlands of Norway, although a lowland attributed to the Fennoscandian Shield (rocks of Precambrian origin underlying the present-day Baltic Sea, the Kola Peninsula of Russia, and the countries of Norway, Sweden, and Finland) existed in the vicinity of Finland. Another lowland within Baltica is related to the Sarmatian Shield, in the region between the Vistula and Volga rivers in Poland and adjacent Russia. The microcontinent of Avalonia—its name derived from the Avalon Peninsula of eastern Newfoundland—was appended to Baltica by the end of Ordovician time. It included what are now England, Wales, southeastern Ireland, the Belgian Ardennes, northern France, eastern Newfoundland, part of Nova Scotia, southern New Brunswick, and coastal New England.
Siberia, Kazakhstania, and other continents
Separated from Baltica by the Pleionic Ocean (essentially the northwestern arm of the Paleotethys Sea), the paleocontinent of Siberia assumed an orientation rotated 180° from its present alignment (as recognized by the inverted position of Lake Baikal). A huge Siberian platform sea extended southward. Similarly, Kazakhstania was a neighbouring continent to the east in the same northern middle latitudes. North China (including Manchuria and Korea) and South China (the Yangtze platform) were two separate continents situated in a more equatorial position. In contrast to Siberia and Kazakhstania, most of North and South China were elevated above sea level during Wenlock time.
The vast supercontinent of Gondwana was centred over the South Pole. In addition to Australia, Antarctica, India, Arabia, Africa, and South America, Silurian Gondwana also included smaller pieces of Florida, southern Europe, and the Cimmerian terranes—namely, Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, Tibet, and the Malay Peninsula—on its outer fringes. Either present-day Brazil or contiguous West Africa was stationed directly over the South Pole, buried by an ice cap likely comparable in size to the one capping Antarctica today. During Wenlock time, India, Tibet, the Malay Peninsula, and Australia projected into subtropical or tropical latitudes. The east-west ocean separating the southern European sector of Gondwana from northern Europe (Baltica) is called the Rheic Ocean and was essentially a southwestern extension of the Paleotethys Sea. The flooded margin of eastern Australia had a more-varied seafloor topography than the other shallow seas because of the extensive volcanism occurring there during Silurian time, but it shared many of the same faunal elements because of its tropical latitude.
Atmospheric circulation
Broad-scale Silurian climatic conditions can be inferred by determining the positions and orientations of the paleocontinents and assuming that atmospheric circulation functioned according to the same basic principles during Silurian times as it does today. The global paleoclimate was effectively driven by major contrast in the proportions of land and water between the Northern and Southern hemispheres. A zonally uniform climate would be expected in the Northern Hemisphere during the Silurian, because it was dominated by a North Polar ocean. Wind patterns must have included strong polar easterlies at high northern latitudes, prevailing westerlies at midlatitudes, and northeast trade winds in the tropics. In contrast, with Gondwana centred over the South Pole, climate in the Southern Hemisphere must have been dominated by the interaction of cellular air masses over land and water. The large continent would have experienced wide temperature variations due to summer heating and winter cooling.
Atmospheric circulation patterns interpreted for an early Silurian summer in the Northern Hemisphere indicate high pressure over the polar ocean with a zone of low pressure around 60° N latitude. Distinct high-pressure cells formed above subtropical oceans, much like the persistent Bermuda high-pressure centre over the present subtropical North Atlantic. Another zone of low pressure formed above the thermal equator, or the region of most intense solar warming. This somewhat migratory zone was the Silurian intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ), where the convergence of Northern and Southern Hemispheric trade winds caused the warm tropical air to rise, which in turn produced regular cloud cover and precipitation.
Mostly, the ITCZ remained near the Equator, but it may have migrated slightly to the north in response to strong summer heating on Laurentia, Baltica, and possibly Kazakhstania. This tendency would have been strongest along the eastern margins of tropical continents, where anticyclonic circulation around subtropical highs pulled warm, moisture-laden air northwestward from equatorial oceans. Subtropical high pressure probably spread onto Gondwana, particularly the Australian and Antarctic sectors. A pressure ridge may have merged with these subtropical highs to form a massive cold cell penetrating to higher latitudes over the continental interior of Gondwana. Low-pressure systems over Gondwana's midlatitude shelf were not unlike the Aleutian and Icelandic lows of today.
Pressure systems should have moved somewhat southward during the Northern Hemispheric winter—particularly the ITCZ, which generally follows the region of maximum heating to the Southern Hemisphere during this season. A low-pressure system between Laurentia and Baltica is consistent with the erosion of thick clastic rocks (sedimentary rock composed of fragments of older rocks) derived from the Taconic and Caledonian highlands. The most significant seasonal variation surely occurred in the eastern Australian and Antarctic sectors of Gondwana, where summer heating abolished winter high-pressure cells and pulled the ITCZ more poleward. This is comparable to today's monsoons, which pull the ITCZ in the opposite direction over the subcontinent of India during the Northern Hemispheric summer. Subtropical highs intensified over the ocean waters of the Southern Hemisphere and probably insulated the arid climate of Western Australia.
Oceanic anoxia
The broadly flooded shelf of Gondwana had a circumference of at least 28,000 km (17,400 miles), most of which sat in the belt of persistent westerly winds. This had the effect of producing intense surface upwelling of oceanic waters along the margins of the supercontinent and significantly boosting biological productivity. After the organisms living in these waters died, their remains sank into a bottom layer of water characterized by low levels of dissolved oxygen. This dearth of oxygen (anoxia) significantly decelerated the decomposition process, thereby providing the right conditions for the development of black shales. Today, black shale deposits are widespread around the perimeter areas of the former supercontinent, as evidenced by the rich source rocks yielding concentrations of Silurian oil in present-day Algeria and Saudi Arabia.
Silurian life
Marine benthic (bottom-dwelling) invertebrates of the Silurian Period belonged to persistent assemblages, or communities, that commonly conformed to ecological zonation. One way in which zonation expresses itself is through bathymetric gradients (changes in light, temperature, salinity, and pressure with depth).Paleoecologists studying in Wales, Norway, Estonia, Siberia, South China, and North America have used very similar models to explain the geographic distribution of Silurian communities. Some of these communities were adapted to life under conditions of stronger sunlight and more vigorous wave energy in shallow nearshore waters; others were restricted to darker, quieter environments in deeper offshore waters.
Pentamerid communities
The Pentamerus community was an early Silurian community dominated by the large-shelled brachiopod (lamp shell) of the species Pentamerus oblongus. The community often included 5 to 20 associated species, although enormous populations of only one species sometimes are found preserved in growth position. The Pentamerus community and its slightly older and younger equivalents dominated by similar pentamerid species in the genera Virgiana, Borealis, Pentameroides, and Kirkidium all occupied a bathymetric zone of medium water depth. These pentamerid communities are known to have lived in sunlit waters because they are associated with robust, calcareous green algae. The waters were not too shallow, however, because pentamerid brachiopods lost their pedicle (the fleshy appendage that tethers the shell to the seafloor) as they matured, and thus unsecured populations were vulnerable to disruption by steady wave activity. The pentamerid communities thrived within depths of perhaps 30 to 60 metres (100 to 200 feet). This was below the level of normal (fair weather) wave activity but still in reach of storm waves. At their lower depth limit, the pentamerid communities were out of reach of all but the most intense and infrequent storms.
In regions such as Wales that are characterized by clastic rock deposition, an onshore-offshore array of five brachiopod-dominated communities may be mapped in belts running parallel to the ancient shoreline. Listed in order from shallowest to deepest position, they are the Lingula, Eocoelia, Pentamerus, Stricklandia, and Clorinda communities. Below a relatively steep gradient, the centre of the Welsh Basin was filled by graptolitic shales.
Other areas, such as the Laurentian and Siberian platforms, characterized by carbonate deposition, typically developed a continuum of coral-stromatoporoid, Pentamerus, and Stricklandia communities. (Stromatoporoids are large colonial marine organisms similar to hydrozoans.) Clorinda communities were rare in this setting. Stricklandia communities sometimes included smaller, less-robust individuals of calcareous green algae, indicating a slightly deeper-water environment than that occupied by the Pentamerus community. Coral-stromatoporoid communities, which sometimes formed reef mounds, preferred wave-agitated waters shallower than 30 metres (100 feet). Much like the reef communities of today, they could not tolerate the more excessive rates of sedimentation typical of clastic settings. Bathymetric relief on carbonate platforms was very gentle; the full spectrum of available communities was likely often expressed over a gradient hundreds of kilometres long. In contrast, the bathymetric gradient on the Welsh shelf was no more than a few tens of kilometres long. Like the Pentamerus community, the other early Silurian communities have ecological equivalents that took their place in later Silurian time.
Reef mounds and coral biostromes
Reef mounds (bioherms) provided the Silurian seafloor with an organically constructed microtopography featuring zonations of segregated brachiopods, gastropods (class of mollusk containing present-day snails and slugs), crinoids (class of echinoderm containing present-day sea lilies and feather stars), and trilobites. The Thornton Reef Complex outside Chicago is an example of a well-zoned Wenlock complex more than 1 km (0.6 mile) in diameter. Others are well known from the Silurian of Manitoulin Island (Ontario, Can.), northern Greenland, Shropshire (Eng.), Gotland (Swed.), Estonia, the central and southern Urals of Russia, and Siberia. The most spectacular complex is a barrier reef 350 km (215 miles) long of late Llandovery–early Wenlock age in northern Greenland.
Reefs of all Silurian ages are known, but their development probably reached a climax during Wenlock time. Several thousand bioherms have been recognized from outcrop and subsurface evidence across a tract of 800,000 square km (309,000 square miles) surrounding the Great Lakes region of North America. Quite distinct from the Silurian reef mounds are concentrations of tabulate corals and lamellar stromatoporoids that lived in shallow water on a level seafloor. The resulting accumulations are flat-layered (biostromal) in design. The tabulate corals are often dominated by species belonging to the genera Favosites (honeycomb corals) and Halysites (chain corals) and by tabulate corals of the genera Syringopora and Heliolites. The associated stromatoporoids are essentially armoured sponges, the lamellar construction of which commonly lends them a pancake shape.
The creation of global biozones of different organisms is also evident in Silurian sedimentary deposits. The rich benthic faunas just described were tropical to subtropical in distribution. The southern temperate zone, sometimes called the Malvinokaffric Realm, is represented by the low-diversity Clarkeia (brachiopod) fauna from Gondwanan Africa and South America. A northern temperate zone is represented by the low-diversity Tuvaella (brachiopod) fauna mostly restricted to Mongolia and adjacent parts of Siberia. The Tuvaella fauna also has been discovered in northwestern China, which apparently represents a more southern extension, since it straddled the paleoequator during the Silurian Period.
Fishes representative of all Silurian ages were widely distributed in marine environments (carbonate and clastic) in a broad belt within the latitudes 40° N and 40° S of the paleoequator. They are known from fossils of individual scales as well as from rare body molds. A wide variety of agnatha (jawless) fishes are represented by species belonging to the orders Thelodonti, Heterostraci, Osteostraci, and Anaspida. Fishes with a primitive jaw apparatus are represented by members of the subclasses Acanthodii, Elasmobranchii, and Actinopterygii. Different endemic groups developed in Laurentia (known widely from sites in the Canadian Arctic, the Yukon, Pennsylvania, New York, and especially Scotland), Baltica (especially Norway and Estonia), and Siberia (including adjacent Mongolia).
Terrestrial fungi
The first fully terrestrial organisms preserved in the fossil record were fungi. The oldest, Tortotubus protuberans, which was discovered in early Silurian-age rocks of New York state, Scotland, and Gotland in Sweden, likely fed on detritus. Silurian-age decomposers, such as fungi and bacteria, are thought to have helped to stock the soil with nutrients capable of supporting terrestrial plant life.
Vascular land plants
Land colonization by vascular plants was under way during most of the Silurian Period, although activity clearly was restricted to coastal lowlands—the remainder of the land being essentially barren. These plants were small (about 6 cm, or 2.4 inches, in height), with smooth, simply branched stems bearing spore sacs at their tips. Photosynthesis took place entirely within the leafless stems. Plant megafossils preserved as coalified impressions are fragmentary. Their known distribution includes most of the Silurian continents with limited representation on Laurentia (New York and northern Greenland), Baltica (Avalonian Wales and England, as well as Podolia in what is now southwestern Ukraine), the Siberian corner of Sinkiang (northwestern China), and some Australian and North African sectors of Gondwana (Victoria and Libya, respectively). Latitudinal distribution apparently ranged from about 45° N (Siberia) to 30° S (Libya). Species belonging to the genus Cooksonia were among the first and most successful vascular land plants found in all the above-cited areas except for northern Greenland and Australia. A distinctly endemic group is represented by the genus Baragwanathia during Ludlow times in Victoria, Austl.
Late Ordovician mass extinction
Early Silurian marine faunas recovered from a mass extinction brought on during late Ordovician times by climatic change and lowered sea levels. This mass extinction claimed 26 percent of all marine invertebrate families and 60 percent of all marine invertebrate genera. Only 17 percent of late Ordovician brachiopod genera survived the start of the Silurian Period, but 20 out of 70 tabulate and heliolitoid coral genera (29 percent) and 45 out of 71 trilobite genera (63 percent) successfully made the same transition.
Silurian extinctions
During the Silurian, several small extinction and radiation events in the evolution of nektonic (free-swimming) and pelagic (free-floating) organisms appear to be linked to fluctuations in sea level. Ten individual extinction events for graptolites alone are recorded in the rock layers of the Silurian Period, during which time 52 to 79 percent of these planktonic animals disappeared. Most of these events correspond to drops in sea level. Among conodonts (toothlike remains of primitive chordates), a significant radiation was indicated by species within the Pterospathodus amorphognathoides biozone, which straddles the Llandovery-Wenlock boundary and includes the late Telychian Age (Llandovery Epoch) highstand. Extinction of key species followed by the emergence of several new species during early Sheinwoodian time (Wenlock Epoch) was one of the most drastic changes in Silurian conodont succession.
Acritarchs are a catchall group of various small microfossils that may represent the pelagically dispersed spore cases of benthic algae. Four major turnovers in Silurian acritarch species are recognized. Among those coinciding with highstands in sea level, the turnovers of the mid-Aeronian Age (Llandovery Epoch) and early Gorstian Age (Ludlow Epoch) are the most extensive. The various nektonic and pelagic organisms may have been affected by changes in water temperature related to minor episodes of glaciation.
Learn More in these related Britannica articles:
Africa: The Paleozoic Era…change of sedimentation characterized the Silurian Period (about 444 to 419 million years ago), which is indicated by the deposits of graptolitic shales (those containing small fossil colonies of extinct marine animals of uncertain zoological affinity) in the Arabian Peninsula and in northwestern Africa.…
South America: Early Paleozoic events…at the end of the Silurian Period (about 419 million years ago). Rock ages corresponding to those of the North American Grenville orogenic belt (
c.1.3 to 1.2 billion years old), as well as affinities to North American fauna of the Devonian Period (about 419 to 359 million years ago),…
Europe: Caledonian orogenic beltIn the Silurian Period (about 444 to 419 million years ago) the Iapetus Ocean closed, with the result that the bordering continental blocks collided, giving rise to deformation, metamorphism, and the orogeny of the Caledonian belt. In the late Silurian, early land plants and the first freshwater…
plant: Evolution of land plants from the Ordovician Period through the Middle Devonian…these fossils increase into the Silurian Period (about 443.8 million to 419.2 million years ago), where the first macroscopic (megafossil) evidence for land plants has been found. These megafossils consist of slender forking axes that are only a few centimetres long. Some of the axes terminate in sporangia that bear…
geochronology: Completion of the Phanerozoic time scale…named his rock succession the Silurian, after the Roman name for an early Welsh tribe. In a relatively short time, Murchison's Silurian was expanding both laterally and temporally as more and more localities containing the characteristic Silurian fauna were recognized throughout Europe. The major problem created by this conceptual "expansion"…
More About Silurian Period7 references found in Britannica articles
fossil occurrences
- tracheophytes
- In tracheophyte
- arachnids
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place in
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Series: (Series 2153, Florida Secretary of State, Territorial and Early Statehood Records, 1821-1878)
Page 1 of 1
Nov OCTOBER 18TH, 1850
The following Preamble and Resolutions were reported by the Committee on Resolutions, and adopted by the Convention:
We the delegates assembled from a portion of the States of this Confederacy, make this exposition of the causes which have brought us together, and of the rights which the States we represent are entitled to under the compact of union.
We have amongst us two races, marked by such distinctions of color, and physical and moral qualities, as forever forbid their living together on terms of social and political equality.
The black race have been slaves from the earliest settlement of our country, and our relations of master and slave have grown up from that time. A change in those relations must end in convulsion, and the entire ruin of one or both races.
When the constitution was adopted, this relation of master and slave, as it exists, was expressly recognized and guarded in that instrument. It was a great and vital interest involving our very existence as a separate people, then as well as now.
The States of this Confederacy acceded to that compact each one for itself, and ratified it as States.
If the non-slaveholding States, who are parties to that compact, disregard its provisions and endanger our peace and existence by united and deliberate action, we have a right, as States, there being no common arbiter, to secede.
The object of those who are urging on the Federal Government in its aggressive policy upon our domestic institutions is beyond all doubt, finally to overthrow them, and abolish the existing relation between master and slave. We feel authorized to assert this from their own declarations, and from the history of events in this country for the last few years.
To abolish slavery or the slave trade in the District of Columbia—to regulate the sale and transfer of slaves between the States—to exclude slaveholders with their property from the territories—to admit California under the circumstances of the case, we hold to be all parts of the same system of measures, and subordinate to the same end they have in view, which is openly avowed to be, the total overthrow of the institution.
We make no aggressive move. We stand upon the defensive. We invoke the spirit of the Constitution, and claim its guarantee—Our rights—our independence—the peace and existence of our families—depend upon the issue.
The Federal Government has within a few years acquired, by treaty and by triumphant war, vast territories. This has been done by the councils and the arms of all, and the benefits and rights belong alike and equally to all the States. The Federal Government is but the common agent of the States united, and represents the conjoined sovereignty over subject matter granted and defined in the compact.
The authority it exercises over all acquired territory, must, in good faith, be exercised for the equal benefit of all the parties. To prohibit our citizens from settling there with the most valuable part of our property, is not only degrading to us as equals, but violates our highest constitutional rights.
Restrictions and prohibitions against the slaveholding States it would appear, are to be the fixed and settled policy of the Government—and those states that are hereafter to be admitted into the Federal Union from their extensive territories will but confirm and increase the power of the majority; and he knows little of history who cannot read our destiny in the future if we fail to do our duty now, as free people.
We have been harassed and insulted by those who ought to have been our brethren in their constant agitation of a subject vital to us and the peace of our families. We have been outraged by their gross misrepresentation of our moral and social habits, and by the manner in which they have denounced us before the world. We have had our property enticed off and the means of recovery denied to us by our co-States. We have been denied our rights in the Territories of the Union, which we were entitled to as political equals under the constitution. Our peace has been endangered by incendiary appeals. The Union instead of being considered a fraternal bond, has been used as the means of striking at our vital interests.
The admission of California, under the circumstances of the case confirms an unauthorized and revolutionary seizure of public domain, and the exclusion of near half the States of the Confederacy from equal rights therein—destroys the line of 36 30 which was originally acquiesced in as a matter of compromise and peace, and appropriated to the Northern States 120,000 square miles below that line, and is so gross and palpable a violation of the principles of justice and equality as to shake our confidence in any security to be given by that majority who are now clothed with power to govern the future destiny of this confederacy.
The recent purchase of territory by Congress from Texas, as low down as 32 degrees on the Rio Grande, also indicates that the boundaries of the slaveholding States are fixed, and our doom proscribed, so far as it depends upon the will of a dominant majority, and nothing now can save us from a degraded destiny but the spirit of freemen who know their rights and are resolved to maintain them, be the consequences what they may.
We have no powers that are binding upon the States we represent. But in order to produce system and concerted action, we recommend the following resolutions, viz:
Resolved, That we have ever cherished, and do now cherish a cordial attachment to the constitutional Union of the States and that to preserve and perpetuate that Union uninjured, this Convention originated and has now re-assembled.
Resolved, That the Union of the States is a Union of equal and independent sovereignties, and that the powers delegated to the Federal Government, can be resumed by the several States, whenever it may seem to them proper and necessary.
Resolved, That all the evils anticipated by the South, and which occasioned this Convention to assemble have been realized, by the failure to extend the Missouri line of Compromise to the Pacific Ocean; By the admission of California as a State; By the organization of Territorial Governments for Utah and New Mexico, without giving adequate protection to the property of the South; By the dismemberment of Texas; By the abolition of the slave trade and the emancipation of slaves carried into the District of Columbia for sale.
Resolved, That we earnestly recommend to all the parties in the slaveholding States, to refuse to go into, or countenance any National Convention, whose object may be to nominate candidates for the Presidency and Vice Presidency of the United States, under any party denomination whatever, until our constitutional rights are secured.
Resolved, That in view of these aggressions, and of those threatened and impending, we earnestly recommend to the slaveholding States, to meet in Congress or Convention, to be held at such time and place as the States desiring to be represented, may designate, to be composed of double the number of their Senators and Representatives in the Congress of the United States, entrusted with full power and authority to deliberate and act with the view and intention of arresting farther aggression, and if possible, of restoring the Constitutional rights of the South, and if not to provide for their future safety and independence.
Resolved, That the President of this Convention be requested to forward copies of the forgoing preamble and resolutions to the Governors of each of the slaveholding States of the Union, to be laid before their respective Legislatures at their earliest assembling.
CHAS. J. McDONALD, President
REUBEN CHAPMAN, Vice President
E. G. EASTMAN, Secretary


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NH Farm Museum teams with Farm Bureau for lecture on clues to the state's agricultural past
MILTON, N.H. (AP) � The New Hampshire Farm Bureau and New Hampshire Farm Museum are teaming up to present a seminar for educators on the state's agricultural history.
State officials say everything from the stone walls scattered across the Granite State to the absence of wolves relate to the state's agricultural past.
Educators who sign up for the seminar � to be held Thursday from 4-6:30 p.m. at the New Hampshire Farm Museum in Milton � will meet some Merino sheep and learn simple methods for spinning wool into yarn.
The goal of the seminar is to make history come alive for students and integrate math and science into lessons on the state's farming economy.


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In Acronyms & Abbreviations
What does 5c stand for?
The Iphone 5C is Iphone 5Colorful 5c can also stand for thenumber 500 ("c" is the Roman numeral for 100) or for 5 degreesCelsius (centigrade) . +++ . "5c" can not stand fo…r any Roman numerals forthree reasons. For a start you do not mix Arabic and Roman numeralslike that - it would be nonsensical. Secondly, the Roman for 100 is capital " C ", but thirdly, in the Romanscale, 5 is V, 50 is L and 500 is D. The ' C ' isalso capital for degrees Celsius / Centigrade. ( Full Answer )


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text: Dickies makes comfortable work wear for today's blue collar men that lasts! This men's quilted jacket features a ribbed collar and cuffs for added warmth. Zipper front placket. Two exterior hand warming pockets. Jacket measures 27 1/2" from back collar to hem. Jacket shell is made of 100% nylon; lining is made of 65% polyester/35% cotton; 100% poly fill. Imported.


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The modern roundabout is a type of raised intersection with no traffic lights. It is designed to reduce crashes and improve traffic flow. By understanding what a modern roundabout is and how it works, motorists, bicyclists and pedestrians can travel through intersections easier and more safely.
Click the tabs above to watch animated demonstrations on how to use a modern roundabout. For more information on modern roundabouts, you can also take a look at the FAQ section.
As you enter a roundabout, remember two key points:
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Dean Bambrey Relates to Studentsby Rob Lee • January 14, 2005 Share:
Parents managing and handling children and young adults at home can be a challenge. What about dealing with over 600 and doing it as your profession?
Tom Bambrey has been relating to students since he graduated from Wabash College in 1968. First, he taught at the high school and college level. Then, he elevated to dean of students, and had to concern himself with not only academic achievement of a student, but the life of each one. He has done that at his alma mater for eight years.
"The two things important in this position are relating to students and enthusiasm for the job," Bambrey said. "Those things continue to be true to me."
Bambrey made the life-changing stop as a student at Wabash in 1964. A high school track star at a small high school near Pittsburg, Pa., he was recruited by legendary Wabash coach J. Owen Huntsman. "Wabash changed my life. There's something about this experience at Wabash that changes people's lives. You learn to love learning."
After graduating four years later, it was back to western Pennsylvania. Bambrey taught and coached at Southmoreland High School until 1971. There was enough of a shortage of teachers in the state during the era that deferments from the military draft were given to some. Despite his love for teaching, he desired more from the education process, both for himself and his profession.
He attended the University of Denver on a graduate fellowship. "I had wanted to go West for a long time," Bambrey said. By 1977, he earned his masters degree and Ph.D. from the school. Before he finished his Ph.D. work, he was hired by the university as a professor. The dean of students job was a natural match for him.
He and his wife, Rosalie, had both their children while living there. Their daughter, Tara, is now married and living in Eugene, Ore. Son, Jamie, still lives outside of Denver.
"They grew up Colorado kids so their lives are in the West," Bambrey said.
The next challenge for Bambrey was in 1993, returning to the northeast as Dean of Students at St. Lawrence University in upstate New York. "I was in the middle of my career and thinking what I wanted to do next. I thought I wanted to come back to liberal arts education."
Relating to the students is something Bambrey takes pride in, bridging any generation gap. "How you do that, mentor them through the processes and talk to them about their daily lives is a very important part of what we do."
In 1997, he received a call. "I was at my desk one morning and got a call from (Wabash President) Andy Ford, saying the dean of students position was open and would I be interested in applying." The rest, as they say, is history.
"I love the college. I was delighted to come back and see the college in a different way than a student would see it."
Nestled between their children and Rosalie's parents in Iowa to the west and his family in Pennsylvania, Crawfordsville is the fit for the Bambreys.
Rosalie also is in the education field as administrator for the Ivy Tech Crawfordsville campus. Bambrey continues to excel at Wabash. He teaches a literature course in the fall to mostly sophomores and juniors. "Particularly on a small campus where you wear a lot of hats and do a lot of things, that's ideal," Bambrey said. "The combination of being an administrator most of the time and the center of the process, faculty-student relationship, and being able to participate in that is valuable."
Instead of putting the students in the lower component of education, Bambrey likes how Wabash exalts them. "The challenges are always learning and understanding each generation of new students," Bambrey said. "One of the things here that we're totally committed to is making the students part of the process of everything that goes on here and give students opportunities to take leadership roles."
The challenges are not gone, either personally or professionally. Bambrey took up golf several years ago and plays as weather allows. He has a regular workout routine, spends as much free time as possible reading and enjoys gardening with Rosalie.
Work comes down many times to two sides of the job, including pointing out to the students ways to improve. "Even if I'm in the process of disciplining them, I have to care about them. You never know when you come to work on any given day exactly what you'll find. Deans of students, fundamentally, I think, are in the business of working with students in all ways that can come up."
Rob Lee is a reporter for The Paper of Montgomery County. This story appeared in The Paper Jan. 12.


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Latest News
Hollywood showdown: Lawmakers threaten industry's tax breaks
From Capitol Hill to state capitals, real-life Hollywood cliffhangers are being played out over tax breaks designed to woo the motion picture and television industry.
Lawmakers are re-evaluating the generous tax incentives they provide the film industry. Many say it's not worth the money, especially when governments are facing tight budgets and the Hollywood is enjoying a record $35.9 billion in worldwide box office receipts _ $10.9 billion alone from the United States and Canada.
"They're learning that the incentives don't live up to the claims of their proponents," said Scott Drenkard, an economist for the Tax Foundation, a longtime critic of the breaks. "The main reason they are popular is they're a little bit sexy. They give politicians the ability to rub elbows with movie stars."
The industry and its allies are fighting back, though, saying they bring jobs and tax revenues anytime they produce a movie or TV show in a U.S. location.
"Tax incentives are creating jobs and promoting economic activity," said Vans Stevenson, the senior vice president for state government affairs at the Motion Picture Association of America. "You see so many success stories because there is a significant return on investment, and that is true across the country."
Nationwide, the MPAA said, the television and film industry supported 1.9 million private-sector jobs and $43.1 billion in wages in 2011, the most recent figures available.
Thirty-nine states and Puerto Rico offer film and television production incentives. Ten states alone provide the film industry with $1.4 billion a year in tax breaks, according to a report that California's Legislative Analyst's Office released last month.
But some states now are saying "cut" to tax breaks.
Arizona, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Missouri and Wisconsin have halted their incentive programs or left them without funding in their upcoming budgets, according to the National Conference of State Legislatures.
And incentive programs in other states might be on the verge of fading to black.
North Carolina, for example, has been one of Hollywood's most aggressive suitors, attracting big-ticket films such as "Iron Man 3" and "The Hunger Games" and television series such as CBS's "Under the Dome," NBC's "Revolution" and Fox's "Sleepy Hollow."
Now, however, its Legislature is reconsidering its incentive program, which provides producers with 25 percent refunds on in-state spending up to $20 million.
"Some of the credits have a return on investment, and some don't," said state Rep. Rick Catlin, a Republican. "We're already in the hole, and we're trying to find money to give teachers a raise. We're going to have to compromise to extend the film credits."
Industry executives contend the film business has been a boon to North Carolina, responsible for 4,200 full-time jobs, 15,000 part-time jobs and $160 million of goods and services sold locally to the film industry.
"We feel we're the rainmakers for the state in a lot of ways," said Chris Cooney, the chief operating officer of EUE/Screen Gems Ltd. and a part-owner of EUE/Screen Gems Studios. "We've done sequels of movies, we've done nine seasons of 'One Tree Hill,' we did seven seasons of 'Dawson's Creek' here. . . . That's a consistent provider of jobs and a major contributor to the state's economy."
"It's not a boondoggle," said Connie Majure-Rhett, the president of the Chamber of Commerce in Wilmington, N.C., where EUE/Screen Gems has a 50-acre, 10-soundstage lot. "If we don't have incentives, we can't even talk to (film companies). I don't like incentives, but they're there. They're part of the reality."
In Florida, where portions of "Transformers 3" and USA Network's "Burn Notice" were filmed, the Legislature ended its session earlier this month without funding its film incentive program. The state's original program was supposed to operate from 2010 to 2016, but the $296 million that funded it ran dry.
In Maryland, lawmakers had tried to curb tax breaks for Netflix's popular political drama "House of Cards."
The show's producers launched a hardball power play seemingly right out of the playbook of Francis Underwood, the series' main character, played by Kevin Spacey.
The producers abruptly threatened to take their lights, camera and economic action elsewhere. The state reconsidered and came up with $11.5 million in tax incentives and state grants to keep the show in Maryland.
"Spoiler alert: We're going to keep the 3,700 jobs and more than $100 million of economic activity that 'House of Cards' generates right here in Maryland," said Gov. Martin O'Malley.
Even California, Hollywood's mother state, is debating the tax credits.
Some state legislators, including Republican gubernatorial candidate Tim Donnelly, are proposing expanding California's $100 million tax-incentive program to keep pace with other states.
"We shouldn't be following and trailing behind places like Georgia and Louisiana and Canada," Donnelly said this month. "It's time to bring Hollywood home."
But Neel Kashkari, Donnelly's Republican primary opponent, balks at the idea.
"I know that other states are subsidizing movies now, up to 30 percent of the cost of a movie, which is silly economic policy," Kashkari told The Sacramento Bee last month. "If other states or other countries are going to do silly things, then let them do silly things."
California's nonpartisan Legislative Analyst's Office recently questioned the value of a tax-break bidding war with other states. "The film tax credit does not pay for itself," the office concluded.
In Washington, Congress also is grappling with the issue.
Some Senate Democrats not only want to continue the tax break that allows the film industry to write off the first $15 million of production costs for movies and TV shows primarily made in the United States, but also to expand the credit to live theatrical productions, a nod to Broadway and the Las Vegas Strip.
"As an integral part of the entertainment industry, live theater must be offered the same federal tax incentives as those afforded to television and film productions, so that investment in commercial stage production does not get pushed abroad," Sen. Charles Schumer, D-N.Y., said last month.
The film credit is stalled in the Senate as part of an $85 billion package to renew 50 targeted tax breaks that have expired.
Even if senators resolve their differences and eventually approve the tax extenders, the film credit's prospects in the Republican-controlled House of Representatives are iffy.
Rep. Dave Camp, R-Mich., the chair of the House Ways and Means Committee, released a draft of a tax-overhaul plan last February that calls for repealing the film industry credit.


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The University of Akron has taken great strides in the past decade, due in large part to the generous donations of alumni and friends. The University has taken its rightful place on the map as a world class institution, and the Department of Economics competes with many great schools of economics. In order to continue our ongoing standard of excellence, we must attract and provide support for quality students. Please consider doing your part to help provide scholarships for these students with a gift to the Economics Department. Donations may range from $25 to any amount of your choice. Our goal is a lofty one. We hope to raise $100,000 to help our students accomplish their educational and career goals.
To donate go on-line to https://www.uakron.edu/donate Be sure to specify your gift be directed to the Dilley Family Endowed Scholarship in Economics or the Lung-ho Lin Scholarship Fund.
Are you an alumni of the Department of Economics?
If so, and you haven't been here in a while then you might want to update your contact information (click link below) to keep us informed.
If you have stories, information or requests that are more than what the above form handles then please send to us at
And if you would like to discover what has been happening at your old alma mater then please read our latest Department Newsletter.
Fall 2010 Department Newsletter (In .pdf format)
And thanks for stopping by.
The Department


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Real Madrid departed Camp Nou heads down and in silence last night. While five kilometres away Barcelona's fans spilled on to Las Ramblas in celebration, there was not a word from the men their team had defeated. None of Real Madrid's players faced the media. José Mourinho did – on the night he suffered the worst defeat of his coaching career.
He conceded there could be no excuse. He also admitted he had spent the second half, during which he barely ventured from his dugout, merely watching the clock run down, knowing there was no way back.
"This is the first time I have ever been beaten 5-0," Mourinho said. "It is a historically bad result for us. It is not a humiliation but I am very disappointed. It is sad for us.
"But it is not difficult for me to swallow. What's difficult to swallow is when you lose a game because you have hit the post or the referee has been bad. I have left here in that state before with Chelsea and Inter Milan but that was not the case tonight. It is easy for me to take because it is fair.
"We played very, very badly and they were fantastic. We gifted them two goals that were bordering on the ridiculous. It is our own fault."
Mourinho had said before the game that he hoped his team were mentally strong enough to lose and not be sunk by the result or stable enough to win and keep their feet on the ground. Now he had cause to return to that narrative.
"I hope this game does not affect us psychologically. I have spoken to the players and told them the title is not gone. We can't leave here crying. I left here defeated at the start of last season with Inter Milan and then at the end of the season we were playing in the Champions League final [having knocked out Barcelona], while they had to watch it on television.
"When you go 2-0 down you have two choices. You can say 'let's leave it at this' or you can take a risk and try to get into the game. They are very quick and dangerous on the counterattack and we paid for that. When they scored the third, the game was over. I knew we had no chance. We felt impotent. I am disappointed because I expected more but at that point all I wanted was for us not to lose our balance on the pitch."
Pep Guardiola, Barcelona's coach, said he was "proud the whole world has seen how we play football" but was keen not to write off Madrid or Mourinho. "Last week, you beat Almeria 8-0 and their coach was sacked," it was pointed out to Guardiola. "This week, you have beaten Madrid 5-0. Do you expect Mourinho to get the sack?" A smile and Guardiola said softly: "No." Then he left the building. Mourinho and his players had already long gone.


text: Nathan Moore wrote: > All, > > This is barely beowuf related... > > New desktop machine is a Shuttle SX79R5, > http://us.shuttle.com/barebone/Models/SX79R5.html > > In the past, shuttles have been very quiet, but this one has a fairly loud > variable speed fan on the CPU heat exchanger. I normally buy replacement parts > from vendors like newegg, but their selection of 90mm case fans mainly seems to > be described by CFM and whether the fan has LED lights mounted in it (FYI, that > is not a selling point). > > So, is there an engineer's version of newegg that ya'll know about? There must > be a super quiet 90mm fan out there that I can pick up for $10... I remind ads for quiet and more efficient rotor-less fans for PC's but cannot find such products anymore. The idea was to maximize the air flow area by displacing the central motor to the blade edges. Not only the larger central area would allow a lower, quieter blade speed, but the blades being accelerated at their extremities by the circular motor would be mechanically more stable, less subject to vibrations. My guess is that such fans, although technically better, were too expensive in regard of the advantages. The Dyson bladeless and silent fans are based om a different principle, a cylindrical thin air layer carries along the inner air column, the air flow is then laminar (http://www.dyson.com/store/fans.asp). Dan


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The natural chemistry of two Kingston folk singers is set to provide a memorable performance in Twickenham next week.
Martin Karran and Sara O'Keeffe first met in 2006 and have since developed a close rapport, based on similar musical experience.
Accompanying their well-blended harmonies on finger-style six and 12-string guitars, the pair creates arrangements of both contemporary and traditional songs.
The evening at Twickfolk will also act as a spot-style singers' night, with Karran and O'Keeffe performing 20 minute sets at the end of each half.
Twickfolk; the Cabbage Patch, London Road, Twickenham; January 12, 7.45pm; tickets £4 on the door, £2 for performers; for more information or to book to perform, visit twickfolk.co.uk.


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Wm S. Wikle, b. 13 November 1853, Monroe County, VA, 2nd District
Father: Ro. H. Wikel, farmer. Mother: Agnes M. Wikel. Informant: A. M. Wykle, Mother. (189)
Letha Virginia, b. 4 June 1854, Monroe County, VA
Father: George C. Wykle, farmer. Mother: Margaret Wykle. Informant: Geo C. Wykle, Father. (349)
Robert C., b. 15 July 1854, Monroe County, VA
Father: Alexander M. Wykle, farmer. Mother: Eliza H. Wykle. Informant: A. M. Wykle, Father. (350)
not named, stillborn [no day] Jan 1855, Monroe County, VA, Turkey Creek
Father: Jas D. Wykle, [occupation blank]. Mother: Mary Wykle. Informant: S. Wykle, Grandmother. (81)
Isabella Susan Wykle, b. 9 August 1855, Monroe County, VA
Father: Robert H. Wykle, farmer. Mother: Agnes McElhany Wikle. Informant: Robert H. Wikle, Father. (376)
Zachariah F. Wykle, b. 18 October 1855, Monroe County, VA
Father: Wm Wikle, farmer. Mother: Nancy Wykle. Informant: Wm Wykle, Father. (383)
Mary Jane, b. 13 September 1856, Monroe County, VA
Father: Geo Wycle, farmer. Mother: Jane Wycle. Informant: Geo Wycle, Father. [128]
Josiah Fletcher, b. 23 March 1856, Monroe County, VA
Father: Alex Wycle, farmer. Mother: Eliza H. Informant: Alex Wycle, Father. (197)
George S. Wykle, b. 1 June 1857, Monroe County, VA
Father: James Wykle, laborer. Mother: Mary Wykle. Informant: Jas Wykle, Father. (149)
Wm P. Athey, b. 19 April 1857, Monroe County, VA, Wolf Creek Mt.
Father: Lorenzo Athey, farmer. Mother: Mary J. Informant: L. Athey, Father. (7)
Mary M. Wycle, b. 19 July 1857, Monroe County VA, Wolf Creek Mt.
Father: Geo C. Wycle, farmer. Mother: Mahala. Informant: Geo Wycle, Father. (197)
Elisabeth Jane, b. 25 April 1858, Monroe County, VA, Sinks
Father: George Wykle, farmer. Mother: Lydia. Informant: Liddy Wykle, Mother. (62)
Adison M. Wicle, b. 19 November 1858, Monroe County, VA
Father: Wm Wicle, farmer. Mother: Nancy Wicle. Informant: William, Father. (196)
Madison M. Wicle, b. 3 May 1858, Monroe County VA
Father: Alexdr Wicle, farmer. Mother: Eliza Wicle. Informant: Alex, Father. (197)
Margret L. Wycle, b. 20 December 1858, Monroe County, VA
Father: George Wycle, farmer. Mother: Mahala. Informant: George C., Father. (209)
Charles Lanius, b. 14 December 1859, Monroe County, VA
Father: George W. Wikle, farmer. Mother: Lydia. Informant: G.W. Wikle, Father. (66)
Robert E. Wicle, b. 10 January 1859, Monroe County, VA
Father: Charles T. Wicle, farmer. Mother: Rebecca. Informant: [blank] Father. (181)
Shannon W. Wykel, b. 28 March 1859, Union, Monroe County, VA
Father: Henry A. Wikel, farmer. Mother: Emerine V. Wikel. Informant: H.S. Wikel, Father. [The "H.S." appears to be a mistake on the part of the recordkeeper. The name in the Informant column directly above this entry is "H. S. Vance." I suspect the middle initial S. was accidently recorded instead of A.] (125)
John W. Wicle, b. 7 May 1860, Monroe County, VA
Father: Alex M. Wicle, farmer. Mother: Eliza H. Informant: E. H. Wicle, Mother. (209)
Eliza R. Wicle, b. 26 April 1860, Monroe County, VA
Father: Geo Wicle, farmer. Mother: Jane. Informant: Jane Wicle, Mother. (211)
Mary O. Wicle, b. 30 November 1860, Monroe County, VA
Father: Eli Wicle, farmer. Mother: Manda J. Informant: [blank] Mother. (212)
Source: Monroe County Birth Records, 1853 – 1917, Vol. 1, Family History Library [Film 589912], Salt Lake City, Utah.
- Notes:
- The parenthetical number at the end of each record indicates the line of the page on which it appears for that particular year.
- Names of children are reproduced as written by the recordkeeper (some wrote down full name, others just given names, etc.)