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Maharashtra, state of India, occupying a substantial portion of the Deccan plateau in the western peninsular part of the subcontinent. Its shape roughly resembles a triangle, with the 450-mile (725-km) western coastline forming the base and its interior narrowing to a blunt apex some 500 miles (800 km) to the east. Maharashtra is bounded by the Indian states of Gujarat to the northwest, Madhya Pradesh to the north, Chhattisgarh to the east, Telangana to the southeast, Karnataka to the south, and Goa to the southwest and by the union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and the Arabian Sea to the west.
Maharashtra's capital, Mumbai (formerly Bombay), is an island city on the western coast, connected to the mainland by roads and railways. Aptly called the gateway of India, Maharashtra is one of India's biggest commercial and industrial centres, and it has played a significant role in the country's social and political life.
Maharashtra is a leader among Indian states in terms of agricultural and industrial production, trade and transport, and education. Its ancient culture, at one stage considerably obscured by British dominance, survives largely through the medium of a strong literary heritage. A common literature in Marathi, the predominant language of the state, has in fact played an important role in nurturing a sense of unity among the Maharashtrians. Area 118,800 square miles (307,690 square km). Pop. (2011) 112,372,972.
Relief, drainage, and soils
Maharashtra presents a complex range of physical diversity. To the west is the narrow Konkan coastal lowland, which reaches its widest extent near Mumbai. Numerous minor hills dominate the relief. There are many small, swift, west-flowing streams, most of them less than 50 miles (80 km) long. The biggest, the Ulhas, rising in the Bhor Ghat, joins the sea after an 80-mile (130-km) course.
The Western Ghats (a mountain range at the western edge of the Deccan plateau; ghat means "pass" in Marathi) run almost continuously for 400 miles (640 km) north-south, with the foothills reaching to within 4 miles (6.4 km) of the Arabian Sea. Elevations increase northward to peaks of some 4,720 feet (1,440 metres). There are a few passes through which roads and railroads link the coast with the interior. The eastern slopes of the Ghats descend gently to the Deccan plateau and are sculptured by the wide mature valleys of the Krishna, Bhima, and Godavari rivers.
Between the Narmada River valley in the north, the Krishna basin in the south, and the western coast to as far east as the city of Nagpur, the Ghats and the triangular plateau inland are covered with extensive lava outpourings called traps. They reach a maximum thickness of some 10,000 feet (3,000 metres) near Mumbai. The differential erosion of lava has resulted in characteristic steppelike slopes, uniform crest lines, and a tabletop appearance of many hills in Maharashtra.
Around Nagpur, the Deccan Traps give way to undulating uplands (about 890 to 1,080 feet [270 to 330 metres] high) underlain by ancient crystalline rocks. The Wardha-Wainganga valley, part of the larger Godavari basin, trends southward and has many lakes.
A major part of Maharashtra is covered in black soils derived from decomposed lava rocks that are commonly called "black cotton soils" (because cotton often is grown in them). Drifts along the slopes have eroded into medium brown and light-coloured sandy soils. Saline soils in the river valleys are the results of impeded soil drainage followed by intense evaporation.
The climate is subtropical to tropical (depending on elevation) and characteristically monsoonal (i.e., wet-dry), with local variations. India's southwest monsoonal rains break on the Mumbai coast usually in the first week of June and last until September, during which period they account for about four-fifths of the annual rainfall. Four seasons are normal: March–May (hot and dry), June–September (hot and wet), October–November (warm and dry), and December–February (cool and dry).
The Western Ghats and the ranges on the northern borders greatly influence the climate and separate the wet Konkan Coast from the dry interior upland, an area called the Desh. Rainfall is extremely heavy in Konkan, averaging about 100 inches (2,540 mm), with some of the wettest spots receiving up to 250 inches (6,350 mm), but rapidly diminishes to one-fifth of that amount east of the Ghats. Rainfall increases again in the eastern areas, reaching about 40 to 80 inches (1,000 to 2,000 mm) in the extreme east.
The coastal regions enjoy equable temperatures; monthly averages at Mumbai are in the low 80s F (about 27–28 °C). A change of more than about 13 °F (7 °C) between day and night temperatures is unusual. Pune (Poona), higher up on the plateau, benefits from cooler temperatures throughout the year. In the interior, average summer temperatures reach into the low 100s F (about 38–41 °C), and winter temperatures average in the low 70s F (about 21–23 °C).
Plant and animal life
Forests cover less than one-fifth of the state and are confined to the Western Ghats, mainly their transverse ranges, the Satpura Range in the north, and the Chandrapur region in the east. On the coast and adjoining slopes, plant forms are rich with lofty trees, variegated shrubs, and mango and coconut trees. The forests yield teak, bamboo, myrobalan (for dyeing), and other woods.
Thorny savanna-like vegetation occurs in areas of lesser rainfall, notably in upland Maharashtra. Subtropical vegetation is found on higher plateaus that receive heavy rain and have milder temperatures. Bamboo, chestnut, and magnolia are common. In the semiarid tracts, wild dates are found. Mangrove vegetation occurs in marshes and estuaries along the coast.
Wild animals include tigers, leopards, bison, and several species of antelope. The striped hyena, wild hog, and sloth bear are common. Monkeys and snakes occur in great variety, as do ducks and other game birds. The peacock is indigenous. Many of those animals can be viewed at the state's national parks at Tadoba, Chikhaldara, and Borivli. The state's abundant marine life in the waters off the western coast remains largely unexploited.
Population composition
Maharashtrians are ethnically heterogeneous. The Bhil, Warli, Gond, Korku, Govari, and dozens of other tribal communities—all officially designated as Scheduled Tribes—live on the slopes of the Western Ghats and the Satpura Range. Marathas and Kunbis (descendants of settlers who arrived from the north about the beginning of the 1st century ce) make up the majority of the remainder of the people of Maharashtra. The state also has a significant population of those who were once called "untouchables" but are now officially classed as Scheduled Castes, most of whom live in rural areas.
Marathi, the official state language, is spoken by more than four-fifths of the population. Other languages spoken in the state are Gujarati, Hindi, Telugu, Kannada, Sindhi, Urdu, Bengali, Malayalam, and English. There are also many local languages, including Konkani on the west coast and Gondi, Varhadi, and Mundari in the eastern and northern forests.
Maharashtra's religious diversity reflects that of India as a whole. Hindus predominate, followed by Muslims and Buddhists. There are many Christians in the metropolitan areas. Jewish and Parsi (a religious minority adhering to Zoroastrianism) groups have settled mostly in urban areas; Parsis live mainly in Mumbai and its environs. Other religious minorities include Jainas and Sikhs, whose small communities are widespread.
Settlement patterns
More than half of the population is rural and lives in villages. The urban-rural ratio has been changing, however, especially since the late 20th century, when some two-thirds were rural dwellers. Mumbai, the largest city in the state, is also the most populous metropolis in India. Nagpur, Pune, and Solapur are other major cities. Of particular historical interest is the Mughal city of Aurangabad, in the northwest-central part of the state, which contains several monuments and other historic buildings.
The national and state governments have promoted both improved agricultural techniques and increased industrialization of the economy. As a result, Maharashtra has become one of the most developed and prosperous Indian states. Mumbai, one of India's most important ports, handles an enormous foreign trade. It is a hub of manufacturing, finance, and administration but also a national centre for motion-picture production. Pune has developed many industries because of its proximity to Mumbai. Nagpur and Solapur have textile and other agriculturally based industries.
Insufficient rainfall in much of Maharashtra constitutes the main obstacle to agriculture in the state. Measures to combat food deficits have included the electrification of irrigation pumps, the use of hybrid seeds, more efficient cultivation, and incentives offered to farmers. Maharashtra is the largest producer of sugarcane in India. Jowar (grain sorghum), millet, and pulses (legumes) dominate the cropped area. Rice grows where rainfall exceeds 40 inches (1,000 mm), and wheat is a winter crop in fields that retain moisture. Cotton, tobacco, and peanuts (groundnuts) are major crops in areas with heavy rainfall. Mangoes, cashew nuts, bananas, and oranges are popular orchard crops.
Resources and power
Most of Maharashtra's known mineral resources—including manganese, coal, iron ore, limestone, copper, bauxite, silica sand, and common salt—occur in the eastern districts, with some deposits in the west. The Bhandara, Nagpur, and Chandrapur regions are particularly rich in bituminous coal. Undersea petroleum deposits were discovered near Mumbai in the 1970s and have since been exploited, enhancing the city's economic importance nationally. The mountainous areas of the state possess significant timber reserves.
Hydroelectric and thermal stations provide most of the state's power. Large thermal power plants, which burn coal, are located near Nagpur and Chandrapur. The nuclear power facility at Tarapur, 70 miles (113 km) north of Mumbai, was India's first nuclear power plant.
The manufacture of cotton textiles is the oldest and largest industry in Maharashtra. Mumbai, Nagpur, Solapur, Akola, and Amravati are the main factory centres; woolen goods are produced especially in and around Nagpur and Solapur. Other hubs of traditional agriculturally based industry include Jalgaon and Dhule (edible oils processing) and Kolhapur, Ahmadnagar, and the industrial complex of Sangli and Miraj (sugar refining). Fruit canning and preservation are important in Nagpur, Bhusawal, Ratnagiri, and Mumbai. Processed forest products include timber, bamboo, sandalwood, and tendu leaves—the latter used for rolling bidi (Indian cigarettes). Small-scale agroprocessing of food grains and other crops is virtually ubiquitous in the state.
The Mumbai-Pune complex boasts the state's greatest concentration of heavy industry and high technology. The petrochemical industry has developed rapidly since the installation of India's first offshore oil wells near Mumbai in 1976. Oil refining and the manufacture of agricultural implements, transport equipment, rubber products, electric and oil pumps, lathes, compressors, sugar-mill machinery, typewriters, refrigerators, electronic equipment, and television and radio sets are important. Automobiles are also assembled there.
The eastern area around Nagpur, Chandrapur, and Bhandara supports major coal-based industries, along with plants that process ferroalloys, manganese and iron ores, and cement. Aurangabad and Thane are also important industrial hubs.
The state's rail network is vital to Maharashtra's transport system. The Konkan Railway links Mumbai with settlements in the coastal plain. Wardha and Nagpur are important junctions on the rail routes. National highways connect the state with Delhi, Kolkata (Calcutta), Allahabad, Hyderabad, and Bengaluru (Bangalore).
Daily air services connect Mumbai with Pune, Nagpur, Aurangabad, and Nashik. The international airport at Mumbai is one of India's busiest and largest hubs, and Nagpur is the centre of India's domestic air service. Inland water transport plays a limited role in Maharashtra, and other than Mumbai there are only minor ports on the western coast.
Government and society
Constitutional framework
The structure of the government of Maharashtra, like that of most other states of India, is determined by the national constitution of 1950. The head of state is the governor, who is appointed by the president of India. The governor is aided and advised by the Council of Ministers (led by a chief minister) and is responsible to the legislature, which consists of two houses: the Vidhan Parishad (Legislative Council) and the Vidhan Sabha (Legislative Assembly). Both bodies meet for regular sessions in Mumbai and once annually in Nagpur. Seats are reserved for members of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and for women. Maharashtra is represented in the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha (which are, respectively, the lower and upper houses of the Indian Parliament).
Executive authority in the state is exercised by the cabinet, headed by the chief minister, who is chosen from the members of the ruling party in the Vidhan Sabha. The district collector and chief executive officer—responsible for the collection of land revenue and special taxes and for coordinating the work of other departments—are the key figures within the local administrative areas.
The judiciary, a High Court headed by the chief justice and a panel of judges, is based in Mumbai. There are branches of that court at Nagpur and at Aurangabad.
Maharashtra comprises three conventional regions: western Maharashtra, Vidarbha, and Marathwada. Each is divided administratively into districts, which are further divided into talukas (townships). Local administrations consist of zilla parishads (district councils), panchayat samiti (township councils), and gram panchayats (village councils). Cities and towns have corporations and municipal councils as elected bodies.
The Public Service Commission and a State Selection Board select candidates for appointment to all state services. That process is carried out largely by means of competitive examinations.
Health and welfare
Scores of hospitals and clinics, including general hospitals, women's hospitals, and mental health institutes, are in Maharashtra. Medical personnel mainly consist of allopathic (traditional Western) and Ayurvedic (ancient Indian) practitioners. Unanī (traditional Muslim) and homeopathic systems of medicine are also popular. The state is a leader in the prevention and control of malaria and parasites such as guinea worms and the nematodes that cause filariasis, in the immunization of children and expectant mothers, and in the treatment of tuberculosis, goitre, leprosy, cancer, and HIV/AIDS. Regional blood banks are in Mumbai, Pune, Aurangabad, and Nagpur, and emergency centres are found in all districts. The state has repeatedly received national recognition for its family-planning program. In Mumbai the Haffkine Institute, a leading bacteriologic research centre specializing in tropical diseases, and the Cancer Research Institute (affiliated with the Tata Memorial Hospital) are well known.
Maharashtra's literacy rate is one of the highest of all the Indian states, with more than four-fifths of the population able to read and write. The discrepancy between male and female literacy has been reduced since the beginning of the 21st century. The state provides free compulsory education for children between ages 6 and 14. Vocational and multipurpose high schools also have grown in importance.
Larger institutions for higher education include the University of Mumbai (founded 1857) and Shreemati Nathibai Damodar Thackersey Women's University (1916) in Mumbai, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University (1923) in Nagpur, the University of Pune (1949) in Pune, Shivaji University (1962) in Kolhapur, and Yashwantrao Chavan Maharashtra Open University (1989) in Nashik. There are other universities in Aurangabad, Ahmadnagar, Akola, Amravati, Jalgaon, and Kolhapur. Some prominent institutions in the state include the Central Institute of Fisheries Education, the Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research, the International Institute for Population Sciences, and the Tata Institute of Social Sciences—all in Mumbai—and the Deccan College Postgraduate and Research Institute and the Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics in Pune.
Several medical, dental, and Ayurvedic colleges are in Mumbai, Nagpur, and Pune. Most district hospitals maintain nursing schools. Technical education is provided by engineering colleges and polytechnic and industrial institutes. Almost every taluka (township) has a technical school.
An important adjunct to education in the state is training courses run by the country's security establishment. The National Defence Academy near Pune is a premier institution that provides cadet training for India's defense forces. The College of Military Engineering at Pune is run by the Indian Army Corps of Engineers. Sainik schools (competitive secondary schools that prepare students to serve in the National Defence Academy) and the voluntary National Cadet Corps provide military training. There are also institutes in Maharashtra for research and development in explosives, armament technology, vehicle research, and naval, chemical, and metallurgical laboratories.
Cultural life
Maharashtra is a distinct cultural region. Its long artistic tradition is manifested in the ancient cave paintings found at Ajanta and Ellora just north of Aurangabad, both of which were designated UNESCO World Heritage sites in 1983, in a number of medieval architectural masterpieces, in its classical and devotional music, and in its theatre. Pune, where numerous organizations sustain those great traditions, is the state's undisputed cultural capital.
The arts
Music in Maharashtra, like Marathi literature, has an ancient tradition. It became allied with Hindustani music about the 14th century. In more recent times Vishnu Digambar Paluskar and Vishnu Narayana Bhatkhande greatly influenced Indian classical music. Contemporary vocalists include Bhimsen Joshi and Lata Mangeshkar.
In rural Maharashtra the foremost diversion is tamasha, a performance form that combined music, drama, and dance. The typical tamasha troupe comprises seven artists, including a female dancer for featured roles and a bawdy clown.
The theatre and the cinema are popular in urban areas of Maharashtra. Leading playwrights V. Khadilkar and Vijay Tendulkar and actor Bal Gandharva raised the status of the Marathi drama as an art form. The Indian movie industry, known as Bollywood, began in Mumbai in the 1930s, and by the early 21st century its films had gained popularity among international audiences. Prabhat Film Company in Pune is one of the country's leaders in cinema; some of its best-known productions are Sant Tukaram (1936) and Sant Dnyaneshwar (1940). Maharashtrian film pioneers are Dadasaheb Phalke and Baburao Painter, and artists of Hindi cinema include Nana Patekar and Madhuri Dixit.
Many festivals are held throughout the year in Maharashtra. Holi and Ranga Panchami are spring festivals. Dussehra (also spelled Dashahara) is an autumn event celebrating the triumph of good over evil. During Pola in August, farmers bathe, decorate, and parade their bulls through the streets, signifying the start of the sowing season. The festival Ganesh Chaturthi, celebrating the birth of Hindu deity Ganesha, is held during the rainy season and is by far the most popular in Maharashtra. Its public celebration was first sponsored by the nationalist political leader Bal Gangadhar Tilak in 1893. Clay idols of Ganesha are sold throughout the state. Unique to Maharashtra is the Hurda party, in which a farmer invites neighbouring villagers to partake of fresh ears of jowar (grain sorghum). ʿĀshūrāʾ, observed on the 10th day of Muḥarram (the first month of the Islamic calendar), honours the martyrs of Islam, although Hindus also participate. Folk songs and traditional dances accompany all those celebrations.Sitanshu Mookerjee Sudhir Vyankatesh Wanmali The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
The name Maharashtra, denoting the western upland of the Deccan plateau, first appeared in a 7th-century inscription and in the account of Xuanzang, a Chinese traveler at that time. According to one interpretation, the name derives from the word maharathi (great chariot driver), which refers to a skillful northern fighting force that migrated southward into the area. The group's language, intermingled with the speech of the earlier Naga settlers, became Maharastri, which by the 8th century had developed into Marathi. There was also a continuous influx of people from remote Greece and Central Asia.
During that early period the territory constituting the present-day state of Maharashtra was divided between several Hindu kingdoms: Satavahana, Vakataka, Kalacuri, Rashtrakuta, Chalukya, and Yadava. A succession of Muslim dynasties ruled after 1307. Persian, the court language of the Muslims, had a far-reaching effect on the Marathi language. By the mid-16th century, Maharashtra was again fragmented between several independent Muslim rulers, who fought each other endlessly. It was in the midst of that chaos that a great leader, Shivaji, was born in 1627. Shivaji showed astonishing prowess by founding a large Maratha empire that shook Delhi-based Mughal rule to its foundations.
During the 18th century almost all of western and central India, as well as large segments of the north and east, was brought under the suzerainty of the Maratha confederacy, an alliance formed after Shivaji's kingdom had collapsed. Europeans, however, had been present along the coast since the early 16th century. Britain gained control of Bombay Island in 1661, and from the early 19th century onward the Marathas gradually succumbed to British expansion on the mainland. The British proceeded to establish an administrative province known as the Bombay Presidency. After India gained its independence in 1947, the province became Bombay state (1950). A number of former princely states (notably Baroda [now Vadodara]) subsequently were merged into the new state.
On November 1, 1956, in a major linguistic and political reorganization of the states of peninsular India, Bombay state received large parts of Madhya Pradesh, as well as the northwestern portion of the dismembered Hyderabad state (which had been formed after Indian independence from the former Hyderabad princely state). The outcome of that reorganization, however, was still a linguistically divided state, in which most of the Gujarati-speaking peoples lived in the north and most of the Marathi-speaking peoples lived in the south. Demands by the two language groups that the state be divided into two parts resulted, on May 1, 1960, in the creation of Gujarat in the north and the newly renamed Maharashtra in the south. Bombay, remaining part of Maharashtra, became the new state's capital. The city's name was changed to Mumbai in the mid-1990s.Sitanshu Mookerjee Sudhir Vyankatesh Wanmali The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Since independence the state's politics have been largely controlled by the Indian National Congress (Congress Party). Early chief ministers (heads of government) included Morarji Desai (served 1952–56), who later was India's prime minister (1977–79), and Yashwantrao Balwantrao Chavan (1956–62), who was widely heralded for his efforts to modernize the state's economic and social policies. Interruptions in the Congress Party's rule included two years (1978–80) when Sharad Pawar put together an anti-Congress coalition (although Pawar subsequently headed Congress governments in 1988–91 and 1993–95), and four years (1995–99) when the pro-Hindu Shiv Sena ("Army of Shiva") party (founded and long dominated by journalist Bal Thackeray) controlled the government. In addition, another pro-Hindu party, the Bharatiya Janata Party, won a plurality of seats in the 2014 state legislative elections and was able to form a ruling coalition.The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Learn More in these related Britannica articles:
South Asian arts: Medieval temple architecture: South Indian style of Mahārāshtra, Andhradeśa, and KeralaThe traditions of cave architecture are stronger in Mahārāshtra than in any other part of India; there, great shrines were cut out of rock right up to the 9th century
adand even later. Of those belonging to the early phase,…
India: The late 2nd millennium and the reemergence of urbanismEven much farther south, in Maharashtra, the opening of the 1st millennium seems to have coincided with a period of desiccation, in which the flourishing agricultural settlements at sites such as Inamgaon declined; temporary encampments of pastoral nomads indicate a general deterioration in the standard of living.…
India: Government and politics…Bombay was divided into Marathi-speaking Maharashtra and Gujarati-speaking Gujarat. Despite those changes, the difficult process of reorganization continued and demanded attention in many regions of the subcontinent, whose truly "continental" character was perhaps best seen in this ongoing linguistic agitation. Among the most difficult problems was a demand by Sikhs…
South Asian arts: Folk dance
dindiand kaladances of Maharashtra, which are expressions of religious ecstasy. The dancers revolve in a circle, beating short sticks ( dindis) to keep time with the chorus leader and a drummer in the middle. As the rhythm accelerates, the dancers form into two rows, stamp their right feet, bow,…
famine: The role of policy…the western Indian state of Maharashtra, for example, droughts in the early 1970s severely affected a large area with a population of about 20 million. The resulting food shortages would have caused a famine if the government had not intervened by delivering food (from buffer stocks) and initiating massive employment-relief…
More About Maharashtra6 references found in Britannica articles
Assorted References
- architecture
- droughts in the early 1970s
- folk dance
- Indian history
- sculpture


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Warner Bros. Interactive announced the paranormal horror title today, revealing super solider Point Man and telepath Paxton Fettel from the original F.E.A.R. are back, and this time they're working together. F.E.A.R. 3 will feature single player and co-op modes, allowing gamers to take on the supernatural with a friend.
"Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment is evolving the F.E.A.R. brand with top horror, co-op and first person shooter combat in F.E.A.R. 3," Martin Tremblay, president of Warner Bros. Interactive, said in a statement. "Monolith Productions has passed the torch to Day 1 Studios to create a quality, powerful game that stays true to the roots of the F.E.A.R. franchise but takes players to a heightened level of gameplay."
Helping create that heightened level are Carpenter and Niles. Carpenter directed the title's in-game cinematics and Niles co-write the script.
F.E.A.R. 3 launches on the Xbox 360, Playstation 3, and Windows PC this fall.
Sharkey says: It will be interesting to see how co-op play, with one player as solider and the other as telepath, enhances the F.E.A.R experience. And I'm psyched to see what Carpenter does with the cinematics. He's certainly had his duds over the years, but Halloween, Escape From New York, The Thing, Big Trouble in Little China, Prince of Darkness, and They Live are all classics in my book.

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Best Dressed of the Week - 23/11/12
Updated Friday November 23, 10:15am:
Stars Stateside enjoyed Thanksgiving in true festive spirit with their families; Miranda Kerr headed to a party with son Flynn wearing an on-trend cocoon coat, while Gwen Stefani donned tweed shorts and a fitted jacket for a celebration with husband Gavin Rossdale.
Kylie Minogue continued the week's trend for oversized cardigan coats and skinny jeans, arriving at the BBC Radio 2 studios dressing up her relaxed look with black stiletto heels. Meanwhile in Dusseldorf, Salma Hayek wore a plunging black and gold dress to receive the award for Best International Film at the Bambi Media Awards.
Updated Thursday November 22, 09:53am:
Jessica Biel demonstrated the power of the perfect accessory, teaming her simple black dress with turquoise suede Jimmy Choo Anouk stilettos for a Hitchcock press conference in New York . Likewise, Miranda Kerr elevated the impact of her split maxi skirt with a pair of platform boots, Diane Kruger cinched her golden coat with a Lanvin lion head leather belt and Kate Moss wore one of the Saint Laurent spring/summer 2013 tassel necklaces for her book signing in Paris.
Meanwhile, downtime style muses Sarah Jessica Parker and Milla Jovovich provided some inspiration for the chillier winter days, both opting for skinny jeans and oversized cardigan coats.
Updated Wednesday November 21, 09:44am:
Diane Kruger braved the autumn chill in Paris, arriving for the opening of Jaeger-LeCoultre's new boutique in a Jason Wu spring/summer 2013 navy jumpsuit with her hair pinned in a retro curled style.
Fashion's perennial favourite - head-to-toe black - was spotted on Scarlett Johansson and Rihanna in New York, as well as Jessica Biel in LA for the Hitchcock premiere. Rihanna arrived in Manhattan for the final leg of her epic 777 Tour wearing a Damir Doma leather T-shirt and culottes ensemble for an appearance to promote her new album, Unapologetic.
Updated Tuesday November 20, 10:35am:
Colour was seen everywhere last night as stars embraced bold hues for the evening - cobalt, azure, scarlet, ultraviolet and teal were all spotted. Rihanna - who played the penultimate performance of her 777 Tour at Kentish Town Forum - opted for an electric blue coat from Raf Simons' menswear collection, while Stella McCartney attended the gig in a purple coat of her own design. The colour trend travelled far and wide - Miranda Kerr appeared in a crimson body-skimming dress in New York, while Berenice Marlohe chose a turquoise Diane von Furstenberg for the Tokyo premiere of Skyfall.
Updated Monday November 19, 10:17am:
Stars were going for gold this weekend with the metallic shade making several winning red carpet appearances; Kristen Stewart dazzled in Elie Saab at the Berlin premiere of The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn Part 2, while Heidi Klum opted for an Alexandre Vauthier lace mini dress and Taylor Swift chose a shimmering beaded Zuhair Murad creation to attend the 40th Anniversary of the American Music Awards in LA.
Meanwhile in New York, the glamorous cast of Hitchcock - including Helen Mirren in Dolce & Gabbana, Scarlett Johansson in Rodarte and Jessica Biel in Oscar de la Renta - arrived for the premiere in Manhattan.


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Position Statement 57: In Support of the Insanity Defense
Society has long recognized the need to distinguish between those defendants charged with a crime who are and those who are not responsible for their acts.[1][2] The insanity defense exists to identify which individuals fall into the latter category because of a mental disability. When the nature of defendants' mental impairments are such that they are not criminally responsible for their acts, it is not only unjust to impose criminal liability and punishment, but it is also ineffective.[2] Therefore, the Mental Health America's position is as follows:
- It is vital that states provide for the ongoing availability of a complete insanity defense resulting in a verdict of not guilty by reason of insanity.
- When the insanity defense does not apply, the availability of mens rea and diminished capacity defenses remains critically important.
- "Guilty but mentally ill" laws should be abolished as they are ineffective, unjust and misleading.
- States must provide individuals who are acquitted by reason of insanity with appropriate, recovery-based treatment, rather than treat these defendants as if they have been found guilty.
- The decision whether to plead insanity must be entirely the defendant's, although courts should take action to ensure that the defendant is capable of understanding the consequences of the decision.
The Insanity Defense
Criminal sanctions promote public safety through the deterrent effect of the punishment itself and through the stigma of a criminal conviction. Criminal sanctions also further retributivist goals. Without blameworthiness, however, punishment is not justified.[1] When an individual is determined to be not criminally responsible, acquittal via a verdict of "not guilty by reason of insanity" (NGRI) is the only appropriate action. Since concerns about public safety and the need for treatment usually remain after acquittal, these concerns should be addressed through involuntary treatment in mental hospitals rather than through confinement in prison.
Necessary Components of a Comprehensive Insanity Defense
In order to effectively distinguish between those who are and those who are not criminally responsible for their acts, the insanity defense must contain both a "cognitive" prong and a "volitional" prong.[3] That is, an insanity defense should exculpate both those who are unable to understand that their act is wrong, as well as those who are unable, due to mental disability, to control their actions.
Section 4.01 of the Model Penal Code (MPC), promulgated by the American Law Institute (ALI),[4] provides a comprehensive insanity defense. Section 4.01 of the MPC remains substantially unchanged from when it was initially drafted in 1962 and currently provides as follows:
Section 4.01: Mental Disease or Defect Excluding Responsibility.
(1) A person is not responsible for criminal conduct if at the time of such conduct as a result of mental disease or defect he [or she] lacks substantial capacity either to appreciate the criminality/wrongfulness of his [or her] conduct or to conform his [or her] conduct to the requirements of the law.
(2) As used in this Article, the terms "mental disease or defect" do not include an abnormality manifested only by repeated criminal or otherwise anti-social conduct.
This formulation represents the consensus of American legal scholars on the appropriate scope of the insanity defense.[3] § 4.01(1) establishes both "cognitive" and "volitional" prongs, ensuring that the defense is appropriately inclusive, but § 4.02(2) minimizes the risk that the defense will be over inclusive or actually encourage repeated criminal activity.[5] Mental Health America (MHA) endorses the MPC formulation of the insanity defense.
The Insanity Defense in Practice
Despite public fears, defendants do not abuse the availability of the insanity defense. In felony cases, the defense is invoked less than 1% of the time, and even when it is employed, it is only successful 25% of the time.[6] Further, in approximately 70% of the cases in which the defense has been successfully employed, the prosecution and defense have agreed on the appropriateness of the insanity plea before the trial.[6] That individual invocations of the defense are contested relatively infrequently suggests that it is no more likely for a defendant to be incorrectly found not guilty by reason of insanity than to be incorrectly found not guilty for any other reason. Finally, there is a high likelihood of court-mandated treatment following an insanity acquittal, often lasting a substantial length of time, which serves protect the public from defendants who may be dangerous and also to discourage people from pretending to be mentally ill in order to use the defense.[7] These realities all refute perceptions that the insanity defense creates a loophole in criminal liability.
Although the wariness with which the public often views the insanity defense is unmerited, some states' insanity laws nonetheless reflect this suspicion. After the MPC was first promulgated, most states initially incorporated identical or substantially similar defenses into their laws. Since the late 1970s, however, many states have taken action to limit their insanity defense laws and to bring them back toward pre-MPC formulations.[8] As of 2004, only 20 states still had insanity defense laws that incorporated the MPC formulation in its entirety or in a substantially similar fashion.[9] As of 2010, four states (Idaho, Kansas, Montana, Utah) had eliminated the insanity defense entirely,[10] and the remainder have limited the insanity defense to the cognitive prong.[9]
The two-pronged protection of § 4.01 is necessary in order to comply with two different constitutional requirements: due process and the prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment.[11] In considering these issues, however, the Supreme Court has left considerable discretion to state courts. The Court has indicated that states may be required to provide at least some minimal defense based on mental illness, but has not yet found a state's law to be below that minimum and has declined to specify exactly what that minimum entails. The court upheld Arizona's limited insanity defense in Clark v. Arizona,[12] and denied certiorari in Delling v. Idaho,[13] a case alleging that Idaho's replacement of the insanity defense with a "guilty but mentally ill" verdict constitutes a due process violation. Still, three justices dissented from the Court's denial of certiorari in Delling, arguing that Idaho's practice does violate the constitution. MHA agrees with this dissenting position.
MHA strongly opposes the popular, scientifically-unfounded belief that mental illness predisposes a person to act violently. See MHA Position Statement 72, Violence: Community Mental Health Response, http://www.mentalhealthamerica.net/positions/violence Thus, restricting the insanity defense would not enhance public safety.
The Mens Rea and Diminished Capacity Defenses
To be guilty of a crime, a person must intend to do the act that the state seeks to punish. This "mens rea" is a constitutional requirement, although courts have allowed states to limit it in certain ways. Thus far, the Supreme Court has held that a diminished capacity defense is not constitutionally guaranteed. But Mental Health America believes that people accused of crimes should be able to assert mens rea and diminished capacity defenses at trial using expert psychological evidence.
Defining the Defenses
In anything more than trivial offenses, a finding of guilt in a criminal trial generally requires some form of mens rea, or "guilty mind," often expressed as knowledge or intent.[14] A defendant that does not have the required mens rea is not guilty of the crime.[15] This is the mens rea defense.
A diminished capacity defense is different from a mens rea defense, but the two overlap considerably and there is not always a clear distinction between the two. A diminished capacity defense allows for mitigation of a criminal conviction based on the defendant's mental impairment, even if the insanity and mens rea defenses have both failed.[16] The diminished capacity defense reflects the notion that a defendant, while guilty, may, nevertheless, be guilty of a less serious crime due to mental impairment.
The Defenses in Practice
A crime's required mens rea is a critical element of the offense, and without it a defendant cannot be found guilty.[15] However, some courts have upheld state laws that interfere with this requirement. The Supreme Court in Clark upheld Arizona's rule that effectively precludes the use of most psychological evidence in making a mens rea or diminished capacity defense at trial, and instead relegated it to use only in pleading insanity.[17] In so holding, the Court simultaneously limited the defendant's ability to establish a mens rea defense and declared that diminished capacity defenses are not constitutionally required. As of 2007, only three states still allowed a diminished capacity defense.[18]
As the dissent in that case noted, the practical effect of this rule is that "a person would be guilty of first-degree murder if he knowingly or intentionally …committed the killing under circumstances that would show knowledge or intent but for the defendant's mental illness."[19] MHA joins this dissent in arguing that such a rule is unconstitutional because it results in a guilty verdict even when the defendant did not satisfy a critical element of the crime. Moreover, even if the defendant possessed the required mens rea, the mental illness may remain relevant to determining the extent of his or her blameworthiness, thus necessitating a diminished capacity defense as well.
The MPC Approach
The MPC both assures a mens rea defense and establishes a limited diminished capacity defense in the same section, which provides as follows:
Section 4.02: Evidence of Mental Disease or Defect Admissible When Relevant to Element of the Offense; Mental Disease or Defect Impairing Capacity as Ground for Mitigation of Punishment in Capital Cases.
(1) Evidence that the defendant suffered from a mental disease or defect is admissible whenever it is relevant to prove that the defendant did or did not have a state of mind that is an element of the defense.
(2) Whenever the jury or the Court is authorized to determine or to recommend whether or not the defendant shall be sentenced to death or imprisonment upon conviction, evidence that the capacity of the defendant to appreciate the criminality [wrongfulness] of his [or her] conduct or to conform his [or her] conduct to the requirements of law was impaired as a result of mental disease or defect is admissible in favor of a sentence of imprisonment.
Viewed in light of § 4.01, § 4.02 indicates that mens rea and diminished capacity defenses are to be available independently of the insanity defense. § 4.02(2) provides a diminished capacity defense only in capital cases. While this formulation is more protective than the current law in the vast majority of states, the diminished capacity defense should not be limited to capital cases. A broader, but still sufficiently limited, defense would allow diminished capacity mitigation in all specific intent crimes, not only in capital crimes.
Guilty but Mentally Ill Laws
Laws establishing a "guilty but mentally ill" (GBMI) verdict are inappropriate for two reasons. First, they are inappropriate because the GBMI verdict is no different in practice from a finding of guilty. Second, they are inappropriate because this alternative to the insanity defense may confuse jurors. These fundamental problems persist whether the GBMI verdict is provided in addition to, or as a replacement for, the NGRI verdict.
A GBMI verdict provides no benefit to society or to criminal defendants because it has the same consequences as a guilty verdict. Someone found GBMI may be given any sentence that she or he could have been given if found guilty. That includes a sentence of death.[20] Virtually every person found GBMI is sent to prison. Persons found GBMI are entitled to mental health services while imprisoned. However, they have no greater right to mental health services in prison than those simply found guilty. That is because all persons confined in prison have a constitutional right to mental health services.[21] While GBMI statutes typical permit defendants to be transferred to mental hospitals, these provisions are permissive rather than mandatory and are rarely utilized.[22]
Because the GBMI verdict is indistinguishable from the guilty verdict, GBMI laws serve no purpose other than to confuse jurors. Jurors may understandably believe that the GBMI verdict is a compromise between the NGRI and guilty verdicts, and thus the availability of a GBMI verdict may cause them to find a defendant GBMI when they would not have been willing to give a guilty verdict. This issue is compounded by the fact that jurors are often wary of the NGRI verdict. [23] Although empirical evidence from actual trials is not yet available, researchers have considered, in the mock trial setting, the impact on jury preferences of the simultaneous availability of NGRI and GBMI verdicts.[24] Research indicates that juries may use GBMI as a mechanism for "avoiding the difficult moral and social issues raised by an insanity defense."[24]
Defendants' challenges of the GBMI verdict as a due process violation have yet to succeed.[25] As of 2009, over 20 states provided for a GBMI verdict.[26] Four of these states had eliminated the NGRI verdict entirely and replaced it with GBMI.[10] The remaining 16 states with GBMI laws allow for both an NGRI verdict and a GBMI verdict. In either context, the GBMI verdict is inappropriate and seriously undermines the important policies that require maintaining the insanity and diminished capacity defenses, discussed above.
The Consequences of Pleading Insanity
An individual who is acquitted on the basis of insanity should be treated. However, it is critically important, both out of concern for promoting the public safety and out of concern for the defendant's rights, that the purpose of this treatment is rehabilitation, not to serve as a punitive alternative to imprisonment. That is, the aim of the treatment should be to eventually release an individual into the community, not to punish that individual for a crime for which the defendant has been judged not morally culpable.
In Jones v. US, the Supreme Court found it constitutional for states to confine insanity acquittees in a mental health facility for periods longer than they would have been imprisoned had they been found guilty of the crime.[27] In reality, this routinely occurs.[28] This practice is appropriate only for as long as the additional period of confinement is clinically justified and serves a valuable rehabilitative purpose. It is critical that insanity acquittees are released when they are no longer dangerous to society.
Allowing these extended treatment periods may very well further legitimate goals, but the policy of long-term treatment after NGRI verdicts increases the risk of treatment being used as a pretext for punishment. In order to protect against this, states should adopt rigorous standards and procedures.. Review boards that are as independent of the criminal justice system and of the courts as possible are one mechanism to achieve this goal. These boards serve to monitor an insanity acquittee's clinical progress and evaluate the need for continued treatment on an ongoing basis. The modern trend in states with a full insanity defense is toward use of such a system.[29] Independent review boards serve to place the treatment and release decision-making process in the hands of those most qualified to make such determinations, and those who are most likely to act only out of public safety and treatment concerns.
The Decision to Plead Insanity
People found not guilty by reason of insanity will often be confined longer than they would have been had they been found guilty.[30] The conditions of their confinement will also be quite restrictive. Of course, it is true that in most jurisdictions most persons with serious mental illnesses will be safer and receive better care in a mental hospital than in a prison. But respect for individual autonomy requires that the defendant be permitted to choose between these two difficult outcomes. It is critical that the decision to plead insanity is left to the defendant.
However, precisely because the decision whether to plead insanity is difficult, it is important that courts insure that criminal defendants have the capacity to make this choice and are provided with all of the relevant information. The likely length of confinement after an NGRI verdict and the likely treatment to be received are critical factors in deciding whether or not to invoke the insanity defense. And these consequences may be difficult to predict. Just as courts must ensure that defendants are competent to plead guilty and are aware of the consequences, so too should courts ensure that defendants are competent to plead insanity and are informed about the likely consequences of the plea.[31]
Call to Action
MHA encourages policy and legal changes as necessary in order to achieve the following goals:
- States should provide a full insanity defense. When defendants' mental illnesses prevent them from understanding the wrongfulness of the act or prevent them from controlling their behavior, they should be acquitted by reason of insanity. Criminal liability in these instances is neither appropriate nor effective.
- Even if a defendant does not qualify for an insanity acquittal, the mental illness may remain critically relevant to the criminal proceedings. States should therefore also provide for separate, albeit related, mens rea and diminished capacity defenses.
- "Guilty but mentally ill" verdicts are ineffective and unjust. States should neither replace the insanity defense with this disposition nor offer it as an alternative to judges and jurors considering an insanity defense.
- People acquitted because of a finding of insanity should be treated in an appropriate clinical setting. The purpose of this treatment should be rehabilitative, not punitive.
- Because of the weighty implications of the decision to plead insanity, the defendant must be the one to decide whether to use the insanity defense. However, courts should act to ensure that the defendant is capable of understanding the consequences of the decision. Until a defendant can do so, the state should not find him or her fit to stand trial.
Effective Period
The Mental Health America Board of Directors approved this policy on June 8, 2014. It will remain in effect for five (5) years and is reviewed as required by the Mental Health America Public Policy Committee.
Expiration: December 31, 2019
[1] Livermore, Joseph and Paul Meehl. The Virtues of M'Naghten. Minnesota Law Review. Vol. 51. 789: 790-793 (1966).
[2] Winkel, Susan. Free Fill, Responsibility & Forensic Psychiatry: An Exploration of Justifications for the Insanity Defense. GGzet Wetenschappelijk, Vol. 17, No. 1: 36, 44 (2013).
[3] Bonnie, Richard. The Moral Basis of the Insanity Defense. American Bar Association Journal. Vol. 69, No. 2: 794, 795 (1983).
[4] About the American Law Institute. American Law Institute. Available at http://www.ali.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=about.overview (Last visited Feb. 15, 2014).
[5] Robinson, Paul. An Overview of Mental Illness Under U.S. Criminal Law. University of Pennsylvania Law School, Public Research Paper, 2 (2013).
[6] Costanzo, Mike and Daniel Krauss. Forensic and Legal Psychology. Worth Publishers, 206 (2012).
[7] Braff, Jeraldine, et al. Detention Patterns of Successful and Unsuccessful Insanity Defendants. Criminology, Vol. 21, No. 3: 439, 446 (1983).
[8] Robinson, Paul and Markus Dubber. An Introduction to the Model Penal Code. University of Pennsylvania Law School, 15. Available at http://www.law.upenn.edu/fac/phrobins/intromodpencode.pdf (Last visited Feb. 15, 2014).
[9] State Court Organization, The Defense of Insanity: Standards and Procedures. Department of Justice. Table 35, 209-212 (2004). Available at http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/sco04.pdf (Last visited Feb. 15, 2014).
[10] Lillienfeld, Scott and Hal Arkowitz. The Insanity Verdict on Trial. Scientific American, Dec. 23, 2010. Available at http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-insanity-verdict-on-trial/ (Last visited Feb. 21, 2014).
[11] Robitscher, Jonas and Andrew Haynes. In Defense of the Insanity Defense. Emory Law Review, Vol. 31: 9, 59 (1982).
[12] See Clark v. Arizona, 548 U.S. 735, 755 (2006).
[13] See Delling v. Idaho, 133 S.Ct 504, 504 (2012).
[14] Arenella, Peter. The Diminished Capacity and Diminished Responsibility Defenses: Two Children of a Doomed Marriage. Columbia Law Review, Vol. 77, No. 6: 827, 829 (1977).
[15] Parry, John and Eric Drogin. Mental Disability Law, Evidence, and Testimony. American Bar Association, 207 (2007).
[17] Clark v. Arizona, 548 U.S. 779.
[19] Clark v. Arizona, 548 U.S. 797 (Kennedy, J., dissenting) (emphasis added).
[20]See People v. Crews, 122 Ill.2d 266, 294 (1988); State v. Anderson, 966 So.2d 973, 984 (2008).
[21] See Estelle v. Gamble, 97 S.Ct 285, 291 (1976)(holding that deliberate indifference to prisoner's serious medical needs constitutes a violation of the 8th Amendment's prohibition again cruel and unusual punishment). See also Brown v. Plata, 131 S.Ct 1910, 1947 (2011)(Reaffirming that the 8th Amendment requires the state to provide medical treatment, specifically mental health treatment, to prisoners).
[22] See, e.g., 730 ILCS 5/5-2-6.
[23]Smith, Steven. Neuroscience, Ethics, and Legal Responsibility: The Problem of the Insanity Defense. Springer. Journal of Science and Engineering Ethics, Vol 18: 475, 478 (2012).
[24 ]Melville, John and David Naimark. Punishing the Insane: The Verdict of Guilty but Mentally Ill. American Academy of Psychiatry Law Journal, Vol. 30: 553, 553 (2002).
[25] See, e.g., People v. Lantz, 186 Ill.2d 243, 255 (Reversing an appellate court decision that held that Illinois's GBMI law violates due process).
[26] Kutys, Jennifer and Jennifer Esterman. Guilty but Mentally Ill (GBMI) vs. Not Guilty by Reason of Insanity (NGRI): An Annotated Bibliography. The American Society of Trial Consultants. The Jury Expert, 28. Available at http://www.thejuryexpert.com/wp-content/uploads/KutysTJENov2009.pdf (Last visited Feb. 19, 2014).
[27] See Jones v. US, 463 U.S. 354, 370 (1983).
[28] Silver, Eric. Demythologizing Inaccurate Perceptions of the Insanity Defense. American Psychiatric Association Journals, Law and Human Behavior, Vol. 18, No. 1: 63, 63 (1994).
[29] Hafemeister, Thomas and John Petrila. Treating the Mentally Disordered Offender: Society's Uncertain, Conflicted, and Changing Views. Florida State University Law Review, Vol. 21: 729, 749-750 (1993); Shaefer, Michele and Joseph Bloom. The Use of the Insanity Defense as a Jail Diversion Mechanism for Mentally Ill Persons Charged with Misdemeanors. American Academy of Psychiatry Law Journal, Vol. 33: 79, 81 (2005).
[30] Ellis, James. The Consequences of the Insanity Defense: Proposals to Reform Post-Acquittal Commitment Laws. Catholic University Law Review, Vol. 35: 961, 1019 (1986).
[31] Reisner, Andrew, et al. Competency to Stand Trial and Defendants Who Lack Insight Into Their Mental Illness. American Academy Psychiatry Law Journal, Vol. 41: 85, 86 (2013).


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This blog is for anyone interested in family history, especially those who are served by the Grove Creek Multi-Stake LDS Family History Center.
Saturday, March 2, 2013
March 2013 Classes
Today the sun is shining and it feels slightly warm! Yahoo! The above is a self-portrait (well, not really!)
The Grove Creek Stake is offering Family History Classes on Tuesday nights from 7-9 pm. The first hour will be a class and the 8-9 pm hour will be the opportunity for a hands-on lab. The schedule for March is listed below. All levels of family history interest are invited and welcome!
March 5th Family History-A Spiritual Endeavor
12th Let's Look at Family Tree
19th How & Where to Get Started
26th Beginning Research
Posted by Rayanne Melick at 3:15 PM
Labels: education, family history, genealogy, Grove Creek FHC
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Leave it to Kelly Clarkson to prove that a celebrity wedding doesn't have to have hundreds of attendees (or even more than a dozen) to be swoon-worthy. The singer eloped with fiancé Brandon Blackstock this weekend after scrapping her elaborate wedding plans when her and Blackstock's professional lives got crazy.
Despite that, Clarkson positively glows in the photos she released on Twitter, wearing a long-sleeved lace wedding dress by Temperley and an ornate silver headpiece from Jim Verraros and Maria Elena. Clarkson's wedding bouquet of sunflowers mirrored the pastoral feel of their venue, Blackberry Farm in Walland, Tennessee, a luxury hotel in the Smoky Mountain foothills (which, happened to be featured as one of Brides' 50 most romantic wedding venues!).
Photo: Courtesy of Kelly Clarkson via Twitter
Clarkson's wedding seems to be part of a growing trend of low-key events, like Kristen Bell and Dax Shepherd's recent nuptials, and Kerry Washington's secret wedding to Nnamdi Asomugha before that. After all, the only reason most people knew of Clarkson's wedding (if they did at all) was because of a tweet from Renee Burank (whose sister works at Blackberry Farm) stating: "Kelly Clarkson got married at Blackberry Farm today... My sister is the chef at Blackberry Farms... CRAZY!"
Photo: Courtesy of Kelly Clarkson via Twitter
Clarkson later followed upwith a tweet of her own:
At least this time we got to see a celebrity dress!
—Caitlin Van Horn
You Might Also Like:
Which Celebrity Couple is Getting Married Next?
The Most Wedding-Worthy Red-Carpet Dresses


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It is not unusual to see a different part number on the module we shipped you when comparing it to the part number you ordered online. The part number you see on-line is a reference number so that we can connect the correct module to the correct system. Some modules have similar specifications, but, do not work in all systems.
When you order by advanced search online, you are shown the "external" part number CTxxxxxx. The part number that you see on your module is the actual module base part number CTxxxxxxxxx.xxx. If you order by advanced search or system information, the external part number is referenced in your packing list. The two cross-referenced part numbers refer to the same module.


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Slow-Cooker Lebanese Red Lentil Soup Recipe
Note: If you like your soup with a touch of creaminess, adding a dollop of plain yogurt works nicely.
Read more: Slow Cooker Lebanese Red Lentil Soup
- Yield:Serves 6 to 8
- Active time: 15 minutes
- Total time:4 hours
- Rated:
- 1 tablespoon olive oil
- 1 large white or yellow onion, chopped (about 1 1/2 cups)
- 2 carrots, peeled and chopped (about 1 1/2 cups)
- 2 celery stalks, chopped (about 1 cup)
- 4 cloves garlic, minced (about 4 teaspoons)
- 2 teaspoons ground cumin
- 1/2 teaspoon cayenne pepper
- 1 1/2 teaspoons smoked paprika
- 4 cups dry red lentils, picked over for debris and rinsed
- 2 bay leaves
- 12 to 16 cups low-sodium vegetable stock or water
- Kosher salt
- 1 tablespoon red wine vinegar
- 1 large red onion, minced (about 1 cup)
- 1/3 cup minced fresh cilantro leaves
- 1 lemon, cut into wedges
Heat olive oil in a large sauté pan over medium heat. When oil is shimmering, add onion, carrots, and celery and cook, stirring periodically, until vegetables start to soften, about 5 minutes. Add garlic cook, stirring, until fragrant, about 1 minute. Stir in cumin, cayenne, and paprika, and continue cooking until fragrant.
Transfer mixture to a slow cooker. Add lentils, bay leaves and 12 cups of stock. Season with about 1 teaspoon of salt, stir to combine, and cover. Set slow cooker to low and cook for 4 hours, stirring hourly and adding in additional broth as needed to maintain a loose, soup-like consistency.
When the soup is done, discard bay leaves, transfer to a blender or food processor, and add vinegar. Adjust seasonings, if needed, and purée until smooth. Ladle into bowls and top with red onion and cilantro, and serve with lemon wedges.
This Recipe Appears InSlow Cooker Lebanese Red Lentil Soup
This post may contain links to Amazon or other partners; your purchases via these links can benefit Serious Eats. Read more about our affiliate linking policy.


text: On Thu, 2002-08-15 at 14:05, Marshall E. Fryman wrote: > > As far as a rack > goes, we are simply using stainless racks that are $80 at Sam's Club. Not > the most professional of looks perhaps, but it saves quite a lot of money > (and has decent wheels to boot.) > While a bit more expensive than the Home Depot'esque wire shelving, we got shelving from a company called InterMetro. They are basically nice lab racks and can have wheels on them (which comes in *really* handy when moving stuff around and wiring them). We were able to fit 24 Compaq w6000's per 4 ft rack and not even run afoul of the fire inspectors. They are easy to construct and quite heavy duty. http://www.intermetro.com/ftp/pdf/10.01.pdf -Dean


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kylie and alex – bangalow New south wales
Like life, with the weather, there are no guarantees. Beginning of winter in beautiful Bangalow, you would think no rain, right? Wrong. Isn't it ironic. If how much rain fell is any indication of how successful their marriage will be, I'm calling it now. It will be long, long and filled with enormous love. The people who love Kylie and Alex are spread in all corners of the world, some just down the road, others travelled a great distance to be with them. Those friends and family are sweet and kind and love big. Just like the beautiful people they came to see married in stormaggedon, generous to a fault, and so incredibly gracious. All about how it feels and not what it looks like. How lucky I am.
Rhianne and Ryan – Rockhampton, Queensland


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Reporters Sans Frontières ritiene che la mafia e Berlusconi stesso siano i due principali problemi per la libertà di informazione in Italia. Il nostro paese risulta al 49° posto su 175 per quanto riguarda la libertà d'informazione (alla faccia del G8 e dei suoi 8 più ricchi ed evoluti paesi nel mondo, tra cui l'Italia). Ce l'hanno tutti con lui, anche a Katmandu, a Timbuctou o a Buenos Aires, o che ci sia del vero in queste critiche?
The state of press freedom in Italy, caught between draconian draft reforms and threats from the mafia, is more and more worrying to its European neighbours. The grip of mafia gangs on the media sector is strengthening and forcing a large number of journalists to tread warily. Silvio Berlusconi's return to power brings back into focus the question of broadcast media concentration and government control. Legislative reform that would ban publication of some legal steps is incompatible with EU democratic standards.
Journalists investigating mafia and gangland activities, particularly in the south, do it at risk of their lives. Around a score of them, including Roberto Saviano, Lirio Abbate, Rosanna Capacchione and others still live under police protection. One phenomenon affecting the world of sport is the rise of threats against journalists specialising in football from groups of violent supporters often expressed by chanting and banners inside the football stadiums.
The Italian press can fall victim to a range of reprisals involving torching of cars and doors of their homes, threatening letters and intimidation of their families, all in the guise of "advice" given to those who persist in exposing what has gone wrong in Italian society. The grip of mafia groups on the media has become so threatening that in 2009 these groups were added to Reporters Without Borders' list of press freedom predators.
In an anomalous situation within the European Union, prime minister, Silvio Berlusconi still controls the three channels of public RAI television as well as the leading privately owned radio and television group Mediaset, increasing political interference in their editorial lines and fostering self-censorship on the part of a section of the profession. Television which remains the main source of news for 80% of the population also attracts the lion's share of national advertising revenue. The law promulgated by the Italian communications minister Maurizio Gasparri removed all limits on the distribution of advertising revenue, opening the door to an often massive "reorientation" in favour national television channels, particularly those belonging to the Berlusconi family.
Other recurrent problems remain, such as recruitment to the profession which is still extremely rule-bound. Those wishing to enter journalism have to pass a competitive exam and must become members of a professional body. Defamation remains a crime and the right of access to public or private information is not in practice respected.
The draft law on the publication of legal steps, which is currently under debate, contains serious threats for investigative journalism, proposing among other things a ban on publishing phone-tapping ordered by a prosecutor, until the completion of an investigation. The publication ban also applies to the work of investigative commissions. Once the draft law was adopted, journalists would from then on be unable to inform the public about any arrests, seizures or searches ordered by judges. Publication of steps, conversations or communications - the destruction of which had been ordered by a prosecutor - would still remain banned. A journalist or media violating this secrecy would face a prison sentence or very heavy fines and a three-month ban on exercising their profession.


text: On Fri, 27 Sep 2002 13:20:13 -0700 (PDT) Nikolai Bennett <neikobiz at yahoo.com> wrote: > > How do I unsubscribe from this list ? > > When I click on the link "http://www.beowulf.org/mailman/listinfo/beowulf " I'm taken to that page,however it doesn't contain any information about unsubscribing. At the very bottom of the page it says... To change your subscription (set options like digest and delivery modes, get a reminder of your password, or unsubscribe from Beowulf), enter your subscription email address: -- Andrew Shewmaker Associate Engineer Phone: 208.526.1415 Fax: 208.526.4017 Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory 2525 Fremont Ave. Idaho Falls, ID 83415-3605


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Sales Have Ended
Sales Have Ended
Have you ever met a child who is not fascinated by water? Regardless of its aggregate state, icy, cold, or hot, children love to explore water from an early age.
At your first Little Scientists workshop you will explore water with all your senses, investigate the different aggregate states and test the solubility of different substances. You will be given the opportunity to discover how STEM subjects can be implemented in a free and exciting way and you will engage in different hands-on experiences linked to the concept of inquiry-based learning and co-construction.
To further support continuous professional growth, we introduce new relevant STEM topics each year.
It is compulsory to start our program with the Water Exploration workshop first. Once the water workshop is complete, the order for attending additional workshop topics is open for the participant to decide.
Please see our Little Scientists workshop Terms and Conditions on www.littlescientists.org.au.


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A year ago, Caterpillar was trading at a 52-week high. Now, the stock — the worst Dow 30 component year-to-date — is on the verge of testing a fresh low for the year ahead of the company\'s first-quarter earnings report Monday.
Caterpillar has suffered numerous downgrades and price target cuts over the past month, the most recent ones coming Wednesday from analysts at Macquarie and Jefferies. China\'s slowing economy is the chief concern.
Macquarie said Caterpillar may cut its 2013 guidance, while Jefferies called the company\'s growth assumptions for China unrealistic.
Still, no sell ratings (yet) on Caterpillar among the 25 analysts polled by FactSet. On average, they see the stock worth $103.79 based on their 2013 profit estimates.
As of Thursday morning, Caterpillar shares traded at $80.64. The stock\'s 52-week low is $78.25, a level reached on July 12, 2012. The stock\'s year high of $109.77 was April 19, 2012.
Here\'s a chart of how quickly profit estimates for Caterpillar\'s first quarter have fallen since Jan. 1.
–Matt Andrejczak
Follow me on Twitter @MarketwatchMatt
Follow The Tell blog on Twitter @thetellblog


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Amazon Route 53 is a highly available and scalable Domain Name System (DNS) web service. Since December 2010, when Route 53 launched, we have been working hard to add new features, make the service easy to use, and scale our systems. In that time, we've had a big impact on the DNS space, attracting some major customers and filling a gap in the market.
At Amazon Web Services, we believe in simple, reliable, and low cost systems which serve our customers' needs. We plan to expand our services, our reach, and increase benefits to our customers and we need your help to get there.
Come work on Amazon Route 53 if you want to solve hard problems, work with smart people, and have fun.
Are you a tenacious, ambitious, self-starter with a passion for the DNS market? Amazon Route 53 is looking for people who excel in fast-paced, small-team environments. The Amazon Web Services business requires innovative thinking balanced with a strong customer and quality focus.
Software Development Engineers
Amazon Route 53 is looking for software engineers to join our team. Our projects include massively scalable distributed systems that provide inexpensive, reliable, global distribution. This is an opportunity to join a world class team that is at the forefront of creating the next major computing platform. Our service improves the performance, scalability, and reliability of our customer's services. With tens of thousands of customers and over two-dozen edge locations worldwide, we operate at a truly global scale. As a member of the AWS team you will help create a system that will set the pattern for a generation to come. You should be somebody who enjoys working on systems software, is customer-centric, and feels strongly not only about building good software but also about running that software in the real world. You must enjoy a close-knit team environment of shared responsibility. Ideal candidates will have strong distributed systems and web services design and implementation experience. You should have a thorough understanding of Internet protocols such as HTTP, DNS, and TCP and experience implementing servers using Java in a Linux/Unix environment. This is a great opportunity to not only improve our understanding of Internet topology, but also shape it as well. To apply, please email your resume to firstname.lastname@example.com or apply online.
Software Development Managers
Do you have an established background in managing large scale, high throughput systems, have a strong technical background, excellent project management skills, great communication skills, and motivation to achieve results in a fast-paced environment? Are you passionate about simple and elegant software solutions, customer-centric products, and utilizing agile development processes? Are you a results-oriented, customer-focused, software development manager who gets excited about starting from scratch, running hard, and solving tough technical and operational challenges? If so, then this role is for you! You will work with senior leadership, principal software engineers, the product team, and customers to help define the business requirements to develop and launch high quality products. To apply, please email your resume to firstname.lastname@example.com or apply online.
Applying is easy. Simply, submit your resume to the address mentioned in the sections above. Alternatively, please visit the AWS Careers page for all AWS career opportunities.
The Amazon Web Services offices are located in the heart of Seattle, WA. If you don't live in Seattle, we offer comprehensive relocation/temporary housing as a part of our package. Seattle is one of the best places to live in the US and we'll help get you here if you're right for the job.


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LayTee Suicide — Today's SuicideGirl
Meet LayTee — a 21-year-old tattoo artist and model originally from southern Kentucky who now lives in California. She's into 1970s Saturday Night Live, sketching and 'handy men surprises.' We suggest showing up to her place wearing one of these.
Name: LayTee Suicide
Age: 21
Location: California
Occupation: Tattoo artist/Model
Current Crush: Somewhere between Justin Bieber and T. Mills.
Gets me hot: Romantic men, tattoos, obsession and handy men surprises.
Favorite position: Your favorite.
Fantasy: Involves me, someone of the punk / hip-hop persuasion and a rooftop.
I lost my virginity: To a Puerto Rican.
Into: Man in uniform, beaches, novelty tees, Harley, huge sunglasses, Captain and Coke, modeling, art, meditation.
Makes me happy: Multi-colored hair, white chocolate, big earrings, candles/incense, relaxation, junk food, red lipstick, cleavage, high heels, first seasons of SNL, football season (Steelers), skateboarding, all XGAMES.
Hobbies: Tattoos, sketching, clubs every now and then, movies, photography, making clothes.
Bands: Guns 'N Roses, Lynyrd Skynyrd, Neil Young, Janis Joplin, Rob Zombie and The Doors.
Books: Taming of the Shrew, Othello, Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, To Kill a Monkingbird, Lovely Bones and Harry Potter.
SuicideGirls is a community that celebrates alternative beauty and alternative culture from all over the world. Since 2001, tens of thousands of models have submitted millions of photos to their website hoping to become SuicideGirls.


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RICHFIELD, Minn.—The State Patrol says one of its troopers was injured by a drunk driver who hit his squad car.
It happened Saturday night in Richfield on the exit ramp from westbound Interstate 494 to northbound Interstate 35W.
The Patrol says two squad cars were at the scene of an unrelated crash. Both had their emergency lights activated, and flares were lit to alert drivers. The Patrol says that's when a drunk driver sideswiped the first squad car and then rear-ended the second.
The trooper in the first squad was not injured. The trooper in the second, Allen Thill, was taken to a hospital, treated and released.
Lt. Eric Roeske says the driver failed a preliminary alcohol test and was arrested, while a passenger in his car suffered minor injuries.


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In this section you can listen to online sermons, search for a specific sermon by speaker, series or use the advanced search and search by date, sermon name or Bible book. These are original sermons given at St. Timothy's by our clergy team and guest speakers. Please feel free to use these audio files and to redistribute them to others without alteration and without charge.
|Living Stone and Chosen People
Speaker: Rev. Ken Bell
Series: 1 Peter
1 Peter 2:4-12
Matthew 21:33-44
|Jan 20, 2008
Duration: 21:28


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California agriculture was intensely disappointed when Gov. Gray Davis signed a pair of United Farm Workers-backed bills that in effect created binding arbitration in unsettled labor negotiations.
However, no one should have been particularly surprised. Davis had nothing to lose in signing the two bills. His opponent in November, Bill Simon, continues to falter on the campaign trail. At this date, Davis seems a cinch for a second and final term. He does not need agriculture's support as he did earlier in the year to get a budget passed. Simon was giving him a run for his money then in the polls. Now Simon is fading fast.
He did veto the labor bill that would have radically overhauled the Agricultural Labor Relations Act by mandating binding arbitration, but he did sign two bills that essentially did the same thing. They are binding arbitration by another name. The bills he signed will require mediators and the five-member Agricultural Labor Relations Board to decide the terms of a contract when negotiations between growers and contractors failed.
The UFW won, and agriculture lost.
The ink was hardly dry on the bills Davis signed before agriculture responded. The Nisei Farm League withdrew its endorsement of Davis for re-election. Its endorsement of the governor early on in the campaign drew more than a few raise eyebrows, anyway. It backfired when Davis signed the bills.
Western Growers Association lobbied hard to get Davis to reject the bills and its leaders were "shocked and angered" by Davis signing the bills. WGA president Tom Nassif called the laws "patently illegal and potentially destructive to the California farmer.
"These bills signed by the governor destroy the collective bargaining process between growers and farm workers and their unions and unfairly singles out the agricultural industry for a labor relations process found nowhere else in the United States."
A court fight is promised.
Missing in the Herculean lobbying efforts surrounding the labor bills were the other labor unions representing farm workers. The non-UFW unions were conspicuously absent from the debate. As we understand it, non-UFW unions represent far more workers than UFW. No one seems to know why they did not get into the fray. Probably did not want to get mud all over themselves. They had nothing to gain by getting into it, other than get into a fight with the UFW. They have won that fight in the fields and at the ballot boxes.
The UFW is the darling of the newspapers and television. Whenever they unfurl the red and black flags, cameras will follow. No one ever asks their leaders how many contracts they have or how many workers they represent or how many farm workers are unionized under non-UFW banners.
One thing the UFW can deliver is media attention, and Davis knows that. Davis likes the limelight and will share it with anyone.
Earlier this year he was sharing it with his friends the farmers. When Davis signed the $100 million agricultural tax relief package, farmers were Davis' best friends. He was their man. He was invited to the Tulare farm equipment show and everyone wanted pictures taken with agriculture's man as he signed the tax relief bill.
How quickly tide turns in the world of California politics.
e-mail: email@example.com


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Definitions of bel
n. - The Babylonian name of the god known among the Hebrews as Baal. See Baal. 2
n. - A thorny rutaceous tree (Aegle marmelos) of India, and its aromatic, orange-like fruit; -- called also Bengal quince, golden apple, wood apple. The fruit is used medicinally, and the rind yields a perfume and a yellow dye. 2
The word "bel" uses 3 letters: B E L.
No direct anagrams for bel found in this word list.
Words formed by adding one letter before or after bel (in bold), or to bel in any order:
a - able bale blae b - bleb d - bled i - bile l - bell o - bole lobe p - pleb s - bels t - belt blet u - blue lube w - blew
Shorter words found within bel:
be el
Words formed from any letters in bel, plus an optional blank or existing letter
List all words starting with bel, words containing bel or words ending with bel
All words formed from bel by changing one letter
Other words with the same letter pairs: be el
Browse words starting with bel by next letter
Previous word in list: beknotting
Next word in list: belabor
Some random words: placabilities hi jiao clabber vims ugh wo
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Great intensity and thickness are the first things you will notice from this dark, ruby-colored wine. The winefs appearance is deep and velvety and its aromas recall black fruit, chocolate, almonds and coffee grounds. This wine is a blend of the six most representative authoctonous grape varietals growing in Apulia. Our aim is to contain and deliver the whole region in one glass.
Region: Puglia
Variety: Primitivo, Negramaro, Malvasia Nera, Nero diTroia, Aglianico, Susumaniello
14 %
Taste: -
Temperature: 16-18 °C
Food Combination: Elaborated meat dishes, roasts, stewed meats and seasoned cheeses.


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Please help us! Donate
Key Votes
HR 4 - Pension Reform Bill - National Key Vote
Jesse Jackson, Jr. voted Nay (Passage) on this Legislation.
Read statements Jesse Jackson, Jr. made in this general time period.
- Aug. 17, 2006 Executive Signed
- Aug. 3, 2006 Senate Bill Passed
- July 28, 2006 House Bill Passed
- July 28, 2006 Introduced
Issues Related to HR 4
Stage Details
Legislation - Signed (Executive) - Became Public Law No. 109-208 - Aug. 17, 2006
Legislation - Bill Passed (Senate) (93-5) - Aug. 3, 2006
Legislation -
Bill Passed
(279-131) -
July 28, 2006(Key vote)
See How Your Politicians Voted
Title: Pension Reform Bill
Vote Result
Yea Votes
Nay Votes
Vote to pass bill that amends the Employee Retirement Income Security Act and the Internal Revenue Code to make requirements to fully establish how much employers and employees must contribute to their pension plans.
- Reforms and establishes minimum funding rules for single-employer and multi-employer defined benefit pension plans.
- Specifies temporary relief for certain Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC) settlement plans (Sec. 105).
- Allots for special rules for plans of certain government contractors (Sec. 106).
- Requires that most single employer pension plans fund at 100 percent of their current liability (Secs. 302, 303).
- Offers special funding rules for certain plans maintained by commercial airlines (Sec. 402).
- Provides an extra $6.66 million for the Going-to-the-Sun Road in Glacier National Park (Sec. 1302).
- Permanently extends qualified tuition programs that allow individuals to make contributions to education saving accounts tax free (Sec. 1304).
Legislation - Introduced (House) - July 28, 2006
- John A. Boehner (OH - R) (Out Of Office)
- David Lee 'Dave' Camp (MI - R) (Out Of Office)
- John P. Kline (MN - R) (Out Of Office)
- Howard P. 'Buck' McKeon (CA - R) (Out Of Office)
- William M. 'Bill' Thomas (CA - R) (Out Of Office)


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FOX Business: Capitalism Lives Here
U.S. stock-index futures pointed to some relief for Wall Street after the worst week since June as traders prepared for another busy week.
Continue Reading Below
Today's Markets
As of 8:00 a.m. ET, Dow Jones Industrial Average futures rose 37 points to 12801, S&P 500 futures climbed 5.5 points to 1381 and Nasdaq 100 futures advanced 15 points to 2596.
The Dow, S&P 500 and Nasdaq all shed more than 2% last week after American elections largely reaffirmed the status quo in Washington, D.C. As a result of the sharp divides in Congress, traders remain deeply concerned about the looming fiscal cliff -- spending cuts and tax hikes that are set to go into effect at the beginning of next year. Analysts generally reckon that an agreement will be struck that will avert what could be a big drag on economic output, but it remains far from certain.
"Our baseline remains that the two sides will find an agreement before the end of 2012, but it is a close call," Goldman Sachs chief U.S. economist Jan Hatzius wrote in a note to clients this weekend. "A failure to settle before yearend would increase the drag on growth via greater uncertainty on the part of firms and consumers."
Monday is a federal holiday, meaning U.S. bond markets are closed. There is also no economic data on the docket. Market participants said they are generally expecting thin trading.
However, the rest of the week is set to be considerably busier for an economic standpoint. The Federal Reserve releases minutes from its last policy-setting meeting on Wednesday, an event that is expected to shed light on the central bank's thinking on the economy and monetary policy. There are also several important releases due throughout the week, including regional manufacturing gauges, inflation data and information on retail sales.
In corporate news, Leucadia National unveiled plans to acquire Jefferies (NYSE:JEF) in a deal values the investment bank at roughly $3.6 billion. Research in Motion (NASDAQ:RIMM) also said it will officially launch its much-awaited BlackBerry 10 platform on January 30.
Commodities were little changed. The benchmark crude oil contract traded in New York fell 19 cents, or 0.22%, to $85.88 a barrel. Wholesale New York Harbor gasoline rose 0.22% to $2.705 a gallon.
In metals, gold gained $5.50, or 0.32%, to $1,736 a troy ounce.
Foreign Markets
The Euro Stoxx 50 rose 0.07% to 2482, the English FTSE 100 gained 0.37% to 5791 and the German DAX climbed 0.39% to 7192.
In Asia, the Japanese Nikkei 225 slumped 0.93% to 8676 and the Chinese Hang Seng edged up by 0.21% to 21430.


text: I love making small and miniature quilts on a variety of themes but I especially enjoy making pictorial small quilts with little village scenes and quilts on a seaside and Mediterranean theme. I have taught for many years and have had experience of teaching the City & Guilds course.I am available as a speaker and to teach workshops and I attend some of the major quilt shows including Sandown and the Festival of Quilts. You can see more of my work at http://www.juliagahagan.co.uk


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Turbine 2 can be used with two different programming models - the push model and the pull model. The difference is in how the Context is built up. The Context is used by the Velocity or WebMacro template files to "fill in the blanks" and introduce dynamic data into a static HTML-based template. This programming concept is incredibly powerful - because it allows the web designer, who may be experienced with HTML, CSS, and Javascript but not Java, to put data fields wherever they want on a page without having to ask the Java programmers to change a Java class and recompile. For more information on which to choose for your Turbine application, read Jon Stevens' informative commentary Push vs Pull.
Also see the Pull Service Documentation for another explanation of how the Pull Service works with Tools.
The push model is based on a one-to-one mapping of Java Screen classes and Velocity template files. The Screen class puts key/value pairs into the Context. The Context Howto explains this approach.
The pull model allows the web designer even more freedom than the push model. Java programmers can create globally accessible Java classes known as Tools. These Tools are going to be useful for getting data out of a service and bringing it to the presentation layer, authenticating users, or creating links (see the TemplateLink tool that is built into Turbine).
Your SimpleSecurityTool should implement ApplicationTool, which is a simple interface with two methods, init(Object data) and refresh. It could be a facade class that calls other classes, or it could have its own business logic.
To make the Tool available to Turbine, you need to define your Tools in the TurbineResources.properties file. The "Pull Service" section of the properties file is where the tools are listed. You can use the following syntax (all explained in the TurbineResources.properties):
tool.<Scope>.<Id> = <Classname> tool.request.formsTool = com.yourcompany.turbine.tools.SimpleFormsTool
Classname is your java classname - com.yourcompany.turbine.tools.SimpleFormsTool
Id is a unique identifier that you will use in your Velocity templates - formsTool, for instance.
Scope defines the life cycle of the Tool. There are four, global, request, session, and persistent.
Global: The tool is instantiated once and is available to all templates for all requests. Must be threadsafe.
Request: The tool is instantiated once for every request to Turbine. Doesn't need to be threadsafe. The link, page, and flux tools are all defined as request scope.
Session: The tool is instantiated once for each user session. Should be threadsafe. Useful for tools that might hold user profiles, or items in a shopping cart.
Persistent: Tool is instantiated once for each user session, and is stored along with the user information. Must be threadsafe and implement Serializable. An example of how this scope would be used would be great!
Additional tool-defined properties can be configured in the TurbineResources.properties. The syntax is defined under the "Pull Service" section.