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Package: bisonc++ (4.09.02-1)
Links for bisonc++
Debian Resources:
Download Source Package bisonc++:
External Resources:
- Homepage [bisoncpp.sourceforge.net]
Similar packages:
Bison-style parser generator for C++
Bisonc++ was designed after `bison++', created by Alain Coetmeur. Bisonc++ adds to bison++ a cleaner class-design, using a base-class to communicate lexical tokens to a lexical scanner.
Since bisonc++ generates the parser class as well as the parsing function. The class can easily be provided with additional members without needing polymorphic functions. Consequently, classes generated by bisonc++ have no virtual members and actually have but one public member: parse(), replacing the old-style bison and bison++ yyparse() function.
Bisonc++ offers many options, among which an option to define classes generated by bisonc++ in a separate namespace. This allows developers to define additional symbols, even outside of the class generated by bisonc++, without encountering name-collision problems. With bisonc++, artificial means to prevent name-collisions, like bison and bison++'s yy-convention are not required anymore when using bisonc++. Bisonc++ merely generates C++ code. If C code is required, bison should be used. Bisonc++'s grammar requirements are highly compatible with bison's requirements, so converting a bison grammar into a bisonc++ grammar should be fairly simple.
In addition to the bisonc++ parser generator itself and several skeleton files, the package contains an extensive man-page, a full manual rewritten after the original bison manual, and several examples.
Some history: Bisonc++ versions 0.98 is a complete rewrite of an LALR(1) parser generator, as described in Aho, Sethi and Ullman's (1986) book `Compilers' (a.k.a. the `Dragon Book'). Version 0.98 was completed in May 2005. Another major rewrite was completed one year later, May 2006, resulting in version 1.00.
Other Packages Related to bisonc++
- dep: libbobcat3 (>= 3.23.00)
- run-time (shared) Bobcat library
- dep: libc6 (>= 2.14) [amd64]
- GNU C Library: Shared libraries
also a virtual package provided by libc6-udeb
- dep: libc6 (>= 2.4) [not amd64]
- dep: libgcc1 (>= 1:4.1.1) [amd64, i386]
- GCC support library
- dep: libgcc1 (>= 1:4.4.0) [armel, armhf]
- dep: libstdc++6 (>= 4.9)
- GNU Standard C++ Library v3
- sug: bisonc++-doc
- Bison-style parser generator for C++
- sug: flexc++
- Flex-style scanner generator for C++
Download bisonc++
|Package Size
|Installed Size
|180.0 kB
|654.0 kB
|[list of files]
|163.6 kB
|594.0 kB
|[list of files]
|163.3 kB
|542.0 kB
|[list of files]
|183.3 kB
|646.0 kB
|[list of files]


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On Monday, I wrote about some of the issues I have had using the city directories on Footnote. Today I'm going to share my thoughts about the images for the Massachusetts printed vital records.
I have not really dived into my New England roots yet. Others have done lots of research on these lines and I haven't felt up to the challenge of digging through early New England records. But when I have consulted the Massachusetts printed vital records to find my ancestors with varying success.
Footnote has scanned images of many of these books. Most of these books are sorted by births, marriages and deaths and then in alphabetical order. These books work well for Footnote's image naming system. They divide the book into sections by birth, marriage or death. Then they label the image with the page number and the first name on the page. This is very similar to the way they name the imaged for the city directories. It's easy to find all the pages that list all the marriages of a certain surname.
But not all of the books were published in this format. Some were published listing all events by date. For example, the Boston vital records are in this order (or at least partly). Here is a page that is labeled Moore in the births category (you will need a subscription to view it on Footnote, but see the screen capture below). The problem with this page is that although it is labeled "Births and Baptisms" at the top of the page, it actually is a listing of marriages in chronological order.
This labeling system also gets the book's pages all out of order. The Moore page above is on page 57. When I click the next arrow, I find page 71, then 73, then 82. This makes it impossible to browse the page. If you were to search for the name Moore in this book you would find a page for baptisms, not marriages in the search results. It gives you no clue that it's actually a marriage page. Adding to that that the OCR is not perfect on any site and the labeling system that Footnote has created makes it very hard to use many of its images.
There is no good reason to label these books and put them online in a random page order. I wish that Footnote would take more time to look at the images they are labeling and make sure that their system makes sense for ALL images and sources.
Disclosure: I have not been paid by anyone for this review. I have an annual subscription to Footnote that I purchased myself.

subset: commoncrawl


text: Hi Greg, Greg Lindahl wrote: > On Fri, Jan 30, 2009 at 07:07:34AM -0700, Michael H. Frese wrote: > >> Johnn Adams said "Facts are stubborn things," and there just aren't >> enough of them in your example to determine whether bandwidth or latency >> dominates communication time. > > Mark asked for an example, not a research paper. And we were And Michael gave you a good practical example. You can always find a code that does something stupid like a 27-point (!) 3d stencil code sending tiny messages. I know that there are such naive codes out there, but reasonable stencil codes do exchange blocks that are not tiny, easily transforming a message rate problem into a bandwidth problem. And you could further transform the bandwidth problem into an overlap problem with ghost cells. > network. In the Berkeley "logp" model, for example, processor > overhead and the "gap" betweeen messsages are fundamental parameters. > The InfiniPath chip has a tiny "o" and a negative "g". As a result, Ok, my turn to bite :-) What is a negative "g" ? > it can send a lot more small messages than other interconnects, and > this number rises as you add more cores to a system (!). Because the host library overhead (single core) is greater than the NIC HW overhead. And that's when the host is doing nothing but sending. Add some computation in there and the amount of messages a core will produce is not that high. Does multiply it by the number of cores make it big enough ? Maybe for a stencil code with tiny blocks where all the core are very synchronized, ie they all send and receive at the same time and wait for the data exchange before moving on. In practice, stencil codes can start updating as soon as they receive a border block, so not only you overlap communication and computation, but not all cores end up communicating at the same time. When the number of core will be one order of magnitude larger than today (100s), then it will be a different discussion. Patrick


text:
This is part of the Technical Plenary and WG Meeting Event.
Registration | Participants | Agenda | Suggested Readings | Logistics | Minutes
The main goals are to:
You must register for the meeting if you plan to attend. Registration closes 15 February 2001.
Registration is open to participants of the Evaluation and Repair Tools Working Group, participants of the W3C plenary session, the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines Working Group, and the Authoring Tool Accessibility Guidelines Working Group.
The agenda for today is set by the WCAG WG. ERT WG is invited to join, particularly for the break out sessions to discuss techniques.
The meeting is hosted by the W3C at the Royal Sonesta Hotel in Cambridge, MA. Refer to the main event page for more information about rates, location, and transportation details.
$Date: 2001/02/13 22:15:10 $ Wendy Chisholm
Copyright © 2000 W3C® (MIT, INRIA, Keio), All Rights Reserved. W3C liability, trademark, document use and software licensing rules apply. Your interactions with this site are in accordance with our public and Member privacy statements.


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This road sign should be placed where the segment of road that corresponds to the historic original route alignment of the trail ends. In many cases where the modern road deviates somewhat (is on and off of the historic trail alignment), each individual segment or minor deviation need not be identified and signed. As discussed in the description for use of the Original Route sign, proximity should be the guideline. If the historic trail proximity to the modern road can be easily perceived by the driver, it is not necessary to use this sign. If the modern road clearly deviates from the historic alignment and the historic route is no longer visible in any way, then placing a sign where the end of the historic original route ends may be appropriate and necessary.
Original Route END Sign
Last updated: March 21, 2016


text: These pages contain information on Colleges and their respective Chemistry Departments. Here you will find details of the college, it's chemistry department, faculty, admissions and any academic job postings that are available to be filled. The colleges are ranked based on the Chemistry field and using criteria such as number of Nobel Laureates, Field Medals, Highly-Cited Researchers.


text:
Climate Control Systems of Greenwood is proud to launch our newly redesigned website.
We are a full-service heating, ventilation and air conditioning company offering repairs and installations for residential and commercial customers. Since 1993, Climate Control Systems of Greenwood has worked hard to always be an example of friendly customer service and professionalism. As a Trane dealer and a Trane Comfort Specialist™, that means we are held to the highest standard in the industry and are committed to being up to date on the latest technologies.
Our technicians are at your service, Monday through Friday, 8am to 5pm – even after hours and weekends if needed.
Call us today at (864) 229-1409 for your heating and cooling concerns.


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hi..can u helpe me to loss wieght to meet a healthy wieght and i want to tell u that the overweight is in my hip and thigh?helpe me pls:"(thank you…:)
The best approach is through a healthy diet based using one of the reputable diet programs such as Weight Watchers, or seeing a dietitian who can create a plan for you. Using www.mypyramid.gov will also provide you with guidelines, and you can create an individual plan.
You can't necessarily guarantee that weight will be lost from a certain part of your body. However, through a well-rounded exercise program in combination with calorie management, you will be more likely to see some changes in specific areas of your body. Such a program includes:
'cardio' exercise, like brisk walking;
- strength exercises, which would also help with toning different areas; and
- stretching exercises to maintain flexibility.
You may be able to find classes through local sources such as community college adult offerings, or you can consult exercise/fitness books. A personal trainer or joining a gym are other options, although they more expensive. To find a registered dietitian in your area, click here for the American Dietetic Association's "Find a Nutrition Professional". Best of luck to you—be sure to keep checking our website for lots of recipes, tips and suggestions on incorporating colorful fruits and veggies into your meals and snacks!


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Fluctuations in natural gas market prices are reflected in NIPSCO's monthly GCA price. You can avoid these fluctuations by locking into a fixed price for 12 months.
When you choose the Fixed Price Option, you'll pay a set price per therm for the Gas Commodity charge on your bill. While your usage may vary from month to month, the price per therm stays the same. Your Gas Commodity charge does not include your Gas Delivery charge, or other Gas Supply charges such as Interstate Transportation and Storage charges - these are shown separately on your bill.
Calculations below show how the PPS Fixed Price Option works:
PPS Fixed Price Option Example: Fixed Price = $1.00/therm
The price you pay for each therm of natural gas will be $1.00/therm for a one-year period regardless of market changes.
Month A: Current GCA Price = $1.10/therm
Your Fixed Price of $1.00/therm would be used to calculate your Gas Commodity charge. If you use 100 therms of gas, your charge would be:
100 therms x $1.00 = $100.00
Month B: Current GCA Price = $0.90/therm
Remember – Your Gas Delivery and other Gas Supply charges will still be billed separately, whether or not you choose PPS. The values used in the Example Calculations above are for demonstration purposes only, and do not reflect current PPS Fixed option pricing and fees.


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Not everyone has the means to implement clean energy technology in their home, or even to substantially reduce their gas and oil consumption, at least not to the point where they could make a profound individual impact
Waltham, MA (PRWEB) August 27, 2008
Planet Shoes is now offering CarbonFree Plus Shipping as an option for consumers buying products and shoes online at PlanetShoes.com. Partnering with Carbonfund.org, Planet Shoes will purchase the carbon offsets equivalent to the environmental impact of the shipping materials and transport for customers who voluntarily choose the "CarbonFree Plus" shipping option.
While reducing energy consumption begins with individual lifestyle choices and behaviors, many people are also investing in carbon offsets as an alternative method of working towards reducing the effects of climate change. Carbon offsets are calculated by taking your energy consumption into account, and coming up with a dollar figure that you can then invest in alternative energy projects and technologies to "offset" the energy you use and the CO2 you emit.
"Planet Shoes is passionate about the environment. We carry environmentally friendly shoes, including Earth Shoes, and likewise we want to find ways to 'green' our business processes. We're already participating in a number of green programs, including encouraging ride share with NuRide.com and 1% For The Planet. When we learned about the option of purchasing carbon offsets to lower the carbon footprint of shipping materials and transport, we seized the opportunity. This is a program where we can literally partner with our customers to improve the environment," said Barry Bresnick, Executive Vice President of Planet, Inc.
As online shopping grows in popularity, so does the concern about the environmental impact of the shipping vehicles and materials. Companies nationwide are looking at ways to "go green" without compromising on the quality of their protective packaging or on the speed and efficiency with which their products are delivered. Planet Shoes is committed to finding this balance.
Using the Carbon Calculator on Carbonfund.org, you can determine the carbon footprint of yourself, your household, or even your wedding. PlanetShoes.com uses the Carbon Calculator to deduce the carbon footprint of shipping each specific package that is ordered through their site.
For a small additional fee, typically between $1.01 and $1.75 depending on the weight of the package and the distance it needs to travel, Planet Shoes customers can contribute to the purchase of carbon offsets. Planet Shoes will pool the individual consumer investments and purchase carbon offsets in bulk in order to offset the environmental impact created in shipping their shoes or other products. This option is available to the vast majority of customers who would normally qualify for free ground shipping within the continental US.
"When you're talking about carbon footprints, what better partner than an online shoe company," said Eric Carlson, Executive Director at Carbonfund.org. "Planet Shoes is looking out for the planet by ensuring that the only footprint you leave behind is the one from your stylish new shoes, and not from your carbon impact. We are so pleased that Planet Shoes is stepping forward to take a leadership position in protecting our environment."
"Not everyone has the means to implement clean energy technology in their home, or even to substantially reduce their gas and oil consumption, at least not to the point where they could make a profound individual impact," continued Bresnick. "By helping our customers to purchase carbon offsets, we feel like we're making a difference and helping our customers to do the same, in a very painless way. If we all work together, we can combat environmental damage and can use business ethics to further the environmental cause."
About Carbonfund.org:
Carbonfund.org is one of the country's leading carbon reduction and offset organizations, making it easy and affordable for individuals, businesses and organizations to reduce their climate impact. Carbon offsets enable individuals and businesses to reduce carbon dioxide emissions they are responsible for in their everyday lives by supporting high-quality verified renewable energy, energy efficiency and reforestation projects. Carbonfund.org works with over 400 corporate and non-profit partners including Discovery, Volkswagen, Dell, Orbitz, Environmental Defense, and Lancôme.
About Planet Shoes:
Planet Shoes, on the web at PlanetShoes.com, is a family owned business dedicated to selling the most comfortable shoes possible at value prices. We specialize in Active, Comfortable, Healthy, Earth Friendly products with a flare of Fashion. Our product lines are ever-expanding to bring our customer new fun footwear to choose from. We look at affordability and value in pricing our products. Customer service and unique products are our calling card. Planet Shoes strives to exceed your expectations. Contact us directly at 1-888-818-SHOE (7463) or via e-mail info @ planetshoes.com.


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Final Results: Tadd Metzger Invitational
KENOSHA, Wis. - Making their second trip to Kenosha in just three weeks, the Concordia University Wisconsin men's and women's track & field teams competed at the Tadd Metzger Invitational meet at Carthage College this weekend.
University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point placed first on the men's side with 165 points, while host Carthage College took the women's crown with 157.5 points.
The Falcon men finished seventh with 30 points, while the CUW women placed eighth with 28 points.
On the men's side, senior Vincent Greefkes (Jackson, Wis.) earned first place honors in the 55m Hurdles, posting a winning time of 7.85 seconds.
In the 4x400m Relay, CUW took fourth place as the team of freshman Ryan Gardner (Winneconne, Wis.), sophomore Jonny Balsman (Rockford, Ill.), senior Alex Pawlak (Colgate, Wis.), and sophomore Sean Pawlak (Germantown, Wis.) finished in 3:28.53 minutes.
Other standout performers included sophomore Jordan Guenther (Horicon, Wis.) and junior Ryan Perry (Naperville, Ill.) finished fifth and seventh, respectively, 5,000m Run, while senior Alex Pawlak placed seventh in the 200m Dash with a time of 23.48 seconds.
For the women, sophomore Jessica Hennig (Springfield, Ill.) took third place in the 800m Run with a time of 2:31.26, while junior Bethany Doerr (Chilton, Wis.) and freshman Samantha Nelson (Frederic, Wis.) placed third and fourth, respectively, in the 5,000m Run.
Another noteworthy performance was contributed by the women's 4x400 Relay team of Hennig, sophomore Kristin Sitte (Greenfield, Wis.), freshman Emily Mauermann (Janesville, Wis.), and freshman Katie Dickes (Kenosha, Wis.), which placed fifth with a time of 4:23.34 minutes.
Both teams will have a week of practice before returning to Kenosha on Saturday, to take part in the Parkside Track & Field Classic at UW-Parkside.


text:
- Urus
- Huracán
- Aventador
- Few Off
- Concept
- Ad Personam
- Overview
- News
During the North American International Auto Show in Detroit, Lamborghini presented its new Super SUV for the first time in North America.
Stefano Domenicali, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Automobili Lamborghini, was present at the unveiling of the third model line of the House of the Raging Bull, the Urus. "The North American International Auto Show and the city of Detroit are a key part of the international automotive community", said Domenicali. "The Urus embodies a new chapter for Lamborghini, featuring the performance and versatility expected of a Lamborghini and bringing new growth prospects for our brand. The U.S. is the number one market for Lamborghini globally, and we are looking forward to delivering the first Urus SUVs to our North American customers this year."
With 1,095 cars delivered, 2017 marked another record year for Lamborghini sales in the United States. With the entry of the new Super SUV, the company's vision is to double its sales, catapulting it into a new dimension in 2019.


text:
We'll probably ask this question every December 31st because it's a good one. You don't have to plan everything out to enjoy a year of car ownership, but it doesn't hurt to have some sort of plan so you don't end up with six Jensen shells, a Torquefilte transmission and... nothing else.
(QOTD is your chance to answer the day's most pressing automotive questions and experience the opinions of the insightful insiders, practicing pundits and gleeful gearheads that make up the Jalopnik commentariat. If you've got a suggestion for a good "Question Of the Day" send an email to tips at jalopnik dot com.)


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Each year, the United States is accident billions of tax acquirement dollars due to corporations abject all-embracing loopholes, and utilizing tax abstention strategies. At a time if it is acclaimed that the country is trillions of dollars in debt, unquestionably, this accident is awful ambiguous for the nation as a whole. Ample corporations are benefiting abundantly with the accepted accumulated tax behavior in place, as are several adopted nations that American companies anon advance in to abstain paying the almost top American accumulated tax rates. Conversely, boilerplate American citizens are the losers in this situation, as they are affected to abide to pay their own almost top abandoned taxes to aces up the slack. The bearings at duke contributes to the accretion abundance gap in the country. While the proposals for accumulated tax ameliorate accept their flaws, and acceptable will not be calmly anesthetized into action, accumulated tax ameliorate is still abundantly needed, back the accepted behavior in abode are ineffective. The proceeding paragraphs will analysis the accepted American accumulated tax policy, as able-bodied as tax abstention strategies, and proposals for reform.
Whether or not corporations should be burdened at all has consistently been a point of controversy. It is a accustomed that the individuals who plan for, or financially account from the corporations will be taxed. However, some altercate that additionally demanding the accumulated article is unfair, and after-effects in bifold taxation of the aforementioned income, back assets are not deductible by the individuals accepting them. Nevertheless, the United States government has captivated that back corporations accept allowances from the U.S. bazaar to acquire their income, such as the apprenticeship system, a chump base, banking institutions, and banal markets, again corporations should be burdened on that assets (VanDenburgh, 2012).
Corporations are burdened on net income, which gives them an allurement to abbreviate that number. A adopted tax acclaim is provided for assets becoming abroad. In effect, American corporations abandoned pay the aberration in tax ante amid the United States and the country area the assets was earned, to the U.S. government. If the adopted tax amount is higher, again the association does not pay any U.S. tax at all (VanDenburgh, 2012). Despite efforts to accommodate a fair tax arrangement by the U.S. government, corporations accept begin means to accomplishment the credits and pay lower rates. To be implemented effectively, the adopted tax acclaim depends on anecdotic the sources of income, and with a globalized economy, this has become harder to do (VanDenburgh, 2012).
According to abstracts from the Bureau of Economic Analysis, The Netherlands, Luxembourg, Ireland, and several Caribbean islands are a part of the top destinations for adopted absolute investment from the United States (Hakim, 2014). Unsurprisingly, these countries all accept favorable laws which acquiesce assertive profits to be absolved from taxation. The favorable tax countries accept fatigued analysis from the United States government, as able-bodied added European governments. A accumulation of twenty countries accept formed the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development, which is alive to abutting these loopholes and advance a new all-around taxation arrangement (Hakim, 2014).
Popular tax abstention strategies cover ambience up carapace companies, balance stripping, and alteration pricing. If a association sets up a accessory with little to no assets or advisers in a tax favorable country, they accept set up a carapace company. Once a carapace aggregation is set up, a association can partake in balance stripping. In this situation, the American association makes deductible payments to its carapace company, in the anatomy of absorption or fees, for example. Therefore, the association has confused its balance to a tax favorable country. Alteration appraisement occurs if a association sells appurtenances to one of its adopted subsidiaries, at a amount which allows the accessory to resell the appurtenances and access the aggregate of the profit. Thus, a lot of of the accumulation has been becoming in the tax favorable country (VanDenburgh, 2012).
Despite the astriction amid the parties in the apple of United States politics, both Republicans and Democrats about accede that accumulated tax ameliorate is needed. A accepted assessment for tax ameliorate is to artlessly lower the 35% rate, apparent by President Obama's angle to lower the amount down to 28% (VanDenburgh, 2012). The botheration with this access is that ample corporations will still apply tax abstention strategies. A U.S. Senate address declared that amid 2009 and 2012 Apple confused $74 billion of sales from the U.S. to Ireland, area they adjourned a tax amount of beneath than 2% (Hakim, 2014). The United States cannot realistically lower the accumulated tax ante to the point ample corporations can no best save money by partaking in tax abstention strategies, so conceivably addition access is bare for reform.
John T. VanDenburgh proposes that corporations about traded on the U.S. banal exchange, and corporations that access loans from U.S. banks, should accept their tax bases afflicted from net assets to revenue. The angle targets ample corporations, as abate corporations that are not about traded would accumulate their accepted tax base. VanDenburgh's acumen for targeting the accessible corporations is that a lot of clandestine corporations artlessly do not accept the assets to bureaucracy subsidiaries in added countries, and accordingly do not partake in the mentioned tax abstention strategies. VanDenburgh does not accommodate an exact amount as to what allotment acquirement should be burdened for accessible corporations (VanDenburgh, 2012). However, it is bright that this angle would advance to abundant greater accumulated tax acquirement for the United States.
VanDenburgh's angle to action tax abstention would acutely be actual effective. However, it would be actual difficult to canyon into law. If accumulated tax ameliorate comes, it will a lot of acceptable be in the anatomy of lower rates. Lowering the ante abandoned will not abeyance all of the tax abstention strategies that are getting utilized. The United States government have to plan agilely to check the accepted accumulated tax system, as the country cannot allow to lose billions of dollars in tax acquirement year afterwards year.


text:
Jordan: Business Structures, Forms, Banking & Taxes
Business Structures and Forms
A new Companies Law, aimed at encouraging investment, became effective in June 1997. Companies Law No. 22 of 1997 limits routine procedures and facilitates the process of company registration.
The Law introduced the not-for-profit company form as well as the civil company form, which provides for the establishment of companies by professional persons, such as lawyers, doctors or engineers.
Under the new Law, companies are no longer required to pay a 15 percent capitalizing charge, which had previously acted as a barrier to capital reserves. In addition, amendments to the Law allow company founders to adopt the prices they deem appropriate to estimate the value of their fixed assets.
The Law provides for several entity forms under which business may be conducted in Jordan. These are: (1) general partnership; (2) limited partnership; (3) limited liability company; (4) limited partnership in shares; (5) public shareholding company; (6) mutual fund company; (7) offshore company (exempt company); and (8) foreign company (operating and non-operating).
Companies Law
Public Shareholding Company
A public shareholding company may be formed by two or more shareholders whose liability is limited to their respective share of the company's equity. The minimum authorized capital is set at a JD 500,000 minimum. The subscribed capital must exceed JD 100,000 or 20 percent of the authorized capital, whichever is greater.
Banks, financial institutions and insurance companies may only be incorporated as public shareholding companies. Companies operating franchises must also be incorporated in this form.
Offshore Company
An offshore company (or exempt company) is a public company, private company or a partnership limited in shares, which is registered in Jordan, but conducts its business outside the Kingdom. It is an entity that was introduced in order to attract foreign investments.
This entity may not offer its shares for public subscription in Jordan, and it is prohibited for Jordanians to subscribe to its capital. At least 5 percent of the capital of the offshore company must be invested in Jordanian securities. Where the offshore company is engaged in insurance, banking, finance or joint investments, its capital must be at least JD 1,000,000.
Mutual Fund Company
A mutual fund (joint investment) company may be organized as a public shareholding company. Its objectives are restricted to investing funds on behalf of others by way of dealing in securities.
This entity may take the form of an open-ended fund with variable capital, which issues redeemable shares, the value of which is determined by the value of the company's assets. It may also take the form of a closed-ended fund, whose shares are not redeemable and are traded on the stock exchange.
Foreign Operating Companies - Branch Offices
This business structure is open to foreigners wishing to engage in business ventures in Jordan. A foreign company that has been awarded a contract in Jordan requiring execution of work therein must register a branch office with the Controller of Companies in the Ministry of Industry and Trade. Such a company is registered as a foreign operating company for purposes of the contract and for the duration thereof. If the company obtains other contracts in Jordan, then the same registration will be extended so as to cover such new contracts. If the company does not obtain any new contracts, then the branch office should be closed and liquidated upon the completion of the contract in respect of which the registration was effected.
Registration fees payable for a Branch Office are JD 250 if the share capital of the foreign company at its home office does not exceed the equivalent of JD 1 million, and JD 500 if the share capital of the foreign company exceeds the equivalent of JD 1 million.
Foreign Non-Operating Companies - Regional Offices
Foreign companies are encouraged to set up regional offices in Jordan through tax and customs duty exemptions and provisions for the free movement of foreign currency. A regional office can operate from Jordan and conduct business anywhere in the world, except in Jordan, and may not generate income in Jordan. It may, however, collect information concerning general business opportunities in Jordan or in respect to a particular project. The duration of the regional office is not limited to any period of time or to the completion of a specific project.
The Companies Law does not elaborate on the size or type of foreign company that may register as a regional office in conformity therewith. It is now the policy of the Ministry of Industry and Trade, however, to restrict this facility only to substantial and large companies of international standing in their fields.
A Regional Office enjoys certain exemptions and facilities including the following:
- Neither the foreign company nor its regional office established in Jordan will pay any local taxes, including Income Tax and Social Services Tax;
- The non-Jordanian employees of the regional office are exempted from payment of income tax and Social Services Tax on their salaries;
- A regional office may import its office equipment, furniture and business samples free of customs duties, import fees and all other related charges;
- The non-Jordanian employees of the regional office may import a car every five years free of customs duties upon depositing a bank guarantee for the amount of the duty with the Ministry of Finance and Customs as a guarantee that will be discharged upon exporting the car out of Jordan or selling the car locally after paying the duty thereon;
- A regional office can maintain an account in Jordan in foreign currency or in Jordanian Dinars, provided that deposits of money to such accounts are from foreign sources; such funds may be deposited in the account and withdrawn in order to be repatriated to the foreign parent company without exchange control restrictions;
- No fees are payable upon the registration of, or in connection with the operation of a regional office;
- A regional office is exempted from the requirement of registering with the Chamber of Commerce and all other professional associations, as well as from the payment of any fees in this regard; and
- The non-Jordanian employees of the regional office are granted residence and work permits; however, the number of non-Jordanian employees at the regional office may not exceed that of its Jordanian employees.
Dissolution of a Company
A company may go into voluntary liquidation in the event that: The period fixed for its duration has expired, the objective for which it was formed has been achieved or proves to be impossible to achieve. Voluntary liquidation may also take place in the occurrence of an event stipulated in the company's Articles of Association or by the adoption of a resolution of the Company's general meeting of shareholders.
A compulsory liquidation may be ordered by the court if the company so resolves, if the company commits a serious breach of law or of its articles of association, if it suspends its business activities for a period exceeding one year, if the number of its shareholders decreases below the legal minimum or if the company is unable to pay its debts.
The company, its creditors, the Controller of Companies or the Attorney General may make an application for the compulsory liquidation of the company.
General Partnership
A general partnership is formed by at least two and not more than twenty partners who are jointly and severally liable for the partnership's debts. Only the names of the actual partners may be included in the partnership's name.
A partnership's interest may be transferred with the approval of all partners or in accordance with conditions established in the partnership agreement. The management of the partnership is vested with one or more managers who are individuals and who may or may not be partners in the partnership.
According to the new Law, if the partnership consists of two partners, the withdrawal of one of the partners will not lead to the dissolution of the partnership. Instead, the remaining partner may seek to replace the absent partner with another. Failure to do so within three months of the partner's withdrawal will result in the partnership's dissolution by virtue of law.
Limited Partnership
A limited partnership consists of two or more partners who are jointly and severally liable for its debts and one or more partners whose liability for the partnership's debts is limited to their contribution to the partnership's capital. The limited partners of the limited partnership may not participate in the management of the partnership or act in its name.
Limited Partnership in Shares
This form of business entity consists of two or more general partners who are jointly and severally liable for its debts and three or more partners whose liability for the partnership's debts is limited to their respective share of the partnership's equity. Partners are not required to be individuals, and the name of the partnership should include the name of one or more of the general partners and the words, "Limited Partnership in Shares."
The minimum capital permitted in this form of partnership is JD 100,000, which must be divided into negotiable shares of equal value of JD 1 each. Shares may be issued to the public for subscription but must not exceed twice the general partner's capital in the partnership.
The limited partnership in shares shall be dissolved or liquidated in the manner provided for by the company's articles of association. If not provided for, the provisions regarding liquidation of the public shareholding company shall apply.
Joint Ventures
A joint venture need not be registered in Jordan and, hence, is not governed by the Companies Law. A joint venture is typically regulated by the contractual agreement between the joint venture parties. This does not apply in the event that the parties envisage the establishment of a corporate entity.
Banking and Currency
Foreign Currency Control
In accordance with the Foreign Exchange Control Law No. 95, of 1966 and the Foreign Exchange Control Regulations of 1978, as amended in 1979, the Central Bank of Jordan (CBJ) is the ultimate authority for enforcing foreign exchange controls in Jordan. Its foreign exchange controls cover all fields of transactions in the Kingdom including: inflow and outflow of Jordanian and foreign means of payment; dealing in foreign currencies; resident and non-resident accounts in Jordanian Dinars and foreign currencies; lending in foreign currencies; commercial payments; free trade zone payments; invisible payments and capital transfers; guarantees; export earnings' repatriation; commissions on foreign exchange permits; reporting requirements; and auditing and statement of account regulations.
Law No. 95 allows for the free exchange of bank-notes, coins and gold. It allows licensed banks, with the approval of the CBJ, to manage foreign currency accounts, as well as to purchase and to sell foreign currencies. According to Article 6 of the Law, foreign residents may open accounts in local and foreign currency and may transfer funds without restrictions.
Conversion and Transfer Policies
In March 1995, the CBJ announced that the Jordanian Dinar is fully convertible for commercial transaction purposes.
There are no restrictions on transferring funds associated with investments. CBJ Regulations permit non-residents and foreign investors who transferred funds into Jordan to remit their funds abroad in the same or in any other transferable currency.
To transfer funds outside Jordan, a local bank must obtain a permit from the CBJ. Furthermore, before an investment is made, the CBJ must be informed when an investor transfers funds into Jordan, opens a non-resident account at a local bank or seeks to transfer foreign currency funds outside Jordan. CBJ's approval for these transactions is generally granted liberally.
Prior to investing in Jordan, non-residents may obtain explicit regulations governing their specific needs from the CBJ. There are no limitations on the inflow or outflow of funds for remittance of profits, capital gains and royalties regarding intellectual property, as long as a prior authorization from the CBJ has been obtained.
The CBJ is in favor of liberalizing the country's check clearing and current account system. An initiative to automate and modernize the system is currently underway, and will likely be instituted in the near future.
The CBJ is the monetary authority of the country. Other financial institutions include approximately 15 foreign and Jordanian commercial banks and specialized credit institutions, such as the Industrial Development Bank. The specialized credit institutions offer equity capital. Banks, both foreign and Jordanian, may be established in a free zone; must deal exclusively in foreign currency and must operate independently of other banking activities in the country.
Intellectual Property
The Kingdom of Jordan is a signatory to the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property and a member of the World Intellectual Property Organization.
Although Jordan is a member of the Paris Convention for the Protection of Intellectual Property, the international classification of patents is not observed in Jordan. Applications for the grant of a patent are filed with the Patent Office, which examines the applications for compliance with formalities and patentability under the Jordanian Patents and Design Law and may require amendments to applications to achieve conformity.
Appeals by applicants against the requirements of the Patent Office as decided by the Registrar of Patents are made by petition to the High Court of Justice within 30 days of the Registrar of Patents' decision.
Approved applications are published in the Official Gazette. The period during which any interested party may file an opposition is two months from the date of publication. If no opposition has been filed or if the Registrar or court rejects the filed oppositions, a decision granting the patent is issued.
Patents are valid for a period of 16 years from the date of filing the application, provided that registration fees are paid along with the decision to grant the patent and that renewal fees are paid every four years during the patent term.
Patent rights are freely transferable; however, notice of the transfer must be published in the Official Gazette and properly registered with the Patent Office so that they may become valid vis a vis third parties.
Under the Patents and Design Law, patents are not granted for chemical products relating to medical drugs, pharmaceutical compositions and food. The methods and processes used in the preparations of such products, however, may be the subject of a patent.
The Patents and Design Law requires that the owner of a patent use the patented product or process in Jordan within three years of the date the patent was granted; if this requirement is not satisfied, the law provides for compulsory licensing of the patent.
The Patents and Design Law provides penalties for infringement of patents.
In August 1999, Jordan's Lower House of Parliament approved a draft to amend its Trademark Law, in an effort to facilitate its accession to the World Trade Organization. In some aspects, Jordanian legislators went beyond the minimum obligations set forth by the Trade Related Aspects for the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights and the Madrid Convention to provide further protection for trademark owners.
The new law protects registered trademarks for a ten-year period, even though TRIPS only stipulates a minimum of seven years. The draft also widened the range of marks that can be protected by the law to include "famous" marks and "group" marks. "Famous" marks are trademarks that become known in the Kingdom through advertising and publicity, even if they are not yet marketable. "Group" marks are used to identify groups regardless of the nature of their work, even if they are not used for commercial purposes.
The new draft annulled the link between the trademark and the trade outlet, so the owner can waive a right to the trademark or rent it without relinquishing the right to the outlet. The draft also increased the period before the owner loses his right to the trademark if it is not used from two to three years.
The international classification of goods regarding trademarks is observed in Jordan, although the Trademarks Law does not adopt the classification for service marks that are recognized worldwide. Applications for registration of a trademark are filed with the Registrar of Trademarks. The Registrar conducts an examination of the application, and, if accepted, the trademark application is published in the Official Gazette. Any interested party may file an opposition within three months of publication.
Oppositions that are not settled by the Registrar or appeals based on the Registrar's decision are brought to the High Court of Justice. If no opposition has been filed or if the Registrar or court rejects the filed oppositions, a decision regarding the trademark is granted and the appropriate certificate is issued.
Based on recent amendments, trademark registration is now valid for a period of ten years beginning on the date the application was filed and is renewable for additional periods of 14 years each.
Trademarks are freely transferable, but in order for them to be valid vis a vis third parties, notice of the transfer must be published in the Official Gazette and properly registered with the Registrar of Trademarks.
The Trademarks Law requires actual use of the trademarks registered. Trademarks of which there was no bona fide use or which have not been actually used for a period of three years immediately prior to the submission of an application for cancellation may be annulled.
Unauthorized use or imitation of a trademark registered in Jordan is punishable by law.
In 1992, the Copyright Protection Law No. 22 was enacted. The Copyright Law grants copyright protection to original works of literature, art and science of any type, purpose or importance. It covers works of art as may be expressed in writing, sound, drawing, photography and motion pictures, including books, speeches, plays, musical compositions, films, applied art, three-dimensional works and computer software.
A copyright is filed at the Ministry of Culture. The work protected must be original and involve personal innovation and arrangement. The protection period, for both Jordanians and foreigners, is 30 years after the death of the author. The Ministry of Culture may publish or republish a work subject to copyright protection if the author or the author's heirs have not published or republished the work within six months of the date the Ministry has given notice that the work is to be so published or republished. In the event of publication or republication by the Ministry of Culture, the author or author's heirs are entitled to fair remuneration.
The Copyright Law provides penalties for infringement. Enforcement of the Copyright Law is in the jurisdiction of the civil courts; however, the implementing regulations relating to the law have not yet been promulgated.
In late 1998, an updated Copyright Law was passed, and Jordan acceded to the Berne Convention in April 1999. However, enforcement mechanisms have yet to be established. Jordan is currently on the United States Trade Representative's Special 301 watch list for inadequate intellectual property protection. In negotiations with the U.S. Government, Jordan has agreed to a plan that calls for significant improvement in intellectual property protection over the next several years.
There remains, however, strong resistance to rapid implementation of a modern intellectual property regime in Jordan. Much of this resistance stems from the influential pharmaceutical industry, which profits from unlicensed copying of patented drugs. The majority of videos and software sold in the Jordanian market are also pirated. Jordan's accession to the World Trade Organization will eventually require that the government of Jordan establish a TRIPS-comparable intellectual property regime.
The Jordanian tax law is the Income Tax Law No. 57 of 1985. Several amendments have been issued since then by the tax authorities. The latest amendment adopted is Amending Law No. 14 of 1995, and new tax adjustments contained therein came into effect in 1996.
Taxpayers may determine their own fiscal year. Tax returns are to be filed with the Tax Department within four months after the end of the fiscal year. Taxpayers who pay their tax liability within the first month following the close of their fiscal year are entitled to a 6 percent discount on their taxes due. Similarly, a 4 percent discount and 2 percent discount are available to taxpayers who pay their taxes during the second or third month, respectively, after the close of their fiscal year. In case of late filing of a tax return, a fine of 2 percent per month, but not exceeding 24 percent overall, will be imposed. A fine of 1.5 percent per month is imposed on taxpayers who fail to pay their taxes.
Income Taxes
The primary types of income taxes levied are corporate income tax, individual income tax, withholding tax and distribution tax. The Income Tax Law of 1985 was recently amended to include provisions of particular benefit for investors. This amendment, which came into effect in 1996, allows higher allowances for individual taxpayers and lower tax rates for individuals.
Taxation of Companies and Businesses
All companies, local and foreign, operating in Jordan are subject to corporate income tax at the following rates:
Types & Corresponding Rates
Mining, industry, hotels, hospitals, transportation, contracting and other sectors approved by the Council of Ministers = 15%
Banks, financial and finance companies, exchange companies and brokerage companies (in case of banks, financial and insurance companies, the tax payable each year should not be less than 25% of their net income before any distributions are made) = 35%
All other companies = 25%
Taxation of Individuals
Salaries, wages and other income paid to Jordanian and foreign employees are taxable. The Income Tax Law gives a 50 percent exemption from tax on private sector employees' annual salaries up to JD 12,000 and a 25 percent exemption on amounts above JD 12,000. Foreign employees working for non-Jordanian companies are exempt from paying all income tax. In addition, there are personal and family exemptions given by the Income Tax Law. In the public sector, 50 percent of the salaries and wages of employees are tax exempt.
The taxable income of an individual, not exempted as stated above, is subject to the following tax rates:
Annual Taxable Income/ Rate
First JD 2,000 5%
Next JD 2,000 10%
Next JD 4,000 15%
Next JD 4,000 25%
Next JD 4,000 30%
Withholding Tax
Ten percent of any payment made by a Jordanian resident to a non-resident should be withheld as payment on account of the tax due and should be forwarded by the Jordanian resident payer to the tax authorities within thirty days from the date it was withheld.
Every employer who pays salaries, wages, allowances or bonuses to employees must deduct from such payments the tax due and forward it to the tax authorities on a monthly basis.
Distribution Tax
This tax is levied on the distribution of company profits (i.e., dividends) and amounts to 10 percent of the dividends paid out. This tax must be deducted and forwarded by the entity distributing the dividends to the Tax Department within 30 days from the date of such distribution. For purposes of this tax, profits transferred abroad by a foreign company operating in Jordan shall be considered as distributed profits.
Taxable Income
According to law, income arising or deemed to be arising in Jordan shall be subject to tax. In order to determine a taxpayer's taxable income, all expenses wholly and exclusively made or incurred in the production of income during the year shall be deducted.
Company expenditures on training, marketing, research and development are tax exempt. Profits from the export of goods and services are totally exempted, with the exception of exports of phosphate, potash, fertilizers and other exports that are governed by trade protocols.
The following items are not deductible under Jordanian tax law:
Revenues and provisions;
Capital losses (for non-depreciable assets);
Capital expenditures;
Head Office expenses for foreign branches in excess of 5 percent of the taxable income of the branch in Jordan;
Losses or expenses recoverable under an insurance policy or a compensation contract;
Amounts paid as income tax and social services tax;
Depreciation expenses in excess of the permissible rates.
Loss Carry Forward
Losses realized in a particular tax year may be carried forward in order to be deducted from taxable income during the next six consecutive tax years. Losses may be not carried backward and applied to a previous tax year's taxable income.
Fixed assets can be depreciated following an accelerated depreciation method.
Other Tax Exemptions
According to the Investment Law of 1995, projects approved under that law and established in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan are entitled to tax exemptions. The new law offers incentives to investors in the form of tax exemptions that are weighted in favor of less developed areas. Projects in Zone A receive a 25 percent deduction; projects in Zone B receive a 50 percent deduction; and projects in Zone C receive a 75 percent deduction in accordance with the following stipulations:
-For hotels to benefit from the incentives granted by this law, they must be classified as more than three stars in Zone A;
-The shores of the Dead Sea, within a five kilometers depth from the coastline, are classified as Zone A for hotel projects.
-All areas of Jordan are classified as Zone C for the sectors of agriculture, animal resources and maritime transport and railways;
Other Taxes
Social Service Tax
A social service tax is due from each individual and equals 10 percent of the taxpayer's income.
Universities Tax
This tax is payable by shareholding and foreign companies
at a rate of 1 percent of net income before taxes and distributions.
Sales Tax
The taxpayers as defined by the Sales Tax Law are the manufacturers, merchants or service providers whose sales amount to JD 100,000 per annum and importers of any goods or services irrespective of the volume of their imports. The sales tax rate ranges from 0 percent up to 20 percent of the value of goods, and for services, the sales tax is fixed at a rate of 10 percent.
This tax is payable when the sale is completed or the service is rendered. In the case of imported goods, the sales tax is payable at the customs clearance stage, prior to the release of such goods.
Treaties for the Prevention of Double Taxation
Jordan has signed agreements for the prevention of double taxation with Austria, Bahrain, Belgium, Canada, Cyprus, Denmark, Egypt, France, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Malaysia, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Romania, Saudi Arabia, Spain, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, the United States and Yemen.
Trade and Investment Issues
Encouragement of Investment Law
The Investment Promotion Law No. 16 of 1995 repealed the Encouragement of Investment Law No. 11 of 1987 and Law No. 27 of 1992 Regulating Arab & Foreign Investments. The new law opens the financial markets to all investors and provides for the equal treatment of investors regardless of nationality.
The new law abolishes the distinction between economic and approved economic projects. Therefore, projects in the following sectors enjoy the special exemptions specified under the law: (1) Industry; (2) Agriculture; (3) Hotels; (4) Hospitals; (5) Maritime Transport and Railways; (6) Leisure and Recreation Compounds; (7) Convention and Exhibition Centers; and (8) any other sectors or its branches that the Council of Ministers decides to add based on the recommendation of the Higher Council for Encouragement of Investment. These sectors are also subject to a revised tax rate of 15 percent under latest amendments to the Income Tax Law.
In addition, exemptions from taxes and fees extend to all imported fixed assets, imported fixed assets of the expansion of productive capacity over 25 percent, and imported spare parts.
Exemptions from income and social service taxes for a ten-year period starting from the date of production is granted in ranging amounts according to the level of development of particular locales.
The Committee for Encouragement of Investment considers investors' applications from other sectors for inclusion under the Encouragement of Investment Law and makes the appropriate decisions within 30 days from receiving such applications. A rejected application that is returned must include the reasons for the rejection. A new government office is to be established to encourage investment and to speed procedures for registering and licensing new investments. The law also contains a commitment that all investment proposals will receive a response from the Higher Council for the Encouragement of Investment, a body made up of ministers and business representatives, within 30 days of application.
The new law also allows direct entry into the Jordan stock market in order to help attract foreign capital. Furthermore, the law permits foreign investors to buy shares directly, provided that the total foreign ownership in the publicly traded company does not exceed 50 percent at the end of the close of trade on the official market.
Restrictions on Foreign Investment
Special rules were issued specifying the sectors in which foreign investors are allowed to invest and the proportion of ownership foreign investors may maintain in addition to the minimum capital requirement for foreign investors. Until recently, such minimum capital requirements were set at a minimum of JD 100,000 with the exception of investments in the stock market, where such minimum was set at JD 1,000. On February 22, 1997 the Council of Ministers resolved to remove the minimum investment requirement of JD 100,000. Pursuant to said resolution, Jordanian and non-Jordanian investors are now afforded equal treatment with regard to their investment in Jordanian companies.
Encouragement of Foreign Investment
The Encouragement of Foreign Investment Regulation of 1995 allows wider foreign ownership and direct entry of foreign nationals and companies into the Jordan stock market. This regulation is intended to enhance the opportunity for substantial foreign investment and, in conjunction with a reduced tax structure, to enhance returns on stock. The Regulation is intended to boost confidence in Jordan as an attractive emerging market and to help attract foreign capital.
The Regulation eliminates the cumbersome requirements requiring prior approvals by the Cabinet and the purchasing of permits through licensed brokers as well as the set limitations on ownership. It also provides tax exemptions for investment in less developed regions in Jordan.
The Regulations for the Promotion of Foreign Investment Law No. 39 of 1997 eliminated the 50 percent ceiling on foreign equity ownership in the Amman Financial Market, transportation, insurance, banking, telecommunications and agricultural sectors. The 50 percent ownership ceiling remains in the construction, trading, trade services and mining sectors. These Regulations also reduced the minimum amount of foreign investment from JD 100,000 to JD 50,000.
During 1997 and 1998, roughly one-third of foreign investment projects benefited from the investment promotion law, compared with one-fifth of projects in 1996.
Investment Tax Incentives
Exemptions from income tax and customs duties for projects are provided for under the Encouragement of Investment Law. All fixed assets for the project are exempt from customs duties and taxes. Fixed assets include the equipment, machinery apparatus and tools needed for the project. For hotels and hospitals, the definition includes furniture and other material specific to these industries. Imported spare parts for the project will be exempt from customs duties and taxes provided the value of these parts does not exceed 15 percent of the value of their related fixed assets.
Net profits of the projects are exempt from income tax for up to ten years starting from the commencement of commercial production or providing services in accordance with the rates set forth, in the Other Tax Exemptions section above.
Furthermore, additional incentives are granted if the project undergoes expansion, development or modernization resulting in an increase of its productive capacity. Hotels and hospitals may enjoy exemption from customs duties and taxes every seven years for the purchase of new furniture and other materials specific to these industries.
Dispute Settlement
According to Law No. 16, foreign investors have the rights to seek third party arbitration or an internationally recognized dispute settlement mechanism. The Government recognizes decisions reached by the International Center for the Settlement of Disputes. Jordan's legal system permits the implementation of internationally acknowledged dispute settlement measures.
Free Trade Zones
In order to encourage export-oriented industry, Jordan has set up a number of Free Zones. The first Free Zone was established at the Aqaba port along the Red Sea. Other free trade zones are located at Zarqa, the Sahab industrial estate and Irbid.
Free Zones come under the supervision of an autonomous body, the Free Zone Corporation and are governed by the Free Zone Corporation Law No. 32 of 1984.
Projects must meet the following criteria in order to qualify for licenses to operate within a free zone area:
(1) applying new technology and introducing new industries
to the country; (2) using local raw materials or components; (3) raising the level of domestic labor skills; and (4) reducing Jordan's imports. Applications for a Free Zone license are filed with the Free Zone Corporation.
Projects granted a license in a Free Zone enjoy the following privileges: (1) exemption of profits from income tax for a period of twelve years; (2) exemption of non-Jordanian employees from income tax on their remuneration and from the social service tax; (3) exemption for goods imported into or exported from Free Zones from customs duties, import fees and any other fees and taxes; (4) exemption of lands, buildings and properties in free zones from licensing fees and taxes; and (5) freedom to repatriate capital investment and profits earned, subject to prevailing laws and regulation.
Furthermore, importers using the Free Zones to supply the local market avoid import license fees amounting to 5 percent of cargo value, until the goods are actually cleared for release from the Zone.
Qualifying Industrial Zone
Pursuant to the United States - Israel Free Trade Area Implementation Act of 1995, the governments of Israel and Jordan agreed to the creation of the Irbid Qualifying Industrial Zone (QIZ). This zone is located in the Irbid duty-free zone in Jordan in conjunction with the Israeli side of the border-crossing at the Sheikh Hussein - Nahar Hayarden Bridge. On March 13, 1998, the Office of the United States' Trade Representative designated the first Jordan-Israel "qualified industrial zone" at the Al-Hassan Industrial Park in Irbid, Jordan. According to this special status, goods from the zone that are produced through Jordanian-Israeli commercial cooperation, and which meet certain minimal criteria, are eligible for duty-free entry into the United States. This initiative has already significantly increased Jordanian-Israeli dialogue on commercial issues and has generated notable private sector interest from both countries. More than $140 million worth of new projects have been set up at the Irbid QIZ in 1999. These new investments will bring to $350 million the aggregate value of projects in the zone, whereby most of these factories produce textiles and apparel. In 1998, the United States imported from the QIZ goods valued at approximately $17 million.
The Governments of Israel and Jordan agreed to establish a joint committee with the responsibility of identifying those businesses located within the Irbid Qualifying Zone that involve substantial economic cooperation between the two countries. The parties involved have indicated that they regard this agreement as an important step toward cementing industrial cooperation between Israel and Jordan. This American initiative demonstrates that the future of regional economic cooperation will be determined not just by increases in bilateral trade, but more significantly, by cooperation between entrepreneurs and industries in joint manufacturing and the export of their products to third markets.
Based on the initial success of the Irbid QIZ, the United States announced in March 1999 the creation of a new Israel-Jordanian QIZ, to be located on the Israeli-Jordanian border south of the Beit She'an Valley. Plans for the creation of the new QIZ are moving forward under the direction of the Jordan Gateway Project Corporation, which has reported that a number of Israeli and Jordanian companies have already expressed an interest in joint QIZ ventures.
Taxes on imports are the chief source of domestic revenue. All imported goods are subject to custom duty, except those specifically exempted. Rates of duty vary according to the importance of the item to the national economy. Essential commodities and various raw materials attract relatively low rates of duty, while luxury goods attract high rates. As part of its efforts to accede to the World Trade Organization by the beginning of 2000, Jordan has accelerated economic reforms and continued to slash duties on imports. Nevertheless, this bold liberalization program threatens local business monopolies that prospered from the state protection they received during King Hussein's reign.
Customs Procedures
Customs procedures in Jordan have historically been a major impediment to free trade. Overlapping areas of authority and excessive signature clearances on paperwork of shipments remain unchanged. Actual commodity appraisal and tariff assessment practices often differ from the written regulations. Discretionary decisions are sometimes made about certain cases that are subject to conflicting instructions and regulations.
It is anticipated that Jordanian customs legislation will be amended in the near future. The amendments provide the Customs Department with more powers regarding violations and confiscation and delegates part of the Minister of Finance's powers to the Director General of the Customs Department.
Under the prevailing Import Tariff Schedules, valid since 1989, a high tariff rate is imposed on luxury goods and on major categories of consumer goods. On automobiles, the tariff rate ranges from 110 percent to 310 percent. To stimulate export production, import tariffs are low on many raw materials, machinery and semi-finished goods. To secure tariff exemptions, businesses must document that the raw materials to be imported will be used in export production, maintaining at least 40 percent Jordanian value-added content.
The Director General of Customs may grant temporary admission status to certain goods, such as heavy machinery and equipment used to implement Government projects, or important projects that have obtained Government approval. Foreign construction companies operating alone or with a Jordanian partner can apply for this temporary admission status.
Labor Law
The new Labor Law No. 8 of 1996 governs Labor affairs in Jordan. The provisions of the law apply to all employees and employers as defined by Article 2 of the Law.
Maximum working hours are 48 during a six-day week. The seventh day is a paid weekly holiday. Additional hours will be considered as overtime and qualify for compensation of 25 percent over the regular wage. Except in the event of an emergency, an increase in daily work hours is subject to approval by the Minister of Labor.
Employees are entitled to an annual 14-day, fully paid sick leave that may be extended by an additional 14 days if the employee was hospitalized. The Law makes provisions for compensation regarding on-the-job injuries. A worker is also entitled to a one-time 14-day leave to make the pilgrimage to the Islamic holy shrines in Mecca, provided he has worked for the same company for at least five years.
Female employees are allowed ten weeks maternity leave with pay. Employers who employ 20 or more women must provide daycare for all children under four years of age.
The minimum age for child employment under controlled conditions has been raised to 16 years. The new Law places restrictions on the types of jobs minors may hold, as well as on the number of hours they are allowed to work.
The new Law regulates labor unions and employer alliances. Workers are free to join unions without objection from their employers. Strikes and close-downs are also regulated by the new Law. Approximately 30 percent of the total labor force, including government service, is unionized. Labor unions exist in some large industrial firms, in the banking sector, and among engineers, physicians, pharmacists and lawyers.
The current labor Law allows employers to terminate the services of employees if they are forced to undergo reorganization. Article 31 of the Law gives employers the right to reduce the wages of workers or dismiss them for any reason. The Law does not obligate employers to include end-of-service retirements in their employment packages. If the employer has, however, agreed to the end-of-service retirement either through a contractual basis or personnel agreement, this right cannot be dismissed.
A serious shortcoming of the Jordanian Labor Law is Article 20, which grants employees the right to own the intellectual property right of works developed on the job. If their position requires that they research and develop for their employers, the Article provides the employee with a right to 50 percent ownership of the developed work. This provision contravenes all major international laws and discourages investments in industries such as software development, audio and video recording, and pharmaceutical development.
Environmental Law
Jordan is a signatory to several environmental treaties, among which are the following:
The 1973 Washington Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. The objective of this convention is to protect certain endangered species from over exploitation via a system of import/export permits. Jordan became a signatory on November 4, 1980.
The 1973 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships. The objectives of this convention is to preserve the marine environment by achieving the complete elimination of intentional pollution by oil and other harmful substances and the minimization of accidental discharge of such substances. Jordan became a signatory on March 17, 1975.
The 1951 International Plant Protection Convention. The objective is to maintain and increase cooperation in controlling pests and diseases of plants and plant products, and in preventing their introduction and spread across national boundaries. Jordan became a signatory on April 24, 1970.
The 1972 Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxic Weapons, and on Their Destruction. The objective of this convention is to eliminate and to prohibit the development of biological weapons, as a step towards general disarmament for the sake of all mankind. Jordan became a signatory on June 27, 1975.
© 2000 Mena Report (www.menareport.com)
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Return to the beloved Johto region first introduced in the Pokémon Gold and Silver Version games for the portable Game Boy™ system. Several new enhancements for the series, such as updated graphics and touch screen features, enrich these timeless adventures, and the new Pokéwalker™ accessory allows players to take their favorite Pokémon with them wherever they go. Both games feature detailed graphics that spotlight the unique environments and hundreds of Pokémon that players can encounter and catch. Players can even see and interact with their favorite Pokémon outside of battle, selecting one from their team to follow behind them as they travel through the Johto region.
- Players become a Pokémon Trainer, traveling from town to town across the Johto region on an adventure to catch, train and battle Pokémon.
- Players can take their favorite Pokémon with them wherever they go using the new Pokéwalker accessory. Wirelessly transfer a Pokémon to the Pokéwalker and walk them through virtual routes as the player walks around in real life. By walking, players earn Watts that can be used to encounter and catch wild Pokémon or search for hidden items. The Pokémon in the Pokéwalker will gain experience points as the player walks, and can even go up one level when they are transferred back into the game. Players also can wirelessly connect two Pokéwalkers to get special gifts.
- For the first time, any Pokémon can follow players on their journey outside of the Poké Ball. Your favorite Pokémon can always be at your side!
- Players with a wireless broadband connection can interact with their friends who have either the Pokémon HeartGold or SoulSilver Version game to trade or battle Pokémon via the Nintendo® Wi-Fi Connection service. Players can also battle and trade with others via a local wireless connection.
- An internal clock keeps track of the time of day and the day of the week. Some special events will only happen on certain days or at certain times of day.


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Upon the dawn of neuroscience advancement, specialists have inferred that using a tablet and Angry Birds, mentally disorder kids can be taught to program robots. A group of researchers led by Prof. Howard have come up with sufficient solutions to support the rehabilitation of children with disabilities.
The team has connected a humanoid robot called Darwin-OP with a tablet Android. The tablet is installed with the world famous game Angry Bird. Once the kid fixes the bird on the pig and stretches it by sliding figure, the robot senses the whole movement and saves it in its memory. The robot also monitors the tablet screen and the way the fingers of the kid moves and finally sees the score.
When the turn of the robot comes, it replicates the movements of the kid and the moment it misses the target it nods its head out of frustration and if it destroys the target the eyes of the robot lights up. The robot learns to play the game effectively and observes when the child loses or wins and analyzes crucial information. Such observations by the robot enable it to play well.
The acceptability and cognitive behavior of the robot is the subject on which the team is working and the team believes that the current researches have proven to be an effective tool for future in treating the mentally disabled kid having cognitive problems or now can program the robot as per the disability level and need of the child.
The doctors can now program the robot according to the movement of the child. Then the robot can be supplied to the family of the disabled kid where the little one can utilize it. Another good advantage of the robot is that you do not need to admit the child in rehabilitation and the robot does not get tired and has infinite patience. Such process also saves lot of money that may get exhausted in the expensive rehabilitation centers. Now, disabled kids can spend at least three times more time playing Angry Birds with the robot. The child can react and interact more with the robot in a better manner.
Thus, the initiative has brought a breakthrough in the field of medical science where disabled kids can be treated with advanced technology. Many cases have been evaluated on the basis of such process where extra ordinary improvements have been realized in the mentally disabled children.
It was always so vague to send a small kid to rehab for treatment when it can get better treatment in home under the surveillance of parents. Even parents who cannot afford much on rehab centers can go for such advance therapy with just a onetime investment. Undoubtedly, such a therapy is going to tap the medical requirements in the coming days and bring up a new ray of hope among the mankind.


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Administrative Laws
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- Find Administrative Laws expert lawyer in India.
- Can an employee reach out for judicial help when not promoted?
- What to do when a senior officer practices malafide actions?
- Where to file a case if my organization is not following the rules?
- What should I do when I find there is departmental wrong being done at my office?
- Can I raise my voice, against corruption, under the administrative laws?
- Do Lokpal, Lokayukta and Central Vigilance Committee come under the purview of administrative laws?
- How is the adjudication done under the Administrative Adjudication Process?
- Will private companies be covered under the aspects of the Administrative Laws?
Every Citizen and especially the employees working in governmental agencies have certain expectations to be fulfilled by the agencies as a routine work and sometime extra ordinary works with in the defined limits of the laws applicable to that agency or department. Administrative laws, as such, provide a mechanism of recourse when the agencies fail to perform their duties or do something which is are barred to do.
Vidhikarya will help you find a most suitable lawyer, for you in your city, who will be able to answer all your Administrative Laws related queries and also guide you on how to resolve this matter with ease.
About the Administrative Laws
It is the branch of law that aims at the regulation and upholding of lawful framework, powers, functions etc. of the administrative authorities is referred to as the Administrative Law. It speaks of the way as per which exercise of certain powers is to be done, the remedies which can be availed at instances of powers being abused by the authorities.
Administrative law has 4 primary aspects to it. They are the composition and powers of administrative authorities, fixation of the limits of such powers, providing the pro-forma or method for the exercising of such powers, and the control on administrative authorities through various methods such as the concept of 'checks & balances'.
Transition in the perception towards the role of State has led to an increase in the importance of Administrative Law. The perception is changing from that of the defence & administration of justice to that of a welfare state. People demand the State to act in the interest of solving their problems rather than merely the definition of their rights.
Article 244 of the Indian Constitution is indicative of the Administrative laws in force in India.
What the Administrative law is and what it does?
The three organs of the government, Judiciary, Executive, Legislature enjoy reasonable amount of powers. Judiciary enjoys a lot of independence and helps in keeping a check on all the organs.
There are several forms of administrative policies in play. For example, delegated legislation is one of the methods which are employed for the purposes of administration.
In the words of Shukla, "A great deal of legislation takes place outside the legislature in government departments, bearing varied nomenclature; rules, regulations, bye laws, schemes, orders, notifications, etc." Delegated legislation is spoken of in Article 312 of the Constitution of India.
In the system of Administrative Law, the principles of Natural Justice must always be observed.
What are the applicable laws for Administrative Cases?
Some of the Laws and statutes applicable to administrative case are:
Commissions of Inquiry Act, 1952
Right to Information Act, 2005
Judicial Officers Protection Act, 1850
Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988
Administrative Tribunals Act, 1985
Central Vigilance Commission Act, 2003
Administrative Tribunals in India
The Administrative Tribunals Act in 1985 was enacted with an intention of administering justice to the aggrieved government servants. Administrative Tribunals Act owes its origin to Article 323-A of the Constitution which empowers Central Government to set-up by an Act of Parliament, Administrative Tribunals for adjudication of disputes and complaints with respect to recruitment and conditions of service of persons appointed to the public service and posts in connection with the affairs of the Union and the States.
In pursuance of the provisions contained in the Administrative Tribunals Act, 1985, the Administrative Tribunals set-up under it exercise original jurisdiction in respect of service matters of employees covered by it. As a result of the judgement dated 18 March 1997 of the Supreme Court, the appeals against the orders of an Administrative Tribunal shall lie before the Division Bench of the concerned High Court.
The Administrative Tribunals exercise jurisdiction only in relation to the service matters of the litigants covered by the Act. The procedural simplicity of the Act can be appreciated from the fact that the aggrieved person can also appear before it personally. The Government can present its case through its departmental officers or legal practitioners.
Thus, the objective of the Tribunal is to provide for speedy and inexpensive justice to the litigants. The Act provides for establishment of Central Administrative Tribunal (CAT) and the State Administrative Tribunals. The CAT was set-up on 1 November 1985. Today, it has 17 regular benches, 15 of which operate at the principal seats of High Courts and the remaining two at Jaipur and Lucknow. These Benches also hold circuit sittings at other seats of High Courts. In brief, the tribunal consists of a Chairman, Vice-Chairman and Members. The Members are drawn, both from judicial as well as administrative streams so as to give the Tribunal the benefit of expertise both in legal and administrative spheres.
In Mayuri Pulse Mills v. Union of India, Court held that for an offence under Section 138 of N.I. Act, mens rea is not essential as the section brings into operation the rule of strict liability.
Jurisdiction for filing a cheque bounce case
In Dashrath Rupsingh Rathod v. State of Maharashtra it was held that a complaint regarding "dishonour of a cheque" can be filed only in the Court within whose local jurisdiction the offence was committed, i.e., where cheque was dishonoured.
Technical Reasons can not be grounds for Cheque Bounce case
Reason for the bouncing of cheque should not be of a technical nature, as technical irregularities are not covered by the provisions of Section 138 of the N.I. Act. For example, bouncing of a cheque due to incorrect date entered, or due to discrepancy between amount in words and figures, not being in MICR form, etc.
Important Procedures under Cheque Bounce law
- Cheque must be presented to the bank for payment within a period of three months (earlier it was 6 months) from the date mentioned on the cheque.
- In case the cheque gets bounced, the holder of the cheque should ask the payer or issuer for the payment by giving a legal notice to the drawer in writing within 30 days of the receipt of information of non-payment by the bank.
- Even after receipt of notice if the drawer of the cheque fails to make the payment within the stipulated time, which is 15 days from the receipt of notice then the cheque holder or the payee can move the court.
Reliefs available under Adoption Laws
Fine and Punishment under Section 138 of the N.I. Act
Punishment for the above-mentioned offence is a fine which may extend to twice the amount of the original cheque or imprisonment for a term which may be up to two years or both.
Interim Compensation can be ordered
Court can pass an order to pay interim compensation during the pendency of the court. (This law is getting enacted)
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Individuals must be treated with equal dignity and fairness. And yet a journey to societies and nations is all it takes to convince us that we still have a very long way to go.
With the objective of ensuring a sustainable and dignified reintegration of this otherwise excluded community into the mainstream social fold, Aide et Action-South Asia (AEA-SA) organises an annual event – 'Run for Inclusion'. The run is organised to bring dignity and respect to the excluded communities by supporting them through education and employment opportunities.
'Run for Inclusion' will not only allow you to show your solidarity and responsibility towards your country and humanity but will also give you an opportunity to extend support towards the eradication of disparities in the society.
The run is scheduled on November 23, 2014 to be held in more than 20 cities of India, Sri Lanka and Nepal with approximately 50,000 people running for the cause. This would be a 5 km run in support to the empowerment of the youth.
> School Children
> College going youth
> NGO partners
> Corporate partners
> Or anyone who supports the cause of solidarity


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Tiny Core Linux -- A Minimal Distro with Big Possibilities
From Barebones to Customized
Picking the right Linux distribution for a new task often comes down to comfort level. We all tend to lean toward things we're familiar with. So we go with the latest Ubuntu release and make it fit even though it might not be the best choice for the job. You can bet it will have a lot of extra baggage you don't really need for something simple like a home file server.
Tiny Core Linux (TC Linux) takes a minimalist approach to the base system and then lets you add just the pieces you need to get your job done. Once you have it configured like you want it you can then save the configuration to local storage. The core distribution, based on the Linux 2.6 kernel, is a mere 10 MB. In the end the goal of TC is to have an ultra small Linux desktop OS capable of booting from CDROM, USB disk or a minimal sized hard drive. The latest release (1.2) fixes a few bugs and adds a few new features as well.
Modes of Operation
Tiny Core offers four basic modes of operation with varying degrees of persistence. The default mode is to boot into RAM and download applications over the Internet when you need to run them. Everything runs from RAM so nothing is left behind, including any settings or configuration information. Minimal hardware requirements include an i486DX processor (486 with math processor) and 32MB of RAM. A Pentium 2 or better processor with 128 MB of RAM is recommended.
Modes two and three consist of using a Persistent Personal Repository (PPR) with either compressed or uncompressed extensions. The difference comes from loading applications from RAM (TCE) or from a compressed file stored in the PPR (TCZ). TCZ extensions use either cramfs or ziofs to minimize the storage requirements in the PPR. Another advantage of using the TCZ option is the ability to run applications when you don't have a network connection.
The final mode is called Persistent Personal Installation (PPI) and uses the TCE extensions saved to the local drive. Additional extension codes (l or m) will automatically download and configure libraries or modules as required along with the dep extension for dependency resolution. This mode works well with either USB or fixed hard drives. For extra security you can choose to encrypt the home directory using an encrypted loop back file.
A backup / restore option makes it possible to save your settings and personal files to a separate device. You'll need to edit the file /opt/.filetool.lst to add or remove files and directories to save. You can also explicitly exclude files using another file /opt/.xfiletool.lst. The default is to backup the entire /home/tc directory unless excluded.
- Skip Ahead
- 1. From Barebones to Customized
- 2. From Barebones to Customized


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Step 1 - Create a new SSL certificate using WingFTP
You can create a new SSL certificate at "Server->Settings->SSL Certificate Manager". Wing FTP will automatically generate three files in your directory, with extension of ".crt", ".key" and ".csr" respectively. For example, if you name the SSL certificate file "yoursite", you will find:
"yoursite.crt" : the certificate file signed by Wing FTP.
"yoursite.key" : the private key file. Please keep it secret for it is very important.
"yoursite.csr": the Certificate Signing Request file, need to be sent to the certificate authorities(CAs) to apply for a digital identity certificate.
Step 2 - Send the Certificate Signing Request file to CA
If your request is successful, you will get a digitally signed identity certificate from the CA. Replace your previous certificate file with the new .crt file from the CA.
Please note that if your SSL certificate is issued by some intermediate certificate authorities, you may need to take some further steps to make it work. You need to create a new file with extension of ".crt" and make a certificate chain in it. The basic format of the certificate chain is like this:
your site certificate signed by CA
Intermediate CA 1
Intermediate CA 2
Intermediate CA n
Root CA
step 3 - Config your domain with the certificate signed by CA
After your certificate be signed and added under "Server -> Settings -> SSL Certificate Manager", you also need to select it under "Domain -> Settings -> General Settings -> Miscellaneous -> SSL Certificate".
What is the intermediate certificate?
There are two types of certificate authorities (CAs), root CAs and intermediate CAs. In order for a certificate to be trusted, and often for a secure connection to be established at all, that certificate must have been issued by a CA that is included in the trusted store of the device that is connecting.
If the certificate was not issued by a trusted CA, the connecting device (e.g., a web browser) will then check to see if the issuing CA of the certificate was issued by a trusted CA, and so on until either a trusted CA is found (at which point a trusted, secure connection will be established) or no trusted CA can be found (at which point the device will usually display an error).
To facilitate this process of verifying a "chain" of trust, every certificate includes the fields "Issued To" and "Issued By". An intermediate CA will show different information in these two fields, showing a connecting device where to continue checking, if necessary, in order to establish trust.
Root CA's, on the other hand, are "Issued To" and "Issued By" themselves, so no further checking is possible or necessary in order to establish trust (or lack thereof).
For example, if I have a certificate issued to "mysite.com" and issued by "Intermediate CA1", and my web browser trusts "Root CA", trust may be established in the following manner.
Certificate 1 - Issued To: mysite.com; Issued By: Intermediate CA 1
Certificate 2 - Issued To: Intermediate CA 1; Issued By: Intermediate CA 2
Certificate 3 - Issued To: Intermediate CA 2; Issued By: Intermediate CA 3
Certificate 3 - Issued To: Intermediate CA 3; Issued By: Root CA
My browser trusts "Root CA", and a secure connection can now be established. Since this process is often called "certificate chaining," intermediate CA certs are sometimes called "chained certificates". For enhanced security purposes, most end user certificates today are issued by intermediate certificate authorities.
Installing an intermediate CA signed certificate on a web server or load balancer usually requires installing a bundle of certificates.
Note: When you create the self-signed certificate in the first step, the "Domain Name/Common Name" field must match the fully qualified domain name or IP address of your server, or clients will encounter "Certificate Mismatch" error.


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See what questions
a doctor would ask.
Uterine Corpus tumors (medical condition): Cancer of the uterus....more »
See also:
Uterine Cancer:
»Introduction: Uterine Cancer
»Symptoms of Uterine Cancer
»Tests for Uterine Cancer
»Treatments for Uterine Cancer
These medical condition or symptom topics may be relevant to medical information for Uterine Corpus tumors:
Uterine Corpus tumors: Another name for Uterine Cancer (or close medical condition association).
»Introduction: Uterine Cancer
»Symptoms of Uterine Cancer
»Treatments for Uterine Cancer
Uterine Corpus tumors: Uterine Corpus tumors is listed as a type of (or associated with) the following medical conditions in our database:
Some of the symptoms of Uterine Corpus tumors incude:
See full list of 7 symptoms of Uterine Corpus tumors (Uterine Cancer)
Treatments for Uterine Corpus tumors (Uterine Cancer) include:
See full list of 10 treatments for Uterine Corpus tumors
Treatment of Uterine Corpus tumors: For more treatment information about Uterine Corpus tumors, see treatment of Uterine Cancer (Uterine Corpus tumors)
Uterine cancer -- also called sarcoma of the uterus -- is a very rare kind of cancer in women. It... (Source: excerpt from Uterine Cancer: NWHIC)
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