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PER: Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad
On-line version ISSN 1727-3781
PER vol.11 n.3 Potchefstroom Jan. 2008
The establishment of kingdoms and the identification of kings and queens in terms of the traditional leadership and governance framework act 41 of 2003
JC Bekker
Honorary Professor in Private Law, University of Pretoria
The Traditional Leadership and Governance Framework Act 41 of 2003 provides, amongst others matters, for the recognition of kings and queens and the establishment of a Commission on Traditional Leadership Disputes and Claims to decide on disputes and claims relating to traditional leadership, including kings and queens. The author examines the criteria and procedure for the creation of kingdoms and for identifying the rightful incumbents. During the apartheid years the traditional leadership was manipulated for political purposes. The Act goes a long way towards restoring it to conform to precepts of customary law and custom. The author argues, in essence, that this is easier said than done. It would, he submits, be difficult to dismantle the apartheid structures. It would likewise be difficult to identify the rightful incumbents and to resolve new claims. He suggests that the relevant provisions of the Act be revised to provide more clarity on fundamental principles.
1 Introduction
The object of this article is to evaluate the mechanisms created by the Traditional Leadership and Governance Framework Act 41 of 20031 to decide on traditional leadership disputes and claims. There are many claims and disputes, but this article will focus on the newly-created positions of kings and queens.
2 Position of Kings and Queens under the Traditional Leadership and Governance Act
The process of identifying these kings and queens is on closer examination beset with uncertainties that go deeper than merely resolving claims and disputes. It is submitted that the criteria set out in section 9 of the Act leave the door wide open for discretionary application.
In one of its efforts to eliminate all of the real or perceived wrongs of colonialism and apartheid, the post-apartheid government decided to redesign traditional leadership positions. The reason was that -
In the main, according to custom, three levels of traditional leadership positions are recognised, namely kingship, chieftainship and headmanship. However, colonial powers and the apartheid government introduced new and foreign levels of traditional leaders. The introduction of such levels within the institution of traditional leadership was, in many instances, politically motivated and included levels such as 'supreme chief', 'paramount chief', 'subchief', and 'independent headmen'. For example, the level of a 'supreme chief' was introduced by the previous regime to arrogate the power to rule over Africans to the Governor-General and, later, the State President. Other levels such as paramount chiefs, independent headmen and subchiefs were introduced to elevate/demote certain people to new positions.2
After deliberations it was decided to create only three positions, namely kingship, senior traditional leadership, and headmanship.3
There is ample evidence that the colonists were well aware of the existence of kings in their African colonies. This is how Sansom4 described it:
Historical developments in Africa allow definition of three grades of polity. In ascending order these were: independent chiefdoms, federations of chiefdoms and, finally, kingdoms in which erstwhile chiefdoms became districts. Federations and kingdoms grew out of independent chiefdoms and used the chiefdom as a constituent part of the enlarged polity.
This is probably what the legislature had in mind when creating a kingship by saying no more than that it means "the position held by a king or queen".5
I pause to say that there is no provision for the creation of new kingships - neither criteria nor a procedure. Section 9(1)(b) of the Act provides merely that when the position of a king or a queen is to be filled the President must recognise a person taking into account "whether a recognised kingship exists".6
On the face of it anybody who falls within the broad categorisation of Sansom above, could come forward and say he or she should be recognised. Section 25(2)(a)(i) purports to narrow the claims down to cases where there is doubt whether a kingship was or was not established, ostensibly indicating that parliaments purpose was the auditing of existing kingships and their incumbents. In practice there are other traditional communities that claim to be kingships. Judged by the large number of senior traditional leaders (formerly chiefs, of course), a number of about 773,7 this could result in a substantial number of claims. The claimant has to prove only that -
(a) there are substantial (whatever that means) numbers of senior traditional leaders within his or her area of jurisdiction;
(b) his or her status is regarded and recognised in terms of customary law and customs as being higher than that of a senior traditional leader; and
(c) he or she has a customary structure to represent the traditional councils and senior traditional leaders that fall under his or her authority.8
If the government did not want claims by all and sundry, it should have said so and maybe formulated narrower criteria. But it has left the door wide open by establishing the Commission on Traditional Leadership Disputes and Claims,9 which may either on request or of its own accord investigate - "a case where there is doubt as to whether a kingship was established in accordance with customary law and custom".10 The wording implies that the Commission may investigate only when there is doubt. It cannot establish a kingship.
So where else does one look for other likely kingships? The other indicator is the existence of the title of paramount chief. Bennett11 describes paramount chieftainships as follows:
The indigenous polities of southern Africa could, broadly speaking, be divided into three tiers of authority: chief, wardhead and familyhead. The chief was the head of the hierarchy, although, in cases where a particular individual had gained primacy over his coevals, there might be an even higher authority. In these circumstances, the colonial powers were usually prepared to describe him as a 'king'. Sobhuza I, Mswati II, Shaka, Dingane and Moshoeshoe, for example, were all referred to as kings of their peoples. Otherwise, where central control was weaker (as with the Xhosa) or where the polity was simply not considered large enough (as with the Pedi), the principal rulers were described as 'paramount chiefs'.
This is a more rational description than that by some other authors, who state that they were called paramount chiefs only to distinguish them from the monarchs known in Europe.12
Section 22(7) of the Act enjoins the Commission:
in terms of section 25(2) [to] investigate the position of paramountcies and paramount chiefs that had been established and recognised, and which were still in existence and recognised, before the commencement of this Act, before the Commission commences with any other investigation in terms of that section.
This presupposes that all of them constitute a claim or a dispute.
That sounds fair but the problem is in practice even more insoluble than that of 'new' applications. The reason is that some paramount chiefs have been singled out for severe criticism as having been puppets of the apartheid regime. In some comments virtually all of them come under fire for playing ball with the apartheid government. Although some were not prepared to cooperate at all, the outcome of the manipulation of the system was a compliant cadre of traditional leaders who provided the personnel needed to realise an increasingly unpopular state policy.13 Without their compliance the establishment of the homelands would not have been possible.
It should therefore serve no purpose to go puppet-hunting after all these years, to find out which ones should be demoted or maybe dismissed altogether. The Department of Provincial and Local Government (DPLG) statement that colonial powers and the apartheid government introduced new and foreign levels of traditional leaders is no yardstick, really, for making only some of them kings or queens.
There is another route to a kingship. In terms of section 143(1)(b) of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa 1996, a provincial constitution may provide for - "the institution, role, authority and status of a traditional monarch, where applicable".
One may safely assume that a traditional monarchy is the same as a kingship contemplated by the Act. It may, moreover, be assumed that the phrase "where applicable" envisages an existing kingship.
The legislature of KwaZulu-Natal published a draft constitution14 in which it is provided that -
(1) There is a Monarch for the Province of KwaZulu-Natal.
(2) The person currently holding office as the King of the Zulu nation, (the King of AmaZulu, the Ingoyama or Isilo) is, at the taking of effect of this Constitution, regarded as the Monarch for the Province of KwaZulu-Natal.
The Constitution has not yet been adopted. In the meantime the legislature went ahead and recognised Isilo as the Monarch of the Province.15 Isilo is defined as - "the Monarch for the Province of KwaZulu-Natal, as recognised in section 17, or 'king' as defined in section 1 of the [Act]".16
The KwaZulu-Natal legislature has thus pre-empted an enquiry by the Commission. It may be inferred that any other province could also by-pass the Commission in this manner. Seen in this context section 143(1)(b) of the Constitution has become meaningless. The institution and other elements of a monarchy may be regulated by an ordinary provincial Act.
Be that as it may, the question is: what is a kingship, the fact or the position of being a king? A king, including an African king, disposes of the following variables (by which I mean they may differ from case to case, but are present in some form or another):
2.1 Of the regal lineage
There are fairly well documented rules of succession, but they are by no means all there is to it. From earliest times African kings gained ascendancy and monarchial status by conquest of neighbouring communities. As explained by Sansom:17
Independent chiefdoms were able to expand by the assimilation of relatively small groups of persons normally seen as 'refugees' from other tribes. But political expansion on the larger scale always involved a wider integration of established units - the jointure of chiefdoms to form larger political units, federations or kingdoms. Thus in Southern Africa, significant increases in the span of a rulers command normally entailed the conquest or assimilation of constituent chiefdoms. The distinction between tribal federations and kingdoms depends on an assessment of the extent to which central control was established in a composite dominion.
The reasons for the existence of kingships must therefore be sought in history rather than in customary law and customs as dictated by section 9(1)(b)(ii)(bb) of the Act. In this regard the limitation imposed by section 25(4) of the Act is not clear. It provides that -
The Commission has authority to investigate all traditional leadership claims and disputes dating from 1 September 1927 [the date of coming into operation of the Black Administration Act].
It is admittedly qualified by section 25(2)(a)(vi) in terms of which relevant events that may have arisen before the said date may be considered where good grounds exist. One would have thought that all relevant historical events are important.
Moreover, since the colonial and apartheid regimes started recognising traditional leaders, succession in some cases - in all too many, perhaps - played second fiddle. The result was that "chiefs who were not amenable to state directives, no matter what traditional legitimacy they might have enjoyed, were ousted from office or passed over in matters of succession".18
While that is true one may ask: Does Parliament want the Commission to turn the clock back eighty years to 1927, or even further to the colonial and Boer republican recognition of traditional leaders? This would be neither practical nor advisable. With reference to paramount chiefs, they are de facto and legally of a higher rank than chiefs (senior traditional leaders). Koyana19 shows convincingly that the notion that 'hereditary' is the sole criterion is a misconception. Recognition and appointment have by statutory and judicial decrees become the decisive factors. When a chief has been recognised he becomes a chief for all intents and purposes.
The Act contains no provisions for demotion or dismissal. Depriving chiefs of their status would create disorder, because all of them have a larger or smaller component of senior traditional leaders within their domains for a long time.
Section 12(1) of the Act provides for the removal of a king or queen on certain listed grounds. The grounds obviously do not cover a finding by a Commission, unless the finding could be interpreted as a finding that the incumbent was wrongfully appointed or recognised as envisaged by section 10(1)(c) of the Act. The defence would be that it was not wrongful at the time of appointment or recognition.
2.2 Rights over land
The next component of kingship is their possession of rights over land - not in the sense of tenure, but as a domain, a sphere of control or influence. Some of the domains were made up of subordinate chieftainships, but all of them were within the scope of the kings commands.20 The colonial and apartheid regimes defined these areas. For homeland purposes the apartheid government established regional authorities with paramount chiefs at the apex. If, say, any two paramount chieftainships should be combined into one kingship, would the different communities accept a common status as subjects who could be commanded by [the] king?21 Would the paramount chiefs thus 'deposed' accept the decision?
2.3 Political power
The third of the main features of kingship is that the kings should command political power.
Their role in local politics is still as of old. They are the fathers of the nation, the chief priests, the judges, the rainmakers (in some cases), and so on. They are endowed with the ability to ensure the prosperity and well-being of their people.22 I am sure that on that score traditional leaders are still respected, even venerated, by their followers. A change in status or deposition would mean that the followers would have to shift their allegiance to another leader. This is the inevitable result of disestablishing structures that were created by apartheid and homeland legislation.
As it is, some chiefdoms and kingdoms are not homogenous. The National Party grouped some disparate communities (tribes) within paramountcies, or what they called ethnic units. Jackson,23 for example, lists no less than 17 communities of non-Thembu origin that willy-nilly "fall under" the Senior Thembu, some under the Emigrant (Western) Thembu, and some again under neither. There are numerous other similar situations. Such situations create conflicts. The Commission will have to reconsider all of these (some of which are in the domains of senior traditional leaders) to ascertain whether they do in fact (of course no longer as the factotums of homelands) fall under one king or another. Some groups will probably grab the opportunity to claim independence from whichever paramount chief into whose domain they were engineered.
2.4 The ethnic factor
If the recognition of kings and queens is not done on the basis of fundamental principles, it may resuscitate the debate and generate conflicts about ethnic identity. Contestants will no doubt play their own ethnic cards on origin, religion, culture and language, to outbid their opponents. Skweyiya24 warns that -
Such conflict should be avoided by all means. In such situations traditional leaders will try by all means to manipulate ethnic consciousness (and) will capitalise on certain culture-bound factors that support traditionalism (and) also specifically manipulate such things as local myth, ritual, symbol and customary law.
Skweyiya pleads that a great deal of research is needed into what he calls "the need to diffuse ethnicity". I am afraid the Acts version of a traditional community (tribe) is no better than the colonial-apartheid recognition of tribes. All it says is that a community may be recognised if it -
(a) is subject to a system of traditional leadership in terms of that communitys customs; and
(b) observes a system of customary law.25
The apartheid obsession with ethnic nation-states is still all too fresh in our memories. The apartheid government propagated with all the means at its disposal -
that the pre-colonial African population in southern Africa consisted of a number of discrete cultural-linguistic-political units and that these units have continued, unchanged into the present. These tribes it is further assumed, coincide with the modern nations - Swazi, Zulu, Xhosa, Venda. Tswana, Ndebele, etc. - associated with the various national states within South Africa.26
Another sensitive issue is that there is an urban-rural divide and an intermingling of people from different communities. Some may feel ill at ease, and even object, if they are categorised as belonging to a particular ethnic group or as "falling under" a recognised king.
3 Conclusion
Given the colonial and apartheid past, it was inevitable that something be done about traditional leaders. But the proposal to revamp the institution by the creation of kingships in this manner is a recipe for disaster. There is no objection against calling a king or a paramount chief a king, but the proposed process is flawed. It could also cost the government millions to keep a Commission in office until all the claims and disputes are resolved. In so far as they dont accommodate claimants, its findings will lead to endless appeals and reviews, in which judges in different jurisdictions may make divergent findings.
In my view the DPLG should go back to the drawing board. It should determine clearly what it wants to achieve and how, in a more straightforward and cost-effective manner. It has misconstrued the issue and piloted a law, to say it as politely as possible, which is inept.
Although its policy was ill-conceived, the apartheid regime formulated it with meticulous accuracy and carried it out with military precision. Now, after the demise of apartheid, a Commission operating independently from government is supposed to rectify those wrongs under the banner of resolving disputes and claims, and to do so within a time frame of five years. It cannot succeed, in five or any other number of years, unless its task and the envisaged method of implementation are more clearly formulated.
Lastly, I submit that it is incorrect for the DPLG, the Premiers and the State President to stand on the sidelines, expecting the Commission to take responsibility. Note that the State President must immediately implement the Commissions findings.27 What if he feels that he cannot live with the consequences? There is nothing in the Act to oblige the Commission to take the likely consequences of its resolutions into account, nor to take counsel with the office-bearers concerned.
Bennett TW The Constitutional Base of Traditional Rulers in South Africa in dEngelbronner-Kolff FM, Hinz MO and Sindano JL (eds) Traditional Authority and Democracy in Southern Africa (Windhoek Centre for Applied Legal Studies University of Namibia 1998) [ Links ]
Bennett TW Customary Law in South Africa (Juta Cape Town 2004) [ Links ]
Department of Provincial and Local Government The Role of Traditional Leaders in Governance: A Consolidated Set of Policy Instruments (DPLG Pretoria 2004) [ Links ]
Jackson HO The Ethnic Composition of the Ciskei and Transkei (Government Printer Pretoria 1975) [ Links ]
Koyana DS "Chieftainship and headmanship are not hereditary" 2002 Speculum Juris 144-160 [ Links ]
Mönnig HO The Pedi (Van Schaik Pretoria 1967) [ Links ]
Oomen B We must go back to our history: Retraditionalisation in a Northern Province Chieftaincy" 2000 (59) African Studies 71-95 [ Links ]
Parker IM and Tommy JL "Traditional Leadership" (Unpublished research report on traditional systems of administration and their role in the promotion of good governance of the Institute for Local Governance and Development Traditional Leadership in Africa undated) [ Links ]
Sansom B Traditional Leaders and their Realms in Hammond-Tooke WD (ed) The Bantu-speaking Peoples of Southern Africa (Routledge & Keegan Paul London 1974) [ Links ]
Skalnik P "Tribe as Political Category" in Boonzaaier E and Sharp J (eds) South African Keywords: The Uses & Abuses of Political Concepts (David Philips Cape Town 1988) [ Links ]
Skweyiya Z Chieftancy, the Ethnic Question and the Democratisation Process in South Africa Occasional Paper Series (UWC Community Law Centre Cape Town 1993) [ Links ]
Register of legislation
Black Administration Act 38 of 1927
Constitution of the Republic of South Africa 1996
Draft Constitution of KwaZulu-Natal 2004
KwaZulu-Natal Traditional Leadership and Governance Act 5 of 2005
Traditional Leadership and Governance Framework Act 41 of 2003
1 Traditional Leadership and Governance Framework Act 41 of 2003, hereinafter 'the Act'.
2 DPLG Role of Traditional Leaders 19.
3 S 8 of the Traditional Leadership and Governance Framework Act 41 of 2003, hereafter 'the Act'.
4 Sansom Traditional Leaders and their Realms 248.
5 S 1 of the Act.
6 My emphasis.
7 DPLG Role of Traditional Leaders 22.
8 S 9(1)(b)(ii) of the Act.
9 S 22 of the Act.
10 S 25(2)(a)(i) of the Act.
11 Bennett Customary Law 102.
12 Parker and Tommy "Traditional Leadership" 17.
13 Bennett Customary Law 109.
14 S 48(1) and (2) of the Draft Constitution of KwaZulu-Natal 2005.
15 S 17(1) of the KwaZulu-Natal Traditional Leadership and Governance Act 5 of 2005.
16 Ibid, s 1(1).
17 Sansom Traditional Leaders and their Realms 249.
18 Bennett The Constitutional Base 15.
19 Koyana 2002 Speculum Juris 144 et seq.
20 Sansom Traditional Leaders and their Realms 249.
21 Ibid.
22 Mönnig The Pedi 252.
23 Jackson Ethnic Composition.
24 Skweyiya Chieftancy 11.
25 S 2(1) of the Act.
26 Skalnik Tribe as political Category 74.
27 S 26(2) of the Act.


text:
Aquatic Sciences: Global Changes
from the Center to the Edge
Joint Meeting with ASLO & NABS
June 6-11, 2010 · Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA
Sponsored by the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography and the North American Benthological Society.
Abstract Book Available
The meeting abstract book is available for download in PDF form. The abstract book is not available in printed form. In addition to the downloadable book, meeting abstracts will remain searchable on this web site. A copy of the abstract database will also be installed on the NABS web site in the near future.
UPDATED: Meeting Addendum Posted
An addendum to the meeting's program book has been posted in the files section, and will also be available as a hand-out at registration. The addendum will be updated as new information is available. The latest addendum is current as of 1 June 2010.
On-site notes (for updated information after 1 June 2010) are also available.
Program Book Available
A pre-release version of the meeting's Program Book (PDF, 3.23mb) is now available in the files section.
Announcing an Emerging Issues Workshop: Exploring the Formation of a Working Group to Examine the Subterranean Estuary
The workshop, Exploring the Formation of a Working Group to Examine the Subterranean Estuary, will be held on Sunday, June 6th in the Mesa Ballroom at the Hilton Hotel Santa Fe in association with Sessions S38 and I08. Workshop participants will discuss and explore the possibility of forming a new working group to characterize the subterranean estuary and associated biogeochemical reactions and processes. Persons interested in attending the workshop should RSVP to Rick Peterson (email@example.com).
ASLO Announces the Official Launch of Limnology and Oceanography: Fluids and Environments
Come to the official launch of ASLO's new on-line journal, Limnology and Oceanography: Fluids and Environments, during special session S16: Limnology and Oceanography: Fluids and Environments - Celebrating Interdisciplinary Research in Aquatic Science Driven by Fluid Dynamic Interactions. This special session will take place on Friday, 11 June, from 10:30 to 12:00 and from 13:30-17:00 in Sweeney B at the Santa Fe Convention Center. The poster session for S16 will take place on Thursday evening at the La Fonda Hotel from 15:30 to 17:30. Additionally, an author information workshop will be conducted on Friday, 11 June, from 12:00 to 13:30 in the same meeting room. Come meet the Associate Editors and learn about the scope and submission guidelines for Limnology and Oceanography: Fluids and Environments. There will be a limited number of complimentary box lunches available, so plan to come early and join us.
Fiesta Full!
The Fiesta Banquet is sold out! As a result, spouse or guest ticket sales are now closed.
Session Schedule Matrices
A schedule map of Monday through Friday, of the concurrent sessions for the ASLO/NABS Summer meeting (Session Schedule Matrices (PDF, 1.03mb) is now available (in the files section as well).
Abstract Submittal Closes
Abstract submittal is now closed. Participants may edit their abstracts for a short period prior to abstract sorting by logging into their account with the credentials sent by e-mail after registration. . Editing will close on 1 March 2010.
Please e-mail any questions or issues to firstname.lastname@example.com during that time frame.
Call for Papers Released
The ASLO/NABS 2010 Summer Meeting Call for Papers (PDF, 1.1m) is available in the files section for download. The abstract submission system will be on-line shortly. Also, the meeting web site will be undergoing a significant upgrade so check back often!
Keynote & Plenary Speakers Announced
Keynote and plenary speakers for the meeting have been announced on the Plenary Lectures page. A community outreach session featuring Maude Barlow is also planned.
Program & Theme
The theme of the meeting, Aquatic Sciences: Global Changes from the Center to the Edge, will pull all of our aquatic sciences together and build strong synergy and collaboration between societies and scientists.
The meeting will run the full week. The opening session will take place on Sunday evening, June 6. This session will include a welcome by both society presidents and will be highlighted by a keynote speaker. A social/reception will follow. Friday, June 11, is a full day as well, with a plenary session and presentation of society awards followed by concurrent sessions beginning in the morning and running through the end of the afternoon.
2010 is the 400th year commemoration of Santa Fe, so there will be lots of great activities going on in the city.
Special Needs
If you have a disability or limitation that may require special consideration in order to fully participate, please contact the conference management office to discuss how we can accommodate your needs. Call 800-929-3756 (USA, Canada & Caribbean) or 254-399-9635 (All other countries) or contact via e-mail at firstname.lastname@example.com.
A donation has been made to the Zia Pueblo scholarship fund in consideration for use of the Zia Pueblo symbol in the conference logo.
For More Information
For more information on the 2010 ASLO/NABS Summer Meeting Meeting, address all correspondence and questions regarding registration, conference logistics, and hotel accommodations to:
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Hello all,
Been a few since I posted on here. But as of yesterday, myself and many members of the community have come together in a collaborative effort to try and get a "rebirth" of Stick Empires to happen. The game hasn't had an update in over two years, which saddens all of us. With a petition that already has over 40 signatures (44 at time of posting this), we wanted to try to grab enough attention for Brock and Crazy Jay to see the community still cares. That's not all. We're also, with the help of the Raging Infernos Community, CrazyMark Studios, and the SE community, we are forming a team that if Brock and CJ somehow accepted, would work on and continue to develop the game. All of this would be funded through our own pockets, and we really want as much of the community possible seeing this. We emailed CJ and Brock with all the details, with no response as of yet.
For ALL details concerning this, and to voice your opinion and support, please visit our petition.
We don't wanna see this game die. Join the movement.


text:
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text:
Instrument finder
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German Violin by Ludwig Gläsel jr., Markneukirchen
This recommendable German violin was crafted by renowned Ludwig Gläsel jr. in Markneukirchen/Saxony in the early 20th century. It bears his original Ludwig Gläsel Jr. label as well as a J.B. Rogeri model label, the violin was made of very interesting and well-chosen tonewoods. Highly transparent golden-brown varnish underlines the impressive, narrow flames of the two-piece maple back. The top is made of medium grained spruce with a very fine texture; minor traces of use indicate the more than 100 years of the instrument´s history. The expressive design of the body and scroll and the skillfully crafted arching are the clear work of an experienced master, experience that created a fine quality, individual Ludwig Gläsel Jr. violin with an unique sound, that is dark, warm and sweet – an impressive instrument that was thoroughly worked over, set up and made ready to play by the luthiers in our workshop.
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text:
Feb 3, 2011: Arrival
Feb 4, 2011: Viewing of the race track from 12noon to 5pm
Feb 5, 2011: Super G at 11am
Feb 6, 2011: Giant slalom at 10am (1st run)
and 12noon (2nd run)
Due to poor snow conditions the super G and giant slalom races did not take place on the Hannes Trinkl race track, but higher up on the mountain.
Super G results:
1. Bode Miller 1.09.74
2. Peter Fill 1.10.55
3. Hermann Maier 1.10.70
4. Silvan Zurbriggen 1.10.72
Giant slalom on Dec 21, 2006:
1. Aksel Lund Svindal 2.25.63
2. Francois Bourque 2.25.89
3. Kalle Palander 2.26.03
4. Bode Miller 2.26.16
The first Ski World Cup race took place on Dec 21, 1986. Armin Bittner won this slalom event. Regular skiing contest followed. Two races had to be cancelled due to bad weather.
The demanding Bärenalm race track even challenged super stars such as Marc Giradelli, Alberto Tomaba, Hermann Maier, Michael von Grüningen and others.
Since 2006, the new race track from the mid station of Hutter Höss to the town center of Hinterstoder has been open. This sequence is an interesting slope not only for ski pros.


text:
With the Man of Steel movie debuting as a big hit, it's no surprise that the movie's version of Superman will be coming to the fighting game featuring the DC Universe's biggest heroes and villains. And the Man of Steel skin will be joined by a playable General Zod add-on, who we first saw in action in a Conan O'Brien Clueless Gamer segment after months of rumors. Wonder if this new version of Kal-El will be even more vicious against his Kryptonian arch-nemesis in the game?
You'll be able to get the MoS Superman skin for $0.99 and the Zod character DLC will cost $4.99 (80 and 400 Microsoft Points, respectively.) Both additions will be coming to Injustice next month and, as usual, season pass holders will probably get the super-stuff a bit earlier.


text:
Supporting Composite Molders Who Use Vinyl Ester
Within the composite molding industry there are many different resins that may be utilized. The selection of one resin type over another is based upon the environment in which the fabricated composite component will spend its working life, as well as the physical characteristics required for the end part. The specific physical and mechanical properties of the resins are key parameters in the selection process and Chem-Trend has developed products that are designed to work specifically with the particular properties of resin type. Typically, but not exclusively, polyester, vinyl ester, epoxy, phenolic, polyether and DCPD resins are used by fabricators in the manufacture of composite parts.
The selection of a specific type of resin has a strong influence on the properties of the mold release agent/release system. In molding these resins the number of releases obtained between applications of semi-permanent release agent touch-up coats, or complete release agent reapplication, will vary from resin to resin. Taking the extremes, it is highly likely that the maximum number of releases is obtained in molding a polyester article, whereas substantially fewer releases would be expected when molding a product manufactured from phenolic-based resin. Products utilizing vinyl ester will allow for more releases between required reapplication touch up, versus almost all other types of resins.
Aside from just the effect on release ease, and time between release agent touch up, the resin selected may also influence other release system parameters that, in-turn, may affect end part quality, operational efficiency and mold life. Chem-Trend has over two decades of experience helping composite molders understand the interactions between molding process, raw materials being molded, part shape/weight, mold type and environmental factors to select the optimum release system for the task at hand. To learn more about how our experience in the field may be of benefit to you visit our Composite Molding page.


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A burly dog named Bear awakened his new owner and her 9-year-old grandson after their Long Island house caught fire in the early morning, saving them before the smoke detectors went off, officials said.
The mastiff mix, who had just been adopted by the family, jumped on the bed where retired NYPD detective Carolyn Swinson was sleeping, and when she woke up, she realized the house was on fire.
Swinson grabbed her grandson and escaped the home.
"That dog is a hero -- they were dead asleep but he woke them up," said Wilson Hidalgo, a neighbor.
Brentwood fire officials say the cause of the Wednesday morning blaze is under investigation. It could be linked to faulty wiring on a pool filter, according to Brentwood Fire Inspector Rob Kuehn.
Bear joined the family after he had been found wandering the streets in May, apparently abandoned by his owner. He was adopted July 5.
Swinson said she rewarded Bear with some Kentucky Fried Chicken and a bowl of ice water.
--Greg Cergol contributed to this story


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Does Sustiva + Epzicom cause facial wasting?
May 27, 2008
I just recently switched from Atripla to Sustiva+Epzicom and am concerned about facial wasting. I was switched due to increased liver and kidney function, after they return to normal, maybe in a year or two will I be able to switch back to Atripla? Will it still work? I took atripla for two years and everything was fine until recently.
Response from Dr. Pierone
Sustiva and Epzicom should not be more likely to cause facial lipoatrophy than Atripla so things should work out. Since the Atripla was changed due to side effects it seems unlikely that you will be going back to this medication in the future. However, new medications like Isentress and second generation NNRTIs like Intelence offer the promise of less toxicity compared with current therapy.
Thanks for posting and best of luck!
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Hera Big Bold Italic Font
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text: As used in this chapter, unless the context otherwise requires, the following terms shall have the following meanings: "Access services" means the services furnished by a local exchange company to its customers who provide telecommunications services, which allow them to provide such telecommunications services. "Acquisition charges or costs" includes "purchase price," as defined in this section. "Auction" or "auction sales" means any sale where tangible personal property is sold by an auctioneer who is either the agent for the owner of such property or is in fact the owner thereof. "Automotive vehicle" means any vehicle or device in, upon, or by which any person or property is or may be transported or drawn upon a public highway, or any device used or designed for aviation or flight in the air. Automotive vehicle includes, but is not limited to, motor vehicles, trailers, semi-trailers, or mobile homes. Automotive vehicle shall not include devices moved by human power or used exclusively upon stationary rails or tracks. "Business" includes all activities engaged in or caused to be engaged in with the object of gain, benefit, or advantage, direct or indirect. "Candy" means a preparation of sugar, honey, or other natural or artificial sweeteners in combination with chocolate, fruit, nuts, or other ingredients or flavorings in the form of bars, drops, or pieces. "Candy" shall not include any preparation containing flour and shall require no refrigeration."Charitable organization" means any entity organized and operated exclusively for religious, charitable, scientific, testing for public safety, literary, or educational purposes, or to foster national or international amateur sports competition (but only if no part of its activities involve the provision of athletic facilities or equipment), or for the prevention of cruelty to children or animals, no part of the net earnings of which inures to the benefit of any private shareholder or individual, no substantial part of the activities of which is carrying on propaganda, or otherwise attempting, to influence legislation, and which does not participate in, or intervene in any political campaign on behalf of any candidate for public office (including the publishing or distributing of statements). "City" means the municipality of Lakewood, Colorado. "City Attorney" means the attorney or attorneys for the city. "City Building Inspector" means the building inspector for the city. "City Building Official" means any individual who determines the estimate of the cost of materials and supplies to be permanently affixed to or incorporated in any building, dwelling, or other structure or improvement to realty for which a use tax is required to be paid pursuant to Section 3.01.210. "City Clerk" means the clerk of the city. "City Council" means the council of the city. "City Manager" means the manager of the city. "Commercial Mobile Radio Service" or "Mobile Telecommunications Service" means a mobile service that is: (a)(1) provided for profit, i.e., with the intent of receiving compensation or monetary gain; (2) an interconnected service; and (3) available to the public, or to such classes of eligible users as to be effectively available to a substantial portion of the public; or (b) the functional equivalent of such a mobile service described in paragraph (a). (Reference Section 20.3 of Title 47 of the Code of Federal Regulations). "Commercial packaging materials" means containers, labels and shipping cases used by a person engaged in manufacturing, compounding, wholesaling, jobbing, retailing, packaging, distributing or bottling for sale, profit or use that meets all of the following conditions: (i) is used by the manufacturer, compounder, wholesaler, jobber, retailer, packager, distributor or bottler to contain or label the finished product; (ii) is transferred by said person along with and as a part of the finished product to the purchaser; and (iii) is not returnable to said person for reuse. "Commercial packaging materials" as defined are exempt from sales or use tax imposed by this chapter. "Construction materials" means tangible personal property which, when combined with other tangible personal property, loses its identity to become an integral and inseparable part of a completed structure or project including public and private improvements. Construction materials include, but are not limited to, such things as: asphalt, bricks, builders' hardware, caulking material, cement, concrete, conduit, electric wiring and connections, fireplace inserts, electrical heating and cooling equipment, flooring, glass, gravel, insulation, lath, lead, lime, lumber, macadam, millwork, mortar, oil, paint, piping, pipe valves and pipe fittings, plaster, plumbing fixtures, putty, reinforcing mesh, road base, roofing sand, sanitary sewer pipe, sheet metal, site lighting, steel, stone, stucco, tile, trees, shrubs, and other landscaping materials, wall board, wall coping, wallpaper, weather stripping, wire netting and screen, water mains and meters, and wood preserver. The above materials, when used for forms, or other items which do not remain as an integral or inseparable part of a completed structure or project are not construction materials. "Consumer" means (a) an individual person, or (b) a person engaged in business in the city who uses, stores, distributes or otherwise consumes in the city tangible personal property or taxable services purchased from sources inside or outside the city. "County" means Jefferson County, Colorado. "County Clerk and Recorder" means the county clerk and recorder for the county."C.R.S." means Colorado Revised Statutes. "Customer" means the person or entity that contracts with the home service provider for mobile telecommunications services, or if the end user of the mobile telecommunications services is not the contracting party, the end user of the mobile telecommunications service. The term "customer" does not include a reseller of mobile telecommunications service or a serving carrier under an arrangement to serve the customer outside the home service provider's licensed service area. (Reference 4 U.S.C. Section 128(2))."Deficiency" or "tax deficiency" means any amount of tax that is not reported or not paid on or before the date such tax is due. "Department of Revenue" means the Department of Revenue of the state. "District Court" means the district court in and for Jefferson County, Colorado. "Doing business in the city" means providing or performing services, or selling, leasing, renting, delivering or installing tangible personal property for storage, use or consumption within the city. Doing business in the city includes, but is not limited to, any one of the following activities by a person: 1. Directly, indirectly, or by a subsidiary maintains a building, store, office, salesroom, warehouse, or other place of business within the city; 2. Sends one or more employees, agents or commissioned sales persons into the taxing jurisdiction to solicit business or to install, assemble, repair, service, or assist in the use of its products, or for demonstration or other reasons; 3. Maintains one or more employees, agents or commissioned sales persons on duty at a location within the taxing jurisdiction; 4. Owns, leases, rents or otherwise exercises control over real or personal property within the taxing jurisdiction; or 5. Makes more than one delivery into the taxing jurisdiction within a twelve-month period. "Enhanced Zip Code" means a United States postal zip code of 9 or more digits. (Reference 4 U.S.C. Section 128(4)) "Farm close-out sale" means the full and final disposition of all tangible personal property previously used by a farmer or rancher in farming or ranching operations which are being abandoned. "Finance Department" means the finance department of the city. "Finance Director" means the Finance Director of the City of Lakewood or such other person designated by the municipality; "Finance Director" shall also include such person's designee. "Food" means food for domestic home consumption as defined in 7 U.S.C. Section 2012(g) as amended, as such section existed on October 1, 1987, or is thereafter amended for purposes of the federal food stamp program as defined in 7 U.S.C. Section 2012(h), as amended; except that "food" does not include carbonated water marketed in containers; chewing gum; seeds and plants to grow food; prepared salads and salad bars; cold sandwiches; deli trays; and food or drink vended by or through machines or non-coin operated or coin-collecting food and snack devices on behalf of a vendor. "Gross sales" means the total amount received in money, credit, property or other consideration valued in money for all sales, leases, or rentals of tangible personal property or services. "Gross taxable sales" means the total amount received in money, credits, or property, excluding the fair market value of exchanged property consideration valued in money from sales and purchases at retail within this city, and embraced within the provisions of this chapter. The taxpayer may take credit in his report of gross sales for an amount equal to the sale price of property returned by the purchaser when the full sale price thereof is refunded whether in cash or by credit. The fair market value of any exchanged property which is to be sold thereafter in the usual course of the retailer's business, if included in the full price of a new article, shall be excluded from the gross sales. On all sales at retail that are valued in money, when such sales are made under conditional sales contract, or under other forms of sale where the payment of the principal sum there under is extended over a period longer than sixty days from the date of sale thereof, only such portion of the sale amount hereof may be counted for the purpose of imposition of the tax imposed by this chapter as has actually been received in cash by the taxpayer during the period for which the tax imposed by this chapter is due and payable. "Home Service Provider" means the facilities-based carrier or reseller with which the customer contracts for the provision of mobile telecommunications service. (Reference 4 U.S.C. Section 128(5)). "Interconnected Service" means a service (a) that is interconnected with the public switched network, or interconnected with the public switched network through an interconnected service provider, that gives subscribers the capability to communicate to or receive communication from all other users on the public switched network; or (b) for which a request for such interconnection is pending pursuant to section 332 (c)(1)(B) of the Federal Communication Act, 47 U.S.C 332(c)(1)(B). A mobile service offers interconnected service even if the service allows subscribers to access the public switched network only during specified hours of the day, or if the service provides general access to points on the public switched network but also restricts access in certain limited ways. Interconnected services do not include any interface between a licensee's facilities and the public switched network exclusively for a licensee's internal control purposes. (Reference Section 20.3 of Title 47 of the Code of Federal Regulations). "License" means a City of Lakewood sales or use tax license. "Linen services" means services involving provision and cleaning of linens, including but not limited to rags, uniforms, coveralls and diapers. "Local telephone exchange company" means any person which provides public telephone or telecommunication exchange access lines, mobile telecommunication or channels necessary to effect the transfer of two-way voice or data grade information between the final user and the local telecommunication network. "Mayor" means the mayor of the city. "Medical supplies" means drugs dispensed in accordance with a prescription; insulin in all its forms dispensed pursuant to the direction of a licensed physician; glucose usable for treatment of insulin reactions; urine and blood testing kits and materials; insulin measuring and injecting devices, including hypodermic syringes and needles; prosthetic devices; wheelchairs and hospital beds; drugs or materials when furnished by a doctor as a part of professional services provided to a patient; and corrective eyeglasses, contact lenses or hearing aids. "Mobile Service" means a radio communication service carried on between mobile stations or receivers and land stations, and by mobile stations communicating among themselves, and includes: (a) both one-way and two-way radio communications services; (b) a mobile service which provides a regularly interacting group of base, mobile, portable, and associated control and relay stations (whether licensed on an individual, cooperative, or multiple basis) for private one-way or two-way land mobile radio communications by eligible users over designated areas of operation; and (c) any service for which a license is required in a personal communications service under Section 20.3 of Title 47 of the Code of Federal Regulations. (Reference Section 20.3 of Title 47 of the Code of Federal Regulations). "Modified or customized computer program" means a computer program created or modified for a specific customer where the preparation, modification or selection of the program for the customer's use requires an analysis of the customer's requirements and system by any vendor and the program requires adaptation by any vendor to be used in a specific computer hardware environment. "Newspaper" means a publication, printed on newsprint, intended for general circulation, and published regularly at short intervals, containing information and editorials on current events and news of general interest. The term newspaper does not include: magazines, trade publications or journals, credit bulletins, advertising inserts, circulars, directories, maps, racing programs, reprints, newspaper clipping and mailing services or listings, publications that include an updating or revision service, or books or pocket editions of books. "Pay television" shall include, but not be limited to, cable, microwave or other television service for which a charge is imposed. "Person" means any individual, firm, partnership, joint venture, corporation, estate or trust, receiver, trustee, assignee, lessee or any person acting in a fiduciary or representative capacity, whether appointed by court or otherwise, or any group or combination acting as a unit. "Place of Primary Use" means the street address representative of where the customer's use of the mobile telecommunications service primarily occurs, which must be the residential street address or the primary business street address of the customer and within the licensed service area of the Home Service Provider. (Reference 4 U.S.C. Section 124(8)). "Prescription drugs for animals" means drugs dispensed in accordance with any order in writing, dated and signed by a practitioner of the healing arts, or given orally by a practitioner, specifying the animal for which the medicine or drug is offered and directions, if any, to be placed on the label. "Pre-written computer program" means system program or application or canned program that is not written specifically for the user. "Price" or "purchase price" means the price to the consumer, exclusive of any direct tax imposed by the federal government or by this article, and, in the case of all retail sales involving the exchange of property, also exclusive of the fair market value of the property exchanged at the same time and place of the exchange, if: 1. Such exchanged property is to be sold thereafter in the usual course of the retailer's business; or 2. Such exchanged property is an automotive vehicle and is exchanged for another automotive vehicle and both automotive vehicles are subject to licensing, registration, or certification under the laws of this state, including, but not limited to, vehicles operating upon public highways, off-highway recreation vehicles, watercraft, and aircraft. Any money or other consideration paid over and above the value of the exchanged property is subject to tax. "Price" or "purchase price" includes: 1. The amount of money received or due in cash and credits; 2. Property at fair market value taken in exchange but not for resale in the usual course of the retailer's business; 3. Any consideration valued in money, such as trading stamps or coupons whereby the manufacturer or someone else reimburses the retailer for part of the purchase price and other media of exchange; 4. The total price charged on credit sales including finance charges which are not separately stated. An amount charged as interest on the unpaid balance of the purchase price is not part of the purchase price unless the amount added to the purchase price is included in the principal amount of a promissory note; except the interest or carrying charge set out separately from the unpaid balance of the purchase price on the face of the note is not part of the purchase price. An amount charged for insurance on the property sold and separately stated is not part of the purchase price; 5. Installation, delivery and wheeling-in charges included in the purchase price and not separately stated; 6. Transportation and other charges to effect delivery of tangible personal property to the purchaser; 7. Indirect federal manufacturer's excise taxes, such as taxes on automotive vehicles, tires and floor stock; 8. The gross purchase price of articles sold after manufacturing or after having been made to order, including the gross value of all the materials used, labor and service performed and the profit thereon. "Price" or "purchase price" shall not include: 1. Any sales or use tax imposed by the State of Colorado or by any political subdivision thereof; 2. The fair market value of property exchanged if such property is to be sold thereafter in the retailer's usual course of business. This is not limited to exchanges in Colorado. Out of state trade-ins are an allowable adjustment to the purchase price; 3. Discounts from the original price if such discount and the corresponding decrease in sales tax due is actually passed on to the purchaser. An anticipated discount to be allowed for payment on or before a given date is not an allowable adjustment to the price in reporting gross sales. "Prosthetic devices" means any artificial limb, part, device or appliance for human use which aids or replaces a bodily function; is designed, manufactured, altered or adjusted to fit a particular individual; and is prescribed by a licensed practitioner of the healing arts. Prosthetic devices include but are not limited to prescribed auditory, ophthalmic or ocular, cardiac, dental, or orthopedic devices or appliances, oxygen concentrators and oxygen with related accessories. "Qualified hospital organization" means any of the following: (1) An organization that is exempt from federal income tax under section 115 or section 501(c)(3) of the United States Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, but only if the organization holds a license to operate a "general hospital" for people issued pursuant to sections 25-3-101 and 25-3-102, Colorado Revised Statutes (2000), as amended, including any successor provisions to those sections, and operates a general hospital within the City of Lakewood; or (2) A corporation or trust that: (a) Is exempt from federal income tax under section 501(c)(3) of the United States Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended; and (b) Owns or employs personal property or improvements that are used in the operations of one or more organizations described in paragraph (1) of this definition; and (c) Either (i) directly controls, or is controlled by, one or more organizations described in paragraph (1) of this definition, (ii) is controlled by a management organization as defined in paragraph (3) of this definition in common with one or more organizations described in paragraph (1) of this definition, or (iii) owns a hospital that is licensed to operate as a "general hospital" for people pursuant to sections 25-3-101 and 25-3-102, Colorado Revised Statutes (2000), as amended, including any successor provisions to those sections, and that is operated by an organization described in paragraph (1) of this definition; or (3) An organization that is exempt from federal income tax under section 501(c)(3) of the United States Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and which organization's principal function is to manage the property or operations, or both, of one or more organizations described in paragraphs (1) or (2) of this definition; or (4) A partnership, limited partnership, limited liability limited partnership, limited liability partnership, limited liability company, or joint venture if all of the partners, members, joint ventures or other participants in such partnership, limited partnership, limited liability limited partnership, limited liability partnership, limited liability company or joint venture are organizations described in paragraphs (1), (2) or (3) of this definition. "Retailer" or "vendor" means any person selling, leasing or renting tangible personal property or services at retail. Retailer or vendor shall include any: 1. Auctioneer; 2. Salesperson, representative, peddler or canvasser, who makes sales as a direct or indirect agent of or obtains such property or services sold from a dealer, distributor, supervisor or employer; 3. Charitable organization or governmental entity which makes sales of tangible personal property to the public, notwithstanding the fact that the merchandise sold may have been acquired by gift or donation or that the proceeds are to be used for charitable or governmental purposes. "Retail sale" or "purchased at retail" or "selling at retail" means all sales except wholesale sales made within the city. "Return" means the sales and use tax reporting form used to report sales and use tax. "Rooms or accommodations" or "lodging services" means the furnishing of rooms or accommodations by any person, partnership, association, corporation, estate, representative capacity or any other combination of individuals by whatever name known to a person who for a consideration uses, possesses, or has the right to use or possess any room in a hotel, inn, bed and breakfast residence, apartment hotel, lodging house, motor hotel, guesthouse, guest ranch, trailer coach, mobile home, auto camp, or trailer court and park, or any similar type establishment, for a period of less than thirty consecutive days under any concession, permit, right of access, license to use, or other agreement, or otherwise. "Sale" or "sale and purchase" means the conveyance or acquisition for any consideration by any person of tangible personal property or taxable services that are purchased, leased, rented, sold, used, stored, distributed, or consumed, but excludes a bona fide gift of property or services. These terms include capital leases, installment and credit sales, and property and services acquired by: 1. Transfer, either conditionally or absolutely, of title or possession or both to tangible personal property; 2. A lease, lease-purchase agreement, rental or grant of a license, including royalty agreements, to use tangible personal property or taxable services; 3. Performance of services; or 4. Barter or exchange for other property or services including coupons. The sale, purchase, lease, or rental of services specifically enumerated in this chapter as taxable include: (i) telecommunication services; (ii) gas, electric and steam services; (iii) pay television services; (iv) security system and sound system services; (v) linen services; (vi) warranty and maintenance services; (vii) modified or customized computer program services; and (viii) services providing admission or access to motion picture performances and to establishments which are licensed to serve malt, vinous or spirituous liquors. "Sale" or "sale and purchase" also includes the leasing or rental of tangible personal property. "Sale" or "sale and purchase" also includes the transaction of furnishing rooms or accommodations or lodging services by any person, partnership, association, corporation, estate, receiver, trustee, assignee, lessee, or person acting in a representative capacity or any other combination of individuals by whatever name known to a person who for a consideration uses, possesses, or has the right to use or possess any room in a hotel, inn, bed and breakfast residence, apartment hotel, lodging house, motor hotel, guesthouse, guest ranch, trailer coach, mobile home, auto camp, or trailer court and park, or similar type establishment for a period of less than thirty consecutive days under any concession, permit, right of access, license to use, or other agreement, or otherwise. "Sale" or "sale and purchase" excludes: 1. A division of partnership assets among the partners according to their interests in the partnership; 2. The formation of a corporation by the owners of a business and the transfer of their business assets to the corporation in exchange for all of the corporation's outstanding stock, except qualifying shares, in proportion to the assets contributed; 3. The transfer of assets of shareholders in the formation or dissolution of professional corporations; 4. The dissolution and the pro rata distribution of the corporation's assets to its stockholders; 5. The transfer of assets from a parent corporation to a subsidiary corporation or corporations which are owned at least eighty percent by the parent corporation, which transfer is solely in exchange for stock or securities of the subsidiary corporation; 6. The transfer of assets from a subsidiary corporation or corporations which are owned at least eighty percent by the parent corporation to a parent corporation or to another subsidiary which is owned at least eighty percent by the parent corporation, which transfer is solely in exchange for stock or securities of the parent corporation or the subsidiary which received the assets; 7. A transfer of a partnership interest; 8. The transfer in a reorganization qualifying under Section 368(a)(1) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954, as amended; 9. The formation of a partnership by the transfer of assets to the partnership or transfers to a partnership in exchange for proportionate interests in the partnership; 10. The repossession of personal property by a chattel mortgage holder or foreclosure by a lien holder; and 11. The transfer of assets between parent and closely held subsidiary corporations, or between corporations which are owned by the same shareholders in identical percentage of stock ownership amounts, computed on a share-by-share basis, when a tax imposed by this chapter was paid by the transferor corporation at the time it acquired such assets, except to the extent provided by Section 3.01.140(A). For the purposes of this paragraph, a closely held subsidiary corporation is one in which the parent corporation owns stock possession at least eighty percent of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock entitled to vote and owns at least eighty percent of the total number of shares of all other classes of stock. "Sales tax" means the tax to be collected and remitted by a retailer on sales taxed under this chapter. "School" means an educational institution having a curriculum comparable to grade, grammar, junior high, high school, or college, or any combination thereof, requiring daily attendance and charging a tuition fee. "Security system services" means electronic security system services. Such term does not include non-electronic security services such as consulting or human or guard dog patrol services. "Soft drink" means a nonalcoholic beverage that contains natural or artificial sweeteners. "Soft drink" does not include beverages that contain milk or milk products, soy, rice, or similar milk substitutes, or greater than fifty percent of vegetable or fruit juice by volume."Sound system services" means sound system services involving provision of broadcast or pre-recorded audio programming to a building or portion thereof. Such term does not include installation of sound systems where the entire system becomes the property of the building owner or the sound system service is for presentation of live performances. "State" means the State of Colorado. "Storage" or "storing" means any keeping or retention of, or exercise of dominion or control over, tangible personal property in the city. "Tangible personal property" means corporeal personal property. "Tax" means the use tax due from a consumer or the sales tax due from a retailer or the sum of both due from a retailer who also consumes. "Taxable sales" means gross sales less any exemptions and deductions specified in this chapter. "Taxable services" means services subject to tax pursuant to Section 3.01.120 of this chapter. "Taxpayer" means any person obligated to collect and/or pay tax under the terms of this chapter. "Telecommunications service" means the transmission of any two-way interactive electromagnetic communications including but not limited to voice, image, data and any other information, by the use of any means but not limited to wire, cable, fiber optical cable, microwave, radio wave or any combinations of such media. "Telecommunications service" includes but is not limited to basic local exchange telephone service, toll telephone service and teletypewriter service, including but not limited to residential and business service, directory assistance, cellular mobile telephone or telecommunication service, specialized mobile radio and two-way pagers and paging service, including any form of mobile two-way communication. "Telecommunications services" does not include separately stated nontransmission services which constitute computer processing applications used to act on the information to be transmitted. "Use tax" means the tax paid or required to be paid by a consumer for using, storing, distributing or otherwise consuming tangible personal property or taxable services inside the city. "Wholesaler" means any person selling to retailers, jobbers, dealers, or other wholesalers, for resale, and not for storage, use, consumption, or distribution. "Wholesale sale" means a sale by wholesalers to retail merchants, jobbers, dealers, or other wholesalers for resale and does not include a sale by wholesalers to users or consumers not for resale; the latter types of sales shall be deemed to be retail sales and shall be subject to the provisions of this chapter. (Ord. O-2015-3 §§ 2, 3 & 4 , 2015;Ord. O-2012-15 § 1, 2012; Ord. O-2008-27 § 1, 2008; Ord. O-2003-4 § 1, 2003; Ord. O-93-26 § 1 & 3, 1993; Ord. O-91-61 § 1 & 39, 71, 72, 1991; Ord. O-86-104 § 1 & 4, 1986; Ord. O-85-137 § 1 (part), 1985).


text:
MV FUSE KIT 50E BORIC ACID SM-5S 14.4Show more characteristics >
Product availabilityNon-Stock - Not normally stocked in distribution facility
- Price1,508.00 USD
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Main product or component typeFuse protection technologyBoric acid associated fuse rating50 A E Complementary Line Rated Current600 A braking current25 kA network frequency50/60 Hz [Ur] highest voltage for equipment15 kV [Ui] rated insulation voltage90 V length21.1 in diameter3.5 in Environment product certificationsCULUL listed Ordering and shipping details Category08982 - DIGEST BORIC ACID FUSE KIT Discount SchedulePE5B Nbr. of units in pkg.1 Package weight(Lbs)18 ReturnabilityY Country of originUS Contractual warranty Warranty period18 months
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CatalogSizeAdd to My DocumentsHVL Metal-Enclosed Fusible Switchgear (Version 1.0)Date 12/7/17Size 1.8 MB
- English
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text:
Sachet educational publishing in a digital and mobile world
In the course of my job at the World Bank helping ministries of education in middle and low income countries think about, analyze, plan for, implement and evaluate issues, ideas and projects at the intersection of the worlds of technology and education, I spend a fair amount of time considering issues related to the digital publishing of educational materials. The World Bank has over the years funded the purchase of lots of textbooks around the world and we maintain active dialogues with scores of education ministries, helping to provide related advice and technical assistance.
In many countries, especially poor ones where disposable income is very low and where there is not an established culture of leisure reading, the educational publishing industry is sometimes largely indistinguishable from the publishing industry as a whole, and government purchases of textbooks (and/or government directives about which textbooks families or schools should purchase, where such things are not centrally procured) have huge, often determining influence on the direction of the publishing industry in general. In order to better understand how all of this impacts educational publishing, I talk regularly with lots of 'traditional' educational publishers, big and small, both international and local. I also talk a lot with technology companies who do things that look a lot like educational publishing to me, or who provide the tools and services to enable and support related activities.
Last year I participated in two fascinating events a few weeks apart, the EdTech Industry Summit in San Francisco and a symposium convened by the International Publishers Association (IPA) at the London Book Fair. (I was lucky enough to be at the IPA symposium this year as well.) At these meetings, the agendas and items discussed were largely the same, but were often approached from quite different perspectives. For the sake of argument here -- and I admit I am greatly oversimplifying things by making this characterization -- EdTech Summit participants were mainly 'tech companies', while the London Book Fair event was mainly attended by 'traditional publishers'. (I concede that such distinctions are increasingly difficult, and less useful, to make as time goes on; in my opinion all publishers are technology companies these days, whether they self-identify as such or not and/or whether outsiders see them that way.)
At both events, a data point that was quoted quite often was that '1% of national education budgets around the world are devoted to the purchasing of textbooks and other learning materials'. While I have never been able to find this assertion supported by hard data, I have heard it expressed so many times over the years by people who work in or around the educational publishing industry that I have taken it as almost 'conventional wisdom'. Whether this figure is actually .5% or 2% or 4% (or whatever), what has struck me when in conversation with many vendors is that many traditional publishers have, in the face of the steady rise in many countries around the world of large scale purchases of laptops and tablets for students and teachers, worried that technology purchases are eating into traditional budgets for the purchases of textbooks.
As one traditional publisher put it to me at the London event in 2013, "we need to figure out how to protect this 1% so that it is not tapped to buy iPads". Contrast this with a statement made to me by an enthusiastic founder of an edtech start-up in San Francisco, who said that the goal of firms like his was to "eventually capture 20% of education budgets" by transforming the way education is delivered as a result of the use of new technologies. Whether or not such figures are accurate, they for me exemplify a difference in perspective and ambition that is consistent with many stereotypical characterizations of brash young tech entrepreneurs in their hoodies (and/or khakis) versus the tweedy old-school booksellers whose business model that I have been told on many occasions -- especially by those not in that business -- was one for "dinosaurs".
(While conceding that the business models for selling books will have to change rather radically going forward, a concession to which no educational publisher I know would object in the age of e-readers and hypertext, of apps and APIs, I am fairly confident that extinction rates for edtech startups will remain much greater than that of book publishers for the foreseeable future, although in the end I wouldn't be too surprised if the most successful 'tech' firms doing business in this space end up buying up a lot of the 'publishers' -- some of whom will themselves be buying and merging with 'tech' firms along the way.)
If we accept the premise that educational publishing industry in the 'developed' countries of Europe and North America are being, and will continue to be, increasingly radically disrupted -- a contention with which I expect few people would disagree -- what might this mean for business models for educational publishing in less developed, 'poor' countries? Will the related business models from OECD contexts simply, and eventually, be transplanted to middle and low income countries? Or: Might some new business models for digital educational publishing emerge from less developed countries, based on specific local contexts and consumer demands in an increasingly digital -- and mobile -- age?


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Is there anything Sage Stossel can't do? The Boston-area cartoonist and illustrator is one busy artist.
What can't Sage Stosell do? The Boston-area cartoonist and illustrator does political cartoons for the Atantic Monthly Online, cartoon journalism for the Boston Globe (that's a real thing), and is working on the fourth installment in her "On The Loose" book series for kids and families. Throw in her graphic novel "Starling" and you've got one busy artist on your hands.
Dave London and Pete Chianca caught up with Sage about all that and more in the latest episode of Strip Search, the comic strip podcast. For more about Sage, you can visit sagestossel.com.


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When 20 people were shot last weekend in Baltimore, it recalled the July 2009 "day of mayhem" that saw 18 people shot in a single night.
Twelve of those shootings were connected an ongoing feud involving the Blackwell drug organization, and four years later some of the current violence may have roots in that rivalry.
Deputy Commissioner John Skinner told city councilmembers last night that some of the people in a group targeted in a quintuple shooting that killed 18-year-old Donyae Jones were "underlings" of Steven Blackwell, who is serving 20 years federal time on drug and money laundering charges.
Though he was not charged with any acts of violence, authorities believe Blackwell's organization was tied to a wave of shootings touched off by the abduction in April 2008 of his then-teenage brothers.
The tit-for-tat bloodshed that authorities believe was associated with Blackwell's feud with the rival Chapel Hill Boys rocked the city: a fatal ambush at a family appliance store a shooting outside a funeral, and the spraying of gunfire at a backyard cookout that wounded 12 people.
As many as 27 people may have been shot in the violence that ensued in those 15 months, according to court documents and sources, most of it targeted at Blackwell's associates.
Skinner did not elaborate on the Blackwell ties, and it was not clear whether it was a resurfacing of the feud or whehter some of those associates were simply caught up in new conflicts.
Police Commissioner Anthony W. Batts spoke of Kenwood as well, but drew attention to gangs. Earlier in the day, he described North Kenwood Avenue this way: "On that small block of Kenwood, you have a Blood gang that has one block. On the other block, we have Black Guerilla Family on the next block and then we have another crew that has been coming in called DJ Boys who have to started come in."
The DJ Boys, according to sources, is a crew named after Decker and Jefferson Streets. Last month, a reputed member of the DJ Boys crew was fatally shot on Decker Street.


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Views: 88
The Bible says the Lord said: "Let there be light." and all of this came into existence. Couldn't "Let there be light." be the "Big Bang?".
Scientists believe that man evolved from amoeba that became monkeys and whatever, well, the Bible says God created man from the "dust of the Earth". Couldn't that be the same primordial ooze that scientists say we came from?
Scientists believe man is far older than 6,000 years. The Bible clearly states there were other people before Adam and Eve. Cain was afraid he would be killed if he was put out of the Garden, so God marked him to protect him, also, Cain found a wife and had offspring. Clearly, that means men were around before Adam and Eve. Couldn't the creation story be that of the Jews (which follows their entire lineage from Adam to Noah to Christ) and those outside the garden be the Gentiles?
I don't see how anyone can just say "There is no God." when you have not the tiniest clue as to whether or not is correct. You say: "Prove to me there is a God." I say "Prove to me there isn't.". You can't.
As for Christians, it just doesn't make sense to say man is only 6,000 years old and started with Adam and Eve when clearly the bible states that there were men outside of the Garden. I mean, they've found an 80,000 year old human skeleton.
I believe in God. But, I also believe that Science is just the art of man putting into terms he can understand, what God did to create what we see."
In my opinion, if people must be religious, this is the best type.


text: Intel will have CSI and on die memory controller soon following what AMD has done for a few years. HT or CSI will help us build machines based on NUMA or similar architectures. Based on current memory technologies, I can't find any methods for "memory wall". And a 4 core processor can eat all memory bandwidth in some cases. With NUMA we can gat machines work as several current machine but connected with fast on-board connection. Image a super computer on desktop, and what's next? Many-core processors are coming, how to power beowulf with them? I think it is a very interesting topic. Power 6 is a really strange processor for me. It works with a in order architecture. I am looking forward to see any detailed evaluation for it. Regards, Li, Bo ----- Original Message ----- From: "Vincent Diepeveen" <diep at xs4all.nl> To: "Toon Knapen" <toon.knapen at fft.be> Cc: <beowulf at beowulf.org>; "Robert G. Brown" <rgb at phy.duke.edu> Sent: Friday, August 24, 2007 9:37 PM Subject: Re: [Beowulf] Intel Quad-Core or AMD Opteron > Even worse, > > Does SSE2 code of intel not by default in th eintel primitives have an 'if > then else' that at opteron it runs without using SIMD? > > But apart from that, SIMD at oldie K8 is very slow compared to core2, > though not a factor 2. Barcelona for well optimized code should have an > IPC in SIMD of up to 40+% faster i guess than core2. > > So only 2 questions are when they release and especially at *what* price > for the 4 socket mainboards. > > A 16 core barcelona machine with 4 DDR2 memory controllers might be a very > mighty system for all kind of applications that need shared memory to > scale well. > > When releasing Barcelona core within a few months from now, AMD has a huge > lead over intel with respect to 4 core cpu's, as it seems to me. > > I feel personally intels choice of CPU design using small tiny L1 caches > from performance viewpoint is a catastrophic one. If there is just ONE > competitor for an intel chip that manages to clock a cpu nearly at the > same clock like intel and with the same number of cores, then intel > usually gets totally outperformed. Now that intel & AMD produce > cpu's at the same type of machines their cpu's, it seems to me > that AMD will in general outperform intel. > > Comparing the 2006 core2 with a 2003 release is not a very fair > compare IMHO. > > We can definitely conclude that intel managed to produce their new > generation cpu ( core2) more than 1 year sooner than AMD did do, using a > simple trick, namely glueing 2 dual core chips together. > > In the meantime i keep wondering more and more about intel not having an > equivalent on the market for AMD's hypertransport. > > For highend, when buying multiple socket nodes, it is hard to see intel as > an alternative to barcelona core driven machines, as it doesn't have any > form of load balancing thanks to having just 1 memory controller for all > cores. > > Most interesting for scientists might be buying a few nodes with some > double rail network and each node consisting out of 4 socket AMD machines > quadcore. Initially now perhaps 2Ghz. Then in end 2008 you can > upgrade the cpu's to 3+ Ghz. > > When also putting a lot of RAM onto such AMD machine, then > such a node of course also totally annihilates power6, even before power6 > gets taken into production, against a fraction of the price of a power6 > node. > > The advantage of using 4 socket machines for a cluster/supercomputer is > obviously the fact that the network costs form a smaller part of the total > solution, meanwhile keeping the total number of nodes limited. > > A few nodes you could arguably use 8 socket solutions for, not to scale up > to more cores, as most software can't handle such bad memory latencies, > but it might be you could even outgun power6 in terms of total memory a > node. > > What is the amount of ram that power6 supports versus the 8 socket AMD > solutions? > > Best Regards, > Vincent > > > > On Fri, 24 Aug 2007, Toon Knapen wrote: > >> > I understand that, when comparing Quad-Core Xeons with Opterons, >> > people focus on the scability issues of the different multi core >> > architectures, but we've run some benchmarks on both and the thing >> > that at the time surprised me the most was that if your application >> > makes much use of the functions provided by Intel Math Kernel Library, >> > a single Xeon core (e.g Clovertown) can be up to twice as fast as a >> > single Opteron core. >> >> >> You are comparing Intel MKL on Xeon with what exactly on Opteron? Intel >> MKL on Opteron is certainly not optimal. I hope you compared to GotoBLAS >> on Opteron. >> >> t >> _______________________________________________ >> Beowulf mailing list, Beowulf at beowulf.org >> To change your subscription (digest mode or unsubscribe) visit http://www.beowulf.org/mailman/listinfo/beowulf >> > > _______________________________________________ > Beowulf mailing list, Beowulf at beowulf.org > To change your subscription (digest mode or unsubscribe) visit http://www.beowulf.org/mailman/listinfo/beowulf


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Quadir Lateef Corner Store Confession [Unsigned Hype]
"Standing On the BLOCK GOING IN!!!!!!!!!!!
Undeniably One of The realest MCs of Today!!!!
Follow @Quadirdapoet "
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Nothing. They're great for big websites who have editors who login everyday and push new content through powerful workflows. But that's not everyone. That's not even most people. If you're like me, you're probably tired of logging in, wrestling with an archaic WYSIWYG editor and wondering why you must upload every new file by hand.
Maybe you're a web designer, juggling 10 different sites for different clients, wishing you'd written down those FTP details somewhere safer. If only changing some html were as easy as open->edit->save.


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My card was inspired by this month's E.A.D. Color Challenge #15 and uses the co-ordinating Good Company Stickerz set .
Extra products used on my card: Neenah cs, MME dp, Prima and u/k bling, SU punch and button, handmade ribbon and DMC floss.
Super cute card!!!
Pretty! I love the sparkle. TFS!
soooo pretty!
Awe, I love this! The ribbon really adds a lot :) TFS!
Very pretty!
Love your ribbon!
This is adorable!
Great card--I like the layout and the colors.
so pretty, love the ribbon!
Very pretty, love it!
Cute card! Thanks CallyAnn(new follower)
I LOVE the little telephone!! Sooo cute! TFS
xoxo Charity
I love that little telephone and the texture of the denim like paper
What a cute phone makes the point of the card
Beautiful card, yummy wrinkled ribbon and gorgeous colors! Thank you for playing with us at Card Patterns this week!
OHHH! I just love this card! Beautiful colors and FAB wrinkled ribbon!! FUN FUN FUN:)
Helloooooooooooo, is RIGHT! What a fetching little number you've shared with us! LOVE your use of the Card Patterns sketch - THANKS, so much for sharing your talent with us!
Love the colors and the wonderful seam binding!
Love your take on those colours


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text: Dwolla, Inc. is an agent of Veridian Credit Union and Compass Bank and all funds associated with your account in the Dwolla network are held in pooled accounts at Veridian Credit Union and Compass Bank. These funds are not eligible for individual insurance, including FDIC insurance and may not be eligible for share insurance by the National Credit Union Share Insurance Fund. Dwolla, Inc. is the operator of a software platform that communicates user instructions for funds transfers to Veridian Credit Union and Compass Bank.


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There is a reason why Akshay Kumar films would work more often than not. The actor, who has been ... more
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Take off your shoes, Southern California! Join us in celebrating the grand opening of SKECHERS new retail store at the Riverside Galleria at Tyler. SKECHERS will give away a free pair of BOBS from SKECHERS to the first 100 people who walk into the store barefoot, and the second set of 50 customers will get a $10 discount card. Plus, there will be a special appearance by Kewl Breeze and free giveaways!
For every pair of BOBS from SKECHERS given away or purchased, there will be another pair donated to a child in need. Get something for yourself while helping others. It's a win/win!
SKECHERS new retail store at the Riverside Galleria at Tyler will open at 10 am on Friday, May 11, 2012. Click here for directions to the new SKECHERS location at 1280 Galleria at Tyler, Riverside, CA 92503. (91 Freeway at Tyler Street.)


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Graham Nash: Launching Maroon 5
Is Graham Nash responsible for the success of Maroon 5? The famed singer-song writer explains his ties with one of today's most popular acts and discusses the success of his own band, Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young in an interview with WSJ's Lee Hawkins.
This transcript has been automatically generated and may not be 100% accurate.
I ... you were really instrumental in helping the rooms out when it's like one of the day ... you gave them the money for their first demo ... did you expect them to do that well and have there been other bands that we all know about that you've done for ... I'm ... in this particular case I ... you'll find used to be a band called Congress flowers and they went to school with my kids went to ... and they did a couple we didn't go for benefits for the school in Los Angeles CSN ... and a card still aisle is open for this and they were pretty decently ... until about a year later s my son Willis and what what are the cars flowers ... he could not been given all that bad that by him and against the wall into the two Scott making the good the dentists and doctors and I said you know what ... that's not right ... here's some money ... getting back into the studio to make solar panels and see what happens ... they became the mighty fine ... it was the talent that got them ... not my money ... why would he may have helped ... my money may have helped them realize that maybe will give you one wish ... but ... it was the talent they themselves have you done that with other groups ... the fund known in the group's cocoa ... I like and I'd like to help ... you gotta wonder stand ... we're so lucky ... Mo of the womb has given us in this last fifteen years ... how could we don't get that ... a any imaged employee in the book to mention that despite everything Class B stills and Nash has been through the band never to stand pat dry ... why do you think that is ... music ... we always thought that we would create a smoke machine ... of the four of its ... where we would come together and make music ... make enough money to keep it all going and unviable ... will we once we've established that ... then we could go on easily anybody we want ... I don't have to honestly without one of the can so you know if I would do come to you ... Steven ... we don't have to ask ourselves ... we know what we do ... and so we have this ... what we call them on the ship which is the four years ... we can keep that


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QSPHY(4) BSD Programmer's Manual QSPHY(4)
qsphy - Quality Semiconductor QS6612 10/100 Ethernet PHY driver
qsphy* at mii? phy ?
The qsphy driver supports the Quality Semiconductor QS6612 10/100 Ether- net PHYs. These PHYs are found on a variety of high-performance Ethernet interfaces.
ifmedia(4), intro(4), mii(4), ifconfig(8) MirOS BSD #10-current November 3, 1998 1
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