text: Biological Sciences (Zoology) BSc (Hons) OverviewCourse detailsLearning and teachingEmployability Zoology is the study of animal life across all levels of organisation; from the evolution and adaptations of whole organisms to the activities of animal cells and the biochemical processes that maintain them. The Biological Sciences (Zoology) BSc degree builds on the BSc Biological Sciences course and allows you focus increasingly on modules covering various aspects of animal biology and zoology. This includes evolution, animal behaviour and ecology. We rank 5th for graduate employability in the Russell Group Universities. Our graduates work in diverse careers such as medicine, conservation, agriculture and more. 2018 National Student Survey "100% overall satisfaction." EU Referendum Answering your questions and concerns about the outcome of the EU referendum. | This programme has been accredited by the Royal Society of Biology. Accredited degree programmes contain a solid academic foundation in biological knowledge and key skills, and prepare graduates to address the needs of employers. Tania Gilbert Conservation Biologist, Marwell Wildlife "This degree provided a good foundation in ecology, zoology, genetics and population biology which has been essential in my career." Course details Zoology is the study of animal life across all levels of organisation; from the evolution and adaptations of whole organisms to the activities of animal cells and the biochemical processes that maintain them. In recent years the development of new technologies has resulted in a particular emphasis on the study of the organisation and activities of animals at the cellular and molecular levels. The modular structure of the Biological Sciences (Zoology) BSc gives you the opportunity to follow your interests and curiosity as the course unfolds; by choosing your favourite modules in years 2 and 3, you can focus on a single area of biology, or sample content from animal behaviour to molecular biology. Why study this course There are many reasons to study Biological Sciences (Zoology) BSc at Birmingham: We rank 5th for graduate employability in the Russell Group Universities. Our graduates work in diverse careers such as medicine, conservation, agriculture and more. World top 100 for Biological Sciences in the QS World University Rankings by subject 2018 In addition to the Zoology-focussed content, you will encounter a broad range of topics on our courses, ranging from studies on the three-dimensional structure of individual molecules through to the study of whole ecosystems. We increasingly incorporate new areas of science relating to biology, such as bioinformatics, and the School has major world leading facilities for research in genomics, structural biology and optical imaging. Specialist field courses for those involved in the study of animals, plants and ecological aspects are also available. We pride ourselves in our 'enquiry-based learning' strategy that will equip you with the skills to achieve full potential in your future career. Modules The modules described here are the ones that we currently offer and will give you a good idea of the range of subjects that we teach. However as our undergraduate teaching is research led and we constantly review our teaching to ensure that the modules that we offer are up to date there may be changes to module titles and content. Please note: The modules listed on the website for this programme are regularly reviewed to ensure they are up-to-date and informed by the latest research and teaching methods. Unless indicated otherwise, the modules listed for this programme are for students starting in 2019. On rare occasions, we may need to make unexpected changes to compulsory modules after that date; in this event we will contact offer holders as soon as possible to inform or consult them as appropriate. First Year In Introduction to Evolution and Animal Biology you will study the diversity of animal species, and their adaptations, including complex behavioural strategies, reproductive and survival strategies and how these can be understood in the context of evolution. Along with all of the other students on the Biological Sciences programmes you will take other modules (listed below) designed to introduce you to all aspects of this broad subject discipline. First year modules Key First Year Module: Introduction to Evolution and Animal Biology | Watch video - An overview of introduction from the pre-biotic era to Darwin and his impact. Natural selection, the origins of altruism and sexual reproduction, genetic determinants of evolution. Fundamentals of Biochemistry - Fundamental biochemical processes taking place inside cells Genetics I - Storage of genetic information, gene expression and regulation, mitosis and meiosis, gene linkage and chromosome mapping. Introduction to Microbiology | Watch video - Broad introduction to microbiology with a focus on infectious disease, covering bacteria, fungi, protists, archaea and viruses Cell Biology and Physiology - Tissues, organelles, reproduction and development. Ecological Concepts and Plant Sciences - This module provides a broad overview of the biology of our environment, including topics such as climate change, conservation, ecophysiology and cell biology of plants. Widening Horizon Module (WHM) - allows you to explore content from other academic programmes of this university in the form of a stand-alone module. More information on WHMs can be found here. Second Year The key second year module for zoologists is Animal Biology; this module takes an evolutionary and comparative approach to the study of animal behaviour and its underlying mechanistic control by the nervous system. You choose 4 other optional modules from the list below: Ecology, Cell and Developmental Biology and a field course, particularly Adaptations to Aquatic Environments, are good choices for a zoologist. Second year modules Key second year module: Animal Biology - This module explores how the central nervous system translates sensory stimuli to behaviour. Topics include comparative neurobiology, biological timekeeping, sensory biology, learning and behaviour and others. Core module taken by all second year students: Molecular Biology and its Applications - Genetic analysis and gene cloning, DNA fingerprinting and forensics, genomics and computational approaches to genetics. Communication and Skills in Biosciences - Science communication in videography, writing and speaking, ethics in science, analysis of the scientific literature. Example optional modules may include: Microbes and Man - The impact of microbes on humans, bacteria, fungi and viruses, common themes of infectious disease mechanisms. Cell and Developmental Biology - Development of multicellular organisms, interaction between cells and the cellular matrix, regulation of stem cell function. Genetics II - Organisation of genes and genomes, generation of genetic diversity, gene transmission and analysis of problems in transmission and molecular genetics. Evolution of Humans and Other Animals – The primary aim of this module is to provide students with a comprehensive understanding of comparative animal biology in an evolutionary context. Human Structure and Function - Human anatomy and how it relates to its function and evolutionary origin. Critical Issues for 21st Century Ecosystems - Core skills in ecosystem knowledge Plant Sciences: from Cells to the Environment | Watch video - Plants interact flexibly with their environment. This module explores the cellular and molecular features facilitati ng such interactions, including interactions with parasites. The module introduces the model plant Arabidopsis, and you will design and test hypotheses in specific experiments Field Course: Alpine and Glacial Ecology in Norway | Watch video Field Course: Adaptations to Aquatic Environments | Watch video Final Year The final year is made up of a combination of taught modules and independent study. It is here that the link between the teaching and the research in the school is particularly important. The final year allows choice from a range of specialised topics in zoology, which are informed and inspired by the research being carried out in the school. Central to the final year is the research project, which makes up one third of the credits earned in the final year. This allows you to join one of our many research groups, providing the fascinating opportunity to experience research first hand and to contribute to current research projects. Project work is not limited to the laboratory; some students will do more ecology- or behaviour- based projects involving field work that may be in a UK zoo or further afield. Final year modules Choose a research project and at least 2 final year modules from: Cellular Neurobiology * | Watch video - Neuronal function and neural development, synaptic function, transmitter receptors and ion channels. Adaptation to changing environments - This ecology-oriented module examines behavioural, physiological and molecular mechanisms of adaptation to environmental stress. It examines animals' mechanisms to respond to changes occurring on varying timescales and over diverse geographic areas Living in Groups: Collective Behaviour in Animals | Watch video - This module explores features and rules of group behaviour in animals. Introducing formal concepts such as Social Network Analysis, the module defines fundamental rules that govern collective behaviour, and how individuals partake in making and communicating decisions. Example optional modules may include: Bacterial Gene Regulation - How genes are switched on or off in response to external stimuli, how control of gene expression can be explored experimentally. Eukaryotic Gene Expression - Control of gene transcription, chromatin structure, pre-mRNA processing, mRNA translation and degradation. Applied and Environmental Microbiology - Microbial communities, how they compete, and behave socially. Genetics III: Genetic Variation in Humans and other Eukaryotes - Genetic variation in humans and model organisms, dynamics of chromosome organisation during mitosis and meiosis, genome instability. Plant Science in the 21st Century | Watch video - Plant growth and development in relation to food supply, biofuels and climate change. Research-based module with emphasis on analysis of the current research literature. Structures of Destruction - Bacterial and viral pathogens explored from the perspective of their molecular structures, protein misfolding and amyloid diseases. Cancer Biology - Regulation of cell division and aberrations in malignant tumours, genetic bases of tumourigenesis, programmed cell death. Human Evolution - Genetics and genomics, development of bipedalism, development of society and how humans' activity applies selective pressure on the evolution of HIV. Molecular and Cellular Immunology | Watch video - Evolution of the immune system, innate immunity, cell biology of immunity, structural basis of discrimination between self and non-self. Biodiversity and Conservation Management - Examining the scientific basis of conservation, the threats facing biodiversity and how those threats are assessed, why population size is critical and how biodiversity is maintained either in nature or at a backup location. Conservation Practice: Genes to Ecosystems - Examining the scientific basis for conservation and its genetic foundation. Molecular Basis of Bacterial Infection | Watch video - Evolution of bacterial virulence, antibiotics and antibiotics resistance, genomic data in analysing pathogenicity. * This module is under review and content will likely change from 2018/2019 onwards Fees and funding Standard Home/EU student fees 2019-20 For UK students beginning their studies in September 2019, the University of Birmingham will charge the maximum approved tuition fee per year. The fees for your first year of study will therefore be £9,250. Visit our tuition fees page for more information. Standard international student fees 2019-20 International fee Fee Band (Undergraduate) Full-time Band 3a (Laboratory) £21,180 Learn more about fees and funding Scholarships Learn more about our scholarships and awards Entry requirements Number of A levels required:3Typical offer:AABRequired subjects and grades:A level Biology/Human Biology and a second science°. Minimum of five GCSEs to include Mathematics, English and double award science at grade 4/C. °Subjects accepted as 'second science': Chemistry, Mathematics (or Further Mathematics or Statistics), Physics, Geography, Geology, Psychology Specified subjects excluded for entry: General Studies, Critical Thinking, Citizenship Studies, Applied Science, Communication and Culture, Critical Studies, Global Perspectives, Science in Society, Use of Maths and World Development. Additional information: BTEC Extended Diploma in Applied Science with sufficient Biology and Chemistry content is only accepted when combined with an A level in a required subject. Grades D*D*D* required in addition to grade B in a required subject A level. BTEC Diploma accepted when combined with two acceptable A levels. BTEC Subsidiary Diploma is not accepted. Access to HE (Science) with sufficient Biology and Chemistry content is considered. Contact Admissions Team for details. Other qualifications are considered – learn more about entry requirements. International students: International Baccalaureate Diploma: 6, 6, 5 in Higher level subjects plus 32 points overall. Higher level subjects need to include the required subjects as defined for the A-level qualification. Standard English language requirements apply Learn more about international entry requirementsDepending on your chosen course of study, you may also be interested in one of our foundation pathways, which offer specially structured programmes for international students whose qualifications are not accepted for direct entry to UK universities. Further details can be found on Birmingham International Academy web pages. How to apply Apply through UCAS at www.ucas.com Learn more about applying OverviewLearning and teaching As a Birmingham student you will learn from world-leading experts. From the outset you will be encouraged to become an independent thinker, however you will have plenty of contact with the staff who teach you. Your personal tutor Tutor groups include a maximum of 6 students and each tutor looks after one tutorial group in each of the years. You will have one-on-one meetings with your tutor at least once a term. Seminars and tutorials Lectures - At Birmingham, we support lectures through recordings of the session, so you can revisit and review parts of the session as needed. Lectures frequently include interactive elements, instance by using instant polling. Occasionally, we use 'flipped' lectures, asking you to study a particular topic prior to a session, and using the contact time to explore the topic in more depth through problem solving exercises, question-and-answer sessions or lecturer-led group discussions. Student interaction using discussion boards and social media is expressively encouraged. Practical classes - Laboratory-based practical work is an integral part of our degree. A typical practical session will last 3 hours delivering important transferable skills, experience of practical work is essential if you wish to move into a research career and is valued by a wide range of employers. You will be able to engage with academic and post graduate researchers who will help you during these practical sessions. Field courses - Biological Sciences students have the opportunity to develop their field skills on a wide range of field courses in different environments. See the Course Modules tab for details. Tutorials - A personal tutorial system is an integral feature of our degree programme and your tutors will help you in three important areas: supporting your academic progress, developing transferable skills and helping with any welfare issues. You will normally have the same tutor throughout the course, who will get to know you well as you progress towards graduation. Project (final year) - A core component of your final year is the project, which principally comes in two forms: as a practical project (Laboratory, field, outreach or computational) or as an extended dissertation. In both situations, a lecturer or professor will guide and advise you. But the principal aim is to lead you to independence as a future graduate in your field. You will join one of the research groups in the School for the practical project, and you will work on a topic or question that draws on current research activity. You will receive training in relevant research techniques and you will have to document your work and its results in a thesis-like report. The dissertation project asks you to explore the research literature in a narrowly defined area of scholarship, with three aims: one, to write a comprehensive review of that area, two, to explore and analyse a small set of articles in depth, and three, to develop a new research proposal from your review and in-depth analysis. Our e-learning platform Canvas provides a wide range of learning resources. Recordings of lecture sessions, reading material and links to resources on external sites, quizzes, video material and so on. We use Canvas to provided individual feedback on some of the assessments, for instance on essays. Finally, Canvas serves as a discussion forum that can be tailored to individual classes or groups. Lecturers and world leading researchers You will be taught by our professors and lecturers, while doctoral researchers will support practicals as demonstrators. You can find out more about the members of academic staff in the School of Biosciences here where you can read about their qualifications, publication history and specific areas of interest. Clinical anatomist, author and broadcaster Alice Roberts is the University's Professor of Public Engagement in Science. Alice carries out a range of academic duties which include teaching second year Biosciences students. Resources and facilities Our spacious state-of-the-art teaching laboratories are the training ground for your skills development, and you will have access to high-technology facilities during your final-year project. Contact hours Throughout your Biological Sciences degree you can expect an average of about 15 hours of contact time per week over the two teaching terms (autumn and spring). This will be made up of lectures, practical laboratory workshops and seminars. The proportion of time spent in each will vary depending on which year you are in and the optional modules you choose. Assessment methods Studying at degree-level is likely to be very different from your previous experience of learning and teaching. Each module is assessed independently, and all modules contain some components of continuous assessment, that is, assessment taking place during the teaching terms. Continuous assessment generally accounts for one quarter to one third of the mark for a given module, while the remainder is contributed by the end-of-year examination in the summer term. A subset of modules is assessed entirely through course work, without an end-of-year examination. At the beginning of each module, you'll be given information on how and when you'll be assessed for that particular programme of study. You'll receive feedback on each assessment within three weeks, so that you can learn from and build on what you have done. You'll be given feedback on any exams that you take; if you should fail an exam we will ensure that particularly detailed feedback is made available to enable you to learn for the future. Feedback - You will be able to track your development by making use of a wide range of types of feedback, such as: written feedback on your assessments, class feedback and questions sessions and discussions with your tutor. An important avenue for providing individualised feedback is the e-learning platform Canvas. Examinations - The end-of-year examinations take place in May, June each year. Length and format of the exams changes from first to final year. We give you access to marking criteria, while mock exam and marking sessions allow you to get a sense what to aim for, helping ease any apprehension you might have. Continuous assessment - During the teaching terms you will gather marks through assessments in a variety of formats. Essays, poster or oral presentations, or group submissions will feature at various points. Most practicals require you to submit a write-up and some also feature a proficiency test prior to the session. The weighting of these assessments is small, therefore occasional missteps are not likely to jeopardise progression. Projects and dissertations - You will choose the topic of your project from a wide range of titles. We offer a range of project opportunities, including practical work in the laboratory, field work, computer based projects, or literature reviews to give you the chance to demonstrate the full range of academic and transferable skills. Course detailsEmployability "This course helped me immensely in getting a job in the competitive world of zoo keeping." Alistair Keen - Head Keeper, Birdland Park and GardensRead more... Advances in the biosciences are having a profound impact on our daily lives in areas from human health to conservation. Biotechnology, biological pharmaceuticals, and personalised medicine are key growth areas in the health sector. Environmental remediation, climate change and related themes pose multi-faceted challenges for the coming decades. Expert knowledge in biology and the life sciences will be in high demand for the foreseeable future, with bright prospects for exciting and rewarding careers in research, teaching, industry, the NHS and the public sector. A substantial part of our graduates choose to take a further degree, a postgraduate Masters or PhD. For many career paths, a further degree is an essential stepping-stone, including (but not limited to) careers in research. Our graduates are highly sought after by universities around the world, many stay in Birmingham and join one of our prestigious research groups. Careers Network Careers Network, our unique careers guidance service is tailored to your academic subject area. Our team source exclusive work experience opportunities to help you stand out amongst the competition, with mentoring, global internships and placements available to you. Once you have a career in your sights, one-to-one support with CVs and job applications will help give you the edge. In addition, our employer-endorsed award-winning Personal Skills Award (PSA) recognises your extra-curricular activities, and provides an accredited employability programme designed to improve your career prospects. Professional accreditation This programme has been accredited by the Royal Society of Biology following an independent and rigorous assessment. Accredited degree programmes contain a solid academic foundation in biological knowledge and key skills, and prepare graduates to address the needs of employers. The accreditation criteria require evidence that graduates from accredited programmes meet defined sets of learning outcomes, including subject knowledge, technical ability and transferable skills. Learning and teaching


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Animal Plastic Surgeons, Pot-Prescribing Vets: The Secret Life of the 1 Percent Pet
From swim lessons for dogs owned by Ron Meyer and Bruce Willis to the over-the-top massage given to Lisa Vanderpump's Pomeranian, the new pampered norm for the billionaire's best friend.
This story first appeared in the Aug. 9 issue of The Hollywood Reporter magazine.
In a town where pampering is synonymous with well-being, posh pooches and pussycats are being supported like they're William and Kate's new arrival. We're not just talking about nannies: These days, Hollywood pets are privy to services ranging from doga (dog yoga) and PuPilates (self-explanatory) to shrinks. Everyone needs a new leash on life sometimes.
"There are some really serious pet owners out there," says Meagan Lee Medick, host of K9 Corner, a TV and web show based in Tarzana. "If there's one thing I've noticed from my show, there are two things people spend endless amounts of money on: kids and dogs. And I've seen people treating dogs better than kids."
Lisa Vanderpump, of Bravo's The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills and Vanderpump Rules, certainly lavishes time and money on Gigolo, or Giggy, her famous fluffy Pomeranian, who recently visited pet masseuse Pam Holt. "Even though Giggy is a very relaxed dog, he loves getting a massage and especially having his ears rubbed," says Vanderpump, adding jokingly, "But in true Gigolo style, if anyone wants to put their hands on him, they have to pay him."
PHOTOS: 'Real Housedog' Giggy: The Secret Life of the 1 Percent Pet
THR presents the ri-dog-ulous and cat-tastic services that are all the rage.
Earlene Verona Winn is a Redondo Beach-based canine masseuse and hydrotherapist, but since she came up with PuPilates classes to build dogs' core muscles and restore strength and flexibility after surgery -- or to relieve arthritis -- they have become a big part of business at her four Camp Run-a-Mutt locations. Classes, which include four to six dogs, are $40 a session or $200 for six. Dogs do push-ups and squats and use bocce balls and balance discs, putting all four paws on one piece of equipment or just hind legs on another. "It strengthens in a playful way," says Winn. "The dogs love it; they think it's a game." She sells the equipment ($22 to $100) so dogs can do PuPilates at home. "Most people do it to keep their dog young or help them recover," says Winn. "Some do it to make sure their dog is always having fun."
PHOTOS: The Hollywood Pet Set, Including Eli Roth, Chelsea Handler and Their Pampered Companions
Talk about your downward-facing dog. While doga is a growing trend, reducing stress for dogs and owners alike, classes remain hard to find in L.A. It's easier to practice at home with Amy Stevens' Yoga4Dogs videos. In them, owners assist their dogs in poses like "upward paw" and use pets as weight for their own stretches. In the chaturanga pose, a pooch lies on its stomach while the owner strokes its back; savasana involves the dog lying on its back while someone rubs its belly. The moves not only unwind pets but also aid in digestion.
Pet psychics, or communicators, can specialize in "pet whispering" (i.e., changing behavior) or can bridge the divide between an owner and a dead pet.
Joan Ranquet, a former Laguna Hills resident who lives in Seattle but travels to L.A. frequently, primarily does behavioral work. "Today I had a really terrified dog," she says. "Next it was a shy cat." Ranquet also works with spoiled and aggressive pets and cats with litter-box problems. "L.A. takes the prize in the spoiled-small-animal contest," she acknowledges, adding that "body work," a type of therapeutic Reiki, "helps them with bad habits." Author and entertainment journalist Cindy Pearlman's 13-year-old German shepherd suffered what appeared to be a stroke, and Ranquet prescribed "simple exercises that help ailing animals, saying holistic care is invaluable for pets," says Pearlman. "My dog wound up living two more years."
PHOTOS: 7 Ways to Pamper Your Pooch
Ranquet also works with cats ("They actually are trainable"), not to mention birds, horses, rabbits and iguanas. She taught producer Naomi Rowe how to keep her cats from running around all night by having her play with them more during the day. Says Rowe, "The situation improved greatly." And Ranquet's not above more typical psychic duties. Reports actress and independent producer Paula Killen: "Joan sadly and correctly told me a coyote had gotten one of my cats because the cat communicated it to her. When I broke up with my boyfriend, another of my cats told Joan I was still sleeping with him. I didn't tell her that, but she knew."
Explains Patricia Schaller, a self-proclaimed pet psychic, "Animals have the same souls as us, just in different bodies." She worked with Vanderpump and Giggy, answering the reality star's questions. Vanderpump: "Should I leave him home?" Schaller: "He says he always wants to be with you." And: "Is going out in front of crowds too much for him?" The psychic: "He says no -- it's his job." Vanderpump has only one bone to pick, making a play on her dog's full name. "I'm not quite sure she was spot on with Giggy calling me Mama," she jokes. "After all, everyone who knows me knows he is my Gigolo."
Just because Valley-based masseuse Holt works on more fur than skin doesn't mean she isn't the real deal: She attended the Ojai School of Massage, has an associate's degree in veterinary technology from L.A.'s Pierce College and studied animal Reiki. Her clients often are older animals with arthritis. "Even the slightest massage releases endorphins," says Holt. "The first time they're not sure what it's about; the second time they get it. It pumps blood through their little bodies." Some cats scratch if they don't like massage, she adds, "but cats seem to love Reiki."
STORY: Gavin Polone on What Mutts Can Teach Us About Good Television
Holt does five or six appointments a day at $50 an hour. Her schedule is full with weekly regulars, and some clients come three times a week. "Some are older, but some are just spoiled," she admits. Client Chaz Dean, a celebrity hairstylist and owner of WEN hair products, has three dog nannies for his three dogs, takes a private plane so his dogs can travel with him and gives them weekly massages. Kari Whitman, Jessica Alba's decorator, raves about Holt to every owner she knows: "The pets learn it's OK to be loved."
Dina Zaphiris has trained dogs belonging to Ridley Scott, publicist Paul Bloch, Al Pacino, Nicolas Cage, Kate Beckinsale, Ron Meyer, Bruce Willis and Wallis Annenberg and is acknowledged as the best in the biz in several specialties -- but teaching dogs to swim is her forte. And it's not only for recreation. "A lot of dogs drown each year, like children. They fall into pools and don't know how to get out," she says. "But all breeds can swim. I've taught greyhounds, bulldogs, Tibetan mastiffs and small puppies. You can have a swimming dog in one lesson." Zaphiris, star of Animal Planet's Petfinder in 2008, uses leashes initially and first teaches dogs how to descend and ascend pool stairs, making it fun with snacks and tug toys. "I don't recommend you teach your dog yourself," she says, especially if a flailing mastiff doesn't seem like something you can handle.
Liz Friedman is a veterinarian adept at animal acupuncture, and she does house calls in the West Hollywood and Pasadena areas. "It's been practiced for thousands of years," she says. "The Chinese used it for horses and cattle with infertility and bladder problems. Not all animals do well with Western medicine. I've been doing it on dogs with spinal cord problems, arthritis and pain."
PHOTOS: 72 Adorable Photos of THR's Pets
How well do Hollywood pets do with needles? "Some won't tolerate it, but most are fine," says Friedman. "Cats can take needles in their face but not in their paws. I try to put in the most sensitive areas last. It definitely calms them down, and they often sleep with the needles." And as with humans, acupuncture helps with anxiety.
We're not talking about regular tokes on your sativa for your pooch or kitten: Companion Cannabis was formulated by veterinarians to control pain and improve quality of life for pets with terminal conditions, as well as to stimulate appetites and relieve nausea and anxiety. Some reports suggest pet pot -- which can be purchased at such human-servicing dispensaries as Zen Healing and La Brea Compassionate Caregivers -- might have cancer-fighting properties.
A face-lift for Fido and Botox for Buster. Only in L.A., right? Wrong. The world's leading pet plastic surgeon happens to reside in Sao Paulo: Edgard Brito has done tummy tucks on obese dogs, eye lifts on shar-peis and chows and face-lifts and nose jobs on such squished-in breeds as bulldogs and Boston terriers. Some procedures can be justified as improving sight or breathing ability; others, not so much. The American Veterinary Medical Association and The Humane Society oppose cosmetic surgery on pets, but in 2010, $2.5 million was spent on nose jobs for dogs in the U.S. and $1.6 million on canine eye lifts. The Animal Medical Center of Southern California in West L.A. employs veterinary surgeons who are equipped to perform such surgeries, if an owner can justify a medical reason.


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Curt Schilling is gutless.
He sits courtside in Boston for Game 2, eavesdropping on the Lakers' bench and how would he like someone listening to what they have to say in the Red Sox dugout, and then makes it appear on his blog, "38 Pitches," that Kobe Bryant is some kind of jerk who berates his teammates.
First of all, like that's news. If given the chance, wouldn't you scream and call Vladimir Radmanovic nasty names?
But whatever, there's no bigger sissy than a hit-and-run blogger.
If Schilling has got something to write, let's see him come to Los Angeles, stand outside the Lakers' locker room and get cussed out by Vanessa Bryant like every other blogger. Talk about bloody socks.
He writes nice things about Kevin Garnett, which makes you wonder who gave him the courtside tickets, and also writes that he "saw a seven-footer (Pau Gasol) who grabbed like four rebounds and spent the entire game whining about getting fouled."
OK, so everything he wrote wasn't off base.
But then he goes after our very own consummate team player, the Beloved One, writing that he really doesn't know much about Bryant, but "what I do know is what I got to see up close and hear. (It) was unexpected."
Come on, if the Celtics are going to let an over-the-hill pitcher/blogger sit close to the Lakers' bench, the Lakers should put Jason Schmidt adjacent to Boston's bench.
"From the first tip until about four minutes left in the game I saw and heard this guy bitch at his teammates," Schilling wrote of Bryant. "Every TO he came to the bench pissed, and a few of them he went to other guys and yelled about something they weren't doing, or something they did wrong. No dialogue about 'hey let's go, let's get after it' or whatever.
"He spent the better part of 3.5 quarters pissed off and ranting at the non-execution or lack of, of his team as a fan I was watching the whole thing, Kobe, his teammates and then the after-effects of conversations. He'd yell at someone, make a point, or send a message, turn and walk away, and more than once the person on the other end would roll eyes or give a 'whatever dude' look."
Had Schilling written that Lamar Odom and Luke Walton were rolling their eyes, at least that would have been something positive, the two guys doing something while they were in Boston.
Instead, he seemed to go out of his way to irritate Bryant, and I can't imagine anyone doing that.
So maybe he'll come out aggressively and really show them, Schilling inspiring Bryant, and I wonder how that plays in Boston, Schilling doing more for the Lakers than the Red Sox or Celtics.
Hard to believe the Lakers could lose under these circumstances, Bryant motivated and the referees taking care of the Lakers at home as everyone expected.
I still wasn't convinced, though, so I thought it was time to also get something out of Phil Jackson, who is supposed to be the best ever at this time of the season.
"I believe you're getting paid $10 million for moments like this," I said at his pre-game news conference.
"How would you even know that stuff?" he replied. "You're not the IRS."
"Is it more than that?"
"Do I ask information about you?" Jackson said.
"I don't make $10 million, but should."
"Should not," Jackson countered, and I know he's a friend of Sam Zell, the Times' new owner, so that's not what I wanted to hear.
"Let's not get in an argument," I said. "Isn't this supposed to be your time to make adjustments and show us some magic?"
"You're right," Jackson said.
"Does it start tonight? And if it doesn't, can we come after you?"
"You can ask for a rebate," Jackson said, which tells me there's every chance in the world the way the NBA is going these days he had already gotten the memo indicating who was going to win Game 3.
No way any coach offers a rebate otherwise.
NBA COMMISSIONER David Stern's response to allegations that previous NBA games have been fixed was misleading as one might expect from a league lacking credibility.
Stern dismissed the allegations because they had previously been made to the FBI and the U.S. Attorney, which might be true, but they had not surfaced publicly before Tuesday.
He also said the charges had been deemed baseless, and all we have to do is take his word for it.
THE LAKERS are undefeated in Staples Center during the playoffs, but this building is nowhere near as loud or overwhelming as what the Lakers faced in Boston.
One of our bosses made the point the games in Boston start at 9 giving the fans hours and hours to drink, while the fans in L.A. are going straight from work to the arena.
I asked our boss if allowances could be made to start drinking earlier in the day at work, figuring the bosses already have that rule in place given some of the decisions they make, but I guess he's not as big a Lakers fan as I am.
TODAY'S LAST word comes in e-mail from Ken McDaniel:
"You are going to eat your words before this series is over. Radmanovic is going to prove he has value to the Lakers. You're a hater."
Jackson played him three minutes in the second half; what does that make him?
T.J. Simers can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.com. To read previous columns by Simers, go to latimes.com/simers.


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Web extra: Journalist in Sweden talks about tensions in Malmö
Journalist Niklas Orrenius spoke to Sinclair Broadcast Group about the work he does in Malmö, Sweden:
Well I live in Malmö, a, an immigrant city, which is part of a, the Malmö identity. And then, there in Malmö you have seen all kinds of uh, clashes between immigrant groups, and also, like nationalistic movements, trying to push immigrants, immigration back, and it's just ... to be in Malmö is to cover these type of stories. The issues that deal with globalization, because Malmö... for many years, it's been a refuge for, uh, a safe haven for refugees, if you will. First the Jewish refugees that came in the late 19th century, and after the Holocaust. And also from Poland in the end of the '60s. But in later years also, people from Iran, Syria, from Bosnia. But it seems like in this city, most of them get along, but there are some clashes also.
So we have seen, I've covered a lot of, uh, stories about antisemitism in Malmö . Because many of the refugees, uh, and immigrants from the Arab countries, they come from cultures where antisemitism is basically mainstream. And whenever there's a flare up in... Israel. If Israel bombs Gaza, you would see, you will see that in Malmö, because there will be Palestinian anti-Israel demonstrations, and manifestations. And in those manifestations, you will sometimes hear antisemitic slurs and so on.


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Science Friday® is produced by the Science Friday Initiative, a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization.
Science Friday® and SciFri® are registered service marks of Science Friday, Inc. Site design by Pentagram; engineering by Mediapolis.
|Psychologist Véronique Izard discusses a study that suggests Amazonian villagers with no math schooling are just as equipped to solve basic geometry problems as math-trained adults, and cognitive neuropsychologist Brian Butterworth talks about the arithmetic cousin of dyslexia, dyscalculia.


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Batman: Arkham Origins Trailer: Initiation DLC
A new trailer for the Batman: Arkham Origins add-on downloadable content pack, Initiation, shows us the Caped Crusader during his salad days.
The upcoming DLC will feature a young Bruce Wayne as he takes an initiation test in the Paektu-San Mountains of North Korea. His martial arts prowess will be put to the test as he trains in different locations, such as a bamboo forest and a monastery on top of a mountain.
At the end of his journey, he'll have to face his teacher: a man named Kirigi. The Initiation challenge map DLC is available starting today. Download it and help Bruce Wayne gain the skills he needs to become the Bat.
Watch the trailer above to get a taste for what you'll be doing in the mountains and see how awesome it is to witness Bruce Wayne taking out a bunch of ninjas.


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No Malice (Formerly "Malice" From The Clipse) Interview With The Breakfast Club! Speaks About Making Changes In His Life, Suffering From Depression, No Longer Cheating On His Wife + More
Please click the "Report" button below if the video on this page is not working properly.
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Aya Eguchi is an associate in the Technology Transactions Group of Morrison & Foerster's Tokyo office.
Ms. Eguchi earned her J.D. from Cornell Law School in 2012, where she was a member of the Cornell Law Review. Ms. Eguchi received her B.S.E. in Biomedical Engineering and Electrical Engineering from Duke University in 2005.
Ms. Eguchi is admitted to practice law in the state of California and is a registered patent agent with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
Unsolicited e-mails and information sent to Morrison & Foerster will not be considered confidential, may be disclosed to others pursuant to our Privacy Policy, may not receive a response, and do not create an attorney-client relationship with Morrison & Foerster. If you are not already a client of Morrison & Foerster, do not include any confidential information in this message. Also, please note that our attorneys do not seek to practice law in any jurisdiction in which they are not properly authorized to do so.
©1996-2019 Morrison & Foerster LLP. All rights reserved.


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Andy Reid has started to get things organized in Kansas City and the Chiefs coach will check in with Pro Football Talk on NBC Sports Network on Thursday to let us know how the process is going.
Erik Kuselias will talk to Reid about his choices for key positions on his coaching staff and how much he'll deviate from the way he did things when he was coaching the Eagles. He'll also try to get Reid to give us some of what he's thinking in regard to the first overall pick of the draft, but we aren't holding our breath for a substantive answer this far ahead of draft day.
Mike Florio and Amani Toomer will also be on the show to talk about the biggest stories of the day from around the football world. That includes the latest coaching hires, this weekend's conference title games and, the biggest story of the sports and football worlds today, the fantastical story of Manti Te'o's fake girlfriend.
It all gets going at 5 p.m. ET on NBC Sports Network.


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The U.S. Labor Department said Friday that the unemployment rate was 5.4 percent in April—but does that rate tell the real story?
Read MoreUS jobs data glitter may not be gold
A number of economists look past the "main" unemployment rate to a different figure the Bureau of Labor Statistics calls "U-6," which it defines as "total unemployed, plus all marginally attached workers plus total employed part time for economic reasons, as a percent of all civilian labor force plus all marginally attached workers."
Read MoreWhat millenials don't know about the job market
In other words, the unemployed, the underemployed and the discouraged—a rate that still remains high.


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Second Man Indicted For Hitching Post Fire [AUDIO]
Another man has been indicted in connection with the 2010 hitching post fire. Doug Randall has the details. The State Loan and Investment Board approved a $5.4 million dollar grant for the Cirrus Sky Technology Park in Laramie. Kari Eakins has the story. Click past the jump to listen to Wyoming Radio News.


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By Quentin Fottrell
Oscar Wilde said, "Each man kills the thing he loves." Many iPhone owners can relate.
Some 30% of iPhone users damaged their devices within the past 12 months, according to a study by gadget insurer Square Trade. The phones get far more scratched, soaked and abused than iPads, only 10% of which were damaged during the same time period, based on data from 2,000 customers. Perhaps part of the reason some 2 million new iPhone 5s were preordered in the first 24 hours is that many customers didn't have a choice: Their older models needed replacing.
Despite growing concerns about iPhone thieves on subway trains and street corners, the latest research suggests that accidental damage is 10 times more likely than loss or theft. "We were astonished at how many people drop their phones in the toilet," says Ty Shay, chief marketing officer at SquareTrade.
Many of the iPhone aficionados first in line to upgrade may be carrying around models with broken screens, says Yung Trang, president of deal aggregator TechBargains.com. Around 11% of iPhone owners are currently walking around with a device that is cracked, the SquareTrade study says, while 6% have taped up their iPhone as they wait for the new iPhone 5 or to qualify for an upgrade. Younger consumers are even clumsier: 50% of iPhone owners under the age of 35 have damaged their gadgets, the study says.
Loving one's iPhone to death is also an expensive business. Broken iPhones have cost Americans an estimated $5.9 billion since they were launched in 2007, the study says. That includes the cost of repairs, replacements and insurance deductibles for "cracked, dropped, pummeled, kicked and water-damaged iPhones." Apple doesn't cover for breakages or careless handling unless the customer takes out additional insurance, and it charges $600 for an iPhone without a contract. (Apple did not respond to request for comment.)
Manufacturers are locked in a race to squeeze faster processors into increasingly thin cases, experts say. "There is little regard for durability," Ty says. In fact, the iPhone 5 is 18% thinner and 20% lighter than the iPhone 4S, and Apple also widened the iPhone 5 screen to 4 inches from 3.5 inches, making it better to view videos, but more susceptible to cracking, Trang says. On the other hand, unlike the prior two iPhones, which had glass on both sides, the iPhone 5 only has glass on the front, which may make it less susceptible to damage.
Also read:
- When to Sell Apple Stock
- Apple iPhone 5 vs. 4S: What's the Better Buy?
- Picking the Right iPhone 5 Plan


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Disclosure is hardly un-American
In " SEC rule on corporate political giving too extreme," Paul Atkins's defense of corporate political secrecy, the former SEC commissioner argues that a rule requiring corporations to disclose their use of corporate treasury funds for political purposes would be inconsistent with the SEC's mandate to protect investors. He claims that those investors working for corporate political transparency have not been acting as fiduciaries on behalf of their investors, but rather on behalf of "special interest" groups, bent on destroying the First Amendment and capitalism as we know it.
Investors have been seeking full disclosure of the funds corporations spend to influence elections for more than 10 years, but with increasing urgency since the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in Citizens United v. FEC, which exponentially amplified the risks of this spending. The SEC is the only agency with the clear authority to mandate disclosure of this information, which is necessary to enable fully informed investment decisions.
Story Continued Below
A rulemaking petition, filed by a bipartisan coalition of prominent corporate law professors, enjoys unprecedented support from investors and the general public. Atkins dismisses the more than 380,000 emails the commission has received. Ironically, these were sent by the very people he claims the SEC ought to protect: "folks who depend on a reasonable return from their investments to put their kids through college and provide for a comfortable retirement." Corporate political activity presents broad concerns to the general public and significant risks to our economy. A study conducted by the International Monetary Fund, for example, drew a link between banks' political spending and heavy involvement in risky subprime mortgages. The Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission concluded that deregulation was a contributing cause of the financial crisis. Corporate campaign contributions certainly helped pave the way. Companies have also faced indictments and public scandals.
Atkins neglects to mention that the petition's supporters also include five state treasurers writing as fiduciaries, Jack Bogle, the founder and former CEO of Vanguard, the Council of Institutional Investors and a global coalition of investors managing more than $690 billion.
Shareholder proposals seeking corporate political transparency have received strong and growing support, with votes often in the 30 percent - 40 percent range. Five of the largest U.S. mutual fund families supported them more than 80 percent of the time during the 2012 proxy season.
Corporate political transparency is necessary for the efficient functioning of our capital markets and as a risk management tool for shareholders, corporate management and directors. Corporations claim this spending is necessary to protect their interests, but we have no way to monitor these activities, or assess their risks.
In addition, trade associations and similar groups have become significant conduits for 'indirect' corporate political spending. These organizations are not required to disclose the source of their funding, often leaving companies in the dark about the use of their money as well as exposing them to unnecessary and dangerous risks.


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Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, FSA/OWI Collection [LC-USF34- 043615-D]
Jack Delano
As had been the case for the Great Migration, the world war looming on the horizon pushed many African Americans out of the South, in search of jobs linked to the war effort. People sold everything they had and headed North and West in search of a better life. This family, like many others, is packing before leaving its South Carolina farm.


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Any woman of average will-power, a steady purpose, conscientiousness, who will pay attention to small details, is careful and painstaking ... can if she wishes make a comfortable living [in dentistry] and be of benefit to many persons [and] perhaps [aid] in some scientific discoveries, if she will perservere.Vida Latham, pictured at left in her 1892 graduation photo. SMD 292.1892.
DDS 1892 University of Michigan
MD 1895 Northwestern University Women's Medical School
Vida Latham was a highly accomplished dentist and physician who combined the two disciplines to the betterment of both. She avidly supported a stronger science curriculum in dental schools. In contrast to many women who specialized in women's and children's dentistry, Latham had a special interest in microscopy and published numerous research papers that described techniques and procedures for preparing specimens. She also enthusiastically supported women in dentistry and medicine through teaching, mentoring and founding organizations that furthered women in these fields.
In Pursuit of Science
Vida Latham was born in England, the daughter of a physician who hoped she would also become a doctor. Educated in Manchester and Cambridge, England, she became interested in dentistry and clinical research while working with a London dentist. American journals published her papers on pain and tooth anatomy in 1888.
Sex Is No Barrier
Determined to become a dentist, in 1884 Latham contacted Professor Macleod at the University of Edinburgh for advice. Macleod was reassuring, "Your sex does not present any barrier to examination, nor does it carry with it any disqualification to practice." He also recommended the University of Michigan and Harvard whose diplomas would be accepted for licensure in Great Britain.
First Ann Arbor, Then Chicago
Latham chose to attend the University of Michigan. Her work was so outstanding, she taught as a demonstrator in bacteriology and comparative anatomy while still a student. Just as she graduated in 1892, Great Britain withdrew its acceptance of American dental degrees. Unable to use her degree in Britain, Latham moved to Chicago.
Better Science in Dentistry
Latham firmly believed that dentistry should have the same foundation in anatomy, histology, embryology and physiology as medicine rather than focusing primarily on mechanical skills. She obtained a medical degree from Northwestern University Woman's Medical College, in 1895 and pushed for better science courses in dental colleges.
Details Matter
Latham joined the American Microscopy Society, created a research laboratory and taught at several Chicago hospitals. She was committed to sharing techniques and information among doctors and dentists. A prolific publisher, she provided specific details for the preparation of slides and included illustrations in her articles, which was unusual for the time.
Latham's Daybook
In addition to research and teaching responsibilities, Latham opened a practice in Rogers Park, Illinois in 1895. She kept meticulous records of patients, treatments and fees. Latham maintained that practice until she retired, sharing her home and office with Dr. Bertha Bush, a surgeon she met at Women's Medical College.
Supporter of Women in Medicine and Dentistry
Latham vigorously promoted women in dentistry. She was vice-chairman of the Women's Committee at the 1893 World's Columbian Dental Congress in Chicago and a member of the Dental Women's Club of Chicago. In 1921, she was a founding member of the Federation of Women Dentists that became the American Association of Woman Dentists.
Sindecuse Museum of Dentistry >> Exhibits >> Women Dentists: Changing the Face of Dentistry >> Vida Annette Latham


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being a freaking yoga instructor I thought Aras would have won the final challenge
So what you are saying is that women with bigger boobies have bigger hips??? I don't think so!!! LOLRob
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Changes procedures governing state court challenges to death sentences. Designates superior court for initial petitions and limits successive petitions. Requires appointed attorneys who take noncapital appeals to accept death penalty appeals. Exempts prison officials from existing regulation process for developing execution methods.
— Death Penalty Court Procedures — Death Penalty. Procedures.Initiative Statute —
State of CaliforniaProp. 66 — Death Penalty Court Procedures Initiative Statute - Majority Approval Required
Here is some helpful information about this ballot measure from trusted sources.
The way it is now
Prisoners sentenced to death may fight the sentence before the California Supreme Court and then the federal courts. This process can take multiple decades and cost the state millions of dollars. Of the 930 people who have received a death sentence since 1978, 15 have been executed and 103 have died while waiting to be executed. Under current law, inmates sentenced to death must be housed at specific prisons.
What if it passes?
Change the court appeals process for death sentences to shorten the time it takes. One type of legal challenge would be handled first by local courts before it could be handled by the California Supreme Court. A five-year time limit would be placed on legal challenges to death sentences. Additional lawyers could be made eligible to represent death row inmates. Inmates sentenced to death could be housed at any state prison.
Budget effect
Long-term costs are not clear. State costs would increase in the short-term, possibly in the tens of millions of dollars, due to court costs from the new shorter time limits. The measure could save money for state prisons.
People FOR say
- The appeals process for death row inmates needs to be quicker and less complicated.
- Prop 66 would save money and ensure that justice is carried out in a timely manner.
The Question
Should the time it takes for legal challenges to death sentences be significantly shortened?
The Situation
Death-penalty convictions are always automatically appealed to the California Supreme Court, and may also go through a second stage of appeals in the courts, called "habeas corpus petitions." This second stage of the appeals process can take 15–25 years. The state pays for both the defense and the prosecution of appeals, at a cost of $55 million annually. There are currently 748 people on death row in California. Because the state's lethal injection protocols are currently under legal review, no executions have taken place since 2006.
The Proposal
Prop. 66 proposes a number of changes in the way appeals of death penalty convictions are handled, with the goal of significantly shortening the time the total process takes. Instead of going directly to the California Supreme Court, habeas petitions would be heard first by the lower courts in which the initial trials were handled.
Both direct appeals and habeas petitions would have to be completed within five years from the time of sentencing. Habeas appeals would have to be filed within a year of counsel being appointed and would have to be decided by the courts within a year of filing. Additional appeals would be limited. Appeals counsel would be appointed immediately, and qualified appeals attorneys who handle noncapital offenses would be required to accept appointment for capital cases if they want to remain on the list of qualified appeals attorneys.
All inmates sentenced to life without parole would be required to work; the maximum amount of their earnings that could be used for reparations to their victims would be raised from 50 to 70 percent. Death row inmates could be housed in any California prison rather than just in a few prisons. Execution methods would be exempted from public oversight.
Fiscal effect
The fiscal effects of Prop. 66 are very difficult to project because there are varying possible consequences of its many provisions. Prop. 66 could increase the cost of appeals because it requires habeas petitions to be heard by lower courts first. It would also have higher near-term costs, perhaps in the tens of millions of dollars annually, to pay for processing currently pending appeals in the required time frame. Potential state prison savings could be in the tens of millions of dollars annually.
Supporters say
- The death penalty system in California is broken, but it should be mended, not ended.
- Speeding up the death penalty appeals process would save taxpayers $30 million annually.
Opponents say
- Prop. 66 is confusing and poorly written and would be subject to costly legal challenges.
- Additional layers of appeals and construction of new prison facilities would cost taxpayers millions.
- Changes procedures governing state court appeals and petitions challenging death penalty convictions and sentences.
- Designates superior court for initial petitions and limits successive petitions.
- Establishes time frame for state court death penalty review.
- Requires appointed attorneys who take noncapital appeals to accept death penalty appeals.
- Exempts prison officials from existing regulation process for developing execution methods.
- Authorizes death row inmate transfers among California prisons.
- Increases portion of condemned inmates' wages that may be applied to victim restitution.
- States other voter approved measures related to death penalty are void if this measure receives more affirmative votes.
- Unknown ongoing fiscal impact on state court costs for processing legal challenges to death sentences.
- Near-term increases in state court costs— potentially in the tens of millions of dollars annually—due to an acceleration of spending to address new time lines on legal challenges to death sentences. Savings of similar amounts in future years.
- Potential state prison savings that could be in the tens of millions of dollars annually
Death Sentences
First degree murder is generally defined as the unlawful killing of a human being that (1) is deliberate and premeditated or (2) takes place while certain other crimes are committed, such as kidnapping. It is punishable by a life sentence in state prison with the possibility of being released by the state parole board after a minimum of 25 years. However, current state law makes first degree murder punishable by death or life imprisonment without the possibility of parole when "special circumstances" of the crime have been charged and proven in court. Existing state law identifies a number of special circumstances that can be charged, such as in cases when the murder was carried out for financial gain or when more than one murder was committed. In addition to first degree murder, state law also specifies a few other crimes, such as treason against the state of California, that can also be punished by death. Since the current death penalty law was enacted in California in 1978, 930 individuals have received a death sentence. In recent years, an average of about 20 individuals annually have received death sentences.
Legal Challenges to Death Sentences
Two Ways to Challenge Death Sentences. Following a death sentence, defendants can challenge the sentence in two ways:
- Direct Appeals. Under current state law, death penalty verdicts are automatically appealed to the California Supreme Court. In these "direct appeals," the defendants' attorneys argue that violations of state law or federal constitutional law took place during the trial, such as evidence improperly being included or excluded from the trial. These direct appeals focus on the records of the court proceedings that resulted in the defendant receiving a death sentence. If the California Supreme Court confirms the conviction and death sentence, the defendant can ask the U.S. Supreme Court to review the decision.
- Habeas Corpus Petitions. In addition to direct appeals, death penalty cases ordinarily involve extensive legal challenges—first in the California Supreme Court and then in federal courts. These challenges, which are commonly referred to as "habeas corpus" petitions, involve factors of the case that are different from those considered in direct appeals. Examples of such factors include claims that (1) the defendant's attorney was ineffective or (2) if the jury had been aware of additional information (such as biological, psychological, or social factors faced by the defendant), it would not have sentenced the defendant to death.
Attorneys Appointed to Represent Condemned Inmates in Legal Challenges. The California Supreme Court appoints attorneys to represent individuals who have been sentenced to death but cannot afford legal representation. These attorneys must meet qualifications established by the Judicial Council (the governing and policymaking body of the judicial branch). Some of these attorneys are employed by state agencies—specifically, the Office of the State Public Defender or the Habeas Corpus Resource Center. The remainder are private attorneys who are paid by the California Supreme Court. Different attorneys generally are appointed to represent individuals in direct appeals and habeas corpus petitions.
State Incurs Legal Challenge Costs. The state pays for the California Supreme Court to hear these legal challenges and for attorneys to represent condemned inmates. The state also pays for the attorneys employed by the state Department of Justice who seek to uphold death sentences while cases are being challenged in the courts. In total, the state currently spends about $55 million annually on the legal challenges to death sentences.
Legal Challenges Can Take a Couple of Decades. Of the 930 individuals who have received a death sentence since 1978, 15 have been executed, 103 have died prior to being executed, 64 have had their sentences reduced by the courts, and 748 are in state prison with death sentences. The vast majority of the 748 condemned inmates are at various stages of the direct appeal or habeas corpus petition process. These legal challenges—measured from when the individual receives a death sentence to when the individual has completed all state and federal legal challenge proceedings—can take a couple of decades to complete in California due to various factors. For example, condemned inmates can spend significant amounts of time waiting for the California Supreme Court to appoint attorneys to represent them. As of April 2016, 49 individuals were waiting for attorneys to be appointed for their direct appeals and 360 individuals were waiting for attorneys to be appointed for their habeas corpus petitions. In addition, condemned inmates can spend a significant amount of time waiting for their cases to be heard by the courts. As of April 2016, an estimated 337 direct appeals and 263 state habeas corpus petitions were pending in the California Supreme Court.
Implementation of the Death Penalty
Housing of Condemned Inmates. Condemned male inmates generally are required to be housed at San Quentin State Prison (on death row), while condemned female inmates are housed at the Central California Women's Facility in Chowchilla. The state currently has various security regulations and procedures that result in increased security costs for these inmates. For example, inmates under a death sentence generally are handcuffed and escorted at all times by one or two officers while outside their cells. In addition, unlike most inmates, condemned inmates are currently required to be placed in separate cells.
Executions Currently Halted by Courts. The state uses lethal injection to execute condemned inmates. However, because of different legal issues surrounding the state's lethal injection procedures, executions have not taken place since 2006. For example, the courts ruled that the state did not follow the administrative procedures specified in the Administrative Procedures Act when it revised its execution regulations in 2010. These procedures require state agencies to engage in certain activities to provide the public with a meaningful opportunity to participate in the process of writing state regulations. Draft lethal injection regulations have been developed and are currently undergoing public review.
This measure seeks to shorten the time that the legal challenges to death sentences take. Specifically, it (1) requires that habeas corpus petitions first be heard in the trial courts, (2) places time limits on legal challenges to death sentences, (3) changes the process for appointing attorneys to represent condemned inmates, and (4) makes various other changes. (There is another measure on this ballot—Proposition 62—that also relates to the death penalty. Proposition 62 would eliminate the death penalty for first degree murder.)
Requires Habeas Corpus Petitions First Be Heard in Trial Courts
The measure requires that habeas corpus petitions first be heard in trial courts instead of the California Supreme Court. (Direct appeals would continue to be heard in the California Supreme Court.) Specifically, these habeas corpus petitions would be heard by the judge who handled the original murder trial unless good cause is shown for another judge or court to hear the petition. The measure requires trial courts to explain in writing their decision on each petition, which could be appealed to the Courts of Appeal. The decisions made by the Courts of Appeal could then be appealed to the California Supreme Court. The measure allows the California Supreme Court to transfer any habeas corpus petitions currently pending before it to the trial courts.
Places Time Limits on Legal Challenges to Death Sentences
Requires Completion of Direct Appeal and Habeas Corpus Petition Process Within Five Years. The measure requires that the direct appeal and the habeas corpus petition process be completed within five years of the death sentence. The measure also requires the Judicial Council to revise its rules to help ensure that direct appeals and habeas corpus petitions are completed within this time frame. The five-year requirement would apply to new legal challenges, as well as those currently pending in court. For challenges currently pending, the measure requires that they be completed within five years from when Judicial Council adopts revised rules. If the process takes more than five years, victims or their attorneys could request a court order to address the delay.
Requires Filing of Habeas Corpus Petitions Within One Year of Attorney Appointment. The measure requires that attorneys appointed to represent condemned inmates in habeas corpus petitions file the petition with the trial courts within one year of their appointment. The trial court generally would then have one year to make a decision on the petition. If a petition is not filed within this time period, the trial court must dismiss the petition unless it determines that the defendant is likely either innocent or not eligible for the death sentence.
Places Other Limitations. In order to help meet the above time frames, the measure places other limits on legal challenges to death sentences. For example, the measure does not allow additional habeas corpus petitions to be filed after the first petition is filed, except in those cases where the court finds that the defendant is likely either innocent or not eligible for the death sentence.
Changes Process for Appointing Attorneys
The measure requires the Judicial Council and the California Supreme Court to consider changing the qualifications that attorneys representing condemned inmates must meet. According to the measure, these qualifications should (1) ensure competent representation and (2) expand the number of attorneys that can represent condemned inmates so that legal challenges to death sentences are heard in a timely manner. The measure also requires trial courts—rather than the California Supreme Court—to appoint attorneys for habeas corpus petitions.
In addition, the measure changes how attorneys are appointed for direct appeals under certain circumstances. Currently, the California Supreme Court appoints attorneys from a list of qualified attorneys it maintains. Under the measure, certain attorneys could also be appointed from the lists of attorneys maintained by the Courts of Appeal for non-death penalty cases. Specifically, those attorneys who (1) are qualified for appointment to the most serious non-death penalty appeals and (2) meet the qualifications adopted by the Judicial Council for appointment to death penalty cases would be required to accept appointment to direct appeals if they want to remain on the Courts of Appeal's appointment lists.
Makes Other Changes
Habeas Corpus Resources Center Operations. The measure eliminates the Habeas Corpus Resources Center's five-member board of directors and requires the California Supreme Court to oversee the center. The measure also requires that the center's attorneys be paid at the same level as attorneys at the Office of the State Public Defender, as well as limits its legal activities.
Inmate Work and Payments to Victims of Crime Requirements. Current state law generally requires that inmates work while they are in prison. State prison regulations allow for some exceptions to these requirements, such as for inmates who pose too great a security risk to participate in work programs. In addition, inmates may be required by the courts to make payments to victims of crime. Up to 50 percent of any money inmates receive is used to pay these debts. This measure specifies that every person under a sentence of death must work while in state prison, subject to state regulations. Because the measure does not change state regulations, existing prison practices related to inmate work requirements would not necessarily be changed. In addition, the measure requires that 70 percent of any money condemned inmates receive be used to pay any debts owed to victims.
Enforcement of Death Sentence. The measure allows the state to house condemned inmates in any prison. The measure also exempts the state's execution procedures from the Administrative Procedures Act. In addition, the measure makes various changes regarding the method of execution used by the state. For example, legal challenges to the method could only be heard in the court that imposed the death sentence. In addition, if such challenges were successful, the measure requires the trial court to order a valid method of execution. In cases where federal court orders prevent the state from using a given method of execution, the state prisons would be required to develop a method of execution that meets federal requirements within 90 days. Finally, the measure exempts various health care professionals that assist with executions from certain state laws and disciplinary actions by licensing agencies, if those actions are imposed as a result of assisting with executions.
State Court Costs
Impact on Cost Per Legal Challenge Uncertain. The fiscal impact of the measure on state court-related costs of each legal challenge to a death sentence is uncertain. This is because the actual cost could vary significantly depending on four key factors: (1) the complexity of the legal challenges filed, (2) how state courts address existing and new legal challenges, (3) the availability of attorneys to represent condemned inmates, and (4) whether additional attorneys will be needed to process each legal challenge.
On the one hand, the measure could reduce the cost of each legal challenge. For example, the requirement that each challenge generally be completed in five years, as well as the limits on the number of habeas corpus petitions that can be filed, could result in the filing of fewer, shorter legal documents. Such a change could result in each legal challenge taking less time and state resources to process.
On the other hand, some of the measure's provisions could increase state costs for each legal challenge. For example, the additional layers of review required for a habeas corpus petition could result in additional time and resources for the courts to process each legal challenge. In addition, there could be additional attorney costs if the state determines that a new attorney must be appointed when a habeas corpus petition ruling by the trial courts is appealed to the Courts of Appeal.
In view of the above, the ongoing annual fiscal impact of the measure on state costs related to legal challenges to death sentences is unknown.
Near-Term Annual Cost Increases From Accelerated Spending on Existing Cases. Regardless of how the measure affects the cost of each legal challenge, the measure would accelerate the amount the state spends on legal challenges to death sentences. This is because the state would incur annual cost increases in the near term to process hundreds of pending legal challenges within the time limits specified in the measure. The state would save similar amounts in future years as some or all of these costs would have otherwise occurred over a much longer term absent this measure. Given the significant number of pending cases that would need to be addressed, the actual amount and duration of these accelerated costs in the near term is unknown. It is possible, however, that such costs could be in the tens of millions of dollars annually for many years.
State Prisons
To the extent that the state changes the way it houses condemned inmates, the measure could result in state prison savings. For example, if male inmates were transferred to other prisons instead of being housed in single cells at San Quentin, it could reduce the cost of housing and supervising these inmates. In addition, to the extent the measure resulted in additional executions that reduced the number of condemned inmates, the state would also experience additional savings. In total, such savings could potentially reach the tens of millions of dollars annually.
Other Fiscal Effects
To the extent that the changes in this measure have an effect on the incidence of murder in California or how often prosecutors seek the death penalty in murder trials, the measure could affect state and local government expenditures. The resulting fiscal impact, if any, is unknown and cannot be estimated.
YES vote means
Court procedures for legal challenges to death sentences would be subject to various changes, such as time limits on those challenges and revised rules to increase the number of available attorneys for those challenges. Condemned inmates could be housed at any state prison.
NO vote means
There would be no changes to the state's current court procedures for legal challenges to death sentences. The state would still be limited to housing condemned inmates only at certain state prisons.
Arguments FOR
California's elected law enforcement leaders, police officers, frontline prosecutors, and the families of murder victims ask you to REFORM the California death penalty system by voting YES ON PROPOSITION 66!
We agree California's current death penalty system is broken. The most heinous criminals sit on death row for 30 years, with endless appeals delaying justice and costing taxpayers hundreds of millions.
It does not need to be this way.
The solution is to MEND, NOT END, California's death penalty.
The solution is YES on PROPOSITION 66.
Proposition 66 was written to speed up the death penalty appeals system while ensuring that no innocent person is ever executed.
Proposition 66 means the worst of the worst killers receive the strongest sentence.
Prop. 66 brings closure to the families of victims.
Proposition 66 protects public safety—these brutal killers have no chance of ever being in society again. Prop. 66 saves taxpayers money, because heinous criminals will no longer be sitting on death row at taxpayer expense for 30+ years.
Proposition 66 was written by frontline death penalty prosecutors who know the system inside and out. They know how the system is broken, and they know how to fix it. It may sound complicated, but the reforms are actually quite simple.
HERE'S WHAT PROPOSITION 66 DOES:1. All state appeals should be limited to 5 years. 2. Every murderer sentenced to death will have their special appeals lawyer assigned immediately. Currently, it can be five years or more before they are even assigned a lawyer. 3. The pool of available lawyers to handle these appeals will be expanded. 4. The trial courts who handled the death penalty trials and know them best will deal with the initial appeals. 5. The State Supreme Court will be empowered to oversee the system and ensure appeals are expedited while protecting the rights of the accused. 6. The State Corrections Department (Prisons) will reform death row housing; taking away special privileges from these brutal killers and saving millions.
Together, these reforms will save California taxpayers over $30,000,000 annually, according to former California Finance Director Mike Genest, while making our death penalty system work again.
Death sentences are issued rarely and judiciously, and only against the very worst murderers.
To be eligible for the death penalty in California, you have to be guilty of first-degree murder with "special circumstances." These special circumstances include, in part:
- Murderers who raped/tortured their victims.
- Child killers.
- Multiple murderers/serial killers.
- Murders committed by terrorists; as part of a hate-crime; or killing a police officer.
There are nearly 2,000 murders in California annually. Only about 15 death penalty sentences are imposed. But when these horrible crimes occur, and a jury unanimously finds a criminal guilty and separately, unanimously recommends death, the appeals should be heard within five years, and the killer executed. Help us protect California, provide closure to victims, and save taxpayers millions.
Visit www.NoProp62YesProp66.com for more information.
Then join law enforcement and families of victims and vote YES ON PROPOSITION 66!
JACKIE LACEY, District Attorney of Los Angeles County
KERMIT ALEXANDER, Family Member of Multiple Homicide Victims
SHAWN WELCH, President
Contra Costa County Deputy Sheriffs Association
Arguments AGAINST
Prop. 66 WASTES TENS OF MILLIONS OF TAXPAYER DOLLARS.
Evidence shows MORE THAN 150 INNOCENT PEOPLE HAVE BEEN SENTENCED TO DEATH, and some have been executed because of poorly written laws like this one.
Prop. 66 is so confusing and poorly written that we don't know all of its consequences. We do know this: it will add more layers of government bureaucracy causing more delays, cost taxpayers money, and increase California's risk of executing an innocent person.
Experts agree: Prop. 66 is DEEPLY FLAWED. ** PROP. 66 COULD INCREASE TAXPAYER COSTS BY MILLIONS.
According to nonpartisan analysis, Prop. 66 could cost "tens of millions of dollars annually" with "unknown" costs beyond that. Read the LAO's report posted at www.No0nCAProp66.org/cost.
Experts say Prop. 66 will:
- INCREASE PRISON SPENDING while schools, social services, and other priorities suffer.
- INCREASE TAXPAYER-FUNDED legal defense for death row inmates, requiring the state to hire as many as 400 new taxpayer-funded attorneys.
- LEAD TO CONSTRUCTION of new TAXPAYER-FUNDED DEATH ROW facilities. This initiative authorizes the state to house death row inmates in new prisons, anywhere in California.
- Lead to EXPENSIVE LITIGATION by lawyers who will challenge a series of poorly written provisions.
"Prop. 66 is so flawed that it's impossible to know for sure all the hidden costs it will inflict on California taxpayers."— John Van de Kamp, former Attorney General of California.
Instead of making sure everyone gets a fair trial with all the evidence presented, this measure REMOVES IMPORTANT LEGAL SAFEGUARDS and could easily lead to fatal mistakes.
This measure is modeled after laws from states like Texas, where authorities have executed innocent people. People like Cameron Willingham and Carlos De Luna, both executed in Texas. Experts now say they were innocent.
Prop. 66 will:
- LIMIT the ability to present new evidence of innocence in court.
- LEAVE people who can't afford a good attorney vulnerable to mistakes.
- CLOG local courts by moving death penalty cases there, adding new layers of bureaucracy and placing high profile cases in the hands of inexperienced judges and attorneys. This would lead to costly mistakes.
"If someone's executed and later found innocent, we can't go back."—Judge LaDoris Cordell, Santa Clara (retired).
Prop. 66 is a misguided experiment that asks taxpayers to increase the costs of our justice and prison systems by MILLIONS to enact poorly-written reforms that would put California at risk.
SF Weekly stated, "Combing through the initiative's 16 pages is like looking through the first draft of an undergraduate paper. The wording is vague, unfocused and feels tossed off."
Instead of adding new layers of government bureaucracy and increasing costs, we deserve real reform of our justice system. Prop. 66 is not the answer.
"Instead of reckless, costly changes to our prison system, we need smart investments that are proven to reduce crime and serve victims."—Dionne Wilson, widow of police officer killed in the line of duty.
JEANNE WOODFORD, Warden
California's Death Row prison, 1999–2004
FRANCISCO CARRILLO JR., Innocent man wrongfully convicted in Los Angeles County
HON. ANTONIO R. VILLARAIGOSA, Mayor
City of Los Angeles, 2005–2013
Replies to Arguments FOR
Prop. 66 is a poorly-written and COSTLY EXPERIMENT that would INCREASE CALIFORNIA'S RISK OF EXECUTING AN INNOCENT PERSON, add new layers of government bureaucracy and create even more legal delays in death penalty cases.
**Read the measure for yourself: According to the state's nonpartisan Legislative Analyst's Office, this measure could cost taxpayers TENS of MILLIONS of DOLLARS.
Prop. 66 is not real reform. Here's what EXPERTS SAY Prop. 66 WOULD ACTUALLY DO:
- INCREASE the chance that California executes an innocent person
- INCREASE TAXPAYER FUNDED legal defense for death row inmates
- REQUIRE the state to hire and pay for hundreds of new lawyers
- LEAD TO CONSTRUCTION of new TAXPAYER FUNDED DEATH ROW facilities
- CLOG county courts, forcing death penalty cases on inexperienced judges Lead to EXPENSIVE LITIGATION by lawyers who will challenge a series of confusing provisions
Prop. 66 is a perfect example of SPECIAL INTEREST GROUPS abusing their power and pushing an agenda while claiming to seek reform. Look who's behind Prop. 66: the prison guards' union which has an interest in funneling more money into the prison system and opportunistic politicians using the initiative to advance their careers.
Experts agree: Prop. 66 is a POORLY WRITTEN, CONFUSING initiative that will only add MORE DELAY and MORE COSTS to California's death penalty.
Remember, MORE THAN 150 INNOCENT PEOPLE HAVE BEEN SENTENCED TO DEATH, and some have been executed because of poorly written laws like this.
Californians deserve real reform. Prop. 66 is not the answer. www.NOonCAProp66.org
GIL GARCETTI, District Attorney
Los Angeles County, 1992–2000
JUDGE LADORIS CORDELL, (Retired)
Santa Clara County Superior Court
HELEN HUTCHISON, President
League of Women Voters of California
Replies to Arguments AGAINST
Proposition 66 was carefully written by California's leading criminal prosecutors, the Criminal Justice Legal Foundation and other top legal experts—people who know from experience what's needed to MEND, NOT END our state's broken death penalty system.
The anti-death penalty extremists opposing Proposition 66 know it fixes the system, and will say anything to defeat it.
Don't be fooled.
Proposition 66 reforms the death penalty so the system is fair to both defendants and the families of victims. Defendants now wait five years just to be assigned a lawyer, delaying justice, hurting their appeals, and preventing closure for the victims' families. Proposition 66 fixes this by streamlining the process to ensure justice for all.
Under the current system, California's most brutal killers— serial killers, mass murderers, child killers, and murderers who rape and torture their victims—linger on death row until they die of old age, with taxpayers paying for their meals, healthcare, privileges and endless legal appeals.
By reforming the system, Proposition 66 will save taxpayers over $30 million a year, according to former California Finance Director Mike Genest.Instead of dragging on for decades and costing millions, death row killers will have five to ten years to have their appeals heard, ample time to ensure justice is evenly applied while guaranteeing that no innocent person is wrongly executed.
Ensure justice by voting "YES" on Proposition 66—to MEND, NOT END the death penalty.
Learn more at www.NoProp62YesProp66.com.
ANNE MARIE SCHUBERT, District Attorney of Sacramento County
SANDY FRIEND, Mother of Murder Victim
CHUCK ALEXANDER, President
California Correctional Peace Officers Association
Unless you've experienced it yourself, it must be hard to imagine the horror and grief of having a loved one brutally murdered. Understandably, victims' families want justice for their loss. And to many crime victims, that means a death sentence and execution for the person convicted of the murder. But that rarely happens in California.
Since voters here reinstated capital punishment in 1978, just 13 death row inmates have been executed.
It's been more than 10 years since the last execution. In 2006, a federal judge suspended capital punishment over concern about California's lethal injection process. The state has been very slow to develop a new single-drug method of execution.
Supporters of Proposition 66 say we should "mend, not end California's death penalty." They argue that legal appeals required by law are much slower than they need to be. Their measure would shorten the appeals process in several ways.
First, it would place time limits on legal appeals that now drag on for 20 years or more. It also would require the courts to more quickly appoint defense attorneys for indigent inmates. Appointing an attorney currently takes up to five years. That's partly because few lawyers want to take on death penalty appeals: They're time-consuming and, unless the client is wealthy, they don't pay well.
Prop. 66 would require qualified attorneys to take up death penalty appeals whether they want to or not. That would surely be challenged. It's also unclear how that part of Prop. 66 would be enforced.
The measure would also allow death row inmates to be kept at any state prison. Currently, all male inmates are housed in segregated single cells at San Quentin State Prison. Prop. 66 proponents say that level of security costs too much money and isn't necessary.
Finance analysts say that if Prop. 66 passes, it could cost more money for some things like faster appeals, but also save money on state prisons. Financially, they say, it would be about a wash.
Proponents say the measure would give crime victims the justice they deserve much more quickly. Opponents of Prop. 66 say speeding up appeals increases the risk of executing an innocent person (supporters deny this). They also say capital punishment is inherently wrong and can't be fixed.
With two death penalty propositions on the ballot (Proposition 62 is the other), voters will ultimately decide between "mending or ending" California's death penalty this November.
Yes on Prop. 66
No on Prop. 66
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On your actual ballot, you can vote 'yes' or 'no' on this measure.


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Not to be outdone by their rivals in Houston, who sort of sang the Dreidel Song, the Dallas Mavericks got together to sort of sing a "Sleigh Ride" karaoke. It's pretty good, especially, Chris Kaman, who is funnier than he looks. Rick Carlisle, too, and O.J Mayo, who only makes sound effects. Now all that's left is for the Spurs to sort of fast for the month of Ramadan—seems like they'd be into that—and the NBA Texas carousel of religious celebration will be complete.
PREVIOUSLY: The Houston Rockets Singing "The Dreidel Song" Is Simply Fantastic


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If they can do it, we can do it better
(843) 662-0051 |
This is not an offer for credit and should be used for estimation purposes only based on the information you provided. You should not base your decision on this estimate alone. Title, registration, tax and other fees, and personal circumstances such as employment status and personal credit history, were not considered in the calculations.
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Rear: Link type, oil damped, coil spring


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Indicative Rate * AU$27 to AU$88
Childers Ecolodge offers unique affordable accommodation in a country setting, with beautiful bushwalks, birdlife, farm animals, campfire, and wildlife on-site.
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Note: Information on listed products and services are provided by the operator and were correct at the time of publishing. Rates are indicative based on the minimum and maximum available prices of products and services. Please visit the operator's website for further information. All prices quoted are in Australian dollars (AUD).