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Stratfor, a private U.S. intelligence company with high-power clients around the globe, disclosed that Sen. John McCain was aware of significant voter fraud during the 2008 presidential campaign.
Despite having had evidence that the Democrats had allegedly stuffed ballot boxes in Ohio and Pennsylvania on election night, McCain chose not to pursue charges against the Obama campaign. In essence, he handed the presidency to his opponent without putting up a fight.
McCain's behavior seems in stark contrast to his impressive record of heroism as a Naval aviator. Shot down over enemy territory during the Vietnam conflict, he was held captive in Hoa Lo prison for five years and endured regular beatings. McCain beat the odds. He survived the torture without the obvious psychological damage incurred by many similarly traumatized veterans. He appears to have had, by apparent objective evidence, a successful life.
His timidity during the 2008 presidential campaign, his obvious lack of judgment in the choice of Sarah Palin as a running mate, and his flawed campaign strategy seem to be a striking paradox in a man trained in professional warfare. Is there some way to understand such contradictions?
Gentlemen eschew un-gentlemanly behavior, insisting on playing by the Marquess of Queensberry Rules even as their opponents defeat them in bloody fights. Unlike blue-collar families, the affluent send their sons to private schools where they are educated not to be rowdy hooligans. Instead of being encouraged to defend themselves in a street fight, they are admonished against lowering themselves by such undignified behavior.
Is it really better to be knifed or gunned down and die a gentleman? The country club GOP crowd seems to think it is!
In this culture, self-defense is viewed as a character flaw, not survival protocol. Instead of a virile young warrior, the Republican inner circle elite anoint a 71-year-old, tired man as a candidate. They do it twice — Sen. Bob Dole was first — for good measure. As a consequence, two presidential elections are lost before the first vote is even cast!
Why choose obvious losers? Even if McCain had been much younger, he would have been a poor choice.
His congressional and academic records were undistinguished. He always seeks to oppose or compromise, not stand and fight.
How do we make sense out of McCain's steadfast refusal to take up arms and challenge Obama's 20-year apprenticeship at Jeremiah Wright's church, his close friendships with radical activist Bill Ayers, or the still smoldering questions about the matter of his eligibility for the presidency itself? McCain refused to address these issues and fired a senior adviser who did.
How do we explain the choice of a loser and the chosen one's losing choice? An esteemed colleague aptly described it as self-sacrifice.
It is a Christian virtue immortalized in the martyrdom of Jesus Christ himself, of many Catholic saints as well as saintly souls like Joan of Arc and untold numbers of missionaries in god-forsaken parts of the globe. It is exemplified in such homilies as it is better to give than to receive. A 4-year-old would instantly spot the weakness in the argument and be wise to ask, "Who says?" Amen to that!
It is not only unwise to keep giving and giving, it is fatal, as we are witnessing in our own culture. We have been raised to be nice, kind, charitable and unselfish.
Our Judeo-Christian faiths instruct us to tithe and instill guilt if we do not. The question of the personal cost to our families is moot. Whether we can afford such largesse is often irrelevant. We tithe to avoid the sometimes public shame we would feel if we refused.
It is said that the neurosis of the leader or founder becomes part of his institution or religion. Christ's martyrdom is the ultimate self-sacrifice. By his act, psychological victimhood has been institutionalized as well as glorified in Christianity.
Would it not have been better if Christ smote Judas before he committed the act of betrayal? The history of Western civilization would have been very different if he had.
There is no virtue in picking losers and getting defeated, in allowing our country to be invaded and parasitized, in allowing our values and institutions to be destroyed and in giving away everything we fought and died to build and create for the past 250 years. Our beloved America is very much a Christian country, despite Obama's pronouncement that it is not.
We have, therefore, inherent in our national psychology the fatal flaw in the New Testament of turning the other cheek. We are witnessing self-sacrifice on a national scale that needs to be reversed, lest it prove as fatal to us as to our Lord and savior.
Let us pray history does not repeat itself. We cannot afford it.
R. Claire Friend
Newport Beach
Thank you, Newport and Laguna
Those of us at Women of the Wells would like to thank all who participated in the Hidden Treasure Sale we had with Soroptimist International of Laguna Beach on March 31. Many came from Newport Beach and Laguna Beach.
Your combined efforts of donating great items for the sale brought in enough for four wells. Plus, five of you donated whole wells, which were $1,800 each. To date, we have ordered nine bore wells, and are expecting funds for two more from the consignment shops carrying our unsold items. While the focus of this event was India, two donors are building wells in Africa.
This means that the residents of nine villages without access to clean water will be drinking crystal-clear water for generations. The women and female children will no longer have to take the long trek to a parasite-infested water source several times a day for water that is slowly killing them. They will no longer be at risk of attack by wild animals, scorpions, snakes and criminals.
In these villages, the high infant mortality rate due to waterborne diseases will stop. Life will no longer be a daily struggle for survival. Their water source will not diminish or dry up during the dry season because, when the well builders reach the water table, they will keep drilling well into it. These villages will now prosper in all ways.
In closing, I would also like to thank No Square Theatre in Laguna Beach for letting us use their facility for our sale, as well as the Soroptimists from other cities and other volunteers with a heart for the effort.
Georgiana Willis
Newport Beach
Editor's note: The writer is chairwoman of Women of the Wells.
Health care plan's effect on California
If, as several experts anticipate, the Supreme Court strikes down some or all of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA), California will find itself in the untenable position of having promised services it cannot possibly provide without federal funding.
California policymakers, in a rush to lead the nation in implementation of the federal law, have given little attention as to how California will address issues like funding should the PPACA fail to pass the Constitutional sniff test.
The California Health Benefit Exchange is a case in point. Created in 2010, the Exchange will operate under the assumption that massive federal subsidies will be available to accommodate the needs of low- and middle-income earners needing assistance to afford the health coverage offered through the Exchange.
Based on their public comments, it is my belief the Democratic leadership has every intention of fully implementing any legislation concerning the PPACA, regardless of the U.S. Supreme Court's decision.
As vice chairman of the Senate Health Committee, I have heard hours of testimony on legislation seeking to implement some facet of the PPACA. These measures are irresponsibly moved forward, often in the absence of definitive federal guidance, and without any plan to unwind the implementation that has taken place thus far, should the court reject the PPACA.
For example, we recently heard a bill dealing with Medi-Cal eligibility for former foster youth. The measure was amended to include language stating that it "is the intent of the Legislature to ensure full implementation of the Affordable Care Act so that millions of uninsured Californians can receive health insurance coverage and those that have already obtained coverage under its provisions can keep that coverage.
"It is further the intent of the Legislature to enact into state law any provision of the Affordable Care Act that may be struck down by the United States Supreme Court and that is necessary to ensure all Californians receive the full promise of the act."
Some California legislators have long attempted to move the state in the direction of single-payer health care and expanded mandates for coverage of services — an effort that has been largely resisted until now because of the high price tag. Leveraging the PPACA as cover to expand state-run health care — as does another Democratic-authored bill that would allow the insurance commissioner to approve the creation of government-subsidized health plans to compete against private plans and insurers — the Legislature is moving forward on programs we frankly can't afford on our own.
Once the PPACA is struck down or cut back, it appears the Legislature will continue on this path, with or without funding, and, more importantly, with no plan for this state — in perpetual budget crisis — to fund these programs.
While I am convinced that my colleagues' hearts are in the right place, moving ahead with programs we can't afford is the wrong course of action — especially with something as important as health care. I believe the Legislature should slow down and proceed more cautiously on PPACA implementation.
Accordingly, I have introduced legislation that would give the Exchange 90 days to submit a plan to the Legislature documenting how it is going to continue operating if the PPACA is struck down by the Supreme Court, or is otherwise changed. In essence, the Exchange will have 90 days to share with the Legislature its "Plan B" — including alternate sources of financing — or implementation of the Exchange grinds to a halt. Additionally, my bill will prohibit state funds from being used to replace federal dollars dedicated to Exchange operations or related functions.
The majority party's rush to implement the PPACA has put California on a potential collision course where no one wins, not the medical community, the people in need of health care nor the taxpayers. Let's get back on the rails.
Costa Mesa
Editor's note: The writer is a Republican member of the state Senate representing the 35th District.
A rare win for homeowners
By now, most people are aware that Gov. Jerry Brown is trying to raise taxes by billions of dollars in November. But did you know that the Franchise Tax Board (FTB), the entity responsible for administering state tax programs, has been moving forward with a plan to raise taxes on property owners simply by amending a tax form?
Recently, it was revealed that the FTB is in the process of launching an "education campaign," which includes amending tax forms to eliminate the tax deduction of the majority of "Mello-Roos" fees. Mello-Roos fees are local benefit taxes which have been used by communities as a way to fund projects without using traditional property taxes, which are limited by Proposition 13.
The FTB's effort will eliminate property owners' ability to deduct local benefit taxes for maintenance, interest or repairs — a common use of Mello-Roos fees — from their county tax bill. This would result in an estimated $12 million taken from Orange County taxpayers alone and $140 million statewide.
This action by the FTB is outrageous and has to be stopped. Even the Internal Revenue Service disagrees. The IRS sent FTB a letter stating that the FTB's position was not supported by statute.
That's why I introduced Assembly Bill 1552.
A.B. 1552 prohibits the FTB from going forward with its plan to raise taxes on homeowners. It codifies that all Mello-Roos fees are tax-deductible.
A.B. 1552 has received broad support from taxpayer advocates and property owners. These groups question the wisdom of the FTB raising taxes in a time when Californians are hurting financially. Clearly, this policy is little more than a creative way to bring more money to Sacramento.
Due to the pressure put on it by A.B. 1552 and its supporters, the FTB has announced it has decided to reverse its position and drop its campaign to increase taxes on Californians.
I applaud the FTB's decision to reconsider. California citizens are some of the highest taxed in the nation, and California is repeatedly called by executives as the worst state in the U.S. in which to do business. The last thing taxpayers need is for government to take even more out of their paychecks.
Stopping the FTB in its tracks was a rare win for California taxpayers. Since my goal has been accomplished without needing to go forward with legislation, I will have A.B. 1552 on hold until further notice. However, I will continue to keep my eyes on this issue. Protecting Californians from unnecessary taxes is my top priority.
Huntington Beach
Editor's note: The writer is a Republican member of the state Assembly representing the 67th District.


text:
Add card image
Creature Swap:
Each player selects 1 monster they control and switches control of those monsters with each other. Those monsters cannot change their battle positions for the rest of this turn.
SP = Short Print (Common);
SSP = Super Short Print (Common);
DNPR = Duel Terminal Normal Parallel Rare;
DRPR = Duel Terminal Rare Parallel Rare;
DSPR = Duel Terminal Super Parallel Rare;
DUPR = Duel Terminal Ultra Parallel Rare;
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
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text:
NOVELTY glasses, cardboard cut-outs and a rather convincing look-a-like were just some of the highlights of Sir Elton John's performance at Leigh Sports Village.
The 17,000-strong sell-out crowd threw themselves into the event with one couple even sewing Elton and John on the backs of their t-shirts in bright pink sequins.
The people of Leigh came with their dancing shoes at the ready as the 67-year-old superstar played for two-and-a-half hours, performing songs from his new album The Diving Board as well as classics such as Tiny Dancer, Rocket Man and Bennie and the Jets.
LSV chief executive Simon Toon said: "We've been overwhelmed by the reactions we've had from people. It really felt like it was an event for the people of Leigh and they got behind it in their thousands and had a great time.
"The feedback we've received has been fantastic - even if people didn't actually come to the concert they participated with street parties, which all added to the buzz around the town. Local businesses all benefited too, which was great.
Elton John Leigh Crocodile Rock https://t.co/sl3mxWmeFv— Elton John (@eltonjohncom) June 22, 2014
"Best of all, a number of people said the Elton John concert made them proud to be from Leigh.
"Personally, it was a fantastic event and I won't forget the audience's reaction to Crocodile Rock for a long time. It was great to hear Elton say how much he was enjoying playing in Leigh.
"I'm so proud of our staff who worked so hard to make it such a success and I'd also like to thank Leigh Harriers for being so accommodating with their facilities and Leigh Centurions for being so flexible and supportive.
"I'm sure the sell-out success of this show, which gave us national press and television coverage, will mean plenty of other promoters will be thinking that Leigh Sports Village is the perfect stage for wonderful events such as this."
Fans took to social media to express their delight at the atmosphere and compliment Leigh Sports Village for the way the evening had been organised.
Emily Catherall said: "Incredibly well organised and the most friendly and relaxed concert I've been to, what an evening!"
Martin Thornley added: "Well done Leigh Sports Village, it was incredibly well organised. Hopefully this is the first of many big concerts right on my doorstep."
Denise Banks said: "An absolute credit to LSV and Leigh town. Fantastic atmosphere. I think we will all remember 'the day Elton John came to Leigh' for a long time."
Lisa Mullin commented: "It was a brilliant night my daughter and I were up all night dancing away. What great atmosphere."
For more picture click here leighjournal.co.uk/pictures/sir_elton_john/. Do you recognise yourself or a friend in any of out pictures? Email email@example.com and tell us who they are.


text: hunold at linuxtv.org wrote: > Hello thomas, > please forgive me, this is a webmail client. > thomas schorpp writes: > >> Michael Hunold wrote: > > >> this is a known issue with the analogtuner part of siemens dvb-c, ive >> stated that in my mail with my patch, the tuner code is buggy and may >> oops with tvtime or kdetv, cause of their driver access/capture >> behaviour. > > > Even when the application uses the API in a very "creative" way, it > should never result in an oops. Something is not correctly handled or > initialized, probably in my saa7146 vbi code. > >>> This is about VBI capture on the *analog* parts of a DVB-C card, ie. on >>> the analog cable channels that can be viewed through the saa711x on the >>> saa7146 input channel b. >>> What is the current status anyway? Did somebody ever got this to work? >> >> >> yes, see list archives and attachment. CVBS imput and tuning is >> working here fine with xawtv since i created the patch. >> the patch was created to be able to use the saa7113 input from the >> analog card extension board, i suggested to plug in an old VHS or >> other as tuner, since the tda9819 analog part of the siemens card is >> low analogtv-demodulation quality anyway... > > > I know that tuning and using the cvbs input works, but I'm particularly > interested if VBI capturing ever worked. > So: did anybody use VBI capturing on the analog input of a DVB-C card yet? > >>> If not, then the easiest "fix" is to remove V4L2_CAP_VBI_CAPTURE from >>> struct saa7146_ext_vv av7110_vv_data_c in av7110_v4l.c >> >> >> objection, thats no solution so far. > > > I did not mean to remove support for analog tv completely, just for the > vbi capturing parts. > I tried to get it to work in 2004, but gave up when I realised that the > saa7113 and the saa7146 probably don't play together. IIRC it was not > possible that the BRS of the saa7146 correctly syncronizes to the > saa7113 output. > If nobody has tried to get it to run since then, then I vote for doing > the "fix" I described in the other mail. > Best regards > Michael Hunold. > > ah ok. thats another thing. capture to file using xawtv with streamer has worked, if its that what You mean... but I've got no more old VHS movies to sample... I vote for OOPS removal too ;) y tom


text: Judge Richard Posner of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit will deliver a lecture on the history of the theory of judicial self-restraint as articulated primarily by Thayer, Holmes, Brandeis, Frankfurter, and Bickel (the "Thayerians"). He will discuss and evaluate the various grounds on which the theory (or tradition) has been defended, describe its virtual abandonment by the academy and rejection by both wings of the U.S. Supreme Court, and examine the reasons for its rise and fall. Commentators: Lee Epstein, the Henry Wade Rogers Professor of Law at Northwestern University School of Law, and Aziz Huq, Assistant Professor of Law at the University of Chicago School of Law School The Brennan Center Jorde Symposium, an annual event, was created in 1996 to sponsor top scholarly discourse and writing from a variety of perspectives on issues that were central to the legacy of William J. Brennan, Jr. The fall lecture is typically held at the University of California at Berkeley, Boalt Hall, where Tom Jorde taught for many years. The spring lecture is at a different law school every year. Both lectures and the four commentaries are published annually in the California Law Review. For more information, visit http://www.brennancenter.org/content/pages/2010-11_brennan_center_jorde_symposium_part_ii


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The island of Key West is known around the world for its rich cultural diversity. This is perhaps most clearly evidenced by the incredible variety of restaurants that may be found in the southernmost city.
We are pleased to introduce The Menu Guide magazine. It is the perfect tool to help you decide where to go for great food, or who you should call to have some delivered! Arranged in an easy-to-use format, The Menu Guide is divided into categories which make it simple to locate the kind of food, ambiance and even the specific dish you are looking for.
Have a great meal!


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Dear Son:
One of the things you'll learn pretty early is that Daddy likes his whiskey. (Mommy's a fan, too, but while you're still incubating, she's abstaining.) One of Daddy's favorite families of whiskey is the group of bourbons and ryes made by the Wild Turkey group (although please steer clear of the 80º, k thx bye). Aside from that, I like everything else they make, so it's safe to say, when you're finally of age to buy booze, you won't go wrong buying me some Wild Turkey for Father's Day.
If you were around this year, and not simply still a wee fetus floating in an amniotic sac, you could do the world a favor and not just your old man.
Wild Turkey has an older brother called Russell's Reserve, a small-batched, ten-year-old bourbon distilled by father-son team Jimmy and Eddie Russell. Russell's Reserve is a damn good bourbon, but that's not what does the world a favor.
Well, actually, it's part of what does the world a favor, because the world needs all the damn good bourbon it can get. But there's something more important that Jimmy and Eddie Russell are doing. During the month of June, for every bottle of Russell's Reserve sold, they'll make a donation to a nonprofit group called Operation Once in a Lifetime, to help provide flights home for members of our Armed Forces.
Now that, you little monster, is a damn good reason to buy anyone's Daddy (or Mommy) a bottle of Russell's Reserve. Well, that and the fact that it's damn good bourbon.
Disclaimer: I received a sample bottle of Russell's Reserve, but don't let that bug you. I'll be buying a bottle or two of my own this June to help the cause. (I also plan to rerun this post, or a similar version without the cutesy baby stuff, later in June to remind people.)


text:
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text:
Billo - One TIme (Falling Off Into 1st Hosted By The Aphilliates) [User Submitted]
"New video from Billo off his new album/mixtape titled "Falling Off Into 1st" hosted by The Aphilliates. Available now on Datpiff.com (search: Billo). Youtube.com/billoblanco, Facebook.com/billo777, twitter@Billo4Life, "
Please click the "Report" button below if the video on this page is not working properly.
Comments will only be displayed by verified emails. No Spamming or Racism.


text:
New Silver IITM Garage Cabinets
Stunning is one way that describes this masterpiece. The Silver II™ Garage System comes in Black Melamine with Brushed Aluminum Deco Door and Drawer fronts. Always included with Silver II™ are stylish Bar Pull Handles, Ball Bearing Slides and matching Black Drawer Boxes. Featuring an Extra-Wide Workbench with Black Microdot HPL Formica® Countertop and designwall™, this system also offers a thick 1 1/8" Top Shelf for additional storage space above the cabinets. Traxtile™ Flooring in Silver and Grey with Black Accent makes this more than just a garage.


text:
Express. Home of the Daily and Sunday Express.
Britton has no room for sentiment
Leon Britton insists Swansea will not allow sentiment to get in the way when they face former boss Roberto Martinez's relegation-threatened Wigan on Tuesday night.
Wigan, who have Saturday's FA Cup final against Manchester City to look forward to, sit in the relegation zone with just three Barclays Premier League games remaining. But victory over the Swans will move the Latics out of the drop zone as Martinez plots another remarkable escape.
"We have good links with Wigan, not just with the manager but also the assistant manager (Graeme Jones), the physio, the coaches and Jordi Gomez," Britton said. "There are a lot of people there with links to Swansea so it would be strange if we went up there and got a result that dented their survival hopes. But we have to go and try to get a win so we will concentrate on doing that."
Britton did, however, pay tribute to the resilience shown by the Latics following their good sequence of results, which, similar to their late-season run of a year ago, has given them a chance of retaining their top-flight status.
"With 10 games left of the season it looked like they were going down, but they have gone on this amazing run of form and picked up some great results," said Britton.
"They have done it the last two or three seasons. I don't know what it is - I'm sure they would rather go on a run at the start of the season instead of leaving it to the last 10 games but I suppose as long as they are safe after 38 games they won't mind how they do it."
Despite recent results, Swans boss Michael Laudrup believes just one more win would be enough to ensure his side finish in the top 10.
But the Dane, who will be without leading scorer Michu due to a hamstring injury, knows just how difficult it will be to get the three points with Wigan scrapping for their lives.
He said: "They will have been looking at the fixtures knowing they have two games left at home and they have Arsenal away.
"They know getting something out of the Arsenal game will be difficult. Roberto Martinez is like every manager, he will be looking at the numbers and he will want six points from their two home games and hope it is enough. They will come at us with everything they have."


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Thousands of college students (and their parents) who are not fortunate enough to have sufficient savings to pay for college must apply for student loans each year. Statistics show that about two-thirds of all college graduates entered the working world with some level of student loan debt in 2007-2008. Of course, some are eligible for much more aid than others, but there are certain things that you need to know before you start filling out your loan applications. The following is a list of key facts that should be clearly understood before the application process.
1. Know what type of loan you're applying for. In many cases, students can qualify for more than one type of loan. It is therefore important to know at least the major characteristics of each type of loan that you apply for. PLUS loans, Stafford Loans and Perkins loans each have unique rules and features. Knowing which type of debt you are eligible for can streamline and simplify the application process.
2. Know your credit score and get a copy of your credit report. As with any other type of debt, your credit score can affect the size and type of loan that you can receive. Make sure that all errors have been reported and corrected before presenting this to your financial aid officer. There are also some types of loans that do not examine your credit as a requirement for approval; those with poor credit should inquire as to which types of loans fall into this category.
3. Know your probable earning potential after you graduate. If you are majoring in English or one of the fine arts, the odds are high that you might not be able to find a steady job after graduation, or at least one that pays much. Do some research and find out what other graduates in your field are earning and how well they are able to manage their loan payments.
4. Know at least the approximate terms and amount of your loan payments. If you expect to start earning $30,000 a year when you graduate, a $500 a month loan payment may be pretty hard to swallow after all your other bills are paid. Some experts feel that the federal government has made it too easy to acquire student loan debt, and many graduates face an enormous struggle to pay off their loans on top of their credit cards and car payments.
5. Know your options if you are in the military. Students who have served or are serving in the armed forces have special loan options through the G.I. Bill and other programs. In most cases, these loans will provide better terms than other types of financial aid. Consult your Family Assistance Center for more information on what is available for you.
6. Know how much you are willing to borrow. Many students graduate with excessive amounts of student loan debt. Decide on a dollar amount that you are willing to take on and then find or create alternative sources of funding for the balance. Joining the military for a term and using your enlistment bonus and other forms of pay for college can drastically reduce the amount of money that you will need to borrow. Working part time during the school term and in the summer can also help to defray expenses--and it will look good on your résumé.
The Bottom Line
Knowing your goals, limits and situation will be the key to receiving the right type and amount of student loans. Those who plan ahead and know what to expect will start their careers on a much better footing than those who simply take loans because they are available.


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If you've been following our on-again, off-again LT1 C4 buildup, you'll recall that we recently treated the car to a full, headers-to-tips exhaust setup from Stainless Works. The parts--which included long-tube headers, a cross-pipe exhaust system, dual Random Technology cats, and a converter-back system with turbo-style mufflers--freed up a few horses and nudged the Vette slightly further along in its protracted evolution from milquetoast street cruiser into muscle-bound track weapon.
Still, we were never fully satisfied with the sound of the new system, which, despite its minimally restrictive nature, was only fractionally louder than stock. After considerable debate, we deduced that the construction of the SW mufflers--which shrinks from a 2.5-inch outside diameter to just 2.25 inches on the inside--was most likely to blame.
The most logical step would have been to replace the mufflers with a pair of 2.5-inch units, but quality Corvette mufflers can be pricey, and dropping another $500-plus on an already-modified exhaust system seemed like the kind of fix only a profligate could countenance. Then, while riffling through the latest Mid America Motorworks catalog, we happened across a potential solution.
In addition to a full range of mufflers and complete exhaust systems, Mid America offers an affordably priced "muffler eliminator" kit for '92-'96 models. The kit comprises a pair of straight-through pipes, polished tips, and complete installation hardware. (It's also available for '84-'91 Vettes, as well as in a chambered version for a slightly less aggressive sound.)
The tab is a mere $199.99--far less than you'll pay for a pair of decent performance mufflers, none of which can match the flow characteristics of an open section of pipe. The kit even shaves a few pounds from the rump of the car and--thanks to a choice of tip styles--looks great in the process. We were sold.
A quick email to the folks at Mid America, and the parts were on the way. Given the simplicity of the kit, we decided to install it here at the Source Interlink mothership, rather than farming the work out to a shop. An overview of the job follows, along with driving impressions and the results of our post-install dyno test.


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Explore our diverse array of eateries from casual to fine dining restaurants, diners, delis and more.
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Register for your FREE ACCOUNT and connect to customers in Greene County, NY.
Your FREE ACCOUNT connects you to thousands of customers in Greene County, NY. Our online shopping guide is visited daily by consumers ready to SHOP, DINE, and GET SERVICES from Local Businesses.


text:
By ,
Published January 13, 2015
A pair of competitive right-handers take center stage off the shores of McCovey Cove, as Matt Cain leads the San Francisco Giants against Stephen Strasburg of the Washington Nationals Tuesday at AT&T Park.
Cain has won his last three starts and barely got by the Colorado Rockies on the road Thursday in an 8-6 win. Cain allowed six runs and eight hits in 6 1/3 innings to run his record to 3-2 in nine starts, but raised his earned run average from 5.04 to 5.43. The burly righty, who hasn't lost since April 18 at Milwaukee, is 5-4 with a 3.17 ERA in 12 career starts against Washington.
San Francisco has won each of Cain's last four trips to the mound after losing his first five. Cain was 0-2 with a 6.59 ERA to kick off the campaign.
Strasburg, meanwhile, pitched a career-high eight innings his last time out in a 6-2 victory at San Diego on Thursday. He was 0-5 with a 3.61 earned run average in his last seven starts since winning on Opening Day, and held the Padres to two runs -- one earned -- and three hits.
The right-hander, who underwent Tommy John surgery a few years ago, is 2-5 with a 2.83 ERA in nine starts this season and has won both of his career starts against the Giants. Strasburg is just 1-2 in five road assignments.
Washington hopes Strasburg can pitch the club back into the win column after it dropped an 8-0 decision to the Giants in Monday's series opener. Zach Duke was roughed up for four runs and seven hits in 3 1/3 innings, while relievers Craig Stammen and Henry Rodriguez both gave up two runs.
Denard Span, Ryan Zimmerman and Duke provided the hits for the Nationals, who have lost three in a row and seven of 10 games.
"We were trying to do too much and not just go up there and swing the bat," Washington manager Davey Johnson admitted. "We'll be alright, tomorrow's another day but today was awful tough."
The Nationals fell to 3 1/2 games behind Atlanta for the NL East lead and are 3-5 on a 10-game western jaunt. Nats outfielder Bryce Harper was back in action after sitting two games to rest his left knee and finished 0-for-4.
"He's still got some swelling in there and he's receiving a little treatment," Johnson said Monday. "He was moving around a little bit better yesterday afternoon, acting like he wanted to go out there and hit something."
Meanwhile, Giants starter Ryan Vogelsong got his act together by tossing five shutout innings for the win and relief pitchers Javier Lopez, Jean Machi, Santiago Casilla and Jeremy Affeldt combined for four shutout innings.
Vogelsong, though, fractured his pitching hand in the bottom of the fifth after taking a fastball off his right knuckle while swinging at a pitch.
"He's got two breaks in the right hand there," Giants manager Bruce Bochy confirmed after the game. "He's going to go in tomorrow and have surgery. More than likely you're looking at four-to-six weeks."
Brandon Belt went 4-for-5 with a home run and four runs scored, and Angel Pagan drove in three runs for San Francisco, which won for just the second time in its last seven tries.
Washington claimed five of the six meetings against San Francisco last season, although the lone loss did come at AT&T Park.


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Let's say you're sitting on your couch, playing a new hit game. Borderlands 2 makes a good example. So there you are stalking the dystopian wastes of Pandora, when you come across an angry psychotic bandit wielding a gun that fires bullets literally made of fire. Normally when shot by such a weapon in Borderlands 2 your character will make an audible indication of distress, your screen will shake a bit and your controller might vibrate. However, a newly-published Sony patent may change all of that.
Officially dubbed the "Temperature Feedback Motion Controller," this new design would allow those special wands used in conjunction with the PlayStation 3's motion-controlled Move system to rapidly heat up or cool down on demand. Assuming Sony pushes this idea into mass production this could allow developers to add tempeture-based feedback to their titles. Instead of the standard grunts and tremors of our above example — which, yes, we realize is a bit poor given that Borderlands 2 doesn't have Move functionality — future games might be able to directly simulate those flaming bullets by rapidly heating the controller the player is holding, possibly to the point of causing actual pain.
All of the in-depth technical info on this idea can be found in this official patent application, published yesterday by Sony and specifically credited to inventor Anton Mikhailov. Though Mikhailov's name may not be immediately familiar to the average gamer, he's most famous as one of they key software engineers behind Sony's Move technology. In fact, if you watched any of the tech demo videos Sony published prior to the official public release of Move in 2010 (this one for instance) odds are pretty solid that it was Mikhailov featured in the clip demonstrating the device. He also had a hand in Sony's Move predecessor, the EyeToy system, as you can see in this demonstration of that technology.
Of course, you're not here to hear about Mikhailov. Instead, you want more info on this still-hypothetical, temperature-based addition to Sony's motion-control technology. While reprinting the in-depth details covered in the patent would be far too verbose for this article, the patent application's abstract does an excellent job of explaining the device's functionality, as well as its stated purpose.
"Methods and systems for providing thermal feedback are presented. In one embodiment, a controller for interfacing with an interactive program includes an outer surface having a plurality of first surface regions and one or more second surface regions," it states. "The second surface regions are arranged in an alternating an adjacent fashion with the first surface regions. A heating source is coupled to the plurality of first surface regions, and a cooling source is coupled to the second surface regions. A thermal controller is provided for determining when to activate the heating source to heat the first surface regions and when to activate the cooling source to cool the second surface regions, based on thermal trigger data generated by the interactive program."
Though the patent is, as one would expect, heavy on all the technical info that would go into making a system like this work, it lacks any indication of how far Sony is willing to take this concept. When reading the patent's initial description, how many of you imagined Move controllers capable of sending painful burning sensations through the hands of users who are playing poorly? That's not a novel idea — fans of the James Bond films will no doubt recall a scene in 1983's Never Say Never Again in which the super spy is forced to play a version of Pong dubbed the "Painstation" that rewarded poor play with various painful stimuli — but it's never been used in a mainstream video game system.
On the other hand, there's probably not much profit potential in wounding users, so this patent likely won't lead to a future in which your PlayStation leaves your hands blistered and smoking. It seems that we'll just have to wait to see how/if Sony leverages this technology in its future plans.
Editors' Recommendations
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- The best indie games on the PS4
- 13 crazy gadgets that could be ingenious or insane


text: Congress Looks for Elusive Path Out of Government Shutdown October 7, 2013 04:53 AM Tweet TAGS: Marketing, Overseas December 18, 2014 By Bloomberg Email Though Republican lawmakers and President Barack Obama say they want to end the shutdown quickly, there's no sign they're talking to each other. The way out of the political morass in Congress remains elusive as the U.S. enters the second week of a partial government shutdown and with a potential lapse in U.S. borrowing authority just 10 days away. Though Republican lawmakers and President Barack Obama say they want to end the government shutdown quickly and avoid a historic default, there's no sign they're talking to each other and their demands are mutually exclusive. The standoff, heightened by Obama's refusal to negotiate on measures needed to keep the government solvent and running and House Republicans' demand for a delay in the president's signature health-care plan, means at least one side must make a concession or find a way to describe a concession as a victory. "I don't know what the path out this time is," said Martin Frost, a former Democratic congressman from Texas, a veteran of the last partial government shutdown in 1996. At least three possible routes include a resolution, based on previous deadlocks: the Senate jam, in which that chamber forces the House to accept a bipartisan compromise; the complete cave, where one party buckles under public pressure; and the fig leaf, where one side accepts a partial defeat while claiming a symbolic victory. "There is a path out of everything," said Representative Lynn Westmoreland, a Georgia Republican. "You just got to find it." Many parts of the government were shuttered Oct. 1 after Republicans insisted on linking funding authority to changes in the Affordable Care Act that Obama has said he won't accept. Debt Ceiling The Standard & Poor's 500 Index fell 0.8 percent at 9:32 a.m. in New York. Treasuries rose, with the benchmark 10-year yield falling four basis points, or 0.04 percentage points, to 2.61 percent at 8:40 a.m. in New York, according to Bloomberg Bond Trader prices. The shutdown has become intertwined with the need to raise the $16.7 trillion debt ceiling. The U.S. will run out of borrowing authority Oct. 17, according to the Treasury Department, and cash reserves will run dry between Oct. 22 and Oct. 31, according to the Congressional Budget Office. Because of the partial shutdown, the U.S. has furloughed about 800,000 workers while others in critical jobs worked without immediate pay. The government shuttered national parks, closed Internal Revenue Service call centers and delayed the release of unemployment data. Some U.S. services, including Social Security benefits, continue. Senate Jam While both parties plot their strategies behind the scenes, the possible paths to a resolution are becoming more evident -- in part because they've happened before. The Senate jam played out at the last fiscal deadline, the combination of expiring tax cuts and scheduled spending reductions at the end of 2012. Then, Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell and Vice President Joe Biden decided which taxpayers would have higher burdens and the Republican-controlled House accepted with only a minority of Republicans voting yes. This time around, on the debt limit, House Speaker John Boehner faces the risk of a replay. Just last month, Republicans rallied behind a bill that defunded the health law, as urged by Republican Senator Ted Cruz. It passed the House and then Senate Democrats and some Republicans agreed to cut off debate on a 79-19 vote, leading to a party-line vote to strip out the Obamacare defunding. Clock Ticking Repeat that bipartisan pathway on the debt ceiling, and Boehner could be left with a debt-limit increase, none of the policy conditions he wants and the clock ticking toward a default he's already said he won't allow. The speaker's big decision, as the person who controls the House floor, would be whether to allow a vote. "'When you get close to that deadline, you're really playing with fire," said Senator Charles Schumer, a New York Democrat. "It's not like the government shutdown." That prospect of changing a House proposal might be the reason that Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid hasn't started what could be a week-long process of getting a debt-limit bill without conditions ready for a final Senate vote. To advance his bill -- as opposed to ending debate on a House bill full of Republican priorities -- Reid probably would have to overcome procedural hurdles requiring 60 votes. That means he would need the support of six Republicans and might have to make policy concessions to get their votes. Even then, the strength of a bipartisan consensus in the Senate could force Boehner's hand and cause him to accept a deal engineered by Reid. Caving In The second potential path is the complete cave, where one party yields to public pressure. That's what both parties are trying for now as the standoff continues. Republicans say they think they can move Obama off his no- negotiations stance in two ways. First, they're passing separate bills to fund parts of the government, trying to force Democrats to choose between programs they champion, such as national parks and infant nutrition, and the president's insistence that the entire government be opened. Republicans have had some success in this effort, getting some House Democrats to join them in voting for the measures. "We are not going to pass a clean debt limit," Boehner said yesterday in an interview on ABC's "This Week" program. "The votes are not in the House to pass a clean debt limit." Second, Republicans are pointing out flaws in the Affordable Care Act, also known as Obamacare, as they insist on changes to the law as a condition of ending the shutdown. They've been bolstered by the computer problems that hampered the rollout of the insurance exchanges last week. Entitlement Programs For Obama, caving would mean accepting health-law changes and engaging in the kinds of negotiations on entitlement programs he entered with Boehner in 2011 during the previous debt-ceiling fight. "It's about a broader agreement, not just about Obamacare, but the debt ceiling and the issues facing our nation," said Representative Dave Camp, a Michigan Republican and chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee. "Are there areas that are critical to the nation that we need to agree on now and can that begin a path toward a common understanding of what we need to do to move ahead?" So far, Obama hasn't budged, insisting that avoiding default and reopening the government aren't concessions to him because everyone wants them. Instead, Democrats have been applying their own pressure to get Republicans to cave, particularly on ending the shutdown. Lew's Warning U.S. Treasury Secretary Jacob J. Lew, who appeared yesterday on four of the major Sunday television talk shows, said the administration would be willing to negotiate only after the partial shutdown ends and the debt ceiling is increased. He also warned of the dangers of default, as well as the possibility that Congress may fail to pass an increase. "I've talked with John Boehner; I know he doesn't want to default," Lew said on "Fox News Sunday." "He also didn't want to shut the government down. And here we are with a government shutdown." Democrats also point to the at least 20 Republicans who have said they would vote for a bill to open the government without policy conditions related to the health law. That, Obama said Oct. 4, is the "only way out." Fig Leaf One other possibility is the fig leaf, in which both parties make concessions and declare victory, even without a negotiated deal that resolves major fiscal disputes. Republicans aren't sure what they can get, said Representative Dennis Ross, a Florida Republican. "When you have a Senate under Harry Reid that has now dug its heels into the ground and said we will not negotiate and a president who says he will not negotiate, what are we supposed to do?" Ross said. Frost said he saw room for fiscal agreements such as a timeline for tax code changes -- as long as they weren't negotiated against the shutdown or the risk of default. Boehner"has to tell the crazies in his caucus to sit down and shut up," Frost said. After that, "I don't accept the proposition that the president couldn't work things out." Party Priorities Boehner has been trying to package the debt limit with as many party priorities as possible, including TransCanada Corp.'s Keystone XL pipeline, limits on environmental regulations and cuts to entitlement programs. Representative Paul Ryan, a Wisconsin Republican and his party's 2012 vice presidential candidate, is pressing for a plan that would resolve the spending impasse and raise the debt limit while extracting entitlement program cuts and making changes to economic policies, according to a leadership aide who asked not to be identified because plans aren't official. For Boehner, achieving any of those would mark a significant victory because Obama and Senate Democrats have blocked them for years. Reid, turning up the pressure on Boehner, said last week that he didn't want to give the speaker a face-saving way out. "This isn't a date to the prom," he said. "This is our country." Back to news


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My mom made me adorable dresses when I was a child (I'll post a picture of such a dress very soon ;)) I think that's where I got my love for petticoats and big dresses.
The dress I finished a couple of months ago but couldn't blog about it because I wanted the dress to be a surprise.
The pattern I used was Burda 9802
Just now, while writing this and looking for a picture of the pattern, I realise I made a mistake. I thought the pattern didn't include seam allowances so I added the seam allowances. That explains why the dress looked so big. But children grow so that won't be such a big problem ;).
I have to keep this in mind when I use an other pattern of Burda. I'm used to using patterns of Burda Style, and these patterns doesn't include seam allowances.
Below you can see my result. I love it! It's such a cute dress and bloomers!
Front of the dress
Back of the dress
Back of bloomers
Front of bloomers
(In the background you can see my granny square blanket that is not yet finished. When i'ts finished I'll post a tutorial about this ;)
You may recognise the fabric. I made my cherry shirt out of the remnants of this baby dress.
Have a great Sunday evening!


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I was watching an episode of the reality show "Celebrity Wife Swap" this weekend when I realized that the show showed some love for one of our area's grocery chains: GIANT Food Stores!
The episode switched former Girl Next Door Kendra Wilkinson and Pennsylvania resident Kate Gosselin. In the episode, Kendra goes grocery shopping and comments how exhausting it was – and she was at GIANT!
Here's a clip:
Maybe it's just me, but I get excited to see local references on national TV – it's like a little nod to our corner of the world.
See some more clips from the show here.


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Restaurant News & Reviews
Pintful: Discover two breweries and a winery along the Virginia Creeper bike trail
A good beer tastes better when you earn it.
Or that's what I keep telling myself as I wipe sweat and swirl my bike pedals on the Virginia Creeper Trail, a 34-mile scenic trail in the state's southwestern corner near the Tennessee and North Carolina borders.
A former rail line, the trail is a moderate grade and an easy bike, despite my huffing and puffing, and one with a tasty reward at one end: Wolf Hills Brewing in Abingdon, Virginia.
With another brewery in nearby Damascus and a winery at Alvarado Station, both near the Creeper Trail, it forms a bike-and-sip tour along wooded paths and trestles that traverse rivers and forest canopies in the rural Blue Ridge Mountains.
Still largely undiscovered, it's a trek my wife and I take a couple of times each year when we spend a long weekend in Boone, an adventure hub with its own emerging craft beer scene, in western North Carolina.
The packed-gravel and dirt path stretches from Abingdon, a small town that dates to the American frontier days, eastward to Whitetop Station at the high end, a former depot that closed with the Virginia-Carolina rail line in 1977.
The bike trail
Our itinerary is a 17-mile round-trip section – the flattest and prettiest part of the trail – to Abingdon from Alvarado Station, an hour-or-so drive north from Boone through Mountain City, Tennessee.
We unload our mountain bikes at the station (21198 Alvarado Road, Abingdon), where a general store with ice cream and cold drinks sits next to a Bible church with Pastor Junior Gobble presiding.
Soon we are cruising deep in the woods, the path carved from rock cliffs along the south fork of the Holston River, riding like moonshiners, with empty growlers in our backpacks to haul beer back to North Carolina.
The highlights are the 12 wooden trestles that take us over the confluence of two forks of the Holston, through the treetops of a deep ravine and across a rolling farm.
The latter trestle, No. 7, is 454 feet long and 30 feet high, newly rebuilt and opened in April after a tornado destroyed it three years earlier. We pause to scan the aftermath still evident in the spindly trees on the nearby hillsides.
Beer, a biker's reward
Once in town, Wolf Hills Brewing is just a right turn off the path and another couple of blocks to another right turn on Park Street, where it sits at the end in an old white house. It takes the name of what Daniel Boone in 1860 once called the area after his dogs were attacked by wolves.
The small brewery hosts a long list of craft brews, from the Creeper Trail Amber to the Whitetop Wheat, along with plenty of yard games and live music on the weekends. A tasting flight goes well with the lunch we packed for the ride.
The bike back to the car seems less enticing at this point, but we are pushed by the fading sun and encouraged by knowing it's a slight downhill ride back to Alvarado Station.
Across the river from the station's parking lot, just a short ride down the road, is Abingdon Vineyard and Winery, where a flight of red wine is a nice detour from craft beer. On the way back to Boone, stop at the Damascus Brewery, a still-young nanobrewery, just off the trail and main road north from town.
The more adventurous can use Damascus as the launch point for a 31-mile round-trip trek to Abingdon, hitting all three sip detours along the trail.
But for me, a shorter ride logged enough miles to earn a good beer.


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In a data- and information-saturated world, people need
quantitative skills to understand both common and complex issues,
and to formulate and ask intelligent questions. Concepts related to
quantitative literacy include but are not limited to measurement,
logic, number sense, percentages, sampling and error, and graphical
representation of data and information.
Courses with a quantitative literacy designation (QL) will focus on the measurement of personal, social, and scientific issues. You will develop the ability to investigate and interpret quantitative information, critique it, reflect upon it, and apply it to a given issue. You will be able to provide accurate explanations of information generated or presented mathematically and construct reasoned arguments. You'll also learn to present quantitative information in an effective format to support your argument.
PHIL20400 Choosing Wisely
This class serves as an introduction to rational choice theory. Rational choice theory is fundamentally about using numbers to capture preference order (I prefer x to y) and preference strength (I prefer x to y much more than I prefer x to z), and trying to use those numbers to come to uniquely rational choices. Rational choice theory also considers the probability of various events occurring to further refine our choices.
Rational choice theory is an interdisciplinary study; the product of the joint efforts of philosophers, mathematicians, economists, social scientists, and others. It is both used to describe how people do in fact behave and to prescribe how people ought to behave. Besides becoming comfortable with the formal tools of rational choice theory, this class will primarily be concerned with some of the contentious assumptions behind the theory. We will also have a chance to look at both philosophical applications of the theory and uses of the theory in other disciplines; e.g. political science and evolutionary biology.
This course is roughly divided into thirds. The first third deals with individuals making decisions independently of others (decision theory). The second third of the course will consider people making choices in the context of other individuals (game theory). The final third of the course will investigate aggregating individual preferences to come to group decisions (social choice theory).


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Boost the performance and durability of your Wheely King with the Steel Universal Centre Drive Set! Fully assembled and ready for you to drop in, you'll be able to tackle tougher hills, climb over more obstacles and generally just get tougher with your Wheely King.
This Steel Universal Drive Set replaces the center driveshaft on Wheely King trucks for improved durability and more efficiency over the stock plastic center drive shaft, perfect for extreme driving conditions. They're machined from high strength steel, hard chromed for a shiny durable finish that is easy to clean and looks great, and fully rebuildable to add extra life when it comes time for maintenance. A purple anodized machined aluminum sleeve securely retains the universal pin for the ultimate in reliability. These universal drive shafts are factory designed, factory manufactured and team tested for the best fit and durability on the market. Each package contains everything needed for installation on the front or rear of a Wheely King truck. Wheely King 4X4 owners, get two of these for a complete upgrade of the front and rear driveshafts.


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Hello, hello…Is this thing on???
Indeed it is.
That's the problem - and the exciting part - of the brave new world of journalism. It's always on.
There is no such thing as the AM/PM newspaper cycle of old. Now it's information all the time, 24/7, coming at you every way imaginable. Cable. Radio. Internet.
Which is why I'm here.
Online. Maybe not all the time, but at least every day. And at a moment's notice when events warrant.
There's still a place for the formal, painstakingly reported and lovingly crafted columns that will show up on your doorstep three times a week, delivered by horse-and-buggy after being cranked off a Guttenberg printing press. I don't think newspapers are ready to go the way of milkmen and 8-track tapes yet. Thankfully, neither does Sam Zell, my new favorite person in the world (Love ya, boss!).
But it's time for all us ink-stained wretches…excuse me, information content providers, to realize that the world is changing, never to go back.
No sense fighting it.
Just do it.
Blog baby blog.
So here I am.
In this space I'll hit the news of the day, the offbeat items that fall through the cracks, and ongoing topics such as property tax reform, the property insurance mess and South Florida's transformation into one giant mega-casino.
Sometimes it'll be funny, sometimes it'll be dead serious, but hopefully it won't be dull.
And that's where you come in. I want this to be a give-and-take between readers and me. So I'll be responding to your responses below, and I'll also post some reader e-mails that I get in response to my print column. I'll answer questions and engage in high-minded debate. I'll do what you want me to do, go where the news and the mood takes me.
Oh, and I'll still be writing three columns a week for the print edition.
Let the posting begin.


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Thursday April 25, 2019; 08:17 am EDT
Anglers from the boat Bluejay show off the 13.8-pound rockfish that earned them third place in this year's Fish for a Cure tournament. From left: Brian Wood, Capt. Tilghman, Capt. Mike Cassidy, Greg Lilly, Brendan Kelly, Greg Gunning and Marty Cassidy.
Some 200 anglers aboard 52 boats raised $215,000 for the Geaton and JoAnn DeCesaris Cancer Institute at Anne Arundel Medical Center. Since 2007, Fish for a Cure has donated $600,000 — more than half of its $1 million fundraising pledge.
An 18-pound rockfish earned Captain Cyrus Lashgari and his crew aboard OSMC first place of $2,000, which they donated back. Leading this year's Captains Challenge in fundraising was David Jenkins and the crew of Luki Belle, who collected $20,384.


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Plateau Indian, member of any of the Native American peoples inhabiting the high plateau region between the Rocky Mountains and the coastal mountain system.
The Plateau culture area comprises a complex physiographic region that is bounded on the north by low extensions of the Rocky Mountains, such as the Cariboo Mountains; on the east by the Rocky Mountains and the Lewis Range; on the south by the Blue Mountains and the Salmon River (excepting a narrow corridor to present-day California); and on the west by the Canadian Coast Mountains and the Cascade Range. It includes the watersheds of the Columbia and Fraser rivers.
The climate in which the Plateau peoples live is of the continental type. Temperatures range from −30 °F (−34 °C) in winter to 100 °F (38 °C) in summer. Precipitation is generally low and forms a snow cover during the winter, particularly at higher altitudes. There are three different provinces of vegetation in the region. The Middle Columbia area is a steppe of sagebrush and bunchgrass fringed by yellow pine on higher levels. The Upper Columbia consists mainly of wooded areas, although grassland is found in river valleys. The Fraser area is a semi-open coniferous forest interspersed with dry grassland and a partly maritime flora.
The southern boundary of the Plateau ecosystem gradually merges with the northern reaches of the Great Basin; the boundaries between the corresponding culture areas are equally imprecise. Anthropologists sometimes refer to the Plateau and Great Basin jointly as the Intermontane culture area (see Great Basin Indian).
Traditional culture
The peoples of the Plateau belong mainly to four linguistic families: Salishan, Sahaptin, Kutenai, and Modoc and Klamath. The majority of Plateau groups speak Salishan and Sahaptin languages.
The tribes that speak Salishan languages may be conveniently divided into Northern Plateau and Interior Salish; there are also Coast Salish among the Northwest Coast Indians. The Northern Plateau Salish include the Shuswap, Lillooet, and Ntlakapamux (Thompson) tribes. The Interior Salish live mostly in the Upper Columbia area and include the Okanagan, Sinkaietk, Lake, Wenatchee, Sanpoil, Nespelim, Spokan, Kalispel, Pend d'Oreille, Coeur d'Alene, and Flathead peoples. Some early works incorrectly denote all Salishan groups as "Flathead."
Speakers of Sahaptin languages may be subdivided into three main groups: the Nez Percé, the Cayuse and Molala, and the Central Sahaptin, comprising the Yakama (Yakima), Walla Walla, Tenino, Umatilla, and others (see also Sahaptin).
The Kutenai and the Modoc and Klamath language families include the Kutenai and the Modoc and Klamath peoples.
Trade and interaction
Its geographic location in the midst of four other culture areas—the Northwest Coast, the Plains, the Great Basin, and California—made the Plateau a crossroads of cultures. An expansive trade network enabled the exchange of goods, ideas, and even people, as slavery was common in the region. The Northwest Coast cultures contributed innovations such as mat-covered houses and pit houses, the carving of animal motifs in wood and bone, and cremation and scaffold burials. Part of this diffusion undoubtedly occurred through trade-based interactions, while other ideas arrived with the Wishram, a Chinook group that migrated from the coast into the Cascade Mountains.
During the 18th century, influences from the south and east grew in importance. The Great Basin's Shoshone had acquired horses by this time and furnished their closest neighbours on the Plains and the Plateau with the new animals. The Plateau tribes placed such a high value on horses that European and Euro-American traders testified that the Nez Percé, Cayuse, Walla Walla, and Flathead had more horses than the tribes of the northern Plains from the early 19th century onward.
During the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the peoples of the Middle Columbia area adopted several kinds of material culture from the Plains. Sahaptin women, for example, made and wore Plains-inspired beaded dresses, men began to wear feathered headdresses and other war regalia, and tepees became popular. Similar innovations occurred on the eastern periphery of the Plateau, especially among the Flathead and the Kutenai. The northwestern Salishan peoples, however, rejected these changes in favour of maintaining Plateau traditions. The military ethos common among the Plains peoples was not found uniformly among residents of the Plateau. The Ntlakapamux, Shuswap, Sahaptin, and Klamath did make occasional war raids, dressed in elk hide or wooden slat armour and armed with bows and clubs. Other groups chose to avoid conflict, however; the Flathead in particular were well regarded by visitors for their courtesy, hospitality, honesty, and courage.
Settlement patterns and housing
Traditionally, the Plateau peoples resided in permanent villages during the winter, with the remainder of the year divided between those villages and a variety of semipermanent camps conveniently situated for hunting and gathering. As soon as horses were adopted, some groups became more nomadic, using mobile camps as they traversed the Rocky Mountains in order to hunt buffalo on the Plains.
A village was home to between a few hundred and a thousand people, although the community could house more than that during major events. Villages were generally located on waterways, often at rapids or narrows where fish were abundant during the winter season. Communities owned the fishing sites and surrounding area in common. Each village also had an upland for hunting; in contradistinction to the fishing localities, upland territories were mostly open for people from other villages as well.
Village houses were of two main types, the semisubterranean pit house and the mat-covered surface house. Pit houses were usually circular and typically had a pit 3–6 feet (1–2 metres) deep and a diameter of 25–40 feet (7.5–12 metres), with an interior space of approximately 500–1,260 square feet (45–115 square metres). The roof was usually conical and was supported by a framework of wooden posts, beams, and stringers—long saplings that had been stripped of bark and were used to bridge the area between the beams or from the beams to the ground. The smoke hole in the top was also the entrance to the house; the interior was reached by climbing onto the roof, through the smoke hole, and down a ladder or notched log.
Pit houses were common throughout the Plateau region at one time, but they were eventually supplanted in the southern Plateau by the mat-covered surface house. These homes used a conical or A-frame design that was formed by leaning together stringers or timbers and covering them with mats made of tule, a type of reed. As the availability of Euro-American goods increased, Plateau peoples often covered surface houses with canvas instead of reed mats, which were time-consuming to produce.
Conical houses had one hearth in the centre of the floor and generally sheltered one nuclear or three-generation family. These tepeelike, lightly-built structures were used in summer when families were engaged in nomadic foraging activities; they averaged perhaps 15 to 30 feet (4.5 to 9 metres) in diameter, with an interior space of approximately 175–700 square feet (16–65 square metres). In contrast, A-frame houses were used as communal winter residences, so they were very large, heavily built, and thoroughly insulated. Early visitors to the Plateau report houses as much as 150 feet (45 metres) long. More typical were houses between 25 and 60 feet (7.5 and 18 metres) long and perhaps 12 to 15 feet (3.5 to 4.5 metres) wide, for an interior of approximately 300–900 square feet (28–85 square metres). Hearths were placed at intervals down the central aisle and were usually shared by two nuclear families, one on each side of the aisle.
Housing at foraging camps could take a variety of forms, ranging from small conical mat lodges to simple windbreaks. Groups that traveled to the Plains to hunt bison typically used the tepee during those expeditions; as they became increasingly nomadic, many of these groups adopted the tepee as a full-time dwelling.
Subsistence and material culture
As members of hunting and gathering cultures, the peoples of the Plateau relied upon wild foods for subsistence. Salmon, trout, eels, suckers, and other fish were abundant in the rivers, and fishing was the most important source of food. Fishing was accomplished with one- or three-pronged fish spears, traps, and nets. Communities also built and held in common large fish weirs—stone or wooden enclosures used to "corral" the catch. Substantial quantities of fish were dried on elevated wooden racks and preserved for winter consumption. The region's fauna included deer, elk, bear, caribou, and small game; hunters used a bow and arrows and sometimes a short spear in their pursuit of such prey. In the winter they wore long and narrow snowshoes to facilitate the tracking of animals.
Wild plant foods were another important source of nutrition. Roots and bulbs were especially important. The major source of starch was the bulb of the camas flower (Camassia esculenta). Bitterroot, onions, wild carrots, and parsnips were also gathered and were generally cooked in earth ovens heated by hot stones. Berries—serviceberries, huckleberries, blueberries, and others—were harvested as well.
The earliest European explorers in the region reported that Plateau clothing comprised a bark breechcloth or apron and a twined bark poncho that fell a little below the waist; during the cold season men wrapped their legs with fur, women had leggings of hemp, and robes or blankets of rabbit or other fur were used. By the 19th century, however, clothing had become similar to that seen on the Plains: men wore breechcloths, leggings, and shirts, and women wore leggings and dresses. Hair was generally braided, and hats, headbands, feathered battle and ceremonial regalia, and other headgear had also become common.
The Chinook, who traded in slaves, molded the heads of freeborn infants with a device attached to the cradleboard (see head flattening). Despite their name, the Flathead did not engage in this form of modification; some early ethnographers speculated that the apparent misnomer derived from the group's squareness of profile relative to the triangular form seen in skulls that had been altered. Many historic paintings that purport to depict Flathead individuals are actually portraits of members of neighbouring tribes.
Dugout or bark canoes were useful forms of transportation, although long-distance water travel was limited by the many river rapids in the region. Items that were small or could be manufactured by one or two people were typically the property of individuals. Groups whose territory neighboured that of the Northwest Coast Indians engaged in a variety of redistributive events similar to potlatches. Decorative art consisted of pictographic designs with a symbolic content, referring to supernatural beings and cosmic things.
The general ethos emphasized material equality and the sharing of necessities. Food resources, for instance, were generally shared. The Klamath, however, held wealthy persons in greater esteem than others, an ethos that may have derived from the tribe's proximity to the hierarchical societies of the Northwest Coast and California.
Political organization
In traditional Plateau societies the village formed the key sociopolitical unit, although the political hierarchy used in governing each village varied from tribe to tribe. The Ntlakapamux, for example, used a fairly informal consensus system. The Sanpoil, on the other hand, had a more formal political structure: the village had a chief, a subchief, and a general assembly in which every adult had a vote—except for young men who were not married. The Flathead were perhaps the most hierarchical group, with a head chief of great power and band chiefs under him; the head chief decided on matters of peace and war and was not bound by the recommendations of his council.
In many Plateau societies, chiefs and their families played a prominent role in promoting traditional values. Among the Sinkaietk, for instance, chiefly office was hereditary; while conferring a level of decision-making power, the office also obligated the chief and his family to act in ways that exemplified virtuous behaviour. For this group such behaviour included the placement of a female relative among the chief's advisers. Similar positions for highly respected women also existed in other groups, such as the Coeur d'Alene, and bear witness to the independence of women in many Plateau tribes.
Social control was, as a rule, achieved through social pressure and public opinion rather than force. People were not coerced into following the advice of a chief or the decisions of a council meeting; those who did not agree with a given course of action could simply move to another village or another band and did so fairly frequently. However, a number of groups allowed chiefs, village councils, or a combination thereof to arbitrate or punish transgressions against the community such as murder or stealing. Arbitrations generally involved a settlement of horses to the injured party, while corporal punishment was usually administered by a delegated village "whipper." Slaves were compelled to follow their owners' wishes.
In some cases, as with the Nez Percé's transition from settled village life to a more nomadic existence, political organization was adjusted. The Nez Percé were originally a village-centred people. Each village had a male chief whose office was hereditary, although poorly qualified sons were generally passed over for the privilege; the chief was advised by a council and was primarily occupied with mediating disputes, displaying exemplary behaviour, and seeing to the general good of his people. By the early 19th century, however, families from different villages had begun to coalesce into mobile bands in order to undertake autumn hunts on the Plains. While the hereditary authority of the village chiefs continued, leadership in the new tasks associated with this change in lifestyle—notably travel, defense, and raiding—came under the authority of skilled hunters and fighters.
Bilateral descent systems prevailed in most Plateau groups; in these systems descent is traced equally through the lines of the mother and the father. The average Plateau kin group consisted of a nuclear family and its closest lineal relatives. This was the case among, for instance, the Tenino. Their kinship terminology revealed the close connection between family relatives of the same generation, so that all one's female cousins were called by and treated in the same terms as those used for one's sisters; one's male cousins, likewise, were all one's "brothers."
As notional siblings, first cousins did not marry. Other than this constraint, marriage and divorce were informal affairs. Newlyweds generally resided near the groom's family, and in case of divorce the wife simply returned to her parents' home. No particular grounds for separation were necessary, and at a later date both parties usually undertook new marriages. Polygyny, a form of marriage in which several wives share a husband, was an approved but not especially common practice throughout the culture area.
Some Plateau kinship systems included "joking relationships." These could be informal mechanisms for expressing social disapproval or deflating puffed egos, as with the ribbing and practical joking encouraged by the Tenino between a father's sister's husband and his wife's brother's child. The butt of a joke was expected to respond gracefully. Joking relationships could also be ribald, permitting sexual innuendo between a man and his sister-in-law; notably, these individuals were potential marriage partners under the polygyny system.
Childhood and socialization
The life cycle of the individual was marked by fixed ritual acts that opened the gateway to the different social roles he had to enact. These rituals began before birth. Among the Sinkaietk, for example, a pregnant woman was supposed to give birth in a lodge that had been constructed for this purpose. A newborn spent its day strapped in a cradleboard. Naming practices varied among the tribes. The training of the child was left to the mother and grandmother, but even as a small boy a Sinkaietk could accompany his father on fishing and small-game hunting trips, while small girls helped their mothers about the house and in gathering wild foods. Children learned to be hardy through activities such as swimming in cold streams; such exertions were generally supervised by grandparents. Disobedience was rare. When it did occur, it was sometimes met with corporal punishment; some groups allowed parents to call upon the village whipper when children misbehaved.
At puberty a boy undertook a vision quest. This rite of passage usually involved spending some days fasting on a mountaintop in hopes of communicating with a guardian spirit. A girl who had her first menstruation was taken to a location some distance from the village and provided with living quarters. During this time she was seen as extremely powerful in the spiritual and supernatural senses and so observed a number of ritual taboos that were meant to protect her and the community. Among other actions, her hair was bound up in rolls that she touched only with a small comb, her face was painted red or yellow, she wore undecorated clothing, and she used a drinking tube rather than taking water directly from a well. After the flow, she ritually purified herself in a sweat lodge. Her seclusion might continue for one or several months, during which time she might undertake a vision quest. She finished her seclusion with evening prayers on a hill. When she returned to the village, she was treated as an adult.
Certain rituals were carried out after an individual's death. To prevent the dead from lingering among the living, some groups demolished homes where death had occurred. Grave sites were often located at riversides, though the specific form of burial—whether the body was intact or cremated, placed on the surface or in the ground, covered with soil or a rockslide, and marked with stones or wood—varied from one tribe to another. For about one year after the death, the decedent's spouse (or spouses, in polygynous marriages) was expected to demonstrate grief by wearing old or ragged clothing and was also expected to delay remarriage during this period.
Belief systems
Religion was, like the rest of the culture, closely intertwined with the region's ecology. Plateau religions shared several features with indigenous North American religions in general, most notably in their emphases on animism, shamanism, and individual communion with the spirit world.
The main rituals were the vision quest; the firstling, or first foods, rites; and the winter dance. The vision quest was compulsory for boys and recommended for girls. The spirit-beings who engaged with humans were thought to guide individuals to particular vocations, such as hunting, warfare, or healing. Both boys and girls could become shamans, though it was seen as a more suitable occupation for the former. They cured diseases by extracting a bad spirit or an object that had entered the patient's body. On the northern Plateau they also brought back souls that had been stolen by the dead and were known to publicize their feats through dramatic pantomimes (see soul loss). Because their work included healing the living and contacting the dead, shamans tended to be both wealthy and respected—and even feared.
Firstling rites celebrated and honoured the first foods that were caught or gathered in the spring. The first salmon ceremony celebrated the arrival of the salmon run. The first fish caught was ritually sliced, small pieces of it were distributed among the people and eaten, and the carcass was returned to the water accompanied by prayers and thanks. This ritual ensured that the salmon would return and have a good run the next year. Some Salish had a "salmon chief" who organized the ritual. The Okanagan, Ntlakapamux, and Lillooet celebrated similar rites for the first berries rather than the first salmon.
The winter or spirit dance was a ceremonial meeting at which participants personified their respective guardian spirits. Among the Nez Percé the dramatic performances and the songs were thought to bring warm weather, plentiful game, and successful hunts.
As in much of Northern America, folklore in the Plateau generally emphasized the creator, trickster, and culture hero Coyote. The subject of innumerable trickster tales, Coyote (or alternative trickster figures such as Bluejay) undertook exploits that reflected common foibles and reinforced the social mores of the people.
Cultural continuity and change
The cultures of the Plateau changed with time and place. The most dynamic period of cultural change occurred after the arrival of the horse in the early 18th century. Horse technology inspired innovations in subsistence, political organization, housing, and other aspects of traditional life. It could also displace people: pressure from the nomadic Blackfoot in approximately 1800 forced the Flathead and Kutenai to withdraw from their home quarters on the plains of western Montana. They resettled in the intermontane valleys of the Rockies and from there made occasional buffalo hunts on the Plains in the company of other Plateau tribes such as the Coeur d'Alene and Nez Percé.
The 19th century: syncretism and disenfranchisement
Other innovations arose from different causes. Direct contact between indigenous groups and Euro-Americans were relatively brief at first and included the provision of boats and food to the Lewis and Clark expedition, which traversed the region in 1805 and again in 1806. Early in the 19th century the fur trade brought Native American and Euro-American trappers from the east into the country, particularly to the northern Plateau. These groups included a relatively large number of Iroquois men who had adopted Roman Catholicism; they propagated Christianity among the Flathead, who thereafter visited St. Louis to call on missionaries. Proselytizing missionaries were a strong force in the area from the 1820s to the '50s.
By the 1830s Plateau peoples were engaging in syncretic religious practices through millenarian movements that came to be known collectively as the Prophet Dance. The major impetus for the movement appears to have been despair over the devastating loss of life caused by the epidemic diseases that had accompanied European colonization. The eponymous prophets were charismatic leaders who were said to have received supernatural instructions for hastening the renewal of the world and the return of the dead. The Prophet Dance movement appeared before that of the Ghost Dance; like the Ghost Dance, variations on the Prophet Dance persisted into the 21st century.
By the 1840s the United States was subject to a burgeoning homestead movement that inspired thousands of emigrants to move to the Willamette valley and other parts of what would become the Oregon Territory. Many of these settlers traveled through the Plateau, often trespassing on tribal lands. Native peoples also noted with consternation that disease seemed to follow the Euro-American missionaries and settlers. Conflict ensued, and by the 1850s the United States had begun to negotiate treaties with the resident tribes. For the most part these involved setting terms for regional development and delineating specific tracts of land as belonging to either the tribes or the government. The treaty process was disrupted in 1857, before completion, when the discovery of gold on the Thompson River spurred a great influx of settlers and miners. Gold strikes were soon found on several other rivers in the region. Tensions rose; crowded mining camps bred infectious diseases, and the men drawn to such enterprises were often corrupt and predatory.
The remainder of the 19th century was a turbulent period during which many Plateau tribes struggled economically. The United States and Canada invoked a series of public policies to assimilate indigenous peoples: tribes were confined to reservations, subsistence practices were forcibly shifted from hunting and gathering to agriculture, and children were sent to boarding schools where they were often physically abused. The region was also affected by placer mining, a technique in which water from high-pressure hoses is used to strip soil from hillsides into rivers; this greatly increased the sediment load of waterways and depleted crucial salmon stocks. Fisheries were further decimated by industrial harvesting at the mouths of the great rivers. Used to supply a burgeoning cannery industry, the new techniques not only caught enormous quantities of fish but did so before the salmon could reach their spawning grounds and reproduce.
As subsistence became increasingly difficult, some indigenous groups became more resistant to government policies. In the early 1870s a band of Modoc, dissatisfied with farming life and the suppression of their religious practices, left their assigned reservation and returned to their original land near Tule Lake. The Modoc War (1872–73) comprised the federal government's attempt to return this band to the reservation; unable to apprehend the group, the military finally used siege tactics to force its surrender.
The Nez Percé War of 1877 resulted from two otherwise unrelated events: a shady treaty negotiation that ceded some tribal lands and a raid in the Wallowa valley in which several settlers were killed. Following the raid, the United States ordered all bands of Nez Percé off of the ceded lands, including the Wallowa valley. The band that had remained resident there was led by Chief Joseph and comprised more than 500 individuals, many of them women, children, or elders. Fearing disproportionate reprisals from the military, the band fled. The group was eventually captured, but only after a chase of more than three months during which the people traveled some 1,600–1,700 miles (2,575–2,700 km).
In the 1880s, in a process known as "allotment," the common title to land that had been conferred to each tribe was replaced with individual titles to farm-sized acreages; the remainder was then sold, severely reducing indigenous landholdings in the Plateau. Although legal safeguards were put into place to protect indigenous landowners from exploitation and corruption, such laws were poorly enforced. As a result, allotment initiated a period of increasing poverty for many Plateau tribes.
The 20th century: regaining sovereignty
In the 1930s, after decades of paternalism, the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs engaged in a series of policy revisions that authorized tribes to create governments and corporations and to take charge of other aspects of community life, such as the administration of schools. Many tribes chartered constitutions or similar documents, elected councils, and engaged in other forms of self-governance during this period.
In 1954 the federal government terminated its relationship with the inhabitants of the Modoc and Klamath reservation, stripping the tribe of federal recognition and the benefits and protections associated with that status. Termination was a national policy; its hope was that the elimination of the special relationship between the federal government and indigenous peoples would encourage economic development on reservations. The reservation land that had survived allotment was condemned and sold, with the proceeds distributed among the former residents. The loss of federal support for health care and schools devastated the community. The Modoc and Klamath people sued to regain federal recognition, which they achieved in 1986, but they did not regain their former lands.
As the 20th century progressed, many tribes sued the governments of Canada and the United States in order to reclaim territory, generally claiming illegal takings due to treaty violations or unconscionably low compensation. A number of these suits were successful and resulted in awards in the tens of millions of dollars. Most of the monetary awards were distributed among all members of a tribe rather than held as common assets, however, and so were not available for reservationwide improvements. Treaty-ensured fishing rights were also the substance of legal action, especially after major dam construction on the Columbia and other rivers abrogated those rights by destroying traditional fishing sites; again, the tribes were generally successful in gaining compensation for their losses.
In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, many Plateau tribes had regrouped from the economic devastation of the previous 100 years or more. Several had added tourist resorts and casinos to their extant timber, ranching, and fishing operations (see Native American gaming). Funds from these enterprises were used for a variety of community purposes, including education, health care, rural development, and cultural preservation. See also Native American: History; Native American: Developments in the late 20th and early 21st centuries.
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More About Plateau Indian6 references found in Britannica articles
Assorted References
- Native American cultural areas
- Native American history
- Nez Percé
- In Nez Percé
- practice of Prophet Dance
- Sahaptin
- In Sahaptin
- support of Smohalla
- In Smohalla