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Framing (construction)
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Framing, in construction is the fitting together of pieces to give a structure support and shape[1] and sometimes is used as a noun such as "the framing" or "framing members". Framing materials are usually wood, engineered wood, or structural steel. Building framing is divided into two broad categories,[2] heavy-frame construction (heavy framing) if the vertical supports are few and heavy such as in timber framing, pole building framing, or steel framing or many and smaller called light-frame construction (light framing) including balloon, platform and light-steel framing. Light-frame construction using standardized dimensional lumber has become the dominant construction method in North America and Australia because of its economy. Use of minimal structural material allows builders to enclose a large area with minimal cost, while achieving a wide variety of architectural styles. Historically mankind fitted naturally shaped wooden poles together as framework and then began using joints to connect the timbers, a method today called traditional timber framing. Timber framing was superseded by balloon framing beginning in the 1830s in America which is made up of many light-weight wall members called studs rather than using fewer, heavier supports called posts, and was nailed together rather than using joinery. The studs in a balloon frame extend two stories from sill to plate. Platform framing superseded balloon framing and is the standard wooden framing method today. The name comes from each floor level being framed as a separate unit or platform.
Modern light-frame structures usually gain strength from rigid panels (plywood and other plywood-like composites such as oriented strand board (OSB) used to form all or part of wall sections) but until recently carpenters employed various forms of diagonal bracing to stabilize walls. Diagonal bracing remains a vital interior part of many roof systems, and in-wall wind braces are required by building codes in many municipalities or by individual state laws in the United States. Special framed shear walls are becoming more common to help buildings meet the requirements of earthquake engineering and wind engineering.
The alternative to framed construction is generally called mass wall construction which is made from horizontal layers of stacked materials such as log building, masonry, rammed earth, adobe, etc.
Wall framing in house construction includes the vertical and horizontal members of exterior walls and interior partitions, both of bearing walls and non-bearing walls. These stick members, referred to as studs, wall plates and lintels (headers), serve as a nailing base for all covering material and support the upper floor platforms, which provide the lateral strength along a wall. The platforms may be the boxed structure of a ceiling and roof, or the ceiling and floor joists of the story above.[3] The technique is variously referred to colloquially in the building trades as stick and frame, stick and platform, or stick and box as the sticks (studs) give the structure its vertical support, and the box-shaped floor sections with joists contained within length-long post and lintels (more commonly called headers), support the weight of whatever is above, including the next wall up and the roof above the top story. The platform also provides the lateral support against wind and holds the stick walls true and square. Any lower platform supports the weight of the platforms and walls above the level of its component headers and joists.
Framing lumber should be grade-stamped, and have a moisture content not exceeding 19%.[4]
There are three historically common methods of framing a house.
- Post and beam, which is now used predominantly in barn construction.
- Balloon framing using a technique suspending floors from the walls was common until the late 1940s, but since that time, platform framing has become the predominant form of house construction.[5]
- Platform framing often forms wall sections horizontally on the sub-floor prior to erection, easing positioning of studs and increasing accuracy while cutting the necessary manpower. The top and bottom plates are end-nailed to each stud with two nails at least Script error: No such module "convert". in length (16d or 16 penny nails). Studs are at least doubled (creating posts) at openings, the jack stud being cut to receive the lintels(headers) that are placed and end-nailed through the outer studs.[5]
Wall sheathing, usually a plywood or other laminate, is usually applied to the framing prior to erection, thus eliminating the need to scaffold, and again increasing speed and cutting manpower needs and expenses. Some types of exterior sheathing, such as asphalt-impregnated fibreboard, plywood, oriented strand board and waferboard, will provide adequate bracing to resist lateral loads and keep the wall square. (Construction codes in most jurisdictions require a stiff plywood sheathing.) Others, such as rigid glass-fibre, asphalt-coated fibreboard, polystyrene or polyurethane board, will not.[3] In this latter case, the wall should be reinforced with a diagonal wood or metal bracing inset into the studs.[6] In jurisdictions subject to strong wind storms (hurricane countries, tornado alleys) local codes or state law will generally require both the diagonal wind braces and the stiff exterior sheathing regardless of the type and kind of outer weather resistant coverings.
A multiple-stud post made up of at least three studs, or the equivalent, is generally used at exterior corners and intersections to secure a good tie between adjoining walls and to provide nailing support for the interior finish and exterior sheathing. Corners and intersections, however, must be framed with at least two studs.[7]
Nailing support for the edges of the ceiling is required at the junction of the wall and ceiling where partitions run parallel to the ceiling joists. This material is commonly referred to as 'dead wood'[8] or backing.
Exterior wall studs
Wall framing in house construction includes the vertical and horizontal members of exterior walls and interior partitions. These members, referred to as studs, wall plates and lintels, serve as a nailing base for all covering material and support the upper floors, ceiling and roof.[3]
Exterior wall studs are the vertical members to which the wall sheathing and cladding are attached.[9] They are supported on a bottom plate or foundation sill and in turn support the top plate. Studs usually consist of Script error: No such module "convert". or Script error: No such module "convert". lumber and are commonly spaced at Script error: No such module "convert". on centre. This spacing may be changed to Script error: No such module "convert". on centre depending on the load and the limitations imposed by the type and thickness of the wall covering used. Wider Script error: No such module "convert". studs may be used to provide space for more insulation. Insulation beyond that which can be accommodated within a Script error: No such module "convert". stud space can also be provided by other means, such as rigid or semi-rigid insulation or batts between Script error: No such module "convert". horizontal furring strips, or rigid or semi-rigid insulation sheathing to the outside of the studs. The studs are attached to horizontal top and bottom wall plates of Script error: No such module "convert". lumber that are the same width as the studs.[4]
Interior partitions
Interior partitions supporting floor, ceiling or roof loads are called loadbearing walls; others are called non-loadbearing or simply partitions. Interior loadbearing walls are framed in the same way as exterior walls. Studs are usually Script error: No such module "convert". lumber spaced at Script error: No such module "convert". on centre. This spacing may be changed to Script error: No such module "convert". depending on the loads supported and the type and thickness of the wall finish used.[7]
Partitions can be built with Script error: No such module "convert". or Script error: No such module "convert". studs spaced at Script error: No such module "convert". on center depending on the type and thickness of the wall finish used. Where a partition does not contain a swinging door, Script error: No such module "convert". studs at Script error: No such module "convert". on centre are sometimes used with the wide face of the stud parallel to the wall. This is usually done only for partitions enclosing clothes closets or cupboards to save space. Since there is no vertical load to be supported by partitions, single studs may be used at door openings. The top of the opening may be bridged with a single piece of Script error: No such module "convert". lumber the same width as the studs. These members provide a nailing support for wall finish, door frames and trim.[7]
Lintels (headers)
Lintels (or, headers) are the horizontal members placed over window, door and other openings to carry loads to the adjoining studs.[3] Lintels are usually constructed of two pieces of 2 in (nominal) (38 mm) lumber separated with spacers to the width of the studs and nailed together to form a single unit. The preferable spacer material is rigid insulation.[9] The depth of a lintel is determined by the width of the opening and vertical loads supported.
Wall sections
The complete wall sections are then raised and put in place, temporary braces added and the bottom plates nailed through the subfloor to the floor framing members. The braces should have their larger dimension on the vertical and should permit adjustment of the vertical position of the wall.[6]
Once the assembled sections are plumbed, they are nailed together at the corners and intersections. A strip of polyethylene is often placed between the interior walls and the exterior wall, and above the first top plate of interior walls before the second top plate is applied to attain continuity of the air barrier when polyethylene is serving this function.[6]
A second top plate, with joints offset at least one stud space away from the joints in the plate beneath, is then added. This second top plate usually laps the first plate at the corners and partition intersections and, when nailed in place, provides an additional tie to the framed walls. Where the second top plate does not lap the plate immediately underneath at corner and partition intersections, these may be tied with Script error: No such module "convert". galvanized steel plates at least Script error: No such module "convert". wide and Script error: No such module "convert". long, nailed with at least three Script error: No such module "convert". nails to each wall.[6]
Balloon framing
Balloon framing is a method of wood constructionTemplate:Spaced ndash also known as "Chicago construction" in the 19th century[10]Template:Spaced ndash used primarily in Scandinavia, Canada and the United States (up until the mid-1950s). It uses long continuous framing members (studs) that run from the sill plate to the top plate, with intermediate floor structures let into and nailed to them.[11][12] Here the heights of window sills, headers and next floor height would be marked out on the studs with a storey pole. Once popular when long lumber was plentiful, balloon framing has been largely replaced by platform framing.
It is not certain who introduced balloon framing in the United States. However, the first building using balloon framing was possibly a warehouse constructed in 1832 in Chicago, Illinois, by George Washington Snow.[13] Architectural critic Sigfried Giedion cited Chicago architect J. M. Van Osdel's 1880s attribution, as well as A. T. Andreas' 1885 History of Chicago, to credit Snow as 'inventor of the balloon frame method'.[14] In 1833, Augustine Taylor (1796–1891) constructed St. Mary's Catholic Church in Chicago using the balloon framing method.
In the 1830s, Hoosier Solon Robinson published articles about a revolutionary new framing system, called "balloon framing" by later builders. Robinson's system called for standard 2x4 lumber, nailed together to form a sturdy, light skeleton. Builders were reluctant to adopt the new technology, however, by the 1880s, some form of 2x4 framing was standard.[15]
Alternatively, the balloon frame has been shown to have been introduced in Missouri as much as fifty years earlier.[16]
The name comes from a French Missouri type of construction, maison en boulin,[16] boulin being a French term for a horizontal scaffolding support. Historians have also fabricated the following story:[17] As Taylor was constructing his first such building, St. Mary's Church, in 1833, skilled carpenters looked on at the comparatively thin framing members, all held together with nails, and declared this method of construction to be no more substantial than a balloon. It would surely blow over in the next wind! Though the criticism proved baseless, the name stuck.[18]
Although lumber was plentiful in 19th-century America, skilled labor was not. The advent of cheap machine-made nails, along with water-powered sawmills in the early 19th century made balloon framing highly attractive, because it did not require highly skilled carpenters, as did the dovetail joints, mortises and tenons required by post-and-beam construction. For the first time, any farmer could build his own buildings without a time-consuming learning curve.[19]
It has been said that balloon framing populated the western United States and the western provinces of Canada. Without it, western boomtowns certainly could not have blossomed overnight.[20] It is also a fair certainty that, by radically reducing construction costs, balloon framing improved the shelter options of poorer North Americans.[citation needed] For example, many 19th-century New England working neighborhoods consist of balloon-constructed three-story apartment buildings referred to as triple deckers.
The main difference between platform and balloon framing is at the floor lines. The balloon wall studs extend from the sill of the first story all the way to the top plate or end rafter of the second story. The platform-framed wall, on the other hand, is independent for each floor.[21]
Balloon framing has several disadvantages as a construction method:
- The creation of a path for fire to readily travel from floor to floor. This is mitigated with the use of firestops, now called fireblocks, at each floor level.
- The lack of a working platform for work on upper floors. Whereas workers can readily reach the top of the walls being erected with platform framing, balloon construction requires scaffolding to reach the tops of the walls (which are often two or three stories above the working platform).
- The requirement for long framing members.
- In certain larger buildings, a noticeable down-slope of floors towards central walls, caused by the differential shrinkage of the wood-framing members at the perimeter versus central walls. Larger balloon-framed buildings will have central bearing walls which are actually platform framed and thus will have horizontal sill and top plates at each floor level, plus the intervening floor joists, at these central walls. Wood will shrink much more across its grain than along the grain. Therefore, the cumulative shrinkage in the center of such a building is considerably more than the shrinkage at the perimeter where there are many fewer horizontal members. This problem, unlike the first three, takes time to develop and become noticeable.
- Present-day balloon framing buildings often have higher heating costs, due to the lack of insulation separating a room from its exterior walls. However, this can be remedied through the addition of insulation, as with any other framed building.
Platform framing
In Canada and the United States, the most common method of light-frame construction for houses and small apartment buildings as well as other small commercial buildings is platform framing. In builder parlance, platform framing might also nowadays be called (only partly correctly) 'stick framing' or 'stick construction' as each element is built up stick by stick, which was also true in the other stick framing method, in the obsolete and labor-intensive, but previously fashionable, balloon framing method, wherein the outside walls were erected, headers hung, then floor joists were inserted into a box made of walls.
In contrast, in platform framing a floor box and joists making up the platform is built and placed on a supporting under structure (sill plates, headers, or beams) where it sits flat and gets fastened down against wind lifting with galvanized metal tie straps. Once the boxed floor platform is squared, leveled and fastened then subfloor, walls, ceilings, and roof are built onto and above that initial platform, which can be repeated floor by floor, 'without the slow downs and dangers of fastening and leveling rough-sawn joists of a new floor together to the walls from ladders extending one or even two stories up.
Generally, the flooring ('platform') is constructed then the walls built on top of that layer, then another atop that, and so forth making for quick efficient labor saving construction methodologies and those have quickened further as technologies such as joist hangers have been developed to speed and enhance the technology. The methods and techniques have become so common and pervasive that even Skyscrapers use a modified form of platform framing techniques and indeed the same tools and technologies once construction builds the initial structural skeleton. Once the platform floor is laid down, the builder's crew can with chalk line, rule and pencil directly transfer an outline of the exterior and interior walls, their openings and relative locations with ease and precision from the plans or builders blue prints.
As the survey group lays down the notations and chalk lines, a carpenter crew can follow behind and lay down 2x4 'bottom plates' and tack them to the floor box. The topmost wall plates are cut only to the outside dimensions of the walls. Butting two other two by fours against these cut to size and fastened bottom plate allows the crew to rule across all three with square and lay out studs, cripple studs, and openings for that particular wall. The two loose studs are then quickly flipped on edge after openings are cut in, and studs added on the marks with quick reliable end nailing through the respective top and bottom plates. A few minutes later the whole wall section can be levered up and aligned in place and braced for later application of the top plates and adjoining walls.
The method provides builders options and flexibility such as when and where there is a floor-level opening (doorway) the next wall section can be aligned and fastened in place separately with the top plate added then used then a lintel and cripple studding added, or the entire wall could have been cut and joined at the top all along and lifted up as one entity. In the end, the outside walls are plumbed and fastened together with 'ell-configured reinforced corners' that provide nailing wood in the interior angles and strength to the building forming in effect wide posts at each corner and fastened lastly by overlapped top plates which stagger their joints from the ones capping each plate by which the studs are end nailed together. Each wall from top to bottom ends up with a doubled plate, studs, and a doubled plate, where structurally the doubled plates spread the weight of the roof and loading across the studs of the wall, ultimately to the foundation.
Overall, the framed structure sits (most commonly) atop a concrete foundation on pressure treated wood 'sill', or 'beam'. When on concrete, the sill plate is anchored, usually with (embedded) 'J' bolts into the concrete substrate of the foundation wall. Generally these plates must be pressure treated to keep from rotting from condensing moisture. By various standards the bottom of the sill plate is located a minimum Script error: No such module "convert". above the finished grade (the surrounding ground) per standard builders practices, and frequently more dependent upon building codes of the relevant jurisdiction's local building codes. In North America, building codes may differ not only state to state, but town to town, the tighter specification applying at all times. This distance, together with roofing overhangs, and other system factors, is most often selected both to prevent the sill-plate from rotting (due to the invasion of splashed water) as well as providing a termite barrier. The latter is particularly (more or less) important than anti-rotting considerations depending upon the geographical location.
Alternatively, the room, room extension, deck or even a house can be built above concrete columns U.S. builders call piers some others call pilasters, another of many term misuses common to building trade parlance. In such cases, the pier (column) is usually required to rest on bed rock or extend well below the zone of average freezing soil depth (the same as a foundation) locally, and frequently is required to also have flared out or mushroomed bottom of greater surface than that the pier top (these are called 'big foots' in the building trade, and building suppliers carry PVC molds to conserve concrete which allow a builder to satisfy area requirements and the building codes). Rigid pressure treated 'beams' (usually doubled or tripled up wider types of 2x boards) are attached to the piers using galvanized metal brackets and serve the same function as sills in foundation supported framing.
The floors, walls and roof of a framed structure are created by assembling (using nails) consistently sized framing elements of dimensional lumber (e.g. 2×4s) at regular spacings (typically divisions of 4 and 8 feet, or such as 12, 16, 19.2, or 24 inches on center). The empty space formed between elements is called a stud bay in the wall and a joist bay in the floor or ceiling. The floors, walls and roof are typically made torsionally stable with the installation of a plywood or composite wood skin referred to as sheathing .[citation needed] Sheathing has very specific requirements (such as thickness and spacing of nailing). These measures allow a known amount of shear force to be resisted by the elements. Spacing the framing members properly usually allows them to align with the edges of standard sheathing. In the past, tongue and groove planks installed diagonally were used as sheathing. Occasionally, wooden or galvanized steel braces are used instead of sheathing. There are also engineered wood panels made for shear and bracing.[citation needed]
The floor, or the platform in this framing type's name, is made up of joists (usually 2x6, 2×8, 2×10 or 2×12 depending on the span, on edge thus the wider joist supporting weight for a greater distance) that sit on supporting foundation walls, beams, columns or girders within and at right angle to doubled outside members also on edge (the band), forming a box. The outer perimeter is nearly the same (3 inch vs. 3.5 inches) width as the support sill. The joists will generally be installed across the shortest distance of any floor span rectangle. The outer layer of the band will overlap the inner layer with staggered end joints creating a stronger box. If joist hangers are not used, the installation of the outer board in the band is delayed to allow through-nailing directly into the ends of the joists.
The floor joists are spaced at 12 in, 16 in, and 24 in on center, depending upon the live load needs of the designTemplate:Spaced ndash the closer the spacing and the wider the floor joist dimension, the less the floor will flex. It is then usually covered with a 3/4-inch tongue-and-groove plywood subfloor. In the century past, 1x planks set at 45-degrees to the joists were used for the first subfloor layer, and a second layer of 1x planks set at 90-degrees to the floor cladding topped that as the second subfloor layer. In that same era, all flooring choices were a very short menu of choices between finished wood types or ceramic tiles versus today's extensive multipage menu of manufactured flooring types.
Where the design calls for a framed floor, the resulting platform is where the framer will construct and stand that floor's walls (interior and exterior load bearing walls and space-dividing, non-load bearing partitions). Additional framed floors and their walls may then be erected to a general maximum of four in wood framed construction. There will be no framed floor in the case of a single-level structure with a concrete floor known as a slab on grade.[citation needed]
Stairs between floors are framed by installing three 90°-stepped stringers attached to wall structures and then placing the horizontal treads and vertical risers (usually about 14 of each for an 8-ft. ceiling) upon the planes formed by the stringers.
A framed roof is an assembly of rafters and wall-ties supported by the top story's walls. Prefabricated and site-built trussed rafters are also used along with the more common stick framing method. Trusses are engineered to redistribute tension away from wall-tie members and the ceiling members. The roof members are covered with sheathing or strapping to form the roof deck for the finish roofing material.[citation needed]
Floor joists can be engineered lumber (trussed, I-joist, etc.), conserving resources with increased rigidity and value. They are semi-custom manufactured to allow access for runs of plumbing, HVAC, etc. and some 'common-needs' forms are pre-manufactured as semi-mass-produced standard products made on a per order basis, like roofing trusses. Such products have a post-order lead time from several weeks to several months.
Double framing is a style of framing used in some areas to reduce heat loss and air infiltration. Two walls are built around the perimeter of the building with a small gap in between. The inner wall carries the structural load of the building and is constructed as described above. The exterior wall is not load bearing and can be constructed using lighter materials. Insulation is installed in the entire space between the outside edge of the exterior wall and the inside edge of the interior wall. The size of the gap depends upon how much insulation is desired. The vapor barrier is installed on the outside of the inner wall, rather than between the studs and drywall of a standard framed structure. This increases its effectiveness as it is not perforated by electrical and plumbing connections.
Light-frame materials are most often wood or rectangular steel, tubes or C-channels. Wood pieces are typically connected with nail fastener nails or screws; steel pieces are connected with nuts and bolts. Preferred species for linear structural members are softwoods such as spruce, pine and fir. Light frame material dimensions range from Script error: No such module "convert".; i.e., a Dimensional number two-by-four to 5 cm by 30 cm (two-by-twelve inches) at the cross-section, and lengths ranging from convert 2.5 mm ft for walls to convert 7 m ft or more for joists and rafters. Recently, architects have begun experimenting with pre-cut modular aluminum framing to reduce on-site construction costs.
Wall panels built of studs are interrupted by sections that provide rough openings for doors and windows. Openings are typically spanned by a header or lintel that bears the weight of structure above the opening. Headers are usually built to rest on trimmers, also called jacks. Areas around windows are defined by a sill beneath the window, and cripples, which are shorter studs that span the area from the bottom plate to the sill and sometimes from the top of the window to a header, or from a header to a top plate. Diagonal bracings made of wood or steel provide shear (horizontal strength) as do panels of sheeting nailed to studs, sills and headers.[citation needed]
Wall sections usually include a bottom plate which is secured to the structure of a floor, and one, or more often two top plates that tie walls together and provide a bearing for structures above the wall. Wood or steel floor frames usually include a rim joist around the perimeter of a system of floor joists, and often include bridging material near the center of a span to prevent lateral buckling of the spanning members. In two-story construction, openings are left in the floor system for a stairwell, in which stair risers and treads are most often attached to squared faces cut into sloping stair stringers.[citation needed]
Interior wall coverings in light-frame construction typically include wallboard, lath and plaster or decorative wood paneling.[citation needed]
Exterior finishes for walls and ceilings often include plywood or composite sheathing, brick or stone veneers, and various stucco finishes. Cavities between studs, usually placed Script error: No such module "convert". apart, are usually filled with insulation materials, such as fiberglass batting, or cellulose filling sometimes made of recycled newsprint treated with boron additives for fire prevention and vermin control.[citation needed]
In natural building, straw bales, cob and adobe may be used for both exterior and interior walls.
The part of a structural building that goes diagonally across a wall is called a T-bar. It stops the walls from collapsing in gusty winds.[citation needed]
Roofs are usually built to provide a sloping surface intended to shed rain or snow, with slopes ranging from 1 cm of rise per 15 cm (less than an inch per linear foot) of rafter run (horizontal span), to steep slopes of more than 2 cm per cm (two feet per foot) of rafter run. A light-frame structure built mostly inside sloping walls comprising a roof is called an A-frame.
Roofs are most often[citation needed] covered with shingles made of asphalt, fiberglass and small gravel coating, but a wide range of materials are used. Molten tar is often used to waterproof flatter roofs, but newer materials include rubber and synthetic materials. Steel panels are popular roof coverings in some areas, preferred for their durability. Slate or tile roofs offer more historic coverings for light-frame roofs.
Light-frame methods allow easy construction of unique roof designs; hip roofs, for example, slope toward walls on all sides and are joined at hip rafters that span from corners to a ridge. Valleys are formed when two sloping roof sections drain toward each other. Dormers are small areas in which vertical walls interrupt a roof line, and which are topped off by slopes at usually right angles to a main roof section. Gables are formed when a length-wise section of sloping roof ends to form a triangular wall section. Clerestories are formed by an interruption along the slope of a roof where a short vertical wall connects it to another roof section. Flat roofs, which usually include at least a nominal slope to shed water, are often surrounded by parapet walls with openings (called scuppers) to allow water to drain out. Sloping crickets are built into roofs to direct water away from areas of poor drainage, such as behind a chimney at the bottom of a sloping section.
Light-frame buildings are often erected on monolithic concrete-slab foundations that serve both as a floor and as a support for the structure. Other light-frame buildings are built over a crawlspace or a basement, with wood or steel joists used to span between foundation walls, usually constructed of poured concrete or concrete blocks.
Engineered components are commonly used to form floor, ceiling and roof structures in place of solid wood. I-joists (closed-web trusses) are often made from laminated woods, most often chipped poplar wood, in panels as thin as Script error: No such module "convert"., glued between horizontally laminated members of less than 4 cm by 4 cm (two-by-twos), to span distances of as much as Script error: No such module "convert".. Open web trussed joists and rafters are often formed of 4 cm by 9 cm (two-by-four) wood members to provide support for floors, roofing systems and ceiling finishes.
See also
- Framer
- Light timber construction schools
- Log building
- Steel frame
- Tessellated roof
- Timber framing
- Termite shield
- ^ Oxford English Dictionary Second Edition on CD-ROM (v. 4.0) © Oxford University Press 2009. Frame, Framing, Framer, Framework, Frame-house.
- ^ Townsend, Gilbert. Carpentry and joinery: a practical treatise on simple building construction, including framing, roof construction, general carpentry work, and exterior and interior finish of buildings. Chicago: American Technical Society, 1913. Print. 17.
- ^ a b c d McKeever, D.B.; Phelps, R.B. (1994). "Wood products used in new single-family house construction: 1950 to 1992" (PDF). Forest Products Journal. Retrieved March 3, 2007.
- ^ a b Kumaran, M.K.; Mukhopadhyaya, P.; Cornick, S.M. (2003). "An Integrated Methodology to Develop Moisture Management Strategies for Exterior Wall Systems" (PDF). 9th Conference on Building Science and Technology, Vancouver. Retrieved March 3, 2007.
- ^ a b Williams, M. "The Innovation of Light Frame Construction" (PDF). wdsc.caf.wvu.edu. Retrieved March 3, 2007.
- ^ a b c d Anderson, LeRoy Oscar (1992). "Wood[[:Template:Spaced ndash]] Frame House Construction". U. S. Department of Agriculture. Retrieved March 14, 2007. Wikilink embedded in URL title (help)
- ^ a b c Sherwood, G.; Moody, R.C. "Light-Frame Wall and Floor Systems" (PDF). United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Forest Products. Retrieved March 13, 2007.
- ^ Oide, K. (1977). "Joining and fixing structure for ceiling boards and paneling". US Patent 4,057,947. Retrieved March 13, 2007.
- ^ a b Kosny, J.; Desjarlais, A.O. (1994). "Influence of Architectural Details on the Overall Thermal Performance of Residential Wall Systems". Journal of Building Physics. Retrieved March 3, 2007.
- ^ McPherson, James M. (1989). Battle Cry of Freedom (New York: Ballantine Books). p. 17.
- ^ Ching, Francis D. K. (1995). A Visual Dictionary of Architecture. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company. p. 267. ISBN 0-442-02462-2.
- ^ Holske, Louis R. (June 1921). "The Specification DeskTemplate:Spaced ndash A Department for Specification WritersTemplate:Spaced ndash What the Specification Writer Wants to Know". Pencil Points II (6): 228–229.
- ^ Miller, Donald L. (1996). City of the CenturyTemplate:Spaced ndashThe Epic of Chicago and the Making of America. New York City: Simon & Schuster. p. 84. ISBN 0-684-83138-4.
- ^ Gideon, Sigfried (1952). 'The Balloon Frame and Industrialization' in Roots of Contemporary American Architecture, Lewis Mumford (ed) (New York: Reinhold). pp. 201-205.
- ^ Indiana DNR, Division of Histo; ric Preservation and Archaeology. "Historic Building Research Handbook" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-06-13.
- ^ a b "Who Invented Your House?". American Heritage. Retrieved August 30, 2010.
- ^ Maass, John (1957). The Gingerbread AgeTemplate:Spaced ndash A View of Victorian American. New York City: Crown Publishers. p. 140. ISBN 0-517-01965-5.
- ^ Woodward, George Evertson (1865). Woodward's Country Homes. New York City: Geo. E. Woodward. pp. 151–152. ISBN 1-112-22157-3.
- ^ Robinson, Salon. "How to Build Balloon Frames". Transactions of the American Institute of the City of New York for the year 1854 no. 144. Albany:C. Van Benthuysen, 1855. 405-408. http://books.google.com/books?id=MyU2AQAAIAAJ&pg accessed January 10, 2013
- ^ Duncan, Hugh Dalziel (1989). Culture and Democracy: The Struggle for Form in Society and Architecture in Chicago and the Middle West during the Life and Times of Louis H. Sullivan. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers. p. 554. ISBN 0-88738-746-2.
- ^ Framing floors, walls, and ceilings. Newtown, CT: Taunton Press, 2005. 118. ISBN 1561587583
- Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (2005). Canadian Wood-Frame House Construction. ISBN 0-660-19535-6.
External links
- Lienhard, John H. (1993). "Balloon Frame Houses". The Engines of Our Ingenuity. Episode 779http://www.uh.edu/engines/epi779.htm
|transcripturl=missing title (help). NPR. KUHF-FM Houston.
- Canadian Wood CouncilTemplate:Spaced ndash wood-building design tools, case studies and references
- USDA Forest Products Laboratory Lists of Publications
- "Wood Handbook"Template:Spaced ndash wood as an engineering material
- "Design and Construction of Low Energy Houses in Saskatchewan"


text:
Read the original article in the Daily Journal of Commerce here.
A visit to the Portland State University health center was eye-opening for Keith Whiting, a project architect with Portland-based Merryman Barnes Architects Inc. He noticed that the upper floor left students feeling so disoriented that they couldn't find the dental clinic.
"We've had kids holding their mouths asking, 'Do you know where the dentist is?' " he said. "It's that bad."
Merryman Barnes teamed up with interior design firm Czopek | Design Studio Inc.on a 12,500-square-foot remodel of the third floor of the Center for Student Health and Counseling in PSU's four-story University Center Building in downtown Portland.
Contractor bids are due next month for the estimated $1.7 million project, Merryman Barnes partner Nancy Merryman said. Construction is scheduled to begin in mid-October, she said.
The project will add exam room and dental clinic space so that the health center can serve more students, said Linda Czopek, a principal with Czopek | Design.
"Student volume is expanding, so the existing center has had a whole lot of activity," she said.
Merryman Barnes and Czopek | Design created a central waiting area to serve the dental clinic, the health center administration and a new health promotions program. The room greets students when they enter the third floor, making the location of the dentist and other health services obvious, Merryman said.
"Our biggest challenge was as soon as they come up to the elevator they know where they're going, creating a center and some personality for this space," she said.
The remodel also improves the health center's testing services wing and moves all the administrative offices together, Merryman said.
"Right now, they're all spread throughout the clinic floor," she said.
More office space will be carved out of a parking garage on the same floor, Whiting said.
"Half of (the floor) is parking garage and half of it is office," he said. "Some of this is claiming the parking garage … as office."
For the health promotions program space, Merryman Barnes designed a "mind spa" with rounded seats carved into the walls with lights that mimic natural daylight to treat students suffering from seasonal depression, Merryman said. The room was designed to be soft and comfortable; it has felt walls, Whiting said.
One project focus, Merryman said, was achieving continuity between the building's second and third floors. The second – the health center's main floor – has a nature theme with lots of green and leaf patterns, she said.
Wood-slated ceilings and walls will more subtly convey a similar feeling, Czopek said. The remodel will also add doorways and dividers with tree patterns carved into them, she said.
"They had a really organic theme, so we tried to reflect that," Czopek said. "It's a message that this is still part of the same building."
A wood-slated ceiling in the hallway will also help students find their way, Merryman said.
"It leads one down the lobby into the waiting area and into the administrative offices," she said.

subset: commoncrawl


text: Opportunity Abounds April 27, 2012 04:40 PM Tweet At the 2012 Agricultural Outlook Forum: (back row) Clayton Yeutter, Dan Glickman, Mike Espy and John Block; (front row) Sen. Mike Johanns, current USDA Secretary Tom Vilsack, Ann Veneman and Ed Schafer. Former USDA Secretaries' advice to young farmers At the 2008 Farm Journal Forum, seven former USDA Secretaries gathered for a conversation on agriculture and farm policy. To celebrate its 150th anniversary, the agency again gathered these former officials—with the addition of Ed Schafer, who was Secretary during the 2008 event—at the annual Agricultural Outlook Forum in Arlington, Va. (Former Secretary Bob Bergland was hospitalized just before the event and was unable to participate.) As at our 2008 roundtable, hosted with the Farm Foundation, the former USDA Secretaries shed their political party labels in favor of one: "agriculture." As this year's session came to a close, current USDA Secretary Tom Vilsack asked the panel what they would tell a young farmer today. Here are a few of the responses: A new era. "I think the biggest message in agriculture today is opportunity," said Schafer, USDA Secretary in 2008 and 2009 for President George W. Bush. "We have 400 career paths that go into agriculture today because of the technology increases and the global reach of agriculture. I am thrilled about how many young people are focusing on agriculture who didn't before—they are finding ways to participate in the agriculture arena that weren't traditionally involved." Mike Johanns, Secretary from 2005 to 2008, said: "Farming today is really about risk management. These values are remarkable. If you started farming five years ago and bought land, you're probably feeling like you're doing very well, but those of us who have been around long enough know what goes up does come down." The leader of USDA from 2001 to 2005, Ann Veneman, said she is struck by the "diversity of opportunity within this field, be it production agriculture; research around issues of the future; new and different crops; drought resistance; water-saving technologies; food safety—the issues go on and on." Dan Glickman headed USDA from 1995 to 2001, a far different period for U.S. agriculture. Now, he said, "the industry of our time is agriculture. We are in a very bullish and exciting time to look at ag as a business opportunity." USDA itself is an opportunity for young people seeking a start in agriculture, said Mike Espy, Secretary from 1993 to 1994. "There really is no higher calling in government than in an agency which has the primary responsibility of providing food, fuel and fiber to sustain a nation." Clayton Yeutter, with USDA since the 1970s and Secretary from 1989 to 1991, offered three words: "Risk, education and technology. I'm an eternal optimist, but I also know that conventional wisdom is usually wrong." Education is key, he said, "and you better be able to handle sophisticated technology, because agriculture is infinitely more sophisticated than when Jack Block and I began farming." Block, the senior member of the panel, led USDA from 1981 to 1986, a time of considerable upheaval. Despite that, he's optimistic: "There's great opportunity because there are more people in the world—demand is strong. Frankly, we need to let the markets tell us what to do—grow corn, wheat, whatever. Let the markets work." Block also shared his concerns about land prices, noting that he led USDA when "farmland prices dropped in half. Those times were not great. We worked our way through it. We're well beyond that now, but you have to have sustainability. Just use your own good judgment. And then we can all take advantage of it." Back to news


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The Invite That Talks Back
Previous / Next
Planet Kids, Bangalore's leading playschool chain wanted an invite to announce their Annual Day celebrations. This invite would be given to students and their parents. The objective was to create excitement around the event and get their kids buzzing. So we decided to create something out-of-the-ordinary, something that would engage their students and get them to transfer the buzz onto their parents. And voila, the 'hand puppet' invite was born!
Advertising Agency: Happy, Bangalore, India Executive Creative Director: Kartik Iyer Chief Creative Officer: Praveen Das Creative Director: Carl Savio Illustrator: Nalisha Chouraria Art Director: Shatrughan R Copywriter: Megha Rameshvia adsoftheworld.com


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This goes out as my final post on this blog. It has been an amazing two years running this blog. I learned a lot, made mistakes, met and made friends with a whole hots of other people.
I got the chance to review so many devices, accessories, apps. Over these two years I have been able to form a viewpoint, discuss it, add to it and do so much more. The readers with their comments, the fellow bloggers with their trackbacks and even the emails from everybody greatly encouraged me to pursue this small hobby of mine.
This blog also helped me get my jobs, whether Spice Retail or my current one, it's this medium and this space which allowed me to speak my mind. it allowed me to craft an identity for myself, it got people to hear me out.
What started out as merely a passing hobby, has today reached an important milestone. On the 17th August, 2010 this blog and me decided to take the next big step and move to a self hosted solution and get hold of our own domain. This new domain – World of Phones.Net is the first step to taking this hobby further. I request you to join me and an ever-growing team at World of Phones.Net, where we will continue to cover the industry with greater depth and greater detail.
From now on all articles will be posted on the new site. This blog will still remain as it is for people to comeback and read the articles here. These articles will be available on the new site as well, but I think it's best to provide both the options to you, my readers.
World of Phones.Net has its own online presence, and I encourage you to engage me and my team on those platforms as well. Below are the details:
Facebook: www.facebook.com/WorldofPhones
Twitter: www.twitter.com/WOPdotNet
YouTube: http://www.youtube.com/WorldofPhones
The RSS feed to the new site is also available here – WorldofPhones RSS Feed
I hope to see you all over there 🙂
This blog will no longer allow you to comment, but will definitely allow trackbacks and pingbacks.


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Built with a 100% windproof WINDSTOPPER® membrane and a soft Berber fleece backer, the Dakota Hoody functions both as an outer layer and a cozy insulator to be stacked under a shell. A built-in zippered hand muff keeps your digits warm, while the fitted hood delivers warmth without compromising the peripheral vision or range of motion needed to keep tabs on a swirling flock.
Features & Benefits
3/4 Zip with Built-In Muff
The 3/4-zip construction allows for an integrated Berber-lined hand muff to keep your digits toasty and dexterous.
Adjustable Hood
The adjustable hood traps heat without interfering with your peripheral vision.
Complete Windproof Protection
A 100% windproof GORE® WINDSTOPPER® membrane with a body-mapped high-loft Berber fleece backer seals out the cold without added bulk.
WINDSTOPPER® Laminate, Durable Water Repellent Finish
100% Polyester Stretch-Woven
Backer // Circular Knit High Loft Fleece
Product Care
Routine Care and maintenance ensures the optimum performance of your SITKA Gear/ GORE® WINDSTOPPER®
Be sure to follow the manufacturer's care instructions –typically found on the inside tag.
- Use a front load washing machine and a scent-free, gentle detergent
- Use warm water on permanent press or gentle cycle and rinse twice to ensure all cleaner has been removed.
- Do Not Bleach + Do Not Dry Clean + Do Not Iron
- Visit Care Guide to better understand DWR and how to revitalize it.
Product Technology
WINDSTOPPER® products shelter hunters from the adverse effects of bone-chilling winds. The WINDSTOPPER™ membrane works with our base layers to prevent overheating and perspiration build-up by allowing moisture vapor to easily escape.


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About Kelly's Closet
We know that making the decision to cloth diaper can be overwhelming. We're here to help make your cloth diapering experience simple and successful. We know that every family decides to use cloth diapers for different reasons; to save money, to protect the environment, to provide a gentle diaper for your baby, to carry on family traditions, or any combination of reasons. We provide you with quality cloth diapers at affordable prices. We've been leaders in the cloth diaper industry since 2001 and have over 16 years experience with cloth diapers.
Cloth diapers and more. While we specialize in cloth diapers, we have a growing line of eco-friendly, natural products for moms, babies, and toddlers. We carry the most popular brands of cloth diapers including bumGenius, FuzziBunz, Thirsties, Flip, GroVia, Rumparooz, Sloomb/Sustainablebabyish, Bummis, SoftBums, Smart Bottoms, Tots Bots, and many other brands of cloth diapers and accessories. Our selection of cloth diapers includes one-size diapers, pocket diapers, all-in-one diapers, pre-folds, flats, fitteds, diaper covers, and even wool. There truly is a diapering system that will work with every family's lifestyle and preference. In addition to cloth diapers our product line includes breastfeeding creams, nursing pads, nursing covers, cloth diaper laundry detergents, baby carriers and wraps, reusable swim diapers, swim shirts, swim hats, natural sunscreens, natural skin care, silicone teething necklaces and toys, Baltic amber teething jewelry, reusable training pants, reusable menstrual cups and pads, and reusable wet bags and snack bags. We are continually looking for new items to add to the store and are always open to hear your requests.
Education is key. We strongly believe that cloth diaper education and support is key to your success. We have a growing virtual classroom of cloth diaper information on our store and our blogs. We are available for phone consultations and by email. We are very active in social media and can answer your cloth diaper questions and inquiries on Facebook, Twitter, and anywhere you find us online. We can help you decide which cloth diaper is right for your family and help you troubleshoot should you encounter any problems along the way. We are available Monday - Friday, 8am-3pm ET to assist you. If we don't answer your phone call or chat request right away please be patient as we are probably assisting other customers or packing orders. We will reply as quickly as possible. While we do enjoy our family time you may even hear from us in the evenings or weekends if we are available. If we're not available you can always count on our customers to help you in our growing private Facebook Cloth Diaper Support group. How can we help you??
Where are we? Our warehouse and office is located in South Paris, Maine; about an hour north of Portland. We also have support staff located in Florida and Missouri. Since we are in a small town we don't currently have a storefront but do have local pickup if you're in the area. Just contact us to make sure someone will be in the office before stopping by.
Who are we? Kelly's Closet is a small family owned business owned by Bobbi-Jean Palmer. While you might think of us as a large operation, the reality is that we only have 2-4 employees in the office on an average day. We don't outsource any of our operations and handle all of the ordering, stocking, packing, shipping, and customer service. On any given day you may find other family members stopping by to lend a hand in packing and shipping your orders, as well as a few kids building fluffy cloth diaper forts on school holidays. We have employees both in the office and virtual, together we are the caring employees of Kelly's Closet who help you with your cloth diapering journey.
Our Office Staff. Our office staff is responsible for almost everything that goes on with your order. They pack your order, ship your order, order and restock products, answer your phone calls, and all the day to day operations of the office. Bobbi-Jean has 2 small children, her youngest is now in 3rd grade. Tracie has two older boys and enjoys hanging out with her family when she's not at work. Leanne is a local mom of one son and she helps pack up your orders. Tricia is a mom of 3 small children under the age of 6 and is our resident cloth diaper and babywearing expert with over 6 years of current experience. Tricia's alter ego is the Fluff Fairy and you can also find her virtually on our social media.
Our Virtual Staff. In addition to our office staff we have a strong virtual team. Our graphic designer and web masters are from iCreative Media and they make us look good.
Our social media and customer support gal, Calley is here to answer your product and customer service questions. Calley is a mom of 2 and has been in the industry for over 7 years now.
Work-life balance. We believe the key to a successful business begins with happy families, including our own. While our store is always open, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, 365 days a year - we value our family and our time with them. Our regular business hours are M-F, 8am-3pm ET. We do not regularly work on weekends, evenings, or holidays in the office. We take a break from social media to spend quality time with our families in the afternoons, evenings, and on weekends. Since we know that these are the hours when many of our customers are online you will often find us sneaking online after our families are sound asleep to answer your questions. You may also find us online over the weekend, on holidays, and even while on vacation - but if we don't answer you during those times please know that we do value you as a customer and will get back with you as soon as possible. Children grow up way too fast and we'd hate to miss the important times in their lives.
Respect for the environment. Since one of the main reasons families use cloth diapers is for environmental reasons we take pride in caring for the environment in our business. You may receive your packages in boxes that we are reusing. This also helps us save money on packaging to keep your prices lower. Once you receive your packages please reuse or recycle the packaging to reduce our environmental impact.
Questions? Comments? Suggestions? Please contact us and we'll be happy to help.


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Caps & Hats
Like all the items of clothing we sell at logos4polos, the caps and hats on our site combine brand name quality with the chance to create something unique and personal. Select the type of hat you'd like from our extensive range and then upload the logo of your choice. Before you know it we'll have created personalised caps or custom hats, meeting every order quickly and simply, no matter how large or small.
We've made it incredibly simple to make your own cap using just a few steps on our website. When we make custom hats we make them in house using the very latest technology, meaning that the quality of every custom hat is as consistently high as it can be.
Order a personalised hat today to discover for yourself the kind of value, quality and efficient delivery we offer to every one of our customers.


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Questions about Miami's biggest free & family-friendly street festival is this Sunday in Downtown Miami? Streets will be closed to cars from 10am until 2pm. Everyone is welcome!
- Is it a race? No! There is no beginning or end point. Come early and stay all day!
- Is it just for bicycling? No way! You'll see people walking around or jogging, kids playing in the streets, couples dancing…. You might bring a lawn chair and soak up the Sunday morning in your city, bring a guitar and play for passers by, meet up with friends and play some impromptu roller hockey on a side street.
- Is it all really FREE? Fresh Market, Bike Rentals and more – yes, it's all free! The only thing you might need to pay for is car parking, so Mary Brickell Village is offering discounted All Day Parking in their Garage on SW 9th Street.
Thank you for your questions and ideas! Got more? Please contact us here!


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This is the Royal Oak Memorial in St. Magnus Cathedral. It commemroates the 833 souls lost when U47 managed to infiltrate Scapa Flow and sink the Royal Oak.
St. Magnus cathedral itself is a Viking cathedral. Construction began in 1137. The completion date is more complicated. it has been altered in many ways both large and small over the years.


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The ocean has power
Scotland's Orkney Islands are considered the epicentre of today's ocean energy research and development. Top players in both wave and tidal power are situated here, taking advantage of the ideal conditions the north Atlantic offers.
The industry is still at the embryonic phase with only prototypes at work in the waters, but SKF is there providing knowledge from its experience in both the wind and the oil-and-gas industry.
Knowledge engineer Cengiz Shevket and his ocean energy team visit the Orkney Islands for the first time to see first hand how SKF can further help the industry overcome today and tomorrow's challenges. Reliability, maintainability and availability are key to survival in the harsh environment that is the ocean.
Cengiz Shevket, Manager, Renewable Energy Engineering team
Jim Marnoch, Ocean Energy Manager
Michael Baumann, Business Development Manager
See how SKF engineers have developed other industry or application-specific solutions.


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Monday, March 19, 2012
Airborn The Movie: Take Two
In 2004-2006 the book was developed by Universal Pictures and the Sommers Company (The Mummy, Van Helsing, G.I. Joe) and they commissioned a script that, to my mind, had astonishingly little to do with my novel. The screenwriters gutted the plot, took out the cloud cats altogether, and left behind two characters called Matt and Kate and a storyline involving mystical urns. (In case you haven't read the novel, there is not even one mystical urn.)
Airborn is a special book for me, and I decided that, if at all possible, in future, I would try to have a bit more control over what happened to any film adaptation.
So I am very pleased to be able to tell you that I have optioned the book to Halifax Films and Oscar-winning producer Michael Donovan (Bowling for Columbine, Shake Hands With the Devil). I will be writing the first draft of the screenplay, and will act as an executive producer on the project.
So here's hoping for an excellent second take!
87 comments:
Very exciting! Good luck.ReplyDelete
Oh boy oh boy oh boyReplyDelete
Airborn is one of my favorite books of all time, and every time I read it (which is often!), I envision what a movie version would look like. Obviously it won't live up to what I've built in my mind (few book-based movies do), but I'm extremely excited about this, especially having you involved with the screenplay.
Good luck, and keep us posted!Replies
- AnonymousNovember 21, 2012 at 5:24 PM
-another fan
- AnonymousMarch 27, 2014 at 9:29 AM
I simply love the Airborn trilogy, and cannot wait to see a movie about it; or possibly another book!!!Delete
That's going to be awewome!Delete
Awesome! It's great you actually get to write the screenplay this time. Here's to hoping this goes better than the last try!ReplyDelete
- AnonymousMarch 19, 2012 at 11:25 AM
YEAH !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!ReplyDelete
- AnonymousMarch 19, 2012 at 4:13 PM
Best news I've read in a while!ReplyDelete
Nice! Can't wait to see it! Will be good!ReplyDelete
Wonderful News! Keep us posted.ReplyDelete
- AnonymousMarch 20, 2012 at 5:39 PM
thank you for keeping the proper idea of Airborn, instead of having someone rip it to little pieces.ReplyDelete
sorry if i am interrupting anything.
This is awesome!! So excited!!ReplyDelete
- AnonymousMarch 24, 2012 at 7:06 PM
I'm extremely excited about this news!Please ensure the film is as true to the book as possible;including in how the characters,ships,environments,and creatures look and are portrayed.Will you afterwards proceed to option movies for the two sequels as well.I also look forward to a fourth Airborn novel too.Thanks so much,Ken!ReplyDelete
- AnonymousMarch 27, 2012 at 11:23 AM
This is extremely amazing news! I love the Airborn books. I hate it when people turn the books into a stinky movie. I make me mad. Hopefully, this will turn into a good movie! Also, I was wondering if you are going to make another Airborn book?ReplyDelete
- AnonymousMarch 28, 2012 at 9:49 PM
I am so excited that you have such a solid team making Airborn! The series are one of my favorite ever, and this is just the best news. Thanks for making it happen!!ReplyDelete
Ohhh myy God...Super Excited, finally. o_oReplyDelete
- Guy LabayenApril 3, 2012 at 1:13 AM
I am in awe that the movie is picked up again. I thought it would never happen. But something tells me you worked hard to find the right people to work with.ReplyDelete
I remember buying Starclimber together with The Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins. As much as I enjoyed The Hunger Games movie, I really wanted Airborn to have the movie it deserved.
I'm trying not to get ahead of myself too much, but I believe Chloe Grace Moretz would make a fascinating Kate de Vries. She is the perfect age, but in her roles she acts very mature (just like Kate!). The role of Matt is harder for me to picture (mostly because I pictured myself in those pirate fights and space exams you blissfully described). But I can't wait to see this project develop even further. With you writing the rough draft, I can see this movie taking flight.Replies
- AnonymousMarch 6, 2013 at 1:05 PM
Oh my gosh! I looked up Chloe Grace Moretz on google and I believe you have hit the mark my friend! She looks exactly how I always pictured Kate! Plus, she seems to act in many roles that fit Kate's character as well.Delete
- AnonymousMarch 27, 2014 at 9:33 AM
I totally pictured her just like Mortez!Delete
- AnonymousApril 3, 2012 at 6:06 PM
This book was the first in my life to truly move me. I had chills during the scene on the catwalk when the Cloud Cat is RIGHT THERE. It would be such a unique EPIC movie seris, kinda like The Golden Compass, or Narnia. But Airborn better be given justice if made into a movie...it's just amazing.ReplyDelete
- AnonymousApril 6, 2012 at 4:52 AM
I hope this movie works out. I read this book years ago, and I love the series. I can't wait for the movie adaption. Or the next book!ReplyDelete
- AnonymousApril 8, 2012 at 5:05 PM
Ahhh!!! I'm so excited!!!ReplyDelete
All throughout my life, I've never been able to pick a favorite (whether it was favorite color, favorite food, etc.) That is, until I read Airborn. Airborn has been my absolute favorite book ever since I first read it, and I'm so excited that it will be made into a movie!! This is the most excited I've been in the longest time!! :D :D
PS- When reading the novels, I've always imagined Emma Watson as Kate deVries. I know it's probably not a feasible suggestion, but.
Anyways, thank you so much, Mr. Oppel, for writing such an incredible series and for opening me to the wonders of reading :)Replies
- AnonymousMarch 6, 2013 at 1:08 PM
I saw an earlier comment that had Chloe Grace Moretz as Kate, who is not quite as famous as Emma Watson,so she would probably be a more feasible option, but if somehow Emma could do it, that would be epic beyond epicness.Delete
- AnonymousMarch 27, 2014 at 9:35 AM
I agree,but I picture both of them as Kate.Delete
- AnonymousApril 11, 2012 at 2:38 PM
BRAVO! I've loved the Airborn trilogy for years and always thought they would make incredible movies. I was so disappointed when the last movie deal fell through, so now I am super excited!ReplyDelete
Congratulations and best wishes on your future work!
- Stefan LeichtApril 26, 2012 at 8:34 AM
I enjoyed the silverwing series. Airborn was a whole other matter. The main character is basically good but his view on reality is distorted. The Aurora is cool, but whats with the Hydrium? Why didnt you just say Hydrogen? Don't insult the noble gasses. In the cover picture Matt would freeze at that hieght! He thinks he's such a big shot walking around with Kate. Fix it, and then I might respect you again. A word of warning to the director of this film, DON'T DO THIS! THE BOOK WAS BAD AND THE MOVIE WILL BE BAD TOO!Replies
- AnonymousOctober 20, 2012 at 10:18 PM
I think Hyrdrium is a mixture of Hydrogen and Helium. I think that Mr. Oppel was being very clever when he invented it and I found that it helped make the book world, which is kind of a reality-fantasy Earth, more real.Delete
He is a very creative writer and it is your opinion to dislike Airborn though.
- AnonymousMarch 8, 2014 at 10:31 PM
loved the book hope the movie comes soon or a sequal to the book ending kinda bored meDelete
- AnonymousApril 2, 2016 at 2:06 PM
Stefan, are you thinking of a different book?Delete
- AnonymousMay 3, 2012 at 2:49 PM
If you make a movie I whant to see itReplyDelete
- AnonymousMay 6, 2012 at 9:47 PM
when will we know info on the movie Mr Oppel...ReplyDelete
This is FANTASTIC news! I am such a fan of the Airborn series and I remember reading the articles about the first time it was op-ed for a movie, and even though I was disappointed it fell out, I was more disappointed that the movie company wanted to completely change the story. So many high fives to you for standing up for your awesome characters and storytelling. And I think the best news is that you will have the creative control you deserve. So write away my friend! I trust you wholeheartedly and I will be keeping my fingers crossed that everything is a success!ReplyDelete
- AnonymousMay 13, 2012 at 3:52 AM
What a coincidence. I was reading the Wiki entry on Stephen Sommers the other day and that's when I learnt about his aborted project on Airborn. Not having heard of this trilogy, I immediately looked it up and found the setting similar to Scott Westerfeld's Leviathan trilogy which I tremendously enjoyed reading last summer. So, I have just started off on Airborn (have finished the first 2 chapters) and found it very engaging, and the character of cabin boy Matt Cruse immensely likeable. So, it's wonderful news to hear that Airborn will finally be getting the big screen treatment. Wish you the best and looking forward to it.ReplyDelete
- Joe SmithMay 14, 2012 at 4:14 PM
@Stefan LeichtReplyDelete
What are you talking about? Airborn was great!
- DanielleMay 19, 2012 at 3:57 PM
Exciting! Hope everything works out well - I'd LOVE to see an Airborn movie!ReplyDelete
Is there any thought about another Airborn book? I feel like there can be more to the story and that there is still a lot left open after Starclimber. I really want to see another book where Matt and Kate's relationship really develops and the idea of travelling to other worlds or the moon as it was mentioned in Starclimber.ReplyDelete
- Prince JabaKumarJune 14, 2012 at 11:38 PM
Wow great news!!! When are you planning to release the Airborn movie?ReplyDelete
- AnonymousJuly 1, 2012 at 6:58 AM
Would love it to be made into a film, i loved the series of books!ReplyDelete
Thank you!ReplyDelete
The Airborn and its sequels are some of my absolute favorite books and I would love to see them made into movies.
- AnonymousJuly 13, 2012 at 8:27 AM
Best book I have ever read. No question the movie will be one to look for! The book was one of those books I read on my own time even though I don't like to read! I CAN'T WAIT ANY LONGER!!!!!ReplyDelete
I've been waiting for almost 7 years for this movie to come out :) Thanks for the hope
- AnonymousJuly 24, 2012 at 2:47 PM
I've also imagined Emma Watson as Kate DeVriesReplyDelete
What an intriguing post!ReplyDelete
I am of two minds here.
On one hand, I can't imagine how any filmmaker could do justice to the greatness of this book. There are too many great nuances that could be missed, and I am rarely satisfied with movie adaptations.
On the other hand, how could I NOT want to see a movie version of my favorite book series from my 2012 reading? And, if you, Mr. Oppel, are writing the screenplay, I have confidence it will be wonderful. Heck, they managed to do an excellent job with Sachar's book "Holes."
Here's looking forward to a great turnout!
I'm really looking forward to reading your Frankenstein books soon. Keep up the top-notch work, Mr. Oppe1, and thank you!
Heard the book is amazing! Cant wait to see the movie!ReplyDelete
- AnonymousSeptember 29, 2012 at 9:36 PM
Thank god. I really hope the movies is as good as the booksReplyDelete
I hope the movie does the book justice I love it. But can some one tell me what color the aurora is??ReplyDelete
- AnonymousOctober 8, 2012 at 1:46 PM
Thank you Mr. Oppel for considering making a movie with out tearing apart it.ReplyDelete
P.S. I imagine Emma Watson as Kate
- AnonymousOctober 25, 2012 at 6:31 PM
There are no words to describe how excited I'd be to see more of the world, movie form or book form. Just perfect.ReplyDelete
- AnonymousNovember 13, 2012 at 1:02 AM
I would totally go and see this buy the dvd and Go see it again i ove the books read the whole series in a weekk i stayed up a whole night to read Skybreaker I really want to see a forth book and hope your cracking down on writing one Alot of people would love it =DReplyDelete
Although dont go for more spacey(<--Not a word) stuff go for their relationship growing and him being a captain.I really want to see him in that position. Do something with home life for the New couple=D. I would absoulutely if i were you be writing it like harry poter and make the series SUPER long because its just that great
- AnonymousNovember 13, 2012 at 3:55 PM
I absolutely love the entire book series and have read it many times. I think that they deserve a movie..... I would definitely go see it. I also think it would be cool if they could make a fourth book.... it leaves off on a cliff hanger.ReplyDelete
- kittyjay14November 18, 2012 at 6:48 PM
I have to say, I'm really excited to hear this news. Especially the fact that you're writing the screenplay. Handing something to another writer means certain aspects of the story get lost. Also, Airborn always seemed like such a visual story with airships and old fashioned adventure. My one hope is that it isn't over CGI'ed. I'm getting my degree in aerospace and I've seen actual equipment. I would love to see the realism of the story be emphasized in the implementation of the effects for the movie. CGI makes things seem fake and imaginary. What was great about Airborn is that for all the fantasy aspects, there was a realistic side to it in the Darwinian exploration and long term ship travel.ReplyDelete
- AnonymousDecember 3, 2012 at 12:19 PM
I just wanted to shake your hand, Mr. Oppal, and tell you thank you so much for not letting Universal Pictures destroy your amazing novel. Too often have I seen a good book ruined by an awful movie adaption, and I would have been heart-broken had this happened to Airborn. I'm so glad you've taken control of the script and I can't wait to see what is in store!ReplyDelete
- AnonymousJanuary 21, 2013 at 8:22 PM
Cant wait to see a movie soon please don't let em change it a lot I hold high respect for you doing that and making sure it is done rightReplyDelete
- AnonymousJanuary 26, 2013 at 8:55 PM
Oh my god... I think it's a fan's worst nightmare to have their favorite book series come out as a movie and be COMPLETELY obliterated. I'm glad to hear that Airborn's screenplay will be in the hands of Kenneth Oppel. It makes me feel secure knowing that one of my favorite books' movie version is in the best hands. :)ReplyDelete
This comment has been removed by the author.ReplyDelete
Congrats! This is so exciting! I kind of had Asa Butterfield in my mind as Matt while reading, he's an amazing little actor :)check him outReplyDelete
- Justin CloudcatMarch 30, 2013 at 8:04 AM
This is exactly the kind of statement that all readers have wanted every book-turned-movie author to write! "I will not let them change it into unrecognizable garbage". Thank you!ReplyDelete
P.S. I kept thinking how cool this book would have been as a Studio Ghibli movie. For fans of Miyazaki, you will know what I mean.
- AnonymousApril 25, 2013 at 7:18 AM
i love that book that would be a good movieReplyDelete
This comment has been removed by the author.ReplyDelete
So is there gonna be a movie or not? I don't want to get my hopes up too much, but I am waiting with baited breath!!!!ReplyDelete
- AnonymousJune 5, 2013 at 1:51 PM
I'm so glad the screenplay is being written by Kenneth Opple. i would hate to see Airborne turn into a movie about "mystical urns".ReplyDelete
P.S. i think Silverwing would make a great movie!
- AnonymousJune 16, 2013 at 7:55 AM
- AnonymousAugust 7, 2013 at 11:18 AM
I pray to the sky that this will be the movie that will not be a box office smash, but a destroyer. I'm fairly confident you will do well to guide the movie on to its right tracks and bull rush straight on to our starved fantasy minds from start to finish throughout the movie. Granted that there will always be a couple of details left out as such movies from book originate from but assuming, with the budget and all, you will satisfy the long awaited fans who read the Airborn series like crack. Get hooked once and your open to the world of... everything.ReplyDelete
- AnonymousSeptember 15, 2013 at 3:32 PM
Yayy! I'm so glad that you yourself, Mr. Oppel, get to write the first draft of the screenplay! I would hate to see the cloud cats replaced with "mystical urns." (Where did they come up with that?) Very eagerly looking forward to the movie!!ReplyDelete
- AnonymousSeptember 20, 2013 at 10:25 AM
I just finished the book and enjoyed it very much.ReplyDelete
There is a slight science flaw in the escape from the pit. It would not be possible to escape from a pit filled with hydrium in a balloon filled with hydrium. The balloon would float no better than a balloon filled with ordinary air will float in a room of air. For a balloon to work, it has to be filled with something lighter than the surrounding atmosphere.
Perhaps for the movie you can write it so that the pit is "filling with hydrium" (the lid had just been opened, after all) but is not yet filled.
Hollywood gets something like 50,000 new scripts every year. Why would they take out the cloud cats? Probably because they liked their OWN idea about the urns so much there wasn't space left for the cats.
Good luck!
- AnonymousSeptember 30, 2013 at 10:55 AM
I'm so excited.Good luck with the movie!!! And please make another sequel to airborn. Its the best series I've ever read.ReplyDeleteReplies
There is are two sequels to Airborn: Skybreaker and then Starclimber.Delete
The story ended off pretty nicely after Starclimber so to do a fourth book would be difficult.
- AnonymousMarch 27, 2014 at 9:45 AM
He could lead off with Kate's and Matt's wedding and then create some other intruigingly intresting creature.Delete
Any updates so far? :)ReplyDelete
- AnonymousOctober 17, 2013 at 4:49 PM
PLEASE TELL ME ITS GOING TO COME OUT SOON! ! ! ! ! !ReplyDelete
- AnonymousMarch 8, 2014 at 10:35 PM
by ending i mean the very end in parisReplyDelete
- AnonymousMarch 8, 2014 at 10:38 PM
oh... and may i add my name is Matt and im dating a girl named kate with mahogany hair :D what a conectionReplyDelete
- AnonymousMarch 13, 2014 at 8:34 PM
I'm a 13 year old boy that enjoys reading overall, But to tell you the truth... In the beginning, I didn't think much of this book series, but once I started reading, I was very intrigued and interested in the film and sequel of this book.ReplyDelete
I am currently reading that book for the second or third time and I feel it would be most suitable if I were to take on the role of Kate. ;) I very enjoy this book and as a visionary write myself I completely recall little details because of how well you explain everything. Thank you for doing what you do you are truly amazingReplyDelete
One thing Airborn has over other movie books is the length, there would be no need to cram tons of backstory and charachter depth into an hour and a half movie that most other incredibly long books need to do. Airborn is not outrageously long, and can all fit within the paramaters of film with enough charachter depth in matt and kate to keep viewers very interested.ReplyDelete
counting sensible remarks here... butterReplyDelete
- AnonymousApril 2, 2016 at 1:15 PM
I"m planar by your table make up the superior production. wp themesReplyDelete
- AnonymousSeptember 15, 2016 at 9:11 PM
I think it's stupid when they change the book completely for the movie. But this took it to a whole new level!ReplyDelete
- AnonymousOctober 26, 2016 at 9:22 AM
Hallo, I really love the Book and I would love to see the movie, too. Are there any Updates concerning the movie?ReplyDelete
- Blender BachJanuary 7, 2017 at 1:46 PM
HELLO KENNETHReplyDelete
Blender Bach
I love airbron and skybreaker!ReplyDelete
- AnonymousSeptember 20, 2018 at 5:33 PM
Kenneth and I share a mutual love for lighter than aircraft, and I look forward to a movie, but I think I'd also like a fourth book that takes place back on earth, and back on an airship.ReplyDelete


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Florida attorneys seek 'stand your ground' defense in triple shooting
TITUSVILLE, Fla. – Attorneys for a Titusville man accused of shooting three people during a neighborhood feud say the charges against him should be dismissed under Florida's "stand your ground" law.
William T. Woodward's attorneys say he'd been the target of threats and was exercising his right under the state's law to defend himself on Sept. 3, 2012.
Florida Today reports 44-year-old Woodward opened fire during a Labor Day barbecue. Gary Lee Hembree and Roger Picior were killed. Bruce Timothy Blake was struck 11 times and survived.
Woodward's attorneys say the men were yelling at their client, calling him names and saying they were going to "get him." The threats happened during the month leading up to the shooting.
The motion demands that a jury should determine whether the charges are dismissed.


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If Philip Rivers truly is entering his final audition with the San Diego Chargers, he has a booster in offensive coordinator Ken Whisenhunt.
Playing behind a patchwork offensive line, Rivers has turned over the ball a whopping 47 times while taking 79 sacks in the past two seasons. Along the way, Rivers has been reduced from a four-time Pro Bowl quarterback to a franchise question mark.
An enthusiastic Whisenhunt told NFL.com's Ian Rapoport that he's confident Rivers can return to his Pro Bowl level. Laying blame for the high interception total on other factors, Whisenhunt said he loves the way Rivers processes and reads defenses. Of all the quarterbacks he has ever coached, Whisenhunt believes Rivers possesses the most impressive "it" factor as a leader.
Somewhat surprisingly, Whisenhunt also insists Rivers can make all of the throws, even comparing the quarterback's accuracy to that of Kurt Warner.
It's those last two points that Whisenhunt will have to help his quarterback prove anew in 2013. Rivers' arm strength has been questioned in each of the past two seasons, and his footwork has grown shoddy in response to the cumulative effect of incessant defensive pressure.
NFL Films analyst Greg Cosell, a noted fan of the Chargers quarterback, pointed out last December that Rivers just hasn't been particularly accurate. Rivers needs to be propped up by a consistent running game, a solid offensive line and outside receivers who can win one-on-one. It's the job of Whisenhunt and Chargers coach Mike McCoy to mask those inefficiencies so Rivers can flourish in 2013.
Follow Chris Wesseling on Twitter @ChrisWesseling.


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Hi all. As I was riding my bike to school avoiding all the puddles, I was thinking about where the water we drink in Tucson comes from. If you think about it, we don't have any flowing rivers (for all of you not from Tucson, we have "washes," which are dry river beds that flood every so often during a large rain event – image to the right), but when we turn on our taps, water flows out. So where do we get our water?
Historically, Tucson has pumped water from the regional aquifer (sediments below the surface that are saturated with water – like a sponge); while our population was small, this was a renewable source of water via rainfall percolating down to the aquifer. As Tucson's population began to rise, with it the need for water, we started to overpump, or mine, our aquifer. This lead to lowered water tables, higher costs for water, and a bleak outlook for the future of Tucson and its water needs.
In 2001, Tucson began to mix Colorado River water brought down south via the CAP (Central Arizona Project – which is a canal that brings Colorado River water from northern Arizona to southern Arizona). Mixing the water with groundwater allowed the water utility to recharge some of the aquifer with CAP water. Adding CAP water to the mix has allowed the water utility to shut down some pumping wells and as a result the water table has risen in some places. If you're interested in learning more about what Tucson's water plan, please follow this link for more information: http://www.ci.tucson.az.us/water/waterplan.htm.
However, the population of Tucson has continued to increase and we only have access to a set amount of CAP water, 40 billion gallons of water each year to be exact. We only use about 22 billion gallons per year currently, but with people moving to Tucson for the sun and the golf, we will exceed our allocation of CAP water in the near future. This means that we'll have a "water problem" again with no clear solution in sight.
So what can we do? Well there are a few things we can do to help our water situation.
(1) Water Conservation: The less water we use the less water Tucson needs to use as a city. We can put in native vegetation in our yards that need minimal watering or no watering (just imagine never having the mow your lawn again…). Shut off the tap when we brush our teeth and shave, take showers rather than baths, only wash our cars once in a while rather than every weekend. Making simple changes will help conserve millions of gallons of water each year, and lower your water bill at the same time.
(2) Reuse Water: Reusing water that we've used for clothes washing may seem a little weird, but water your garden with washing machine water (sometimes called "gray water") can save a lot of water in the long run. Besides, your plants don't care what kind of water they get; it's pretty much all the same to them. Here's an example of gray water reuse: http://www.builditsolar.com/Projects/Water/Water.htm.
(3) Rainwater Harvesting: Now this sounds a little hippyish, but rainwater harvesting is big business in Tucson. Saving rainwater in cisterns to water your yard is easy and cheap (i.e. free, if your subtract the cost of the cistern). Go to this link for more info: http://www.builditsolar.com/Projects/Water/Water.htm, http://www.harvestingrainwater.com/rainwater-harvesting-inforesources/.
Water is a precious and limited resource, if we all make small changes in our lives, we will have a large impact on conserving this vital resource for the future.


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SPECIAL NOTICE TO ALL: Never take a medication without first consulting and getting permission from your MD.
Medicina Mexico knows that keeping your customers happy, secure and safe is more important than making money and will always result in repeat customers.
By checking your online account, you will see your current and prior orders including your Order Number and any and all payments received.
Because our staff is so busy processing orders from all over the world each day we were forced to make some tough decisions. We are no longer taking phone calls, or adding shipping information into the web servers. We do answer all emails within 2 hours and that will never stop.
All order are shipped within 48 hours of receipt of funds unless we are out of stock on a medicine. We are now informing our customers of orders that are out of stock by email. Please do not send us an email asking if your order has shipped as we are too busy packaging orders and this takes away from our time to ship orders. The only exception is Express and International Express.
Please NOTE: Funds received without an order number are placed into our SUSPENSE ACCOUNT until we are able to determine the correct owner and order number. To avoid this, please always send an email to: email@example.com along with your order number and the fact that you made a payment.
The UNITED STATES and some other countries require a prescription on all medications sold from Mexico. They further require documentation in English and an invoice of all medicines sold for customs. For these countries, Medicina Mexico is now delivering your medicines to Dr. Isaac Reyes, MD (Ced. Federal 644884) (Ced. Estatal 1537-02/05) along with the required documentation including documentation on each medications sold in English is from Wolters Kluwer. Dr. Reyes upon receipt of your medication will issue a prescription and provide for shipping pursuant to your order. If for any reason, Dr. Reyes fails to issue a prescription for a specific medication, then you will receive a refund or credit.
Medicina Mexico based upon a customer's shipping address will start to remove all medications that are prohibited in certain countries.
Licensed pharmacies in Mexico are only allowed to sell medications, either brands or generics, from an approved pharmaceutical which has passed testing and has subsequently been authorized by the Mexican Government.
If you look on the left hand side of any of our web pages at (About US) you will see our licenses, permits and our Regulatory Body.
PLEASE TAKE NOTICE: Our email address is: email@example.com or firstname.lastname@example.com
Codiovan (Valsartan and Hydrochlorothiazide) is used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension). Hydrochlorothiazide is a type of medicine called a thiazide diuretic. Thiazide diuretics act in the kidneys, where they increase the production of urine. They work by causing the kidneys to increase the amount of salts, such as potassium and sodium, that are filtered out of the blood and into the urine.When these salts are filtered out of the blood by the kidneys, water is also drawn alongside.As hydrochlorothiazide increases the removal of salts from the blood, it also causes more water to be drawn out of the blood and into the urine. Removing water from the blood decreases the volume of fluid circulating through the blood vessels. The drop in fluid volume results in a drop in the pressure of the fluid within the blood vessels, which helps to lower high blood pressure. It also decreases the effort required by the heart to pump blood around the body. Valsartan is a type of medicine called an angiotensin II antagonist. It works by blocking receptors in the body known as angiotensin II receptors. This prevents the action of a hormone called angiotensin II. Angiotensin II is produced naturally by the body and plays an important part in regulating blood pressure and fluid balance. It has two main actions. It causes the blood vessels to narrow and the kidneys to retain salt and water.As valsartan blocks angiotensin II receptors, it prevents the actions of angiotensin II, causing its effects to be reversed. As a result, the blood vessels widen and the amount of fluid removed from the blood by the kidneys is increased. This decreases the amount of fluid in the blood vessels, which lessens the resistance and pressure in the blood vessels. The overall effect of this is a reduction in blood pressure. Valsartan and hydrochlorothiazide have an additive effect on lowering blood pressure.This combination medicine is used to treat high blood pressure in people whose blood pressure is not adequately controlled on valsartan alone.For more information, please consult your physician


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Post Ursulmas appreciations
Now that we're back on line (huzzah to the poor Weministers), I can pass on a note of appreciation that I received from a City Council member in Monroe, Washington (host city for Ursulmas):
I would like to commend your organization on bringing a unique and entertaining program to our city this weekend.
I'm sure others in the area enjoyed your weekend festival as much as my family and I did.
The competitions were fierce and exciting. And several of your members went out of their way to explain the events, activities and history.
Thank you again for bringing your celebration to our part of the state. We are looking forward to next year!
I was sorry indeed to miss Ursulmas this year and heard many good things from those who went, but I was quite struck that a member of the council should take the time to wrote, and recognise both the role that Ursulmas plays in their community and the courtesy of our populace as they interacted with the public.
Warmest congratulations to the event steward and her team!


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Questions and Answers About Tuberculosis (TB)
December 18, 2014
Questions and Answers About Tuberculosis (TB) was written to provide information on the diagnosis and treatment of TB infection and TB disease for persons who do not have a medical background. Key audiences for this booklet are persons with or at risk for TB; persons who provide services for those at high risk for TB such as correctional officers, homeless shelter workers, emergency responders; persons who may have been exposed to someone with TB in a workplace or school setting; and persons who want to learn more about this disease. For additional information on TB, please visit the CDC website.
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- Home
- Issues
- Resources
- Facts
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- About
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- Donate
Death Penalty Representation
Resources on Representation Standards
State Capital Post-Conviction Offices
News and Developments - Current Year
News and Developments - Previous Years
2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 - 2001
Perhaps the most important factor in determining whether a defendant will receive the death penalty is the quality of the representation he or she is provided. Almost all defendants in capital cases cannot afford their own attorneys. In many cases, the appointed attorneys are overworked, underpaid, or lacking the trial experience required for death penalty cases. There have even been instances in which lawyers appointed to a death case were so inexperienced that they were completely unprepared for the sentencing phase of the trial. Other appointed attorneys have slept through parts of the trial, or arrived at the court under the influence of alcohol. The right to an attorney is a vital hallmark of the American judicial system. It is essential that the attorney be experienced in capital cases, be adequately compensated, and have access to the resources needed to fulfil his or her obligations to the client and the court.
Key Supreme Court Cases Regarding Representation
Powell v. Alabama, 287 U.S. 45 (1932)
(Right to an attorney in capital cases)
Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335 (1963)
(Right to an attorney in criminal cases)
Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984)
(Two pronged standard to demonstrate ineffectiveness of counsel: subpar representation AND an effect on the outcome of the case)
Murray v Giarratano, 492 U.S. 1 (1989)
(No constitutional right to an attorney in post-conviction appeal--after direct appeal)
(Terry) Williams v. Taylor, No. 99-6615 (2000)
(Finding ineffective representation under the two pronged test of Strickland despite the 1996 restrictions on federal habeas corpus)
Wiggins v. Smith, No. 02-311 (2003)
(Mitigation investigations required in a capital case for effective representation)
Rompilla v. Beard, No. 04-5462 (2005)
(Even when a capital defendant and his family members have suggested that no mitigating evidence is available, his lawyer is bound to make reasonable efforts to obtain and review material that counsel knows the prosecution will probably rely on as evidence of aggravation at the trial's sentencing phase. (FindLaw summary)).
Note: Case links are to the FindLaw website.
An examination of 461 capital cases by The Dallas Morning News found that nearly one in four condemned inmates has been represented at trial or on appeal by court-appointed attorneys who have been disciplined for professional misconduct at some point in their careers. ("Quality Of Justice" Dallas Morning News, September 10, 2000).
An investigation by the Texas Defender Service found that, "Death row inmates today face a one-in-three chance of being executed without having the case properly investigated by a competent attorney and without having any claims of innocence or unfairness presented or heard." (Lethal Indifference: The Fatal Combination of Incompetent Attorneys and Unaccountable Courts Texas Defender Service, 2002).
In Washington state, one-fifth of the 84 people who have faced execution in the past 20 years were represented by lawyers who had been, or were later, disbarred, suspended or arrested. (Overall, the state's disbarment rate for attorneys is less than 1%.) (Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Aug. 6-8, 2001).
According to an investigation by the Chicago Tribune, 12% of those sentenced to death from 1976-1999 were represented by, "an attorney who had been, or was later, disbarred or suspended--disciplinary sanctions reserved for conduct so incompetent, unethical or even criminal that the state believes an attorney's license should be taken away." An additional 9.5% inmates, "have received a new trial or sentencing because their attorneys' incompetence rendered the verdict or sentence unfair, court records show." (
In North Carolina, at least 16 death row inmates, including 3 who were executed, were represented by lawyers who have been disbarred or disciplined for unethical or criminal conduct. (Charlotte Observer, Sept. 9, 2000).
Resources on Representation Standards
- State standards for attorneys in capital representation: compiled by the American Bar Association Death Penalty Representation Project (April 2016, PDF)--minimum qualifications required in each state in order to represent someone facing the death penalty
- Supplementary Guidelines for the Mitigation Function of Defense Teams in Death Penalty Cases - Spring 2008 Edition of the Hofstra Law Review by Eric M. Freedman
- American Bar Association - Summer 2003 Edition of the Hofstra Law Review, which contains the finalized version of the "ABA Guidelines for the Appointment and Performance of Defense Counsel in Death Penalty Cases (PDF) (2003)
- Indigent Defense and Capital Case Representation (PDF) (2001) by Madelynn Herman. This memo, published by the National Center for State Courts in 2001, updated the qualification standards for attorneys handling capital cases with indigent defendants.
- The Compendium of Standards For Indigent Defense Systems - Standards for Capital Case Representation (2000) presents national, state, and local standards relating to five functions of indigent defense, including capital case representation. The report was prepared by the Institute for Law and Justice and supported by a contract with the Bureau of Justice Assistance, United States Department of Justice.
From DPIC
Law Reviews
|DPIC Report: "With Justice for Few: The Growing Crisis in Death Penalty Representation (1995)"
From the American Bar Association
- Guidelines on Representation (PDF)
- ABA Death Penalty Representation Project
- ABA's Confidential Practice Area for Attorneys Handling Capital Cases
- Toledo Law Review, Spring 2004 (PDF): Highlighting the work of Pro Bono Civil Attorneys in Death Cases across the Country
Other Resources
- Federal Death Penalty Resource Counsel Project
- National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers (NACDL)
- National Legal Aid and Defender Association (NLADA)
- The Spangenberg Group - "Specialist in Access to Justice." Offers a regular newsletter on indigent defense representation. For more information on this newsletter, Click Here.
State Capital Post-Conviction Offices (source Brad Levenson, Texas, Jan. 26, 2011) - represent or assist death row inmates after their direct appeal.
State Capital Post Conviction Public Defender
Habeas Corpus Resource Center
Alternate Defense Counsel
Capital Collateral Resource Center (for Middle and Southern District of Florida only)
State Appellate Public Defender
Office of the State Appellate Defender (Capital Post Conviction Unit)
Frankfort Post-Conviction Office
La Grange Post-Conviction Office
Idaho State Appellate Public Defender
Indiana State Public Defender
Capital Post Conviction Project of Louisiana
Office of Capital Post-Conviction Counsel
Oklahoma Indigent Defense System
Ohio Public Defender (Appeal, State and Federal Post-Conviction habeas)
Tennessee State Post Conviction Defender's Office
Office of Capital Writs
- 203385 reads


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The Phineas- Miniature Metallic-Gold Faux Elephant Head Wall Mount.
• 8.75" tall
• 8" wide
• 3.75" deep
• 1.5lbs
• Each piece is cast out of a polyresin material, thus making the mini elephant sculpture fairly light in weight.
Hanging Instructions:
• Use a monkey hook, strong nail or screw
• The elephant arrives ready-to-hang.
More Information:
• Each elephant head mount is custom painted so each one is a unique piece of wall hanging decor.
• The colors presented are representational only and should not be used to judge actual sculpture color 100%.