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Journal of soil science and plant nutrition
On-line version ISSN 0718-9516
J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. vol.12 no.1 Temuco 2012
Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 2012, 12 (1), 87-97
Use of nonlinear regression and nonlinear mathematical programming in the formulation of substrate mixtures for soil-less culture - a review -
J.A. Díaz-García1* and R. Requejo-López2
1Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Department of Statistics and Computation, 25315 Buenavista, Saltillo, Coahuila, México. 'Corresponding author: email@example.com
2Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Department of Soil Science, 25315 Buenavista, Saltillo, Coahuila, México.
With respect to four inorganic and organic substrates - tezontle (volcanic rock), perlite, peat and coir - we studied the relevant physical and chemical properties of mixtures of two of these substrates. A nonlinear regression model was used to analyse the physical properties of each possible mixture. Finally, a methodology is proposed for formulating mixtures of substrates as a deterministic nonlinear mathematical programming problem.
Key Words: Coir; Peat; Nonlinear regression, Nonlinear optimisation; Substrate mixtures; Tezontle.
1. Introduction
Soil serves as a support for plants and is the medium from which they obtain water, mineral substances and oxygen, which are essential for growth and vegetative development. An ideal soil has a porosity and particle disposition that enables root penetration while retaining appropriate amounts of water and air [Foth and Ellis (1988), Hablin et al. (1999), and Russell (2008)].
However, such soils may not be available, and then artificial soils may be used. This is the case of most flowerpot and containerised crops. Such plants have limited root growth, but they still need nutrients, air and water. For this reason, artificial substrates are sometimes required. These are often obtained by mixtures of various products, and the combination of the characteristics of each component provides the overall (and hopefully, optimal) characteristics of the substrate Resh (2002a), [Resh (2002b) and Russell (2008)].
The apparent density of a substrate should be low, so that the roots can penetrate it easily, and at the same time, to minimise the weight of the containerised crops. Organic matter has high porosity, ionic interchange and water retention capabilities, together with low density. All these properties are recommended for a substrate, which explains why most artificial substrates are essentially composed of organic matter; the remaining components are usually constituted of natural minerals or of artificial minerals such as tezontle, sand, perlite or vermiculite. These mineral products are very porous, with a high real density and a very low apparent density. In general, the grain size of an artificial substrate is higher than that of the soil, which facilitates air infiltration; at the same time, however, this property reduces water retention. This consideration explains why mixtures are usually composed of both organic and mineral substances, to achieve an equilibrium between air infiltration and water retention Resh (2002a), [Resh (2002b) and Russell (2008)].
The chemical properties of a substrate are important because they are the main factors responsible for the availability of nutrients. However, new crops are increasingly being constituted in such a way that the physical properties of a substrate prevail as its desired characteristics, with all the additional plant necessities being provided by nutritive substances, which are permanently available, being recycled to the plant by the irrigation system [Hablin et al. (1999), Resh (2002b) and Russell (2008)].
In many countries, substrates are still obtained by traditional trial and error methods; mixtures are formulated by arbitrarily establishing the proportions of the respective components, and the resulting mixture is then accepted if it improves the overall crop yield. The resulting mixture is not necessarily the optimal one, as the method does not explore all the possible combinations of the available components. The time employed in evaluating the mixtures, the cost of the materials used and the search for optimal resources are among the aspects contributing to the complexity of substrate formulation, given the number of variables involved in the problem Zamora Morales et al. 2005.
Linear programming is a commonly-used empirical technique for formulating substrate mixtures used in a soli-less culture, and generally provides good approximations (Burés et al. (1988), Burés (1997) and Zamora Morales et al. (2005), among many others). However, most authors accept that the constraints imposed in the linear programming are not completely suitable, because they are established over design variables which do not present a linear behaviour.
This paper proposes a general methodology, based on nonlinear regression models and nonlinear mathematical programming, for obtaining substrat mixtures for soil-less culture comprised of two inorganic or organic substrates, to be used for protected and containerised crops. For this purpose, we study the physical and chemical properties of four inorganic and organic substrates - tezontle (volcanic rock), perlite, peat and coir - together with those of the mixtures comprising different proportions of two of these four substrates, see Section 2.
Subsequently, the physical properties of the mixtures are modelled by nonlinear regression models, according to the respective substrate proportions in each mixture, see Section 3. These models are then used to replace the linear restrictions corresponding to the physical properties expressed in the linear mathematical programming problem; thus, we obtain a nonlinear mathematical programming solution. The corresponding linear and nonlinear problems are solved, compared and analysed using the commercial software LINGO.
2. Physical and chemical properties of substrates and mixtures
Four substrates were used in the mixture formulation tests: perlite, tezontle, peat and coir. Following the methodology proposed by Pire and Pereira (2003), Gabriel et al. (1993) and North Carolina State University (2007), we determined, in triple analysis, the following physical and chemical properties: total porous space (TPS), air porosity (AP), humidity retention (HR), apparent density (AD), real density (RD), ashes(A), organic matter (OM), pH and electric conductivity (EC), which are shown in Table 1.
We also formulated six mixtures (denoted by a M1 - M6 and defined in Tables 2 and 3) composed of two substrates with eleven different proportions. Using the above-mentioned procedure, their physical and chemical properties to be used in the formulation of mixtures of substrates were determined (Burés et al., 1988); see Tables 2 and 3.
3. Modelling the physical and chemical properties of the mixtures
As remarked above, in general the physical and chemical properties of substrates (and their mixtures) do not present a linear behaviour. In this section, we study the functional behaviour of the physical properties TPS, HR and OM in the mixtures M1 - M6 1.
The results were obtained by the implementation of a program in S-PLUS (Lam (2011)) to fit the different nonlinear regression models. The least squares method was applied to the following fitting models: linear, polynomial, reciprocal, logarithmic and exponential; for which the particular explicit forms are:
⢠Linear regression model
â¢Â Polynomial regression model
â¢Â Reciprocal regression model
â¢Â Logarithmic regression model
â¢Â Exponential regression model
The best model was selected by means of the minimum mean square error criterion (Graybill and Iyer (1994)).
In general, the models fitted take the form
where Y is the mixture variable to be modelled (TPS, HR or OM);ƒ (X1,X2) is the functional form of the model to be fitted;X, X2 denote the proportions of two of the substrates(selected from perlite, tezontle, peat and coir) making up the mixture, where O≤ Xk ≤1, k = 1,2, and ξ is the error. Note also that X1, X2 satisfy X1+ X2 =1 which means that X1 and X2 are linearly dependent, moreover, X1 = 1 - Χ2 or X2 = 1 - X1 . A priori, all that is necessay is to fit a model in terms of X1 (or X2). However, in this study we wish to obtain a mathematical model for computing the physical property Y of the mixture, when the proportions and the individual physical properties of the corresponding component of the substrate are known. This model is then used in the nonlinear optimisation program formulation. Strictly speaking, we do not estimate the model for any possible value of X1 and X2, but rather, in the subspace defined by the line X1 + X2 = 1. A possible drawback is the fact that few experimental points (eleven) are used for fitting the TPS, HR and OM characteristic models. Fortunately, the experimental data present a smooth behaviour, and, most importantly, they provide information over the whole domain of X1 and X2 (specifically, the domain is the line X1 + X2 = 1 in the first octant of R3). Moreover, it is important to take into account that models of the form Y = p0 + p1z1 + p2z2 +ξ (with p0 ≠ 0), or similar should not be considered, because when χ1 = X2 = 0 we obtain Y = p0 , but the correct result is Y = 0. Finally, the most complicated aspect of this study is to propose the same functional form for each characteristic (TPS, HR and OM) and for all the possible mixtures obtained.
As shown in Tables 2-3, the variable OM presents a linear behaviour. Then, we just need to determine the behaviour of TPS and HR. In both cases, a well fitted model for TPS and HR for the six mixtures has the form
where Zk= dxk, k = 1,2, and d denotes the individual TPS or HR mixture component of the k -th substrate, respectively.
Tables 4 and 5 show the parameter estimator values of the model (1) and the corresponding mean square of the error (MSE) for the six samples M1 - M6 with the TPS and HR characteristics, respectively.
Table 4. Estimators of the model parameters and the mean square of the error for Y = TPS
Table 5. Estimators of the model parameters and the mean square of the error for Y = HR
As shown in Tables 4 and 5, the mixture M6 has the poorest fit. However, note that the functional form of a particular physical characteristic modelled must be the same for all mixtures.
As an example, we include in Figure 1 the graphs of the estimated model and the experimental points for the TPS characteristic of mixture M
Figure 1.Graphs of the estimated model and the observed TPS data for the mixture M1.
4. Formulation of mixtures by nonlinear mathematical programming
We consider the hypothesis proposed by Zamora Morales et al. (2005) as the basis for our formulation of the nonlinear mathematical programming problem. Since the mixture would essentially be used as a support, where the plant receives the nutrients via nutritious solutions, we only consider the physical properties as the design variables, except the variable OM, which is an important representative of the substrate's chemical properties and is therefore incorporated into the general model. In addition, we wish to achieve optimum control of the chemical properties of the nutritious solutions.
Taking these considerations into account, we study the following design variables: the balance of volumes, OM, TPS and HR. The minimising objective function is the cost of the mixture, which is studied via linear functions of the substrate proportions in the mixtures and their individual costs. A basic problem type takes the form (2), where Ck is the cost in dollars per litre of the k -th substrate (perlite: 0.073, tezontle: 0.218, peat: 0.21 and coir: 0.106); Xk denotes the proportion in litres of the k -th substrate; mk is the OM percentage per litre of the k -th substrate; ek is the TPS percentage per litre of the k -th substrate and Ck is the HR percentage per litre of the k -th substrate. Now, OM and OM. are limits or levels of the upper and lower restrictions for OM, respectively. In this study, we consider the limits (0-45) and (46-90); similarly, we define the upper and lower limits for TPS and HR, establishing the following two levels: (55-70) and (71-86) for TPS, and (45-60) and (61-76) for HR. These intervals or levels of restriction, for each of the variables OM, TPS and HR, were established following the recommendations of Abad et al. (1988), for substrates used in a soil-less culture and considering labeling specifications for commercial sustrates. Finally, the respective were obtained from Table 5.
Potentially, if we combined the four substrates in the two-substrate mixtures 4C2 with all the possible combinations of the two upper and lower levels for OM, TPS and HR (23) we would have 48=6x8 possible mixtures. However, Table 6 shows only the mixtures selected by linear or nonlinear mathematical programming. In other words, mixtures for which neither a linear nor a nonlinear optimisation program present a feasible region (i.e. the corresponding optimisation program has no solution) have been removed from Table 6, leaving only the substrate mixtures for soil-less culture with a feasible solution, as either a linear or a nonlinear optimisation program. In cases where the mixture of substrates has no feasible solution in the linear or nonlinear optimisation program, this is noted as NF (there is no feasible solution to the optimisation problem). In addition, the restrictions to the coded variables OM, TPS and HR are coded by assigning "1" to the range with the smaller values and "2" to the higher range.
The results were computed using the commercial software Hyper LINGO/PC, release 6.0 (Winston ,1995. The default optimisation method used by LINGO to solve the nonlinear mathematical programming is that of Generalised Reduced Gradient (GRG) (Bazaraa et al. (2006). As can be seen, the linear programming reduces the total of mixtures by 66.66%, while the nonlinear mathematical programming reduces them by 68.75%; thus, both methods reduce the number of mixtures by very similar amounts. However, note the following two aspects:
Table 6. Mixtures of substrates via nonlinear mathematical programming
a)Â The mixture substrate proportions assigned by the two techniques can vary significantly, as can be seen, for example, in peat-tezontle with restriction levels 2 1 2.
b)Â Linear mathematical programming is a useful and widely used tool in mixture problems, however, in general the nonlinear programming model achieves a better mixture formulation. But, if a user insists in using a linear solution, he/she could face two situations: One, is that the optimal linear solution might not be feasible under the nonlinear model, and second, that the optimal linear solution might be suboptimal with the respect to the nonlinear solution. Thus, from a practical point of view, the interpretation of these results would be that on occasions non-feasible substrate mixtures used in a soil-less culture are tested or produced, which results in a waste of research time and/or money. Worse still, when linear programming leads us to reject a mixture that would have been accepted by the nonlinear method, we might be rejecting the best possible mixture.
5. Conclusions
The aim of this study is to propose a general methodology which can be applied to various situations, with only simple modifications. For example, a mixture formulation in the absence of nutritive substances, or one comprised of substrates that are rich in nutrients and artificial nutrition, could be studied by modifying nonlinear mathematical programming, through restrictions on chemical properties and/or via alternative objective functions.
Alternatively, the presence in the mixture of certain undesirable (desirable) ions or cations could be minimised (maximised). This methodology could be extended to the simultaneous optimisation of several objective functions; for example, to minimise the cost and to maximise the amount of nitrogen in a mixture, which implies the use of nonlinear multiobjective optimisation methods (Steuer, 1986).
Note that the procedure described in Section 3 can be used for modelling various kinds of physical and chemical properties of the mixtures. In addition, the nonlinear mathematical programming approach can be adapted by adding new restrictions and/or objective functions for a particular characteristic.
Finally, note that there are few experimental points and a large number of parameters. Nevertheless, on the one hand, we have a sample of equally-spaced experimental points throughout the domain of the variables X1 and X2 (i.e. the line X1 + X2 = 1), and the mathematical behaviour considered is a smoother of these variables. Furthermore, our aim is to obtain the best mathematical approximation possible to these points and thus obtain the best results.
A potential user of this methodology (e.g. the commercial producer of a protected crop) could consider using a greater number of experimental points, taking into account the higher initial investment that would be required.
The authors wish to express their gratitude to the editor and the referees for their helpful comments and suggestions. This work was partially supported by the research project CONACYT-45974-F, Mexico.
1 The interest in this particular modelling is detailed in Section 4.
Abad Berjón, M. and Noguera Murray, P. 1998. Sustrato para el cultivo sin suelo y feriirrigación, Chapter 8. In, Fertirrigación, Cultivos hortícolas y ornamentales, Ed. Cadahia López, C. Ediciones Mundi-Orensa, Bacelona. [ Links ]
Arthanari, T. S., Dodge Y. 1981. Mathematical Programming in Statistics. John Wiley & Sons, New York. [ Links ]
Bazaraa, M. S., Sherali, H. D., Shetty, C. M. 2006. Nonlinear Programming: Theory and Algorithms, 3rd Edition. Wiley-Interscience. [ Links ]
Burés, S. (1997). Sustratos. Agrotecnia. Madrid, España. 339 pp. [ Links ]
Burés S., Martínez, F. X., Llorca, M. 1988. Preliminary study of the application of parametric linear programming in formulation of substrate mixtures. Acta Horticulturae 221, 141-152. [ Links ]
Foth, H.D., Ellis, B.G. 1988. Soil fertility. John Wiley & S. USA. [ Links ]
Hablin, J. L., Beaton, J. D., Tisdale, S. L., Nelson, W. 1999. Soil fertility and fertilizers. An introduction to nutrient management. Prentice Hall, New Jersey. USA [ Links ]
Gabriel, R., Keirsbulk, W., Engels, H. 1993. A rapid method for the determination of physical properties of growing media. Acta Horticulturae 342, 243-248. [ Links ]
Graybill, F. A., Iyer, H. K. 1994. Regression Analysis. Duxbury Pr. USA. [ Links ]
Lam, L. (2011). An introduction to S-PLUS for Windows. http://www.splusbook.com/ [ Links ]
North Carolina State University, 2007. Horticultural substrates laboratory. http://www.ncsu.edu/project/hortsublab/ [ Links ]
Pire, R., Pereira, A. 2003. Propiedades físicas de componentes de sustratos de uso común en la horticultura del estado de Lara, Venezuela. Propuesta metodológica. Bioagro 15(1),1316-1361. [ Links ]
Rao, S. S. 1979. Optimization Theory and Applications. Wiley Eastern Limited. [ Links ]
Resh, H.M. 2002a. Hydroponic food production. Newconcept Press Inc. New Jersey. USA. [ Links ]
Resh, H.M. 2002b. Hydroponics. Questions and answers for successful growing. Newconcept Press Inc. New Jersey. USA. [ Links ]
Russell, E.J. 2008. Soil conditions and plant growth. Biotech books. USA. [ Links ]
Steuer, R. E. 1986. Multiple criteria optimization: Theory, computation and applications. John Wiley, New York. [ Links ]
Winston, W. L. 1995. Introduction to mathematical programming: Applications and algorithms. Dux-bury Press. [ Links ]
Zamora Morales, B. P., Galvis Spínola, A., Volke Haller, V. H., Sánchez García, P., Espinosa Victoria, D. 2005. Formulación de mezclas de sustratos mediante programación lineal. Interciencia: Revista de ciencia y tecnología de América, 30(6), 365-369. [ Links ]


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Greetings and salutations my fellow compatriots. It's been a busy week in your favorite shopkeeps life ...so much blogable material so little bandwith (just kidding, I'm pretty sure this site can handle it). Anyway, I've got some in-store happenings and some out-of-store happenings to share with you faithful viewers of the fecal. So many happenings, that I've decided to break it up a little and do two quick little blog-a-trons.
Today, I'm going to tell you a little about the anatomy of a party. Not any ordinary festive gathering, but rather an Oakland house party come juke joint. It's the type of party that us, 7x7 mile island, cramped apartment dwellers of San Francisco dream of: An entire two-story house (complete with back AND front yard), stocked full of beer, friendly faces, and three excellent rock'n'roll bands shaking things up.
With that said, here's THE FLAKES, THEE FINE LINES, & LES HORMONES playing @ Carlos's House in Oakland
new local band Les Hormones pretty much kill it.
The Flakes consistently put on an amazing high energy show.
ha ha ha ha, tooba tooba tooba toooo-bah, heeee-eeey oh
The Flakes
Drummer for Thee Fine Lines. Pretty standard garage rock stuff a la Thee Mighty Ceasers or other Billy Childish type stuff. I think I reviewed their record over at MRR a couple years ago....
Enthusiastic and spontaneous shedding of clothing...
The Flakes, ...damn
dance dance dance
Les Hormones, ....fuck.
...See what I'm sayin? Oakland's a good time.
Okay, I'll be back in the next couple 'o days to blather on about some radical zines and art action!
See ya soooooon!!!
...Oh, PS - This is happening at NEEDLES + PENS on friday night:
See ya there!!!!!!!{moscomment}
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facebook revolt
The one we have been waiting for: Your guide to the Facebook revolt of 2010!network
Take action soon: Facebook Exodus Planned for May 31: Will You Quit?
The one we have been waiting for!
Your guide to the Facebook revolt of 2010
See also:
Why you should beware of Facebook: The global rise of Facebook is a matter for concern rather than excitement, writes Tom Hodgkinson. January 20, 2008
Commit suicide now!
Alternatives to follow…… (see comments below)………..
This entry was posted in revolution and tagged autonomy, cyberspace enclosure, diaspora, diaspora social networking, facebook and privacy, facebook revolt, facebook suicide, facecrack, kickstarter, News, revolt.


text:
I sure in hell never heard the name Frederik Kalbermatten until I was interviewing him. First thoughts-what business does some random have holding down our feature? Has he paid dues? Is he big in Europe? Sometimes I just can't shake my jaded perspectives-too much time in the office. Caught again, looking through the eyes of a hater. A moment of clarity washed me clean. Shame and self-loathing set in-guilt soon led me to the light box, Freddy photos in hand.
It turns out Kalbermatten is serious-the punk is freeride finesse defined. And don't even trip on the powder shots, Fred's a technician, taking apart halfpipes as well. Style usually betrays a disposition, and accordingly, Frederik flows with an innate calmness, composed in every situation-unflappable. Last winter Kalbermatten made a strong push for mainstream recognition-welcome the new hero.
Why do you deserve an interview?
Because my pictures are the shit-and my riding's dope. Just kidding, you need to find out about me, and I have to try to be funny so the kids will buy Burton, Anon, and Arcuswear clothes. I thought it would be in Snowboarder, 'cause rumor had it I was on their interview list. You should interview Britney Spears next.
Are you well-known in Europe?
Have you ever heard of Napoleon?
Do you know who Russell Winfield is?
Nope. Do you know Victor Giacobbo?
How many years have you been pro, and how old are you?
Am I pro? I'm 21.
Did you anticipate blowing up so hard?
No, but I knew if I kept filming and stomping like I always do, I would get the coverage I deserve. I don't want to be arrogant because there are lots of good riders, but it takes a long time to reach the world if you only ride in Europe-it's my time now.
Powder or transitions?
I choose powder terrain with transitions. Natural shit-because you never know when and if it's going to snow again.
All your moves are tech-where did you learn them?
In the backcountry of Saas Fee, right where I started snowboarding.
How did the pipe skills develop?
The same as anyone else, there is a lot of practice and pain. You must also have some talent and a lot of style-style is always most important.
Name an American, a Euro, and a Scanner with style.
Devun Walsh-yes, I know he's Canadian. Nicolas Mà…ller, and Heikki Sorsa.
Name the most difficult trick.
The hardest trick for me is switch backside in the pipe. On kickers I have worked really hard to develop a repertoire that is based around the four sevens. If you want to be an international player, then you have to dial all four sevens-frontside, backside, both regular and switch. This year I'm working on nines. Cab and backside are locked down, and frontside nines are close. That leaves only switch backside for the whole set. There's a kicker in mind, but you'll have to wait for next year's movie and see if I make it.
Do you ever slide rails?
Yeah, I think you have to ride everything to call yourself an all-arounder, and there are very few. There are a lot of freestyle all-arounders, but not many riders as competent on a twenty-stair rail as they are in a 50-degree chute. I'll try anything once-except hang the monkey.
Last injury?
I broke my nose in Chile after stomping a landing. I hit my knee right into my nose, broke my teeth and split my lips as well.
You're pretty laid-back.
There are some places where I'm known as "Mellowmatten." If I were a cowboy I'd be John Wayne. I never ride fast or speak fast, because I don't have to. It's as simple as that.
Do companies like Forum have any presence in Europe?
Not too much. They have Joni Malmi, which helps them in Scandinavia, but they only give pro models to their U.S. team and they don't sponsor any central European riders. Kids are smart, and Forum is too caught up in the U.S. scene-it's not a bad thing, but it n't sell boards in Europe.
Tell me about Saas Fee.
Only about 1,300 people live here full-time, but there are way more people in the winter-about 10,000 with all the tourists and seasonal workers. Everything about Saas Fee is dope; we have no cars, so the air is clean, no high-rise buildings, and the best secret kicker terrain in Europe. There are no gangsters who try to make trouble-no killers. My family has lived here for many generations-this is my town.
Is your family well-off?
No. My dad was a ski instructor and a mountain guide in the summer. He had my sister and a brother to support as well. I'm not rich now, but live easily-I buy lots of electronics. Sometimes I think more money from my sponsors is in order-the chance may come when Notice To Appear is released.
Will you ever move?
Who knows, there are so many different paths in life, I can't say. The mountains are where I want to be at the moment, but in the last few years I have started to explore-Bali, New Zealand, the States, and Scandinavia. I'm really enjoying seeing the world.
What did your pop expect you to do for a living?
My dad died in 1993. I was twelve when he passed away, but my mom is totally backing my snowboard career!
Is there another career path that interests you?
I wouldn't mind trying to be a soccer player or a skater. I don't spit and swear enough to play soccer, don't have enough tattoos to be a pro skater, so it's snowboarding for now. I have green fingers, so becoming a horticulturist later on sounds fun.
When did you start skiing?
I started skiing at about four years old-my mom took me out to learn 'cause my dad was too busy in the winter. She's the best mom in the whole world. Snowboarding began at fourteen.
Have you spent much time in the U.S.?
I went to Mt. Hood twice and Tahoe three times last season. I also traveled to Alaska in April.
What are the biggest differences between home and the U.S.?
The mountains-we have really big mountains at home. And the snow, the stuff in Tahoe is too wet and heavy, it's like hot powder. The people and the laws are different, and the wasting of the environment-too many cars. But each country has its own set of problems.
What problems do the Swiss face?
There is an overpopulaion of foreigners in Switzerland-one out of five, about eighteen percent. Petrol is f-king expensive as well.
Is it neccesary to film in the U.S.?
Yeah, all the big movie companies are in America. I'd like to get a filmer and complete my whole part in Switzerland and around Europe next year. Only travel to the States in April for Alaska. I shot at home for Vivid. Nearly every backcountry kicker in my part is from Saas Fee.
Aren't there film companies in Europe?
Not really, I think kids in America just buy more snowboard videos than Europeans. People have tried without success. Maybe I'll do a super-dope movie one day with my friends. Absinthe is kind of Euro-Justin Hostynek is Swiss originally, and Patrick Armbruster is as well. There are mainly European riders in the movie.
You shot for two movies?
I was supposed to work with Absinthe for Vivid only, then Burton called and told me I was going to shoot with Standard for Notice To Appear. I had already made a commitment to Patrick, so I tried hard to film for both movies.
Could you get in these movies without Burton?
Definitely not into the Standard movie. I love Burton (laughing)!
What's more important-where you're riding, or whom you're riding with?
I think it's more about who you're riding. Woo-hoo!
Does Burton have all the Euro talent locked?
Their European rookie team is the best they've ever had. Nicolas Mà…ller, Heikki Sorsa, Jaako Sepp l , JP Solberg, Mads Jonsson, Mini Karpf, and me. There are so many amazing riders waiting to come up, but it's good for progession 'cause everyone is going nuts trying to make the international team. It's f-king time to promote some rookies to the global team.
cause everyone is going nuts trying to make the international team. It's f-king time to promote some rookies to the global team.


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Take, for example, their roasted pumpkin bread, a supremely soft and fluffy semi-sourdough creation with plump and crunchy pumpkin seeds flanking the exterior.
|Pumpkin bloomer, $6.20.
The sourdough rosemary and vine fruit loaf was quite small and expensive, but it was also incredibly generous with juicy raisins/sultanas. The fragrant, savoury touch of rosemary made it just that little bit more special and interesting.
|Vine fruit and rosemary loaf, $6.75.
Then we have the cronuts (yes, you can find cronuts in Melbourne these days - yay!), which I would describe as doughnut-shaped flaky layered pastry. Despite their deep-fried nature, they felt pleasantly light on grease. I was impressed with the lemon curd cronut with its pretty balance of acidity and sweetness. The custard and jam cronut came second in terms of my preferences, but it was enjoyable too.
|Lemon curd cronut, $4.20.
|Jam and custard cronut, $4.20.
But if there is one thing with which I am absolutely and utterly in love, it is their passionfruit tart. I first purchased this thanks to a staff recommendation. It lived up to her exaltations, and then some. The passionfruit curd was beautifully intense, and together with the buttery shortcrust, this is a sexy treat that disappears fast. I was not surprised when it later took out a major award for Best Victorian Product at the 2013 Royal Melbourne Fine Food Awards.
|The award-winning passionfruit tart, $5.90.
We've also visited Rustica Sourdough in the evening, once. They started serving fancy-rustic pastas and burgers for dinner in August, however it seems that they've now decided to scale back and just open weekend nights for nibbles and drinks. Oh well. We did quite enjoy it that one time!
Meanwhile, there are still so many lovely baked goods I'm yet to try. I'm thinking my next bite will be of one of their intriguing chocolate violet crumble tarts...


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Rick Sowadsky, M.S.P.H.
Besides running the Nevada AIDS hotline for a number of years, before it was dismantled, I did HIV/STD epidemiology, partner notification, test counseling and education. I'm also the facilitator of several HIV support groups, both for people with HIV, and their families/friends. These support groups are both in person, and online as well. No two support groups are ever the same. I also do active AIDS outreach and education online. Just as a traditional outreach worker walks the streets to educate the community, I walk the cyberstreets to educate the public about AIDS and other STDs.
As you could imagine, my job is not just a 40-hour-a-week job. But it's worth my time and effort. Somehow, in addition to my professional duties, I find time to travel the world. Besides having traveled all throughout the United States, I've also traveled to the Arctic, the Amazon, Australia (including "the Outback"), New Zealand, the Middle East and, most recently, Africa. You come to learn just how different people are around the world, and how much we're really all alike. Since I don't have any immediate or extended family, my friends are my family. I grew up as a very high risk youth, and did what I had to do to survive. I still ask myself how I made it this far, but where there's a will, there's a way.
Simply put, if I can get this far, and do what I've done, and still be alive to tell about it, anybody can do anything they really want. You just have to have the courage and the willpower to do whatever you wish!


text: Hi, You may wish to search thru the beowulf list or google for "beowulf and databases and postgresql"... there were a couple of threads on exeactly this issue. Very briefly 1. Beowulf clusters CANNOT help make Postgresql or any databases run faster. You need the database code to be modified to do that (think Oracle 10g). I met a company at Supercomputer 03 last year that had Mysql running on a cluster... you may wish to query for them. 2. You could try to sponsor the development of a parallel postrgresql - talk to the postgresql development team... when I broached the idea in 1998.. there was some interest.. unfortunately.. I could not afford the development/sponsorship costs then. 3. Try running Postgresql on a cluster filesystem like PVFS - it is not gauranteed as it probably fails the ACID test for a SQL compliant database. The basic idea is that if we cannot parallelise the database - we make the underlying IO parallel and hence boost the IO performance of the system.. and any applications that run on them.. and this includes Postgresql. Hope this helps. Cheers! Laurence Scalable Systems Singapore Joshua Marsh wrote: > Hi all, > > I'm currently working on a project that will require fast access to > data stored in a postgreSQL database server. I've been told that a > Beowulf cluster may help increase performance. Since I'm not very > familar with Beowulf clusters, I was hoping that you might have some > advice or information on whether a cluster would increase performance > for a PostgreSQL database. The major tables accessed are around > 150-200 million records. On a stand alone server, it can take several > minutes to perform a simple select query. > > It seems like once we start pricing for servers with 16+ processors > and 64+ GB of RAM, the prices sky rocket. If I can acheive high > performance with a cluster, using 15-20 dual processor machines, that > would be great. > > Thanks for any help you may have! > > -Josh > _______________________________________________ > Beowulf mailing list, Beowulf at beowulf.org > To change your subscription (digest mode or unsubscribe) visit http://www.beowulf.org/mailman/listinfo/beowulf > -------------- next part -------------- A non-text attachment was scrubbed... Name: laurenceliew.vcf Type: text/x-vcard Size: 150 bytes Desc: not available URL: <http://www.beowulf.org/pipermail/beowulf/attachments/20041027/bb931a9a/attachment.vcf>


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A five game losing streak is an easy way to force a head coach to have to re-evaluate the state of his football team.
After a surprising 4-0 start to the season, the Arizona Cardinals have lost their last five games and head coach Ken Whisenhunt is in search of answers. Whisenhunt said before the Cardinals' bye week that they wouldn't be afraid to make changes to the lineup during the week off.
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Whisenhunt used the week off to evaluate his own team and seek ways to improve.
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Tigers to pounce for Jelavic and Long
Hull have agreed a fee with Everton for striker Nikica Jelavic and look set to follow up their ongoing interest in West Brom's Shane Long with a formal bid.
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Crystal Palace had also been linked with the player, who has fallen out of favour since Roberto Martinez's arrival at Goodison Park, but Hull have stolen a march and will now begin discussing personal terms with the 28-year-old.
A brief statement released on the Tigers' Twitter feed on Friday night read: "We have agreed a fee with @Everton for Nikica Jelavic, and will enter talks with the striker over the coming days. #UTT".
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His scoring record of 21 goals in 69 games for Everton is also enough to suggest he would represent a significant upgrade on the likes of on-loan Danny Graham and Yannick Sagbo, who have netted just three times between them for Hull this term.
During his time at Rangers he played alongside Sone Aluko, who has just signed a new contract at Hull, raising the possibility of the pair renewing their partnership.
But, if Bruce has his way, Republic of Ireland international Long could also be vying for selection at the KC Stadium.
Long was minutes away from joining Hull on deadline day in September, flying to the training ground in a specially convened private jet, only for West Brom to pull out of the deal late in the day when their own pursuit of Lukaku fell through.
Bruce has continued to keep tabs on the 26-year-old during a season that has seen him come in and out of the Baggies side, but on Thursday denied newspaper reports that a fee had been agreed and a medical scheduled.
''First and foremost I really want to try and apologise to West Brom as a club, nothing has come from us. We haven't made a bid for any player," Bruce said at the time.
Bruce is still keen to bring the player to the KC Stadium, though, but Hull sources were unable to confirm whether an offer had been lodged when contacted on Friday night.
Although out of contract in the summer, Long would be expected to fetch a similar fee to Jelavic, meaning Bruce and owner Assem Allam are prepared to break the Tigers' transfer record twice in the current window.
Long's wife Kayleah was in the spotlight earlier this week when she appeared to suggest Long would not be leaving the midlands, writing on Twitter: ''Not going anywhere! Told Shane happy here & with baby on way it not worth the stress when still in contract! He agreed?? #happydays.''
That has not deterred Bruce, who believes he can persuade Long and Jelavic to join a side who have defied expectations to lie 10th in the Barclays Premier League table heading into the weekend fixtures.


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All of our dresses are made in downtown Los Angeles by the best dress makers in the world. Each seamstress is paid a fair living wage. We are proud of the positive environmental and social impact our company is making. We don't just want you to look good in our dresses, we want you to feel good about what you're wearing.
The Piper Dress


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Big summer events
Juneteenth Celebration
Saturday, June 18 and Sunday, June 19, 12 p.m. to 8 p.m.
For 17 years a community-wide celebration has taken place in Springfield on the weekend of June 19 that marks an important date in the history of the United States.
June 19, 1865, was the day that slaves in Galveston, Texas, were released into freedom. Since that time, June 19 was declared African-American Emancipation Day and it has been observed around the world since to commemorate African-American freedom and emphasize African-American education and achievement. In approximately 35 states, it is a state holiday.
Organizers of the 18th annual Springfield Juneteenth Celebration announce a host of entertainment and activities slated for families to enjoy. The party will be held at Comer Cox Park at Capitol Avenue and Martin Luther King Jr. Drive.
The two-day festivities kick off with a parade at 10 a.m. that begins at Brown Street and Martin Luther King Drive and ends in Comer Cox Park. Opening ceremonies will follow the parade. Each day vendors will set up in the park selling goods such as food, art and jewelry, a car and bike show will be on display and a basketball tourney will take place.
There is no fee for admission to this event. For more information about Springfield's Juneteenth Celebration, phone 502-3701. To learn more about Juneteenth Day and the effort to make it a national holiday, visit the national site at www.nationaljuneteenth.com or www.juneteenth.com.
Illinois State Fair
Aug. 11-21, fairgrounds open 7 a.m. to 12 a.m., buildings open 9 a.m. to 9 p.m.
This year's Illinois State Fair theme is "We've Got a Good Thing Growing." Illinois flourishes with more than 28 million acres of farmland, 76,000 farms and some of the premier livestock in the nation. Celebrated almost every year since 1853, the159th fair is one of the largest agricultural fairs in the country.
Kicking off the 10-day showcase of people, animals, articles, programs, food and activities is the Twilight Parade on Aug. 11 at 6 p.m. The parade begins at Ninth Street and North Grand Avenue and enters the fairgrounds through the Main Gate on Sangamon Avenue.
Inside the gates, there's all the regular fair fare: carnival, lemonade shakeups, corndog on a stick, butter cow sculpture, amateur art show, livestock show, vegetable show and ponytail and smile contest, but are you aware of the chilli cook-off, the meat loaf contest, the Great American Spam Championship contest, the fiddle and banjo contest, cottage cheese contest and bocce ball tournament? There's just so much to do and see—ah, the list is full of good things and it grows and grows. Entertainment this year at the Grandstand includes music by country crooners Lady Antebullum, rapper MC Hammer and the longstanding band .38 Special. Check out the full lineup and details of all the contests, entertainment, activities and schedules at the fair's website at www.agr.state.il.us.
General admission is $5, with children under four getting in free. There are special days each day with some free admissions for specific groups such as veterans and seniors. Parking is $7 in the fair lots, with trams, wheelchair and stroller services.
Taste of Downtown and American Music Show
Friday, July 8, 6 p.m. to 12 a.m. and Saturday, July 9, 12 p.m. to 12 a.m.
July 8 and 9 taste the sounds and hear the yums. Or taste the yums and hear the sounds. You won't be able to tell where one starts and the other ends or in which order they make their way to your stomach and ears if you visit one-of-the-most popular events held in downtown Springfield, the Taste of Downtown and American Music Show.
Sample the amazing food from more than 20 downtown Springfield restaurants as they serve ethnic, classic and eclectic cuisine. There's no better time to feast on our city's morsels as they are offered in one location.
As you sample the mouthwatering food, enjoy The American Music Show rocking out for two days. The lineup on Friday, July 8, features: The Handcuffs, a 60s modern pop/rock band; and The Detroit Cobras, a Detroit punk inspired garage band with sixties soul and a powerhouse lead vocalist.
On Saturday, July 9, the lineup includes: Headliner and country singer/songwriter dynamo Elizabeth Cook and her guitar-playing husband; legendary Mike and Ruthy from Woodstock, N.Y., playing acoustic American music; and Libertyville's Ike Reilly Assassination, rocking experiences of the everyman.
The Taste of Downtown and American Music Show are located on Fifth Street between Adams and Jefferson. Put on annually by Downtown Springfield, Inc., admission is only $2 per person and kids 12 and under are free. For more information call 544-1723.
Old Capitol Blues & BBQs
Friday, Aug. 26, 6 p.m. to 12 a.m. and Saturday, Aug. 27, 12 p.m. to 12 a.m.
This sizzling downtown event is a marriage of heaven and heaven. Sound and taste come together in an explosion of sensory pleasure. Downtown Springfield, Inc., and Illinois Central Blues Club fire up a night and a day of great blues music and some of the best barbeque you've ever tasted.
The soiree features 40 barbeque competitors and vendors setting up shop outdoors on the streets of Springfield serving ribs and more.
Local and national blues musicians play and compete in the Blues Club Challenge for a chance represent the ICBC at the International Blues Challenge in Memphis, Tenn.
Children's activities and entertainment are available in the afternoon on Saturday.
Admission is $5, while children under 12 years of age get in free. All the fun takes place at Fifth and Washington streets on the square.
For more information phone 544-1723 or visit Downtown Springfield, Inc.'s website at www.downtownspringfield.org as the list of entertainment is finalized.
Mount Pulaski Founders Day Festival
Friday, July 1 through Monday, July 4
School students get a free day off from studies each year in March for a state holiday called Casimir Pulaski Day. Well, Mt. Pulaski was named in 1836 after Count Casimir Pulaski, a Polish brigadier general who gave his life in the Revolutionary War. Town founders added the word "mount" because the town, 28 miles northeast of Springfield, is set on a hill.
The small village of approximately 2,000 today celebrates 175 years of existence in a big way this year on the Fourth of July weekend with a grand slate of entertainment and activities for locals, alumni and the public to enjoy.
The organizing committee of the Founders Day Festival has brought in 24 musical acts for the four-day party, including the well-known jazz ensemble St. Louis Rivermen; nationally acclaimed singer/songwriter and folk musician Chris Vallillo, who plays a sweet guitar; the Philadelphia-based 176-key Dueling Pianos, known for their interactive style of piano playing; rock band Highway J; bluegrass music and more.
Tours are available of the historic courthouse where Abraham Lincoln practiced law on the Illinois 8th Judicial Cirucit, as well as the town cemetery, and there's an agricultural tour offered off-site. Other highlights of the festival are re-enactors, an old-fashioned rifle shoot, a style show, wine tasting, a parade, and on July 4 at 9 p.m. a huge fireworks display.
Food is available for purchase in two large air-conditioned tents. Most of the activities take place around the square.
For more information on the Mount Pulaski Founders Day Festival visit www.mtpulaski175th.com or email email@example.com.
Lincoln Art and Balloon Festival
Friday, Aug. 26 through Sunday, Aug. 28
The Lincoln Art and Balloon Festival is one of the most strikingly beautiful and colorful festivals in central Illinois. It takes place for a full weekend in Lincoln at multiple sites including downtown on the square and in nearby Latham Park and Scully Park, at the Postville Courthouse State Historic Site at 914 Fifth Street and at the Logan County Airport, less than a mile east of I-55.
A parade kicks off the festival on Friday, Aug. 26, at 3:30 p.m. winding its way through downtown Lincoln (located in the southeast part of town) and ending at the airport.
The hot air balloons are located at the airport, along with a carnival, beer and wine garden, entertainment and food court. Balloons will make morning and evening flights both Friday and Saturday. You can take a tethered balloon ride on Aug. 27 or 28, weather permitting, for $10-$5.
Downtown you'll want to catch the art show, craft and flea market, barbecue, family games, Illinois wine tasting, used book sale, farmers market, a car show from 1-4 p.m. and more. To get from park to park, take a carriage ride for $5, $2 for children 12 and under.
On Sunday, Aug. 28, from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. a free 1800s Craft Fair takes place at the Postville Courthouse. Re-enactors will demonstrate rug hooking, rope making, spinner-weaving, quilting, blacksmithing, coppering, wood dying, candle making and more. Talk to a herbalist and an 1840s buck skinner and enjoy the music of several groups. You can also tour the courthouse where Lincoln practiced law.
For complete details about this popular annual festival, visit www.lincolnillinois.com/abf.aspx.
Old Capitol Farmers Market
8 a.m. to 12:30 p.m. Wednesdays and Saturdays through Oct. 29
More than 50 local vendors set up shop at the Old Capitol Farmers Market, making it easier for you to buy fresh vegetables, fruits, baked goods and more in one place.
It isn't only the fresh, locally grown vegetables and fruits that draw droves to this outdoor market on Adams Street between Fifth and Second — it's the ambiance. Market manager Ann Fresura of Downtown Springfield, Inc. notes, "The market has become a social destination, especially on Saturdays." It is true. As we shed the office confines of our week and stroll sun-touched in open space, breathing in fresh air, the Farmers Market is where we can visit briefly with acquaintances, chat with producers and spend time with friends.
It's a win, win and win again experience — for everyone, and Downtown Springfield, Inc. makes it even more so. As organizers of this growing venue, they also incorporate on Saturdays a local juried artisans market, held from June 4 through Oct. 22 in the parking lot at the southeast corner of Fourth and Adams streets.
There's also Super Saturdays. Held the third Saturday of each month, on these Saturdays the market's offerings multiply. Cooking demonstrations are offered by Chef Michael Higgins from Maldaner's Restaurant and live music sounds out from 10 a.m. to noon. The following groups are slated to perform: Don Smith Band on June 18; Micah Walk on July 16; Thornhill on Aug. 20; Elvis Himselvis on Sept. 17; and Black Magic Johnson on Oct. 15.
Also, on Wednesday mornings, Bob Murray of WTAX features a Grower of the Week on his radio program and Farmers Market sponsor St. John's Hospital offers health screenings, tests and interactive educational programs periodically throughout the market season.
For more information on the Old Capitol Farmers Market or Downtown Springfield, Inc., visit www.downtownspringfield.org.


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Victims Of Existence Feat. Ill-Logical Linguistics - A Place With A Vibe [Label Submitted]
"Victims Of Existence and ill-Logical Linguistics are well known hiphop artists from Bermuda and have been producing and engineering under the familiar name of iVibes for over ten years. After producing familiar tracks for artists such as Collie Buddz (Dark Cloud), Frankie Paul and Luciano, to name a few, they have decided to take the stage. Their second single "A Place with A Vibe" has been nominated for the Hollywood Music and Media Award in LA November 2012. Their recently released album, "Against All Odds" is distributed through SunToucher and Sony Networks. "
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by: Modern Trousseau
$1,000.00 $1,770.00
Modern Trousseau Daphne is a fun, flirty mini bridal dress! Three-dimensional guipure lace gives this long-sleeve beaut a unique texture. The high neckline, and deep V back provide all the drama! This gown came from a designer bridal boutique and is in excellent condition. Modern Trousseau Daphne is Off White in color and a size 10.
Please know that while we do our very best to keep our gowns in pristine condition, normal wear can occur during bridal appointments and LUXE in a BOX requests! If you are interested in a particular stunner from our website, please do not hesitate to call, email, or FaceTime us (yay technology!) to discuss details or see additional photos of THE dress prior to saying Y-E-S!
Email: email@example.com / Phone: 614.787.2930
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Alma Novia Forum is a chic A-line gown! Made of duchess satin, this dress features a high neckline, stunning criss-cross back, and box pleats that fall into a luxurious chapel...
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Alvina Valenta 7409 is an oh-so-dreamy ball gown! It features an ornately jeweled sweetheart bodice, matching belt at the natural waist, and draped tulle overlay. The beautiful tulle skirt boasts hints...
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Alvina Valenta 9256 is a stunning fit and flare gown! The deep V neckline is adorned with classic Alencon lace, while the a thin ribbon accentuates the natural waist. The...
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Alvina Valenta 9357 is a gorgeous A-line gown! Jeweled floral detailing adorns the V neck bodice and keyhole back. The elegant skirt is comprised of box pleats that lend structure...


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E! News can exclusively reveal that the "World War Z" star will be on hand Sunday to present the award for Movie of the Year.
Vying for the gold popcorn are "The Avengers," "The Dark Knight Rises," "Django Unchained," "Silver Linings Playbook" and "Ted."
PHOTOS: Check out Brad on the set of his new movie, "World War Z"
Pitt is no stranger to the MTV Movie Awards. He's been nominated eight times and has won three. In 2006, he and Angelina Jolie shared the award for Best Fight for their work in "Mr. &Mrs. Smith."
Hosted by Rebel Wilson, this year's ceremony kicks off live from Los Angeles on Sunday on MTV at 9 p.m.
Previously announced presenters include Zac Efron, Melissa McCarthy, Chris Rock, Chris Pine, Zoe Saldana and Zachary Quinto. Selena Gomez will perform her new single, "Come &Get It," during the show.


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Photo Gallery
The VA and the Department of Defense are concerned that the current behavioral treatments they are utilizing to treat combat veterans with PTSD at risk for suicide have not been successful. They are seeking innovative approaches to the problem.
•SPI has developed a psychodynamic therapy that had success in treating Vietnam combat veterans with PTSD at risk for suicide and shows promise of doing so with veterans of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan
•We are testing our approach with a treatment project at VA Medical Centers in the Bronx and Manhattan
•The project is underway but we would like to be able to include more veterans in need of help. SPI will need to raise an additional $20,000 to be able to do so.
•We are asking for contributions from $50 to $500
Your support for our work with veterans will be greatly appreciated by us and the veterans we are helping. Contributions are fully tax deductible. If you'd like to donate please make checks payable to Suicide Prevention Initiatives, 1045 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10028 or click here to donate online.
Some of our participating investigators from the Bronx VA and SPI came together at our last Life Lines Luncheon.


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Parent Directory | Revision Log
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More changes to try and resolve OSes with generic getcwd() implementations.
Rename sandbox_futils.c to sandbox_utils.c. Add gstrndup() and gbasename() to sandbox_utils.c. Add check for glibc, and fixup things to not need glibc only extensions if not needed for versioned symbols.
Add /dev/shm to write path.
Use egetcwd() in sandbox.c.
Fixup SANDBOX_ON handling after already running changes.
Only check SANDBOX_ACTIVE, and not its value. More BASH_ENV fixes.
Revert 64bit arch test, as we should build the 32bit version without full path checking as well, and add --enable-multilib switch to configure.
Reorder source layout.
Make sure we use our bashrc.
Rather check SANDBOX_ACTIVE if we are already running. Set SANDBOX_ACTIVE to readonly in sandbox.bashrc.
Cleanup environ variables.
Do not handle adding working directory to SANDBOX_WRITE, as portage does it itself.
Improve error handling for get_sandbox_*_envvar() functions.
Remove the tmp_dir variable - we do not need it.
If we are called from the command line, do not care about PORTAGE_TMPDIR, and make the current directory the work directory. Also rename the variable portage_tmp_dir to work_dir.
Add /dev/tts to write permit, bug #42809.
Do not resolve symlinks in PORTAGE_TMPDIR in sandbox .. we will handle that in libsandbox .. bug #100309.
Fix compile error with previous change, and return rather then exit().
Remove old logs if present and conflicting with current.
Try to cleanup and make error handling/printing consistent.
Cleanup access/log printing. Make access printing honour NOCOLOR. Fix log printing's last line not honouring NOCOLOR.
Remove unused includes and variables.
Remove sandbox_dir and co - we are not using it anymore.
Redo the interface of the get_* functions so that we do not leak memory.
Major cleanup of sandbox_futils.c. Removed most of the functions as we now write to /var/log/sandbox/, so in theory do not need all that.
Remove unused 'pids file' code.
Remove unused variables.
Remove trailing ':' for SANDBOX_PREDICT.
Fix typo in Robin's patch.
Add PREDICT items for nss-db, bug #92079. Patch from Robin Johnson.
Move get_sandbox_*_envvar() to sandbox_setup_environ(), as its more appropriate there.
Remove fooling around with exit codes - we error out on presence of a log anyhow.
Add hack to allow writing to /proc/self/fd (or /dev/fd), bug #91516.
Do not abort if TMPDIR is not valid, but rather use '/tmp', bug #94360. Also make sure we re-export the new TMPDIR environment variable.
Add /dev/console to write list, bug #38588.
General cleanups.
Various LD_PRELOAD cleanups. Do not unset LD_PRELOAD for parent.
Modify get_sandbox_pids_file(), get_sandbox_log() and get_sandbox_debug_log() to use TMPDIR if present in environment.
Remove sandbox_log_file from main() as its no longer used.
Add get_sandbox_debug_log(), and use it (add behaviour similar to SANDBOX_LOG if already exported when sandbox started). Fix get_sandbox_log() and new get_sandbox_debug_log() to not use already exported environment variables if they have '/' in them. Use snprintf()'s instead of strncpy()'s. More SB_PATH_MAX fixes.
Add comments about memory we do not free at the moment.
More path limit fixes. Declare SB_BUF_LEN global and use it where needed.
Set SANDBOX_ON *before* doing the child's env stuff, else its not set for the child.
Remove global preload_adaptable as it is no longer used.
Rewrite environment stuff to only be set when execve'ing the child process to try and avoid issues like bug #91541 that causes sandbox to crash if we set LD_PRELOAD sandbox side already.
Move print_sandbox_log() up to make things neater.
Remove load_preload_libs(), as its not used anymore.
Remove NO_FORK stuff, as its not used, and 'strace -f' works just fine.
Remove USE_SYSTEM_SHELL stuff, as it is not secure, and not in use (continued).
Remove USE_SYSTEM_SHELL stuff, as it is not secure, and not in use.
Remove ld.so.preload crap - we are not going to use it again.
Do not use LD_PRELOAD if it contains libtsocks.so, as it breaks sandbox for some odd reason, bug #91541.
Fix typo (sizeof -> strlen).
Do not reset already set LD_PRELOAD when starting sandbox. If LD_PRELOAD is already set, init of the env vars fails for some reason, so do this later on, and do not warn (bug #91431).
Fixup sandbox and sandbox.bashrc to call bash with the proper .bashrc.
Add /dev/pty to default write list. Noticed by Morfic.
Fixup the constructor/destructor function names again (they should be _init() and _fini() it seems, and not being called caused sandbox_lib_path to be unset, and thus breaking the execve() wrapper's LD_PRELOAD protection). Add both the path in given SANDBOX_x variable, as well as its symlink resolved path in init_env_entries(). Modify filter_path() to be able to resolve paths without resolving symlinks, as well as to be able to resolve symlinks. Fix a possible segfault in check_access(). Add symlink resolving to check_access() resolving bug #31019. Add 'hack' for unlink, as the fix for bug #31019 cause access violations if we try to remove a symlink that is not in protected path, but points to a protected path. Fix a memory leak in sandbox.c (sandbox_pids_file in main()). Fix the realpath() calls in main() (sandbox.c) being unchecked. Fix the debug logname not having the pid in it (pid_string was uninitialized). General syntax cleanups.
happy output time. missing new line.
White space fixes.
Initial revision
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nanoMOS 2.0: A Two -Dimensional Simulator for Quantum Transport in Double-Gate MOSFETs
Published on
A program to numerically simulate quantum transport in double gate MOSFETs is described. The program uses a Green's function approach and a simple treatment of scattering based on the idea of so-called Büttiker probes. The double gate device geometry permits an efficient mode space approach that dramatically lowers the computational burden and permits use as a design tool. Also implemented for comparison are a ballistic solution of the Boltzmann Transport Equation and the drift-diffusion approaches. The program is described and some examples of the use of nanoMOS for 10nm double gate MOSFETs are presented.
Cite this work
Researchers should cite this work as follows:
- Z. Ren, R. Venugopal, S. Goasguen, S. Datta and M. S. Lundstrom, "nanoMOS 2.5: A Two-Dimensional Simulator for Quantum Transport in Double-Gate MOSFETs," IEEE Trans. Electron. Dev., special issue on Nanoelectronics, 50, 1914-1925, 2003.


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Im in London and it's cold, so very cold I don't know how anyone can stand it. It's the kind of chill that would break your ears off. I have gloves in my bag but I use my hands too much to put them on for any length of time so essentially they are useless. Other than the weather, I love London and I could have a ploughman's lunch sandwich for every meal for the rest of my days if I had to.
Also the cookie selection is off the chain, so to speak. They are called biscuits here, which isn't the only thing that sets them apart. There's a subtlety of flavor that I cannot get enough of, truly. It's not just sweet. A depth exists within the sweet, which is at turns part salty, part grainy – a fullness of taste that doesn't exist in the united states. They love a biscuit here, and I had been urged by an Englishman I know well to bring back packages of chocolate Hobnobs and custard creams.
I wouldn't normally, as I hate to bring anything back from anywhere for anyone, as I go everywhere all the time and if I did this, I would do nothing else, but he works on my very old (older than me, but not ridden as much) vintage motorcycle for free and even comes to my house to do it, so with much gratitude, I bought him a big selection – chocolate and dark chocolate and plain. Hopefully they will pass through customs unscathed. Hopefully they will last a night or three with me in a barren hotel room in Shepherd's Bush uneaten. That's the challenge, to not eat all of them in my room alone, nothing but me and the bed and the biscuits and the bitter cold outside, too frosty to consider anything but lying under the covers, maybe with the plain hobnobs for company. Perhaps he wouldn't miss them. He did ask for chocolate after all.
I had bought him a package of chocolate hobnobs last night, on arrival, at the teeming with customers Morrison's across the street, which is the equivalent of Jon's market in la – not Von's – Jon's – the off brand Von's with all sorts of Korean ingredients and items of interest to the non-white shopper – but with the insufferable jetlag and the loneliness of the long distance traveler, they were gone by morning.
I texted him in fury – how could he allow me to purchase him such a delectable treat knowing full well I'd never be able to resist them? I was surprised myself, my own greed and intense, insufferable hunger outweighing good sense and default fear and loathing of carbohydrates. He told me to be careful, that the biscuits were evil and I agree with him. They are evil because I already have decided between the last paragraph and this one to open the package of plain hobnobs.
Ok I have stopped writing to eat two plain Hobnobs. That's not bad is it? To give a gift to a talented mechanic of a package of cookies with 2 missing? It's not my fault, it is the cookie's – or biscuit's doing. They're oat based, which never digests well, and I will see fully formed oats later in my toilet future. I wonder if someone will be able to tell my fortune from these oats. I am sowing some wild oats over here. There's another style of biscuit called 'digestive', which doesn't sound good, but is so good. I think they should change the name, but then folks wouldn't know what to ask for. They taste like those cookies you give infants when they are teething. I only know that because I used to be a Sunday school teacher/unpaid babysitter and ate quite a few sleeves of those when the infants in my care refused them. They are delicious dunked in tea, which I wouldn't normally do, and which I am fairly opposed to because it breaks up the bind of flour and water and sugar if its not eaten within a fraction of a second, but for biscuits originating from this cold island on the other side of the atlantic, I am prepared to make a rare exception.
If I lived in London I would eat only cheese and pickle sandwiches (ploughman's lunch) and biscuits and that's not good for anyone even said ploughman, but the food in Britain, despite what anyone will admit to, is really fucking delicious. I'd even go so far as to say it's my favorite, and I am including the british style Indian and Chinese and indonesian cuisine that you can't even really get in America. People eat good here, even if its humble scraps from Morrison's or that weird Chinese take-away that looks less like a restaurant and more like a veterinarian's office, with nothing but a receptionist at a big white desk/counter with no seats and no visible kitchen, just a menu and foil containers with white cardboard lids. Mmmmm. I am thinking I might eat all those Hobnobs. They're plain, and he wanted chocolate.