text:
Servicios Personalizados
Links relacionados
- Citado por Google
- Similares en Google
Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research
versión On-line ISSN 2219-0635
versión impresa ISSN 0030-2465
Onderstepoort j. vet. res. vol.79 no.1 Pretoria ene. 2012
Vector competence of Glossina austeni and Glossina brevipalpis for Trypanosoma congolense in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
Makhosazana MotloangI; Justin MasumuII; Barend MansI; Peter van den BosscheIII, I; Abdalla LatifI
IParasites, Vectors & Vector-borne Diseases Programme, ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort, South Africa
IIUniversite Pedagogique Nationale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
IIIInstitute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerpen, Belgium
Tsetse-transmitted trypanosomosis (nagana) has been the cause of stock losses in the recent past and still presents a major problem to livestock owners in certain areas of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Over 10 000 cattle mortalities were reported in the 1990 nagana outbreak. Although information on the distribution and abundance of the tsetse flies Glossina brevipalpis and Glossina austeni in KwaZulu-Natal exists, data on their vector competence are lacking. This study aimed to determine the rate of natural Trypanosoma congolense infection by field-collected as well as colony-reared flies of these species. A total of 442 field-collected G. brevipalpis and 40 G. austeni flies were dissected immediately after collection to determine their infection rates, whilst 699 G. brevipalpis and 49 G. austeni flies were fed on susceptible animals in 10 and four batches, respectively, for use in xenodiagnosis experiments. Teneral colony flies were fed on infected animals and dissected 21 days post infection to confirm their infectivity testing. Glossina austeni harboured 8% immature and mature infections. In G. brevipalpis, the infection with the immature stages was lower (1%) and no mature infections were observed. Although all four batches of G. austeni transmitted T. congolense to four susceptible animals, no transmission resulted from 10 batches of G. brevipalpis fed on susceptible cattle. Colonyderived G. austeni (534) and G. brevipalpis (882) were fed on four bovines infected with different T. congolense isolates. Both G. austeni and G. brevipalpis acquired trypanosome infection from the bovines, with immature infection ranges of 20% - 33% and 1% - 4%, respectively. Parasites, however, only matured in G. austeni (average = 4%). Glossina austeni plays a larger role in the epidemiology of animal trypanosomosis in KwaZulu-Natal than G. brevipalpis and therefore more focus should be aimed at the former when control measures are implemented.
The tsetse zone in South Africa encompasses an area of 18 000 km2, representing the southernmost distributional limit of this genus in Africa (Kappmeier-Green, Potgieter & Vreysen 2007). Of the four tsetse species (Diptera: Glossinidae) historically found in South Africa, only Glossina austeni (savanna species) and Glossina brevipalpis (fusca species) still exists in the north-eastern parts of KwaZulu-Natal. The fly habitat is confined to protected nature reserves, game parks, indigenous forests and river beds (Kappmeier, Nevill & Bagnall 1998). The other two species, namely Glossina morsitans morsitans and Glossina pallidipes, which were considered to be the most efficient vectors of trypanosomes in general, had been eradicated in 1897 and 1954, respectively (Du Toit 1954). Glossina austeni and G. brevipalpis were not considered to be important vectors of trypanosomosis in South Africa (Fuller 1923).
Despite the eradication of G. morsitans morsitans and G. pallidipes, clinical cases of trypanosomosis were still diagnosed in cattle, horses and dogs between 1955 and 1989 (Bagnall 1993). In 1990, a serious outbreak of the disease in cattle, locally referred to as nagana, was reported at dip tanks in the vicinity of the Hluhluwe-Umfolozi Game Reserve and the infection was attributed to Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma vivax. The treatment of cattle with trypanocidal drugs, combined with tsetse control efforts using deltamethrin 'pour-on' insecticide and odour-baited, insecticide-impregnated targets, was successful in controlling the outbreak (Bagnall 1993), but the strategy was considered unsustainable because preventing tsetse fly reinvasion could not be guaranteed (Kappmeier et al. 1998). The temporary nature of this approach was evidenced by the recurrence of trypanosomosis, which has reverted to the high levels seen in 1990, before these temporary control measures were instituted (Van den Bossche et al. 2006). The reoccurrence of outbreaks changed the previous perception that G. austeni and G. brevipalpis were of minor importance in trypanosome transmission and reaffirmed that they are responsible for the cyclical transmission of nagana (Kappmeier & Nevill 1999; Kappmeier-Green et al. 2007). Subsequent tsetse surveys conducted from 1991 to 1999 revealed a relative higher prevalence and abundance of G. brevipalpis compared with that of G. austeni in the affected areas (Bagnall 1993; Kappmeier 2000). Recently, a study conducted at the Mvutshini dip tank found trypanosome infections in 61% of suspected sick cattle using the buffy coat procedure (Van den Bossche et al. 2006). The survey indicated that nagana was still prevalent in KwaZulu-Natal and that T. congolense was the dominant causative organism. Of the two tsetse species, G. brevipalpis was found to be more abundant and therefore believed to be responsible for causing disease in cattle around the Hluhluwe-Umfolozi Game Reserve. The importance of a species as a vector is not determined only by its abundance, but also by its vector competence; that is, its ability to become infected and transmit pathogens (Leak 1998).
There are two key stages in the interaction of some trypanosomes (e.g. Trypanosoma brucei or T. congolense) with tsetse flies, namely the initial establishment of infection in the midgut and the subsequent maturation of the trypanosomes to produce infective stages in the salivary glands or oesophagus (Aksoy, Gibson & Lehane 2003). The current study was therefore conducted to identify the principle vector of trypanosomes in both field and controlled experimental conditions by comparing the vector competence of G. austeni and G. brevipalpis in transmitting T. congolense to cattle.
Materials and methods
Field collection of tsetse flies
Glossina brevipalpis and G. austeni were collected between 2006 and 2008 from areas known to be endemic with nagana in north-eastern KwaZulu-Natal (Figure 1). Flies were collected using the H-trap designed for collecting these two species (Kappmeier 2000). Traps were baited with a mixture of 1-octen-3-ol and 4-methylphenol, dispensed from heat-sealed sachets in the presence of acetone. The traps were emptied daily and flies were transported to the Agricultural Research Council (ARC) Field Research Station at Kuleni in a cooler box. Collected flies were divided into two groups, of which one was immediately used to determine the infection rate and the other group was used in xenodiagnosis experiments. Flies were couriered to the ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute (OVI) laboratory, situated 600 km from the collection areas.
Determination of infection rates in tsetse flies
A total of 442 G. brevipalpis and 40 G. austeni specimens were dissected immediately after collection and examined for trypanosome infections. An additional 195 G. brevipalpis specimens were dissected after transmission experiments to confirm the results of the infectivity testing in cattle. Dissections were conducted according to the method of Lloyd and Johnson (1924) and as described by Leak, Ejigu and Vreysen (2008). Flies were dissected to expose immature infections (non-infective trypanosome forms) in the midgut and mature infections (infective trypanosome forms) in the proboscis (Jordan 1976; Van den Bossche et al. 2004). The respective organs were placed onto microscope slides containing droplets of phosphate-buffered saline (with glucose) and covered with cover slips. Infection rates were determined by direct observation of prepared slides under a compound microscope using a 10x eyepiece and a 25x objective.
Maintenance of tsetse flies
At the ARC-OVI, field-captured flies were maintained under the same conditions as the colony-reared flies. The ARC-OVI houses well-established colonies of G. austeni and G. brevipalpis. These colonies were established in 2002 with seed materials of G. austeni obtained from the Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Research Institute in Tanga, Tanzania and G. brevipalpis supplied by the Insect Pest Control Sub-Programme of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) laboratories in Seibersdorf, Austria. Colony flies were maintained at 75% relative humidity and 24 °C and fed on artificial membranes using high-quality gamma-irradiated bovine blood according to the standard operating procedure of the Food and Agriculture Organization/IAEA (2006).
Experimental infection of colony flies using infected animals
The artificial infection of colony flies was carried out to compare the results with the infection rate in field-collected flies. Each of four susceptible cattle was infected intravenously with (1 x 106) organisms using four different T. congolense isolates. Three of the isolates (I, II and BmrngK2) were isolated from cattle at Boomerang Farm and the fourth (MVU10) from cattle at the Mvutshini community dip tank. All isolates were maintained in mice. Molecular characterisation of all four isolates, according to a method described by Geysen, Delespaux and Geerts (2003), revealed that they belonged to T. congolense. The infected cattle were monitored daily for the development of trypanosome parasitaemia and fever, whilst packed cell volume (PCV) values were also determined. Flies were fed on cattle when parasites were detected in the buffy coat preparations. Experimental animals were clipped on their flanks and localised areas shaved with a scalpel blade to expose the skin (Akol & Murray 1983). Flies were confined in cages in groups of not more than 20 and allowed to feed until fully engorged. The engorged flies were maintained on artificial feeding membranes (as described for the colony flies) for 21 days before dissection (Masumu et al. 2006).
Experimental infection of susceptible animals using field-collected flies
To demonstrate the infectivity of field-collected flies in cattle, 10 batches of G. brevipalpis (699 flies in total) and four batches of G. austeni (49 flies in total) were used in the transmission experiments. The batch sizes were determined by the number of flies captured in an area on a specific date. For each area the number of collections ranged from 16 to 180 and 6 to 40 for G. brevipalpis and G. austeni, respectively. Flies were fed as mentioned earlier. Where the number of flies per batch exceeded 20, more cages were used. Each batch was allowed to feed on a susceptible Nguni bovine, except for one batch of G. austeni, which was fed on a goat. The animals were monitored daily for the development of trypanosome parasitaemia, fever and changes in PCV over 30 days. Animals considered anaemic (i.e. PCV = 18% for three consecutive days) received treatment with 3.5 mg/kg diminazene aceturate (Berenil TM).
Statistical analyses
Variation in infection prevalence between isolates and tsetse flies was analysed using the statistical program GenStat® (Payne et al. 2007). Testing was performed at the 5% significance level, with p < 0.05 used as the cut-off for statistical significance.
Ethical considerations
Ethical approval for the experiments was obtained from the Animal Ethics Committee of the OVI (ref. 07/20/C174) and Animal Use and Care Committee of the University of Pretoria, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences (ref. VO56-09).
A total of 637 G. brevipalpis and 40 G. austeni specimens collected from the field were dissected and their infection prevalence assessed (Table 1). Analysis revealed 8% immature and mature trypanosome infections the midgut and proboscis of G. austeni. On the other hand, only 1% of immature infections were detected in the midgut of G. brevipalpis.
To confirm the infection rate results obtained for the field-collected tsetse flies, laboratory-controlled fly infectivity experiments were conducted. A total of 534 colony-reared G. austeni and 882 G. brevipalpis, fed on experimentally infected parasitaemic cattle, were dissected. Dissection results indicated that all four isolates (BoomerangI, BoomerangII, BmrngK2 and MVU10) became established in the midgut of both G. austeni (20% - 33%) and G. brevipalpis (1% - 4%) (Table 2). Of the infected flies, 22% (n = 121) immature infections and 4% (n = 21) mature infections were found in G. austeni fed on four cattle infected with different T. congolense isolates. Only 2% (n = 17) immature infections were seen in G. brevipalpis and no parasites were detected in the proboscis.
Vector competence was also assessed to confirm the results on the infection rates with trypanosomes in G. brevipalpis and G. austeni collected from game parks and communal dip tanks in KwaZulu-Natal. The infectivity of G. brevipalpis fed on susceptible cattle under controlled conditions was not shown and no trypanosome transmission was observed from any of the flies (as many as 180 per animal). On the other hand, transmission with G. austeni was achieved with a small number of feeding flies (i.e. fewer than 10 per animal).
There were no significant differences in the immature infection prevalence between the four isolates in G. austeni (p = 0.158). However, there was a significant difference (p = 0.025) in the immature infection prevalence of these isolates in G. brevipalpis.
A higher number of midgut infections were observed to have resulted from BoomerangI and II (4.3% and 2.6%, respectively) than from MVU10 and BmrngK2 (0.36% and 0.50%, respectively), as shown in Table 3. In contrast, the number of G. austeni with mature infections from the four isolates differed significantly (p = 0.007). Flies infected with BoomerangI and II isolates had a higher infection prevalence (9.5% and 8.2%, respectively) compared with those infected with isolates MVU10 and BmrngK2 (2.6% and 1.6%, respectively) (Table 3). Mature infections were not detected in the proboscis of any G. brevipalpis flies.
After the flies had fed on the animals, parasites were detected in blood samples within 14, 17 and 22 days for cattle and 15 days for the goat. All animals subsequently presented with clinical signs of anaemia (Table 4).
In the present study, only 1% of T. congolense infections were found in the midgut of G. brevipalpis. In contrast, the infection rate in the midgut and the proboscis of G. austeni was significantly higher, with 8% detected in both organs. The age structure of the two Glossina species had not been determined in the field-collected flies. It has been reported that older flies are more likely to be infected than younger flies (Harley 1966; Jordan 1976; Woolhouse et al. 1994). The factors affecting the trypanosome infection rate in flies and contributing to their being refractory to infection have been detailed and discussed by several authors (Jordan 1976; Roditi & Lehane 2008; Welburn & Maudlin 1999). Factors such as age may influence the readiness with which flies can be infected. According to Harley (1967), the longer the female of some fly species, such as G. brevipalpis, lives, the more likely she is to be infected with T. congolense. In contrast, species such as G. austeni can be readily infected when they are 1 day old and less successfully later (Jordan 1976; Ward 1968). In our study, both G. austeni and G. brevipalpis colony specimens were fed a day after emergence and were able to establish infections in the midgut. However, trypanosomes could not develop to maturity in G. brevipalpis.
The results showing the poor efficiency of G. brevipalpis as a vector was unexpected based on their higher population densities in areas close to the Hluhluwe-Umfolozi Game Reserve where high infection prevalence in cattle had been reported (Gillingwater, Mamabolo & Majiwa 2010; Van den Bossche et al. 2006). These results further suggest that G. austeni is the major vector of trypanosomes in the area, despite its relatively low population density as reported by Esterhuizen et al. (2005) and Hendrickx et al. (2003). The relatively low numbers of G. austeni collected in this study indicate either that the natural population density is low or that the H-trap is not effective for the collection of this species. Similar observations were reported by Gaturaga, Maloo and Loehr (1989) when they collected only 33 flies representing two Glossina species over a period of one year, despite a high trypanosome infection rate (22%) amongst cattle. They attributed the low numbers of G. austeni collected, assumed to be the major vector, to the inefficiency of the biconical trap used.
Interestingly, flies infected with isolates BoomerangI and II exhibited more midgut infections in G. brevipalpis and more mature infections in G. austeni than those infected with isolates MVU10 and BmrngK2. Both fly species seemed to be more susceptible to infection with Boomerang I and II isolates; however, G. brevipalpis is refractory to subsequent parasite maturation occurring in the proboscis. Goossens et al. (2006) found a very low prevalence of T. congolense in cattle (0.8%) on Mafia Island, Tanzania, where G. brevipalpis is the only tsetse fly species encountered and widely distributed. They attributed the low prevalence to a combination of factors, such as frequent use of prophylactic treatment of cattle with trypanocidal drugs, a low feeding frequency of G. brevipalpis on cattle and the low vectorial capacity of the fly. In contrast, Wilson, Dar and Paris (1972) found the infection rate with T. congolense in field-collected G. brevipalpis to be about 2% in their study in Uganda. The injection of the infected proboscis collected from these flies produced patent infection in mice and thus demonstrated the ability of T. congolense to mature in the proboscis.
The present data do not support results from two recent studies on the trypanosomes infection rates in tsetse flies conducted in the same area using only polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis (Gillingwater et al. 2010; Mamabolo et al. 2009). Mamabolo et al. (2009) detected trypanosome DNA in 89% of the flies examined but the results did not specify the species origin. Furthermore, this molecular test does not distinguish between mature and immature infections. In the study of Mamabolo et al. (2009), the injection of a suspension of macerated fly proboscis did not produce any viable infections in mice that were monitored for the development of trypanosome parasitaemia. Similarly, Gillingwater et al. (2010) reported a higher percentage (20%) of flies testing positive for trypanosome DNA in the midgut with only 1.6% of mature infections. Again, the results were not separated according to species. The higher infection rates detected by the PCR analysis may be related to recent feeding of the flies on infected animals although these trypanosomes would not necessarily develop successfully in the midgut or the proboscis.
A wealth of entomological data have been collected over the years in KwaZulu-Natal, which were used by Hendrickx et al. (2003) to produce distribution and prediction maps. However, parallel data on the epidemiology of the disease have not been generated to support the intention of the veterinary authorities to control or eradicate tsetse flies from South Africa. The results from the current study support the findings of Goossens et al. (2006) that G. brevipalpis is not the main vector of T. congolense in KwaZulu-Natal, despite its higher abundance, whereas G. austeni has been shown to have a higher vector competence. Focus should, therefore, be directed towards the control of G. austeni in the province whilst more research is still needed to develop more efficient traps to monitor the population dynamics of this species before, during and after control operations.
The Department of Science and Technology and the ARC are thanked for financial support Dr Gert Venter provided valuable comment on an earlier version of the manuscript. Mr Dannie de Klerk assisted with field collections and feeding on susceptible animals. Mr Jerome Ntshangase and Mr Gazu are thanked for deploying, and maintaining traps and assistance with field collections.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no financial or personal relationship(s) which may have inappropriately influenced them in writing this paper.
Authors' contributions
M.M. (ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute) was the project leader and performed most of the experiments and wrote the manuscript. J.M. (Universite Pedagogique Nationale) was a student mentor who assisted in the execution of some experiments and also edited the manuscript. A.L. (ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute) was the project supervisor and also contributed to revision and editing of the manuscript. B.M. (ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute) was the co-supervisor of the study and contributed to revision and editing of the manuscript. P.v.d.B. (Institute of Tropical Medicine) was a co-supervisor to J.M. (Universite Pedagogique Nationale) with regard to providing mentorship and assistance with specific experiments.
Akol, G.W.O. & Murray, M., 1983, 'Trypanosoma congolense: susceptibility of cattle to cyclical challenge', Experimental Parasitology 55, 386-393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-4894(83)90036-X [ Links ]
Aksoy, S., Gibson, W.C. & Lehane, M.J., 2003, 'Interactions between tsetse and trypanosomes with implications for the control of trypanosomiasis', Advances in Parasitology 53, 1-83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0065-308X(03)53002-0 [ Links ]
Bagnall, R.J., 1993, 'Trypanosomosis in Zululand', in Proceedings of the 24th meeting of the SARCCUS standing committee for animal health, Mbabane, Swaziland, 1993, pp. 41-49. [ Links ]
Du Toit, R., 1954, 'Trypanosomiasis in Zululand and control of tsetse flies by chemical means', Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research 26, 317-378. [ Links ]
Esterhuizen, J., Kappmeier, K., Marcotty, T. & Van den Bossche, P., 2005, 'Abundance and distribution of the tsetse flies, Glossina austeni and G. brevipalpis, in different habitats in South Africa', Medical and Veterinary Entomology 19, 367-371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2915.2005.00582.x, PMid:16336301 [ Links ]
Food and Agriculture Organization/International Atomic Energy Agency, 2006, Standard operating procedures for mass-rearing tsetse flies, FAO/IAEA, Vienna. [ Links ]
Fuller, C., 1923, Tsetse in the Transvaal and surrounding territories: an historical review, Pretoria, Department of Agriculture (Entomology Memoir no. 1). [ Links ]
Gaturaga, I.M., Maloo, S.H. & Loehr, K.F., 1989, 'Monitoring of trypanosomiasis on a dairy farm under apparent low tsetse challenge at the Kenyan coast', paper presented at the 20th meeting of the International Scientific Council for Trypanosomiasis Research and Control, Mombasa, Kenya, 1989, pp. 297-300. [ Links ]
Geysen, G., Delespaux, V. & Geerts, S., 2003, 'PCR-RFLP using Ssu-rDNA amplification as an easy method for species-specific diagnosis of Trypanosoma species in cattle', Veterinary Parasitology 110, 171-180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-017(02)00313-8 [ Links ]
Gillingwater, K., Mamabolo, M.V. & Majiwa, P.A.O., 2010, 'Prevalence of mixed Trypanosoma congolense infections in livestock and tsetse in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa', Journal of the South African Veterinary Association 81, 219-223. PMid:21526736 [ Links ]
Goossens, B., Mbwambo, H., Msangi, A., Geysen, D. & Vreysen, M., 2006, 'Trypanosomosis prevalence in cattle on Mafia Island (Tanzania)', Veterinary Parasitology 139, 74-83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j~.vetpar.2006.02.022, PMid:16574325 [ Links ]
Harley, J.M.B., 1966, 'Seasonal and diurnal variation in physiological age and trypanosome infection rate of males of Glossina pallidipes Aust., G. palpalis fuscipes Newst. and G. brevipalpis Newst.', Bulletin of Entomological Research 56, 595-614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300056613 [ Links ]
Harley, J.M.B., 1967, 'Further studies on age and trypanosome infection rates in Glossina pallidipes Aust., G. palpalis fuscipes Newst. and G. brevipalpis Newst. in Uganda', Bulletin of Entomological Research 57, 459-477. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300050203 [ Links ]
Hendrickx, G., Nevill, E., Biesemans, J., Kappmeier-Green, K., Van Camp, N. & Williams, R., 2003, 'The use of geostatistics and remote sensing to optimise tsetse field survey results: The example of KwaZulu-Natal', Newsletter on Integrated Control of Pathogenic Trypanosomes and their Vectors 7, 26-29. [ Links ]
Jordan, A.M., 1976, 'Tsetse flies as vectors of trypanosomes', Veterinary Parasitology 2, 143-152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-4017(76)90059-5 [ Links ]
Kappmeier, K. & Nevill, E.M., 1999, 'Evaluation of proposed odour-baited target to control the tsetse flies Glossina brevipalpis and Glossina austeni (Diptera: Glossinidae) in South Africa', Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research 66, 327-332. PMid:10689705 [ Links ]
Kappmeier, K., 2000, 'A newly developed odour-baited "H trap" for the live collection of Glossina austeni and Glossina brevipalpis (Diptera: Glossinidae) in South Africa', Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research 67, 15-26. PMid:10843318 [ Links ]
Kappmeier, K., Nevill, E.M. & Bagnall, R.J., 1998, 'Review of tsetse flies and trypanosomosis in South Africa', Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research 65, 195-203. PMid:9809324 [ Links ]
Kappmeier-Green, K., Potgieter, F.T. & Vreysen, M.J.B., 2007, 'A strategy for an areawide control campaign with an SIT-(Glossina austeni and Glossina brevipalpis) free South Africa', in M.J.B. Vreysen, A.S. Robinson & J. Hendrichs (eds.), Area-wide control of insect pests, pp. 308-323, Springer, Vienna. [ Links ]
Leak, S.G.A., 1998, Tsetse biology and ecology: Their role in the epidemiology and control of trypanosomosis, CABI Publishing/International Livestock Research Institute, Wallingford. [ Links ]
Leak, S.G.A., Ejigu, D. & Vreysen, M.J.B. (eds.), 2008, Collection of entomological baseline data for tsetse area-wide integrated pest management programmes, Food and Agricultural Organization, Rome. [ Links ]
Lloyd, L. & Johnson, W.B., 1924, 'The trypanosome infections of tsetse flies in Nigeria and a new method of estimation', Bulletin of Entomological Research 14, 265-288. [ Links ]
Mamabolo, M.V., Ntantiso, L., Latif, A. & Majiwa, P.A.O., 2009, 'Natural infection of cattle and tsetse flies in South Africa with two genotypic groups of Trypanosoma congolense', Parasitology 136, 425-431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0031182009005587, PMid:19250578 [ Links ]
Masumu, J., Marcotty, T., Geysen, D., Geerts, S., Vercruysse, J., Dorny, P. et al., 2006, 'Comparison of the virulence of Trypanosoma congolense strains isolated from cattle in a trypanosomosis endemic area of eastern Zambia', International Journal for Parasitology 36, 497-501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2006.01.003, PMid:16516215 [ Links ]
Payne, R.W., Murray, D.A., Harding, S.A., Baird, D.B. & Soutar, D.M., 2007, GenStat for Windows Introduction, 10th edn., VSN International, Hemel Hempstead. [ Links ]
Roditi, I. & Lehane, M.J., 2008, 'Interactions between trypanosomes and tsetse flies', Current Opinion in Microbiology 11, 345-351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/'mib.2008.06.006, PMid:18621142 [ Links ]
Van den Bossche, P., De Deken, R., Brandt, J., Geerts, S., Geysen, D. & Berkvens, D., 2004, 'The transmission of mixed Trypanosoma brucei/T. congolense infections by tsetse (Glossina morsitans morsitans)', Veterinary Parasitology 119, 147-153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/jj.vetpar.2003.11.008, PMid:14746974 [ Links ]
Van den Bossche, P., Esterhuizen, J., Nkuna, R., Matjila, T., Penzhorn, B., Geerts, S. et al., 2006, 'An update of the bovine trypanosomosis situation at the edge of Hluhiuwe-Imfolozi Park, Kwazulu-Natal Province, South Africa', Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research 73, 77-79. PMid:16715881 [ Links ]
Ward, R.A., 1968, 'The susceptibility of Glossina austeni into infection with Trypanosoma brucei', Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 62, 672-768. [ Links ]
Welburn, S.C. & Maudlin, I., 1999, 'Tsetse-trypanosome interaction: rites of passage', Parasitology Today 15, 399-403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0169-4758(99)01512-4 [ Links ]
Wilson, A.J., Dar, F.K. & Paris, J., 1972, 'A study on the transmission of salivarian trypanosomes isolated from wild tsetse flies', Tropical Animal Health and Production 4, 14-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02357090, PMid:4671472 [ Links ]
Woolhouse, M.E.J., Bealby, K., McNamara, J.J. & Silutongwe, J., 1994, 'Trypanosome infections of the tsetse fly Glossina pallidipes in the Luanwa Valley, Zambia', International Journal for Parasitology 24, 987-993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-7519(94)90164-3 [ Links ]
Correspondence to:
Makhosazana Motloang
Postal address: Private Bag X05,
Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
Email: email@example.com
Received: 16 June 2011
Accepted: 19 Oct. 2011
Published: 21 Feb. 2012


text:
NEWPORT BEACH — On the game's opening drive, Talalelei Teaupa touched the ball just once, coming on the first play from scrimmage. By the time the tailback carried the ball again for Newport Harbor High, the Sailors trailed by 14 points.
Eight minutes into the Sailors' CIF Southern Section Southwest Division first-round playoff game, Troy stunned the home crowd. At one point, Troy's No. 2 outshined the home team's No. 2.
Teaupa wasn't going to play second fiddle to anyone, not in the school's first postseason opener at Davidson Field in eight years.
Newport Harbor began to feed its No. 2 and it worked. After throwing it twice on the first possession, the offense never passed again.
The Sailors didn't have to air it out because Teaupa rallied the team to a 42-21 win on Friday. They now have their first playoff triumph in five years. To get it, Teaupa stiff-armed whoever dared get in his way.
When the senior was done, Teaupa recorded 272 yards rushing. The total is the eighth-best single-game rushing performance turned in by a Newport Harbor back.
Teaupa could've piled up more yards and broken the school's No. 1 mark of 310 yards, but he sat out the entire fourth quarter.
"It feels really good," Teaupa said of getting the victory and his name in the Sailors' record book.
"I knew we were going to come back. We always do."
For the second straight week, the Sailors came back from a 14-point deficit. How they fought back against Troy was drastically different compared to last week's come-from-behind win against Los Alamitos.
Newport Harbor (7-4) let Teaupa run wild. Twenty-six times quarterback Cole Norris handed the ball off to Teaupa, two of those went for touchdowns.
"Last week, we throw for [335 yards]," said Coach Jeff Brinkley, referring to what worked for the Sailors in their 31-28 overtime win against the Griffins that clinched second place in the Sunset League. "This week, I don't know what we ran for, but I know we had a lot of yards. People are going to have to defend the whole field against us."
The Sailors are looking like contenders in their first year in the Southwest Division. They take their act on the road next week to face third-seeded Villa Park (10-1) in the quarterfinals.
Villa Park's lone loss came in a nonleague game in September against Edison, the Sunset League champion. Edison also beat the Sailors in a league opener in October.
Since then, Newport Harbor hasn't loss.
The Sailors won their fifth straight contest. The offensive line is a big reason for the team's success. The line has protected Norris, a sophomore, and has opened holes for Teaupa during the winning streak.
"That's as dominating a performance up front that we've had in a few years," said Brinkley, praising the blocking by left tackle Ramsey Hufford, left guard Andrew Williams, center Emmanuel Jogwe, right guard Joseph Zavala, right tackle Zach Cornwell, tight end Alex De Soto and fullback Marty Taylor.
"They were knocking them off the ball. "
At the start, it was Troy (7-4) winning the battle in the trenches.
Troy scored on its first two drives, each time handing the ball off to Dallas Parent, who rushed 23 times for 144 yards. The patient back found the end zone twice on short-yardage runs.
Then it was the Sailors' turn to showcase Teaupa.
Eight straight times Teaupa carried the ball and he didn't disappoint. He broke off runs of 10, 15 and 15 yards. With the ball on the opponent's 20-yard line, Teaupa went to work again, carrying the ball four times for 16 yards.
From the four, Newport Harbor went to someone else in the backfield. Riley Gaddis ran in from the left side to cut the deficit in half late in the first quarter.
The rest of the game belonged to the Sailors. They figured out the Warriors' misdirection run offense and then began to pound Troy's defense.
Teaupa was on his way to tying the game for Newport Harbor. Four plays is all the offense needed to score again, three of those going to Teaupa. He ran over would-be tacklers on a 13-yard touchdown run up the middle.
Teaupa was unstoppable in the first half, rushing 16 times for 170 yards. He did all the dirty work on the Sailors' go-ahead scoring drive in the second quarter.
If it wasn't for a defensive back grabbing Teaupa's facemask and taking him down near the five-yard line, he would've recorded a 36-yard touchdown run. Instead, Teaupa got credit for a 32-yard run.
He didn't get the Sailors their first lead, coming on a one-yard touchdown run by Gaddis before halftime. That didn't matter to Teaupa. All that did was that the Sailors' season continues for at least another week.
Twitter: @DCPenaloza
CIF Southern Section Southwest Division playoffs
First round
Newport Harbor 42, Troy 21
Troy 14 – 0 – 0 – 7 – 21
Newport 7 – 14 – 14 – 7 – 42
T – Parent 2 run (Rogers kick), 6:16.
T – Parent 3 run (Rogers kick), 3:47.
NH – Gaddis 4 run (Schultz kick), :20.
NH – Teaupa 13 run (Schultz kick), 10:11.
NH – Gaddis 1 run (Schultz kick), 3:06.
NH – Teaupa 14 run (Schultz kick), 8:11.
NH – Taylor 2 run (Schultz kick), 1:31.
NH – Siemonsma 20 run (Schultz kick), 9:25.
T – Iturburo 12 run (Rogers kick), 4:40.
T – Parent, 23-144, 2 TDs.
NH – Teaupa, 26-272, 2 TDs.
T – Blumer, 11-21-2, 112.
NH – Norris, 1-2-0, (-1).
T – Vaccher, 5-41.
NH – Gyulay, 1- (-1).

subset: commoncrawl


text:
JOHANNESBURG (Reuters) - South African President Jacob Zuma looks set for re-election as head of the ruling ANC in December but the battle for the post of his deputy could thrust millionaire businessman and former unionist Cyril Ramaphosa back into political prominence.
Despite sluggish growth in Africa's biggest economy, bloody labor strife that dented South Africa's image this year and a slew of scandals during Zuma's three years in power, five of the country's nine provinces are backing the president to stay on as leader of the African National Congress.
This line-up suggests Zuma has seen off a campaign to replace him with Deputy President Kgalema Motlanthe, whose own silence on whether he is in the running has opened up the chance of a political comeback by business tycoon Ramaphosa.
Leadership of Nelson Mandela's 100-year-old liberation movement would virtually guarantee Zuma another five years as state president in a 2014 election, given the support the ANC can still count on from South Africa's black majority.
Nominations for top ANC leadership positions for the December 16-20 party conference close on Friday.
Zuma, who ousted former President Thabo Mbeki in a fight to head the party in 2007, has obtained wide endorsement from ANC branches across five provinces, including his home KwaZulu-Natal, which will have the largest number of voting delegates at the conference in the central city of Mangaung.
The expectation that Zuma will carry the ANC leadership race has taken some steam out of the contest and provides an element of political continuity, even though many have been critical of his lackluster performance in office.
Zuma's reputation as president was tarnished by criticism that his government mishandled a wave of violent mining strikes in recent months that saw at least 50 people killed, 34 of them striking miners shot by police in a single day in August. It was the deadliest labor violence since apartheid ended in 1994.
Critics on the left within his own party accused the 70-year-old president, who is proud of his Zulu origins and likes to present himself as a genial 'man of the people', of abandoning poor and working class South Africans.
Business leaders said Zuma's government did not move quickly enough to halt the labor troubles that led to downgrades from two credit ratings agencies for South Africa, whose deep social and economic inequalities are seen as an Achilles Heel.
"His leadership has led to a myriad of conundrums around policies, and investors expect more inaction from him," Peter Attard-Montalto, emerging market economist at Nomura International, told Reuters.
Since Zuma took office in 2009, protests about basic services have become an almost daily occurrence in urban areas across South Africa as the ANC struggles to fix a broken education system and address chronic unemployment and poverty.
This has generated opposition to Zuma from elements within the party who demand radical economic and social reforms to achieve a fairer sharing out of the national wealth.
Two provinces have come out in favor of Motlanthe to be party leader.
But sources in the camp of the bearded and bespectacled deputy president, who is 63, said he was reluctant to challenge his boss in next month's internal ANC election.
Motlanthe's silence on whether he will stand has also forced Zuma's supporters to look elsewhere for a deputy president.
"Zuma's emissaries initially approached Motlanthe to stay on as deputy president on condition that he will get their support for president in the next ANC election (in 2017)," said one Zuma campaigner. "But his silence, and subsequent support from some provinces to go it alone, has made us decide to look elsewhere."
This has opened the door for Ramaphosa, a respected and influential member of the ANC's National Executive Committee, who has been backed as candidate to be Zuma's deputy in the party by at least four of the provinces.
Reuters spoke to official sources and lobbyists in all nine provinces and although Ramaphosa, 60, appeared to have strong grassroots support from local branches, it was not clear if he would in the end accept the nomination.
"Cyril is the best man for the job, he brings integrity but we can only hope that he accepts the nomination. He expects guarantees that this will line him up to become the automatic choice for president next time around," said one ANC official from KwaZulu-Natal.
Ramaphosa is hailed along with Mandela as a hero of the anti-apartheid struggle. As a founder leader of the National Union of Mineworkers, he led a three-week strike against South Africa's white mining bosses in 1987 that gained him international renown.
But he left politics for business in 1997 three years after the end of apartheid, and is now South Africa's second richest black entrepreneur.
But his shareholding in Lonmin, the company at the centre of the August 16 Marikana mine killings in which 34 strikers were shot by police, has laid him open to accusations that he has betrayed his original working class allegiances.
An ANC member from the Free State province, who asked not to be named, said: "We really don't know if he will leave his high life in business to come back to a position in the ANC."
Ramaphosa's extensive business empire includes ownership of the MacDonald's South Africa franchise, he is the chairman of telecoms giant MTN, and also sits on the board of Standard Bank, Africa's largest bank by assets, and of brewer SABMiller.
In the ANC's closed political culture, open ambition is frowned upon, so Ramaphosa, Mothlanthe, or any other candidates are unlikely to go public with their intentions before the nomination process closes on Friday.
The contest will be fought behind closed doors in a five-day conference in Mangaung next month with 91 percent of voters being ordinary rank and file members. The balance will come from national and provincial leaders, the women's league, youth league and veterans league.
Although Ramaphosa's nomination may go down well with the business sector, insiders said he would not have carte blanche over economic policy.
"Whatever his success in business was does not matter," said a senior ANC official from Mpumalanga province.
"The ANC discusses policies as a collective, it's not up to individuals," the official added.
Reporting by Peroshni Govender; Editing by Pascal Fletcher and Giles Elgood


text:
961 Temple S.E. Grand Rapids, MI 49507 616.452.5764
(find us) A Christian Reformed Church
Pastor Emmett Harrison, Sr. - March 18, 2018 - John 12:20-33 &
Psalms 51:1-12
Click the play button on the red player above to stream the podcast from your computer. If you would like to download the podcast to your computer, right click the green link next to the word 'download' to the right of the red player and choose 'save'.
Pictures on flickr. Once you click this link and are on Flickr you have 3 options to view pictures. The 1st is to click the "Albums" top link. The 2nd is to click (by the right side of the page) the "more" dropdown, and then click the "Tags" link. The 3rd is to stay on the Photostream and scroll down.
© Oakdale Park Church 2017 | Contact Oakdale Park Church | 961 Temple SE Grand Rapids Michigan 49507 | Phone 616.452.5764


text:
Frequent Links
|Sexual orientation
|Male and female symbols overlaid
|Sexual orientations
|Non-binary categories
|Non-human animals
Heterosexuality is romantic attraction, sexual attraction or sexual behavior between persons of opposite sex or gender. As a sexual orientation, heterosexuality is "an enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attractions" to persons of the opposite sex; it "also refers to a person's sense of identity based on those attractions, related behaviors, and membership in a community of others who share those attractions."[1][2]
Heterosexuality is one of the three main classifications of sexual orientation along with bisexuality and homosexuality, which are each parts of the heterosexual–homosexual continuum.
The term heterosexual or heterosexuality is usually applied to humans, but heterosexual behavior is observed in all mammals and in other non-human animals. The word heterosexual is etymologically formed by adding the combining form of Greek έτερος heteros (meaning "different" or "other") as a prefix to "sexuality".
- 1 History and demographics
- 2 Academic study
- 3 Heterosexism and heteronormativity
- 4 Religious aspects
- 5 Language
- 6 Symbolism
- 7 See also
- 8 Footnotes
- 9 References
- 10 Further reading
- 11 External links
History and demographics
The demographics of sexual orientation are difficult to establish due to a lack of reliable data. However, the history of human sexuality shows that attitudes and behaviour have varied across societies.
Academic study
Prenatal hormonal theory
The neurobiology of the masculinization of the brain is fairly well understood. Estradiol and testosterone, which is catalyzed by the enzyme 5α-reductase into dihydrotestosterone, act upon androgen receptors in the brain to masculinize it. If there are few androgen receptors (people with androgen insensitivity syndrome) or too much androgen (females with congenital adrenal hyperplasia), there can be physical and psychological effects.[3] It has been suggested that both male and female heterosexuality are results of variation in this process.[4] In these studies heterosexuality in females is linked to a lower amount of masculinization than is found in lesbian females, though when dealing with male heterosexuality there are results supporting both higher and lower degrees of masculinization than homosexual males.
Heterosexual behaviors in animals
Most of the reproduction in the animal world is facilitated through heterosexual sex, although there are also animals that reproduce asexually, including protozoa and lower invertebrates.[5]
Reproductive sex does not necessarily require a heterosexual orientation, since orientation refers to a long-term enduring pattern of sexual and emotional attraction leading often to long-term social bonding, while reproductive sex requires only the basic act of intercourse, often done one time only.
Behavioral studies
At the beginning of the 20th century, early theoretical discussions in the field of psychoanalysis posited original bisexuality in human psychological development. Quantitative studies by Alfred Kinsey in the 1940s and Dr. Fritz Klein's sexual orientation grid in the 1980s find distributions similar to those postulated by their predecessors.
According to Sexual Behavior in the Human Male by Alfred Kinsey and several other modern studies, the majority of humans have had both heterosexual and homosexual experiences or sensations and are bisexual. Kinsey himself, along with current sex therapists, focused on the historicity and fluidity of sexual orientation. Kinsey's studies consistently found sexual orientation to be something that evolves in many directions over a person's lifetime; rarely, but not necessarily, including forming attractions to a new sex. Rarely do individuals radically reorient their sexualities rapidly—and still less do they do so volitionally—but often sexualities expand, shift, and absorb new elements over decades. For example, socially normative "age-appropriate" sexuality requires a shifting object of attraction (especially in the passage through adolescence). Contemporary queer theory, incorporating many ideas from social constructionism, tends to look at sexuality as something that has meaning only within a given historical framework. Sexuality, then, is seen as a participation in a larger social discourse and, though in some sense fluid, not as something strictly determinable by the individual.
Other studies have disputed Kinsey's methodology. "His figures were undermined when it was revealed that he had disproportionately interviewed homosexuals and prisoners (many sex offenders)."[6][7]
Sexologists have attributed discrepancies in some findings to negative societal attitudes towards a particular sexual orientation. For example, people may state different sexual orientations depending on whether their immediate social environment is public or private. Reluctance to disclose one's actual sexual orientation is often referred to as "being in the closet." Individuals capable of enjoyable sexual relations with both sexes or one sex may feel inclined to restrict themselves to heterosexual or homosexual relations in societies that stigmatize same-sex or opposite-sex relations.
Nature and nurture
The considerable "nature and nurture" debate exists over whether predominantly biological or psychological factors produce sexual orientation in humans. Candidate factors include genes, the exposure of fetuses to certain hormones (or lack thereof) and environmental factors.
The APA currently officially states that "some people believe that sexual orientation is innate and fixed; however, sexual orientation develops across a person's lifetime",[8] a reversal from the recent past, when non-normative sexuality was considered a deviancy or mental ailment treatable through institutionalization or other means.
Critique of studies
The studies performed in order to find the origin of sexual orientation have been criticized for being too limited in scope, mostly for focusing only on heterosexuality and homosexuality as two diametrically opposite poles with no orientation in between. It is also asserted that scientific studies focus too much on the search for a biological explanation for sexual orientation, and not enough on the combined effects of both biology and psychology.
In a brief put forth by the Council for Responsible Genetics, it was stated that sexual orientation is not fixed either way, and on the discourse over sexual orientation: "Noticeably missing from this debate is the notion, championed by Kinsey, that human sexual expression is as variable among people as many other complex traits. Yet just like intelligence, sexuality is a complex human feature that modern science is attempting to explain with genetics... Rather than determining that this results from purely biological processes, a trait evolves from developmental processes that include both biological and social elements. According to the American Psychological Association (APA), there are numerous theories about the origins of a person's sexual orientation, but some believe that "sexual orientation is most likely the result of a complex interaction of environmental, cognitive and biological factors," and that genetic factors play a "significant role" in determining a person's sexuality.
Social and historical
Since the 1960s and 1970s, a large body of scholarship has provided evidence and analysis of the extent to which heterosexuality and homosexuality are socially organized and historically changing.[9] This work challenges the assumption that heterosexuality, homosexuality, and sexualities of all varieties, can be understood as primarily biological and psychological phenomena.
A heterosexual couple, a man and woman in an intimate relationship, form the core of a nuclear family.[10] Many societies throughout history have insisted that a marriage take place before the couple settle down, but enforcement of this rule or compliance with it has varied considerably. In some jurisdictions, when an unmarried man and woman live together long enough, they are deemed to have established a common-law marriage.
Heterosexism and heteronormativity
Heterosexism is a form of bias or discrimination in favor of opposite-sex sexuality and relationships. It may include an assumption that everyone is heterosexual and may involve a varied level of discrimination against gays, lesbians, bisexuals, heteroflexibles, or transgender individuals.
Heteronormativity denotes or relates to a world view that promotes heterosexuality as the normal or preferred sexual orientation for people to have. It can assign strict gender roles to males and females. The term was popularized by Michael Warner in 1991.[11] Many gender and sexuality scholars argue that compulsory heterosexuality, a continual and repeating reassertion of hetersoexual norms, is facet of heterosexism. [12]
A heterosexual ally is a heterosexual person who supports equal civil rights for persons with non-heterosexual orientations. Heterosexual allies may also support LGBT social movements.[13]
Religious aspects
The Judeo-Christian tradition has several scriptures related to heterosexuality. In Genesis 2:24, there is a commandment stating "Therefore shall a man leave his father and his mother, and shall cleave unto his wife: and they shall be one flesh" (Gen 2:24) In 1 Corinthians, Christians are advised:
Now for the matters you wrote about: It is good for a man not to marry. But since there is so much immorality, each man should have his own wife, and each woman her own husband. The husband should fulfill his marital duty to his wife, and likewise the wife to her husband. The wife's body does not belong to her alone but also to her husband. In the same way, the husband's body does not belong to him alone but also to his wife. Do not deprive each other except by mutual consent and for a time, so that you may devote yourselves to prayer. Then come together again so that Satan will not tempt you because of your lack of self-control. I say this as a concession, not as a command. (NIV)[14]
For the most part, religious traditions in the world reserve marriage to heterosexual unions, but there are exceptions including certain Buddhist and Hindu traditions, Unitarian Universalist, Metropolitan Community Church and some Anglican dioceses and some Quaker, United Church of Canada and Reform and Conservative Jewish congregations.[15][16]
Almost all religions believe sex between a man and a woman is allowed, but there are a few that believe that it is a sin, such as The Shakers, The Harmony Society, and The Ephrata Cloister. These religions tend to view all sexual relations as sinful, and promote celibacy. Other religions view heterosexual relationships as being inferior to celibacy. Some religions require celibacy for certain roles, such as Catholic priests; however, the Catholic Church also views heterosexual marriage as sacred and necessary.[17]
Hetero- comes from the Greek word έτερος [héteros], meaning "other party" or "another",[18] used in science as a prefix meaning "different";[19] and the Latin word for sex (that is, characteristic sex or sexual differentiation). The term "heterosexual" was first published in 1892 in C.G. Chaddock's translation of Krafft-Ebing's "Psychopathia Sexualis". The noun came into use from the early 1920s, but did not enter common use until the 1960s. The colloquial shortening "hetero" is attested from 1933. The abstract noun "heterosexuality" is first recorded in 1900.[20] The word "heterosexual" was first listed in Merriam-Webster's New International Dictionary as a medical term for "morbid sexual passion for one of the opposite sex"; however, in 1934 in their Second Edition Unabridged it is defined as a "manifestation of sexual passion for one of the opposite sex; normal sexuality". (p. 92, Katz) The adjective heterosexual is used for intimate relationships or sexual relations between male and female.
The current use of the term heterosexual has its roots in the broader 19th century tradition of personality taxonomy. It continues to influence the development of the modern concept of sexual orientation, and can be used to describe individuals' sexual orientation, sexual history, or self-identification. Some reject the term "heterosexual" as the word only refers to one's sexual behavior and does not refer to non-sexual romantic feelings. The term "heterosexual" is suggested to have come into use as a neologism after, and opposite to the word "homosexual" by Karl Maria Kertbeny in 1868. In LGBT slang, the term "breeder" has been used as a denigrating phrase to deride heterosexuals. Hyponyms of heterosexual include heteroflexible.[21][22]
The word can be informally[23] shortened to "hetero".[24] The term "straight" originated as a mid-20th century gay slang term for heterosexuals, ultimately coming from the phrase "to go straight" (as in "straight and narrow"), or stop engaging in homosexual sex. One of the first uses of the word in this way was in 1941 by author G. W. Henry.[25] Henry's book concerned conversations with homosexual males and used this term in connection with the reference to ex-gays. It currently simply is a colloquial term for "heterosexual" having, like many words, changed in primary meaning over time. Some object to usage of the term "straight" because it implies that non-heteros are crooked.[26]
Heterosexual symbolism dates back to the earliest artifacts of humanity, with ritual fertility carvings and primitive art. This was later expressed in the symbolism of fertility rites and polytheistic worship, which often included images of human reproductive organs. Modern symbols of heterosexuality in societies derived from European traditions still reference symbols used in these ancient beliefs. One such image is a combination of the symbol for Mars, the Roman god of war, as the definitive male symbol of masculinity, and Venus, the Roman goddess of love and beauty, as the definitive female symbol of femininity. The unicode character for this combined symbol is ⚤ (U+26A4).
See also
- ^ "Sexual orientation, homosexuality and bisexuality". American Psychological Association. Archived from the original on August 8, 2013. Retrieved August 10, 2013.
- ^ "APA California Amicus Brief" (PDF). Courtinfo.ca.gov. Retrieved 2013-10-11.
- ^ Vilain, E. (2000). Genetics of Sexual Development. Annual Review of Sex Research, 11:1–25
- ^ Wilson, G. and Rahman, Q., (2005). Born Gay. Chapter 5. London: Peter Owen Publishers
- ^ The Columbia Encyclopedia (Colum. Univ. Press, 5th ed. [casebound?] 1993 (ISBN 0-395-62438-X)), entry Reproduction.
- ^ Tom Bethell (April 2005). "Kinsey as Pervert". American Spectator, 38, 42–44. ISSN 0148-8414.
- ^ Julia A. Ericksen (May 1998). "With enough cases, why do you need statistics? Revisiting Kinsey's methodology". The Journal of Sex Research 35 (2): 132-40, ISSN 0022-4499.
- ^ American Psychiatric Association (May 2000). "Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Issues". Association of Gay and Lesbian Psychiatrics.
- ^ Social-Historical Construction of Sexuality: Bibliography with Particular Emphasis on Heterosexuality and Homosexuality [1]
- ^ "... the core of a family is a heterosexual couple who have children that they raise to adulthood - the so-called nuclear family." Encyclopedia of family health
- ^ Warner, Michael (1991), "Introduction: Fear of a Queer Planet". Social Text; 9 (4 [29]): 3–17
- ^ Rich, Adrienne (1980), "Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence". "Signs"; Pages 631-660.
- ^ Emerging Issues in the 21st Century World-system: Volume 2 - Page 40, Wilma A. Dunaway - 2003
- ^ "1 Corinthians 7; NIV - Concerning Married Life - Now for the". Bible Gateway. Retrieved 2013-10-11.
- ^ "World Religions and Same Sex Marriage", Marriage Law Project, Columbus School of Law at The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, July 2002 revision [2][dead link] PDF (84.1 KB)
- ^ Affirming Congregations and Ministries of the United Church of Canada[dead link]
- ^ [3][dead link]
- ^ p.345, Klein
- ^ "hetero." The American Heritage® Science Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Company. 12 May. 2012. <Dictionary.com http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/hetero>.
- ^ p.22, Mills
- ^ Porn.com: Making Sense of Online Pornography - Page 229, Feona Attwood - 2010
- ^ Patience: A Gay Man's Virtue - Page 80, La Lumiere - 2012
- ^ "hetero." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 12 May. 2012. Dictionary.com.
- ^ "hetero". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 2013-10-11.
- ^ Henry, G. W. (1941). Sex Variants: A Study of Homosexual Patterns. New York: Paul B. Hoeber
- ^ Encyclopedia Of School Psychology - Page 298, T. Steuart Watson, Christopher H. Skinner - 2004
- Wikholm, Andrew, Words: Heterosexual. Gay History.com. (Cited February 14, 2004)
- "Straight, Ex-gay". Descriptors for Sexual Minorities.
- "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy", H2G2. BBC. (Cited February 14, 2004)
- Answers to Your Questions About Sexual Orientation and Homosexuality. American Psychiatric Association. (Cited February 9, 2004)
- Heterosexual Sex. World Sex Explorer. (Cited February 14, 2004)
- Katz, Jonathan Ned (1995) The Invention of Heterosexuality. NY, NY: Dutton (Penguin Books). ISBN 0-525-93845-1.
- Johnson, P (2005) Love, Heterosexuality and Society. Routledge: London.
- Mills, Jonathan, Love, Covenant & Meaning, Regent College Publishing, 1997
- Klein, Ernest, A comprehensive etymological dictionary of the English language: Dealing with the origin of words and their sense development thus illustrating the history of civilization and culture, Elsevier, Oxford, 2000
Further reading
|Look up heterosexuality in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
|Wikiquote has quotations related to: Heterosexuality
- Bohan, Janis S., Psychology and Sexual Orientation: Coming to Terms, Routledge, 1996 ISBN 0-415-91514-7
- Endsjø, Dag Øistein, Sex and Religion. Teachings and Taboos in the History of World Faiths. Reaktion Books 2011.
- Kinsey, Alfred C., et al., Sexual Behavior in the Human Male. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-33412-8
- Kinsey, Alfred C., et al., Sexual Behavior in the Human Female. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-33411-X
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Heterosexuality.
External links
- Keel, Robert O., Heterosexual Deviance. (Goode, 1994, chapter 8, and Chapter 9, 6th edition, 2001.) Sociology of Deviant Behavior: FS 2003, University of Missouri–St. Louis.
- Coleman, Thomas F., What's Wrong with Excluding Heterosexual Couples from Domestic Partner Benefits Programs? Unmarried America, American Association for Single People.


text:
Close to a third of U.S. farm households generate income by engaging in off-farm business ventures and on-farm activities independent of commodity production, according to a new report from USDA's Economic Research Service. Of the 687,000 farm households pursuing on-farm or off-farm non-commodity businesses, over 290,000 engaged only in on-farm diversification activities in 2007, earning an average of about $14,400 per farm from these activities.
On-farm diversification activities described in the report include:
- Custom work in which farmers rent out their technical skills and farm equipment to other farm operations.
- Agritourism such as guided farm or ranch tours and other entertainment services, hospitality services, and outdoor recreation including hunting, fishing, and bird watching.
- Sale of forest products, such as firewood and timber.
- Direct-to-consumer sales of food commodities through farmers markets, on-farm stores, roadside stands, and pick-your-own
- Operations.
- Sale of value-added goods produced on the farm, such as jellies and jams, sauces, and other prepared items.
- Sale of food commodities through community-supported agriculture buying clubs.
Family farms involved in on-farm diversification tend to be on the larger end of the scale, averaging over 660 acres, which is twice the average size of farms not engaged in any alternative entrepreneurial activity. Those alternative enterprises do require extra work, and the study shows farm households engaged in on-farm diversification devoted an average of 1.4 full-time equivalents (FTEs) to the total farm operation, almost 50 percent more than an average of 0.9 FTEs for farm households not engaged in such activities.
Type of operation clearly plays a role in determining its ability to engage in particular on-farm diversification activities. For example, custom work generated the largest share of non-commodity income for field crop producers, amounting to almost $1.5 billion in income, compared with $860 million in income for livestock producers from custom work. Livestock producers however, earned almost 60 percent of agritourism dollars in 2007.
On-farm diversification allows some farmers and ranchers to capitalize on their skills and resource base to earn additional income, but off-farm businesses are, on average, more lucrative. In 2007, about 396,000 U.S. farm households operated off-farm businesses. The report refers to these as "portfolio entrepreneur households." These operations earned incomes averaging $140,200 per year, nearly twice the average of $72,610 for farm households not engaged in alternative income-generating business activities in 2007.
Read the full report from USDA/ERS.


text:
It is six weeks before my research trip to Chicago – time to assemble my trip binder. I have been collecting notes (operating times, addresses, ckecklists, maps) on various research sites that I plan to visit and putting them into a manila folder. My next step is to organize the notes by day of visit.
First I get a 3-ring binder and some dividers. Then I take my trip calendar, see my post from June 24, 2012, where I have made a rough outline of my destinations by day of the week. I make a divider for each day and place them in the binder. Now I'm ready to tackle my bulging folder. I separate the notes and rearrange them according to the sites I will be visiting. Then I punch holes in the sheets and place them in the binder. It's a quick way to bring order to my chaos.
While I am in this trip preparation mode, I decide to take a look at a webinar by Marian Pierre-Louis, "Ten Brick Wall Tips for Beginners" that I bought on a CD from Legacy Family Tree.com. One of my main goals for this trip is to try to gain more information on one of my brick walls. I haven't been able to find much information on my great grandmother's parents – John Kearney and Mary Duffy Kearney. Maybe some of Ms. Pierre-Louis' tips could help me.
I believe the key here is "regularly." As we find new information, it is important to re-look at our accumulated notes. Sometimes the new facts may give us a different perspective or idea. And, Ms. Pierre-Louis says this review can help us reorganize our information that may provide us a new research route. Well, I was inspired!
I started reviewing my documents on the Kearney/Carney family. A challenge I had been working on was to find where this family lived in Chicago. I knew that their daughter, Mary Carney/Kearney Kries Lauer, lived in West/North Chicago after her marriage in 1895. But before that date, I had no idea where she had lived with her parents. I have been unable to find a birth record for Mary where I might find a residence for her parents listed.
I looked again at the baptismal record for Patrick William Kearney – the infant son of John Kearney and Mary Duffy Kearney who was born 8 Dec 1877 and died in 1879. We know that documents can have many clues besides the obvious. I saw the sponsors' names on the baptismal record – James Devine and Julia Cosgrove. I had noticed these names before. In fact, I had done a long search on the Cosgrove family, trying to link the Kearneys and the Cosgroves. But something new struck me. What were their addresses? If they were friends of the Kearney family, they must have lived close by.online Chicago City Directories might offer me some answers.
An important thing to remember when using the directories to search for addresses is that in 1909 the streets in Chicago were renumbered. If you want to plot pre-1909 addresses on maps.google.com or mapquest.com, you have to use a conversion tool to update the old addresses.
In the 1875 directory, I found James Devine living at 80 (549 – post 1909) Barber St, also a South Chicago address near Halsted at Hastings. Julia Cosgrove lived with her husband, Matthew, at 308 (703 – post 1909) S. Desplaines, also a South Chicago address but at some distance from the Kearney home.
Now that I had two addresses suggesting the South Chicago status of John Kearney and Mary Duffy Kearney, I wondered if there were any other friends of the family that might give me more confirmation. I remembered researching Catherine Sweeney Brookins Dinan, a friend of Mary Duffy Kearney and later a friend of her daughter, Mary Kearney Kries Lauer. Catherine had been a baptismal sponsor of Mary Kearney Kries Lauer's first child, Henrietta Kries. I searched the 1875 City Directory for George Brookins, the first husband of Catherine, and saw that the couple also lived in South Chicago at 716 W. 18th St., near the Kearney/Duffy home.
By this point, I had strong evidence that John Kearney and Mary Duffy were South Chicagoans. This knowledge would save me time in my research in Chicago. And I would never have come to this conclusion if I hadn't followed Marian Pierre-Louis' Brick Wall Tip # 1 – look over your accumulated research on your brick wall(s) regularly and you will increase your chances of solving the case(s).
Categories: genealogy education, genealogy tools, research terms
Categories: genealogy education, genealogy tools, research terms


text:
Seeing Power in Action: The Roles of Deliberation, Implementation, and Action in Inferences of Power
Six experiments investigate the hypothesis that social targets who display a greater action orientation are perceived as having more power (i.e., more control, less dependence, and more influence) than less action-oriented targets. I find evidence that this inference pattern is based on the pervasive belief that individuals with more power experience less constraint and have a greater capacity to act according to their own volition. Observers infer that targets have more power and influence when they exhibit more implementation than deliberation in the process of making decisions in their personal lives (Study 1a), in a public policy context (Study 1b), and in small groups (Study 2). In an organizational context, observers infer that a target who votes for a policy to change from the status quo has more power than a target who votes not to change from the status quo (Study 3). People also infer greater intra-organizational power and higher hierarchical rank in targets who take physical action toward a personal goal than in those who do not (Studies 4–5).


text:
Britistics – UK Infographic
Newspaper Supplement
Newspaper Supplement
Britistics is a personal data visualisation project which collects British statistics from reputable sources such as Office for National Statistics and OnePoll. The aim of the supplement is give readers a modern day picture of the UK today.
Britistics uses a combination of symbols either: designed by me, adapted by me, public domain or designed by The Noun Project. Those attributed to the Noun Project: house, dog, sick man, family genetics, stop watch, monitor, television, laptop, CD, ipod, game controller, trolley, news, clapperboard and key.


text:
Listen to Audio (63 min.)
Table of Contents
- Personal Bio
- Alcohol, Drug and Sex Addiction
- Getting Clean
- HIV Treatment
- Relationships
- Challenges
- Myths About HIV
How did you find out you were HIV positive?
It was back in 1994, and I was working as a salesperson in a motorcycle shop in Harvey, Ill. My supervisor noted that I had a very foul smell on my breath. Also, I was getting sick, having night sweats.
With the constant pleading from my mom and my girlfriend to go get it checked out, I said, "No. It's just a cold. It will pass." It lingered on for over a month. So I finally decided to go in and that's when I received the diagnosis. I stayed in the hospital for two days. The second day, I was diagnosed with HIV.
What did they first think it was?
They thought it was all kinds of things. When I think about it, it was actually more than two days. They did a bone marrow biopsy, which was extremely painful. They knew something was wrong with me, but they couldn't put their finger on it. They finally decided to do an HIV test. I knew something was wrong when the doctor came back into the room. Just looking at his face, you knew something was off. I still remember what the exact words were, "I'm sorry, Mr. Braxton, but you have AIDS."
At that point, it seemed like my life just came to a screeching halt. That was definitely a turning point in my life.
How long do you think it takes to process an HIV diagnosis?
To fully process a diagnosis of HIV, it took me several years. That's only because my grieving process was kind of hindered through drug abuse. So I never did come to terms with that immediately. It took a while, until after I got my addiction under control. Then I could start processing my feelings of living with HIV. Before that, I tried to numb it out, and just didn't deal with it.
Alcohol, Drug and Sex Addiction
What drugs were you addicted to? How long were you addicted?
My drug of choice, I guess, if you want to call it that, was crack cocaine. I became an alcoholic at an early age. I wasn't even aware that I was an alcoholic, but I was, looking back on it. And that was just to overcome severe shyness, to be able to have normal relationships -- a girlfriend and everything else. Well, the alcohol gave me that. But it progressed, and I started dabbling with cocaine in about 1985 or so. I got really heavily addicted to it around 1992. It was only up until five years ago that I was able to break that habit.
You were diagnosed with HIV at what point in all this?
At the point I was diagnosed, I was heavily dependent upon crack cocaine. I lost many jobs due to alcohol and drug addiction, including being a Chicago policeman.
My crack cocaine addiction really took off when I was driving trucks. I was kind of proud of myself that I could go into any city and, within a half hour, find some drugs. That was actually true -- 45 minutes, tops. When you're dealing with drugs like that, you have to look to somewhere to get some kind of self-esteem. Although that's really twisted, I kind of prided myself on being able to do that. Not the most healthy way to look at it, but that's the way I did it.
How long were you a Chicago policeman?
I was on the force for three years. That was a fun time for me. I didn't really take that job seriously. I think I did always want to catch a burglar, which [never happened]. I did sincerely want to help people. Other than that, the job for me was just a way to have fun. I was young, and I lived for the moment. I was extremely shy, coming up. And then I discovered alcohol. It brought me out of my shell. I was also into fast motorcycles and girls, and the job just seemed to foster that kind of lifestyle. So to me, it was just a fun time. I was an alcoholic, but at that time, I had very few consequences. That's why I didn't know I was an alcoholic -- because it was all fun and games for me.
There was a little voice in the back of my head, though, that told me that someday, I'm going to have to pay for this. I kind of ignored it, but it was just a constant small voice in the back of my head. I really wasn't being responsible; I was just out to basically have a good time.
What advice would you give someone who has just found out that they are positive?
If someone came to me and told me they had just found out they were HIV positive, the first thing I would say is, "Allow yourself to grieve." You're going to feel grief. You're going to go through a process, and I'm just saying that it is a process. You'll go on the dark side of the moon, but you will resurface. The main thing is to get linked with support -- you need emotional support. If it's drugs that you've been abusing, actually, you need help in that area. And you need medical support. You need to stay on top of this.
But I would say, just allow yourself to grieve, and then, when you get through grieving, realize that HIV/AIDS is no longer a terminal illness. You're not going to necessarily die -- if you take care of yourself. You can live a -- whatever a normal life is, I don't think it's a really normal life, but you can have some semblance of that.
It's going to take a lot of work, and a lot of effort. It's definitely going to change you. ... There are lots of ways it can actually change you for the better. I know it's hard to believe, but that's the way it was for me.
Do you think it's harder for African Americans?
Oh, yes. Definitely. African Americans are dealing with so much weight on their shoulders -- social, economic disparities, and a higher stigma attached to HIV. When you think of HIV, you think of homosexuality and that's a big stigma within the African-American community.
We also have a lot of our young African-American men in the prison system. And things happen in there, and they can come out -- I certainly believe that we have a lot of African-American men that may have sex with men, and live somewhat of a double lifestyle. [They] identify as straight -- and in my heart, I believe they are straight, some of them. But for whatever reasons, be it drugs or incarceration, they may cross certain lines. There's a lot of guilt and shame attached to that. I think it's one thing that's not talked about enough. Look at that not just mentally; look at it scientifically, and put prevention methods in place to deal with that population. We don't even know how prevalent it is, because everybody's afraid to touch it.
You mean the "down low," as they call it.
Yes, if you want to call it that. When you use this term, it's not just about African Americans. It affects all ethnicities: the Latinos, they have this machismo going on. Caucasians, as well. But that's one thing that we really need to address. And I don't think we're doing enough about it, because there's so much emotional energy charged to that. You hear a lot of gay communities speaking about, "Well, they're not really one of us. They don't want to be treated. Leave them alone." And [there is] a lot of hostility from women [about men on the down low]. So it's a very sensitive issue. What we need to do is try to look at HIV prevention and care [with] a non-judgmental attitude.
How do you think you got HIV?
I got HIV from just being wild and crazy. I didn't inject drugs. Half the time I was drunk, I was heavily addicted to prostitutes. Some of those prostitutes might have been men in disguise. Any time you're going out at night, and you're having sex with five prostitutes, that can be a major risk factor, to say the least. ... At 18 years old, everybody was having sex, and I was scared to talk to girls. I only had one or two friends in high school, and no girlfriends. Alcohol brought me the girls. Once I started having sex, I just took it to the extreme. It was a form of addiction, in a way -- you know, the sex, the drugs and the lifestyle that goes with it. My behavior was pretty wild, to say the least.
Do you think it's easy for African-American women to demand condom use from African-American men?
No, I don't think it's easy. It's easier said than done, depending on what culture you're coming up in, depending on what you're trying to do. For some women it is a lot easier than others. You take Africa: that's extremely hard for them to do that culturally, there.
But you also take it here when, for instance, women who are addicted to crack -- their motive is to get to more drugs, plain and simple. They don't care what the costs are; they just want to get another hit, right now. They know that if they're going to turn a date with a John to get some money, and then they ask him to put a condom on, they're going to probably lose that money, because [he's] going to go to the next [woman].
So that's a huge aspect here. All these things kind of tie in together. The women -- it depends on: Are they having multiple sex partners? What's the situation with their significant other?
So we're all over the map. I don't think there's really an answer to that. But I think in many situations, condom use is difficult to negotiate. One of the things that could empower women, until they come out with microbicides, is actually thinking about using the -- some people call them female condoms. That gives some kind of empowerment back to the woman. She doesn't have to request that the guy use a condom; she could already have one in place. If I was a woman, personally I may be thinking along those lines to protect myself.
Did any of the sex workers that you went with ask you to wear a condom?
Only if they knew I was HIV positive.
But you didn't know at the time.
Well, I did after a while. After '94, I was still addicted to the drugs, and I was still addicted to prostitutes. The only thing is: I didn't really have a lot of sex then. Not that I was dangerous, to say the least, but I was trying. At that point, the cocaine was more important than the sex. As many people know, when you're using cocaine, after the first couple of hits you're no good, anyway, because of erectile dysfunction.
So I didn't do too much of it, anyway. In a sense, that was kind of a blessing in disguise. To be honest with you, had I been able to function fully, I probably would have caused some serious damage.
That's just being totally honest, because when you're on the drugs, you're not thinking in your right mind. You just want to forget everything and experience the moment. That cocaine -- it kind of really tore me up. When you take it, you become extremely paranoid. You can't hardly talk. You can't have sex. All you can do is just kind of sit there and stare. For the life of me, I can't figure out what the fun was in that. But that's what the reality was; it was a living hell.


text:
President Satoru Iwata continued to address Nintendo investors' fears in an investor question and answer session on Monday after reporting the company's first-ever fiscal year loss at the end of April. In addition to announcing new digital download initiatives for both the Nintendo 3DS and the upcoming Wii U, Iwata said Nintendo is refocusing its development on gaming enthusiasts rather than casual and family players. It was a bad move to abandon the core according to Iwata.
"The Wii was able to reach a large number of new consumers who had never played games before by bringing hands-on experiences with its Wii Sports and Wii Fit. However, we could not adequately create the situation that such new consumers played games frequently or for long, consistent periods. As a result we could not sustain a good level of profit," said Iwata.
"Moreover, regrettably, what we prioritized in order to reach out to the new audience was a bit too far from what we prioritized for those who play games as their hobby. Consequently, we presume some people felt that the Wii was not a game system for them or they were not willing to play with the Wii even though some compelling games had been released."
Nintendo's underwhelming announcement of the Wii U at E3 2011 was a less explicit admission of the same mistake. The naming of the new console according to Nintendo of America president Reggie Fils-Aime was supposed to reconcile the casual and core audiences of Nintendo's games, a console for "me and you." Hence the hybrid of traditional control inputs and something simpler like a touch screen.
Iwata's comments to investors though betray the fact that he and the rest of Nintendo's corporate leaders in Japan misunderstand the chief failing of the Wii: The machine needed more games, more frequently. The casual audience lured by titles like Wii Fit in 2008 and earlier during the height of the Wii's success are the same players that went on to pour money into free-to-play social games like FarmVille and mobile titles like Angry Birds in the years that followed. They are more than willing to play games for "long, consistent periods" as long as they're given a reason to. Nintendo failed this audience by not giving them a wider selection of titles at lower costs.
Nintendo failed its core audience in a similar way. There simply weren't enough games to maintain a healthy community of users. Releasing the Wii with limited technical capabilities wasn't a mistake, but releasing it with no ability whatsoever to support high-definition television screens was nothing short of insane. It automatically alienated hobbyists and encouraged them to seek other solutions like the Dolphin Wii emulator. That's not to mention the system's asinine online gaming structure.
While the Wii U could be a hit for Nintendo, it's concerning to see that its leadership still doesn't understand the failures of past business decisions.


text:
The Big Three U.S. automakers, Ford Motor (NYSE:F), General Motors (NYSE:GM) and Chrysler Group, all posted stronger April sales as demand for pickup trucks gained steam.
Continue Reading Below
The industry has seen demand for cars rebound in the U.S., fueling recent earnings while the European car market continues to lag behind. Ford recently reported a 15% gain in first-quarter profit on record performance in North America. The region also helped GM record a larger fourth-quarter profit, while Chrysler's first-quarter earnings narrowed as it gears up for several new vehicle launches.
Trucks are especially garnering more demand, due in part to the recent turnaround in housing construction. New housing starts climbed last month to their higher level since 2008.
Sales of Ford's F-series pickup trucks jumped 24% to 59,030. The company said Wednesday during a conference call with reporters that pickup truck sales are up 20% in the first four months of the year, outpacing other vehicle segments three-fold.
Overall, new-vehicle sales jumped 18% in April, which had 25 selling days, compared to 24 selling days in the year-earlier month., beating an estimate from car shopping website Edmunds.com for 16% growth. Ford sold 212,584 vehicles, up from 180,350 a year ago but down 10% from March's total of 236,160.
Ford's namesake brand recorded an 18% sales improvement, while sales at its luxury brand, Lincoln, increased 21%. Car sales across all brands climbed 21% amid sales growth from Ford's Fusion and Escape models of 24% and 52%, respectively. Sales of trucks and utility vehicles both rose 16%.
General Motors also said demand for pickup trucks in April was stronger year-over-year, as sales of its Chevrolet Silverado and GMC Sierra were up 23% to 53,603.
GM's overall sales grew 11% to 237,646, driven by strong performance at all four brands. The results, which met Edmunds's forecast, were up from 213,387 a year earlier but 3.4% below March sales of 245,950.
Chevrolet sales were up 11%, and GMC sales grew 6.7%. Higher-end brands Buick and Cadillac posted gains of 11% and 34%, respectively.
Kurt McNeil, vice president of GM's U.S. sales operations, said strong car-buying conditions will continue to "release pent-up demand."
"We're very optimistic because GM's market share is growing, the economy continues to move forward and important car and truck launches are just getting underway," McNeil said in a statement.
Chrysler's U.S. auto sales increased 11% on a 49% surge in Ram pickup sales. Overall sales totaled 156,698 vehicles, down 8.7% month-to-month. The car maker's overall April sales met expectations from Edmunds.
Dodge sold 31,409 Ram pickups last month, boosting the brand's sales by 18%. Chrysler's namesake brand posted a 13% decline, while Jeep saw a 1.9% increase.
Meanwhile, Japanese automaker Toyota (NYSE:TM) said sales slipped 1.1% to 176,160, missing an expected increase of 3.3%. Last year, Toyota reclaimed the No. 1 spot among global automakers, and in February, the company reported earnings growth of 23% and boosted its full-year outlook on stronger demand for its sedans and sport utility vehicles in the U.S.
Honda Motor (NYSE:HMC) fell short of expectations but recorded a 7.4% gain to 130,999 vehicles on strong sales of its CR-V. Edmunds forecasted sales growth of 8.6%.
Volkswagen's namesake brand reported U.S. vehicle sales of 33,644 in April, down 10%. Nissan Motor recorded sales that were 23% higher at 87,847.
Shares of Ford were trading 9 cents lower at $13.52 in afternoon trading, while GM's stock was down 29 cents at $30.55.
Toyota shares fell 1.8% to $114.20. Shares of Honda were down 1.6% at $39.35.


text:
Mr. Lipton....
1. What is your favorite word?
2. What is your least favorite word?
3. What turns you on?
4. What turns you off?
Broke ass mofo's
5. What sound do you love?
The crumple of felt against my hair when I put on my hat
6. What sound do you hate?
A screaming ho'
7. What is your favorite curse word?
All of them
8. What profession other than yours would you like to attempt?
9. What profession would you not like to do?
Anything that involves the popo
10. If heaven exists, what would you like to hear God say when you arrive at the pearly gates?
Pimpin' wasn't easy, but it paid the bills.


text:
...loading your profile.
Not a Member? Join Today
Advanced Search
View Top Searches
Thank you for exploring the exciting field of occupational and environmental health!
As the nation's workplaces become more complex, occupational and environmental health specialists play an increasingly visible role in preventing diseases and promoting wellness among workers.
The major role of the occupational and environmental physician is to evaluate the interaction between work and health. The clinical occupational and environmental physician responsible for employee health must:
The occupational and environmental physician must communicate with and inspire confidence in people on all levels. In addition to administering the medical program and supervising medical personnel, he or she must work as part of a business organization and understand both management's and labor's problems. He or she must maintain the confidentiality of the physician/patient relationship. For research positions, training in epidemiology, toxicology, biostatistics, and psychology is important.
As highly trained specialists, OEM physicians and other health professionals enhance the health of workers through preventive medicine, clinical care, disability management, research, and education.
OEM professionals have expertise in determining the ability of employees to perform work; the arrangements of work, the physical, chemical, biological, and social environments of the workplace, and the health outcomes of environmental exposures.
They recognize that work and the environment in which it is performed can have favorable or adverse effects upon the health of workers as well as of other populations; that the nature of work can be arranged to protect worker health; and that health and well-being at the workplace are promoted when workers' physical attributes or limitations are accommodated in job placement.
They are skilled at using the tools of preventive medicine to improve the health of workers and their families, and they are trained in the complex Return-to-Work process, an advanced system of health monitoring that optimizes the time in which ill or injured workers can safely return to work.
Perhaps most importantly, occupational health professionals occupy a critical position at the center of virtually all health-related transactional activities in the workplace. They are connected to all of the other parts of this complex infrastructure—senior management, benefits and human resources, legal, worker's compensation, government regulatory agencies, labor and unions, hospitals and public health organizations. They are a fulcrum of workplace health—understanding the needs and challenges of each of these diverse groups. They provide a unique bridge between the clinical/scientific medical community and the business-based employer community.
The American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (ACOEM) represents nearly 5,000 physicians and other professionals specializing in occupational and environmental health. Founded in 1916, ACOEM is the nation's largest medical specialty society dedicated to research, education and the support of professionals in this critical area.
Please follow the links in this section to learn more about OEM and the resources available to practitioners.
Members of ACOEM receive a subscription to the Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (JOEM), the monthly e-news, weekly Science Briefs, access to the Members Only section of the website, discounted rates on annual meeting registration fees and opportunities to participate in local component societies and special interest sections. Participation in component societies and special interest sections is a good way to enter the network of OEM professionals.
Medical Students, Residents and Recent Residency Graduates
Entering the Field in Mid Career
Careers in Occupational and Environmental MedicineIs the field of occupational and environmental medicine right for you? This publication introduces you to the exciting and challenging world of occupational and environmental medicine. The Careers brochure describes:
The entire publication is available on line at no charge. Click here to access Careers.
Scope of Occupational and Environmental Health Programs and Practice.A detailed discussion of the varieties of practice of OEM physicians.
Occupational and Environmental Medicine Competencies.Occupational and environmental medicine comprises a spectrum of competencies ranging from those of the general practitioner to those of a highly trained specialist. Occupational and environmental physicians vary in the nature of their practices and their practice settings. While a gastroenterologist in Paris and one in Detroit may perform very similar tasks on a routine basis, the practices of two occupational and environmental medicine physicians in Detroit alone may be completely different. As a result, it is not practical to define a "core" set of competencies for this field of medicine. Those competencies considered core for the occupational and environmental medicine generalist who primarily manages occupational injuries and fitness-for-duty issues may be very different from those considered to be core for the occupational and environmental medicine specialist who serves as a consultant on health issues of populations of workers or communities with environmental concerns. Thus, ACOEM's Panel to Define the Competencies of Occupational and Environmental Medicine has defined a more comprehensive "menu" of competencies rather than a "core".
OEM Practice Settings and Career OpportunitiesACOEM sponsors a series of informal teleconferences titled "Practice Settings and Career Opportunities". Presenters "tell their story"— their path to their current area of practice, what their day-to-day work looks like, recommendations regarding how one gets into that area of practice, what the job market is like, and other wisdom for those new to the field.
These sessions are on the ACOEM website as downloadable audiocasts, so those who can't be on the calls can still listen to them. The link is http://www.acoem.org/audiotraining.aspx.
The resources of the Career Center in Occupational and Environmental Medicine
Commercial Driver Medical Examiner Center
Evidence Based Medicine: OEM Practice Guidelines
Health and Productivity Management Center
Founded in 1916, ACOEM is the nation's largest medical society dedicated to promoting the health of workers through preventive medicine, clinical care, research, and education. A dynamic group of physicians encompassing specialists in a variety of medical practices is united via the College to develop positions and policies on vital issues relevant to the practice of preventive medicine both within and outside of the workplace.
Copyright © 2017 | American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (ACOEM), All Rights Reserved | Home | Privacy Policy | Join Today | Contact Us | Site Map


text:
Go Behind the Scenes of Carly Rae Jepsen's 'This Kiss' Video
Carly Rae Jepsen's video for 'This Kiss' is as adorable as you'd imagine from the starlet. And it turns out, that was no coincidence. The girl knows exactly what she's doing when she plays the fun, coquettish role in both the clip and her career, evidenced by the behind-the-scenes footage of the shoot.
"Working with Carly is great," director Justin Francis said. "She's super involved, really specific and knows exactly what she wants." Smart girl! "We've had a good vibe so we can roll with it and make sure the right stuff ends up onscreen."
"The concept for my music video 'This Kiss' was basically just this awesome party," Jepsen smiled. "It's every party I would want to go to, my friends would want to go to." That explains the 80′s vibe in some scenes — the girl loves her laser backgrounds and retro looks.
"Carly and her friends are having a girls night out, and the cool thing that separates it from everything else is that there's all these super elaborate photo sets," Francis explained. Jepsen added, "Every room has kind of its own theme and motif, and I'm chasing a boy around!"
Francis chats some more about the photo sets before revealing the spoiler: Jepsen finally catches the boy she's chasing in a Caribbean-style scene. "I'm so pumped," Jepsen said at the end of the shoot. "It's been quite the two days. And now I'm ready to go party!" Makes sense, considering she worked on this track with party rockers LMFAO, right? In any case, we were ready to go party after watching too. She did her job!


text:
Bungaloo needed a new web page design and created a contest on 99designs.
A winner was selected from 12 designs submitted by 4 freelance designers.
We need someone to create a the front page of our website and we'd like to pay the winner to create the rest of the website design for us as well... the prize is JUST FOR THE HOMEPAGE
Page 1 – Main Page
On this page we need it to be visually stunning with a coollogo and a hardcore gaming feel. Wewould like to keep the main colors of the site Red, White and Black.
In terms of layout of the site you can refer to anotherguild website like http://www.fohguild.org.
On the top we will want a banner that says Vox Diabolus andon the banner but in smaller letters we will want to say "A 49 Guild OnAman'thul" This banner should be onevery page throughout the site
In the middle section we will want it to be a news castwhere we can keep adding additional news feeds and it automatically dates themand inserts them and as you insert news all the old news just gets pusheddown. For an example look at thehomepage of http://www.magelo.com
On the left hand side we will need links, these links shouldbe in 3 groups, they should be laid out in the following order. **Anything in italics is a link to that particular page We will want this left hand column on everypage Aside from the forums section (because we will probably use a 3rdparty forum software).
- Philosophy
- Roster
- Recruitment49 Twink Information
- Druid
- Hunter
- Mage
- Paladin
- Priest
- Rogue
- Shaman
- Warlock
- WarriorForums
- Gamish Feel, World of warcraft designs
- Item 1...