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Dangerous Liaison: Club Drug Use and HIV/AIDS
December 2002
IntroductionClub drugs, or recreational drugs, as they are sometimes called, have only recently been associated with increased high-risk sexual behaviors which, in turn, may cause higher incidence of HIV/AIDS. By club drugs, we mean a number of illegal, mostly synthetic drugs that are commonly used in nightclubs, "raves," and circuit parties.1 In this article, we will be referring to club drugs and recreational drugs interchangeably.
Injection drug use has been known almost since the outbreak of the epidemic to be a means of spreading the virus by way of contaminated blood. In recent years, it has become increasingly clear that injection drug users (IDUs) are not only at increased risk of HIV infection from infected needles and shared drug paraphernalia but also as a result of high-risk sexual behaviors. The latter include trading sex for money and unprotected sex fueled by high sex drive associated with cocaine and amphetamine use.2
Even among short-term young IDUs, sexual practices, and not just injecting practices, were found to be important predictors of HIV infections.3 Gay and bisexual men who inject drugs appear to be at greatest risk, as indicated, for example, by their HIV seroprevalence increasing in San Francisco from 25 percent in 1996 to 42 percent in 2000, while heterosexual male IDUs remained at a stable rate.4
A study by Strathdee et al. followed 1,800 IDUs for 10 years in Baltimore and found that high-risk sexual behavior was a better predictor of HIV infection than was sharing needles while injecting drugs. They found a gender difference in the type of sexual activity that predicted greatest risk, however. Among men, high-risk homosexual activity was the best predictor. Among women, high-risk heterosexual activity was the most important factor.5
Club drug users, not wanting the stigma or risks of injection drug use, prefer drugs such as MDMA (Ecstasy), ingested in pill form. This allows users to avoid track marks, and other signs of hard drug use and contribute to a belief that taking club drugs is harmless as well as fun.6
Particularly in the gay/bisexual community, drugs such as MDMA have become increasingly popular within a significant drug-using subset. A large probability telephone sample of urban men who have sex with men (MSMs) taken at four large American cities found a 52 percent prevalence of recreational drug use.7 A separate study in New York City found that 13.7 percent of a sample of MSMs reported using MDMA within the past six months, using it an average of 6.24 times in that period. Compared with non-users, MDMA users were found to have more male partners, have more one-night stands with men, and have more unprotected anal sex with men.8 There was clearly an association between club drug use and high-risk sexual behaviors.
This article will examine club drugs, their effects and risks, as well as some of the settings in which they are used. We will also look at the relationship between drug use, sexual behavior, and risk for HIV/AIDS. We will discuss how recreational drugs may interact with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). We will also look at some of the efforts that have been made in prevention and harm reduction strategies to reduce the transmission of HIV. Finally, we will discuss the role of the physician or allied health professional in assessing and treating the drug abusing or dependent patient with or at risk for HIV/AIDS.
Raves and Circuit PartiesRaves have become increasingly popular since the 1980s. They are nighttime dance parties originally held in large, abandoned warehouses or in farm fields and more recently in legal spaces such as concert halls and underground parking lots.9 Attendance has been as high as 20,000 participants. Raves attract primarily middle-class heterosexual 15- to 25-year-olds who hear about them on the Internet or by word of mouth. They can involve up to two days of dancing, lights, and electronic music, often presided over by a popular DJ. Raves are characterized by consumption of club drugs in "cafeteria" fashion, in which whatever drugs are available are often sampled. The pills often contain adulterants which may be more toxic than the club drug itself. Also, as drugs are combined during the same event, undesirable and unpredictable effects can result.10,11
Circuit parties have also grown in popularity and are common throughout the world. They are large-scale dance events that last for several days and tend to occur each year at about the same time in a particular city. These annual events are so named because they appear to follow a circuit from one city to another every few weeks.12
Unlike raves, circuit parties are attended primarily by gay and bisexual men who come to participate in late-night dance events, as well as in multi-event entertainment such as popular singers, all male revues, and frequently homoerotic events. Large parties can attract 20,000 men to a particular community. This is typically a somewhat older crowd than those attending raves, often upper-middle-class white men in their 30s.12,13
More than 80 percent reported drug use during these events, according to one recent study.14 According to the Circuit Party Men's Health Survey of the San Francisco Bay Area,13 78 percent of the participants were between 25 and 39, attended a median of three parties in the previous year, and a significant number (25 percent) reported at least one incident of drug overuse during that same time. Most of the men had taken MDMA or ketamine, as well as other popular substances, during the most recent circuit party weekend. While nearly all participants were motivated by the desire "to listen to music and dance," and "to be with friends," a majority of men endorsed "getting high on drugs" as a motivation, whereas nearly a third were there to "have sex." When the authors compared three-day drug use rates with six-month rates from a general population sample of gay men,7 men reported much lower use of amphetamines, cocaine, and Ecstasy during the six-month time period. Mansergh et al. conclude that a "substantial drug culture permeates the circuit party environment."
Some organizations that provide case management, medications, and other services to persons with HIV/AIDS, such as AIDS Arms, Inc., in Dallas, have refused to be a recipient of funds from these events (circuit parties) because of the illicit drug use "that dramatically impair[s] an individual's judgment increasing the likelihood of engaging in unsafe sexual practices."15
Club DrugsThe U.S. National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA) describes club drugs as a vague term that refers to a wide variety of drugs that grew in popularity along with dance club culture in the 1990s. Older party drugs such as cocaine, popular in the 1980s, are not as widely used since their health risks have become more widely known. Drugs that have become increasingly abused include methamphetamines, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), flunitrazepam (Rohypnol), and ketamine. Each can cause serious health problems, and even death, in spite of a popular misconception that taking them is a safe way to enhance the dance party experience.6 In the United States, 9.1 percent of college students and 7.2 percent of young adults (ages 19-28) reported in 2000 that they used MDMA at least once in the last year.16 Similarly, a study of over 3,000 university students in the United Kingdom reported that 13 percent had used MDMA.17 Winstock et al. reference reports of use and related problems in Denmark, Germany, Spain, Australia, and the Netherlands.18
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)Street Names: Ecstasy, X, E, Adam, Hug Drug
Ecstasy is an amphetamine with both stimulant and hallucinogenic properties. It is usually taken orally as a tablet or capsule. It is used to reduce inhibitions and create feelings of empathy for others as well as deep relaxation. The stimulant effect allows the user to stay up all night, as its effects last four to six hours. With repeated use, the user may stay up for two- to three-day parties.1,19 It can produce significant increases in heart rate, myocardial oxygen consumption, and blood pressure, which is particularly risky for persons with circulatory or heart disease.
MDMA, along with other popular substances, such as alcohol, is used for extended dancing in hot and crowded conditions. These factors increase its toxicity and lead to dehydration, hyperthermia, seizures, kidney and cardiovascular system failure, and may lead to death.20,21
Regular use causes lasting damage to neurons that release serotonin, changes that have been shown to persist for many years in animals, and may cause memory impairments, disrupted sleep, depression, and anxiety. Studies in Great Britain and Germany found that MDMA users, even after six months of non-use, performed more poorly on some memory and learning tests than non-users.20
A case study of club drug using MSMs in Boston and New York found that more than 50 percent of the men in the study combined MDMA with other drugs such as ketamine, cocaine, methamphetamines, and Viagra.22
Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate (GHB)Street Names: Liquid Ecstasy, Grievous Bodily Harm, G, Georgia Home Boy, Fantasy
GHB is a central nervous system depressant banned by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). It generates feelings of euphoria, sedation, and well-being, and can also be used to counteract over-stimulation by MDMA. It is available in clear liquid or a white powder that can be added to water and mixed with flavorings. It may also be sold as a capsule or tablet.19
Adverse effects include its ability to slow down breathing and heart rate to dangerous levels. At lower dosages, it causes sedation, nausea, and visual changes. Overdose may occur rather quickly, and can lead to seizures, hypothermia, loss of consciousness, coma, and ultimately death. In 1999, there were 2,960 medical emergencies related to GHB use in the United States compared to 790 in 1998.23 As of January 2000, the U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) reported 60 GHB-related deaths.1
GHB has also been implicated in sexual assaults and is considered a "date rape" drug. It can cause the victims to be incapable of resisting rape and to have difficulty remembering the details of the assault at a later time, rendering them unreliable witnesses.1 It has been incorrectly perceived as a safe drug because, until recently, it was available in health food stores as a supplement.23
KetamineStreet Names: K, Special K, Vitamin K, Cat Valium, Horse Tranquilizer
Ketamine is marketed as a short-acting general anesthetic for human and veterinary use. As a liquid or powder, it can be injected, added to smokable materials, or consumed in drinks. It produces dreamlike or hallucinatory effects.19,24 Low doses produce a mellow, colorful experience whereas higher doses can create "out of body" or "near death" experience, loss of consciousness, delirium, amnesia, seizures, and even, in some cases, fatal respiratory events.1,25
When combined with alcohol, the greatest risk is falling asleep or collapsing, and then vomiting and possibly choking on one's own emesis.26
Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol)Street Names: Roofies, Roche, Forget-me pill, Mexican Valium, Rope, Ropies, Roaches
Rohypnol is a benzodiazepine illegal in the United States but available in many countries as a sedative or presurgery anesthetic. It can be taken orally in tablets or dissolved in drinks even without the person's knowledge, since it is tasteless and odorless.
It is known as a date rape drug because it can render its victim helpless and unable to remember clearly what took place. It can also lower blood pressure and cause drowsiness, dizziness, confusion, and visual disturbances.1,19
MethamphetamineStreet Names: Speed, Ice, Crank, Meth, Fire, Glass, Crystal
Methamphetamine is a very addictive stimulant. It is a white powder that can be snorted, smoked, injected, or taken by mouth. It has become an alternative to MDMA at some clubs and raves although it is not as popular as other synthetic drugs at these settings. Like MDMA, it is used for high levels of energy needed in raves, clubs, and circuit parties, as well as for feelings of euphoria, increased self-confidence, and hypersexuality.1,27
Abuse can result in damage to the central nervous and cardiovascular systems, irritability, hypothermia, aggressiveness, paranoia, and anxiety, as well as strokes, myocardial infarctions, and permanent damage to the blood vessels. Long-term use has been linked to an induced paranoid psychosis associated with delusions of persecution and hallucinations.27
In the major metropolitan areas of the western United States and their gay communities, it seems to be reaching epidemic levels of abuse.28 It also appears to be on the rise among sexually active gay men in New York City.27
d-Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)Street Names: Acid, Yellow Submarines, Cubes, Trips
This powerful hallucinogen is easily available at concerts and raves. Its potency varies from 20 to 80 micrograms per dosage unit, much less than the 100 to 300 microgram dosages common in the 1960s. It is now distributed in thin squares of gelatin, treated sugar cubes, or applied to blotter paper. At today's lowered potency, fewer emergency room visits occur, accounting for some of its continuing popularity.1
LSD produces distortions in sensory perceptions and rapid mood swings, ranging from intense fear to euphoria.25 Typically, the effects of the drug include higher body temperatures, increased heart rate and blood pressure, sweating, sleeplessness, and tremors. Long-term effects include persisting perception disorders known as "flashbacks."19
Sildenafil (Viagra)Viagra is being combined with such club drugs as MDMA to enhance sexual experience. In a study in a sexually transmitted disease clinic in San Francisco, 32 percent of gay respondents and 7 percent of heterosexual male respondents reported using Viagra.
Combinations such as amyl nitrite (poppers) and Viagra can result in priapism, myocardial infarctions, and stroke. Gay men who use Viagra report more sexual partners and more risky sex (partners who are HIV-positive or are of unknown HIV status) than straight men.29
A study of more than 2,000 night club customers in the United Kingdom found 3 percent who reported using Viagra recreationally, usually simultaneously with illegal drugs such as cocaine, methamphetamines, or cannabis. They reported feeling enhanced sexual desire and "warmth." Less than half reported negative effects such as headaches and genital soreness.30
Drug Use, Sex, and the Risk of HIVThe relationship between drug use and unsafe sexual practices among gay men has been shown in many studies.27,31-33 These unsafe sexual practices put gay and bisexual men at greater risk for HIV infection. Gay and bisexual men who do not use drugs report fewer acts of insertive and/or receptive anal intercourse without condoms than do recreational drug-using gay and bisexual men.34
Methamphetamine shows documented prevalence rates ranging between 5 percent and 25 percent of the gay and bisexual men studied across many cities from Honolulu to Denver.27 It is used to increase sensory experiences, especially sexual ones, and to create feelings of euphoria, which may contribute to increased sexual risk-taking. It has been associated with infrequent use of condoms, perhaps as a result of the above factors.35
Methamphetamines can also increase risk for HIV/AIDS by increasing sexual sensation at the same time that it may interfere with erections, colloquially referred to as "crystal dick." A result of this problem can create "instant bottoms," a term applied by gay and bisexual men to drug users who take on the receptive role during anal intercourse. This practice is the riskiest sexual behavior that may cause HIV infection,36 particularly when condoms are not used. Gay and bisexual men who use amphetamines have 2.9 times greater risk of HIV infection through receptive anal intercourse than men who do not use the drug.27 Use of any stimulant drug, not just methamphetamines, has been associated with unprotected anal intercourse.37
MDMA was reported to be in wide use among gay and bisexual men recruited from three dance clubs in New York City,14 and was found to be the only recreational drug associated with unsafe sex in this sample. Other drugs have been related to high-risk sexual behavior in different studies.32,38-40
Circuit party weekends have also been associated with high-risk sexual behavior. A study by Mansergh et al. reported that 29 percent of their sample of gay and bisexual men had multiple sex partners during a single circuit party weekend. Of this higher-risk group, 47 percent reported unprotected anal sex. They concluded that sexual activity, including unprotected anal sex, was relatively common during these weekends.13
Colfax and his associates studied 295 gay/bisexual men in San Francisco and measured drug use and sexual risk-taking during a San Francisco circuit party (CP), a circuit party held in another geographical area (distant CP), and non-CP party weekends. They found a high use of drugs during CPs. For example, at a distant CP, 80 percent used MDMA, 66 percent used ketamine, and 43 percent used crystal methamphetamines. Drug use during CP weekends was greater than during non-CP weekends.
Unprotected anal sex with partners of unknown or opposite HIV serostatus was most prevalent during distant CP weekends, perhaps because the gay/bisexual men felt less inhibited away from their own city and took more sexual risks. The strongest predictors of unprotected anal sex with opposite or unknown serostatus partners were being HIV-positive and use of crystal methamphetamines, Viagra, or amyl nitrites. The authors conclude that the level of high-risk activity during circuit parties suggests significant potential for HIV transmission.41
In another study on circuit parties, Mattison et al. found that use of amyl nitrites (poppers), MDMA, ketamine, crystal methamphetamines, and GHB were associated with unsafe sex. In a large nonrandom sample of party attendees, more than 50 percent reported using alcohol, MDMA, and ketamine. Frequent use of MDMA, ketamine, and poppers had a significant association with unsafe sex at parties. Crystal methamphetamines and GHB only showed a trend although in the expected direction.42
Chesney et al. suggest that seroconversion may be mediated by these drug-related factors:
Club drugs, in particular MDMA, methamphetamines, and poppers, encourage risky sexual practices, at least among gay/bisexual men, such as multiple sexual partners and unprotected anal or receptive anal intercourse, and thus increase the risk of HIV/AIDS. Circuit parties, especially distant circuit parties, encourage high-risk sexual behaviors and club drug use among gay and bisexual men. We are not aware of studies focusing on raves with a primarily heterosexual population and increased risk for HIV/AIDS.
The Effects of Club Drugs on HAART and Adherence to HAARTClub drugs can affect HAART both through drug interactions and by affecting adherence to HIV drugs. Interestingly, although alcohol interacts with many club drugs, alcohol appears to have the least interactions with protease inhibitors and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Methamphetamines and MDMA have a potential interaction with all of the protease inhibitors and delavirdine. GHB has a potential interaction with ritonavir. Marijuana has a potential interaction with lopinavir and ritonavir.44
MDMA is demethylated by CYP2D6, an isozyme. The protease inhibitor ritonavir is a potential inhibitor of CYP2D6. Thus, taking MDMA with ritonavir could theoretically lead to toxic effects due to a high plasma concentration of MDMA. This may be caused by this inhibition of demethylenation, the principle pathway by which MDMA is metabolized.45
Henry and Hill describe a fatal interaction between ritonavir and MDMA in a man who had been HIV positive since 1991 and developed AIDS in 1995. In September, 1996, his regimen of zidovudine 200 mg three times a day and lamivudine 150 mg twice a day was altered to include 600 mg of ritonavir twice a day. He had taken MDMA on several occasions without problems on his prior medication regimen. He went to a club on October 6, 1996 and swallowed three tablets of MDMA. He drank beer and four hours after his arrival, he became seriously ill and died. A nurse who was attending the club described him as hypertonic, sweating, breathing rapidly, tachycardic, and cyanosed. The subject told the nurse that he had taken about 180 mg of Ecstasy. He then had a tonic-clonic convulsion. A few minutes later he vomited and had a cardiorespiratory arrest and could not be resuscitated. An autopsy was done. His lungs were edematous and congested. It was felt that the gentleman died from a severe serotoninergic reaction to Ecstasy. It is hypothesized that the ritonavir increased the level of the Ecstasy to a toxic level. The authors believe that ritonavir could react with many drugs metabolized by CYP2D6, including amphetamine derivatives, and people who use party drugs should be advised of this interaction.45 Other researchers have noted that the effect of methamphetamines has been demonstrated to be two to three times greater for individuals on combination therapy, especially combinations including ritonavir.46
Protease inhibitors are metabolized primarily by the hepatic cytochrome P450 system (isozyme CYP3A4) and also inhibit and induce this enzyme in varying degrees. Ritonavir also affects three other P450 cytochrome enzymes, CYP2D6, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19.47 Three party drugs -- amphetamine, MDMA, and methamphetamine -- are metabolized by the CYP2D6 isoform of the cytochrome P450 system. Ritonavir can increase levels of these party drugs. Interestingly, ritonavir, by induction of the CYP3A4-mediated metabolism and glucuronidation of several drugs, decreased drug levels of methadone, alprazolam and meperidine hydrochloride, which are metabolized by CYP3A4. This has caused a withdrawal syndrome with these drugs.
Other drugs whose metabolic pathways are altered by protease inhibitors are benzodiazepines, opiates, marijuana, zolpidem, and Viagra. These drugs are not infrequently used with recreational drugs. The question that arises is what happens when many drugs are used together that are metabolized by the same metabolic pathway. Harrington and colleagues in Seattle believe that HIV providers should caution their patients that drug interactions between recreational drugs and medications are complex, unpredictable, and even dangerous. Some interactions are known and some are not, making this an even more serious situation.47
Khalsa et al. believe that directions for future research should include studying the underlying mechanisms of drug interactions and metabolic pathways, interactions between illicit drugs, licit drugs, and prescription drugs. They recommend developing educational programs for clinicians to understand and treat drug interactions among drug users.48
AdherenceHalikitis and colleagues presented an abstract at the XIV International AIDS Conference on adherence to HIV medications and club drug use among gay and bisexual men. The researchers sampled 300 gay/bisexual men; 51.9 percent missed one dose of their medicines in the two-month period prior to assessment and 47.5 percent missed one dose in the last two weeks. Based on the Abuse Screening Test, substance users/abusers reported more doses missed than nondrug users. Individuals who used club drugs were less adherent than those reporting no substance use and less adherent than those individuals who abused drugs other than club drugs. The researchers concluded that club drug use impacted adherence to HAART and needs to be addressed. They believe that this lack of adherence could be a result of the disinhibitions caused by the use of club drugs, as well as the contexts in which the substances are used.49
This is an important observation, as other researchers have found a similar association between alcohol and drugs and adherence to HAART. Lucas et al. in a study of 764 HIV-1 infected patients found that active drug users were more likely to report nonadherence to medication and to have smaller median reductions in HIV-1 RNA from baseline and smaller median increases in CD4 counts from baseline than patients who were non-users and former drug users.50
The data regarding adherence problems to HAART medication and alcohol and recreational drugs are not always consistent. For example, Sauders et al. studied 78 subjects with varying use of alcohol and recreational drugs (heavy users, moderate users, non-users). In this small sample they found no relationship between alcohol and recreational drug use and adherence problems. The heavy users had reported few problems with adherence but this may have been due to motivation to exaggerate actual compliance.51
Current research suggests that alcohol and drug use may affect adherence to HAART and possibly affect T cell counts and viral loads. The reasons for these effects are unclear. The reasons may relate to psychological and social problems stemming from drug use. Club drug users may have higher nonadherence rates possibly due to disinhibition of behavior caused by the recreational drugs.
Recreational drugs may also interact with antiretrovirals and with other substances, such as alcohol, Viagra, opiates, and marijuana, possibly creating a potentially dangerous and life-threatening drug combination. Club drugs may affect adherence to HAART and may have serious drug interactions with antivirals, such as ritonavir. Further study on this important topic is required.
Prevention and Harm ReductionWhat is the difference between prevention and harm reduction?
Prevention programs aim to lower the rate of onset of particular disorders, such as illicit drug use in a community, by intervening when potentially harmful conditions exist.52 Examples of prevention programs are programs that encourage individuals not to attend raves or circuit parties to prevent exposure to the considerable drug use in these settings, programs that encourage saying no to drugs, and programs that encourage individuals not to start smoking. Harm reduction approaches, in contrast, attempt to prevent the potential harmful effects of drug use rather than preventing the drug use itself.53 They are, however, compatible with prevention approaches and are in no way opposed to them. Examples of harm reduction programs are needle exchange programs and methadone maintenance.
Harm reduction is the opposite of prohibition. For instance, Great Britain responded to the health risks posed by raves by attempting to prohibit them. Rave organizers faced heavy fines and imprisonment. These measures failed because the parties moved to legitimate clubs where the dancers mixed alcohol with drugs, thereby increasing the health risks. Prior to the law, enacted by the British government prohibiting raves, only 9 percent of respondents in the 16- to 29-year-old range used Ecstasy. This rose to 91 percent among members of the dance club scene.9 A harm reduction approach, by contrast, could try to ensure that buildings met safety and health standards and had adequate security, and that education about health effects of the drugs was available from trained volunteers. This approach has been adopted by leaders of the rave community and by various health departments.9
Prevention programs are often based on the results of studies focused on the targeted communities. At other times, the prevention programs stem from members in the affected communities developing community-based programs. The following ideas come from both research and community organizations. Colfax et al. recommended the following strategies of prevention based on their research on drug use and sexual risk behavior among 295 gay/bisexual men from the San Francisco Bay area.41
Klitzman et al. also noted that MDMA users often feel it is safe to use this drug because they believe it is non-addictive.8 Prevention activities could include distributing facts about MDMA's toxicity, about which club or party event participants may not be aware. Halkitis et al. wrote that interventions to reduce methamphetamine use will not be effective until addiction specialists and researchers look at the underlying sexual motivations that promote the use of the drug. Since the drug is viewed as a powerful aphrodisiac that prolongs sexual enjoyment, what can gay men do to replace this drug? Is drug use worth the risks they are taking?27
Harm reduction approaches accept that many individuals will probably continue to attend raves and circuit parties, and use drugs as well as continue to engage in sexual activity at these events. They hope to lessen the harm that occurs at such events by promoting safe behaviors.
Ryan and colleagues studied the relationship between substance use disorders and risk of HIV infection in gay men, and suggested the following strategy: Community-based HIV risk reduction programs need to target heavy substance users by developing active outreach programs that go into bars and clubs and have booths at raves and circuit parties to recruit participants for multi-session cognitive-behavioral intervention programs. These sessions should include strategies for reducing the use of alcohol and other drugs.54
Weir, and Dillon and Degenhardt, suggested the following educational harm reduction messages for users of recreational drugs:9,24
To help recreational drug users avoid drug overdosage and illness from drug interactions, encourage patients:
To advocate that organizers of raves and circuit parties are responsive to health and safety issues:
We would also encourage HIV-positive patients to know how party drugs will interact with Viagra and HAART to avoid life-threatening combinations.
Individuals might use drugs intravenously at circuit parties and raves. The U.S. National Institute of Drug Abuse recommends the following harm reduction strategies if individuals are not able to stop using and injecting drugs and do not want to enter and complete drug abuse treatment:
Harm reduction can result from effective role modeling by community leaders. An example of this is a harm reduction program that came out of the Mississippi Medical Center. In the early 1990s, Kelly and associates conducted harm reduction programs in three relatively small U.S. cities: Biloxi, Mississippi; Hattiesburg, Mississippi; and Monroe, Louisiana. First, they identified opinion leaders among gay men and then they trained these leaders in the social skills needed to help reduce the risk of acquiring HIV within the gay community.
In all three cities, intervention reduced high-risk behavior (unprotected anal intercourse) from 15 percent to 29 percent of baseline levels. This study illustrated that by recruiting community opinion leaders, teaching them concepts of harm reduction, and how to pass this information on to others, harmful behavior can be decreased.56
Rave participants often have peer support groups for their parties. Some have also developed Web sites, such as raversunity.com and dancesafe.org, that have harm prevention messages. Organizations hoping to decrease harm at circuit parties might also want to determine who the opinion leaders are at these events and use these individuals to pass on safety messages and to model safer behaviors such as using condoms, not drinking alcohol along with drugs or mixing drugs, and taking breaks from dancing.
Social marketing is another method of harm reduction. Social marketing uses the elements of price, promotion, and other factors to introduce a product or behavior to the public. Social marketing of condoms is considered a key element of a global strategy to reduce AIDS. People at risk for AIDS know about condoms, but often do not use them. The Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals' Office of Public Health hypothesized that increasing condom accessibility would increase condom use. Between 1994 and 1996, more than 33 million condoms were distributed to 93 public health clinics, 39 community mental health centers, 29 substance abuse treatment centers, and more than 1,000 businesses. An example of findings from the study show that use of condoms increased among African-American women and their partners from 28 percent in 1994 to 36 percent in 1996. Condom use increased among African-American men from 40 percent in 1994 to 54 percent in 1996.57 Circuit parties and raves are places of heightened sexual activity. Having condoms available at these events would reduce the risk of HIV and STD transmission and would be an excellent method of harm reduction that would be low cost and effective.
Harm reduction strategies that come about from input from members of the community involved can be especially effective. Researchers from the Center for AIDS Prevention Studies at the University of California, San Francisco, developed and started an HIV prevention program in a mid-sized Oregon community, and in a similar community in Santa Barbara, California.58 Young gay men in Eugene, Oregon, along with an advisory board made up of local community leaders, developed a program they named "The Mpowerment Project." Mpowerment taught safer sex practices through a peer-run community outreach program. The outreach activities included a publicity campaign as well as parties and social events such as bike rides and small group sessions. By using this community-based HIV harm reduction program, unprotected anal intercourse decreased from 41 percent to 30 percent in one year in the Oregon community. A peer-oriented approach to reducing recreational drug use could be developed in college communities, gay communities, circuit parties, and raves, drawing from local community members' knowledge of their peer group's beliefs, norms, and behaviors.
Harm reduction is already being instituted at some circuit parties. In 2001, in Palm Springs, California, Mayor Will Kleindienst cited concerns about drug use because of 13 overdoses at the 2001 "White Party." He had asked the City Council to consider banning the annual "White Party," which derives its name from the approximately ten thousand men who dress in mostly white clothing to attend this event. However, the city decided to allow the White Party to return to its convention center in 2002 because of the huge economic impact of the party. The organizers, to address the mayor's concerns, used harm reduction techniques and emphasized the dangers of drugs, gave out condoms, and had an ambulance waiting at the 2002 party. In 2002, there were only two overdoses at the White Party.59
Primary prevention methods, which aim to lower the onset of behaviors that are harmful to individuals and their communities, and harm reduction, which attempts to decrease the harm created by dangerous behaviors, both play roles in preventing and decreasing the use of party drugs, in stemming the drugs' association with high-risk sexual behaviors, and in reducing rates of HIV infection at such settings as dance clubs, raves, and circuit parties. More work needs to be done in understanding what strategies are most effective and how to best apply these concepts.
Role of the Physician and Allied Healthcare ProfessionalsPhysicians and other healthcare professionals should become more skilled at identifying alcohol and drug abuse in their practices, become more involved in educating their patients, learn how to treat medical emergencies that are club-drug related, make more use of prevention and harm reduction strategies, and become better informed about available treatment approaches for substance abusers.
1. Identifying Alcohol and Drug AbuseInitially, one should assess a patient's current and past use of drugs and alcohol. This should cover types of substances used, routes of administration, frequency of use, age of first use, age of first regular intoxication, and the usual amount used, as well as the highest dose used. Drug and alcohol treatment history is also valuable information. Types of programs (inpatient, outpatient, methadone maintenance, Alcoholics Anonymous, residential treatment) as well as dates of treatment should be inquired about. A complete physical examination can provide evidence of alcohol and drug abuse, such as injection marks, nasal septum erosion, skin abscesses, ascites, and physical trauma.60
Brief assessment tools such as the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) developed by the World Health Organization61 and the CAGE questionnaire are helpful in identifying alcoholism, the CAGE having a 96 percent specificity for two or more positive answers.62 CAGE is a mnemonic for the following:
Blood work can be helpful in identifying stigmata of alcohol abuse, such as elevated SGOT/SGPT, GGT, bilirubin (total), and uric acid. Alcohol is frequently mixed with club drugs in nightclubs and circuit parties. Drug screens can be performed when suspicions of drug abuse are present.
2. Education to Prevent Possible ProblemsEducation about the suspected role of chronic substance abuse in accelerating HIV infection and how injection drug use in particular increases overall risk, such as the risk of bacterial infections, including pneumonia and sepsis, should be undertaken. Such education should present risks for both HIV-positive and -negative drug users.60,63
Information about club drugs and their adverse effects, in particular their role in increasing risky sexual behavior and possible medical emergencies, can be provided through handouts and brief office consultations.
3. Treating Medical Emergencies Caused by Drug and Alcohol AbuseWhen adolescents and young adults present with alterations of consciousness, the physician needs to consider rave-related problems such as hyperthermia, dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, and drug overdosage. The first assessment should be the ABCs (airway-breathing-circulation) and measurement of the patient's core temperature. The level of consciousness and level of hydration need to be assessed and treated as well. Active cooling may be needed. Oral charcoal and sorbitol may be used if drug ingestion occurred within 30 to 60 minutes. Serum chemistries, liver function tests, complete blood count, creatine kinase, and arterial blood gases should be ordered. A foley catheter to prevent urinary retention should be considered. The physician should treat hypertension, tachycardia, and metabolic acidosis if present. Intensive Care Unit admission with close monitoring of blood chemistries, hepatic transaminase levels and urine output should be considered. The clinician should also be alert to the possibility that the patient was a victim of sexual assault. Finally, the doctor should be able to make referrals to drug treatment once the patient is stabilized and treated.9,11
4. Harm ReductionThe U.S. National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) recommends that healthy men limit their drinking to 14 drinks per week and that women limit it to seven. Men who consume an average of more than two drinks per day have higher incidences of hypertension and cancers, with problems for women beginning above an average of one drink per day.64 Limiting alcohol use to social drinking levels may be helpful in reducing harm when not mixed with club drugs. Alcohol can interact with other party drugs in harmful and unpredictable ways, and the patient who intends to use club drugs in spite of the risks would be advised not to drink alcohol at all.
Ways in which club drug users can reduce their risk of HIV/AIDS include:
The physician may have HIV/AIDS patients who intend to continue to use club drugs in spite of the risks involved in drug interactions with their HAART regimen. In such cases, the physician can select antivirals that interact minimally with club drugs. For example, ritonavir should be avoided by patients who regularly use MDMA.
In some instances, community interventions that have successfully reduced high-risk sexual behavior from baseline levels utilized popular peers within a community to encourage such behaviors as:
5. Treatment StrategiesEducation, prevention, and harm reduction are more appropriate strategies than a treatment focus for the occasional club drug user. When patients meet criteria for alcohol or drug dependency, consider:
By utilizing some of the above approaches, physicians and other healthcare professionals can better assess and counsel the patient who is using or is considering using club drugs as part of their recreational activities.
ConclusionsMuch evidence is available to support the association between club drugs and high-risk sexual behaviors. Documentation showing how such behavior leads, in turn, to higher rates of HIV infection is available almost exclusively for the gay and bisexual community. Not much is known about the high-risk sexual behaviors associated with club drug use among the largely heterosexual ravers. Club drugs themselves have other serious medical consequences for their users, gay or heterosexual, and are particularly dangerous for the HIV/AIDS patient on HAART because of possible drug interactions and adherence problems. Prevention and harm reduction approaches can be helpful in protecting persons thinking of or engaging in club drug use. Physicians and other healthcare professionals can play a role in assessing, supporting, and counseling the at-risk patient by providing education and options even when the patient is not inclined to make the same choices that the professional would have made.
Alan Cooper has a private practice of clinical psychology in Arlington, Garland, and Rockwall, Texas, as an associate of The Lakewood Group. Jan Swanson has a private practice of internal medicine in Arlington, Texas. Cooper and Swanson are coauthors of The Complete Relapse Prevention Skills Program published by Hazelden Educational Materials.
This article was provided by International Association of Physicians in AIDS Care. It is a part of the publication IAPAC Monthly.


text:
Case is finished white. Back, top and front are made of extruded aluminum. Endcaps are made of stamped steel. Bottom of case consists of an independently motorized trap door that opens up inside the screen case. The trap door and the access door both hinge downward to allow access to inside of the screen case. The door remains attached to the screen case via a concealed full-length hinge. Releasing one latch at each end of the screen case allows the doors to hinge downward and a prop arm at each end may be pivoted to engage with endcaps, keeping the door assembly in its fully open position.
Symmetrical case allows for viewing surface to unroll from the back or front of the roller. Internal junction box allows case to be installed and pre-wired to building supply. Junction box to have two plug-in style connectors mating with connectors from motorized roller/fabric assembly and motorized door assembly. Case flange to trim edges of ceiling opening.
Case may be mounted with 3/8" threaded rod at ends or along length with lag screws through brackets or with wire in a grid ceiling. Mounting brackets slide in channels on top of case allowing brackets to be moved somewhere to avoid interference with conflicting building structures. Brackets lock in position by tightening set screws.
|Packaging Info
|Package Weight
|128.0 lb
|Box Dimensions (LxWxH)
|170.0 x 13.0 x 12.0"

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Desegregation of North Carolina, 60 Years Later
|Back to The Future
Built in 1966, it was the newest of schools in the Randolph County School System and would have made a perfect place for the bright young minds of the area after integration. However, the town was split in two. Two downtowns, two schools and two colors were literally divided by the railroad track through the middle of town and that served as a barrier between Liberty and West Liberty.
Rather than close the older "white" school or permit both schools to operate whereby white students might need to venture into the "black" side of town, the school board, undoubtedly with racist political pressure, decided to close the newer school in West Liberty. The result was that students were required to walk the three miles into town to the remaining school on the "white" side of town. Residents who remember the closing of the school claim it was "devastating" and "meant a loss of community and pride".
Now privately owned, the structure remains abandoned and in decay despite pleas from the community for the city to purchase the infrastructure and turn it into a community center. Recently, it was added to the record of historical structures in Randolph County.
We decided to do a bit of urban exploration at the old gymnasium and was amazed at what we saw. While it's a sad to witness, I find it a bit ironic, especially in light of the recent HB2 legislation, that there's still something to learn here some sixty years after desegregation.
|The gymnasium floor, stage and basketball goal.
|The clock and scoreboard stopped in time.
|It's amazing, there's still toilet paper on the roll from the mid 20th century.
|A hallway inside the main building.
|An abandoned classroom.
Image credit: Chance Jones


text:
If you missed out on the man-versus-machine match on "Jeopardy!" earlier this week, we humans basically got our asses kicked. Watson, the IBM supercomputer designed for the two-game match, won with $77,147. Former "Jeopardy!" champs Ken Jennings and Brad Rutter finished with $24,000 and $21,600, respectively.
Everyone involved seemed to recognize this as a historic event in computing, and if you haven't read Jennings's chat on the Washington Post website from Tuesday or his piece on Slate yesterday, you'd be entertained by both. A sampling from the former:
Q: I was suprised that you only got through the first round. I found too much of the first night devoted to IBM, like a long commercial. What is the format of the next two nights?
A: The contest is two games stretched out over three nights: another half game tomorrow, with the final game Wednesday. In addition to giving IBM a nice infomercial spot (if you buy a Watson 1.0 license for home use, you also get a Watson mouse pad and some steak knives!) the documentary spots help explain how the contest came together, why this truly represents an AI breakthrough, and so forth.
It reminds me of the "human interest" stuff that always clogs up Olympic footage. Revealed tonight: Watson hopes to win these games for its adorable little sister, who has leukemia!
Other computer conquests of humans in games include Deep Blue's controversial chess win against Garry Kasparov in 1997 and the CPU opponent against me every time I play Madden. How does that damn game ALWAYS come up with 2 touchdowns in the last 1:15? Total bologna.
Watch Double and Final Jeopardy! of Game Two after the jump.


text:
2 Sumatran tiger cubs born at National Zoo in US
August 8, 2013
WASHINGTON (AP) — The National Zoo in the U.S. is celebrating the birth of a pair of Sumatran tiger cubs, a critically endangered species.
The zoo announced Thursday that the cubs born to 4-year-old Damai on Monday appear to be healthy, and the new mother has been seen grooming and nursing them.
This is Damai's first litter, sired by 12-year-old Kavi. The zoo confirmed Damai's pregnancy in June through an ultrasound after she gained weight and exhibited behaviors indicating she could be pregnant.
Damai is being remotely monitored to allow her to bond with her cubs. The cubs won't be exhibited for several months, but fans can watch them on webcams.


text:
Fellowes PrivaScreen Blackout Privacy Filter. Type: Frameless display privacy filter, Filter colour: Black, Material: Polyethylene. Display filter features: Anti-glare. Maximum screen size compatibility: 48.3 cm (19"). Width: 376 mm, Height: 302 mm, Depth: 1 mm. Package width: 447 mm, Package depth: 3 mm, Package height: 358 mm
- New PrivaScreen™ Privacy Filter darkens screen image when viewed from a 30˚ side angle to prevent prying eyes from reading your screen- On-screen data is easily visible from a straight-on view- Protect your screen from fingerprints, scratches and reduces glare to help prevent eye strain- Easy to attach and remove with new and improved tabs- 376mm W x 299mm H


text:
TYR uses cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. If you continue we assume that you consent to receive all cookies on our site.
(Ord.price 44,00 EUR )
TYR Durafast Lite swimsuit is 30 % lighter than traditional Durafast. Durafast Lite suits can sustain 200 hours of use. The higher content of spandex makes Durafast Lite swimsuits more form fitting and allows a 360 degree range of motion. Content: 88% Polyester / 12% Spandex
TYR Durafast Lite ujumispüksid on 30% kergemad, kui tavaline Durfast. Durafast Lite ujumispüksid peavad vastu 200 tunnilisele kasutusele. Suurem kogus spandexi muudab Durfast Lite ujumispüksid rohkem sobivamaks kõigile ja lubavad 360 kradilise liikumisulatuse.
Valmistatud: 88% Polyester / 12% Spandex
Named for Týr, the norse God of warriors, we are a company started in 1985 by athletes and powered by athletes. We are dedicated to re-imagining technologies that help athletes obtain peak performance through innovation and design. Like all athletes, we always work with an intense spirit of competition. Everything we do revolves around creating the fastest, most advanced performance products. Always in front.


text:
BERKELEY — Oregon coach Paul Westhead wasn"t interested in any silver linings regarding his team Friday night.
Layshia Clarendon scored 14 points and No. 6 California won its record-tying 12th straight with a 77-55 victory over the Ducks.
Oregon (4-23, 2-14 Pac-12) entered the game overmatched on paper, yet the Ducks overcame a 10-0 deficit and actually held a one-point lead with just under four minutes left in the first half.
But Cal (24-2, 14-1) started pulling away with a 12-2 run to close the first half en route to matching the record win streak set by the 2008-09 team.
"I showed up here tonight to win the game," Westhead said. "We didn"t win, so I have no encouragement."
Jordan Loera and Ariel Thomas scored nine points each to lead the Ducks (4-23, 2-13). Leading scorer Jillian Alleyne was held to just seven.
Afure Jemerigbe scored 13 points for the Bears, who early on looked somewhat ragged offensively with starting point guard Brittany Boyd sitting out because of a strained groin.
Jemerigbe came in averaging just 7.0 points, so her offensive contribution was big with Boyd out of the lineup.
Westhead was most impressed with Cal"s inside muscle.
"They"re a relentless offensive rebounding team. They might be as good as there is in the country," he said.
Boyd, a sophomore who leads Cal in assists and ranks third in scoring at 12.5 points per game, sat among her teammates throughout the first half. She came out in the second half with her hair tied up and was sitting next to the coaches when play resumed, as though she"d be ready if needed.
She wasn"t.
The Bears turned a nine-point halftime lead into an 18-point cushion midway through the second half and remained tied with Stanford atop the conference standings.
If Cal wins its final three games, it will gain at least a share of its first ever Pac-12 title in women"s basketball.
After shooting just 29 percent in the first half, the Bears improved to 55 percent (17 for 31) in the second half.
The Ducks shot just 25.4 percent (15 for 59) for the game.
"I thought we were still involved in the second half," Westhead said. "Cal played very well. At the end of the day, you"ve gotta make shots. You can"t shoot 25 percent."
The Ducks" poor shooting included a 6-for-26 showing from beyond the 3-point line.
Boyd"s absence was apparent in the first half, as the Bears hit just 8 of their first 33 shots and looked disjointed offensively. Missing several good looks from the paint didn"t help their cause.
Cal shot 29 percent (12 for 41) overall in the first half, but the Ducks were even worse at 23 percent (7 for 31).
Oregon, which trailed 10-0 and didn"t score until 5 minutes in, took a 19-18 lead on Devyn Galland"s free throw with 3:49 left in the first half. But Cal"s closing run, highlighted by two 3-pointers from Mikayla Lyles and five points from Clarendon, gave the Bears a 30-21 lead at intermission.


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the Lowery Touch
I've been writing scripts since I was about seven, but the first time I ever wrote one that managed to be feature length (i.e. over 90 pages) was when I was seventeen. And I went way over 90 pages...I think it was somewhere around 150. I looked over it again recently, and was surprised to see that it wasn't THAT bad. Just too long, overly descriptive.Now, the script I wrote when I was thirteen immediately after seeing 'Pulp Fiction'....now THAT'S bad. It even has a fast food monologue! Argghh. Live and learn. And get original.


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20490 Surnames | 134619 Records | 2764 Reunions
Dead Fred asks:Are you a Desperate Genealogist?
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Photo #54700
Last Name: Hill
First Name : Easter
Middle Name: Caroline
Subject's City: Gatliff
Subject's State: Ky
Subject's County: Whitley
Subject's Country: US
Photographer's City:
Photographer's State:
Nee: Lawson
Type** : TT
Comments: Easter Caroline Hill (Nee: Lawson) | Gatliff Ky US | | Comments: EASTER CAROLINE "LAWSON" "HAMBLIN" HILL {with some other names in-between. (: }. She divorced only once(that was from Mom's dad). She outlived the others. After she divorced my grandfather, Henderson Hamblin, she married John Hill. He is the one in this picture with her. He was the father Mom talked about most of the time! Grandma was born Easter Caroline Lawson March 28, 1874 and died June 25, 1974. She married Henderson Hamblin who's ancestry was Irish. They had three children: my mother, Susie Irene and brother Bud, and sister Lizza(spelling???). Mom had a brother Frank by a step-father with the last name of "Hamby" (spelling again???). She had a brother by her father named Jimmy Hamblin. If he had other children we are unaware of it.
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text:
US Airways Leads Airline Stocks — Down
For one day, at least, a big merger isn't good for anybody, at least in the stock market.
Airlines stocks fell on the heels of the newly minted US Airways-American Air merger. Not just US Airways, which was down as much as 8% at one point. All of the majors — United Continental, Delta, and Southwest — fell also.
The broader market didn't cooperating today, and it's not unusual for the acquiring company (which in this case is sort of US Airways, see below) to see its stock slide on the announcement of a deal. But interestingly enough for the airline industry, the airlines that aren't involved in a specific merger tend to do better than the companies that are involved, Barron's Sam Mamudi noted this morning on the Markets Hub. Which is what makes the general slide surprising.


text:
In the filled apple ,I've left a gap to be embroidered in white.But from afar it didn't look as if it needed it.What do you think?
Notice the variation in thickness of the leaves? The one in the background is completely with one strand of red and green. The foreground apple is stitched with two strands of Rosace embroidery thread.
That's about it for now.
Last week, out of the blue I received a call from another institution for handling one of their courses. Since it was more of a request for help rather than formal appointment, I agreed and now I've a packed schedule for the next couple of months.By the time this ends, my university classes will start again and little one's school too...sigh!! our vacation plans have evaporated into thin air..
On a more positive note, if I do not work now,when else will I?
So,I am off to prepare for tomorrow's lecture...ta ta,
Love,luck and sunshine,


text:
USA: Further information: Man executed six days after suicide attempt: Brandon Rhode
Brandon Rhode was executed in Georgia, USA, shortly after 10pm on 27 September. Six days earlier he had almost died after slashing his arms and neck with a razor. The execution was delayed a number of times during the six days, but in the end the courts refused to stop it.


text:
Full version, Basic version, Tiny version
Specification link: 5.6 The 'use' element
The purpose of this test is to validate proper handling of the x/y attributes on the use element.
The test shows a <use> element displayed on the right. On the left, a group built as described in section 5.6 of the SVG 1.1 specification validates that the <use element is properly processed.


text:
Wishlist/context based to-do list
From Openmoko
|Wishes warning! This article or section documents one or more OpenMoko Wish List items, the features described here may or may not be implemented in the future.
Context based to-do list
A GTD-like list, with reminders based in contexts (such time, position, talk/see/stay near somebody...).
It may use the Wishlist:Point_of_Interest_Framework.
Use Cases
- When I arrive home (detected with GPS) and there are some "@home" things in the to-do list, then the system reminds me of them.
- If I call Alice, then the system reminds me of the things I want to ask her before the phone makes the call.
- If I meet Alice (bluetooth proximity sensor) the system reminds me of the things I want to ask her.
- I want to talk to Peter about something and the system knows that I usually meet with Peter in the office.
- I go to the grocery store and the system pulls up my grocery shopping list.
Design Issues
This can and should be rolled into Calendar without overly complicating it.
In a traditional GTD app, you have three columns: the task itself, the "context" and the "project".
A standard to-do list app, such as the one on the Palm Pilot, only has two columns: the task and the "category".
I propose that instead of either traditional app, we have an app with two columns: "task" and "tags". Tags are web 2.0 buzzword compliant and they provide a simple interface similar to that of a standard to-do list app. The only difference is that you can have more than one label attached to each task.
People who wish to use this app for GTD would simply attach two labels to each project. One label for the project name and one label for the context. They'd probably start the context labels with an "@" sign to make them visually stand out. Then when you're at the grocery store, you simply display everything with the "@grocery" label. -- User:Bryan_Larsen
A more extended application called mebot is being developed with GTD in mind.
This may function like POIs (Point Of Interest)[1] at other GPS devices. A deamon calculates the proximity of a list of POIs and current position and sends an call to the calender to show up a list tagged with a specific tag for this POI. If generic enough it will let other deamons and applications do the job as well, like Bluetooth senses your workstation and starts synchronisation. This Idea is further described in Wishlist:Point_of_Interest_Framework.


text: On 4 Jan 2003, Randall Jouett wrote: > Yep, and let's not forget that a semi-decent sized, hardware-encryption > based cluster could be set aside to generate the initial seeds, and then > the seeds could propagate over the entire network, further reducing the > chance that an identical seed will rear its ugly head. Well, for a > certain amount of time, anyway. All of this very interesting discussion ignores one problem -- the "intrinsic" parallel scaling of parallel uniform deviate generation. On most hardware, generating "the next uniform deviate" costs (say) 3 to 5 or 6 operations. That is, a GHz-class CPU should be able to generate tens to hundreds of millions of double precision uniform deviates per second, depending on the algorithm used. On a 100 Mbps (12.5 MBps) network, one obviously "loses" parallelizing this on even two hosts unless one has a VERY long and complicated uniform deviate algorithm (one that can time-dominate the serial fraction of the computation). To put it another way, on an expensive Gbps network, packing whole blocks of UD's into large message for efficient delivery, I suppose that one could conceivably "win" parallelizing uniform deviate generation on a couple or three hosts, PROVIDED that one had an application that could suck up the incoming stream as fast as the network DMA delivered them without blocking. In my Monte Carlo problem it doesn't -- I have to do a teeny bit of trig and matrix arithmetic based on the weighted outcome produced by every uniform deviate -- at least as much computation as generating the UD itself locally. Thus, if I worked very hard, I MIGHT get a parallel speed up of two by pre-generating the next UD on another node and having it totally ready to go when I need it, but -- suprise! -- that's exactly the speedup I get from parallelizing the entire embarrassingly parallel application on two nodes, each making its own UD's with its own seed. Besides, real-world inefficiencies would probably make this a lose-lose effort anyway -- MPI or PVM or even raw sockets have some overhead. My own problem isn't trivial, but neither is it THAT sensitive to uniform deviate generator choice, provided that I avoid ones with obvious and known problems. So far, I've found it easiest to simply run a large number of independent simulations, each with its own RNG/seed and a decently large shuffle table. I accumulate hundreds, even thousands of these simulations, but this still leaves the probability of a coincident run very, very small, much smaller than the statistical error remaining. At that, all the damage one or two coincident seeds will do is cause the unbiased statistical error estimate to be very slightly underestimated (as "one" independent runs will be counted as "two"). Totally negligible, as long as one doesn't make a habit of it (and in any event, by recording the initial seeds and LOOKING, easily eliminated). A lot of other problems can be solved the same way. Probably MOST other problems -- as noted above, local generation is likely to compete favorably with remote generation unless and until uniform deviate generation itself DOMINATES the serial fraction of the computation. This is almost never the case -- decryption, monte carlo, almost anything nontrivial requires some computation to be done WITH the uniform deviate, and as soon as that computation time competes with generation time, you are almost certain to lose. Note that (for purists) I'm including all lattice-type decompositions of a problem where UD's are generated AND USED on a node in the same category as EP distribution of simulations -- this is just contrasting this sort of parallelism with the proposed notion of a "UD-generating cluster". rgb -- Robert G. Brown http://www.phy.duke.edu/~rgb/ Duke University Dept. of Physics, Box 90305 Durham, N.C. 27708-0305 Phone: 1-919-660-2567 Fax: 919-660-2525 email:rgb at phy.duke.edu


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How about could this have been worded better ? {l{ 9. What best describes what the person who is abandoned to live on their own will be instructed by Jeff Probst at tribal council? 9. What best describes how the person , who is abandoned , will be instructed by Jeff Probst at tribal council ?
can some one give me the link...do not have it on this computer....THANKS!!!
biancaxxxRegistered User(4/21/05 11:17 am)Reply ezSupporter Re: Just some spoilers...-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Quote:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Who gets exiled?--------------------------------------------------------------------------------(I think she does well in the RC though)
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The other night I had the opportunity to watch a recent match between Michael Richard Blais and Richie Rage, from a PWA show in Calgary. The match itself was quite good; there were a few things here and there I could comment on, but on the whole it was a solid match and I enjoyed their hard work. I've never had the pleasure of working with Mr. Rage, but I certainly remember working many times with a porky little white kid named Chucky Blaze who has matured and turned into a good-looking worker named MRB. Great to see, kid! But the reason for these comments is not to critique the work of the wrestlers themselves, but the referee.
As I mentioned, the boys put in a solid match and worked hard, but what disappointed me was that every single thing they did or didn't do was made to look silly and unprofessional in my opinion by the inclusion of a ref who simply shouldn't have been there. This is not a personal slam at this ref; I don't know the person, I've never met the person, and I have nothing against the person.
But as someone who has been a referee for many, many years, I am certainly in a position to comment fairly and offer suggestions.
The ref in question was a young lady. I don't care if you are black, white, pink, purple, male, female, or somewhere in between. What I do care about is the word PROFESSIONAL that makes up a big piece of the name of what we do. For a refresher, it is called Professional Wrestling. Vince McMahon can call it what he wants, but I still refer to it as Professional Wrestling. In order for it to be considered as such, that "should" mean that the people involved are Professionals. In the match in question, the ring looked professional, the mats and ring aprons looked professional, the barriers looked professional, and the workers themselves looked professional. All, that is, except for one.
The young lady was in the middle of an excellent match wearing leather boots you would wear to a bar for a night out, jeans with rips in them (which I understand is "cool" these days, sorry if I sound like an old fart), and a black t-shirt with some sort of writing on the front -- your basic rock band t-shirt. This young lady looked like she had walked off the street and somehow snuck into the ring, as compared to being considered an "official" of the match.
I'm not going to comment on the job she did, other than to say it was less than stellar. That said, everyone has been green and everyone needs a chance to learn. What I am trying to get across here is the promotion and the match was made to look like crap, simply because they didn't have someone in the ring to actually officiate a tremendous match. The seriousness of the match disappeared. Instead of a contest between two men attempting to win a hard-fought victory, it turned into what looked like a complete sham. When the three-count finally did come, it was done at such a velocity that it came across as completely planned and as if she was just waiting for that moment to slap three times. Through most of the match, the young lady's hair was in her eyes at every pinfall, so I'm not clear on how she could possibly see if the shoulders were down or not anyway.
Here's the bout in question from PWA last year:
All I can say is this: what we, the three-man (or woman) team do in the ring is magic: Two gladiators fighting it out to the bitter end until the victor gets his hand raised by the official and a "W" is placed in the record books next to the winner. If we expect people to take anything we do seriously, the image of what we do has to be taken seriously. Putting young, inexperienced men or women in the ring as a ref who can't even bother to purchase the proper attire for the position really tells me the actual interest level the person has or the willingness to learn the position. Sadly, it also is a good temperature-check as to where we are on the independent scene these days.
Perhaps even more perplexing is to watch one of the so-called Big Two commit exactly the same error, made even worse by the fact it was done on a pay-per-view! Witness the TNA Lockdown PPV from last Sunday. Dixie Carter assigned Bully Ray as the special Guest Referee for the Team Dixie versus Team MVP Lethal Lockdown Match. OK, this has been done before many times in the Fed and in TNA. So how does Bully Ray enter the ring as the official? In his regular wrestling gear! Doh! Are you kidding me? I am confident that 99% of the fans in the crowd and watching on TV already believed that Bully Ray was going to get involved in the match at some point. But could you at least, at a very minimum, put him in a referee�s shirt to attempt to portray him as such and not insult the intelligence of all the fans?
Does anyone recall Vinnie Mac wearing the ref shirt, sleeves torn out, and bulging biceps showing? At least he tried to appear as if he was a legit referee, even though we all know it was part of the storyline. Bret Hart, Steve Austin, Ken Shamrock, I could go on and on referencing matches over the years with a special referee assigned who was actually a wrestler. But I can honestly say that I don�t ever recall seeing a Guest Referee appear in the ring wearing the exact same outfit he would if he were wrestling in the match.
At the Cauliflower Alley Club reunion in Vegas last year I had the pleasure of conducting a referee seminar with Billy Silverman, Trevor Blanchard, and Vicious Verne Siebert. We talked about many of the "Pro Wrestling Ref 101" rules such as always wearing black underwear (if you rip your pants in the ring, black underwear won�t show through), wearing black socks to match your black shoes and pants (Never, ever wear white socks with black shoes and black pants -- it looks terrible!) and most of all we talked about wearing a complete referee�s uniform whenever stepping in the ring. Look professional, act professional, and people will accept you as a professional. But wearing jeans with holes in them or wearing wrestling gear just tells the fans you might as well not have any rules since there isn't a professional in the ring to enforce them anyway.
To the young lady in the match I am referring to above, please don't be offended. Get some training, get proper referee's attire, and make your promotion proud. Who knows, you could be the next Rita Marie (Chatterton) and be working for WWE one day! One thing I do know, however. Rita would NEVER have been caught in the middle of the ring on a Professional Wrestling card wearing jeans with holes in them or without her hair tied back. To be taken seriously you have to be and act serious. If not, what you are truly doing is taking AWAY from the two gladiators in the ring. No matter what they do, no matter how well they do it, if the show does not look professional, their match will never look professional.
Steve Hooper is a veteran of the Stampede Wrestling rings as a referee, and currently resides in Panama where he plays with trains.


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Eat like royalty at the King Palace Café
Eating at one Chinese buffet is like dining at any other, right? Wrong. If you step inside the King Palace Café on Dowlen and stay for a few moments, you will come to know it is not your average Chinese buffet. In fact, the sign at the entrance says that it is Chinese and Japanese food, but with a touch of Western influence.
Guests can order from the menu and be seated in one of the newly designed dining rooms for quiet and privacy, or you can plunge in and go for the buffet where more than 120 items await your preferences every day of the week. That's right, you may eat seven days a week, 365 days each year, from 11 a.m. to 10 p.m., and some customers do just that. The dining rooms offer wonderful accommodations for birthdays and other gatherings, as well as good friends getting together for a good meal. Each room has a scenic wide screen moving photograph, comfortable tables and offers privacy for your group. You do need to call ahead to reserve one of the two dining rooms. And remember, you may order from the menu or visit the buffet.
One gentleman told me that he does come in about five times a week, but always varies his choices to give him different food on the visits he looks forward to at his favorite restaurant. Some days he chooses fresh Gulf seafood from shrimp to oysters in season, and the tempting fried fish. Other visits include the famous sweet and sour chicken recipes that are mouth-wateringly good or the pepper steak that is fast becoming one of his more popular picks. He also has tried the sushi, although that took a bit of getting used to for this tough Southeast Texas cowboy.
Other guests come in strictly for the wide variety of freshly made sushi. The Bento Box has its own claim to fame and consists of a four-piece sushi roll, green salad, steamed rice and your favorite entrée. These boxes are packaged attractively and can be eaten in or taken home to share with family and friends. One can choose from vegetable bento, California bento, chicken tempura, chicken teriyaki, tempura combo, beef teriyaki, salmon teriyaki or shrimp teriyaki. The Alaska roll features salmon on top of avocado and crabmeat while the shrimp tempura roll has shrimp, crabmeat, avocado, and cucumber.
A special discount is in effect. When five Japanese bento and sushi boxes are ordered, the sixth is absolutely free, whether you eat in or take out to share. Discuss your options with any member of the friendly and knowledgeable staff.
The regular menu includes 10 different vegetables, three egg foo young dishes, five lo mein or fried rice choices, 17 versions of chicken, 13 entrees of beef, five pork choices, 13 variations of seafood, as well as five portions of fish not counted in the seafood. This doesn't include the beautiful assortment of fruits, salad makings, and desserts. The only trouble most have is deciding where to start and how to end.
Benton Wong is the manager of King Palace Café and comes from more than a decade of business experience in the hotel and hospitality industry in Hong Kong. "You know, Hong Kong is often misunderstood," Wong explained to me. "Most don't know that it really isn't China and it isn't Japan. We are our own people." He further explained with many busy hand gestures that he wanted every customer who visits King Palace Café to know that this restaurant is different in the fact that customer service is very important to them. "I want every person who greets or serves any customer to be on their best behavior, show a friendly smile, and be eager to help that guest find what he needs to enjoy himself here," Wong said. "I think it is all about serving good food in a spotlessly clean atmosphere with a smile and genuine customer service."
Wong's philosophy seems to be working well. In the two visits I made to the restaurant in writing this article, I found the tables packed at lunch time, and folks chatting with their servers, going back to the buffet for more, and all reporting a good meal and lots of choices. Speaking to a table of four shipping employees, I asked why they chose King Palace. One big, burly guy said, "I like the food. It's always good. I've been eating here two times a week for a while and it has never not been good." Summing up his remarks, he said with a big smile, "In fact, I think this is the best Chinese-Japanese restaurant in the area." Another of the group said that he liked the variety, saying, "We can all find something we like, and most of the time, we all try something different."
Wong is a hands on manager and checks constantly on the buffet bar, making sure each area is spotlessly clean and full of fresh, hot food, or chilled salad as needed. He is quick, and moves about the large restaurant as a general would marshal his troops for battle. I saw him point to a table, and could not understand one word he said, but the server apparently did. He wanted everything taken off the table and the entire surface cleaned again. He had seen something that he did not like. He straightened the condiments on the table before he walked away to check on something else.
Wong is there almost every day, but will occasionally take one day away from the business leaving it in the hands of some of his now 30 employees. Before he was spending so much time at the restaurant, he served as a radio disc jockey and a director of dramas. It is evident that he takes pride in this restaurant and wants everyone on his team to do so, too. He said as of May 1, the entirely new management philosophy would be in place and everything will be done to the American standard we have come to expect in this country.
King Palace has recently added a small gift shop to the lobby area and Wong pointed out some lovely gifts that would be perfect for Mother's Day or any other occasion. "Our guests can not only come in and eat a good meal. They can let mother pick out something she'd like." They do expect the restaurant to be busy on Mother's Day, but they are prepared and are eager to show off the best Chinese-Japanese buffet in Beaumont.
Brenda Cannon Henley can be reached at (409) 781-8788 or at brendacannonhenley [at] yahoo [dot] com.


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Eminem Named Most Popular Celeb Dad
In a poll that we didn't even know was being conducted, Eminem was voted the Most Popular Celeb Dad by "social network aggregator Starcount." Now, had we known this even existed, we probably would have exhausted our efforts to make Eminem No. 1 simply because of the fact we're still harboring all sorts of crushes on him. It's that bad boy thing. Whatevs.
In a shocking (and somewhat controversial) turn of events, the rapper ultimately beat out President Barack Obama, Michael Jackson, and uh … Homer Simpson, for the title. Dad to his 16-year-old daughter Hallie with ex-wife Kim, he also adopted his niece Alaina and Kim's daughter Whitney. How's that for responsibility?
We're not sure if he knows he received this prestigious title, though. It could be because he's currently working on a follow up album to his 2010 hit 'Recovery,' on Miley Cyrus' new album, which is said to take the star from teen to sexy young adult. Em's also busy promoting the Nintendo Wii game 'Acid Ghost.' All we know is we're excited for Eminem to come back into our lives.
All of Em's responsibilities may explain why he takes his sleep so seriously — chances are he doesn't get much of it! Happy Father's Day, Eminem!


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11641 Beach Blvd, Jacksonville FL, 32246 (Commercial)
3,186 sqft
Status: Active
Full Screen Photos
Last Updated: 4/26/2019 7:37 AM
Description for 11641 Beach Blvd Jacksonville, FL 32246
3,186 (approx)
Listing Information
Room Information
Interior Features
Exterior / Lot Features
Public Water Service
In City, City Road, Paved Road
Driving Directions to 11641 Beach Blvd Jacksonville, FL 32246
Right off 295 beach exit. Next to Lubies Subs across from World Imports.
Financial Considerations for property located at 11641 Beach Blvd Jacksonville, FL 32246
Listing Price History
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Is this your dream Jacksonville FL home located at 11641 Beach Blvd , Jacksonville, FL 32246. Can you picture your family living in this beautiful home? Have we provided enough information about 11641 Beach Blvd to enable you to take the next step in the buying process. If you are ready to view this home just contact the listing professional. 11641 Beach Blvd is a unique home in Jacksonville FL it will become someone's new dream home. Let realtywebhomesforsale.com help you find the Jacksonville, FL homes for sale that meet your individual housing needs, it maybe this beautiful home or another home.
On Realtywebhomesforsale.com you will find every Jacksonville, FL home for sale. You will see the most current properties with all the details, photos, maps, nearby sales information and also neighborhood and school information. Make sure you check out all the other homes for sale in Jacksonville, FL and all the homes for sale in the surrounding Northeast Florida area.
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Jacksonville is located in Florida. Jacksonville, Florida 32246 has a population of 868,031.
The median household income in Jacksonville, Florida 32246 is $46,768. The median household income for the surrounding county is $47,582 compared to the national median of $53,482. The median age of people living in Jacksonville 32246 is 35.6 years.
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By Hindustan Times
Video jockey-turned-actor Ayushmann Khurrana was on cloud nine when superstar Salman Khan asked him for a singing lesson at a recent award function. Ayushamnn, 28, bagged the best singer male award for Paani da rang from his debut film Vicky Donor at the recently held Renault Star Guild
Awards 2013. As he went on stage to collect the award, Ayushmann was overwhelmed when Salman, the host of the event, asked him for a singing lesson.
Ayushmann excitedly agreed and the two of them broke into a live voice training session.
The audience was thoroughly entertained with Salman's effort and attempt at singing the melodious number, which is also penned and composed by Ayushmann.
Conceptualised, produced and promoted by Wizcraft International Entertainment, the award event was attended by known names from the Hindi TV and cinema fraternity.
The event will be telecast on March 24.


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Prior to Monday's market rally, fears of the fiscal cliff had been wreaking havoc on even the most conservative dividend-paying sectors. In the process, even stodgy telecom and utilities ETFs were taken to the woodshed.
With concern running high that a higher dividend tax rate could prompt many companies to forgo dividend increases, the negative price action for these dividend sectors was understandable. Worse yet, that negativity was widespread throughout the universe of decent-to-high yield securities.
Continue Reading Below
In other words, it was not surprising to see ETFs tracking preferred stocks get caught in the downdraft. Take the case of the $10.5 billion iShares S&P U.S. Preferred Stock Index Fund (NYSE:PFF). PFF has a 30-day SEC yield of 5.71 percent and a beta against the S&P 500 of just 0.46, according to iShares data. Those are two factors that have almost certainly increased the allure of this ETF in a yield-starved environment.
However, those traits did not prevent the fund from tumbling as fiscal cliff fears rose. The problem: Probably and excessive weight to financial services stocks. In the case of PFF, various financial services names account for approximately 85 percent of the fund's weight.
PFF's exposure to European banks has made matters all the more difficult recently, but the struggles of this ETF and its rivals obfuscate a critical fact. That being the hybrid nature of preferred stocks. Preferred stocks are not common stocks, nor are they completely debt products either. Rather, preferred stocks share traits of both bonds and common stocks.
The "a ha" moment as it pertains to the fiscal cliff comes from realizing that a company that is paying a preferred dividend had bigger make that payment or risk damage to its credit rating. There is one of the bond aspects of http://www.zennioptical.com/. A company that is consistently in arrears on preferred dividend payments risks a lower credit rating and that leads to higher borrowing costs. The way of explaining this scenario to a second-grader is: "Even if the fiscal cliff comes to pass, why would any company risk damage to its credit rating just because the dividend tax went up?" It is not a good trade.
With that in mind, here are some of the more obscure preferred stock ETFs that might prove durable even in a post-fiscal cliff world.
Global X Canada Preferred ETF (NYSE:CNPF) The Global X Canada Preferred ETF is the first ETF devoted to Canadian preferred stocks, an asset class that should prove desirable because Canadian banks are far less controversial than their U.S. counterparts. That does lead into an important point and that is CNPF is not all that different from a U.S.-focused preferred ETF in that financials account for over 70 percent of this ETF's weight.
Energy and telecom names represent most of the rest of CNPF's sector allocations. The thesis here is simple: International stocks have shareholders in other countries that will not be affected by the fiscal cliff. Meaning international dividend ETFs, of which CNPF is one, could prove to be an excellent fiscal cliff survival tool. Plus, CNPF pays a monthly dividend.
PowerShares Preferred Portfolio (NYSE:PGX) No, it is not fair to refer to an ETF with over $2 billion in assets under management as "obscure," but the PowerShares Preferred Portfolio is somewhat overlooked in comparison to some of its larger rivals. PGX amounts to a good news/bad news type of ETF. Follow along.
Good news: 30-day SEC yield of 6.52 percent. Bad news: More than 91 percent allocated to financials. Good news: PGX pays a monthly dividend. Bad news: A third of the ETF's holdings have non-investment grade ratings. The good news is that PGX can be summed up with two positive tidbits investors need to acknowledge. The overall credit quality of its portfolio is superior to that of PFF's and the ETF's beta is far below that of its iShares rival.
Market Vectors Preferred Securities ex Financials ETF (NYSE:PFXF) The Market Vectors Preferred Securities ex Financials ETF is a case study in how a new ETF that is entering an arena fraught with competition can be successful. Following its July debut, PFXF has $92.3 million in AUM and those inflows have likely been driven by two simple factors. First, PFXF has an expense ratio of 0.4 percent, meaning it is the cheapest preferred ETF on the market.
Second, the fund is not excessively weighted to bank stocks. The exclusion of traditional banking names means a less volatile fund. Simply put, PFXF is doing something right. Since its debut, the fund has outperformed all of the other ETFs highlighted here.
For more on ETFs, click here.
(c) 2012 Benzinga.com. Benzinga does not provide investment advice. All rights reserved.


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2018 Ford Edge SEL White Platinum FWD 6-Speed Automatic EcoBoost 2.0L I4 GTDi DOHC Turbocharged VCT20/29 City/Highway MPG
We understand that protecting your new auto is an important part of your purchase. We have many warranty plans available for you. For more information contact us at 800-583-5615.
Ford Country LV is committed to helping you get in the brand-new luxury vehicle of your choice. We present you with several options for leasing or financing your new vehicle and work with you to find a financial solution that best suits your needs.
Contact us at 800-583-5615 for more information, or fill out our Online Credit Application to begin the pre-approval process today.


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Author Notes: The French have their pillowy, like-a-curdled-creme, soufflé-like version of scrambled eggs. The Latin Americans have their huevos revueltos; the Colombians serve theirs with pillowy arepas. Us Pakistanis&Afghanis have our own version of scrambled eggs, called 'Khagina'. This is a dish which is replete with fresh ingredients and lifted with aromatic spices. It is comfort food, a dish which evokes fragrant memories of childhood in Lahore. The eggs are mopped up with chapati roti (a Pakistani flat bread made out of whole wheat flour) or cushioned on crusty bread, sliced thick. 'Khagina' is a much-loved dish which can be eaten for breakfast and just as easily served as an entrée for lunch or dinner. It is the layering of flavours; nutty, chili & 'herby', which make this a rather special dish.
Making 'Khagina' requires an indulgent amount of butter, but if you want to employ healthy cooking techniques, use 2-3 tbsps of olive oil. You will need a 7-8 inch non-stick frying pan. —shayma
Serves: 4
eggs, (preferably free-range)
teaspoon salt
tablespoons butter (or olive oil)
small white onion, finely chopped
teaspoons cumin seed (zeera)
medium tomato, finely chopped
tablespoons fresh cilantro/coriander (both leaves&stems), finely chopped
thai bird chillies, sliced straight into the mixture in the pan with kitchen shears.
- Break the eggs into a bowl, add salt and whisk lightly together, just enough so that the yolks combine with the whites.
- Place pan over a fairly medium heat, add the butter (or olive oil) and tilt the pan from side to side so the pan is coated evenly. As soon as the butter stops foaming and begins to turn a nutty brown, add the onions and stir for 5-7 minutes till soft and golden.
- Add the cumin seeds and fry for 2 minutes till aromatic.
- To this, add the tomatoes and stir till warmed over and slightly soft. Turn the heat to low.
- Add cilantro, the egg mixture and chilies.
- Continue to stir the eggs swiftly, for another 5-7 minutes, until they are at the point of setting and resemble a soft custard. Make sure to keep scraping the bottom and sides of the pan. Serve immediately; while warm and creamy.
- This recipe is a Community Pick!
- This recipe was entered in the contest for Your Best Brunch Eggs
More Great Recipes:


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Bieber can't exhale
Not when he's popping out his abs for you on Instagram.
Justin Bieber is cut, OK?
He trains with his trainer. He's benefitting from his 19 year old metabolism. The more ripped he's getting, the lower his pants are falling. But not like this:
Bieber is a MAN, yo.
The definition of Man is Muscles. See? SEEEEEE?


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Map of the Indian and Oklahoma territories, 1892 (Library of Congress Geography and Map Division)
Hay Meadow Massacre, Wild Horse Lake, Neutral Strip [Oklahoma], site of mass murder of Kansas posse in "No Man's Land" of Oklahoma Panhandle by pursued party of "boomers", culminating long-standing dispute over claims and entitlements to "free" lands, 1888: photographer unknown, via Skyways image by OneonOne, 2006
Oklahoma Land Rush, 22 April 1889, from McClenny family album, with John Sherwood seen on the white horse, Elias McClenny ahead of him, Fred McClenny just behind him: photographer unknown (National Archives and Records Administration; image by Chris 73, 2010)
Oklahoma City post office, 22 April, 1889: artist unknown, from Harper's Weekly, Saturday 23 April, 1892 (image by Infrogmation, 2008)
Oklahoma City Today -- Main Broadway (view of Oklahoma City, early 1892): artist unknown, from Harper's Weekly, Saturday, 23 April 1892 (image by Infrogmation, 2008)
Guthrie, Oklahoma viewed on April 24, 1889; May 10, 1889; and May 10 1893 during Governor's visit; showing rapid development of the city after land run following "opening" of former Indian lands: photos from E. Benjamin Andrews. History of the United States, Volume V, 1912 (image by SEWilco, 2007)
Gusher, Miller Bros. 101 Ranch, Okemah, Oklahoma, 1922: photo from National Archives and Records Administration (image by PlainEarth, 2007)
Trails of Tears: map of Indian Removals courtesy of Demis from Wilcomb E. Washburn, Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. IV: History of Indian-White Relations, 1988 (image by Nikater, 2007)
Barefoot corpse of Laura Nelson, lynched May 25, 1911, Okemah, Oklahoma. (District Judge Caruthers convened a grand jury in June 1911 to investigate the lynching of Laura Nelson and her son. In his instructions to the jury, he said, "The people of the state have said by recently adopted constitutional provision that the race to which the unfortunate victims belonged should in large measure be divorced from participation in our political contests, because of their known racial inferiority and their dependent credulity, which very characteristic made them the mere tool of the designing and cunning. It is well known that I heartily concur in this constitutional provision of the people's will. The more then does the duty devolve upon us of a superior race and of greater intelligence to protect this weaker race from unjustifiable and lawless attacks"): postcard photo by G.H. Farnum, 1911 (image by Jarekt, 2008)
Birthplace of Woody Guthrie, Okemah vicinity, Okfuskee, Oklahoma; exterior, general view: photo by Walter Smalling, after 1933 (Historic American Buildings Survey, Library of Congress)
Oklahoma Farmers Parade in downtown Coweta, Oklahoma, 1905: photographer unknown (Mission Bell Museum, Coweta, Oklahoma)
Fourth of July, Woodward, Oklahoma, 1912: photo by McDonald Studio, Woodward, Oklahoma (image by Popsiclecrawfish, 2006)
Bird's-eye view of business section, Muskogee, Oklahoma: photographer unknown, from postcard published by the Paul C. Koeber Company, New York, c. 1910 (image by Hugh Manatee, 2009)
Buffalo grazing near buffalo yards, Wichita National Forest, Oklahoma, 1908: photographer unknown (National Archives and Records Administration)


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Savager needed a new web page design and created a contest on 99designs.
A winner was selected from 74 designs submitted by 23 freelance designers.
DBL Solutions is a web design firm in Melbourne. We have a client that has had many troubles with their website in the past. We are looking to change this for them by supplying some great designs and a functional website. The clients name is Houlihans of Brighton.
Houlihans has a cafe/ retail outlet in Brighton Victoria. It has a number of services including a cafe, take home meals and catering services.
Houlihans supplies fresh and exciting food with exception service. The website must convey this. All clients play a central role to the business.
The target audience is primarily for new customers looking for catering services and take home meals. The website should serve as a teaser and engage with the client so as to prompt them to contact Houlihans.
Secondary audience is existing clients that are searching for information about menus etc.
We need a homepage that is contemporary design that highlights the food and service of Houlihans. The logo must be present on the page, but doesn't need to be a focus.
Navigation should include
1. Take Home Meals
2. Catering
3. Cafe
4. About Us
5. Contact Us
Each page will have minimal text and link to a PDF file with full menus and brochures where appropriate.
Images can be downloaded via FTP from
FTP Sever - http://www.dbls.com.au
User Name - firstname.lastname@example.com
Password - 99designs2009!
Homepage and content level page.
holding page at http://www.houlihansofbrighton.com.au
In order below is a list of websites the client likes. They are websites that are competitors. The bossyboots website is the direction that they would like to take.
1. http://www.bossyboots.com.au
2. http://www.lafayettefinefoods.com.au
3. http://www.repleteprovidore.com


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In 1837 John Deere improved agriculture forever when he created the steel plow, which aided pioneers in their farming endeavors. Since then John Deere has built a solid reputation on manufacturing reliable and quality farm equipment. That's why it's no surprise John Deere work boots and shoes are as equally and skillfully crafted. John Deere's heavy-duty footwear features various styles made to fit each person's individual taste. Each pair is constructed with lasting durability made specifically for outdoor working conditions. With the kind of work you do, you can't afford to settle for less than top performance. Your feet deserve a John Deere work boot built from waterproof, barnyard acid-resistant leather. This advanced leather is three times stronger and 2.5 times more abrasion-resistant than conventional leathers. A steel shank passes the "shovel test" for arch protection and comfort. Lateral instep arch stabilizer. Stabilizing heel counter. Gel heel and ball shock absorbers. The self-cleaning, non-marking sole modeled after a tractor tire proves superior durability and traction. Removable AirFlow insole. Plain soft toe.
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It's the deck that created a legend ... and now the very first skateboard that Tony Hawk ever owned is going to be enshrined forever in the Smithsonian!
Hawk just posted a photo of his original beat-up board -- made by the Bahne skateboard company -- and we're guessing the item has got to be worth a friggin' fortune.
The board will officially go into the museum during the Innoskate on June 22 -- an event honoring innovators in skate culture.
Fun Fact -- This will be the SECOND Tony Hawk board in the museum ... just a few years ago, he donated one of his faves that he rode in 1987.
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