text:
Accurately interpreting satellite data is half the job
By JON PERSON
Jon is the author of the GPS.NET Global Positioning SDK component and has consulted for military companies and the Forest Service on GPS solutions. He can be reached at [email protected]
In his article "GPS Programming & .NET" (DDJ, June 2004), Johan Franson examined several fundamental GPS topics, including working with serial ports, detecting data errors, and calculating the distance and bearing with Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinates. Still, there are more questions that need to be addressed, especially for developers who want to write applications for the real world. For instance, what do GPS applications need to be good enough at to pilot airplanes? And how does the process of interpreting GPS data actually work? In this article, I cover both of these topics and present techniques for writing commercial-grade GPS applications that work with most GPS devices available today.
The key to writing GPS-enabled software is being able to interpret raw GPS data. Fortunately, the National Marine Electronics Association (http://www.nmea.org/) has simplified the task with standards that are adhered to by most GPS devices. NMEA data is sent as comma-delimited "sentences," which contain information based on the first word of the sentence. There are more than 50 kinds of sentences, yet an interpreter only needs to handle a few to get the job done. The most common NMEA sentence of all (described by Johan in Table 2 of his article) is the "Recommended Minimum" sentence, which begins with "$GPRMC." For example:
This single sentence contains nearly everything GPS applications needlatitude, longitude, speed, bearing, satellite-derived time, fix status, and magnetic variation.
The Core of an Interpreter
The first step in interpreting raw NMEA data is to build or otherwise utilize an interpreter. To give you a headstart, I present source code from my GPS.NET Global Positioning SDK component (http://www.gpsdotnet.com/). The code is stripped of features such as multithreading and error handling for brevity. The interpreter does two things: separates each sentence into its individual words and examines the first word to figure out what information is available to extract. Listing One is a function that's the start of the interpreter class.
The next step is to perform actual extraction of information, starting with latitude and longitude. Latitude and longitude are stored in the form "DDD¡MM'SS.S," where D represents hours (also called "degrees"), M represents minutes, and S represents seconds. Coordinates can be displayed in shorthand, such as DD¡MM.M' or even DD¡. The fourth word in the sentence, 3939.7, shows the current latitude as hours and minutes (39¡39.7'), except the numbers are squished together. The first two characters (39) represent hours and the remainder of the word (39.7) represents minutes. Longitude is structured the same way, except that the first three characters represent hours (105¡06.6'). Words 5 and 7 indicate the "hemisphere," where N means North, W means West, and so on. The hemisphere is appended to the end of the numeric portion to make a complete measurement.
NMEA interpreters are easier to work with when they are event driven because data arrives in no particular order. An event-driven class gives the interpreter the most flexibility and responsiveness to an application. Consequently, I design the interpreter to report information using events. The first event, PositionReceived, will be raised whenever the current latitude and longitude are received. Listing Two expands the interpreter to report the current position, so that it then can report the current latitude and longitude.
One thing to watch out for here is that some GPS devices report blank values when no information is known. Therefore, it's a good idea to test each word for a value before parsing. If you need to type the degree symbol (¡), hold down the Alt key and type "0176" on the numeric keypad.
Taking Out the Garbage
Each sentence is accompanied by a checksum used to detect any errors in NMEA data. A checksum is calculated as the XOR of bytes between (but not including) the dollar sign ($) and asterisk (*). This checksum is then compared with the checksum from the sentence. If the checksums do not match, the sentence is typically discarded. This is okay to do because the GPS devices tend to repeat the same information every few seconds. I modified Johan's ValidateChecksum method slightly to divide the checksum calculation and comparison procedures, but the technique is still the same. With the ability to compare checksums, the interpreter is able to throw out any sentence with an invalid checksum. Listing Three expands the interpreter to detect errors and parse only error-free NMEA data.
Wireless Atomic Time
Time is the cornerstone of GPS technology because distances are measured at the speed of light. Each GPS satellite contains four atomic clocks that it uses to time its radio transmissions within a few nanoseconds. One fascinating feature is that with just a few lines of code, these atomic clocks can be used to synchronize a computer's clock with millisecond accuracy. The second word of the $GPRMC sentence040302.663contains satellite-derived time in a compressed format. The first two characters represent hours, the next two represent minutes, the next two represent seconds, and everything after the decimal place is milliseconds. So, the time is 4:03:02.663 am. However, satellites report time in universal time (GMT+0), so the time must to be adjusted to the local time zone. Listing Four (available electronically) adds support for satellite-derived time and uses the DateTime.ToLocalTime method to convert satellite time to the local time zone.
Direction and Speed Alerts
GPS devices analyze your position over time to calculate speed and bearing. The $GPRMC sentence previously presented also includes these readings. Speed is always reported in knots and bearing is reported as an "azimuth," a measurement around the horizon measured clockwise from 0¡ to 360¡ where 0¡ represents north, 90¡ means east, and so on. A little math is applied to convert knots into miles per hour. The power of GPS is again demonstrated with one line of code in Listing Five (available electronically) that figures out if a car is over the speed limit.
Are We Fixed Yet?
The $GPRMC sentence also includes a value that indicates whether a "fix" has been obtained. A fix is possible when the signal strength of at least three satellites is strong enough to be involved in calculating your location. If at least four satellites are involved, altitude also becomes known. The third word of the $GPRMC sentence is one of two letters: "A" for "active," where a fix is obtained, or "V" for "invalid" where no fix is present. Listing Six (available electronically) includes code to examine this character and report on the fix status.
As you can see, a lot of information is packed into a single NMEA sentence. Now that the $GPRMC sentence has been fully interpreted, the interpreter can be expanded to support a second sentence$GPGSV. This sentence describes the configuration of satellites overhead, in real time.
Real-Time Satellite Tracking
Knowing the location of satellites is important when determining how precise readings are and how stable a GPS fix is. I address GPS precision later in this article. Here, I focus on interpreting satellite location and signal strength.
There are 24 operational satellites in orbit. Satellites are spaced in orbit so that at any time, a minimum of six satellites will be in view to users anywhere in the world. Satellites are constantly in motion, which is good because it prevents the existence of "blind spots" in the world with little or no satellite visibility. Just like finding stars in the sky, satellite locations are described as the combination of an azimuth and an elevation. Again, azimuth measures a direction around the horizon. Elevation measures a degree value up from the horizon between 0¡ and 90¡, where 0¡ represents the horizon and 90¡ represents "zenith," directly overhead. So, if the device says a satellite's azimuth is 45¡ and its elevation is 45¡, the satellite is located halfway up from the horizon towards the northeast. In addition to location, devices report each satellite's Pseudo-Random Code (PRC), which is a number used to uniquely identify one satellite from another.
Here's an example of a $GPGSV sentence:
Each sentence contains up to four blocks of satellite information, comprised of four words. For example, the first block is "24,82,023,40," the second block is "05,62,285,32," and so on. The first word of each block gives the satellite's PRC. The second word gives each satellite's elevation, followed by azimuth and signal strength. If this satellite information were to be shown graphically, it looks like Figure 1.
Perhaps the most important number in this sentence is the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). This number indicates how strongly a satellite's radio signal is being received. Remember, satellites transmit signals at the same strength but things, such as trees and walls, can obscure a signal beyond recognition. Typical SNR values are between 0 and 50, where 50 means an excellent signal. (SNR can be as high as 99, but I've never seen readings above 50 even in wide open sky.) In Figure 1, the green satellites indicate a strong signal, whereas the yellow satellite signifies a moderate signal. Satellite #1's signal is completely obscured. Listing Seven (available electronically) shows the interpreter after it is expanded to read satellite info.
A World-Class Interpreter
International readers may have spotted a subtle problem early on that was not handled in the source code I've presentednumbers were being reported in the numeric format used in the United States! Countries such as Belgium and Switzerland, which use different formats for numbers, require adjustments to the interpreter in order to work at all. Fortunately, the .NET Framework includes built-in support for converting numbers between different cultures, so the changes to the interpreter required are straightforward. In the interpreter, the only fractional values are speed and bearing, so two changes are necessary. The NmeaCultureInfo variable represents the culture used for numbers within NMEA sentences. The Double.Parse method is then used with this variable to convert speed into the machine's local culture. Listing Eight (available electronically) shows the completed interpreter, ready for use internationally.
Once you understand how an NMEA interpreter extracts words from sentences, you can harness the power of satellites to determine your location, synchronize your computer clock, find your direction, watch your speed, and point to a satellite in the sky on a cloudy day. The interpreter I present here also works with the .NET Compact Framework without any modifications. If sentences were also stored in a file, the interpreter can be used to play back an entire road trip. These are all great features, especially considering the small size of the class, but is this interpreter ready to drive your car and pilot an airplane? Not quite yet. There is one important topic remaining, which is required to make GPS applications safe for the real worldprecision.
High Precision
Although the interpreter I've presented now works with handheld devices and supports international developers, it still isn't necessarily suitable for commercial use because it does not monitor precision. Without precision, applications could end up making unintelligent business decisions such as accidentally telling drivers to turn left into an alley, or worse. Clearly, the issue of "precision" must be addressed if GPS applications are to be smart enough for in-car navigation and reliable enough to autopilot an airplane.
GPS devices calculate your position using a technique called "3D multilateration," which is the process of determining where several spheres intersect. In the case of GPS, each sphere has a satellite at its center; the radius of the sphere is the calculated distance from the satellite to the GPS device. Ideally, these spheres would intersect at exactly one point, causing there to be only one possible solution to the current location, but in reality, the intersection forms more of an oddly shaped area. The device could be located within any point in the area, forcing devices to choose from many possibilities. Figure 2 shows such an area created from three satellites (using the $GPGSV sentence). The current location could be any point within the gray-colored area. Precision is said to be "diluted" by this area, which leads to this article's second focus: dilution of precision. The monitoring and control of dilution of precision (DOP) is the key to writing high-precision applications.
DOP values are reported in three types of measurements: horizontal, vertical, and mean. Horizontal DOP (HDOP) measures DOP as it relates to latitude and longitude. Vertical DOP (VDOP) measures precision as it relates to altitude. Mean DOP, also known as Position DOP (PDOP), gives an overall rating of precision for latitude, longitude, and altitude. Each DOP value is reported as a number between 1 and 50, where 50 represents very poor precision and 1 means ideal accuracy. Table 1 lists what I believe to be an accurate breakdown of DOP values.
Looking again at Figure 2, three satellites created a large area of possible solutions. This situation could be improved by two factors: adding more satellites to the fix, and using satellites evenly distributed throughout the sky. What would Figure 2 look like if the situation was improved like this? Figure 3 shows Figure 2 after three more evenly distributed satellites have been added.As a result, the DOP has been reduced.
Advanced GPS application developers could know if positional readings are precise enough to use just by looking at one $GPGSA sentence. Again, the best DOP ratings occur when there are several satellites involved in a fix and the satellites are evenly distributed throughout the sky and at separate elevationshitting the GPS device from all angles, so to speak.
Determining Precision Needs
The next step is to determine the actual precision needs of an application. As a general rule, an HDOP value of 6 or less is recommended for any application that makes suggestions to the user based on the current location. For example, in-car navigation programs that tell the user to "turn left now" should ignore positional measurements when HDOP is greater than 6.
But is 6 really good enough? How can you figure out which HDOP values to use for your applications? To answer these kinds of questions, use this simple formula:
Accuracy of GPS Device * DOP =
Maximum Allowable Error
This formula uses DOP as a factor of error that, when combined with the accuracy of the GPS device being used, yields the maximum error allowed by a level of DOP in the form of a specific, measurable distance. Another general rule is that typical consumer GPS devices are capable of between 5-7 meters of accuracy without enhancements (such as DGPS or WAAS), or an average of 6 meters. Using the in-car navigation HDOP of 6 and a typical GPS device, the maximum error allowed is 6m * 6 = 36 meters, or 118 feet. Given that a downtown city block is roughly 475 feet square, the maximum allowable error is about a quarter of a city block. This is precise enough to make sure that drivers turn at the correct road. On the other hand, an HDOP of 12 results in an allowable error of half a city block (237 feet), which could cause drivers to turn down an alley accidentally. So, using the formula, it is possible to use an HDOP greater than 6 for in-car navigation, but not by much.
The trick to using this formula is researching real-world distances, especially the smallest important distances. To demonstrate, take a look at golf. Does golf require more precision than in-car navigation? A golf program needs to tell users which golf club to use to make the best shot. Some research into important golf distances finds that for most players, there is a regular distance interval between clubs of about 10-15 yards. Therefore, a golf program needs no more than 10 yards (9.1 meters) of allowable error to consistently suggest the right club. When 9.1 meters is put into the formula as Maximum Allowable Error, the maximum HDOP comes out to 3. So, golfing applications do indeed require about twice the precision as in-car navigation systems.
Why not skip the formulas and always enforce an HDOP of 1? This looks like a reasonable practice, but greater precision requires greater satellite visibility. An in-car navigation system will probably not get an HDOP of 1 (or even 3) downtown because signals are being obscured by buildings. If the enforced HDOP is too small, the application throws out too many positional readings and just sits there while drivers lose patience. Golfing applications, on the other hand, can realistically enforce a small HDOP because they operate in more open sky. The golfer's PDA is likely to have enough sky to pick up several evenly distributed satellites, unless their ball is in the middle of the woods, in which case they're on their own.
To summarize, successful GPS software developers use the formula to determine the largest possible DOP number. This ensures that the application minimizes the most problems due to inaccuracy while at the same time allowing the application to function in the poorest possible satellite visibility conditions. This practice maximizes the value and versatility of any GPS application.
Enforcing Precision
Once the precision needs of a GPS application have been determined, it's time to find out what source code is necessary to extract and enforce maximum DOP values. All DOP measurements are packaged into the $GPGSA sentence every few seconds. Here is a sample of a $GPGSA sentence:
The last three words of this sentence are 2.3, 1.2, and 2.0, representing mean, horizontal, and vertical DOP, respectively. This sentence represents a high- precision environment (suitable enough for both golfing and driving). Using Listing Eight (available electronically), a method called ParseGPGSA is added, which extracts DOP values and reports them via three eventsHDOPReceived, VDOPReceived, and PDOPReceived (see Listing Nine, available electronically).
Enforcing DOP values is the easiest part of the programming process because enforcing precision is a matter of ignoring positional measurements until HDOP is at (or below) the maximum. This can be done in a single if statement. To demonstrate this, I've written a small app (Listing Ten, available electronically) that uses the NMEA interpreter to enforce high precision.
Controlling dilution of precision is the key to writing commercial-grade GPS applications. A basic formula can be applied to determine the maximum allowable error for a particular application. The maximum allowable error should be the greatest possible value that minimizes accuracy problems while maximizing operational conditions.
While this article covered programming techniques for controlling precision, there are several other technologies that I did not cover in detail. For example, when satellite radio signals are transmitted, they are distorted by the troposphere and especially the ionosphere. In fact, satellites very low on the horizon are not good for getting a fix because the signals travel through so much of the troposphere. Precision errors can be compounded by slight inaccuracies in each satellite's ephemeris (its actual position in orbit), its clocks, and something called "multipath" where radio signals that bounce off objects are detected along with the original signal, confusing the device. Technologies such as DGPS, Internet DGPS, SisNet, WAAS, and EGNOS attempt to minimize most of these precision errors by providing corrective data that, when integrated with a device's own data, can improve accuracy down to as little as 1 meter in good conditions. A lot of consumer devices are now being shipped with built-in support for WAAS, but WAAS is still considered experimental and frequently broadcasts that it is in test mode.
There are some applications that require so much precision that they escape the scope of this article and enter the realm of expensive dual-channel receivers and custom ground stations. Yet, GPS is successfully landing planes while you read this, and it is only a matter of time before precision down to a centimeter becomes cost-effective for industry. When that happens, I believe it will cause a critical mass that opens the door to some truly amazing and helpful thingsautomated construction machines, coupons on your cell phone for that restaurant across the street, traffic-control systems that actually take the wheel...and self-guiding golf balls.
'******************************************************* '** The core of an NMEA interpreter '******************************************************* Public Class NmeaInterpreter ' Processes information from the GPS receiver Public Function Parse(ByVal sentence As String) As Boolean ' Divide the sentence into words Dim Words() As String = GetWords(sentence) ' Look at the first word to decide where to go next Select Case Words(0) Case "$GPRMC" ' A "Recommended Minimum" sentence was found! ' Indicate that the sentence was recognized Return True Case Else ' Indicate that the sentence was not recognized Return False End Select End Function ' Divides a sentence into individual words Public Function GetWords(ByVal sentence As String) As String() Return sentence.Split(","c) End Function End ClassBack to article
Listing Two
'******************************************************* '** Extracting information from a sentence '******************************************************* Public Class NmeaInterpreter ' Raised when the current location has changed Public Event PositionReceived(ByVal latitude As String, ByVal longitude As String) ' Processes information from the GPS receiver Public Function Parse(ByVal sentence As String) As Boolean ' Look at the first word to decide where to go next Select Case GetWords(sentence)(0) Case "$GPRMC" ' A "Recommended Minimum" sentence was found! Return ParseGPRMC(sentence) Case Else ' Indicate that the sentence was not recognized Return False End Select End Function ' Divides a sentence into individual words Public Function GetWords(ByVal sentence As String) As String() Return sentence.Split(","c) End Function ' Interprets a $GPRMC message Public Function ParseGPRMC(ByVal sentence As String) As Boolean ' Divide the sentence into words Dim Words() As String = GetWords(sentence) ' Do we have enough values to describe our location? If Words(3) <> "" And Words(4) <> "" And Words(5) <> "" And Words(6) <> "" Then ' Yes. Extract latitude and longitude Dim Latitude As String = Words(3).Substring(0, 2) & "¡" ' Append hours Latitude = Latitude & Words(3).Substring(2) & """" ' Append minutes Latitude = Latitude & Words(4) ' Append the hemisphere Dim Longitude As String = Words(5).Substring(0, 3) & "¡" ' Append hours Longitude = Longitude & Words(5).Substring(3) & """" ' Append minutes Longitude = Longitude & Words(6) ' Append the hemisphere ' Notify the calling application of the change RaiseEvent PositionReceived(Latitude, Longitude) End If ' Indicate that the sentence was recognized Return True End Function End ClassBack to article
Listing Three
'******************************************************* '** Detecting and handling NMEA errors '******************************************************* Public Class NmeaInterpreter ' Raised when the current location has changed Public Event PositionReceived(ByVal latitude As String, ByVal longitude As String) ' Processes information from the GPS receiver Public Function Parse(ByVal sentence As String) As Boolean ' Discard sentence if its checksum does not match calculated checksum If Not IsValid(sentence) Then Return False ' Look at the first word to decide where to go next Select Case GetWords(sentence)(0) Case "$GPRMC" ' A "Recommended Minimum" sentence was found! Return ParseGPRMC(sentence) Case Else ' Indicate that the sentence was not recognized Return False End Select End Function ' Divides a sentence into individual words Public Function GetWords(ByVal sentence As String) As String() Return sentence.Split(","c) End Function ' Interprets a $GPRMC message Public Function ParseGPRMC(ByVal sentence As String) As Boolean ' Divide the sentence into words Dim Words() As String = GetWords(sentence) ' Do we have enough values to describe our location? If Words(3) <> "" And Words(4) <> "" And Words(5) <> "" And Words(6) <> "" Then ' Yes. Extract latitude and longitude Dim Latitude As String = Words(3).Substring(0, 2) & "¡" ' Append hours Latitude = Latitude & Words(3).Substring(2) & """" ' Append minutes Latitude = Latitude & Words(4) ' Append the hemisphere Dim Longitude As String = Words(5).Substring(0, 3) & "¡" ' Append hours Longitude = Longitude & Words(5).Substring(3) & """" ' Append minutes Longitude = Longitude & Words(6) ' Append the hemisphere ' Notify the calling application of the change RaiseEvent PositionReceived(Latitude, Longitude) End If ' Indicate that the sentence was recognized Return True End Function ' Returns True if a sentence's checksum matches the calculated checksum Public Function IsValid(ByVal sentence As String) As Boolean ' Compare the characters after the asterisk to the calculation Return sentence.Substring(sentence.IndexOf("*") + 1) = GetChecksum(sentence) End Function ' Calculates the checksum for a sentence Public Function GetChecksum(ByVal sentence As String) As String ' Loop through all chars to get a checksum Dim Character As Char Dim Checksum As Integer For Each Character In sentence Select Case Character Case "$"c ' Ignore the dollar sign Case "*"c ' Stop processing before the asterisk Exit For Case Else ' Is this the first value for the checksum? If Checksum = 0 Then ' Yes. Set the checksum to the value Checksum = Convert.ToByte(Character) Else ' No. XOR the checksum with this character's value Checksum = Checksum Xor Convert.ToByte(Character) End If End Select Next ' Return the checksum formatted as a two-character hexadecimal Return Checksum.ToString("X2") End Function End ClassBack to article


text: Finally, I am back in the "blogosphere" with a new home for my blog, Fluid Power Talk. When Google took it down several months ago, we tried to get it back up but no such luck. I'm glad to be hosted on our own website now, anyway, so be sure to check back regularly and read news items, articles, and just plain old opinions about fluid power, technology, and engineering in general.

subset: commoncrawl


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Based on the hugely popular Practical Wire Antennas by John Heys, G3BDQ this book is significantly expanded and fully revised for the 21st Century. Nearly doubling in size with even more practical, complete and easy to understand designs for a wide range of wire antennas.
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text:
Current Law Students / Legal Market in 5 years« on: August 28, 2009, 02:44:03 PM »
Hey, I've always wanted be a lawyer, I've done internships and it's only increased my desire. I've also never had ridiculous dreams about big law, all I've wanted to be is a public defender in Cook County (or anywhere really). Unfortunately, the news I've been hearing lately has really been killing me. I'm 1.5 years from graduating from college, and I'm 5 years away from graduating law school. I currently have a 3.95 GPA and I've been practicing in the mid to high 160s. I know I won't get top14, but I should have a good shot at top 30, at the very least. I've always been a hard worker, but that doesn't mean anything I guess. The recession hit, times got hard, but I always counted on things improving in the legal field in 5 years. Now, though, people keep telling me the opposite. I'm honestly unsure of what to do, and I was wondering if you guys had any views on how the legal field will be in 5 years?


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Throughout The Car Industry
Articles By chris weiss
Tue, Jul 8, 2014 at 1:52PM by Chris Weiss
Like it or not, a world in which cars are capable of driving themselves is gradually becoming reality. Daimler... Read More
Wed, Jun 25, 2014 at 4:26PM by Chris Weiss
The Volkswagen Beetle has a long, illustrious history in the dune buggy world, having served as the inspiration... Read More
Tue, Jun 24, 2014 at 2:06PM by Chris Weiss
Ever since the Tesla Roadster retired a few years back, the world of electric vehicles has been a little... Read More
Fri, Jun 20, 2014 at 10:39AM by Chris Weiss
The "Ford Lightweight Concept" won't win any prizes for naming creativity, but it could very... Read More
Wed, Jun 11, 2014 at 1:14PM by Chris Weiss
Honda launched the 2015 Pilot earlier this month, and the eight-person sports utility vehicle gets a new... Read More
Wed, Jun 4, 2014 at 11:31AM by Chris Weiss
Fresh off a world debut at the recent Geneva Motor Show, the McLaren 650S has gotten some special treatment... Read More
Mon, Jun 2, 2014 at 1:53PM by Chris Weiss
Many cars and concept cars could be thought of as functional art, but the BMW Art Cars are through-and-through... Read More
Fri, May 2, 2014 at 4:06PM by Chris Weiss
The Mercedes SLS AMG has never felt long in the tooth, looking as good now as it did when it was introduced... Read More
Sat, Apr 26, 2014 at 9:16AM by Chris Weiss
The 2014 New York International Auto Show is going on now at the Jacob Javits Center in Manhattan. That means... Read More
Thu, Apr 17, 2014 at 3:16PM by Chris Weiss
In a few years, all new cars will be required to have rear-view camera systems, based on a recent ruling... Read More
Sat, Mar 22, 2014 at 9:22AM by Chris Weiss
No other manufacturer seems to be researching new technologies and publicizing their efforts quite like Volvo.... Read More
Tue, Mar 18, 2014 at 1:17PM by Chris Weiss
Usually a Nissan sedan concept car wouldn't be interesting enough to intrigue us more than a month before... Read More
Wed, Feb 26, 2014 at 11:59AM by Chris Weiss
As convenient as online shopping is for the consumer, it's not without its disadvantages. Missed deliveries... Read More
Tue, Feb 25, 2014 at 8:56AM by Chris Weiss
Renault is a marque that doesn't get a whole lot of buzz outside of Europe, but it's fixing to change... Read More
Fri, Jan 17, 2014 at 11:50AM by Chris Weiss
Last week, all eyes were on the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas. One of the biggest themes at this... Read More
Fri, Jan 10, 2014 at 9:44AM by Chris Weiss
In past years, the North American International Auto Show marked the official beginning of the auto new year.... Read More
Wed, Jan 8, 2014 at 1:04PM by Chris Weiss
Looking to get the utility of a crossover with a little boost in mileage? The 2014 Nissan Pathfinder Hybrid... Read More
Mon, Dec 30, 2013 at 11:03AM by Chris Weiss
We've been following news of Detroit-bound debuts and concept cars, and it looks like we have a lot more... Read More
Thu, Dec 26, 2013 at 11:06AM by Chris Weiss
For the average Joe and Jane, December is a time for hurried holiday preparations and family. For the auto... Read More
Wed, Dec 18, 2013 at 1:57PM by Chris Weiss
The sub-$30K entry level segment has been a fertile planting ground for luxury car makers of late, sprouting... Read More


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Representatives from more than 80 countries met in Brussels on May 15 to pledge their support for Mali, which is recovering from political upheaval and the occupation of its northern territory by rebels and terrorist groups.
Nancy Lindborg, USAID's Assistant Administrator for the Bureau of Democracy, Conflict, and Humanitarian Assistance, and I announced an additional $32 million in new U.S. humanitarian assistance to support Malians affected by the crisis.
French and African military forces intervened in January after terrorist and extremist groups moved southward toward Mali's capital.
Now, following security gains made by French and African military forces and the progress made by Mali's transitional government to hold elections in July 2013, the international community gathered to help Mali lay the groundwork for a stable and successful future.
The Assistant Administrator emphasized that the full range of development assistance comes with important conditions: Mali must make progress to return to its democratic roots and reconcile ethnic and regional differences that this conflict has exacerbated.
Mali needs a security sector that respects civilian authority, can control territory, and defend its borders. Those who have committed grave crimes must be brought to justice.
Mali is also struggling with a widespread humanitarian crisis caused by regional food insecurity and aggravated by 18 months of conflict.
More than 475,000 Malians have been displaced, moving their families to safer regions of Mali or becoming refugees in neighboring countries.
The new assistance to Mali builds on the significant ongoing commitment of the United States to address the crisis there.
Although direct assistance to the government was terminated after the coup, the United States continues to provide more than $7 million in democracy assistance programming, $83 million in health support, and more than $180 million in humanitarian assistance to Mali and Malian refugees.
The United States has also continued to provide $4.8 million in peace and security assistance and $33.5 million in economic growth programming for Mali.
On the security side, the United States will provide up to $96 million in support of the African-led International Support Mission in Mali (AFISMA) and has already provided $19.1 million for aerial refueling and lift for French and African forces in support of their military efforts in Mali.
The United States will be a major contributor to the United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA), following the transition of AFISMA to the new UN peacekeeping mission in July.
The UN mission takes a comprehensive approach to addressing the crisis in Mali -- an approach that prioritizes not only the need to confront the immediate security challenges in the country, but also to return to democracy, protect civilians and human rights, deliver humanitarian assistance, and promote national reconciliation, justice, and accountability.
This is the approach that the international community must continue as we build on the momentum generated in the Mali Donors' Conference to support Mali during this critical period of transition and recovery.
About the Author: Donald Y. Yamamoto serves as the Acting Assistant Secretary for African Affairs.


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Checking in on… the Missouri ValleyPosted by Brian Goodman on December 12th, 2010
Patrick Marshall of White & Blue Review is the RTC correspondent for the Missouri Valley Conference.
A Look Back
- ACC Beatings: The Missouri Valley Conference was featured this week in a pair of games on Wednesday night—a sort of ACC/MVC challenge. It wasn't much of a challenge for Duke and North Carolina to dispose of Bradley and Evansville both by over 25 points. Fans love the idea of the matchups, but the end result on national TV may not be the best for the league.
- Missouri State Quietly Consistent: Everyone anointed Wichita State the preseason favorites. Some thought Creighton was ready to break out even with a new coach. There were others that said Northern Iowa would just reload. But very quietly, Missouri State has strung together the most consistency so far. They put up over 100 points last weekend against Central Arkansas and rode a four-game winning into Saturday's game with Oklahoma State. Granted, they haven't won against the best teams they have played (Tennessee, Oklahoma State and Tulsa), but are at least not losing to teams they shouldn't.
- Scoring Drought: The Missouri Valley Conference against Iowa, Duke and North Carolina this week were only able to score as many as 49 points. Against Iowa, Northern Iowa's cold shooting woes only garnered them 39 points. Evansville hosted North Carolina but could muster only 49 points while Bradley went to Duke and only put up 48. The conference was 4-6 this last week because they could not score any points – aside from a few "Power Six" foes, the MWC played good defense, as reflected by the opponent scoring totals.
- MVC As A One-Bid League: It is becoming clearer that the MVC is going to be a one-bid league this season. Through Saturday's games, the league is an unimpressive 49-38. A lot of losses have come against teams the league has no business playing at this point. As Kyle Whelliston wrote this week, the Valley needs to start playing regularly against teams in leagues currently around them to bring the league back up.
- Player of the Week: — Dwayne Lathan, Indiana State: Lathan is starting to come on for the Sycamores. Against DePaul last week, Lathan had 24 points, five rebounds, six assists, two steals and two blocks. If Indiana State is going to surprise people this season come conference play, Lathan will have to carry the team on his shoulders.
- Newcomer of The Week — Doug McDermott, Creighton: McDermott is the only consistent newcomer right now. He continues the start of his career of scoring in double figures in every game he has played and is currently ahead of pace on Creighton's all-time leading scorer, Rodney Buford.
Power Rankings (Record) (Last week's rank)
- Missouri State (6-3) (1)—Missouri State is on a roll right now (outside of Saturday's loss to Oklahoma State) and seem to be the most consistent in the league routing Central Arkansas 101-61 with six players in double figures. Will Creekmore, who is one of only two players in the league to score in double figures every game this season is dealing with a dislocated finger on his non-shooting hand. With Adam Leonard struggling and having health issues, Creekmore will be needed to team with Kyle Weems to keep their pace going.
- Wichita State (6-2) (2)—The Shockers have been flying off of everyone's radar after their failure at San Diego State. Their problem right now is that they play in spurts but cannot put together a long stretch of consistent play. They have a game against Alabama A&M on Monday to try and get more consistency before taking on LSU after finals.
- Illinois State (7-3) (3)—Illinois State still has a ways to go, but they are still sitting towards the top this week because the rest of the league does not want to play any better. Against Ohio, D.J. Cooper, a player who ISU head coach Tim Jankovich tried heavily to recruit, torched the Redbirds for 29 points including the game-winner. Justin Clark is hoping to get on track. He was 0-for-17 from three point range before hitting one against Ohio this week.
- Northern Iowa (4-3) (5)— Speaking of the three pointer, the Panthers were 6-30 from the arc against Iowa in their 51-39 loss on Tuesday. Northern Iowa is 1-22 all time in Iowa City and are probably glad they don't come back for another couple of years. With a rebuilding team like Northern Iowa, they take one step forward and then two steps back. The Panthers made it 19 wins in a row at home by beating Morehead State Saturday night.
- Creighton (4-4) (7)—The Bluejays have lost to a top 25 team, a potential top 25 team, the coach's former team and their in-state rival in a span of two weeks. After the loss to Nebraska on Sunday, the new coaching staff probably suffered their first negative reaction from fans during the transition to Greg McDermott. Kenny Lawson will get some help down in the post with Gregory Echenique becoming eligible at the end of the first semester this week. Echenique wants to live up to the expectations many have already put upon him.
- Southern Illinois (5-4) (8)— Southern Illinois won two straight this week before heading to Western Kentucky. The Salukis will not play another game for 11 days. It will be interesting to see whether the time off will help them regroup before conference season. What has emerged for Southern Illinois is their frontline of Carlton Fay, Gene Teague and Mamadou Seck. Lowery made the tweek to the lineup by starting Seck and it appears to be paying off.
- Evansville (4-4) (4)—Evansville started their week off with a one-point loss to Air Force in the MVC/MWC challenge, but then had the opportunity to take on North Carolina. The Tar Heels ran out early against the Purple Aces and didn't look back. Clint Hopf and Tyler Zeller are both local products, but never faced each other until this game. Evansville hopes to rebound against Middle Tennessee this week as they finish up a same season home and home with them. The Aces lost to Middle Tennessee in their first meeting this season.
- Indiana State (4-5) (9)— After being called out for lack of toughness in the loss against Wyoming last week, they bounced back to beat DePaul for the first time since 1979—In the Final Four with Larry Bird with the Sycamores. Indiana State is slowly climbing the ladder as they appear to be coming together as a team.
- Bradley (4-5) (6)—Bradley is in shambles right now. The Braves have lost five in a row after starting out 4-0 and the blasting at Duke this week has not helped things. They have to put the pieces back together and Jim Les thinks that, "They are close to turning this thing around." One bright spot was the emergence of freshman Walt Lemon, Jr. leading Bradley in scoring against Duke. Their next game is not until December 20.
- Drake (3-4) (10)— Drake broke a three-game losing streak with a gutsy win at Eastern Michigan last week. Drake returned to the Knapp Center for the first time in a month with their game on Sunday against Boise State. Frank Wiseler is gradually coming back from his Achilles injury that he suffered over the summer. With the Valley suffering like they are, don't be surprised if the Bulldogs are able to take advantage of things once conference season rolls around.
A Look Ahead
With finals week this week, there are limited choices, but some games worth paying attention to once the weekend arrives.
- 12/18—Idaho State @ Creighton (ESPN Full Court)—Many Creighton fans had this date circled on their camera for the debut of Rutgers transfer Gregory Echenique. The Bluejays specifically tried to schedule three games between now and the conference opener on December 29 to get Echenique some playing time.
- 12/18—Iowa @ Drake (Local TV)—The battle for Iowa supremacy concludes as the Hawkeyes visit the Knapp Center. The Bulldogs need this win not only for them, but to help the conference profile.
- 12/18—Indiana State vs. Purdue at Conseco Fieldhouse (Big Ten Network)—The Sycamores and Boilermakers get together for the Boilermaker Blockbuster which was revived for the first time since 2003.
- 12/18—Wichita State vs. LSU in Bossier City, LA (Local TV)—This closes out a three-game series between these two teams where each team played on their home court and the final game of the series was at a neutral site. But in reality it is basically a home game for the Tigers in this one. Wichita State needs this one to get a key win on their resume. LSU is not the answer, but they are still a Power Six conference team.
- 12/18—St. Louis @ Missouri State (No TV)—This is a rare A-10 vs. MVC matchup in this one. Both teams want to make noise in their respective conferences, so this should be a good game, but too bad it is not on TV.


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Still with me? Here's the deal: I will send you a free, autographed copy of my new book in exchange for your promise to blog about it. No, you don't have to post a wildly complimentary review. All I'm asking is that you tell people about my book. You might choose to review it, or to post an interview with me, or you may do something else entirely. Hey, it's your blog.
Your post must appear on a weekday (because blog readership is way down on weekends) during the month of February. If you e-mail me when you post, I'll give you a shout-out from my blog and publicly thank you for helping to spread the word about my book.
Your post must include a link to my blog, my website, and my book's page at Amazon.com. You must mention my name and the book's title, publisher, and on-sale date. Do all of that in your own special way or just copy and paste the following (make sure you get all of the links working--if you need help on that, e-mail me):
From Steeple Hill Love Inspired
Visit Brenda's blog, No rules. Just write.
Please forward this post to any of your blogging buds who may be interested. I've earmarked 30 books for this experiment, but I'll send out more copies if I'm in the mood and the requests come in early. (Note: Members of the Christian Fiction Blog Tours syndicate should not respond to this offer, but sign up with T. L. Hines to participate in the March 1-3 blog tour. Yes, I'm offering books to those folks, too.)
Ready to order your free book? Send an e-mail containing your full name and mailing address, a link to your blog, and your promise to follow all of these instructions to the best of your ability to: firstname.lastname@example.com
Putting an offer like this on the internet is sure to attract a few crazies, so here's a disclaimer: A Family Forever is a romance novel meant to appeal to individuals who espouse traditional Christian values. If I suspect your intent in requesting a book might be to ridicule those principles or make fun of romance novels, I'm not going to waste my time and money on you. That said, if you're a fairminded individual who is honestly curious about inspirational romance novels and would like to try one (and blog about it), please let me know.
Thursday, January 26
More info on this promotion.


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Official Support at IRC
Click the "aptosid IRC" icon at your desktop or use your favorite IRC client (there are many, aptosid comes with Konversation or xchat and Irssi already pre-installed), using the following settings:
- Network: irc.oftc.net
- Port: 6667
- Channel: #aptosid
Alternatively, you may use browser based IRC:
#aptosid is our main support channel, everyone is welcome there who needs support with aptosid - or is willing and able to support other users. Provide the info you are asked for, and make use of external services (pastebin) if you post more than 3 lines. After asking please be patient, it might take a while until a supporter will have time to help you.
The channel language in the main is English and other languages are welcome. Please understand that people from all over the world are using the channel, and abusing the channel for private or off topic talk is unfriendly and lacking respect for those other users. We do provide several other channels (please see listing below) with a more relaxed policy, some of them dedicated to off topic social talk.
As a supporter, please try to be precise and helpful, avoid guessing and confusion. Help our users to find solutions for future problems on their own in our manuals and the forums. If you do not know proper solutions to support questions, please do not answer them. If you are in a bad mood or tired, better stay away from answering questions.
Rude behavior, personal attacks, offending language, ongoing abuse for off-topic talk, and any kind of spam or commercial promotion is not tolerated. People who continue to abuse the channel after being warned and pointed to this very page will be temporary removed. You may contact one of our moderators in the support forums via private message for any questions regarding this policy.
Many newcomers are directed into the channel via the link we provide at the aptosid desktop. Some of them are using IRC the first time in their life, so be friendly and patient with them. You may help them making use of our Bot Aynos, or point them to fitting pages in our official manuals.
Thank you for making our support channel a friendly and effective place.
Besides the official support channel, we provide several specialized channels:
- #aptosid-art - the aptosid art & design team
- #aptosid-docs - aptosid documentation, translation
- #aptosid-mirror - co-ordination of aptosid mirrors
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- #aptosid-it - the Italian speaking aptosid community
- #aptosid-fr - the French speaking aptosid community
- #aptosid-pub - our offtopic/fun hangout for aptosid users


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The International School for Holocaust Studies
- Adelson Family Foundation
- Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany
- The International Commission on Holocaust Era Insurance Claims
- The Asper Foundation
- Dutch Jewish Humanitarian Fund
- Genesis Philanthropy Group
- The Kennedy Leigh Charitable Trust
- Edmond J. Safra Philanthropic Foundation
- World Holocaust Forum Foundation
- The Ted Arison Family Foundation
- Gandel Philanthropy
- The Salomea Gruener Endowment Fund
- Tessler Rudolph and Edith
- The Winnick Family Foundation
- The Najmann Family
The Adelson Family Foundation was established in 2007 by Dr. Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson.
The primary purpose of the Foundation is to strengthen the State of Israel and the Jewish people.
The Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany works to secure compensation and restitution for survivors of the Holocaust.
Since 1951, the Claims Conference - working in partnership with the State of Israel - has negotiated for and distributed payments from Germany, Austria, other governments, and certain industry; recovered unclaimed German Jewish property; and funded programs to assist the neediest Jewish victims of Nazism.
ICHEIC was established in 1998 following negotiations among European insurance companies and U.S. insurance regulators, as well as representatives of international Jewish and survivor organizations and the State of Israel.
ICHEIC's settlement agreements with various insurance companies and the German Foundation "Remembrance, Responsibility, and Future" provide for funds to be made available for humanitarian purposes related to the Holocaust.
The ICHEIC Program for Holocaust Education in Europe is charged with preserving and perpetuating the memory of the Holocaust and its lessons, combating the rise in antisemitism, safeguarding human rights and preventing racism and xenophobia.
Established in April 2002, The Asper International Holocaust Studies Program at the International School for Holocaust Studies at Yad Vashem supports a biannual international conference on Holocaust education, professional development seminars for teachers at Yad Vashem and abroad.
As a result of the generous support of the Asper Foundation, Winnipeg, Canada, major efforts have been made over the past few years to promote Holocaust education. It appears that teachers not only need to learn more about the facts of what happened during the Holocaust, but also be better equipped on how to approach the teaching of this difficult and complex subject matter in their classrooms. Our mission is to provide teachers with study seminars and in-service training courses that include both factual knowledge and pedagogical guidelines on how to teach the Holocaust.
The Dutch Jewish Humanitarian Fund (JHF) started operating in 2002. The organization was established as a result of the negotiations on Jewish war claims in the Netherlands. In 1999 and 2000 the Dutch government, the Netherlands Bankers' Association, the Association of Insurers, the Amsterdam Stock Exchange Association, and the Amsterdam EOE Index acknowledged that the process for restitution of money and stolen goods by the Nazis following the Second World War was unsatisfactory. In a historic settlement, with the Central Jewish Board of the Netherlands (CJO) and Platform Israel (representative organization of Dutch Jews in Israel), 347 million euros was collectively provided to the Dutch-Jewish community. Of this amount, 181.51 million euros was contributed by the Dutch government.
The Jewish community saw this settlement as supporting its position that whatever possessions could not be returned to the individuals entitled to them or their heirs after the Shoah should be entrusted to the Jewish community in the Netherlands, as moral heir of the Dutch Shoah victims.
In the settlement between the Dutch Jewish community, the Platform Israel, and the Dutch government, it was agreed to allocate part of the Dutch government's contribution toward a fund to support projects dedicated to restoring Jewish life in former communist countries, providing Jewish education, promoting mutual respect between people, and supporting civilian victims in war zones. The JHF was conceived as a joint initiative of the Dutch government and the Dutch-Jewish community. The formal background of the Dutch Jewish Humanitarian Fund can be found in the letter of the Dutch government to parliament of 21 March 2000 (Tweede Kamer, vergaderjaar 1999/2000, 25839, no. 13).
Since 2002, when the Foundation was established and announcements placed in newspapers, the JHF has disbursed annual grants to qualified projects.
The mission of Genesis Philanthropy Group is to develop and enhance Jewish identity among Russian-speaking Jews worldwide, with a particular emphasis on the former Soviet Union, North America, and Israel, where up to three million Russian-speaking Jews reside.
We are committed to supporting and launching projects, programming, and institutions that are focused on ensuring that Jewish culture, heritage, and values are preserved in Russians-speaking Jewish communities across the globe. We believe that informed and engaged Russian-speaking Jews will enrich their communities, strengthen the Jewish people, and contribute to the betterment of humanity.
The Kennedy Leigh Charitable Trust is a Family Trust founded by the late Michael Kennedy Leigh. Based in London, the Trust supports various projects in Britain and Israel.
Edmond J. Safra created a major philanthropic foundation to ensure that needy individuals and organizations would continue to receive assistance and encouragement for many years to come. Following his passing in 1999, and now under the chairmanship of his beloved wife Lily, the Edmond J. Safra Philanthropic Foundation draws continuing inspiration from its founder's life and values. With Mrs. Safra's leadership, the Foundation has assisted hundreds of organizations in over 50 countries around the world, and its work encompasses four grantmaking areas: Education; Science and Medicine; Religion; and Humanitarian Assistance, Culture, and Social Welfare.
The World Holocaust Forum Foundation is an international organization dedicated to preserving the memory of the Holocaust and its important lessons for all of humanity. The Foundation has been charged with two major functions. The first of which is the organization and administration of International Holocaust Forums on a continuing basis. The Forums are unique in that they call for the direct participation of World Leaders in the examination and the advancement of Holocaust awareness and commemoration in their respective nations and throughout the world. Moreover, the Forum will monitor the state of global anti-Semitism and will work in conjunction with the respective world leaders for its eradication.
The Foundation's second major function is the creation and administration of the European Holocaust education program. Founded upon the initiative of Yad Vashem and the European Jewish Congress, the education program will commence with teaching seminars that will create a core of European educators that will be able to disseminate Holocaust education throughout the various European nations. This core of educators will in turn be able to instruct other educators in each of the individual nations as well as prepare instruction materials in each of the European languages. Furthermore, the materials will be culturally sensitive so that this essential information can be imparted in the most efficient manner.
The Foundation was established in 2005 following the First International Holocaust Forum in Krakow, Poland and marked the sixtieth anniversary of the liberation of KL Auschwitz-Birkenau. Recognizing that the world will soon lose the last of the survivors of the Holocaust and in light of the troubling upsurge of global anti-Semitism, the World Holocaust Forum Foundation is committed to eternalizing the knowledge and understanding of the Holocaust and to foster tolerance between religions and nationalities in the aspiration of eliminating all forms of anti-Semitism, racism, and xenophobia. The Foundation currently has offices in Moscow, Geneva, and Jerusalem.
Viatcheslav Moshe Kantor, the founder of the Forum, is a prominent public personality, international philanthropist and entrepreneur, who has greatly contributed to revitalizing Jewish life inside and outside Europe.
The Ted Arison Family Foundation was established in 1993 by the late businessman Ted Arison and his daughter, Shari.
The Foundation's worldview is giving that is based on three core Jewish values: Tzedakah, charity; Hesed, acts of loving-kindness; and Tikkun Olam, transforming the world - in the hope of bringing about essential change, encouraging excellence and social responsibility, and building a better society.
The private, family-held Foundation does not raise funds from outside sources.
Each year, the Foundation donates to various projects and to hundreds of associations and organizations that are active in the fields of health care; education; children and youth; culture, the arts and sports; populations in distress; disabilities; and scholarships and research.
The foundation kindly supports the program of training Israeli peripheral teachers to teach the Holocaust.
Gandel Philanthropy, originally founded in 1978, is the main vehicle of philanthropy for John and Pauline Gandel of Melbourne, Australia, and involves their entire family. All their married life, John and Pauline have worked together in the community and are known for their generosity and commitment to both Israeli, Jewish and general causes.
Salomea Wiener was born in 1911 in Krakow. She lived with her parents until the outbreak of the war. Subsequently she and her fiancé, Henryk Gruener, left for Lviv, where they married in 1940. Towards the end of 1940, Salomea and Henryk Gruener were arrested and deported by Soviet authorities to Central Asia. Released in 1941, they joined the Polish army formed by Gen. Wladyslaw Anders in the USSR. Salomea and her husband worked for the army until 1945, initially in Teheran and then in Bombay, from where they emigrated to Australia after demobilization. In July 1942, Salomea's parents were shot to death in the Krakow ghetto.
Salomea's husband died in Melbourne, Australia, and since then she lived alone and childless, but with a close group of friends – mainly Jewish and mainly Holocaust survivors. In her latter years, Salomea lived at the Jewish Care facility in Melbourne. She had out-lived most of her friends by the time she passed away, and regretfully her funeral was a lonely affair.
Her commitment to the Jewish people is admirably testified by her substantial bequest to Yad Vashem and the establishment of the The Salomea Gruener Yad Vashem Scholarship.
Before World War II, Rudolph Tessler lived with his family in the town of Viseu-de-Sus in Romania; at that time it was home to 5,000 Jews. A large synagogue dominated the center of the city. Family and Middot were the center of his life, and the importance of his faith, his family was Hasidic, was evident in the celebrations of each holiday.
This came to an end when all of the Jewish people of this area were loaded onto trains during April and May 1944. Under the guise of being taken into Hungary to work in labor camps, between 8,000 and 14,000 Jews from this region were taken to Auschwitz instead.
As Rudolph Tessler's mother Esther Tessler stepped from the train in Auschwitz, shortly before she was sent to the gas chamber, she heard "Hello, Esther." In a polite tone, a young German SS officer greeted her as he would any old friend. His family lived down the road from the Tessler family in Viseu-de-Sus. They, like the rest of the town, admired Esther for her wonderful cooking, particularly the delicious cakes she brought them each Christmas. Now he ushered her and six of her children to their deaths.
In his memoir, Letter to my Children, From Romania to America via Auschwitz Rudolph wrote the following:
"Sixty-seven members of my family—my mother, her father, my three sisters, three of my brothers, and many aunts, uncles, and cousins—were murdered at Auschwitz." Of the thousands packed in trains and transported from Viseu to Auschwitz, just a small group survived to see liberation. Among the survivors were Tessler, his father, and two of his brothers – Hasidic Jews caught in the chaos and terror of the Holocaust.
Tessler's upbringing had emphasized community and family devotion—traits not forgotten in the concentration camps, where he and his family members often rescued one another from certain death. Few fathers and sons survived the concentration camps together. In spite of the odds, Tessler and his brother Buroch managed to stick together, sharing their father's labor assignments to protect him from death, preserving not only their family bond but also their spirituality. Tessler's father, always a source of strength and guidance to his family, provided counsel to many prisoners in the camp and eventually assumed the role of rabbi.
After surviving the selection in Birkenau, the Tessler's were sent to the Warsaw Ghetto as slave laborers to help clean up the rubble after the uprising of the previous year. In the summer of 1944, they were taken on a death march to Muhldorf-Waldlager, a camp near Dachau.
Despite an environment in which their captors tried to reduce them to animals, Tessler's remaining family and seven other Jews from Viseu made a special effort to observe their faith. Bending rules in ways that risked their lives, they worked together to smuggle wheat, grind it into flour, and bake matzos to distribute for Passover. The group also secretly gathered to pray on the eve of Rosh Hashanah. These religious observances offered some comfort in the camp.
After liberation, Rudolph spent time at the Funk Kasserne camp, a transient DP camp in Munich and left to America on the Ernie Pyle September 13th, 1947. Over the next couple of years he worked as a waiter and brought his father and brothers, Mendel and Boruch, to America in 1949.
Rudolph met Edith Hoffman in New York City in 1950. Edith was originally from Papa, Hungary. Prior to the Shoah, her family had lived there for close to 200 years. They were an extremely wealthy and prominent family; her great grandfather was the Chasam Sofer, the renowned rabbi of Bratislava. She was the youngest survivor of a family of ten children. Her parents and seven brothers and sisters were murdered at Auschwitz, Bergen-Belsen and Muhldorf as were her brother-in-law, nieces and nephew. Edith was one of the 25,000 Jewish women who were prisoners at Bergen-Belsen at the war's end, and was just 17 years old when liberated. After the war, she recuperated in Sweden for close to three years and then came to America and lived with her sister Rose and her brother-in-law Marvin. After a courtship of several months Rudolph and Edith were married in 1951.
Shortly afterwards, they moved to Chicago Rudolph worked as a tailor for nearly two decades until he saved enough money to start a real estate business. With Edith by his side the business grew considerably.
Rudolph became a successful businessman. Always prioritizing the values of humanity, family and community in his work, he dedicated a major part of his life to public service, as did Edith. Together they donated generously to Israeli health care and educational institutions. In addition, The Tessler family are dedicated friends of Yad Vashem and are deeply committed to Holocaust remembrance. They have three children, Florence, David and Mordy and many grandchildren.
The Winnick Family Foundation was founded by Karen and Gary Winnick in 1983.
The Foundation focuses giving in the program areas of education, literacy, health care, art, culture, animal welfare and the needs of the worldwide Jewish community.
The Foundation encourages project-specific programs but also selectively supports capital campaigns and unrestricted gifts to grantee organizations.
Chuno Najmann was born in 1898 in Zdunska Wola, near Lodz, Poland, to an orthodox family of humble means. Blima Najmann, née Konopinski, was born in 1906 in Sosnowiec, near Krakow, Poland.
During the First World War, south-west Poland was occupied by the Imperial German Army, whose policy at the time towards boys nearing military age was deportation to Germany as forced laborers. Chuno was sent to Breslau, the capital of Upper Silesia (now Poland and renamed Wroclaw) to work on the railways.
After the war he stayed in Breslau and in 1924 married Blima Konopinski, the sister of a friend who had arrived under similar circumstances. He was 26 years old; she was 18.
Chuno worked in the textile trade and they made a comfortable home, rich in Jewish tradition for their four children: Isaak (John), born in 1924; Herbert, born in 1929; and twins Jechiel (Jochi) and Hanna, born in 1935. From 1933, when Hitler came to power, Jewish children could only be named from an official list draw up by the authorities.
By 1935 the family was preparing to make Aliyah. A "Certificate" had been granted and the family possessions were packed for shipping. However, when the twins were unexpectedly born, Chuno and Blima decided to give up their certificate for a later one, and the family remained in Germany.
Over the next few years the situation for Jews in Germany deteriorated rapidly and every avenue of escape was explored, but to no avail.
In 1938, Chuno was classified as "stateless person". Never having been able to obtain German nationality, he received an expulsion order as part of Hitler's early attempts to rid Germany of its "Jewish problem".
He left Germany illegally in December of that year and smuggled himself on foot into Belgium on New Year's Eve. From there he went to France, where he had relatives. His hopes of escaping the Nazis and bringing the rest of his family to Paris and then Palestine were again thwarted by the outbreak of war in September 1939. His attempt to enlist in the French army was also rejected. Isaak and Herbert were accepted for the Kindertransport and arrived separately in England in December 1938 and April 1939. Jochi and Hanna were too young to qualify. However, in June, when another transport was about to leave from Berlin, Blima took the twins to the station and begged the woman in charge to take them with her. Blima pinned labels on them with their names and Isaak's address in England. For the duration of the war, the children would be orphans – Isaak was 14, Herbert 10 and the twins were 4 years old.
With her children safely in England, Blima left Breslau for Poland (she had a Polish passport), hoping to make her own way to Paris to join Chuno. By now any escape for Jews was impossible and she was ordered into the ghetto in Pietrokow, where she worked as a nurse in the hospital.
Working in the typhus ward might explain why she survived the liquidation of the Pietrokow's Ghetto's 28,000 Jewish inhabitants in October 1942. They were either shot in the nearby Rakow forest or transported to the gas chambers of Treblinka. Blima was sent to the labour camp in Blizyn.
On Erev Pesach 1942, Chuno was arrested by the French police and handed over to the Gestapo. On July 27 at 10:30am, Chuno Najmann, with 742 Jewish women and 247 Jewish men, were transported for 'forced labour' in Convoy 11 from the train station at Le Bourget/Drancy – destination Auschwitz.
Convoy 11 arrived in Auschwitz on July 29 and the men received numbers 53829 through 54076, the women 12340 through 13081. Unusually no one from Convoy 11 was gassed on arrival. We have recently discovered the Chuno survived until September 30, when he was included in a selection from the hospital for the gas chambers. He was most probably murdered that same day. He was 44 years old.
In July 1944, Blima was transported to Auschwitz-Birkenau. On surviving the initial selection (she had no children with her) she was tattooed with the number 15655 on her left forearm and became one of the hundreds of thousands of expendable slaves working for I.G Farben. She was 38 years old.
With the knowledge that her children were safe in England, she survived all the deprivations, hardship and horrors as well as numerous selections. "Some soot in the hair to mask the grey and a little blood on the cheeks to make you look healthier", she once remarked.
With the advance of the Russian Army came the notorious 'death march' towards Germany during the terrible winter of 1945, and finally liberation by the Russians in the vicinity of Terezin, Czechoslovakia.
On hearing of her survival, Isaak joined the American Army of Occupation to facilitate her recovery and arrange documentation for her to travel to England. They were reunited at Deggendorf Displaced Persons Camp near Munich in September 1945. Blima had last seen him as a boy of 14. Now he was a man of 20.
Recovering some of her health and overcoming many bureaucratic difficulties, she rejoined her children in England in 1946. Blima Najmann died in London in 1969 at the age of 63.
Herbert Najman joined the Machal in 1948, and has lived in Israel ever since.
Jochi and Hanna Nyman live in London.
Isaak Najmann married Hertha Friedlander, a fellow refugee from Vienna, and led a prosperous and fruitful life. He died at Yad Vashem in Jerusalem on May 27th, 1998, preparing to give the first of the Chuno and Blima Holocaust Educational Achievement Awards he had established in the memory of his beloved parents. He was 73 years old.


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Texas Church Records
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The Family History Library has some church records for Texas. For example, the library has microfilm copies of original documents from the Catholic archives in El Paso, Galveston, and San Antonio. The records from the San Antonio archdiocese include 100 microfilms for the city of San Antonio for the years 1703 to 1957.
Many denominations have collected their records into central repositories. You can write to the following addresses to learn where their records are located.
Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary
A. Webb Roberts Library
2001 West Seminary Drive
Fort Worth, TX 76122
Phone: (817) 923-1921 (x3330)
Fax: (817) 921-8754
Baylor University
Moody Memorial Library
Box 6307
Waco, TX 76703
Phone: (254) 710-2111
Fax: (254) 710-3116
Texas Baptist Historical Collection
209 N. 8th Street
Waco, TX 76701
Phone: (254) 754-9446
For a history of the Baptists in Texas, see:
- Carroll, James M. A History of Texas Baptists. 2 vols. Dallas, Texas: Baptist Standard Publishing Co., 1923. FHL film 1000597 item 1; digital version Vol. II: St. Paul's Seminary.com
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons)
Early, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Church records for Texas Wards and Branches can be found on film and are located at the LDS Family History Library in Salt Lake City. The film numbers, for each ward, can be locate through the FamilySearch Catalog. Or by refering to Jaussi, Laureen R., and Gloria D. Chaston. Register of Genealogical Society Call Numbers. 2 vols. Provo, Utah: Genealogy Tree, 1982. (FHL book 979.2258 A3j; fiche 6031507). These volumes contain the film numbers for many (but not all) membership and temple record films.
Disciples of Christ
Brite Divinity School Collection
Mary Couts Burnett Library
Texas Christian University
2913 West Lowden
Fort Worth, TX 76129
Phone: (817) 921-7117
Fax: (817) 921-7447
United Methodist Historical Collection
Bridwell Library
Southern Methodist University
6005 Bishop Boulevard
P.O. Box 750476
Dallas, TX 75275
For a history of the Methodist Church, see:
- Phelan, Macum. History of Early Methodism in Texas, 1817-1866. Nashville, Tenn.: Cokesbury Press, 1924. FHL film 599530 item 1; digital version at Internet Archive
Roman Catholic
Diocese of Amarillo
P.O. Box 5644
Amarillo, TX 79117
Phone: (806) 383-2243
The diocese includes the counties of: Armstrong, Briscoe, Carson, Castro, Childress, Collingsworth, Dallam, Deaf Smith, Donley, Gray, Hall, Hansford, Hartley, Hemphill, Hutchinson, Lipscomb, Moore, Ochiltree, Oldham, Parmer, Potter, Randall, Roberts, Sherman, Swisher and Wheeler.[2]
Diocese of Austin
6225 Highway 290 East
Austin, TX 78723-1025
Phone: (512) 949-2400
The diocese includes the counties of: Bastrop, Bell, Blanco, Brazos, Burleson, Burnet, Caldwell, Coryell, Falls, Fayette, Hamilton, Hays, Lampasas, Lee, Limestone, Llano, Mason, McLennan, Milam, Mills, Robertson, San Saba, Travis, Washington and Williamson[2]
Diocese of Beaumont
P.O. Box 3948
Beaumont, TX 77704-3948
Phone: (409) 924-4300
The diocese includes the counties of: Chambers, Hardin, Jasper, Jefferson, Liberty, Newton, Orange, Polk and Tyler[2]
Diocese of Brownsville
1910 University Blvd.
Brownsville, TX 78520
Phone: (956) 550-1517
The diocese includes the counties of: Cameron, Hidalgo, Starr and Willacy[2]
Diocese of Corpus Christi
620 Lipan
Corpus Christi, TX 78401
Phone: (361) 693-6726
The diocese includes the counties of: Aransas, Bee, Brooks, Duval, Jim Wells, Kenedy, Kleberg, Live Oak, McMullen, Nueces, Refugio and San Patricio[2]
Diocese of Dallas
3725 Blackburn St.
Dallas, TX 75219
Phone: (214) 528-2240
The diocese includes the counties of: Collin, Dallas, Ellis, Fannin, Grayson, Hunt, Kaufman, Navarro and Rockwell[2]
Diocese of El Paso
499 St. Matthews St.
El Paso, TX 79907
Phone: (915) 872-8400
The diocese includes the counties of: Brewster, Culberson, El Paso, Hudspeth, Jeff Davis, Loving, Presidio, Reeves, Ward and Winkler[2]
Diocese of Ft. Worth
800 West Loop 820 South
Fort Worth, TX 76108
Phone: (817) 560-330
The diocese includes the counties of: Archer, Baylor, Bosque, Clay, Comanche, Cooke, Denton, Eastland, Erath, Foard, Hardeman, Hill, Hood, Jack, Johnson, Knox, Montague, Palo Pinto, Parker, Shackelford, Somervell, Stephens, Tarrant, Throckmorton, Wichita, Wilbarger and Wise[2]
Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston Archives
P.O. Box 907
Houston, TX 77001
Phone: (713) 652-8283
The Archdiocese includes the counties of: Austin, Brazoria, Fort Bend, Galveston, Grimes, Harris, Montgomery, San Jacinto, Walker and Waller[2]
Diocese of Larado
1901 Corpus Christi Street
Laredo, TX 78043
Phone: (956) 727-2140
The diocese includes the counties of: Dimmit, Jim Hogg, La Salle, Maverick, Webb, Zapata and Zavala[2]
Diocese of Lubbock
4620 Fourth Street
Lubbock, TX 79499-8700
Phone: (806) 792-3943
The diocese includes the counties of: Bailey, Borden, Cochran, Cottle, Crosby, Dawson, Dickens, Fisher, Floyd, Gaines, Garza, Hale, Haskell, Hockley, Kent, King, Lamb, Lubbock, Lynn, Motley, Scurry, Stonewall, Terry and Yoakum[2]
Diocese of San Angelo
804 Ford Street
San Angelo, TX 76905
Phone: (325) 651-7500
Mailing Address: P.O. Box 1829
San Angelo, TX 76902-1829
The diocese includes the counties of: Andrews, Brown, Callahan, Coke, Coleman, Concho, Crane, Crockett, Ector, Glasscock, Howard, Irion, Kimble, Martin, McCulloch, Menard, Midland, Mitchell, Nolan, Pecos, Reagan, Runnels, Schleicher, Sterling, Sutton, Taylor, Terrell, Tom Green and Upton[2]
Archdiocese of San Antonio
2718 W. Woodlawn
San Antonio, TX 78228
Phone: (210) 734-2620
The Archdiocese includes the counties of: Atascosa, Bandera, Bexar, Comal, Edwards, Frio, Gillespie, Gonzales, Guadalupe, Karnes, Kendall, Kerr, Kinney, McMullen, Medina, Real, Uvalde, Val Verde and Wilson[2]
Diocese of Tyler
1015 ESE Loop 323
Tyler, TX 75701-9663
Phone: (903) 534-1077
The diocese includes the counties of: Anderson, Angelina, Bowie, Camp, Cass, Cherokee, Delta, Franklin, Freestone, Gregg, Harrison, Henderson, Hopkins, Houston, Lamar, Leon, Madison, Marion, Morris, Nacogdoches, Panola, Rains, Red River, Rusk, Sabine, San Augustine, Shelby, Smith, Titus, Trinity, Upshur, Van Zandt and Wood[2]
Diocese of Victoria
P.O. Box 4070
1505 E. Mesquite Lane
Victoria, TX 77901
Phone: (361) 573-0828
The diocese includes the counties of: Calhoun, Colorado, De Witt, Goliad, Jackson, Lavaca, Matagorda, Victoria, Wharton and Fayette[2]
Catholic Archives of Texas
1600 North Congress
Capitol Station P.O. Box 13327
Austin, TX 78711-3327
Phone: (512) 476-4888
Fax: (512) 469-9537
For a history of the Catholic Church, see:
- Fitzmorris, Mary Angela. Four Decades of Catholicism in Texas 1820-1860. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America, 1926. FHL book 976.4 A1 no. 21 and FHL film 924684 item 3
- ↑ William Chamberlin Hunt and United States Bureau of the Census, Religious Bodies: 1906 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1910), Vol. 1:355-364. Digital version at Google Books.
- ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 Map of the Roman Catholic Dioceses in the United States of America, Office of Catholic Schools Diocese of Columbus, accessed 3 Nov 2010.