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The dugong (/ˈduːɡɒŋ/, /ˈdjuːɡɒŋ/; Dugong dugon) is a medium-sized marine mammal. It is one of four living species of the order Sirenia, which also includes three species of manatees. It is the only living representative of the once-diverse family Dugongidae; its closest modern relative, Steller's sea cow (Hydrodamalis gigas), was hunted to extinction in the 18th century. The dugong is the only strictly marine herbivorous mammal, as all species of manatee use fresh water to some degree.
The dugong is the only sirenian in its range, which spans the waters of some 40 countries and territories throughout the Indo-West Pacific. The dugong is largely dependent on seagrass communities for subsistence and is thus restricted to the coastal habitats which support seagrass meadows, with the largest dugong concentrations typically occurring in wide, shallow, protected areas such as bays, mangrove channels, the waters of large inshore islands and inter-reefal waters. The northern waters of Australia between Shark Bay and Moreton Bay are believed to be the dugong's contemporary stronghold.
Like all modern sirenians, the dugong has a fusiform body with no dorsal fin or hind limbs. The forelimbs or flippers are paddle-like . The dugong is easily distinguished from the manatees by its fluked, dolphin-like tail, but also possesses a unique skull and teeth. Its snout is sharply downturned, an adaptation for feeding in benthic seagrass communities. The molar teeth are simple and peg-like unlike the more elaborate molar dentition of manatees.
The dugong has been hunted for thousands of years for its meat and oil. Traditional hunting still has great cultural significance in several countries in its modern range, particularly northern Australia and the Pacific Islands. The dugong's current distribution is fragmented, and many populations are believed to be close to extinction. The IUCN lists the dugong as a species vulnerable to extinction, while the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species limits or bans the trade of derived products. Despite being legally protected in many countries, the main causes of population decline remain anthropogenic and include fishing-related fatalities, habitat degradtion and hunting. With its long lifespan of 70 years or more, and slow rate of reproduction, the dugong is especially vulnerable to extinction.
- 1 Etymology and taxonomy
- 2 Anatomy and morphology
- 3 Distribution and habitat
- 4 Ecology and life history
- 5 Importance to humans
- 6 Conservation
- 7 Gallery
- 8 References
- 9 External links
Etymology and taxonomy
The word "dugong" derives from the Tagalog term dugong which was in turn adopted from the Malay duyung, both meaning "lady of the sea".[3] Other common local names include "sea cow", "sea pig" and "sea camel".[4]
Dugong dugon is the only extant species of the family Dugongidae, and one of only four extant species of the Sirenia order, the others forming the manatee family.[5] It was first classified by Müller in 1776 as Trichechus dugon,[6] a member of the manatee genus previously defined by Linnaeus.[7] It was later assigned as the type species of Dugong by Lacépède[8] and further classified within its own family by Gray[9] and subfamily by Simpson.[10]
Dugongs and other sirenians are not closely related to other marine mammals, being more related to elephants.[11] Dugongs and elephants share a monophyletic group with hyraxes and the aardvark, one of the earliest offshoots of eutherians. The fossil record shows sirenians appearing in the Eocene, where they most likely lived in the Tethys Ocean. The two extant families of sirenians are thought to have diverged in the mid-Eocene, after which the dugongs and their closest relative, the Steller's sea cow, split off from a common ancestor in the Miocene. The Steller's sea cow became extinct in the 18th century. No fossils exist of other members of the Dugongidae.[12]
Molecular studies have been made on dugong populations using mitochondrial DNA. The results have suggested that the population of Southeast Asia is distinct from the others. Australia has two distinct maternal lineages, one of which also contains the dugongs from Africa and Arabia. Limited genetic mixing has taken place between those in Southeast Asia and those in Australia, mostly around Timor.[5] One of the lineages stretches all the way from Moreton Bay to Western Australia, while the other only stretches from Moreton Bay to the Northern Territory.[11] There is not yet sufficient genetic data to make clear boundaries between distinct groups.[5]
There are claims mentioning that several subspecies such as in Okinawan waters exist either historically or presently.
Anatomy and morphology
The dugong's body is large with a cylindrical shape that tapers at both ends. It has thick, smooth skin that is a pale cream colour at birth, but darkens dorsally and laterally to brownish-to-dark-grey with age. The colour of a dugong can change due to the growth of algae on the skin.[13] The body is sparsely covered in short hair, a common feature among sirenians which may allow for tactile interpretation of their environment.[14] These hairs are most developed around the mouth, which has a large horseshoe shaped upper lip forming a highly mobile muzzle.[12] This muscular upper lip aids the dugong in foraging.[13]
The dugong's tail flukes[15] and flippers[11] are similar to those of dolphins. These flukes are raised up and down in long strokes to move the animal forward, and can be twisted to turn. The forelimbs are paddle-like flippers which aid in turning and slowing.[12] The dugong lacks nails on its flippers, which are only 15% of a dugong's body length.[12] The tail has deep notches.[16]
A dugong's brain weighs a maximum of Script error: No such module "convert"., about 0.1% of the animal's body weight.[12] With very small eyes,[17] dugongs have limited vision, but acute hearing within narrow sound thresholds. Their ears, which lack pinna, are located on the sides of their head. The nostrils are located on top of the head and can be closed using valves.[11] Dugongs have two teats, one located behind each flipper.[12] There are few differences between sexes; the body structures are almost the same.[13] A male's testes are not externally located, and the main difference between males and females is the location of the genital aperture in relation to the umbilicus and the anus. The lungs in a dugong are very long, extending almost as far as the kidneys, which are also highly elongated in order to cope with the saltwater environment.[12] If wounded, a dugong's blood will clot rapidly.[13]
The skull of a dugong is unique.[16] The skull is enlarged with sharply down-turned premaxilla, which are stronger in males. The spine has between 57 and 60 vertebrae.[12] Unlike in manatees, the dugong's teeth do not continually grow back via horizontal tooth replacement.[18] The dugong has two incisors (tusks) which emerge in males during puberty. The female's tusks continue to grow without emerging during puberty, sometimes erupting later in life after reaching the base of the premaxilla.[12] The number of growth layer groups in a tusk indicates the age of a dugong,[5] and the cheekteeth move forward with age. The full dental formula of dugongs is 184.108.40.206.1.3.3, meaning they have two incisors, three premolars, and three molars on each side of their upper jaw, and three incisors, one canine, three premolars, and three molars on each side of their lower jaw.[16] Like other sirenians, the dugong experiences pachyostosis, a condition in which the ribs and other long bones are unusually solid and contain little or no marrow. These heavy bones, which are among the densest in the animal kingdom,[19] may act as a ballast to help keep sirenians suspended slightly below the water's surface.[20]
An adult's length rarely exceeds Script error: No such module "convert".. An individual this long is expected to weigh around Script error: No such module "convert".. Weight in adults is typically more than Script error: No such module "convert". and less than Script error: No such module "convert"..[21] The largest individual recorded was Script error: No such module "convert". long and weighed Script error: No such module "convert".,[12] and was found off the Saurashtra coast of west India.[22] Females tend to be larger than males.[12]
Distribution and habitat
Dugongs are found in warm coastal waters from the western Pacific Ocean to the eastern coast of Africa,[15] along an estimated Script error: No such module "convert". of coastline[2] between 26° and 27° degrees to the north and south of the equator. Their historic range is believed to correspond to that of seagrasses from the Potamogetonaceae and Hydrocharitaceae families. The full size of the former range is unknown, although it is believed that the current populations represent the historical limits of the range,[5] which is highly fractured.[13] The dugong is the only strictly-marine herbivorous mammal, as all species of manatee utilise fresh water to some degree. Recorded numbers of dugongs are generally believed to be lower than actual numbers, due to a lack of accurate surveys. Despite this, the dugong population is thought to be shrinking,[5] with a worldwide decline of 20 per cent in the last 90 years. They have disappeared from the waters of Hong Kong, Mauritius, and Taiwan, as well as parts of Cambodia, Japan, the Philippines and Vietnam. Further disappearances are likely.[11]
Dugongs are generally found in warm waters around the coast[15] with large numbers concentrated in wide and shallow protected bays. Large numbers also exist in wide and shallow mangrove channels and around leeward sides of large inshore islands, where seagrass beds are common.[5] They are usually located at a depth of around Script error: No such module "convert".,[13] although in areas where the continental shelf remains shallow dugongs have been known to travel more than Script error: No such module "convert". from the shore, descending to as far as Script error: No such module "convert"., where deepwater seagrasses such as Halophila spinulosa are found.[5] Special habitats are used for different activities. It has been observed that shallow waters are used as sites for calving, minimising the risk of predation. Deep waters may provide a thermal refuge from cooler waters closer to the shore during winter.[5]
The Middle-East and Africa
Populations of dugongs exist in the water of 37 countries and territories.[11] In the late 1960s, herds of up to 500 dugongs were observed off the coast of East Africa and nearby islands. Current populations in this area are extremely small, numbering 50 and below, and it is thought likely they will become extinct. The eastern side of the Red Sea is the home of large populations numbering in the hundreds, and similar populations are thought to exist on the western side. In the 1980s, it was estimated there could be as many as 4,000 dugongs in the Red Sea. The Persian Gulf has the second-largest dugong population in the world, inhabiting most of the southern coast,[5] and the current population is believed to be around 7,500.[17] In Mozambique, most of local populations remaining are rather very small where the largest (about 120 individuals) occur at Bazaruto Island,[23] but they have become rare in historical habitats such as in Maputo Bay and on Inhaca Island.[24][25]
Northern Indian Ocean
A highly isolated breeding population exists in the Marine National Park, Gulf of Kutch,[26] the only population remaining in western India. It is Script error: No such module "convert". from the population in the Persian Gulf, and Script error: No such module "convert". from the nearest population in India. Former populations in this area, centred on the Maldives and the Laccadive Islands, are presumed to be extinct. A population exists in the Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park and the Palk Strait between India and Sri Lanka, but it is seriously depleted. Dugongs are also found in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and is the state animal of this territory.[citation needed] Once distributed throughout the coastal belt in Sri Lanka, the dugong number declined in last two decades due to heavy hunting by the fishermen. Now only the north-eastern coastal belt is home for the rest of dugong population around Sri Lanka.[citation needed]
It is listed as an endangered species on the southern coast of Pakistan.[citation needed]
Continental China, Vietnam, and Cambodia
A very small remnant population still exists today along the coast from Guangdong, Leizhou Peninsula, and Hainan Island, to the Gulf of Tonkin. Today, dugongs off southern China are centred on Hainan Province, excluding the west coast of the island of Hainan.[27] The Chinese government has funded a sanctuary for dugong and mangrove conservation ranging from Hepu County to Shankou in Guanxi,[28] also aiming to secure local Chinese White Dolphins.[29] In Vietnam, dugongs have been restricted mostly to the provinces of Kiên Giang and Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu, including Phu Quoc Island and Con Dao Island,[30] which had been hosts to large numbers in the past.[31] On Phu Quoc, the first 'Dugong Festival' was held in 2014,[32] and there have been several land-based observations on Côn Đảo in recent years as well.[33] The Côn Đảo National Park in Vũng Tàu has been declared as a suitable site to observe them.[34] Nonetheless, dangerously low levels of awarenesses for conservation of marine organisms in Vietnam and Cambodia may result in increased intentional or unintentional catches, and illegal trade is a potential danger for local dugongs.[31]
Japan, Taiwan, and the Philippines
Today, possibly the smallest and northernmost population of dugongs exists around the Nansei Shoto islands, and a population formerly existed off Taiwan.[5] An endangered population of 50 or fewer dugongs, possibly as few as only three individuals, survives.[35] around Okinawa.[36]
Historically, the Yaeyama Islands held the largest concentration of dugongs, with more than 300 individuals. On Aragusuku Island, large quantities of skulls are preserved at an utaki that outsiders are strictly forbidden to enter.[37][38] Amami Oshima was the northernmost edge of the historic range, where a single animal was confirmed in the 2000s, over 40 years after the last previous records.[39] A vagrant strayed into port near Ushibuka,[40] Kumamoto, and died due to poor health. Dugongs in these areas were literally wiped out by historical hunts as payments to the Ryukyu Kingdom and devastating mass illegal hunts and fisheries used dynamite to destroy whole coral systems after the World Wars. There have been two theories about the biological origins of this population. One is that these stocks had been isolated and were an endemic Philippine subspecies.[41] This, however, is contrary to the idea of "the only method to restore the Okinawan population is to wait until vagrants from the Philippines stray into and re-colonize the areas".[clarification needed] The other is that one super-population constantly migrates or mixes throughout the range of the Ryukyu Archipelago, Taiwan, and the Philippines.[42]
The population around the Andaman and Nicobar Islands are known only from a few records, and although the population was large during British rule, it is now believed to be small and scattered with the largest population vicinity to Palawan. All the islands of the Philippines are believed to have once provided habitats for dugongs, which were common until the 1970s. Taiwanese populations seem to be almost extinct, although remnant individuals may visit areas with rich seagrass beds such as Dongsha Atoll.[43]
It is unclear whether populations in these areas once consisted a super-population or underwent constant mixing. There are occasional records of vagrants at the Northern Mariana Islands as well.[citation needed]
South Asia and South Pacific
The Gulf of Thailand also used to have a large population, but they have not recently been sighted in the west of the gulf, and the population in the east is thought to be very small. Dugongs are believed to exist in the Straits of Johor in very small numbers. The waters around Borneo support a small population, with more scattered throughout the Malay archipelago. Populations exists around the Solomon Islands archipelago and New Caledonia, stretching to a westernmost population in Vanuatu. A highly isolated population lives around the islands of Palau.[5]
Australia is home to the largest population, stretching from Shark Bay in Western Australia to Moreton Bay in Queensland.[11] The population of Shark Bay is thought to be stable with over 10,000 dugongs. Smaller populations exist up the coast, including one in Ashmore reef. Large numbers of dugongs live to the north of the Northern Territory, with a population of over 20,000 in the gulf of Carpentaria alone. A population of over 25,000 exists in the Torres Strait such as off Thursday Island, although there is significant migration between the strait and the waters of New Guinea.[5] The Great Barrier Reef provides important feeding areas for the species;[44] this reef area houses a stable population of around 10,000, although the population concentration has shifted over time. Large bays facing north on the Queensland coast provide significant habitats for dugong, with the southernmost of these being Hervey Bay and Moreton Bay.[11]
Extinct Mediterranean population
It has been confirmed that dugongs once inhabited the water of the Mediterranean[45][46] possibly until after the rise of civilizations along the inland sea. This population possibly shared ancestry with the Red Sea population, and the Mediterranean population had never been large due to geographical factors and climate changes.[47] The Mediterranean is the region where the Dugongidae originated in the mid-late Eocene, along with Caribbean Sea.[48][49]
Ecology and life history
Dugongs are long lived, and the oldest recorded specimen reached age 73.[5] They have few natural predators, although animals such as crocodiles, killer whales, and sharks pose a threat to the young,[11] and a dugong has also been recorded to have died from trauma after being impaled by a stingray barb. A large number of infections and parasitic diseases affect dugongs. Detected pathogens include helminths, cryptosporidium, different types of bacterial infections, and other unidentified parasites. 30% of dugong deaths in Queensland since 1996 are thought to be because of disease.[5]
Although they are social animals, they are usually solitary or found in pairs due to the inability of seagrass beds to support large populations.[13] Gatherings of hundreds of dugongs sometimes happen,[15] but they last only for a short time.[13] Because they are shy, and do not approach humans, little is known about dugong behaviour.[13] They can go six minutes without breathing (though about two and a half minutes is more typical),[50] and have been known to rest on their tail to breathe with their heads above water.[15] They can dive to a maximum depth of Script error: No such module "convert".; they spend most of their lives no deeper than Script error: No such module "convert".. Communication between individuals is through chirps, whistles, barks, and other sounds that echo underwater. Different sounds have been observed with different amplitudes and frequencies, implying different purposes. Visual communication is limited due to poor eyesight, and is mainly used for activities such as lekking for courtship purposes. Mothers and calves are in almost constant physical contact, and calves have been known to reach out and touch their mothers with their flippers for reassurance.[13]
Dugongs are semi-nomadic, often travelling long distances in search of food, but staying within a certain range their entire life.[13] Large numbers often move together from one area to another. It is thought that these movements are caused by changes in seagrass availability. Their memory allows them to return to specific points after long travels.[11] Dugong movements mostly occur within a localised area of seagrass beds, and animals in the same region show individualistic patterns of movement. Daily movement is affected by the tides. In areas where there is a large tidal range, dugongs travel with the tide in order to access shallower feeding areas. In Moreton Bay, dugongs often travel between foraging grounds inside the bay and warmer oceanic waters. At higher latitudes dugongs make seasonal travels to reach warmer water during the winter. Occasionally individual dugongs make long-distance travels over many days, and can travel over deep ocean waters.[5] One animal was seen as far south as Sydney.[12] Although they are marine creatures, dugongs have been known to travel up creeks, and in one case a dugong was caught Script error: No such module "convert". up a creek near Cooktown.[11]
Dugongs, along with other sirenians, are referred to as "sea cows" because their diet consists mainly of sea-grass. When eating they ingest the whole plant, including the roots,[11] although when this is impossible they will feed on just the leaves.[5] A wide variety of seagrass has been found in dugong stomach contents, and evidence exists they will eat algae when seagrass is scarce.[12] Although almost completely herbivorous,[13] they will occasionally eat invertebrates such as jellyfish, sea squirts, and shellfish.[11] Dugongs in Moreton Bay, Australia, are omnivorous, feeding on invertebrates such as polychaetes[51] or marine algae when the supply of their choice grasses decreases. In other southern areas of both western and eastern Australia, there is evidence that dugongs actively seek out large invertebrates. This does not apply to dugongs in tropical areas, in which faecal evidence indicates that invertebrates are not eaten.[5]
Most dugongs do not feed from lush areas, but where the seagrass is more sparse. Additional factors such as protein concentration and regenerative ability also affect the value of a seagrass bed.[11] The chemical structure and composition of the seagrass is important, and the grass species most often eaten are low in fibre, high in nitrogen, and easily digestible.[5] In the Great Barrier Reef, dugongs feed on low-fibre high-nitrogen seagrass such as Halophila and Halodule,[11] so as to maximize nutrient intake instead of bulk eating. Seagrasses of a lower seral are preferred, where the area has not fully vegetated. Only certain seagrass meadows are suitable for dugong consumption, due to the dugong's highly specialised diet. There is evidence that dugongs actively alter seagrass species compositions at local levels. Dugongs may search out deeper seagrass. Feeding trails have been observed as deep as Script error: No such module "convert"., and dugongs have been seen feeding as deep as Script error: No such module "convert"..[5] Dugongs are relatively slow moving, swimming at around Script error: No such module "convert"..[48] When moving along the seabed to feed they walk on their pectoral fins.[16]
Due to their poor eyesight, dugongs often use smell to locate edible plants. They also have a strong tactile sense, and feel their surroundings with their long sensitive bristles.[13] They will dig up an entire plant and then shake it to remove the sand before eating it. They have been known to collect a pile of plants in one area before eating them.[16] The flexible and muscular upper lip is used to dig out the plants. This leaves furrows in the sand in their path.[13]
Reproduction and parental care
A dugong reaches sexual maturity between the ages of eight and eighteen, older than in most other mammals.[52] The way that females know how a male has reached sexual maturity is by the eruption of tusks in the male since tusks erupt in males when testosterone levels reach a high enough level.[53] The age when a female first gives birth is disputed, with some studies placing the age between ten and seventeen years, while others place it as early as six years.[5] There is evidence that male dugongs lose fertility at older ages.[12] Despite the longevity of the dugong, which may live for 50 years or more, females give birth only a few times during their life, and invest considerable parental care in their young.[52] The time between births is unclear, with estimates ranging from 2.4 to 7 years.[5]
Mating behaviour varies between populations located in different areas.[13] In some populations, males will establish a territory which females in heat will visit.[5] In these areas a male will try to impress the females while defending the area from other males, a practice known as lekking.[13] In other areas many males will attempt to mate with the same female,[5] sometimes inflicting injuries to the female or each other.[11] During this the female will have copulated with multiple males, who will have fought to mount her from below. This greatly increases the chances of conception.[13]
Females give birth after a 13–15 month gestation, usually to just one calf.[52] Birth occurs in very shallow water, with occasions known where the mothers were almost on the shore.[12] As soon as the young is born the mother pushes it to the surface to take a breath.[15] Newborns are already Script error: No such module "convert". long and weigh around Script error: No such module "convert"..[11] Once born, they stay close to their mothers, possibly to make swimming easier.[12] The calf nurses for 14–18 months, although it begins to eat seagrasses soon after birth.[5] A calf will only leave its mother once it has matured.[13]
Importance to humans
Dugongs have historically provided easy targets for hunters, who killed them for their meat, oil, skin, and bones. They are often considered as the inspiration for mermaids,[15] and people around the world developed cultures around dugong hunting. In some areas it remains an animal of great significance,[12] and a growing ecotourism industry around dugongs has had economic benefit in some countries.[13]
There is a 5,000-year-old wall painting of a dugong, apparently drawn by neolithic peoples, in Tambun Cave, Ipoh, Malaysia.[54] This was discovered by Lieutenant R.L Rawlings in 1959 while on a routine patrol. During the Renaissance and the Baroque eras, dugongs were often exhibited in wunderkammers. They were also presented as Fiji mermaids in sideshows.
Dugong meat and oil have traditionally been some of the most valuable foods of Australian aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders. Some aborigines regard dugongs as part of their Aboriginality.[11] Dugongs have also played a role in legends in Kenya, and the animal is known there as the "Queen of the Sea". Body parts are used as food, medicine, and decorations. In the Gulf states, dugongs served not only as a source of food, but their tusks were used as sword handles. Dugong oil is important to people in India,[citation needed] and its meat is believed to be an aphrodisiac. Dugong ribs were used to make carvings in Japan. In Southern China dugongs were traditionally regarded as a "miraculous fish", and it was bad luck to catch them. A wave of immigration beginning at the end of the 1950s resulted in dugongs being hunted for food. In the Philippines dugongs are thought to bring bad luck, and parts of them are used to ward against evil spirits. In areas of Thailand it is believed that the dugong's tears form a powerful love potion, while in parts of Indonesia they are considered reincarnations of women. In Papua New Guinea they are seen as a symbol of strength.[5]
Dugongs' or sea cows' hides have been thought[55] to have been used as coverings in the building of the Old Testament portable worship tent known as the Tabernacle.
Dugong numbers have decreased in recent times. For a population to remain stable, 95 per cent of adults must survive the span of one year. The estimated percentage of females humans can kill without depleting the population is 1–2%.[11] This number is reduced in areas where calving is minimal due to food shortages. Even in the best conditions a population is unlikely to increase more than 5% a year, leaving dugongs vulnerable to over-exploitation. The fact that they live in shallow waters puts them under great pressure from human activity. Research on dugongs and the effects of human activity on them has been limited, mostly taking place in Australia. In many countries, dugong numbers have never been surveyed. As such, trends are uncertain, with more data needed for comprehensive management.[5] The only data stretching back far enough to mention population trends comes from the urban coast of Queensland, Australia. The last major worldwide study, made in 2002, concluded that the dugong was declining and possibly extinct in a third of its range, with unknown status in another half.[2]
The IUCN Red List lists the dugong as vulnerable, and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora regulates and in some areas has banned international trade.[12] Regional cooperation is important due to the widespread distribution of the animal, and in 1998 there was strong support for Southeast Asian cooperation to protect dugongs. Kenya has passed legislation banning the hunting of dugongs and restricting trawling, but the dugong is not yet listed under Kenya's Wildlife Act for endangered species. Mozambique has had legislation to protect dugongs since 1955, but this has not been effectively enforced. Many marine parks have been established on the African coast of the Red Sea, and the Egyptian Gulf of Aqaba is fully protected. The United Arab Emirates has banned all hunting of dugongs within its waters, as has Bahrain. The UAE has additionally banned drift net fishing. India and Sri Lanka ban the hunting and selling of dugongs and their products. Japan has listed dugongs as endangered and has banned intentional kills and harassment. Hunting, catching, and harassment is banned by the People's Republic of China. The first marine mammal to be protected in the Philippines was the dugong, although monitoring this is difficult. Palau has legislated to protect dugongs, although this is not well enforced and poaching persists. The dugong is a national animal of Papua New Guinea, which bans all except traditional hunting. Vanuatu and New Caledonia ban hunting of dugongs. Dugongs are protected throughout Australia, although the rules vary by state; in some areas indigenous hunting is allowed.[5] Dugongs are listed under the Nature Conservation Act in the Australian state of Queensland as vulnerable. Most currently live in established marine parks, where boats must travel at a restricted speed and mesh net fishing is restricted.[11]
In Viet Nam, an illegal network targeting dugongs had been detected and was shut down in 2012.[32]
Human activity
Despite being legally protected in many countries, the main causes of population decline remain anthropogenic and include hunting, habitat degradation, and fishing-related fatalities.[4] Entanglement in fishing nets has caused many deaths, although there are no precise statistics. Most issues with industrial fishing occur in deeper waters where dugong populations are low, with local fishing being the main risk in shallower waters.[5] As dugongs cannot stay underwater for a very long period, they are highly prone to deaths due to entanglement.[17] The use of shark nets has historically caused large numbers of deaths, and they have been eliminated in most areas and replaced with baited hooks.[11] Hunting has historically been a problem too, although in most areas they are no longer hunted, with the exception of certain indigenous communities. In areas such as northern Australia, hunting remains the greatest impact on the dugong population.[5]
Vessel strikes have proved a problem for manatees, but the relevance of this to dugongs is unknown.[5] Increasing boat traffic has increased danger,[11] especially in shallow waters. Ecotourism has increased in some countries, although effects remain undocumented. It has been seen to cause issues in areas such as Hainan due to environmental degradation.[5] Modern farming practise and increased land clearing have also had an impact, and much of the coastline of dugong habitats is undergoing industrialisation, with increasing human populations.[11] Dugongs accumulate heavy metal ions in their tissues throughout their lives, more so than other marine mammals. The effects are unknown. Socio-political needs are an impediment to dugong conservation in many developing countries. The shallow waters are often used as a source of food and income, problems exacerbated by aid used to improve fishing. In many countries, legislation does not exist to protect dugongs, and if it does it is not enforced.[5]
Oil spills are a danger to dugongs in some areas, as is land reclamation. In Okinawa the small dugong population is threatened by United States military activity. Plans exist to build a military base close to the Henoko reef, and military activity also adds the threats of noise pollution, chemical pollution, soil erosion, and exposure to depleted uranium.[5] The military base plans have been fought in US courts by some Okinawans, whose concerns include the impact on the local environment and dugong habitats.[36][56] It was later revealed that the government of Japan was hiding evidence of the negative effects of ship lanes and human activities on dugongs observed during surveys carried out off Henoko reef.[57]
Environmental degradation
If dugongs do not get enough to eat they may calve later and produce fewer young.[11] Food shortages can be caused by many factors, such as a loss of habitat, death and decline in quality of seagrass, and a disturbance of feeding caused by human activity. Sewage, detergents, heavy metal, hypersaline water, herbicides, and other waste products all negatively affect seagrass meadows. Human activity such as mining, trawling, dredging, land-reclamation, and boat propeller scarring also cause an increase in sedimentation which smothers seagrass and prevents light from reaching it. This is the most significant negative factor affecting seagrass.[5]
One of the dugong's preferred species of seagrass, Halophila ovalis, declines rapidly due to lack of light, dying completely after 30 days. Extreme weather such as cyclones and floods can destroy hundreds of square kilometres of seagrass meadows, as well as washing dugongs ashore. The recovery of seagrass meadows and the spread of seagrass into new areas, or areas where it has been destroyed, can take over a decade. Most measures for protection involve restricting activities such as trawling in areas containing seagrass meadows, with little to no action on pollutants originating from land. In some areas water salinity is increased due to wastewater, and it is unknown how much salinity seagrass can withstand.[5]
Current imminent threat to the habitat is the case of Oura bay area in Henoko, Okinawa, Japan, where a small population of dugong inhabit.[58] Despite it being the northern limit of Dugong, their habitat is about to be destroyed by land reclamation conducted by Japanese Government in order to build a US Marine base in the ocean. In August 2014, preliminary drilling surveys are being conducted in the grazing habitat.[59] It is expected to seriously damage the dugong population's habitat, leading them into local extinction.[60]
Capture and captivity
The Australian state of Queensland has sixteen dugong protection parks, and some preservation zones have been established where even aborigines are not allowed to hunt.[11] Capturing animals for research has caused only one or two deaths;[5] dugongs are expensive to keep in captivity due to the long time mothers and calves spend together, and the inability to grow the seagrass that dugongs eat in an aquarium.[11] Only one orphaned calf has ever been successfully kept in captivity.[13]
Worldwide, only five dugongs are held in captivity. A female from the Philippines lives at Toba Aquarium in Toba, Mie, Japan.[5] A male also lived there until it died on 10 February 2011.[61] Another is at Underwater World, Singapore, due to its mother being killed when it was a calf.[62] A third resides in Sea World Indonesia,[63] after having been rescued from a fisherman's net and treated.[64] The last two, a male and a female, are kept at Sydney Aquarium, where they have resided since they were juveniles.[citation needed]
- Dugong dugon on Wikimedia Commons
- ^ Shoshani, J. (2005). "Order Sirenia". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. Mammal Species of the World (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ a b c Marsh, H. (2008). Dugong dugon. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 29 December 2008.
- ^ Winger, Jennifer (2000). "What's in a Name: Manatees and Dugongs". National Zoological Park. Retrieved 22 July 2007.
- ^ a b Reeves, R. R. (2002). National Audubon Society Guide to Marine Mammals of the World. Knopf. ISBN 0-375-41141-0. pp. 478–481
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al Marsh, H. et al. (2002). Dugong: status reports and action plans for countries and territories. IUCN.
- ^ Dugong dugon. The Paleobiology Database. Retrieved on 22 July 2007.
- ^ Trichechus. The Paleobiology Database. Retrieved on 22 July 2007.
- ^ Dugong. The Paleobiology Database. Retrieved on 22 July 2007.
- ^ Dugongidae. The Paleobiology Database. Retrieved on 22 July 2007.
- ^ Dugonginae. The Paleobiology Database. Retrieved on 22 July 2007.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Lawler et al. 2002. Dugongs in the Great Barrier Reef: Current State of Knowledge. Cooperative Research Centre (CRC) for The Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area. April 2002
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Marsh, Helene. "Chapter 57: Dugongidae". Fauna of Australia: Vol. 1B Mammalia. CSIRO. ISBN 978-0-644-06056-1.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Fox, David L. (1999). "Dugong dugon: Information". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Retrieved 29 April 2007.
- ^ Reep, R.L.; Marshall, C.D.; Stoll, M.L. (2002). "Tactile Hairs on the Postcranial Body in Florida Manatees: A Mammalian Lateral Line?" (PDF). Brain, Behavior and Evolution 59 (3): 141–154. doi:10.1159/000064161.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Dugong". National Geographic. Retrieved 26 March 2011.
- ^ a b c d e Myers, P. (2002). Dugongidae. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Retrieved on 10 March 2007.
- ^ a b c "Case Study". American.edu. Retrieved 7 April 2011.
- ^ Self-Sullivan, Caryn. Evolution of Sirenia. www.sirenian.org. Retrieved on 10 March 2007.
- ^ Waller, Geoffrey and Dando, Marc (1996). Sealife: A Complete Guide to the Marine Environment. Smithsonian Institution. ISBN 1-56098-633-6. pp. 413–420
- ^ Myers, Phil (2000). "ADW: Sirenia: Information". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Retrieved 13 May 2007.
- ^ Burnie D and Wilson DE (Eds.), Animal: The Definitive Visual Guide to the World's Wildlife. DK Adult (2005), ISBN 0789477645
- ^ Wood, Gerald (1983) The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats. Sterling Pub Co Inc. ISBN 978-0-85112-235-9
- ^ Bandeira, S. O. O.; Paula e Silva, R.; Paula, J.; Macia, A.; Hernroth, L.; Guissamulo, A. T.; Gove, D. Z. (2002). "Marine Biological Research in Mozambique: Past, Present and Future". AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment 31 (7): 606. doi:10.1639/0044-7447(2002)031[0606:MBRIMP]2.0.CO;2.
- ^ UNESCO. Assessing potential World Heritage marine sites in the Western Indian Ocean – Marine mammals – Dugong, Whales and Dolphins. Retrieved on 18 December. 2014
- ^ SAVING ENDANGERED DUGONGS OF THE WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN. dugongs.org
- ^ Wells S., Dwivedi N.S., Singh S., Ivan R. MARINE REGION 10 – Central Indian Ocean. p. 19.
- ^ Wang P.; Han J.; Ma Z.; Wang N. (2007). "Survey on the resources status of dugong in Hainan Province, China". Acta Theriologica Sinica 27 (1): 68–73. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
- ^ "HEPU SEAGRASS DEMONSTRATION SITE SUMMARY SHEET" (PDF). Retrieved 15 March 2015.
- ^ "海 广西合浦儒艮国家级自然保护区加入中华白海豚保护联盟". The Cutv.com. 2014. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
- ^ Marsh, Helene; O'Shea, Thomas J. and Reynolds, John E. (2012) Ecology and Conservation of the Sirenia: Dugongs and Manatees. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521716437. p. 406.
- ^ a b Adulyanukosol K. "Report of Dugong and seagrass survey in Vietnam and Cambodia" (PDF). Phuket Marine Biological Center. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
- ^ a b "Vietnam to host first Dugong Festival on Phu Quoc Island". Thanh Nien News. 2014. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
- ^ Cox N. (February 2002). "Observations of the Dugong Dugong dugon in Con Dao National Park, Vietnam, and recommendations for further research." (PDF). Retrieved 16 March 2015.
- ^ "Come to Con Dao National Park to see Dugong!". The Vietnam-Beauty.com. 2008. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
- ^ a b Galvin, Peter. "Saving the Okinawa dugong". Center for Biological Diversity web site. Center for Biological Diversity. Retrieved 15 May 2008.
- ^ "KAKEN – 琉球列島ジュゴン個体群保全のための基礎生物学的研究(24570017)". nii.ac.jp.
- ^ "ジュゴンの生息域調査 北海道大の大泰司研究員ら". 八重山毎日新聞社.
- ^ "ǥ奴40ǯ֤ǧ/ΰ礬ƱĴ -". ryukyushimpo.jp.
- ^ "熊本・牛深の海にジュゴン 北限は沖縄のはずなのに…". 47news.jp.
- ^ "【Q&A ジュゴン保護がめざすもの 豊かな海の生態系を守る】". mdsweb.jp.
- ^ "OPRF 海洋政策研究財団 人と海洋の共生をめざして|ニューズレター|158号|八重山にジュゴンをとりもどそう". sof.or.jp.
- ^ Hsiao-yun S.. 2013. Featured Project – Removing the Veil of Mystery from the Seagrass Beds of Dongsha Atoll National Park|Dongsha Atoll. The National Parks of Taiwan by Taiwan Government. Retrieved on 3 January. 2015
- ^ Hogan, C. Michael. (2011). "Coral Sea" in Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. P. Saundry & C.J. Cleveland. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC
- ^ "Dugong". oceana.org.
- ^ "Dugong Production » THE DUGONG". dugong.it.
- ^ Revell, J. K. "Synapsida". synapsida.blogspot.jp.
- ^ a b "44. Dugong (Dugong dugon)". edgeofexistence.org. Retrieved 8 April 2011.
- ^ "Introduction to the Sirenia". berkeley.edu.
- ^ Louise Chilvers, B.; Delean, S.; Gales, N. J.; Holley, D. K.; Lawler, I. R.; Marsh, H.; Preen, A. R. (2004). "Diving behaviour of dugongs, Dugong dugon". Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 304 (2): 203. doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2003.12.010.
- ^ Berta, Annalisa; Sumich, James L.; Kovacs, Kit M. (2005) Marine Mammals: Evolutionary Biology, Amesterdam: Elsevier. ISBN 0-12-088552-2
- ^ a b c Anderson, Paul K. (1984). Macdonald, D., ed. The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: Facts on File. pp. 298–299. ISBN 0-87196-871-1.
- ^ Burgess, E. A.; Lanyon, J. M.; Keeley, T (2012). "Testosterone and tusks: Maturation and seasonal reproductive patterns of live, free-ranging male dugongs (Dugong dugon) in a subtropical population". Reproduction 143 (5): 683–97. PMID 22393027. doi:10.1530/REP-11-0434.
- ^ Alexander, James (2006). Malaysia Brunei & Singapore. New Holland Publishers. p. 185. ISBN 1-86011-309-5.
- ^ Rupell, E. (Rupell and Leuckart, 1828, 1831) saw the Arabic word tucash (dugong) as equivalent to tahash (Heb. Bible). He designated them "Halicore tabernaculi" (Rothauscher's Dugong page "Mermaid"). Also among those who thought dugongs' or sea cows' hides were used as coverings of the Tabernacle, the editors of Easton's Bible Dictionary, "Badger", 1823–1894; Alfred Ely-Day, "Badger," International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, 1915; the editors of The Catholic Encyclopedia, "Tabernacle," 1915; the editors of various English translations of the Bible. The popular 20th-century academic opinion re. dugong as the meaning of "tahash" is noted as uncertain in the Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd ed. "TAHASH" 2000.
- ^ King T.. (25 November 2014). "Pity the Dugongs: U.S. DOD Says Court Has No Jurisdiction" on The Huffington Post. Retrieved on 5 January. 2015
- ^ Associated Press. (21 December 2013). 辺野古、船がジュゴンに悪影響 防衛省、観察記録示さず. Japan News Network. Retrieved on 3 January 2015
- ^ 「間違いない」辺野古沖でジュゴン遊泳か. nikkansports.com. 17 August 2014
- ^ The Asahi Shimbun Company (18 August 2014). "Protesters kept at bay as Okinawan seabed survey for relocating U.S. air station gets under way". 朝日新聞デジタル.
- ^ Conservation of Dugong, Okinawa Woodpecker and Okinawa Rail in Japan. nacsj.or.jp. 19 July 2004
- ^ 訃報 ジュゴン死亡のお知らせ (in Japanese). Toba Aquarium. 10 February 2011. Retrieved 28 July 2011.[dead link]
- ^ "Dugong Rescue". underwaterworld.com.sg. Retrieved 6 April 2011.
- ^ "Dugong". seaworldindonesia.com. Retrieved 6 April 2011.
- ^ "Little-known dugong center stage at Sea World bash". Jakarta Post. 6 March 2000. Retrieved 6 April 2011.
External links
|External identifiers for Dugong
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dugong.
- Arkive (Dugong dugon)
- Roberto Sozzani The Dugong
- Sirenian International
- Dugong in Myanmar
- Stern action against two fishermen in Sri Lanka for killing Dugong
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Easy Recipes from Smeag: The Chef Strikes Back
EAT ME SHANE jk ilu shane cooking recipes
You know, negating the fact that we talk weekly, sometimes daily. That's beside the point. The point is, you think just because I gave you a guest spot once, you can muscle in on my territory? Uh-uh, gorgeous. I'm still the pretty princess of BZP chefs and you can't unseat me.
For those to young to remember, I used to post recipes on this blog, which was initially inspired by KIE's culinary blog entries (I still maintain that, during its heyday, Byron's was the best blog BZPower ever saw). I'm no fancy Chef de cuisine or Sous-chef or anything, but I love to cook, and I wanted to share simple, easy, and diverse recipes to show that it's not a complicated task. Often, I see young folks talk about how cooking looks so difficult and impossible, and I wanted to say hey man, don't worry! It can be really easy!
I was in college when I first started the series, so my entries really stressed fast, simple things that could often be made in just a dorm room, with only a microwave and cheap canned/boxed foods. I've been out of college for a couple years now (and moved out to my own place before that, even), so my own cooking's gotten a little more seasoned. But I still want to highlight that cooking is simple (and fun) - and maybe upset that awful stereotype of the post-graduate life being all cereal, PB&J, and spaghetti.
Seriously, screw spaghetti. Spaghetti is for people who've lost hope. I should make an entry titled "20 things to do with pasta that AREN'T spaghetti but are just as easy and just as cheap."
That all said, I'm going to start with a recipe that actually requires no cooking at all. Why, you ask? Because I want to strike back against Gato with something that will hurt him. Shane, baby, I see your meat sushi and counter with...something healthy, you pansy. You and your precious jingoism and your gender binary. I'm coming for you, and your cuteness won't protect you this time. Like the Hulk, today we're going....GREEN.
Fresh Salad with Mango and Avocado
And Home-Made Cilantro/Jalapeno Dressing
- 1 head of lettuce
- 1 ripe mango
- 1 avocado
- 1 scallion
- 1/2 red pepper
- 1/4 cup fresh cilantro leaves
- 6 tbsp olive oil
- 2 1/2 tbsp lime juice (I fresh-squeezed mine, but you can get a bottle for like a buck or less)
- 2 jalapeno peppers (i use pickled jalapeno in lieu of fresh, but fresh is better)
- 1/4 cup chopped cilantro
- 1/2 tsp celery salt (or regular salt if you're boring)
Peel and slice the mango and avocado, and slice the red pepper and scallion. Wash the lettuce and cilantro. Set all these aside. Mmm, they all look so colourful and delicious. Put some color in my gut.
Now dice some of that mango, chop 1/4 cup of the cilantro, and dice the jalapenos. Throw these in a medium bowl with the olive oil, celery salt, and lime juice, and mix. If you have any soy sauce or red pepper flakes, feel free to add a little - or just experiment! Cooking is all about just adding or substituting whatever looks good and rolling with it. Anyway stir all this stuff together.
Oh, oh dang, son. Did you just MAKE a SALAD DRESSING? You know, the kind of stuff that you usually have to buy in bottles? Oh man. You did. And all you had to do was stir. You're incredible.
Tear up your lettuce and cilantro leaves with your hands, and toss them in the dressing. Top with the mango, avocado, and red pepper slices, and ENJOY. This quantity serves about 2-4 people and can be a side dish or a main course.
I always tried to give vegetarian alternatives for most of the recipes I posted, since it's socially-conscious and my buddy Rob (Janus here on BZ) is vegetarian, but I can't give a vegetarian alternative for this because it already has no meat. Dang, son!
I'd like to get back in the game of posting recipes regularly. Feel free to recommend cuisines/types of dishes/whatever you'd like me to cover. I'd also be happy to feature guest spots. I just wanna encourage good, easy food times among my peers. Put down the hamburger helper, knowhatimsayin?
In conclusion: EAT IT, SHANE.
- 0

subset: commoncrawl


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Checking In On… the Missouri Valley ConferencePosted by Brian Goodman on February 1st, 2012
Patrick Marshall is the RTC correspondent for the Missouri Valley Conference. You can also find his musings online at White & Blue Review or on Twitter @wildjays.
Reader's Take
The Week That Was:
BracketBusters—On Monday night, ESPN announced the matchups for the tenth installment of the BracketBusters series. Creighton and Wichita State fans were hoping that a few matchups would go their way with St. Mary's headed to Creighton and the Shockers getting an opportunity to knock of undefeated Murray State. This was not meant to be as St. Mary's and Murray State were paired together. That sent Long Beach State to Creighton and Wichita State to Davidson. The Shockers' triple-overtime loss at Drake hurt them more than probably anyone realized with this matchup. A total of five teams from the Missouri Valley Conference were selected for games on the ESPN family of networks. Here is the full schedule of games for the MVC:
February 17:
- Northern Iowa @ Virginia Commonwealth, 6 PM CT (ESPN2)
February 18:
- Wichita State @ Davidson, 11 AM CT (ESPN or ESPN2)
- Southern Illinois @ Ball State, 1 PM CT
- Indiana State at Butler, 1 PM CT
- Drake @ New Mexico State, 2 PM CT (ESPNU)
- Old Dominion @ Missouri State, 4 PM CT (ESPNU)
- Oakland @ Illinois State, 4 PM CT
- Loyola-Chicago @ Bradley, 7 PM CT
- Long Beach State @ Creighton, 9 PM CT (ESPN2)
- Western Illinois @ Evansville, TBD
More Free Basketball—This week, several conference games were contested throughout and sent to overtime. Missouri State lost to Illinois State in overtime last Wednesday to kick the week off. Then, in Des Moines on Saturday, Wichita State and Drake went to triple overtime before the Bulldogs came away as victors. Finally on Sunday, Indiana State and Evansville battled to double overtime before the Sycamores left Evansville with a victory. The league is setup this season in a way that pretty much anyone can beat anyone on any given night.
Chaos in the Standings—With Wichita State's loss, the Shockers fell out of the tie with Creighton in the league race. With the Bluejays holding a one game lead over Wichita, the game in Omaha on February 11th becomes even more important. But after that, the rest of the league is still in flux. A total of two games separate teams three through nine in the standings and no one seems to want to break out of that pack. One week, a team like Evansville will go 3-0 and then the next go 0-2. Others, like Missouri State keep splitting their weekly games. Right now, there's little hope for more than two teams making the NCAA Tournament, barring a run in the MVC Tournament. Even something like that could knock Wichita State off if they are sitting on the bubble.
Power Rankings (last week's rankings in parentheses)
Drake invited themselves to the Creighton and Wichita State party while the rest of the league tries to position itself for the MVC Tournament that is about a month away.
- Creighton (20-2, 10-1) (1): Creighton continues to roll along with a ten-game winning streak entering Wednesday's action. There has been some debate based on statistics that Wichita State is a better team than Creighton. They may seem similar with schedules, but the Bluejays do own a win over the Shockers in Wichita. The one concern for Creighton however, is the turnovers and sloppy play as of late. The Bluejays had 19 turnovers against Bradley and were able to win, but at some point, those miscues could catch up with them. It is their teamwork that keeps winning games.
- Wichita State (18-4, 9-2) (2): The Shockers hit a stumbling block in their triple-OT loss against Drake and then were assigned to play at Davidson in the BracketBusters later this month. These two things were probably not something they wanted, although coach Gregg Marshall gets to go a little closer to home. One asset to Wichita State is its depth, but in the loss to Drake, Marshall only played about seven players throughout the game. Also, despite Garrett Stutz's back problems, he logged a staggering 50 minutes in that game. Read the rest of this entry »


text:
Green Chemistry Resources
Green Chemistry Home • Meetings • Docs & Information • Resources
On this page:
What is Green Chemistry?
Stated most simply, green chemistry is the design of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances. Fewer hazardous substances means less hazardous waste and a healthier environment.
Chemical synthesis involves combining chemicals to make new ones that have useful properties. The 12 principles of green chemistry are:
What can Green Chemistry do?
Green chemistry is not a particular set of technologies, but rather an emphasis on the design of chemical products and processes. Sometimes, green chemistry takes place at the molecular level to reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances. This approach offers environmentally beneficial alternatives to more hazardous chemicals and processes, and thus promotes pollution prevention.
Green chemistry can lead to dramatic changes in how we interact with chemicals on a daily basis as in the case of the 2005 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis. "The word metathesis means 'change-places.' In metathesis reactions, double bonds are broken and made between carbon atoms in ways that cause atom groups to change places. This happens with the assistance of special catalyst molecules. Metathesis can be compared to a dance in which the couples change partners... Metathesis is used daily in the chemical industry, mainly in the development of pharmaceuticals and of advanced plastic materials. Thanks to the Laureates' contributions, synthesis methods have been developed that are
This represents a great step forward for 'green chemistry,' reducing potentially hazardous waste through smarter production. Metathesis is an example of how important basic science has been applied for the benefit of man, society and the environment."
The U.S EPA Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge promotes and recognizes outstanding chemical technologies that incorporate the principles of green chemistry into chemical design, manufacture, and use. It recognizes chemical development that has been or can be used by industry in achieving their pollution prevention goals. Past award winners' achievements have included the development of alternative coatings, surfactants [4] and fire extinguishing agents.
How is DTSC Promoting Green Chemistry?
DTSC and green chemistry share a common principle - preventing the generation of waste. California law directs DTSC to place the reduction of hazardous waste as its highest priority when developing new programs or carrying out the provisions of the Hazardous Waste Control Law.
DTSC also promotes the application of Green Chemistry through its source reduction programs. DTSC requires hazardous waste generators to prepare hazardous waste source reduction plans for their major waste streams and update them every four years. In these plans, generators examine their waste generating processes and identify source reduction opportunities.
Source reduction means one of the following:
Source reduction involves reducing, avoiding, or eliminating the generation of hazardous waste. It can include such practices as:
As part of its source reduction mandate, DTSC also implements cooperative technical assistance and outreach programs with industry to promote multi-media pollution prevention.
DTSC is currently monitoring the European Commission efforts to implement legislation for the Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals (REACH). In REACH, the European Union is considering legislation to track and make publicly available information about all new chemicals.
Although DTSC does not regulate products made from or containing hazardous substances, those products create waste that is of interest and concern to DTSC. Thus, as part of its role in environmental protection, DTSC hosted technical symposia on a variety of emerging technologies and products such has nanotechnology and pharmaceuticals and personal care products.
Chemical/Product Prioritization Resources
Alternatives Assessment Resources
Other Resources
[1] A reaction where a substance is used to increase the rate of a chemical reaction, without being consumed or produced by the reaction.
[2] Refers to compounds or reactions in which the components are in fixed, whole-number ratios.
[3] A removable chemical unit used by synthetic chemists to purposefully cover up certain regions of a molecule so they do not react with other compounds during a reaction.
[4] Surfactants are wetting agents that lower the surface tension of a liquid, allowing easier spreading, and lower the interfacial tension between two liquids.


text:
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Kites! Kites! Kites!
Beginners Corner
What is the difference in Revolution Models
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Topic: What is the difference in Revolution Models (Read 17529 times)
0 Members and 1 Guest are viewing this topic.
Trade Count:
Posts: 8
What is the difference in Revolution Models
February 26, 2013, 04:39 PM »
Not new to kiting, have lots of 2 line stunt kites, a kite board with 3 kites, but now I want a Revolution.
I've been on their site and read lots of stuff, but it is really hard to understand why they make all the different models and what they are used for. I also dot understand all the different rods.
Can someone summarize?
Thanks for the help!
Global Moderator
Trade Count:
Posts: 4051
Las Vegas, NV
Re: What is the difference in Revolution Models
Reply #1 on:
February 26, 2013, 05:04 PM »
In summary, the more you spend, the better the product.
By the time you get up to the B-Series Pro, your kite will be
made by Barry "Bazzer" Poulter and you can have custom
colors done.
Most of Revheads prefer the B-Series Pro with a light set
of rods (although very strong). The Rev 1 is the largest of the
normal Revs, the Rev 1.5 is the most popular model.
I have a Rev 1.5 SLE (not a popular leading edge rod with the
lads & lasses in Revland), and a Rev 1.
That should get you started.
It's a time tested (1987ish) design which was unique at the time
and still considered the best quad-line flier today. And made in
the US of A. Hard to fault a unique, well-made, well-designed
product. I like everything about them except their shape.
But form follows function, I've been told.
Last Edit: February 26, 2013, 05:07 PM by chilese
John Chilese: Las Vegas, NV
Trade Count:
Posts: 8
Re: What is the difference in Revolution Models
Reply #2 on:
February 26, 2013, 05:24 PM »
Ok, I keep getting answers like yours, what is the difference in the models you mention. What do I get for my more money.
How do I tell if a kite it lite moderate or heavy wind.
Why the different rods.
Willing to pay, just want to know what I'm buying!
Trade Count:
Posts: 574
Seattle area
Re: What is the difference in Revolution Models
Reply #3 on:
February 26, 2013, 05:45 PM »
EXP - Very basic model, not as user friendly as the B Series 1.5
SLE 1.5 - Standard model made in house, great kite. Lot's of us started with the SLE 1.5
B Series 1.5 - does not use the SLE (Super Leading Edge) - instead it uses/allows the flyer to use various stiffness rods. Allows you to mix and match. Usually comes with two sets of rods and handles. You determine the line length you want to use. B-Series was designed for team flying and individual flying, designed by John Barresi, current president of the AKA, the founder of iQuad team, etc. etc. Google him! Comes in Std/Vented/Mid-Vent.
B Series Pro - pro level B Series - sewed by kite artisan Barry Poulter. More expensive, beginners will do just fine with the non-Pro version above. Comes in Std/Vented/Mid-Vent.
Rev 1 - Bigger - not B series, unless you buy the Zen - a Barry Poulter made UL Rev 1 - has it's own special Zen rods.
Rev 2 - smaller than all these - quick and twitchy, however there is now a B-Series - fun and quick. Comes in Std/Vented/Mid-Vent.
The super big ones and the fast/sonic ones - don't go there to start.
I'd start with a BSeries - enjoy the dark side.
Trade Count:
Posts: 574
Seattle area
Re: What is the difference in Revolution Models
Reply #4 on:
February 26, 2013, 06:10 PM »
Just like Dirty Harry said, sometimes you just have to ask yourself. . .
what kind of winds do you have to fly in?
I live inland with access to beaches. (all B Series or B Series Pro's) Inland in light flukey winds I use a B Series STD with Race rods. When it picks up I love the Mid-Vent with Race rods till I feel it need to move to a 3 wrap rod. The Mid-Vent with Race rods is my favorite (SKB is a wise man!). This past year I picked up the Rev 2 in the B2 model - grabbed the Mid-Vent with a set of Race Rods.
When I'm at the coast I use a full vent model to handle the winds and usually use 3 wrap rods.
So what kind of winds do you fly in?
Trade Count:
Posts: 8
Re: What is the difference in Revolution Models
Reply #5 on:
February 26, 2013, 06:22 PM »
Two types of wind,
Here crazy gusty 12-25, cold October to April
All other times whatever the beach has to offer. Lots of OBX time, although usually on a kiteboard there but it's usually 15 - 30 reliable.
I prefer a decent breeze and like to feel the pull of the kite.
Not sure i get the vent thing? Does it reduce the pull and give you control?
Which Rev is a good 15-20 mile an hour kite? If I want to feel the pull.
Can I get both precision and pull?
Thanks for the replies!
Trade Count:
Posts: 574
Seattle area
Re: What is the difference in Revolution Models
Reply #6 on:
February 26, 2013, 06:40 PM »
Vented - 4 wrap rods to learn on - for those wind conditions. I fly the OBX twice a year and I always fly a vented.
Trade Count:
Posts: 8
Re: What is the difference in Revolution Models
Reply #7 on:
February 26, 2013, 06:54 PM »
So what's the mid vent for?
I think I'm hearing B series 4 wrap, still not sure about the vented. Get lots of 5-8 days here will it really fly that light. Let e rephrase that, is it worth flying that light.
What do you think the Rev Supersonic, I can only find it on their site.
Where do you buy your Revs. I have only found B series with 3 wrap rods can't find the 4 wrap rods?
Trade Count:
Posts: 490
Middle of an Illinois cornfield
Re: What is the difference in Revolution Models
Reply #8 on:
February 26, 2013, 07:16 PM »
I suggest you visit the Rev forum and search the topics. It is a treasure trove of information. After you have satisfied yourself you have learned enough, call a reputable dealer. There's a couple of very good dealers who are sponsors here (see the right side of the page). They are terrific at customer service and will ask the right questions to find the right Rev for you.
Global Moderator
Trade Count:
Posts: 4051
Las Vegas, NV
Re: What is the difference in Revolution Models
Reply #9 on:
February 26, 2013, 07:48 PM »
In golf terms:
The standard B-Series Rev 1.5 can be considered an excellent 5 iron.
the mid-vent would be a 7 iron.
the full-vent would be a 9 iron.
The X-tra vent would be a sand wedge.
The framing options are flexible (pun intended):
race rods (lightest)
3 wrap
4 wrap
3+4 wrap (stiffest)
Most of the better Rev fliers tend to fly with whatever rods bend a lot without breaking.
It is very easy to change the frame set in any Rev sail. It takes about 30 seconds.
If you have a lot of daulies you enjoy flying, consider getting a full-vent Rev and fly that
whenever the winds get over about 15 mph. Below 15, fly your dualies.
And the Rev Forum does have lots of very talented Quadladites. They would be
happy to answer your questions.
John Chilese: Las Vegas, NV
Trade Count:
Posts: 221
Re: What is the difference in Revolution Models
Reply #10 on:
February 26, 2013, 07:51 PM »
ok, i am new to revs also... here's what i did...
bought a 1.5b series std sail. Loved it and it flew great in the lighter winds around here. It is a great deal because it comes with 2 frame sets BUT NO LINES!!!!!!! I flew with some real REV folk from IKE and the wind was blowing pretty good, they said don't even take that standard sail out you will STRETCH IT! well it was my birthday and my wife loves me so she got me a windmeter.. it was only 12mph but it seemed much stronger(read between the lines,, people don't really know wind speed) felt 20mph to me
Went out a week later and bought a 1.5SLE, kinda a mess up but I am happy with it and the store worked closely with me! I fly that kite most of the time up to about 20mph with the 4wrap, I have never used the SEWER PIPE SLE rods that it came with!
With your winds I would get the 1.5b full vent with 4wrap and race frame... I think that would be a sweet ride for you!
Good luck!!!
Trade Count:
Posts: 221
Re: What is the difference in Revolution Models
Reply #11 on:
February 26, 2013, 07:58 PM »
YOU WILL HAVE MORE THAN ONE!!!! sorry, it's OK... we ALL DO
Trade Count:
Posts: 208
Re: What is the difference in Revolution Models
Reply #12 on:
February 26, 2013, 09:03 PM »
To add to the confusion . . . . .
Why do you have three kites for boarding? I don't kiteboard, but I'm betting it's mostly about the wind speed - higher winds, you need less kite to get the job done. Same with Revs, but it's done with venting because the size of the kite (for the vast majority of Rev flyers) doesn't change. The 1.5 kite with 3 wrap rods is by far the most popular size because (for most people) it's the right combination of wind range, handling, speed and precision. The Rev 1 is really nice, but it's slower & not as fast to respond simply because it's a larger kite, more angular momentum, and slower to turn. Same as it is for you with a big kite boarding sail vs. a smaller one. The Rev 2s are the hyper/twitchy little brothers of the 1.5, so they are fun to fly, but a bit too twitchy for most people. Plus, a big benefit for many Rev flyers is group / team flying, and if everyone else has a 1.5 . . . well, you want to be on a 1.5 as well. If you plan to fly with others, skip the 85 foot lines and just buy a set of 120s. They are the group flying standard length, plus you'll have more wind window to mess with when you are learning . . . you just have more time to react on 120s than 85s.
As for me, my favorite kite for higher winds (over maybe 12 mph) is my B series 1.5 full vent with 3 (or rarely 4) wraps. That's until I . . . . get a Shook mesh Masterpiece Rev. If you have plenty of spare coin lying around, the Rev for high winds (like OBX) is the Shook mesh rev. It was designed for the winds of the outer banks. Someday . . . . it will be mine.
The rev I actually fly the most lately is my EXP, which is a (relatively) inexpensive full sail that's the exact same size and shape as the 1.5 standard, and comes with rods that are very much like the 3 wraps. The sail material and panels are not as nice as the "standard" 1.5, but the shape is exactly the same. That's right, my lowest end rev is my most frequent flyer, due to the wind conditions (light / variable a good chunk of the time around here). I have Rev 1.5 SULs, full sail 1.5s, full vent 1.5s (b-series & not), Rev 1's and Rev 2's, and the EXP is probably getting the most air time these days. EXP is only available in full sail though, so it's not a good choice for higher winds.
Now . . . even though the EXP is getting the most air time over the last year or so . . . at some point I will spring for a set of B-Pros. The workmanship on the kites is exceptional, reinforcements at all the right points, and . . . well, they just fly beautifully compared to "factory standard" Revs. Like . . . . well, I won't go into more analogies because this is a family-friendly forum, and things might get a bit . . . .
So, with that out of my system, IMHO you don't need to get hung up too much on whether you get a standard 1.5, B-Series 1.5, or B-Pro. However . . . if you get hooked, you will end up with three (or more) - just like you did with kiteboarding - so you may want to factor that into your kite budgeting plans. I'd agree with most people here that you should get a full vent for your first kite, if you have higher wind speeds. The venting will make it more forgiving. I'd probably go with 3 or 4 wrap spars, 4 wrap if you're only planning on flying in higher winds. For the second Rev for OBX, I'd get a full sail kite to fly on lower wind days. You don't need to get an SUL as your abilities and handle leader tuning will make a bigger difference in your flying in low winds than the weight of the kite. Work on getting lots of flying time, then you'll find you can fly a standard sail down in lower and lower winds (if you want to).
Welcome to the dark side . . .
Trade Count:
Posts: 234
Germantown Maryland
Re: What is the difference in Revolution Models
Reply #13 on:
February 27, 2013, 03:41 AM »
We just did a rev clinic (more like a fun fly with lessons & advise thrown-in as people requested 'em) at OBX over the President's Day weekend with the Shooks. Next year you should certainly plan to join us at the Whalehead Club!
We flew super ultra lights full sailed 1.5s (and the Zen) and heavily framed mesh and full vents, depending on the wind speed. We flew indoors for a few hours, both Sat& Sunday too. We jumped around and tried out different arrangements and tuning methods on each other's equipment.
Thursday was dead calm to begin, not a ripple of wave action on the sound to be seen anywhere. We flew Bazzer Pro full sail 1.5s with Skyshark framing (light weight, delicate and very flexible) and magic sticks on 120 feet of 50# LPG and 50# Skybond. During the later parts of that afternoon we switched out to Mid-vents with Green race frames.
The wind was probably 1 or 3 mph to start and eventually finished a steady 10 to 14 mph.
100# Skybond on 15 inch no-snags for me.
The next day it was probably blowing 20 steady with gusts over 35 mph,... and raining besides! We flew 100% mesh Shook masterpieces on 4 wraps or Green Race and I used 140# Skybond on 13 inch no-snag handles. (A never used combination on my home flying fields!)
If you didn't have the right stuff, somebody loaned you equipment. The Shook palace is just across the street so if you needed something you could buy it double-quick. We even asked Elliot for some repairs and argued over who's order should be processed first!
The joy of quad gatherings is the ability to share and experience differences. I have a couple pairs of matching kites (working on flyin' .one in each hand, it's humbling!). I set them up, one with a French Bridle and one with a stock bridle so I can be comfortable borrowing kites to practice. This combination also makes it easy for folks to try something completely different. It's not better, just different! You have to decide what's best and the easiest way to do that is to meet up with some other folks.
After you are comfortable with stock equipment you can begin to experiment to see what you might change,... how that impacts your flight dynamics, what conditions, what objectives, etc
Personally?, most of my equipment is "targeted to fly in no-wind". I prefer a different construction method for the leading edge, I always add a set of magic sticks (even indoors!), I almost always fly on long throw handles.
We were on OBX for five days and my most used kite during that time was a full sailed B-Pro
on 90# LPG/120s with 15" no-snags.
The difference in the Revolution models only matters with some of your own flying experience mixed in. Talk to a knowledgable retailer, or call the factory, or go meet-up with some other quad-heads. You'll own two Revs in short order(or more!) Most people go full sail and full vent as their first buys.
For the locals here in the DC metro area that meet-up with our kite club members, we advise them to NOT buy a kite for the first 2 years. Instead go buy a perfectly fitting gortex rainsuit and appropriate shoes/boots. Fly on our equipment until you know exactly what you want, then go get it. You can learn to drive on your own bus in the wallmart parking lot or you can practice on the track with our Ferraris. I don't want to see anymore people on beginner kites! You get what you pay for, until you know what you want EXACTLY don't waste your money. Who knows you might be a KAP guy or the big show kite might make your mouth water instead of a quad. When you'll happily eat ketchup sandwiches all summer long (to save money) for Bazzer or Shook's custom creations you're one of us as well!
Trade Count:
Posts: 737
Las Vegas, Nevada
Re: What is the difference in Revolution Models
Reply #14 on:
February 27, 2013, 01:08 PM »
Basic break down on the models:
First, we'll start off with the 1.5 series sails. There are three of them. The EXP, 1.5 SLE and the B-Series. All three of these kites are nearly identical in size and all use the same frames. Frames are all interchangeable throughout all three models.
most inexpensive Rev. Made with simple 3 panel layout (on each side), material is ripstop nylon, comes with one frame (3 wrap standard sized frameset). This is the most economical Rev and a good one to start off with if money is an issue. The EXP is only available in the Standard form. MSRP $205.00 complete, ready to fly including lines.
This is the most popular selling model. It has a 5 panel layout (on each side), material is ripstop nylon (same as the EXP), comes packaged with one complete SLE frameset and one extra leading edge. The SLE (stands for Super Leading Edge) is a large 7/16" rod that is nearly indestructible. It holds the sail tighter with less flex, causing the kite to react faster and be a little more twitchier. Some find this rod very fun to fly with but precision does suffer a little. The 1.5 also includes the standard 3 wrap leading edge (same leading edge rods that is shipped with the EXP). This is the preferred rod for precision and team flying as it allows the kite to bow more and absorb gusts better. It also slows the kite down a little and makes the kite less twitchy. This model is available in SUL, Standard and Vented. MSRP $308.00 complete ready to fly including lines.
(also referred to as the Baressi Signature Series) This kite is the same size as the EXP and 1.5 SLE, but has a slightly different cut in the sail and also has two vertical "channels" on each wing. The kite is made from Ripstop Polyester (not nylon) which is a lighter material. The kite is also supplied with two complete standard framesets, the actual types are dependent on the model of kite (standard or vented). The b-series does not come with the SLE leading edge. This model is considered the top of the line model and usually gives the ultimate in performance and precision. It is the most recommended model among Rev flyers. It also is packaged with adjustable leaders on the handles that allow for fine tuning of the kite and the advanced flying DVD made by John Baressi himself. This model is available in Standard, Mid-Vent, and Full Vent. MSRP $335.00 for the complete package. Lines are not included in this price.
As mentioned the B-Series is available in a PRO model made exclusively by Bazzar himself. This is an upgraded B-Series model that can be ordered in custom color combinations. Bazzar does some added assembly details that are not financially possible with the production models but are quite nice. The PRO is made from Icarex Ripstop Polyester and is packaged with one frame of your choice. The PRO model is available in Standard, Mid-Vent, Full Vent and Xtra Vent. MSRP is $360.00 for kite, bag and one frame ($440.00 for the Xtra Vent model). Custom colors will carry an additional fee. NO other accessories are included.
The other models are as follows:
Rev 1 -
This is the kite that started it all. The Rev 1 is the original Rev. It is larger in size than the 1.5 series kites and is the largest Rev other than the power series. It has a nearly 9' leading edge. The Rev 1 is excellent in precision and because of it's larger wing surface it does very will in the lighter wind ranges. The Rev 1 is slower in speed and rotations than the smaller 1.5 series. It is made from Ripstop Polyester and is packaged with one frame, usually with the SLE leading edge. MSRP $308.00 complete, ready to fly including lines.
Rev B2 -
formerly known as the Rev II which is no longer made. The B2 is the same design and panel layout as the B-Series model but in a smaller package. The B2 is a very small and very agile kite that is super fun when the winds pick up a bit. It has less pull than the larger models and flies very quickly through the air. The B2 also has much more precision than the original Rev II because of the newer sail design. It is the same size as the Rev II and uses the same frames. The B2 comes just like the B-Series with two frames and adjustable handles. Available in Standard and Vented. (Mid Vent can be custom ordered for a small fee). MSRP $339.00 including lines.
Indoor -
Designed specifically for indoor use. Super ultra light, made from Ripstop Polyester. Slightly larger than the 1.5 series, but not as big as the Rev 1. It also has a very aggressive "V" type cut in the wing. MSRP $290.00 including lines.
Zen -
This kite is made special by Bazzar himself. This was a design between Bazzar and Revolution for the ultimate in super ultra light winds. The Zen is the same size as the Rev 1, but has a different cut and panel layout. Made exclusively from Icarex Ripstop Polyester, it is assembled with the same technique and care as the B-Pro kites. It also can be ordered in custom colors for an additional fee. Available in only the standard version and is sold as kite, bag and the special Zen frame. MSRP $440.00
Speed Series kites. These are rocket ships and are super fun to fly but usually require some experience. I normally don't recommend the speed series kites for beginners.
Supersonic -
This Rev is a rocket! The fastest Rev available. It has been clocked over 70 mph and will fly in reverse as fast as the EXP will fly forward. Packaged with extra leading edge rods (cuz eventually you will need them). The speed series kites use the SLE rods for the added strength and speed. Available in Standard and Vented. MSRP $308.00 including lines.
Shockwave -
This model is nearly identical to the Supersonic in size but is just slightly larger. It is not quite as fast as the Sonic but has quite a bit more pull. So if you are looking for speed and power, the Shockwave would be a great choice. This model is still available but speculation is that it will be discontinued once stock is depleted. It is packaged the same as the Sonic with extra rods. MSRP $308.00 including lines.
Power Series! These kites are designed with emphasis on power.
Blast -
This kite is like having all the other kites wrapped up in one. It is huge like the Rev 1, it is fast like the speed series, it has the power like the larger power series and still maintains some precision like the 1.5 series. This is a good all-rounder kite if you want a little of everything. Because of it's larger size, precision is not nearly as good but it is still a "blast" to fly. (pun intended). Made from ripstop polyester and comes with two leading edges, SLE and standard. Available in Standard and Vented. MSRP $411.00 complete, including lines.
Power Blast 2-4 and 4-8 -
These kites are designed for pure power. Their numbers indicate the size and power equivalent. The 2-4 is a 2m sail with the power output of a typical 4m foil. The 4-8 is a 4m sail with the power output of a typical 8m foil. The 2-4 is a riot to fly and will drag you all over the place. The 4-8 I would only recommend to the most serious of pilots who are looking for the ultimate in power. It is a beast to fly. Both of these models along with the Blast work excellent for kite buggying or kite ground boarding. They are packaged with extra replacement spars and are only available in their standard form. MSRP $499.00 for the 2-4, $699.00 for the 4-8
Hope that helps understand the differences in the different models. If you have any questions, please feel free to ask.
Happy Winds!
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text: Steve Cousins wrote: > > I haven't seen anybody here talking about the 6-core AMD CPU's yet. Is > anybody trying these out? Anybody have real-world comparisons (say WRF) > of scalability of a 12-core system vs. a 16 thread Nehalem system? > > Thanks, > > Steve > We looked at them and the processor may have been available when we needed to take delivery. However, the platform that would take advantage of the chip, Fiorano, isn't out yet (or just out). When that gets released, then there will be something worth comparing. As far as using threading, I doubt that threading is going to buy you much for WRF. Minimal testing showed no benefit and it is more likely to cause confusion to the users than a small bump in speed. We would like to test it more in the future, but right now the users need cycles. Craig > _______________________________________________ > Beowulf mailing list, Beowulf at beowulf.org sponsored by Penguin Computing > To change your subscription (digest mode or unsubscribe) visit > http://www.beowulf.org/mailman/listinfo/beowulf > -- Craig Tierney (craig.tierney at noaa.gov)


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May 27, 2010
Summer may be a time for some college students to kick their feet back and relax, but many Wabash men are fully immersed in internships and research opportunities.
Scott Crawford, Director of the Schroeder Center for Career Development, said there are approximately 125 students involved in Wabash-funded programs alone, not to mention the countless others who obtained employment from outside sources.
Crawford said that although the number of funded internships available has diminished in the last few years due to the expiration of several grants and programs, more Wabash students are seeking summer opportunities.
"A survey we just gave to our recent graduates found that 68 percent completed at least one internship during their time at Wabash," Crawford said. "Over the course of my five years with the College, I've noticed that students have become more prepared when undergoing the application process, and also have higher expectations of what they plan to take away from their internships."
The competitive job market has caused the trend to occur not just at Wabash, but with colleges and universities across the nation. More employers are expecting prospective hires to have prior experience in their field, while graduate schools look for internships to better solidify a student's application.
It is the work of the Career Services team to help Wabash students gain the inside track on the internship process. They provide students with a number of opportunities throughout the academic year to perfect important skills such as producing a cover letter and resume, interviewing for a position, and networking opportunities with alumni. The Schroeder Center even hosts an etiquette dinner for Wabash men to improve their fine dining skills.
One of the most integral parts of the Career Services program is the number of College-funded opportunities for students. The unique internships have become increasingly popular among students and alumni alike, as many of the internships link students with Wabash graduates.
Some Wabash-funded internship programs include:
Dill Fund: The highly competitive grants, funded by a gift from G. Michael Dill '71, are internships that expand an area of study in a way not available through Wabash's traditional curricular offerings. The program is administered the Dean of the College.
Cameron McDougal '12 received a Dill Grant and will be working as a student dental assistant at Matthew 25 Health and Dental Clinic in Fort Wayne, Indiana. McDougal, president of the newly-founded Wabash College Pre-Dental Society, has had an ongoing interest in the dental profession and will help provide free dental care to underprivileged patients. Working with a number of volunteer dentists, including Matt Creech '94, McDougal will be able to add an extra set of hands during oral surgery.
"I will be the primary oral surgery assistant and will handle some of the more routine extractions on my own," McDougal said. "With the lagging economy, the number of dentists who are volunteering at the clinic has declined. The waiting time for a patient to get an extraction is now about six months – that's a long time to wait for something as painful as a broken or dead tooth to come out. My summer goal is to significantly cut the waiting time to get an extraction."
Lilly Grant Business Internships: The purpose of the program is to help fund Indiana internship opportunities with a business focus. Stevan Stankovich '12 and Andre Adeyemi '12 are two of approximately 30 students who have a Lilly Business Internship.
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text:
Here are the winners of the Panoramio monthly Contest for April 2008 edition. The sponsor ATP will contact the winners during the next days in order to send the prizes.
First Prize of Scenery category
taken in United Kingdom by Alan Knox
First Prize of Heritage category
taken in France by Nicolas Aubé
First Prize of Travel category
taken in Spello, Italy by marita1004
First Prize of Unusual Location category
taken in Chile by Dejah
Full list of winners
Congratulations to all of them!


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At the Savvy Sophisticate we work hard to bring you the best in designer labels at reasonable prices. Our goal is to provide the best in customer service, not just say it. If you have any issues with a product you have purchased from us, simply contact us so we can make it right. Our belief is that business should be about more than just numbers. There should be a human element even if we are doing business on a computer. We want you to feel comfortable and confident in doing business with us. After all, it is you the customer that allows us to do what we love! Please read our policies below so there are no surprises.
SHIPPING - We ship next business day on most items. Should there be a delay, we will contact you promptly to let you know when your purchase will be shipped. Most items will ship via Priority mail. Some items may ship via First Class mail or UPS depending on the weight and size of the item.RETURNS - We offer a 30 day money back guarantee on everything we sell. If you are not completely satisfied with your purchase, simply open a return. As soon as the product is received in the condition it was sold in, your refund will be issued.