text:
From PostgreSQL wiki
Community Surveys
We run an ongoing one-question survey on the www.postgresql.org/community page. Typically these are answered by between 200 and 400 users. They are highly unscientific and are interesting rather than terribly informative.
8.4.0 Release Community Survey
Run jointly with EnterpriseDB marketing staff, this was a survey of users that ran for 6 weeks immediately following the version 8.4.0 in July 2009. Most of the respondents were people who downloaded the One-Click Installer. This survey is more complete and informative covering Postgres users, applications, environments, and some commercial considerations. Please note that the audience is limited to early adopters of version 8.4. Also, the questions on the survey pretty much exclude any useful responses from OEMs.
View Online: SurveyMethods
Download files: Media:PostgreSQL_Community_Survey_20090722_Final.zip (includes graphs, XLS and CSV data)
New Community Survey
We need to develop a comprehensive community survey to be run 1-2 months after each new release. This survey should be designed to answer questions more useful to the community. It should probably also run on our infrastructure. Work on this has not been started.


text:
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subset: commoncrawl


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Lab City CentraleSupélec / OMA
Photograph by Philippe Ruault, Courtesy of OMA
Architects: OMA
Location: Plateau de Saclay, Gif Sur Yvette, France
Architect In Charge: Ellen Van Loon, Rem Koolhaas
Area: 48700.0 m2
Project Year: 2017
Photographs: Philippe Ruault, Vitor Oliveira
Competition Team: Fred Awty, Felicity Barbur, Clément Blanchet, Eugenio Cardoso, Alicia Casals, Phil Handley, Helena Hiriart, Li Huang, Didzis Jaunzems, Sangwoo Kim, Pierre-Jean Le Maitre, Maria Aller Rey, Ida Stople
Design Development: Clément Blanchet, Edouard Pervès, Saskia Simon (Project Architects); Pedro Pitarch, Alonso Anton, Anikeev Tolis Apostolidis, Gabriella Bandeira, Lourdes Carretero Botran, Jonathan Bourhis, Matthieu Boustany, Paloma Bule, Eugenio Cardoso, Alban Denic, Gilles Guyot, Christopher Hayman, Aleksandar Joksimovic, Cristina Martin de Juan, Min Hong, Khor Sangwoo, Kim Lina Kwon, Pierre-Je...
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If you were to watch the first five minutes of Kayfabe Commentaries' YouShoot interview with Sabu, you might think you paid too much.
It's not bad, it's just Sabu hardly talking. Fortunately, it does get better as the questions keep flowing in and time goes on.
An example? One of the first questions a fan writes in is regarding the ECW November To Remember show in 1994 when Chris Benoit broke Sabu's neck. Sabu's response? "You had to bring that up? I try to forget that one. That sucked. My neck still hurts." He then said even if Benoit didn't do that to him, that he'd kick him in the nether regions.
Another fan "lathers Sabu's ass," according to moderator and Kayfabe Commentaries co-owner Sean Oliver, by calling Sabu every positive name in the book. Sabu recants with a "Sounds good!" remark.
Then again, this is how Sabu has always been portrayed in wrestling -- a man of few words. He says it's not a gimmick, but the way he really is, just like his uncle, The Sheik.
Sabu talks about his relationships with Paul Heyman and Taz and how they were once strained, but are now better. He also discusses how he wishes he could have had a program with Raven at some point after their one match in TNA.
Of course, as in 99.9 percent of shoot interviews, the topics of sex and drugs come into play. Sabu tells a story of how he once gave Sunny some Somas to flash him, how she tried to sleep with him while married to Chris Candido and about what he saw a rat do one night to Brian Lee. I'd explain this, but this is a PGish website.
There's a segment in this DVD entitled "What's In The Bag?" where moderator Oliver opens a gym bag and pulls out a variety of items -- a syringe, bottle of pills, gimmicked bag of marijuana, etc. The object of the game is for Sabu to identify which wrestler he thinks of first when he sees each item. Not surprisingly, he says his own name a couple times and even rolls a joint for our viewing pleasure.
But this DVD also has more to it then the typical sex and drugs schtick. Sabu, via a fan, tells the story about one time at a restaurant in Philadelphia, the store employee said Sabu's name wrong and he didn't correct him by telling him his name was Terry.
"I hate the name Terry," quipped Sabu.
And being that Sabu was an integral part of the inaugural, and arguably the only ECW, he fields questions on the locker room and the WWE version of ECW. The biggest point he makes about yesteryear and today's WWE is that back in his heyday, guys wrestled for the love of it and for little or no cash. Nowadays, guys just do it for a paycheck, he added.
Ya think?
Sabu goes over his most gruesome injuries, tells the legendary super-glue wound-closing stories, a couple WCW and XPW tales, including how much he hated WCW, and which of today's wrestlers would have been a good fit in the original ECW. The names he says might surprise you, with Samoa Joe being the one that most raised some eyebrows for me. It's at this time that he slams indy wrestler Jack Evans a couple times, saying Evans needs to hit the gym.
Come to think of it, Evans would be a perfect YouShoot candidate to discuss the indy scene, Ring Of Honor, stuff like that. What do you think, Sean?
One part I especially liked is when Sabu answers a fan's question about who the future of hardcore wrestling is. The fan suggests The Necro Butcher and Sabu disagrees. He says he wrestled for years as "Terry Nobody" and evolved into Sabu, a wrestler who wrestled first and foremost, and then took on the routine of breaking tables and using objects. Sabu notes that all Necro Butcher does is use objects. Good point.
Obviously, the chapter entitled "The Sheik" was of greatest interest to me. Detroit pride, baby. One fan asks if Sabu was scared of his uncle as a child. Sabu said his uncle's character on screen wasn't a character, that was the real person. He also said that no one that knows Sabu calls The Sheik by his real name. Sabu tells a quick story of Leon Spinks, The Sheik and himself in Japan, training sessions with Rob Van Dam and The Sheik, matches with his uncle and time and time again, reiterates that who The Sheik was in the ring was who he was away from the ring.
Another story Sabu tells is during the 1997 invasion angle when ECW invaded Raw. Apparently, backstage, The Sandman was talking real estate with Gorilla Monsoon. Sabu mentions, too, that the ECW guys were not well-received because they were a "family," whereas the WWE (then WWF) guys were all against one another.
Other points of good discussion include Sabu once being billed as the son of Jimmy "Superfly" Snuka (really?!?), the only wrestler to ever refuse to take the Arabian Facebuster, how the triple-jump moonsault originated, why he feels Jerry "The King" Lawler is a racist, how the old FMW promotion influenced ECW and funny RVD stories.
And who knew some of the stories told in The Wrestler were based on Sabu? He explains, and also tells why he doesn't like the movie.
The DVD closes with a "potpourri" section where Sabu gives his take on the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, how paranoid Vince McMahon was regarding Sabu wearing his ethnic headwear and what he does to relax -- smoke weed, play with his dogs, take care of his mom and lift weights. Classic answer.
In watching this DVD a second time (it's that good), I realized that not only is Sabu a straight-shooter, but though he's shy, he tells a good story and sugarcoats nothing. He seems genuine in talking about guys like John Cena and Jeff Jarrett and doesn't get rattled. You have to have respect for Sabu no matter how you look at it. He also apologizes for his stuttering (I barely noticed any stuttering) at the end, says he was nervous, and the DVD ends with Sabu and Oliver comparing broken hands.
Even though he doesn't talk much (as compared to other shoots with other wrestlers), this DVD was an eye-opener for me as it showed a side of Sabu not everyone has ever seen, including a sense of humor. It's a refreshing change from seeing the man risk it all in the ring to telling why he did it for so many years. Every wrestling fan needs this DVD, as well as the rest of the YouShoot series. It'll be money well spent.


text:
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'the X5000 delivered weak performance in terms of jaggie elimination, cadence detection, noise reduction, and moire pattern elimination.'
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Dock Worker (Part-Time)
Date: Apr 13, 2019
Location: Waite Park, MN, US, 56387
Company: XPO Logistics
Pay starts at $15.89
Move the freight that moves the world forward.
At XPO Logistics, one of the world's leading logistics and transportation companies, we provide the solutions that organizations around the globe count on. As a Dock Worker, you'll play an important role in making sure freight gets where it needs to go. You'll work alongside a top caliber management team that understands the transportation industry and how to bring out your best. Become a part of our growing, dynamic team and we'll help you build a career you can be proud of.
What you'll do on a typical day:
- Efficiently sort, handle, load and unload palletized and non-palletized freight
- Use appropriate motorized and manual equipment, including pallet jack, forklift and by hand
- Secure freight inside trailers using appropriate tools and supplies
- Work in a safe, efficient manner, adhering to company safety policies
- Use mobile handheld devices to scan and track shipments
- Work on a dock that is not climate-controlled for extended periods of time
What you need to succeed at XPO:
At a minimum, you'll need:
- Be at least 18 years of age
- Ability to do basic math calculations, with and without a calculator
- Ability to lift freight and other objects up to 50 lbs. frequently and greater than 75 lbs. occasionally
- Available to work a variety of shifts including days, evenings, nights and weekends due to varying freight volumes
It'd be great if you also have:
- Dock/warehouse experience in the transportation industry
- Forklift experience in a freight/less-than-truckload environment
- Experience loading and unloading trailers
- Basic written and verbal communication skills
- Desire to succeed with strong attention to detail
Be part of something big.
XPO provides cutting-edge supply chain solutions to the world's most successful companies, including Disney, Pepsi, L'Oréal, Toyota and many others. We're the fastest-growing transportation company on the Fortune 500 list and we're just getting started.
We are proud to be an Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action employer. Qualified applicants will receive consideration for employment without regard to race, sex, disability, veteran or other protected status.
The above statements are intended to describe the general nature and level of work being performed by people assigned to this classification. They are not intended to be construed as an exhaustive list of all responsibilities, duties and skills required of personnel so classified. All employees may be required to perform duties outside of their normal responsibilities from time to time, as needed.
Nearest Major Market: St Cloud


text:
French Montana Speaks On The Game Saying Wavey With Nipsey Hussle In The Studio! "Game Was Using That Wave. Next Time You Say It. Just Shout out Max B"
French Montana & Nipsey Hussle in the studo
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rideadvised needed a new logo design and created a contest on 99designs.
A winner was selected from 14 designs submitted by 10 freelance designers.
Create a logo for Adaptive Data Systems. Adaptive Data Systems is a web services company.
Desired Color Scheme:
Blue and black, but you can include different colors in the logo.
Desired Style:
Moder, web 2.0
Accepted File Formats:
Standard Web Formats (.jpg, .gif or .png); Vector Formats (.eps, .pdf or .ai); Layered Formats (.psd or .tiff)
We need a logo for our web site that feature the name of the company with some type of graphic to give the logo a professional modern look. The primary colors for the logo should be blue and black, but you can include different colors in the logo.
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Please view the presentation below or download the PDF training material for applicants. If you would like to schedule a training session, please email Chris Christopoulos at email@example.com
As part of its Business Ready program, the City of Riverside has launched ePlan Review - an efficient, cost effective method for businesses and residents to have plan approved in the plan check process.
ePlan Review is designed to save businesses and homeowners valuable time and money during the plan check process, and enables more streamlined routing and more expeditious processing of plans. There is no need to buy software; all that is needed is internet access. ePlan Review accepts over 250 file types, and files can be uploaded and reviewed from anywhere.
This solution is now available for both building plan checks and planning cases. The links to both applications are provided below:
Building Plan Check Application For Blueprints/Drawings Planning Case Application Form
I have a question about a potential or current project:
Send an inquiry to Community & Economic Development
I have a project already and I am ready to upload my plans:


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CosplayErotica Gaming Doll: Analia
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Records Management Services
Records are one of the University's most valuable assets. Records support decision-making, demonstrate compliance, document the history of the University, and perhaps most importantly, enable us to do our jobs. Just like other University assets, records need to be properly managed in order to maximize their value and minimize their cost. By implementing good records management practices, your office can
- Control costs associated with records and information management
- Improve efficiency and access to information
- Meet compliance obligations
- Minimize the legal risks posed by inadequate records management practices
- Ensure that permanent and historical records are captured and maintained
Records Management Services (RMS) is committed to assisting all University offices and departments to control costs, improve efficiency, meet compliance obligations through high-quality records management practices, and ensure that permanent records are transferred. We provide guidance and resources for all stages in the records and information lifecycle, from creating records through destruction of non-permanent records or transfer of permanent records to other staff at the Harvard University Archives.
Creating and Identifying Records
Records include all forms of recorded information, regardless of physical characteristics or format that are created, received, recorded, or legally filed in the course of University business. Records serve as evidence of the University's organization, functions, policies, decisions, procedures, operations, and other activities. Records also document University programs, serving as resources for future historical research. While records are easily recognizable in paper formats, most records are now created electronically, including e-mail, word-processing files, spreadsheets, databases, web pages, videos and a variety of other electronic formats.
Retaining Records
Harvard University has approved policies on retaining and disposing of records to enable offices to make informed decisions about their records. These policies, called Records Retention Schedules, are designed to ensure that University records are retained for as long as they are needed for administrative, legal, fiscal, or research purposes, and that they are properly disposed of once their value to the office and to the University has passed. Common types of records held by offices and departments across the University are described in Harvard's General Records Schedule (GRS), which can be accessed at http://grs.harvard.edu.
For more information please see
Managing and Organizing Records
All University offices are responsible for the proper care and management of its records. Managing and organizing your records makes it easier for you to find the information and records when you need them, and is an essential part of practicing good records management.
For more information please see
Storing Records
Offsite records storage is a good option for records that you need to keep but don't regularly use. Records Management Services administers the University's offsite records storage program at the Records Center at the Harvard Depository. Records stored at the Records Center remain in the custody of your office, and only authorized users have access to them. Records can be retrieved in 1 business day.
For more information about records storage and instructions for all Records Center transactions, please see
Transferring Records to the Archives
The Harvard University Archives has records of the University going back to its founding, including records from over 700 University offices. University records document the history of all aspects of the University and its mission. Every University office likely has some records that should be transferred to the University Archives for permanent preservation and future use. Records Management Services can help you identify your office's archival records and assist in transferring them to the University Archives.
For more information on transferring records to the University Archives, please see
Destroying Records
Most types of records can be destroyed when they have fulfilled their retention requirements as explained in the General Records Schedule. However, records must not be destroyed if they pertain to any investigation, legal action or proceeding, litigation, audit, or program review in progress or if you know that one is about to be held, even if the records are past their required retention period. Records that have the retention plan of "contact Archives" and "transfer to Archives" also should not be destroyed.
For more information please see


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4BR Editor Iwan Fox talks to Katrina Marzella at the launch of the new Yamaha Neo baritone in Perth.
Sat, 3 May 2014 10:33:28 GMT
Visit 4barsrest.com on Vimeo
Saturday 20 April • Hull Truck Theatre, 50 Ferensway, Hull HU2 8LB HU2 8LB
Saturday 20 April • The Gresley Old Hall, Church Gresley DE11 9QW
Saturday 20 April • Regent Hall (The Salvation Army) . 275 Oxford Street Opp. RESERVED. London . W1C 2DJ W1C 2DJ
Friday 26 April • 2m2c Montreux Music & Convention Centre,Stravinski Hall, Montreaux. Claude-Nobs 5, 1820 Montreaux, Switzerland  . 1820
Friday 26 April • Regent Hall (The Salvation Army). 275 Oxford Street Opp. RESERVED. London . W1C 2DJ W1C 2DJ
April 18 • A rare opportunity has arisen to join one of Sheffield's leading bands with a vacancy for an EEb TUBA PLAYER to complete our bass section. We have a good band room atmosphere and a calendar of interesting concerts and contests.
April 18 • Due to circumstances outwith our control, we find ourselves looking for a new conductor, with immediate effect. Are you looking for a new challenge?
April 18 • Due to work commitments, a vacancy has arisen for a Tenor Trombone player. First or Second position available. We are a newly promoted Second Section band with a friendly and enthusiastic team.
ARMCM ARNCM Conductor, band trainer, teacher and adjudicator
© 2019 4barsrest.com Ltd (euk)


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Abstract: Anu-Belshunu, Astronomer and Scribe of Uruk
Anu-Belshunu was born on 29th December 249 BC. He spent his life in the city of Uruk in southern Babylonia, living well into his sixties. As one of the few scribes of astronomical cuneiform tablets that we know anything about, Anu-Belshunu provides an interesting case study of how, why and by whom astronomy and astrology was practiced in Babylonia during the last few centuries BC. Anu-Belshunu astronomical archive includes texts representing the highest level of astronomical theory alongside texts of astrology and astral-medicine, and provides a unique insight into the relationships between these disciplines in ancient Babylonia.
Suggested Bibliography/Websites:
John Steele, A Brief Introduction to Astronomy in the Middle East (Saqi, 2008).
Francesca Rochberg, The Heavenly Writing: Divination, Horoscopy, and Astronomy in Mesopotamian Culture (Cambridge University Press, 2004).
Eleanor Robson, Mathematics in Ancient Iraq: A Social History (Princeton University Press, 2008), chapter 8.
AIA Tours


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Not sure if anyone else noticed, but this last ratings update they fixed the PDGA leagues. Now every round is calculated individually (as it should be). The example I used, 68 at big blue, is now a 967 round. So...no worries on changing courses, changing layouts, etc etc. Yay.
The spring 2014 PDGA will be a rotating course league. I'll post more information later when I have some time today / this weekend.


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The Chargers may be taking their head coach from the staff of an AFC West rival.
Mike McCoy, the Broncos' offensive coordinator, is "nearing a deal" to become the Chargers' new head coach, Jason La Canfora of CBS reports.
After interviewing with the Chargers on Monday, McCoy spoke positively about the experience and said he thought he'd be a good fit for the job. Now La Canfora reports that a deal between McCoy and the Chargers is expected to be completed today.
The Chargers, however, were expected to interview Colts offensive coordinator Bruce Arians on Wednesday. And McCoy has been named as a candidate for the vacancies in Arizona, Chicago and Philadelphia as well. So as we've seen with several other coaching searches, McCoy's current status as the favorite for the Chargers job could change.
The 40-year-old McCoy was an assistant in Carolina for nine seasons and has been the Broncos' offensive coordinator for the last four. He has been widely praised for finding ways to succeed on offense while having three very different quarterbacks, changing from Kyle Orton to Tim Tebow to Peyton Manning.


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Can you say the Jetsons? Increasingly, family caregivers are getting a helping hand through high-tech products and services. Bone up on these trends:
GPS safety technology provides the location of the wearer: devices can be used on the wrist, as a clip-on, or on a pendant. Some cars and smart phones have them – enabling you to speak or touch your desired destination – and see or hear turn-by-turn instructions.
Promoted: Join AARP Live's "Town Hall" on May 17th to discuss You've Earned a Say.
With some devices, the caregiver sets the parameters of where the recipient can be – sometimes referred to as 'geo-fencing'. If the person goes outside those areas, the caregiver is alerted via phone, text, or email. At any time, the caregiver can log on to a website and track the location of the elder.
Personal emergency response systems, known as PERS, also contain GPS technology. It's the Medic Alert model-if in trouble, the wearer can press a button and be connected with a call center that can dispatch help and notify caregivers. Many PERS devices only work at home, but a few allow the wearer to get help wherever they are-on the golf course, in the car, around the block.
Other safety technology includes wireless sensors around the house (in the bathroom, on the bed, door, or refrigerator, for example) that that let caregivers know if there is activity out of the ordinary i.e. not leaving the bathroom. A fall, perhaps?
Staying connected via Internet: These simple systems offer video chats with the adult children and grandkids, photo sharing, Skype, email, audio messages, online networking with others in similar situations (dementia, specific cancer caregivers, only children) through forums, websites with targeted articles and audience.
Medication management: Reminders for recipients to take their meds, alert them (could be via email, a buzzer, or a bell) if they forget, and let the caregiver know if their loved one has, or has not, complied.
Care Coordination: It might be a shared website for caregivers and others interested in pitching in to help and/or get updates, or services to connected families with professional caregivers.
I asked aging in place technology guru Laurie Orlov to choose her top picks for family caregivers:
1) GreatCall 5Star Responder Service – mobile PERS
2) MobileHelp – mobile PERS
3) BeClose – wireless, sensor-based home monitoring
4) GrandCare System – wireless, sensor-based home monitoring system with communication and messaging
5) Telekin Computer – senior computer, sold by FirstStreet as the WOW computer, supporting Skype
6) TabSafe – medication dispensing and reminders
7) Independa – caregiving software application – including TV-based communication
8) CareLinx— finding home care workers without an agency
9) lotsahelpinghands.com–creating a shared website for caregivers
Follow Sally Abrahms at www.sallyabrahms.com and on Twitter @sallyabrahms


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Nice work! Enjoy the show!
Link Copied!
Liberia declared Ebola-free
Opening Sequence
Biden launches White House bid with Trump attack
U.S. moves up plan to shrink Kabul embassy - sources
How powerful are the subpoenas of Congress?
FBI and IRS raid Baltimore mayor's home, city hall
Sri Lanka on edge with scares and lock-downs
Spurned by U.S., Kim seeks friend in Putin
Uber to start pitching IPO Friday -source
Viral selfie gorillas were copycatting humans
Closing Sequence


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There is no guarantee of anonymity for Australian buyers and sellers of illicit drugs on the TOR-encrypted e-commerce platform Silk Road, according to the Australian Federal Police and Australian Customers and Border Protection.
The pair released a joint statement Wednesday pointing to the arrest of one Melbourne man who allegedly imported narcotics via Silk Road.
"Criminals are attempting to exploit the international mail system through online networks, but the recent arrest demonstrates that we are one step ahead of them," said AFP Manager Crime Operations Peter Sykora.
Sykora said it was aware Silk Road was operated from an offshore location, but warned Australian users were within the reach of the AFP's powers.
The site can only be accessed via TOR, which masks IP address details that could otherwise be stored by an ISP and associated with a user account. Silk Road trade relies on the virtual currency BitCoin for transactions.
Alana Sullivan, acting national of Custom's cargo and maritime targeting branch, said it monitors Silk Road along with other illicit-drug sites and was aware of the Australian presence on Silk Road as both sellers and buyers.
"Persons who buy or sell through online market places, on so-called 'anonymous' networks should understand that they are not guaranteed anonymity," said Sullivan.
The statement follows a recent comment by Chris McDonald, an associate professor in computer science at the University of Western Australia and Dartmouth College in the US, that the federal government has "no chance of beating" TOR encryption, <i>The Age</i> reported in in April.
Law enforcement may not be able to beat TOR's encryption. However, it did not prevent US authorities in April arresting eight men accused of operating The Farmer's Market -- another service that used the TOR anonymiser to facilitate trade. Undercover Drug Enforcement Administration agents had infiltrated the organisation after becoming trusted buyers over several years of investigation.
There were no Australian arrests, however the indictment pointed to funds funnelled through that operation that were sourced from Australia via Western Union.
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When tapped by JFK to be Secretary of Defense in 1960, McNamara was a registered Republican. Known as a liberal Republican – now an extinct species – McNamara explained later that "… when I had registered to vote in California at age twenty-one, I had registered Republican for no other reason than that my father was." (*)
I understand this to mean that he had registered as a Republican in 1937 because of family tradition and, either through laziness or inertia, had never changed it.
The Oakland Precinct No. 480 voter rolls for November 5, 1940 available on Ancestry.com, include the recent Harvard MBA graduate living at 1036 Annerly Road with his mother Claranel and sister Margaret, both Republicans. Robert S. McNamara, accountant, is listed as a Democrat. This means that sometime between 1940 and 1960 he had, one assumes knowingly, changed his registration to Republican.
His middle name, in case you are wondering, is his mother's maiden name. The Strange family traces the name back through Missouri and Virginia to Scotland. His mother's family tree is chock full of Southern Scots-Irish whose American roots go back to Colonial times. In contrast, McNamara's father Robert J. McNamara, who died in 1938, was the son of Irish immigrants from County Cork. (†)
* In Retrospect: The Tragedy and Lessons of Vietnam. (Robert S. McNamarawith Brian Van De Mark.) New York: Times Books, 1995
† The Living and the Dead (Paul Hendrickson) New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1996


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The alumni of the LSU Law Center are distinguished in their accomplishments, support and involvement. LSU Law alumni are successful attorneys, legislators, congressmen, distinguished members of the judiciary and business leaders. Since its birth in 1906, the LSU Law Center has graduated more than 10,000 students.
Many alumni share their valuable expertise and experience with LSU Law students by serving as adjunct professors, lecturers and guest speakers. Alumni are active members of the LSU Law Center Alumni Board of Trustees and Young Alumni Leadership Council, serving in key consultative roles. Alumni are also supportive of the Law Center mission through their financial support that provides necessary resources to foster a quality and affordable legal education at our state flagship Law Center.


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Pool Ball Magnet #9
$9.95 $3.95
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Pool Ball Magnets 1.5"
A great gift idea for the billiards lover.
The billiard magnet are made of actual miniature pool balls, with smooth surfaces, just like regular pool balls, only smaller.
They are made of polyester resin .
Balls are 1-1/2" in diameter.


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Panama Canal, Spanish Canal de Panamá, lock-type canal, owned and administered by the Republic of Panama, that connects the Atlantic and Pacific oceans through the narrow Isthmus of Panama. The length of the Panama Canal from shoreline to shoreline is about 40 miles (65 km) and from deep water in the Atlantic (more specifically, the Caribbean Sea) to deep water in the Pacific about 50 miles (82 km). The canal, which was completed in August 1914, is one of the two most strategic artificial waterways in the world, the other being the Suez Canal. Ships sailing between the east and west coasts of the United States, which otherwise would be obliged to round Cape Horn in South America, shorten their voyage by about 8,000 nautical miles (15,000 km) by using the canal. Savings of up to 3,500 nautical miles (6,500 km) are also made on voyages between one coast of North America and ports on the other side of South America. Ships sailing between Europe and East Asia or Australia can save as much as 2,000 nautical miles (3,700 km) by using the canal.
From its opening in 1914 until 1979, the Panama Canal was controlled solely by the United States, which built it. In 1979, however, control of the canal passed to the Panama Canal Commission, a joint agency of the United States and the Republic of Panama, and complete control passed to Panama at noon on December 31, 1999. Administration of the canal is the responsibility of the Panama Canal Authority (Spanish: Autoridad del Canal de Panamá [ACP]), which answers solely to the government of Panama.
Physical features
The canal
The Panama Canal lies at a latitude of 9° N, at a point where the North American Continental Divide dips to one of its lowest points. The canal does not, as is generally supposed, cross the isthmus from east to west. It runs due south from its entrance at Colón on the Atlantic side through the Gatún Locks to a point in the widest portion of Gatún Lake; it then turns sharply toward the east and follows a course generally to the southeast until it reaches the Bay of Panama, on the Pacific side. Its terminus near Balboa is some 25 miles (40 km) east of its terminus near Colón. Parallel to the canal are the Panama Canal Railway and the Boyd-Roosevelt Highway.
In passing from the Atlantic to the Pacific, vessels enter the approach channel in Limón Bay, which extends a distance of about 7 miles (11 km) to the Gatún Locks. At Gatún a series of three locks lifts vessels 85 feet (26 metres) to Gatún Lake. The lake, formed by Gatún Dam on the Chagres River and supplemented by waters from Alajuela Lake (Lake Madden; formed by the Madden Dam), covers an area of 166 square miles (430 square km). The channel through the lake varies in depth from 46 to 85 feet (14 to 26 metres) and extends for about 23 miles (37 km) to Gamboa. Gaillard (Culebra) Cut begins at Gamboa and passes through the Continental Divide. The channel through the cut has an average depth of about 43 feet (13 metres) and extends some 8 miles (13 km) to the Pedro Miguel Locks. The locks lower vessels 30 feet (9 metres) to Miraflores Lake, at an elevation of 52 feet (16 metres) above sea level. Vessels then pass through a channel almost 1.2 miles (2 km) long to the two-stepped locks at Miraflores, where they are lowered to sea level. The final segment of the canal is a dredged approach passage 7 miles long through which ships pass into the Pacific. Throughout its length the canal has a minimum bottom width of 500 feet (150 metres); in Gatún Lake the width of the channel varies between 500 and 1,000 feet (150 and 300 metres), and in Miraflores Lake the width is 740 feet (225 metres).
The canal locks operate by gravity flow of water from Gatún, Alajuela, and Miraflores lakes, which are fed by the Chagres and other rivers. The locks themselves are of uniform length, width, and depth and were built in pairs to permit the simultaneous transit of vessels in either direction. Each lock gate has two leaves, 65 feet (20 metres) wide and 6.5 feet (2 metres) thick, set on hinges. The gates range in height from 46 to 82 feet (14 to 25 metres); their movement is powered by electric motors recessed in the lock walls. They are operated from a control tower, which is located on the wall that separates each pair of locks and from which the flooding or emptying of the lock chambers is also controlled. The lock chambers are 1,000 feet (300 metres) long, 110 feet (33 metres) wide, and 40 feet (12 metres) deep.
Because of the delicate nature of the original lock mechanisms, only small craft are allowed to pass through the locks unassisted. Larger craft are guided by electric towing locomotives, which operate on cog tracks on the lock walls and serve to keep the ships centred in the lock. Before a lock can be entered, a fender chain, stretched between the walls of the approach, must be passed. If all is proceeding properly, that chain will be dropped into its groove at the bottom of the channel. If by any chance the ship is moving too rapidly for safety, the chain will remain stretched and the vessel will run against it. The chain, which is operated by hydraulic machinery in the walls, then will pay out slowly by automatic release until the vessel has been brought to a stop. If the vessel should get away from the towing locomotive and, breaking through the chain, ram the first gate, a second gate 50 feet (15 metres) away will protect the lock and arrest further advance.
The third lock systems of the Third Set of Locks Project, begun in 2007, were inspired by the Berendrecht lock in Antwerp, Belgium, and water-saving basins used in canals in Germany. Some 190,000 tons of steel, mostly from Mexico, are entrenched in heavily reinforced concrete to build the lock chambers on the Atlantic and Pacific sides, and the new lock gates measure up to 33 feet (10 metres) wide, 98 feet (30 metres) high, and 190 feet (58 metres) long. The new chambers and basins, which will control the water flowing from Gatún Lake, were designed to minimize the turbulence of water flow and the disturbance to transiting vessels. The basins were completed in June 2016 and include 158 valves consisting of 20,000 tons of structural material. Officials say those water-saving basins are the largest in the world and facilitate a 60 percent reuse of water. Whereas the existing locks use 52 million gallons (197 million litres) with each use, the new locks use 48 million gallons (182 million litres).
Long breakwaters have been constructed near the approach channels in both oceans. Breakwaters extend from the west and east sides of Limón Bay; the west breakwater protects the harbour against severe gales, and the east one reduces silting in the canal channel. On the Pacific side a causeway extends from Balboa to three small islands (Naos, Perico, and Flamenco) and diverts crosscurrents that carry soft material from the shallow harbour of Panama City into the canal channel.
Ships are taken through the canal by one or more pilots, who board each ship before it leaves the terminus. With waiting time, ships may require about 25 hours to negotiate the canal. The average transit time, once a vessel has been authorized to proceed, is about 10 hours from one end of the canal to the other. When Gaillard (Culebra) Cut is not being dredged, canal traffic generally proceeds in both directions. The heavy rainfall of Panama makes operation feasible despite the irrevocable loss of large quantities of water with each transit. To conserve water, two or more vessels moving in the same direction are passed through together when their sizes permit.
Each ship is also boarded by measurers to verify its carrying capacity and to collect tolls. Manifests, ships' papers, and other documents are inspected and recorded. Transits are scheduled and monitored at points along the route by an automated marine traffic control system.
Continual maintenance work on the canal and its associated facilities is needed to keep it in operation in a tropical climate. That includes dredging channels, scheduling overhauls of locks, and repairing and replacing machinery. Because of heavy rainfall and unstable soils, landslides in the hills adjoining Gaillard Cut have been an intermittent problem since the canal was built. Preventive and remedial measures frequently have been taken to keep the channel open, and a program to stabilize its banks was designed to draw away rainfall that might otherwise undercut its slopes. Two major slides have occurred since 1970, the first in 1974 and the second in 1986; in both cases one-way traffic had to be imposed for a time in the affected area.
Another serious problem threatening the canal has been the increased silting and sedimentation rate of the rivers and streams of the watershed and, ultimately, of the canal itself. That degradation has been caused by the slash-and-burn agricultural techniques practiced by local migratory farmers. Although the canal watershed was still completely forested in the early 1950s, by the late 1970s it had been reduced by nearly 70 percent. Measures to control soil erosion have been undertaken by the governments of both the United States and Panama.
Canal traffic
Traffic through the Panama Canal is a barometer of world trade, rising in times of world economic prosperity and declining in times of recession. From a low of 807 transits in 1916, traffic rose to a high point of 15,523 transits of all types in 1970. The cargo carried through the canal that year amounted to more than 132.5 million long tons (134.6 million metric tons). Although the number of annual transits has decreased since then, the canal carries more freight than ever before because the average size of vessels has increased. There were nearly 210 million long tons (213 million metric tons) of cargo through the canal in 2013.
The principal trade routes served by the Panama Canal run between the following points: the east coast of the U.S. mainland and Hawaii and East Asia; the U.S. east coast and the west coast of South America; Europe and the west coast of North America; Europe and the west coast of South America; the east coast of North America and Oceania; the U.S. east and west coasts; and Europe and Australia.
Trade between the east coast of the United States and East Asia dominates international canal traffic. Among the principal commodity groups carried through the canal are motor vehicles, petroleum products, grains, and coal and coke.
Panama Canal Authority
The Panama Canal Authority (Spanish: Autoridad del Canal de Panamá [ACP]) took over management of the canal from the joint U.S.-Panamanian Panama Canal Commission at noon on December 31, 1999. Created by an amendment to the Panamanian constitution as an autonomous agency of the Panamanian government, the ACP is charged with the administration, operation, conservation, maintenance, and modernization of the Panama Canal. It is also tasked with the care, maintenance, and preservation of water resources in the entire Panama Canal watershed. The watershed is essential to the operation of the canal, and it also supplies water to cities at either end of the canal route.
The ACP is governed by a board of directors that consists of 11 members. The chairman, who has the rank of minister of state for canal affairs, is selected by the president of the republic. The legislative branch of the government designates one director, and the remaining nine members are appointed by the president with the concurrence of the cabinet council. They must be ratified by an absolute majority of the legislative assembly.
While the canal was under U.S. administration, tolls for its use were set at rates calculated to cover costs of maintenance and operation, thereby making the canal self-financing. The charge for each transit was based upon the interior cargo or passenger-carrying capacity of a vessel. The rates established in 1914 remained virtually unchanged for 60 years. In 1973 the canal operated at a loss for the first time, and in 1974 the first of several rate increases went into effect.
Traditionally, cargoes were carried below deck, and tolls were assessed on goods carried there. However, because of changes in marine design and the widespread use of containerized cargoes, a large portion of the burden is now carried on deck. The volume of containerized cargo passing through the canal is outranked only by shipments of grain and petroleum products. Those changes led to modifications in rules of admeasurement and the assessment of tolls for on-deck container capacity, and a segmentation system based on vessel type and size was implemented. Following the lead of the Panama Canal Commission, the ACP approved similar changes in admeasurement regulations and retained the U.S. toll rates in effect when the canal was transferred.
In 2006 the ACP announced that its expansion programs would be financed by a new series of toll increases, sparking much debate and opposition from canal users. It was not until 2012 that the cabinet council approved a proposal to restructure the Panama Canal's pricing system, and the two stages of the toll increase were implemented in October 2012 and October 2013. The new toll structure increased the number of segments from 8 to 10. The tanker segment was separated into three segments: petroleum and petroleum products tankers, gas vessels carrying liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and chemical vessels. Roll-on/roll-off (ro-ro) vessels, which are designed to carry wheeled cargo, became part of the vehicle carrier segment, and the container/break-bulk segment was eliminated. Tolls for general cargo, dry bulk, tanker, chemical tanker, LPG, and vehicle carrier and ro-ro were increased.
From the tolls collected, the ACP must pay an annual fee to the Panamanian national treasury. Any surplus remaining after that and the payment of canal operational and maintenance expenses also goes to the treasury.
As early as the 16th century, the Spanish recognized the advantages of a canal across the Central American isthmus. Eventually two routes came to be considered, one through Panama and the other through Nicaragua. Impetus for selecting the route through Panama increased with the construction (by the United States) of the Panama Railroad in the mid-19th century. The eventual route of the canal closely followed that of the railroad.
Lesseps's failed attempt
The first attempt to build a canal across the Isthmus of Panama began in 1881 after the Colombian government granted a concession to the privately owned Compagnie Universelle du Canal Interocéanique. The company, under the leadership of Ferdinand de Lesseps, was financed by French capital from countless small investors. Because of Lesseps's recent triumph building the Suez Canal, he was able to attract public support for building a sea-level canal across Panama. That proposal was protested strongly by Adolphe Godin de Lépinay, baron de Brusly, an engineer who had studied the isthmus. Lépinay knew the surface features at Panama: the Continental Divide 9 miles (15 km) from the Pacific, the torrential Chagres River flowing into the Atlantic, and the smaller Río Grande flowing into the Pacific—both rivers suitable for creating artificial lakes. In 1879 he proposed a "practical" plan for building a canal, calling for a dam at Gatún and another at Miraflores (or as close to the seas as the land would permit), letting the waters rise to form two lakes about 80 feet (25 metres) high, joining the lakes by cutting across the Continental Divide, and connecting them to the oceans through locks.
Lépinay's conception eventually established him as an architectural and engineering genius and as the originator of the plan from which the Panama Canal was built. Unfortunately for the French, however, his idea was ignored at the time, and the Compagnie Universelle embarked on its ill-fated undertaking. Lesseps was unfamiliar with conditions in Panama or was unwilling to acknowledge that they were vastly different from Suez. Unlike the arid desert of the Isthmus of Suez, Panama was a tropical jungle, with diluvial rains, debilitating heat and humidity, and tropical diseases. Topographic conditions along the proposed route varied considerably and ranged from coastal marshes to the mountains of the Continental Divide. Despite competent engineering, there was no sound overall plan. Machinery used to dig the canal was either too light or ill-suited for the tough inland terrain, and disease took a terrible toll in workers' lives.
Progress was costly and extremely slow. As a cost-saving measure, the plans for a sea-level canal were eventually dropped in favour of a high-level lock-type canal, but that change had little effect. With no foreseeable return on its investment, the French public lost faith in the project and its leader. Attempts at further financing failed, and the company collapsed in 1889. Although the company reorganized in 1894, it virtually ceased to function by 1898. Any possibility of completing the canal across Panama was gone; its sole hope lay in holding together an enterprise that could be offered for sale. In the end, less than half of the excavation made by the French was used in the U.S. canal.
American intervention
Hope became reality with the passage of the Spooner Act of 1902 by the U.S. Congress, which authorized purchasing the assets of the French company and building a canal, provided that a satisfactory treaty could be negotiated with Colombia (of which Panama was then an integral part). When treaty negotiations with Colombia broke down, Panama, with the implicit backing of the United States, declared its independence and was recognized by the United States in November 1903. The Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty was then negotiated between Panama and the United States. The treaty satisfied the Spooner Act and created the Panama Canal Zone; it was proclaimed in February 1904.
From the first Senate resolution in 1835 favouring Nicaragua until the dramatic change of location for the canal in the Spooner Act, the American public and government had consistently and overwhelmingly supported a canal through Nicaragua. That the canal was built in Panama is primarily attributable not to the intrinsic merits of the Panama route but to the ingenuity and zeal of two remarkable men who worked separately toward a common goal: the French engineer Phillipe-Jean Bunau-Varilla and the American lawyer William Nelson Cromwell. The political power that turned the U.S. government in favour of Panama was supplied by two people: Pres. Theodore Roosevelt and Sen. Mark Hanna. Roosevelt, once committed, supported the project so enthusiastically that he is almost universally thought of as the "father" of the canal. Most of the actual work on the canal was done during the administration of William Howard Taft (1909–13), who had also been involved earlier in Roosevelt's administration.
By the summer of 1904, work under American administration was under way all along the canal route. The French had abandoned the sea-level approach in favour of a high-level canal with locks, and indeed that was desirable as it would cost less and would eliminate potential problems arising from differences in sea levels at either end of the waterway. Yet engineers still disagreed on the type of canal that should be built, and they faced another problem of equal importance: how to manage the Chagres River, which rose in the northeast highland region of Panama and emptied into the Atlantic. From Gamboa to Gatún the route of the proposed canal tended to follow the path of the river as it made its way to the sea. Fed by runoff created by the area's frequent tropical downpours, the river was subject to tremendous and rapid variations in its rate of flow. Left unchecked, its menacing flood could easily inundate a waterway built near its path.
In 1906 Roosevelt resolved the matter when he sided with Chief Engineer John Frank Stevens, who argued for a lock-type canal. The plan ultimately approved by Congress was similar in all essential respects to the one proposed by Lépinay but rejected by Lesseps. Included in the proposal was an enormous earthen dam across the Chagres River at Gatún. The dam created what was then the largest artificial lake in the world (Gatún Lake), and at the same time, it brought a considerable part of the Chagres River under control. So massive was the lake that it was able to accommodate the greater part of the river even at flood stage. Perhaps more important, the man-made lake formed more than 20 miles (32 km) of the canal route.
Human costs and completion
Where tropical fevers—yellow fever and malaria in particular—had decimated the ranks of French workers with an estimated loss of over 20,000 lives, those in charge of the American effort were determined to prevent the same thing from happening again. American medical staff understood how the diseases were transmitted and how they could be controlled, and by 1906 the Canal Zone had become safer for work to resume in earnest. Even with such precautions, accidents and disease claimed the lives of 5,609 workers during the American effort. At times more than 40,000 people were employed on the project, mostly labourers from the West Indian islands of Barbados, Martinique, and Guadeloupe, though many engineers, administrators, and skilled tradesmen were from the United States.
Railroads and heavy machinery were critical elements. Most notable was the use of more than 100 steam shovels, many of which were used to dig the Culebra Cut, later called Gaillard Cut after David du Bose Gaillard, the American engineer who supervised its construction until his death in 1913. The unstable nature of the soil and rock in the area of the cut made it one of the most difficult and challenging sections of the entire canal project, however, and numerous lives were lost in landslides and dynamite accidents during that phase of the project. Indeed, hillsides were subject to unpredictable earth slides and mudslides, and at times the floor of the excavation was known to rise precipitously simply owing to the weight of the hillsides. The well-known Cucaracha slide of 1907 continued for years and poured millions of cubic yards into the canal excavation. Workers, often labouring in temperatures of 100 °F (38 °C) or higher, used rock drills, dynamite, and steam shovels to remove as much as 96 million cubic yards (73 million cubic metres) of earth and rock as they lowered the floor of the excavation to within 40 feet (12 metres) of sea level.
Despite all of those challenges, the canal was opened to traffic on August 15, 1914, more than three decades after the first attempt to build the canal had begun. It remains the greatest engineering feat yet attempted.
Treaties governing the canal's international status
The Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty was an irritant to Panamanian sensibilities from the moment it was signed, in 1903. It had been written and negotiated for the infant republic by Philippe-Jean Bunau-Varilla, a French citizen who had not been in Panama for 18 years and who later openly admitted that he was willing for Panama to pay any price to ensure acceptance of the treaty by the U.S. Senate. The most-onerous part of the treaty, in the Panamanian view, was the right granted to the United States to act in the entire 10-mile- (16-km-) wide ocean-to-ocean Canal Zone as "if it were the sovereign." Thus, the Canal Zone became in effect a foreign colony that bisected Panama, despite Theodore Roosevelt's declaration in 1906 that no such result was intended. As eventually constituted by the middle of the century, the Canal Zone was administered by an American governor appointed by the U.S. president. Judicial matters were settled before magistrates appointed by the governor or by a circuit court judge appointed by the president. The governor was ex officio a director and president of the Panama Canal Company, an American corporate body whose directors were charged with operating and maintaining the canal in a businesslike manner. In order to guarantee operation of the canal in the event of war, U.S. military units were stationed in the Canal Zone.
Some of the harsher effects of the Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty were ameliorated by subsequent treaties, principally those of 1936 and 1955. The United States relinquished its claimed right to acquire additional lands and waters adjacent to the canal, granted Panamanian control over the ports at Colón and Panama City, and brought the wages of Panamanians employed in the Canal Zone closer to the level of Americans. But the Panamanians continued to press for more-drastic changes, including eventual full sovereignty over the canal. After years of negotiation, agreement was reached between the two governments in 1977. The Panama Canal Treaty was signed on September 7 of that year by Gen. Omar Torrijos Herrera of Panama and Pres. Jimmy Carter of the United States. It terminated all prior treaties between the United States and Panama concerning the canal and abolished the Canal Zone. The treaty recognized Panama as territorial sovereign in the former Canal Zone, but it gave the United States the right to continue managing, operating, and maintaining the canal and to use lands and waters necessary for those purposes during a transition period of 20 years covered by the agreement. The treaty also provided for joint study of the feasibility of a sea-level canal and gave the United States the right to add a third lane of locks to the existing canal, though those were never built by the United States. The treaty went into effect on October 1, 1979, and expired on December 31, 1999.
The 1977 treaty was supplemented by a separate, but interrelated, Neutrality Treaty that also went into effect in 1979 but has no termination date. Under the Neutrality Treaty the United States and Panama guarantee the permanent neutrality of the canal, with nondiscriminatory tolls and access for all nations; U.S. and Panamanian warships, however, are entitled to expeditious passage. No nation other than Panama may operate the canal or maintain military installations within Panamanian territory. The United States, however, reserved the right to use military force, if necessary, to keep the canal open; that was, in part, the rationale behind the U.S. military intervention in Panama in 1989–90, which, nonetheless, did not prevent the canal from being closed down for about a day in December 1989.
The U.S. Senate ratified the two treaties in 1978, after one of the lengthiest treaty debates in American history. The treaties were then implemented into U.S. domestic law by the Panama Canal Act of 1979. That act, among other things, established the Panama Canal Commission, which replaced both the Panama Canal Company and the Canal Zone government. The commission was controlled by a board consisting of five American and four Panamanian members. Until 1990 the administrator was an American and the assistant administrator a Panamanian national; after 1990 the roles were reversed, and Panamanians assumed the leadership position. The function of the commission was somewhat different from its predecessor, as activities not directly related to the canal, such as maintenance and operation of terminals and the Panama Canal Railway, were transferred to Panama in preparation for the final turnover. With the turnover of the canal in December 1999, the ACP assumed complete responsibility for the canal.
The international status of the canal also is affected by two older treaties. In the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty of 1901, the United Kingdom gave up its interest in an isthmian canal. And, while the United States was free to take any measures in order to protect a canal, it agreed that there would be "entire equality" in the treatment of ships of all nations with respect to "conditions and charges of traffic." In the Thomson-Urrutia Treaty of 1914, the government-owned vessels of Colombia were exempted from paying tolls in exchange for Colombian recognition of the autonomy of Panama.
Capital improvements
The first major capital improvement on the canal was the construction of the Madden Dam and Power Project, which was completed in 1935. That not only stemmed and controlled the flow of water moving into Gatún Lake to a rate of some 200 billion cubic feet (6 billion cubic metres) per year but also created a large reservoir, Lake Madden (now Alajuela Lake). It also increased the production of electric power in the region. The Boyd-Roosevelt Highway was then built across the isthmus, thereby adding a third means of transportation to the waterway and the railroad. In 1955 the Thatcher Ferry Bridge (now called the Bridge of the Americas) was built, which connected Panama City and Balboa to the west side of the canal. From 1957 to 1971 Gaillard Cut (also called the Culebra Cut) was widened from its original 300 feet (90 metres) to 492 feet (150 metres).
In 1991, within two years of the final transition of power, the ACP began its first expansion program, a $219 million project to widen the nearly 8.5-mile- (14-km-) long Gaillard Cut from 500 feet (152 metres) to a maximum of 728 feet (222 metres). Completed in 2001, that ambitious development allowed the two-way passage of so-called Panamax ships (the then largest ships allowable in the canal) and decreased the average canal travel time by about 6 hours to about 10 hours total. The ACP also invested $54 million in new lock locomotives, new tracks and tugboats, conversion of mitre gate locks to hydraulics, and a $30 million GPS vessel tracking system.
Despite such improvements, many supertankers and large naval vessels were still too large to pass through the canal. There was much study of the feasibility of either widening the existing canal and locks or building a larger sea-level canal at another location. Cost and environmental concerns eliminated the latter option, and in 2006 the Panamanian government and voters backed the Third Set of Locks Project, a $5.2 billion expansion program to increase the width of Gatún Lake's navigational channels to 920 feet (280 metres) in the straight sections and 1,200 feet (366 metres) at the turning points to facilitate cross-navigation. The project, completed in June 2016, raised Gatún Lake's maximum operating level to 89 feet (27 metres), with the goal of increasing Gatún Lake's usable water reserves by a daily average of 165 million gallons (625 million litres). Furthermore, the project included four phases of dry excavation that created a new 3.8-mile- (6.1-km-) long access channel connecting the new Pacific locks with the Gaillard Cut and also widened and deepened the existing navigational channels and deepened the cut. Freshwater dredging totaled more 37.9 million cubic yards (29 million cubic metres) of earth taken from the lake, 11.4 million cubic yards (8.7 million cubic metres) as part of the Pacific access channel, and 23.5 million cubic yards (18 million cubic metres) from the Atlantic entrance. Each sea-entrance navigation channel was widened to 738 feet (225 metres) and deepened to at least 18 feet (5.5 metres) below the lowest tide levels. The project doubled the canal's capacity by adding two new steps of three-step locks, one at either end of the canal, and to allow the passage of a new generation of supersized ships, dubbed "neo-Panamax," that can carry 13,000 TEUs (twenty-foot equivalent units; 1 TEU is the capacity of a container 20 by 8 by 9 feet [6.1 by 2.4 by 2.7 metres]).
After approval of the Third Set of Locks Project, ACP began awarding major contracts to firms from around the world, including an environmental-impact study conducted by the American firm URS and two Panamanian universities in 2007. To address concerns about the project's effect on wildlife, the builders conducted extensive monitoring, both in person and with cameras, to determine what types of traps and how many traps would be required to capture and relocate animals to safe locations during construction.
On September 3, 2007, Panamanians celebrated groundbreaking on the first dry excavation project on the Pacific side. By December ACP had qualified four global consortia to bid on the main component of the program—the construction of the third pair of locks. In July 2009 ACP selected Grupo Unidos por el Canal—led by the Spanish firm Sacyr and including companies from Italy, Panama, Belgium, the Netherlands, and the United States—to design and build the new locks, which the group proposed to do at a cost of $3.12 billion. The final cost of the expansion totaled over $5.25 billion.
The canal expansion required a significant concrete-procuring effort. Two concrete plants operated 24 hours a day, six days a week, and were supported by a system of trucks, barges, conveyor belts, stockpiles, crushers, and coolers. At the height of construction, 8,000 tons of aggregate a day were transported from the Pacific side to the Atlantic side by barge and then carried by as many as 60 trucks to the site. Aggregates varying from coarse rock to fine sand were added to various types of concrete mixes and applied to different sections of the locks. An on-site quarry operation produced basalt for the concrete mixes, though some material was reused from existing excavation if it was of sufficiently high quality.
In 2012 ACP announced an eight-month delay due to the extensive challenges associated with procuring concrete with a 100-year design life, a weeklong strike by one of Panama's biggest construction labour unions, and bad weather. With the anticipated completion of Third Set of Locks Project pushed back to 2016, the expansion was still under way during the canal's centennial in 2014.
Effects of expansion
The construction of the third set of locks inspired numerous articles, reports, and studies speculating on how the passage of post-Panamax ships through the canal would have an impact on global shipping patterns. In the United States, many East Coast ports began ramping up expansion and modernization plans in anticipation of increasing amounts of those large ships, which generally require channels with depths of more than 50 feet (15 metres) if fully loaded. However, the global recession in 2008 brought a long-term pattern of yearly U.S. import growth to a halt, implying increased trade uncertainty and much slower growth rates.
Despite uncertainties in future shipping patterns, the Third Set of Locks Project brought global attention from the engineering industry to Panama and the ACP. Unlike the original construction of the canal, the Panamanians hold proprietorship over the expansion, and the ACP has signed multiple partnership agreements with port authorities and other entities throughout the Americas and the world. In 2012 the ACP hosted an inaugural Engineering and Infrastructure Congress, which drew hundreds of geotechnical, electrical, structural and civil engineering practitioners, as well as exhibitors and vendors, and featured multiple sessions to address the ongoing issues associated with the canal expansion.
Learn More in these related Britannica articles:
Panama: Panama Canal and coastal portsThe Panama Canal, built by the United States and operated continuously since its opening in 1914, has fortified Panama's role as an international shipping and trade centre. From 1903 until 1979 a strip of land 10 miles (16 km) wide…
United States: Building the Panama Canal and American domination in the CaribbeanStrategic necessity and the desire of Eastern businessmen to have easy access to Pacific markets combined in the late 1890s to convince the president, Congress, and a vast majority of Americans that an isthmian canal linking the…
canals and inland waterways: The Panama CanalAfter his success with the Suez Canal, de Lesseps was attracted to the Isthmus of Panama, where many projects had been suggested for cutting a canal to join the Atlantic and Pacific oceans and thus make unnecessary the passage around South America. De…
United States: Foreign affairs…treaties giving control of the Panama Canal to Panama in the year 2000 and providing for the neutrality of the waterway.…
history of medicine: Advances at the end of the century…possible the completion of the Panama Canal by reducing the death rate there from 176 per 1,000 to 6 per 1,000.…
More About Panama Canal23 references found in Britannica articles
Assorted References
- major reference
- construction
- flag of Panama
- incidence of yellow fever
history of
- Colombia
- Panama
- Portobelo
- In Portobelo
- Vancouver


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Together, we can end hunger in San Francisco and Marin.
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We offer our pantry participants more than 50 unique types of fruits and vegetables annually.
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My husband, Dan, has been doing his annual holiday high wire act.
You may have seen him recently as you drove by our house. He was the silver-haired guy dangling perilously from an aluminum ladder while stringing Christmas lights along the steep rooflines of our Cape. He even used lights to outline the little cupola at the top of the shed. I shudder to think what would have happened if he had fallen from that height!
He's not James Bond or a trained circus performer related to the Flying Wallendas. He's just a mere mortal putting up Christmas decorations to make our kids happy. It's dangerous and demanding work for a guy who turned 60 this year and had a total knee replacement in May.
And that's not all. He had ankle surgery a couple of years ago and doesn't have much feeling in one of his feet. That's quite a handicap when he's on a ladder and can't feel the rung as he climbs.
But, he's a saint and doesn't like to disappoint our kids. Our two oldest daughters are grown up with homes and decorations of their own. But we still have five kids at home: Jack, 21; Jennifer, 18; Jake, 17; Jeff, 13; and Jarid, 12. They are siblings we adopted nearly five years ago. They are the reason we are still pushing our physical limits — hanging off ladders, trudging up to the attic to retrieve box after box of our worn and tacky Christmas decorations and spending hours with staple guns, Super Glue and thumbtacks putting it all together.
A whole set of lights blew out last week — a calamity that sent Dan running to Wal-Mart for replacements. While he was there, he ran into an old friend he'd grown up with. The friend, who is the same age as Dan, said he and his wife were going to Mexico for Christmas. They were finally empty nesters and for the first time in their lives, they would fly away for the holidays and loll in the sunshine.
"Wow, Christmas in Mexico," Dan said wistfully as he told me the story. "That sounds pretty good."
"Yah, it does," I agreed. Visions of palm trees, white sandy beaches and fruity tropical drinks floated through my brain. At that moment, it sounded so much better than aluminum ladders, strings of lights and staple guns. We are both so weary from all the extra work surrounding the holidays. But, I knew Christmas in a tropical paradise wasn't for us, at least not yet.
We are still trying to create some Christmas memories here. Our children suffered much trauma and loss in their lives and the holidays are a difficult time. We don't know if the Christmas lights Dan strings will somehow hold them together. Perhaps not, but we hope that some day, when they are older, they will have something beautiful to remember.
The crazy thing about childhood trauma is it can wipe out memories, so we are trying to build new ones — happy visions of twinkling lights and decorations that return year after year.
Without the kids, I might have long since given up dragging the boxes of decorations from the attic. But it makes me happy when Jarid recognizes all of the nutcrackers on display in our living room. I line them up — like a platoon of soldiers — on a long wooden bench sitting beneath our wall-mounted television.
Our mantel is a vision of white lights, ornaments and garland and more nutcrackers standing guard over the wood stove below.
Jarid's favorite soldier is the tackiest decoration of all, a plastic, battery operated animated man in a red uniform who "plays" Christmas carols on his golden bugle, which he raises to his lips before each new song. Jarid may not remember much of his past, but he remembers the soldier. And that means everything to Dan and me.
We are so glad for our friend who will spend Christmas in Mexico. May he and his wife enjoy tropical breezes and fruity beverages.
But we have chosen a different path. It's a hard road sometimes, and may never lead South of the Border.
That's OK with me. I have a battery-operated bugle boy who plays Christmas songs and Jarid remembers him every year.
Wishing you all Merry Christmas and Happy New Year!
Mary Pat Rowland is managing editor of Foster's Daily Democrat and can be reached at email@example.com.


text: @francis_joseph1 @kieranoconnorart @lazy.arts @studiomuti @art_hobby_life @freniyard @grafixab @kennethjonesdesigns @thedavidcote @tmdvwrd @watakeminote yooowell_studio Share this:TwitterFacebookLike this:Like Loading... Related Written by artistconnectcc Artist Connect is a platform for artist to discover, share, and connect with one another. Our number one priority here is the artist, we want to offer exposure and help people find your art that otherwise may not have, but not only that, we want to help people get to know the artist behind the art. We have always loved hearing from artists and getting to know them, and our audience has responded very positively to the interviews, they love them just as much as we do!


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Cool, original Harley Knucklehead style with 21st century performance you might see in a Harley magazine. That sums up the 2011 National Motorcycle Museum Fundraiser Bike, and youcould win it!
The price is through the roof on real antique Harley-Davidson Knuckleheads, one of HD's most lasting all-American designs. So why not bring together a forged and TIG-welded V-Twin Manufacturing replica frame and chrome springer front end, a Baker 4-speed and Tech Cycle enclosed belt primary, some authentic tin, removable leather bags and a windshield. Then drop in a 93 cubic inch S&S Knucklehead motor; the best of all worlds! Fit a strong rear disk brake from PM, a hot electronic ignition, add some chrome and a House of Color glossy black with orange paint job by JC Hetz Studios. All that's left is to jab the electric starter button and take it for a spin, if you win.
You can donate to win for just $5 a chance or six for $25. Send your check to: National Motorcycle Museum, PO Box 405, Anamosa, Iowa, 52205. Go to www.nationalmcmuseum.org and download the order form to mail back with payment, or use an electronic check on the website. Iowa law prohibits the use of credit cards, but it's still easy to enter. Last option, call 319-462-3925 and tell the Museum staff you need some entries for the Knucklehead.
Visit at : www.nationalmcmuseum.org
Call at : 319-462-3925


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OCCA strengthens the arts by ensuring that the Oregon coast has a rich and vibrant arts community through support and promotion of arts organizations and individual artists.
This directory represents the coastal areas of Oregon, which include Clatsop, Tillamook, Lincoln, Coos, and Curry counties and the coastal towns of Lane and Douglas counties. OCCA is the regional arts council for this area. Learn more about OCCA's regional arts activities.
Mission Statement:
The purpose of the Bay City Arts Center is to establish and maintain a community arts center and to design and administer programs and events that support creativity and reach out to the youth and adults of Tillamook County."


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Bathroom hardware has taken on a new level of decorative prowess with the beautiful and unique Rothbury Collection. The antique and brushed finishes found here have an understated beauty that can often say more in a quiet whisper than a whole chorus of flashy alternatives. So if you are looking to spruce up your bathroom décor, why not let Creative Specialties work their magic? Come in, and explore the world of possibilities that our attractive bathroom hardware can open up for an ordinary space.
Toilet paper holders might not sound like the ideal décor tool, but with decorative bathroom hardware from Creative Specialties, every detail becomes a work of art. Use double post toilet paper holders for a solid and striking impression. Robe hooks are great for keeping your bathrobe and clothes dry and up off the floor. The Rothbury Series hosts double robe hooks so you can really step out of the shower prepared.
Spread out damp bath towels on these attractive towel racks. With two bars, there's plenty of room for both bath and hand towels in one place. These towel racks can be used to display decorative towels in a guest or suite bath as well. This delightful collection even has decorative tank levers. Now that's decorating down to the last detail. So if you're looking to make a sophisticated décor statement, look no further than the Rothbury Collection. Order your own robe hooks, toilet paper holders and more, and let your bathroom hardware speak for itself.


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Chalk pastels are one of my favourite art supplies. Sure, they're messy but that's the beauty of them! The different layers of colourful dust mixing across a box layered with vibrant sticks and shards of hue… There is a new palette each time you pull them out of your drawer. This shot by Elsie Larson highlights some mingling chalk pastel colours and brings a big dash of bright to a rather grey day.
(photograph by elsie larson)


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The Owner of Traverse City's Gallery 50 Talks About the Gift of Art
Christie Minervini, owner of Gallery Fifty in Traverse City, talks about one-of-a-kind gift giving. She talks about the value of giving local art as gifts, as well as building your own art collection.
Shop the Northern Michigan Shopping Guide this holiday season.


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Cocos2D-x : File Template for Creating a new Game Scene
Hi All ! I have found that, in cocos2D-x, developer has to copy and paste GameScene files & then modify it again and again for each scene you create for your game. Using following source code, one does not need … Continue reading