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Economics of Social Security
Economic Conditions and Supplemental Security Income Application
In this article, the authors examine the relationship between prevailing economic conditions and the likelihood of application for Supplemental Security Income (SSI) payments by jobless adults with disabilities. Using data for 1996–2010 from the Survey of Income and Program Participation linked to Social Security administrative records, the authors observe samples of jobless individuals and examine the state-level unemployment rates at both the time their unemployment spell began and at the time they applied for SSI.
Poverty Status of Social Security Beneficiaries, by Type of Benefit
This article examines the 2012 poverty status of eight Social Security adult type of benefit (TOB) groups using both the official poverty measure and the Supplemental Poverty Measure (SPM). For each TOB group, the article compares the SPM estimate with the official poverty measure estimate. In addition, it estimates the effects of various features of the SPM on poverty rates, noting why the SPM estimates differ from official estimates. For each poverty measure, the article also compares poverty estimates across groups.
The Legacy Debt Associated with Past Social Security Transfers
A number of studies have used estimates of historical and projected lifetime net transfers (benefits less taxes) by birth cohort under the Old-Age and Survivors Insurance program to calculate and compare the aggregate present-value sum of such transfers for selected birth-cohort groups. Those calculations indicate that, from a program accounting perspective, the earliest generations of program participants received large transfers from later generations of participants. Some recent studies have referred to this cumulative transfer to the earliest generations as a "legacy debt" and characterized it as a burden borne by the later generations. This article clarifies the legacy debt concept and discusses the conditions required for a legacy debt to exist in a meaningful economic sense.
Married Women's Projected Retirement Benefits: An Update
This note examines how changes in women's labor force participation and lifetime earnings will affect the Social Security benefits of future beneficiary wives. The Social Security Administration's Modeling Income in the Near Term (version 7) projects that at least four-fifths of wives in the late baby boom (born 1956–1965) and generation X (born 1966–1975) cohorts will receive their initial Social Security benefits based solely on their own earnings. For wives in those cohorts, most of the average benefit amount (91–92 percent) will be attributable to their own earnings histories.
Education, Earnings Inequality, and Future Social Security Benefits: A Microsimulation Analysis
This article explores how faster rates of wage growth for college graduates than for nongraduates could affect the Social Security benefits of future retirees. Using a Social Security Administration microsimulation model called Modeling Income in the Near Term, the authors estimate the effect of different rates of wage growth by educational attainment on the future earnings and Social Security benefits of individuals born between 1965 and 1979, sometimes referred to as "Generation X." They find that for members of the 1965–1979 birth cohorts, different rates of wage growth by education would substantially increase the gap in annual earnings between college graduates and nongraduates, but that differences in Social Security benefits would increase by a smaller proportion, primarily because of Social Security's progressive benefit formula.
Retirement Income Among American Indians and Alaska Natives in the American Community Survey
The authors present data on annual retirement income of American Indians and Alaska Natives (AIANs) from the American Community Survey and include separate analyses for AIANs of single-race and multiple-race backgrounds. The authors also compare retirement income of AIANs with that of whites and blacks and find that, overall, annual retirement income among all AIANs was significantly lower than that of whites and also of blacks.
Longitudinal Patterns of Disability Program Participation and Mortality Across Childhood SSI Award Cohorts
This article follows six annual cohorts of childhood Supplemental Security Income (SSI) disability awardees between 1980 and 2000, for a time horizon up to 30 years after initial SSI award, in many cases well into adulthood. The authors compare trajectories of successive awardee cohorts as the SSI program evolves from 1980 to recent years. The results show that the proportion of awardees in SSI-only status declines over the life cycle, with over half transitioning to other statuses roughly after 10 to 15 years. Many awardees transition from the SSI program to concurrent or Disability Insurance–only benefit status, and increasing proportions of awardees are deceased or off the rolls and alive. These patterns are common for all awardee cohorts, but there are major changes in trajectories across cohorts. Compared with the early cohorts, the more recent cohorts display sharper declines in mortality and steeper increases in the proportion off the disability rolls for other reasons. These two trends have opposite effects on the duration of disability program participation over the life cycle, with important policy implications.
Social Security Trust Fund Cash Flows and Reserves
This article examines the Social Security trust fund reserves and cash flows and their interrelationships with the Treasury's cash management operations and the budget of the rest of the federal government. The article considers the extent to which the trust fund reserves and interest income reflect cash transactions between the trust funds and the public and are not, as some commenters have asserted, just accounting fictions. It also considers whether, under the Social Security system's self-financing framework, an improvement in trust fund finances can help relieve the accumulated debt commitments of the rest of the federal government.
Long-Term Joblessness and Disability Benefits Receipt
Proposed Revisions to the Special Minimum Benefit for Low Lifetime Earners
Social Security's special minimum benefit is declining in relative value, does not provide a full benefit equal to the poverty threshold, and reaches fewer beneficiaries each year. Members of Congress and other key policymakers have proposed several methods for revising the special minimum benefit, either as part of reforming Social Security more broadly or as stand-alone policy options. Most of the new options would index the benefit to wages, helping ensure its sustainability into the future. The options differ in how they define a "year of coverage," how many years of coverage are required to be eligible for any benefit increase, and how much the full benefit increase should be. Those choices will determine who will receive the benefit increase and how adequate their benefit will be.
The Social Security Windfall Elimination and Government Pension Offset Provisions for Public Employees in the Health and Retirement Study
This article examines the Social Security Windfall Elimination Provision and Government Pension Offset. These provisions reduce the Social Security benefits of workers (and the resulting benefits of their spouses) if the prime beneficiary worked in "noncovered" employment (in which Social Security payroll taxes were not paid) and the noncovered job provided a pension, or if the spouse or survivor earned a pension from noncovered work. Using Health and Retirement Study data uniquely suited to the analysis, the authors calculate the household-level average lifetime benefit reductions resulting from these provisions and examine them in the context of lifetime Social Security income, pension income, and total wealth. The analysis also isolates the effects of pensions from noncovered employment on benefit adjustments and wealth.
The Projected Effects of Social Security Benefit Increase Options for Older Beneficiaries
In conjunction with larger Social Security solvency plans, many policymakers have proposed introducing benefit increases for older beneficiaries. This brief analyzes the projected effects of two such policy options on beneficiaries aged 85 or older in 2030 using the Modeling Income in the Near Term model. Both options target older beneficiaries' primary insurance amounts for a 5 percent increase, but they differ in how the increase would be calculated. Both proposals would increase monthly benefits for nearly all older beneficiaries, and both would reduce poverty levels among the aged, relative to currently scheduled benefits. However, the options differ in how the benefit increases would be distributed among older beneficiaries across shared lifetime earnings quintiles.
How Did the Recession of 2007–2009 Affect the Wealth and Retirement of the Near Retirement Age Population in the Health and Retirement Study?
This article uses household wealth and labor market data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) to investigate how the recent "Great Recession" has affected the wealth and retirement of the Early Boomer cohort, those in the population who were just approaching retirement age at the beginning of the recession. The retirement wealth of people aged 53–58 before the onset of the recession in 2006 declined by a relatively modest 2.8 percent by 2010. For members of older cohorts, wealth had increased by about 5 percent over a comparable age span. The wealth holdings of poorer households were least affected by the recession. Relative losses were greatest for those who initially had the highest wealth when the recession began. The retirement behavior of the Early Boomer cohort looks similar, at least to date, to the behavior observed for members of older cohorts at comparable ages.
Factors Affecting Initial Disability Allowance Rates for the Disability Insurance and Supplemental Security Income Programs: The Role of the Demographic and Diagnostic Composition of Applicants and Local Labor Market Conditions
Various factors outside the control of decision makers may affect the rate at which disability applications are allowed or denied during the initial step of eligibility determination in the Social Security Disability Insurance (DI) and Supplemental Security Income (SSI) programs. This article, using individual-level data on applications, focuses on the role of three important factors—the demographic characteristics of applicants, the diagnostic mix of applicants, and the local unemployment rate—in affecting the probability of an initial allowance and state allowance rates. A random sample of initial determination administrative records for the 1993–2008 period is used for the analysis in a fixed-effects multiple regression framework. The empirical results show that the demographic and diagnostic characteristics of applicants and the local unemployment rate substantially affect the initial allowance rate. An increase in the local unemployment rate tends to be associated with a decrease in the initial allowance rate. This negative relationship holds for adult applicants in both the DI and SSI programs and for SSI childhood applicants.
Profile of Social Security Disabled Workers and Dependents Who Have a Connection to Workers' Compensation or Public Disability Benefits
This note provides a comprehensive profile of the characteristics of disability beneficiaries with a connection to workers' compensation or public disability benefits (PDBs). The 8.3 percent of disabled workers who have this connection tend to be economically better off, more frequently middle aged, male, afflicted with a musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorder, and tend to wait longer to apply for social security disability benefits after onset than the general disabled-worker population. In our analysis, we have included a special focus on California, as this state represents a large portion of the PDB workload, and its experience has a substantial effect on the national picture.
Workplace Injuries and the Take-Up of Social Security Disability Benefits
Workplace injuries and illnesses are an important cause of disability. States have designed their workers' compensation programs to provide cash and medical-care benefits for those injuries and illnesses, but people who become disabled at work may also be eligible for Social Security Disability Insurance (DI) and related Medicare benefits. This article uses matched state workers' compensation and Social Security data to estimate whether workplace injuries and illnesses increase the probability of receiving DI benefits and whether people who become DI beneficiaries receive benefits at younger ages.
The Growth in Social Security Benefits Among the Retirement-Age Population from Increases in the Cap on Covered Earnings
This article investigates how raising the maximum level of earnings subject to the Social Security payroll tax leads to the "leakage" of portions of the additional revenue into higher benefit payments. Using data from the Health and Retirement Study, the authors simulate the effects of changes in maximum taxable earnings for cohorts approaching retirement age over a 24-year period. They find, roughly, that almost half of the additional tax revenue from having raised the maximum earnings subject to the payroll tax has leaked into higher benefits.
The Impact of Changes in Couples' Earnings on Married Women's Social Security Benefits
This article uses the Social Security Administration's Modeling Income in the Near Term (version 6) to examine how changes in married women's labor force participation and earnings will impact the Social Security benefits of current and future beneficiary wives. Over the next 30 years, a larger share of wives will be eligible for Social Security benefits based solely on their own earnings, and wives' average Social Security benefits are expected to increase by 50 percent. Despite rising female lifetime earnings, wives' earnings typically remain below those of their husbands, so many wives who are retired-worker-only beneficiaries while their husbands are alive will receive auxiliary benefits when their husbands die.
The Retirement Prospects of Divorced Women
To project the retirement resources and well-being of divorced women, the authors use the Social Security Administration's Modeling Income in the Near Term (version 6). Findings show that Social Security benefits and retirement incomes are projected to increase for divorced women and that their poverty rates are projected to decline, due in large part to women's increasing lifetime earnings. However, not all divorced women will be equally well off; economic well-being in retirement varies by Social Security benefit type.
Racial and Ethnic Differences in the Retirement Prospects of Divorced Women
The authors use the Social Security Administration's Modeling Income in the Near Term (version 6) to describe the likely characteristics, work experience, Social Security benefit status, and economic well-being of future divorced women at age 70, by race and ethnicity. Factors associated with higher retirement incomes include having a college degree; having a strong history of labor force attachment; receiving Social Security benefits; and having pensions, retirement accounts, or assets, regardless of race and ethnicity. However, because divorced black and Hispanic women are less likely than divorced white women to have these attributes, income sources, or assets, their projected average retirement incomes are lower than those of divorced white women.
The Evolution of Social Security's Taxable Maximum
Since its inception, Social Security has featured a taxable maximum (or "tax max"). In 1937, payroll taxes applied to the first $3,000 in earnings. In 2011, payroll taxes apply to the first $106,800 in earnings. This policy brief summarizes the changes that have occurred to the tax max and to earnings patterns over this period. From 1937 to 1975, Congress increased the tax max on an ad-hoc basis. Increases were justified by the desire to improve system financing and maintain meaningful benefits for middle and higher earners. Since 1975, the tax max has generally increased at the same rate as average wages each year. Some policymakers propose increasing the tax max beyond wage-indexed levels to help restore financial balance and to reflect growing earnings inequality, as workers earning more than the tax max have experienced higher earnings growth rates than other workers in recent decades.
Longitudinal Statistics on Work Activity and Use of Employment Supports for New Social Security Disability Insurance Beneficiaries
Longitudinal statistics on the employment activities of Social Security Disability Insurance beneficiaries offer a different perspective than the Social Security Administration's published statistics, which are based on annual data, and have important policy implications.
Distributional Effects of Reducing the Social Security Benefit Formula
A person's Social Security benefit, or primary insurance amount (PIA), is 90 percent of the lowest portion of lifetime earnings, plus 32 percent of the middle portion of lifetime earnings, plus 15 percent of the highest portion of lifetime earnings. This policy brief analyzes the distributional effects of three options (the three-point, five-point and upper) discussed by the Social Security Advisory Board to reduce the PIA. The first option would reduce the PIA by 3 percentage points; the second would reduce it by 5 percentage points; and the third would reduce the 32 and 15 percentages of the PIA to 21 and 10 percent, respectively. The third option would exempt about one quarter of the lowest earning beneficiaries, while reducing benefits by a median average of 19 percent in 2070. None would eliminate Social Security's long-term fiscal imbalance, although the third option would eliminate more (76 percent) of the deficit than the three-point (18 percent) and five-point (31 percent) options.
Expanding Access to Health Care for Social Security Disability Insurance Beneficiaries: Early Findings from the Accelerated Benefits Demonstration
The Accelerated Benefits (AB) demonstration project provides health benefits to Social Security Disability Insurance beneficiaries who have no health insurance during the 24-month period most beneficiaries are required to wait before Medicare benefits begin. This article describes the project and presents baseline survey results on health insurance coverage among newly entitled beneficiaries and the characteristics of those without coverage. A 6-month follow-up survey provides information on the effects of the AB health benefits package on health care utilization and on reducing unmet medical needs. The article also reports the costs of providing the health benefits package during the 24-month Medicare waiting period.
Social Security Research at the Michigan Retirement Research Center
The Office of Retirement and Disability Policy at the Social Security Administration created the Retirement Research Consortium in 1998 to encourage research on topics related to Social Security and the well-being of older Americans, and to foster communication between the academic and policy communities. The Michigan Retirement Research Center (MRRC) has participated in the Consortium since its inception. This article surveys a selection of the MRRC's output over its first 10 years and highlights several themes in the Center's ongoing research.
The Retirement Research Consortium: Past, Present, and Future
This article provides an overview of the Retirement Research Consortium (RRC) from the Social Security Administration's perspective, including a brief history of the development of the RRC, a discussion of the aims of the RRC, and some thoughts on its future. The mission of the RRC is to plan and conduct a broad research program to develop Social Security and retirement policy information to assist policymakers, the public, and the media in understanding the issues. The RRC has been a remarkably successful extramural research venture that has advanced the knowledge base on Social Security and retirement issues, trained new scholars to become the next generation of Social Security and retirement policy experts, and provided objective, research-based input to the policymaking process.
An Empirical Study of the Effects of Social Security Reforms on Benefit Claiming Behavior and Receipt Using Public-Use Administrative Microdata
In the past few years, the Social Security Old-Age and Survivors Insurance benefit system in the United States has undergone some of the most significant changes since its inception. Using the public-use microdata extract from the Master Beneficiary Record, we are able to uncover a number of interesting trends in benefit claiming behavior and level of benefit receipt, which can help us understand how the changes in the system are shaping the retirement benefit claiming behavior of older Americans.
Social Security Administration's Master Earnings File: Background Information
The Social Security Administration (SSA) receives reports of earnings for the U.S. working population each year from employers and the Internal Revenue Service. The earnings information received is stored at SSA as the Master Earnings File (MEF) and is used to administer Social Security programs and to conduct research on the populations served by those programs. This article documents the history, content, limitations, complexities, and uses of the MEF (and data files derived from the MEF). It is intended for researchers who use earnings data to study work patterns and their implications, and for those interested in understanding the data used to administer the current-law programs.
A Progressivity Index for Social Security
Using the Social Security Administration's MINT (Modeling Income in the Near Term) model, this paper analyzes the progressivity of the Old-Age, Survivors and Disability Insurance (OASDI) program for current and future retirees. It uses a progressivity index that provides a summary measure of the distribution of taxes and benefits on a lifetime basis. Results indicate that OASDI lies roughly halfway between a flat replacement rate and a flat dollar benefit for current retirees. Projections suggest that progressivity will remain relatively similar for future retirees. In addition, the paper estimates the effects of several policy changes on progressivity for future retirees.
The Effects of Wage Indexing on Social Security Disability Benefits
Researchers David Autor and Mark Duggan have hypothesized that the Social Security benefit formula using the average wage index, coupled with a widening distribution of income, has created an implicit rise in replacement rates for low-earner disability beneficiaries. This research attempts to confirm and quantify the replacement rate creep identified by Autor and Duggan using actual earnings histories of disability-insured workers over the period 1979–2004. The research finds that disability replacement rates are rising for many insured workers, although the effect may be somewhat smaller than that suggested by Autor and Duggan.
Alternate Measures of Replacement Rates for Social Security Benefits and Retirement Income
Replacement rates are common and useful tools used by individuals and policy analysts to plan for retirement and assess the sufficiency of Social Security benefits and overall retirement income. Because the calculation and meaning of replacement rates differs depending on the definition of preretirement earnings, this article examines four alternative measures: final preretirement earnings, constant income payable from the present value of lifetime earnings (PV payment), wage-indexed average of lifetime earnings, and inflation-adjusted average of lifetime earnings (CPI average). The article also calculates replacement rates for Social Security beneficiaries aged 64–66 in 2005.
Chile's Next Generation Pension Reform
Since its inception in 1981, Chile's system of mandatory individual retirement accounts has become a model for pension reformers around the world. A March 2008 comprehensive pension reform law made major changes that address some key policy challenges including worker coverage, gender equity, pension adequacy, and administrative fees. The cornerstone of the new law sets up a basic universal pension as a supplement to the individual accounts system.
Estimating the First Instance of Substantive-Covered Earnings in the Labor Market
Disability Benefit Coverage and Program Interactions in the Working-Age Population
It is widely known that about three-fourths of the working-age population is insured for Disability Insurance (DI), but the substantial role played by the Supplemental Security Income (SSI) program in providing disability benefit coverage is not well understood. Using data from the 1996 panel of the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) we find that over one-third (36 percent) of the working-age population is covered by SSI in the event of a severe disability. Three important implications follow: (1) SSI increases the overall coverage of the working-age population; (2) SSI enhances the bundle of cash benefits available to disabled individuals; and (3) interactions with other public programs—most notably the SSI path to Medicaid coverage—also enhance the safety net. Ignoring these implications could lead to inaccurate inferences in analytic studies.
The Reservation Wages of Social Security Disability Insurance Beneficiaries
Using the New Beneficiary Data System, this article examines the reservation wages of a sample of Social Security Disability Insurance (DI) beneficiaries with work capabilities. It analyzes the magnitude of the reservation wages of DI beneficiaries compared to the last wage earned and to benefit amounts. In addition, the article discusses the determinants of reservation wages for DI beneficiaries.
Disabled Workers and the Indexing of Social Security Benefits
This article presents the distributional effects of changing the Social Security indexing scheme, with an emphasis on the effects upon disabled-worker beneficiaries. Although a class of reform proposals that would slow the rate of growth of initial benefit levels over time—including price indexing and longevity indexing—initially appear to affect all beneficiaries proportionally, there can be different impacts on different groups of beneficiaries. The impacts between and within groups are mitigated by (1) the offsetting effect of changes in Supplemental Security Income benefits at the lower tail of the income distribution, and (2) the dampening effect of other family income at the upper tail of the income distribution. The authors present estimates of the size of these effects.
Social Security Cost-of-Living Adjustments and the Consumer Price Index
Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI, Social Security) benefits are indexed for inflation to protect beneficiaries from the loss of purchasing power implied by inflation. In the absence of such indexing, the purchasing power of Social Security benefits would be eroded as rising prices raised the cost of living. Recently, the Consumer Price Index used to calculate the Cost-of-Living-Adjustment (COLA) for OASDI benefits has come under increased scrutiny. Some argue that the current index does not accurately reflect the inflation experienced by seniors and that COLAs should be larger. Others argue that the measure of inflation underlying the COLA has technical limitations that cause it to overestimate changes in the cost of living and that COLAs should be smaller. This article discusses some of the issues involved with indexing Social Security benefits for inflation and examines the ramifications of potential changes to COLA calculations.
Benefit Adequacy Among Elderly Social Security Retired-Worker Beneficiaries and the SSI Federal Benefit Rate
The federal benefit rate (FBR) of the Supplemental Security Income program provides an inflation-indexed income guarantee for aged and disabled people with low assets. Some consider the FBR as an attractive measure of Social Security benefit adequacy. Others propose the FBR as an administratively simple, well-targeted minimum Social Security benefit. However, these claims have not been empirically tested. Using microdata from the Survey of Income and Program Participation, this article finds that the FBR is an imprecise measure of benefit adequacy; it incorrectly identifies as economically vulnerable many who are not poor, and disregards some who are poor. The reason for this is that the FBR-level benefit threshold of adequacy considers the Social Security benefit in isolation and ignores the family consumption unit. The FBR would provide an administratively simple but poorly targeted foundation for a minimum Social Security benefit. The empirical estimates quantify the substantial tradeoffs between administrative simplicity and target effectiveness.
New Evidence on Earnings and Benefit Claims Following Changes in the Retirement Earnings Test in 2000
In April 2000, Congress enacted the Senior Citizens Freedom to Work Act of 2000, which removed the retirement earnings test for individuals at the full retirement age and older. This paper examines the labor force activity of workers aged 65–69 relative to older and younger workers in response to the removal of the earnings test. We use the 1 percent sample of Social Security administrative data that covers the period from 4 years before to 4 years following the removal of the test. Quantile regression methods allow us to identify the earnings levels of workers who change their work effort.
Poverty-level Annuitization Requirements in Social Security Proposals Incorporating Personal Retirement Accounts
In the current discussions of Social Security reform, voluntary personal retirement accounts have been proposed. Recent research and debate have focused on several aspects of these accounts, including how such accounts would affect aggregate saving, system finances, and benefit levels. Little attention, however, has been paid to policies that would govern the distribution of account balances. This analysis considers such policies with respect to the annuitization of account balances at retirement using the Social Security Administration's Modeling Income in the New Term (MINT) model and a modified version of a recent legislative proposal to evaluate the effects of partial annuitization requirements.
Social Security: A Financial Appraisal for the Median Voter
Calculations of the median voter's return from "investing" in Social Security suggest that for a majority of voters the U.S. Social Security system provides higher ex-post, or actual, returns than alternative assets.
Lifetime Redistribution Under the Social Security Program: A Literature Synopsis
This paper provides a brief overview of the more important studies of lifetime redistribution under the Old-Age and Survivors Insurance (OASI) and Disability Insurance (DI) programs. Studies are categorized into two types: those that focus on redistribution across successive cohorts of workers or typical members of those cohorts, and those that focus on the distribution of results across characteristics of interest within particular cohorts of workers. A list of related studies is provided at the end for those interested in additional reading.
Historical Redistribution Under the Social Security Disability Insurance Program
This study uses Social Security administrative data on historical taxes and benefits by year, age, gender, and race for an ex post analysis of redistribution under the Disability Insurance program. The relationship between the taxes paid and benefits received to date under the program is described for successive cohorts as a whole and for specific race and gender groups both within cohorts and across time.
A Guide to Social Security Money's Worth Issues
This paper discusses some of the major issues associated with the question of whether workers receive their money's worth from the Social Security program. An effort is made to keep the discussion as nontechnical as possible, with explanations provided for many of the technical terms and concepts found in the money's worth literature. Major assumptions, key analytical methods, and money's worth measures used in the literature are also discussed. Finally, the key findings of money's worth studies are summarized, with some cautions concerning the limitations and appropriate usage of money's worth analyses.
The Challenge of the 21st Century: Innovating and Adapting Social Security Systems to Economic, Social, and Demographic Changes in the English-Speaking Americas
The Social Security Programs in the United States are complex and have evolved over a long span of years. However, it is possible to categorize much of this experience into two different eras in which Social Security functioned in a distinctive environment, and a third era that is now beginning. The middle third of this century was an "age of invention," in which the programs grew rapidly under favorable social and economic conditions. Since then, the programs have experienced an "age of accommodation," in which growing financial constraints have permitted only limited changes in the program. We can look forward to an "age of maturation" in the decades to come, as most persons reaching retirement will have been covered by Social Security during their entire working careers. The declining ratio of workers to beneficiaries and a wide range of demographic and social changes will present significant challenges. The Social Security programs must change considerably to respond to the demands of a new era, and vigorous efforts to do so are underway.
Cohort-Specific Measures of Lifetime Net Social Security Transfers
This paper develops estimates of lifetime net transfers across cohorts under the Social Security Old-Age and Survivors Insurance (OASI) program. Estimates are developed both from the perspective of individual cohorts, indicating the extent to which each cohort has received or can expect to receive its money's worth from the program, and from the perspective of the OASI program, indicating the extent of redistribution across cohorts. This paper also contrasts intercohort redistribution under the present OASI program with the redistribution that would have occurred under two counterfactual pay-as-you-go programs that incorporate different implicit standards of fairness. The data sources and techniques employed in this analysis provide a more accurate and extensive description of the treatment of different cohorts under the OASI program than has been available to date. Estimates based on past or projected data are presented for all cohorts participating in the OASI program since its inception through the cohort born in 2050.
Women's Employment and the Social Security System
Treatment of Women in the U.S. Social Security System, 1970–88
Proposals to Modify the Taxation of Social Security Benefits: Options and Distributional Effects
Overview of Public Social Welfare Expenditures, Fiscal Year 1990
Simulating the Long-Run Aggregate Economic and Intergenerational Redistributive Effects of Social Security Policy
This paper reports on the status of a long-run simulation model of the U.S. economy and its relationships with the Social Security program that was designed with these considerations in mind. The model was developed specifically to analyze the potential equity and efficiency effects of alternative Social Security policies in a long-run context.
Overview of Public Social Welfare Expenditures, Fiscal Year 1989
A Mathematical Demonstration of the Pareto Optimality of Pay-As-You-Go Social Security Programs in a Closed Economy
A 1989 article by Breyer concludes that it is impossible to compensate pensioners in the transition from a pay-as-you-go public pension system to a privatized or funded system without making at least one later generation worse off; Breyer reaches this conclusion in the context of a simple overlapping generations model of a closed economy under the assumption that the transition results in increased saving by workers. Although this conclusion is correct under the increased saving assumption in the relevant domain of the production function, the proof that Breyer provides is not sufficient to establish that fact. This note extends Breyer's analysis to provide a sufficient proof.
Would Monetary Policy Be Effective if the OASDI Trust Funds Held Most Treasury Debt?
As a result of the buildup of the Old Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) trust funds, the supply of U.S. securities to the public by the second and third decades of the next century might become extremely limited. While this increase in Federal savings would lower real interest rates and stimulate investment, the buildup would create a difficulty: it would force Federal Reserve open market operations to be conducted in assets other than Treasury securities. It is important to know whether monetary policy would continue to be effective under this new modus operandi. To answer this question it is necessary to have evidence concerning the transmission mechanism through which monetary policy affects the economy. Obtaining such evidence is especially important now since many economists argue that monetary policy works through a black box which we do not understand. Evidence demonstrating one channel though which monetary policy works is presented here. It is demonstrated that news of increases (decreases) in the Federal Reserve's target for the federal funds rate during the 1974–1979 period lowered (raised) stock prices. This period was unique because the Federal Reserve controlled its operating instrument, the federal funds rate, so closely that market participants were able to discern a change in the target on the day the target changed. This evidence supports the arguments of Tobin and Brunner and Meltzer that the stock market is an important link in the monetary transmission mechanism. The results indicate that if the OASDI trust funds purchased most or all Treasury securities, open market operations conducted using other assets would still be efficacious through this channel. By affecting bank reserves and thus the federal funds rate, these operations would influence stock prices and economic activity.
The Pareto Optimality of Existing Pay-as-You-Go Social Security Programs
In recent years, a number of proposals have been advanced for privatizing all or part of the Social Security program in the United States. These proposals range from the immediate abolition to the gradual phasing-out of Social Security taxes and benefits. This paper evaluates several premises that often underlie privatization proposals—that rates of return in the private sector exceed those implicit in the Social Security program, that privatization would lead to an increase in national saving, and that privatization could somehow improve the lifetime welfare of all affected generations. The paper first considers whether rates of return in the private sector actually exceed those implicit in the Social Security program and discuss the conditions required for privatization to lead to an increase in national saving. The paper then demonstrates theoretically that an existing, well-managed, pay-as-you-go social security program is Pareto optimal in an economy with exogenous factor prices, regardless of the extent to which privately available rates of return exceed those implicit in the pay-as-you-go program; i.e., no privatization scheme can be found that benefits at least one present or future generation without harming at least one other generation, and no scheme can be found that allows the winners from privatization to compensate the losers and still come out ahead. The analysis is extended to incorporate the assumption of endogenous factor prices and the possibility that pay-as-you-go social security programs reduce private saving. The theoretical conclusions are illustrated by using a long-run economic projection model to simulate the aggregate economic and intergenerational redistributive effects of two stylized privatization schemes.
On the Existence of Pareto-Superior Reversals of Dynamically Inefficient Social Security Programs
Some proponents of the privatization of the Social Security program in the United States have suggested that, because privately available rates of return exceed the internal rate of return implicit in that program, it may be possible to find Pareto-superior privatization schemes. In a similar vein, Townley (1981) argues that, so long as the government can incur debt, a Pareto-superior scheme can always be found to convert a dynamically inefficient pay-as-you-go Social Security program to a fully funded basis. This note uses Townley's own model to demonstrate analytically that Pareto-superior schemes to reverse a dynamically inefficient pay-as-you-go social security program do not exist, either through privatization or through conversion of the program to a fully funded basis.
Overview of Public Social Welfare Expenditures, Fiscal Year 1988
Effects of Social Security Benefit Increase, December 1989
Social Security, Uncertainty Adjustments, and the Consumption Decision
This paper reports on an analysis of the consumption decisions of individuals. A consumption function is developed that can be viewed as an extension of the traditional life cycle-permanent income specification, with consumption determined as an age-specific proportion of current and prospective wealth. Special attention is focused on the degree of substitutability between current and prospective wealth and on the differential effects of the various types of prospective income flows on the consumption decision.
Effects of the Social Security Benefit Increase, December 1988
Overview of Public Social Welfare Expenditures, Fiscal Year 1986
Social Welfare in the United States, 1934–54
Commentary: Measuring Expenditures for Social Welfare Programs
Effects of the OASDI Benefit Increase, December 1985
Effects of OASDI Benefit Increase, December 1984
Social Welfare Expenditures, 1981 and 1982
Econometric Models and the Study of the Economic Effects of Social Security
Effects of OASDI Benefit Increase, December 1983
Social Security and Private Saving: An Examination of Feldstein's New Evidence
In a recent article in the Journal of Political Economy (Leimer and Lesnoy 1982), we presented new time series evidence that cast considerable doubt on earlier evidence presented by Martin Feldstein (1974) which implied that social security had a large and statistically significant negative effect on personal saving in the United States. Our results may be summarized as follows: First, the social security wealth variable used by Feldstein was seriously flawed as a result of a computer-programming error. Simply correcting this error substantially changes the estimated effect of social security on saving. Second, the statistical evidence depends upon assumptions which are embedded in the construction of the social security wealth variable. These assumptions relate, first, to how individuals form their expectations about the social security benefits they expect to receive and the social security taxes they expect to pay and, second, to estimates of the number of workers, dependent wives, and surviving widows who will receive benefits. Adopting reasonable assumptions that differ from those used by Feldstein leads to generally weaker estimates of the relationship between social security and saving. Finally, the estimated relationship between social security and saving is acutely sensitive to the period of estimation examined. We concluded that the time series evidence simply does not support the hypothesis that social security has substantially reduced personal saving in the United States.
Purchasing Power of U.S. Social Security Benefits Abroad, 1970–82
Social Welfare Expenditures, Fiscal Year 1980
Effects of OASDI Benefit Increase, June 1982
Earnings Replacement Rates and Total Income: Findings From the Retirement History Study
Effects of OASDI Benefit Increase, June 1981
Economic Forecasting: Effect of Errors on OASDI Fund Ratios
Social Welfare Expenditures, Fiscal Year 1979
Social Security and Private Saving: New Time Series Evidence with Alternative Specifications
The purpose of this paper is to consider several alternative specifications of the consumer expenditure function.
Cohort-Specific Effects of Social Security Policy
Social Security has sizable obligations to workers who contributed and made savings decisions in the anticipation of future benefits, and the assessment of future options must explicitly account for impacts on these as well as future participants. To this end, our paper develops cohort-specific, general-equilibrium comparisons of concrete policy alternatives.
Social Security and the Labor Supply of Aged Men: Evidence From the U.S. Time Series
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of the social security system on the labor supply of aged men using U.S. time series data for the period 1947 to 1975. The specific phenomena to be explained is the dramatic decrease in the labor supply of aged men during this period. Between 1947 and 1975, the annual labor force participation rate of men 65 and over decreased from 47.8 percent to 21.7 percent—a decrease of 55 percent. In terms of annual hours worked per capita for men 65 and over, there was a decrease from about 880 hours to 312 hours during this period—a decrease of 65 percent. The specific focus of the analysis will be on the relative importance of social security in explaining this decrease in labor supply.
Effects of OASDI Benefit Increase, June 1980
Social Security and Private Saving: A Reexamination of the Time Series Evidence Using Alternative Social Security Wealth Variables
In an important article in the Journal of Political Economy [1974], Martin Feldstein estimated that the introduction of the social security system had reduced personal saving by 50 percent, with serious consequences for capital formation and output. His conclusion was based on a consumer expenditure function estimated with U.S. time series data and incorporating a social security wealth variable of his construction.
The original intent of this paper was to examine the sensitivity of Feldstein's conclusions to certain assumptions underlying his construction of the social security variable. In particular, we wanted to examine the implication of his assumptions concerning how individuals perceive future benefits and taxes.
Social Security and Retirement
Empirical evidence suggests that Social Security causes many individuals to retire earlier than otherwise. An important policy question is whether the program should be designed to lessen or eliminate this induced retirement effect. This paper proposes a framework for analyzing the socially desirable relationship between Social Security and retirement. Two common rationales for the program, forced saving and retirement insurance, are examined. If importance is attached to either of these rationales, then it is shown that retirement neutrality should probably not be a feature of Social Security.
Social Welfare Expenditures, Fiscal Year 1978
Optimal and Majority-Voting Equilibrium Levels of Social Security
In the recent economic literature on social security, much attention has been focused on its welfare implications (e.g., Samuelson [1975]), and its impacts on individual retirement decisions (e.g., Boskin [1977]), Sheshinski [1978], Diamond and Mirrlees [1978]) and capital accumulation (e.g., Feldstein [1974], Munnell [1974], and Kotlikoff [1979]). In all these works, the level of social security is assumed to be exogenous although it is often determined in the real world by the desire of the majority of voters and thus is an endogenous variable of the economic system. While Browning [1975] and Hu [1978] did consider the determination of social security by a majority-voting process, they used the partial-equilibrium approaches in the sense that wages and the interest rate were assumed exogenous and independent of social security. The present paper constructs a simple three-period life-cycle model in which social security is determined by the majority-voting process, and the rate of interest by the demand for and supply of capital. In this framework, the tax rate voted by each person depends on the market rate of interest, which in turn is affected by the prevailing tax rate. It is assumed that social security is financed by a pay-as-you-go plan.
Effects of OASDI Benefit Increase, June 1979
Life-Cycle Welfare Costs of Social Security
One-period models predict that a substantial welfare gain would result from removing the Social Security earnings test. In this paper we show that such models overestimate the size of potential gains.
If one uses instead a two-period model, which captures intertemporal effects, the net result of removing the earnings test is ambiguous. In the presence of a personal income tax, workers who reduce their labor supply in the first period create a welfare loss that must also be considered. We use a present-value model to estimate the change in lifetime welfare. We find that the net potential gain from removing the earnings test is probably small, especially when compared with the alternative of an increased personal income tax.
Disability Benefit Applications and the Economy
The Macroeconomic Effects of a Payroll Tax Rollback
In late 1977, the U.S. Congress passed Social Security legislation that included a series of increases in the payroll tax. These increases, which began in 1979 and carry on into the 1980s, substantially raise the projected levels of the Social Security trust funds. Since the amendments were passed, there has been some discussion and several proposals to roll back part of the tax. It is highly likely that additional rollback proposals will be made in the near future. The purpose of this paper is to shed some light on some of the macroeconomic effects of a payroll tax rollback.
Social Welfare Expenditures Under Public Programs, Fiscal Year 1977
Labor Supply, the Payroll Tax, and Internal Rates of Return to Social Security
There is empirical evidence that in the recent past the Old-Age Insurance portion of the Social Security program has acted as a net wage subsidy. In addition, the program had significant intragenerational redistributive effects. Our purpose is to demonstrate how these findings alter conventional views of the labor supply effects of Social Security. Our method is the analysis of a labor supply model that is extended to include empirically significant operational components of the program. We show that the analyses of others are special cases of our more general approach.
A Re-examination of the Link Between Social Security and Saving
This paper attempts to make two contributions to this research. The first one is expositional. A simple overlapping generation's model is developed and used to reinvestigate the wealth and endowment redistribution effects from the introduction of pay-as-you-go social security. Our second contribution is substantive and extends the analysis of the endowment redistribution effect. Finally, perspective is offered on the relationship between pay-as-you-go social security and private saving.


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WikiTree's Free-Space Profiles are free wiki pages for describing family heirlooms (e.g. Edward Whitten's model ships), special pets, homes and buildings (e.g. The Old Brick Store), or anything else that's significant to you or your family.
|Teachers and Students: Please note that this is Wiki Space not Wiki Spaces. This site is part of WikiTree. The wiki space here is primarily intended for family history and historical information. It is perfect for teachers and students who are doing history, biography, and family tree projects. If you are looking for the other Wiki Spaces site, click here:
Wiki Space pages can be connected to personal profiles and family pages on WikiTree. Use it to create an Encyclopedia of You.
All pages have a wiki description area, memories or personal statements, photos, and a bulletin board for discussing how to grow the page with other people you trust to view and edit it.
Creating a wiki space page is fast, easy, and complete free. You control who can view the page and who can edit it.
If you haven't already, you need to login to WikiTree first. Use your own name or "X", do not use an organization or group name. Again, this is not for schools and classrooms unless you are doing a family history project.
Linking to a Wiki Space page from any other website or WikiTree page is a snap.
Add text like this to a page: "Here is a [[Space:Sample WikiSpace Page|sample page]] to test."
Here's exactly what happens in this example:

subset: commoncrawl


text:
|Board Email:
|Board Phone:
|(803) 896-4598
|Rita Melton
|Board Staff:
|Robert Neadle
|Advice Counsel:
|Hardwick Stuart   **
|110 Centerview Dr, Columbia SC
**The Office of Advice Counsel is responsible for
providing legal advice to all Boards, Commissions
and Panels. These attorneys do not provide legal
advice to parties outside LLR.
The South Carolina Department of Labor, Licensing and Regulation may receive complaints against a licensee from any person, including the Board, and shall require the complaints to be submitted in writing, and signed by the complainant. In completing the form, the person making the complaint is referred to as the complainant. The individual the complaint is filed against is referred to as the respondent. Please state all facts briefly and clearly. Also include the (1) name and address of all witnesses and the specific information they possess to substantiate the complaint. Persons who file complaints receive written acknowledgement of receipt of their complaint. Upon completion of the complaint form, mail it, along with any attachments, to the address below. The complaint form may also be sent by fax to: (803) 896-4656.
S.C. Department of Labor, Licensing and Regulation Office of Investigations
and Enforcement
Post Office Box 11329
Columbia, South Carolina 29211-1329
The person who is the subject of the complaint must be provided a notice of the complaint including the substance of the allegations within five (5) days after the department begins its investigation. The department must submit its investigative findings to the Investigative Review Committee as provided in Section 40-69-20(8), along with any other additional information related to the investigation which may be requested by the IRC members.
If the department files a formal complaint, the formal complaint and any answer filed by the licensee must be made available for public inspection. The board administrator shall notify the licensee in writing not less than sixty (60) days before the disciplinary hearing. Informal disposition may be made of any complaint, formal or otherwise, by Stipulation or Consent Agreement. No Stipulation or Consent Agreement is final until it has been submitted and approved by the Board.
A licensee has the right to be present and present evidence and argument on all issues involved, to present and to cross-examine witnesses and to be represented by counsel at the licensee's expense.
The complainant has the right to be present at any disciplinary hearing but may only participate as a witness. The disciplinary hearing must be open to the public. The Board may deliberate in executive session but must take any final action during the open session.
If the Board finds that the licensee has engaged in illegal, unethical or incompetent conduct, the Board will issue a Final Order, which includes a statement regarding the Board's decision and disciplinary actions/sanctions taken by the Board.
To file a complaint with the Board, please click on the following link: Online Complaint Form.


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What's on our minds — and on OpenTable — this week…
* Dine About Town San Francisco is in full swing in the Bay Area! Don't miss two-course lunches for $17.95 and three-course dinners for $34.95 at terrific restaurants, such as Fish & Farm, Marlowe, Spruce, and waterbar. Make your reservations now!
* Did you know June is Dining Month Portland? We did! Take advantage of three-course dinners for just $25 at this city's coolest restaurants. Reserve today.
* Palm Springs Desert Resorts Restaurant Week runs through June 12! Restaurants around this arid area are offering multi-course meals for $24 or $36. Book now — and tell 'em Sinatra sent you.
* Don't forget dear old Dad! Reserve now for Father's Day! I'm in New York, so it looks my father will have some amazing options.
* Put pen to paper and write an ode to your favorite restaurant for a chance to win a free Spotlight offer.


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Ole Miss rising senior Isiah Young will represent Team USA at the 2012 Olympic Games in London, England. Young burst onto the international scene with a record-breaking junior year for the Rebels. He will run the 200 meters in London, an event in which he broke the school record, claimed an SEC title and was named an All-American earlier this year.
Fast Facts
Name: Isiah Young
Year: Rising senior
Hometown: Junction City, Kansas
Age: 22
Junior College: Allen Community College
Personal-best 200m: 20.16
Personal-best 100m: 10.08
Blog entry - July 26, 2012
My training in Europe has been great! I love getting to work with some of the professionals, and we give it everything we've got at practice. Europe has been good. I took some pictures. I head to the Olympic village on Thursday, and that's when I get to see everything and other athletes from other countries. So I'm just in Birmingham (England) training right now.
I'm most excited to see everybody that's going to be representing the USA at the Games and for when they call us to come up at the Opening Ceremonies. I plan on going to see as many of the sports and events as I can to get my mind off my race until it gets here. I've got to see the basketball team and see how big some of those players really are.
Ole Miss fans, thanks for the support. It's a true blessing to make it all the way here. All or nothing at everything u do!
Until next time,
Blog entry - July 18, 2012
Well, my flight to Europe was great!! That is, all three of them that it took to get over here. The two shorter flights I got the window seat, and for my 9-hour flight I got the whole row!! I flew into Houston, then to London. London is too nice! Then I got picked up and dipped off to Monaco.
All I'm doing for this meet in Monaco is just the 4x1 relay. (The meet is a Samsung Diamond League competition on Friday, July 20).
I'm just looking forward to how the living style is over here. I've seen a rich lifestyle up here. It would be an honor to even be a janitor in Monaco. And the food is different here. I don't know why, it just tastes different.
I will get to London probably on Monday.
That's all for now. Talk to you again soon. Go Rebels! Go USA!


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Only hotels in 33359 zip code are listed below. Search for cheap and discount hotel rates in Fort Lauderdale, FL for your upcoming leisure or conference / group travel. We list the best 33359 hotels and motels so you can review the Fort Lauderdale hotel list below to find the perfect lodging. Hotels in Broward county and area code 954 are also listed.
How should we direct your call?


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London: One European queen has announced her retirement. Any chance Europe`s most famous queen, Elizabeth II of Britain, might join her?
Not likely, experts say.
The spectacle of Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands stepping down in April at age 75 so her 45-year-old son can become king is sparking some speculation in Britain about whether Elizabeth might follow suit so her eldest son, Prince Charles, can start his reign.
Elizabeth is 86. Charles, 64, has been heir to the throne since he was three.
The British press poked fun at these concerns today, with the Daily Mirror featuring a photo of Beatrix with the headline: "Queen Gives Up Her Throne to Son." Then, in smaller type, "Easy, Charles...It`s Queen Beatrix of Netherlands." Others said, "Sorry Charles...It`s in Holland, not here!"
But commentators quickly noted that Elizabeth who seems to be in excellent health, has said in the past that she regards being queen as a "job for life."
At her Diamond Jubilee last summer marking 60 years on the throne, former Prime Minister John Major said the idea that the queen would abdicate was "absolutely absurd." He said she would serve her entire life unless a health crisis made it impossible.
Author Robert Lacey, who has written several books about the British monarchy, said Beatrix`s decision would likely firm up Elizabeth`s resolve.
"It would reinforce her feeling that the Dutch don`t know what monarchy is about, and that she should go on forever," he said. "The crown is a job for life in the British system." He said the queen`s mother, who lived to be 101, had made a "snarky" comment when Beatrix`s own mother stepped down as monarch decades ago.
Lacey said the idea of abdicating is particularly unpleasant for Elizabeth because her uncle, King Edward VIII, abdicated in 1936 so he could marry Wallis Simpson, a divorced American woman.
The resulting scandal, remembered as a low point for the monarchy, brought her father, King George VI, to the throne.
No one in British history has been heir apparent as long as the now-greying Charles, who is set to become a grandfather when his daughter-in-law, the former Kate Middleton, gives birth this summer.


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NEW HAVEN – On Saturday, Nov. 14, the Yale fencing teams
participated in the Dernell Every Open, held in the seventh floor
fencing hall of the Payne Whitney Gymnasium. The annual event
brings together current fencers with alums to compete against one
another in a friendly tournament. It is organized by the Yale
Fencing Association, and serves as a fundraiser for the team, as
well as a gathering for alumni/ae. Though winners are crowned for
each weapon category, for both men and women, the true focus of the
tournament is to give current fencers and alums a chance to get
together for a friendly day of fencing and camaraderie. The Dernell
Every Open also allows alums an opportunity to reconnect with each
other and with beloved head coach Henry Harutunian.
The tournament is named after Dernell Every '28, who was one of the most accomplished alums of the Yale fencing program. While at Yale, Every was a national fencing champion and in 1927 and 1928, he became the first to win consecutive undisputed Intercollegiate Fencing Association foil titles. After leaving Yale, Every was a member of the US Olympic fencing teams in 1928, 1932 and 1948. As a member of the 1932 Olympic team, Every won a bronze medal. From 1928 to 1951, Every won three national individual foil titles and was a member of 10 national championship teams, competing for the Fencer's Club of New York, then for the New York Athletic Club.
The tournament has been held in Every's honor and as a fundraising event since 1971. Former Yale fencer Steve Blum '74, the current president of the Yale Fencing Association, who served as the tournament director, estimated that the event had helped raise thousands of dollars to support the Yale fencing program.
"As always, it was great to see the alumni return to the 7th floor to fence with us," said men's senior captain Andrew Holbrook. "We had a lot of good fencing during the day and it was an opportunity for us to tune up some before the Penn State Open Tournament next weekend. Tom Bell and John Gurrieri fenced especially well in their events which were the largest and strongest of the day. We are looking forward to capitalizing on the energy from today over the coming week of practice."
On the women's side, senior captain Rebecca Moss was equally enthusiastic about tournament, and its aid in preparing for the upcoming season.
"I lost to one of our new epee recruits, freshman Madeline Buxton," said Moss. "While I did want to win, I am proud of her, and excited about the season, especially because we will benefit from the fencing of great new fencers like Maddie."
The tournament brought together around 25 Yale fencing alums spanning several generations. One of the oldest among them was Joe Bodner '53, who has been attending the tournament each year since 1974. Among the youngest were Max Blum '09, son of aforementioned Steven Blum '74, and last year's captain, Michael Pearce '09.
"Our alumni/ae are a blessing, and in particular the class of '74" said coach Harutunian. "They are so loyal, and they come back to see the team several times a year, contributing support that is much more important than just money. They are a great example of the big hearts of Yale grads, a special breed with that carries themselves with dignity in all they do in life. As a coach, how can you ask for anything more?"
The feelings of love and respect certainly go both ways. Alums are eager to sing the praises of Harutunian as an exciting, passionate, and caring coach with a big heart. After 40 years as the head coach of fencing at Yale, Harutunian has coached several generations of Yale fencers, but he seems to have a special bond with the class of '74.
"My first year at Yale was also coach Harutunian's first year here," said Steve Blum '74. "I had never fenced competitively before, but coach Harutunian has the ability to take inexperienced fencers and in a year or two, make them dangerous at the college level. Coach Harutunian was able to mold me and two of my classmates, David Jacobson '74 and Edgar House '74, into a tough saber squad; we won the bronze medal nationally."
However, their bond goes well beyond fencing and Blum is keen to show visitors two particular photos tacked to the wall of Harutunian's cluttered office on the seventh floor of the Payne Whitney Gymnasium. The first shows a younger looking Harutunian holding a baby—the first born child of Blum, who watches proudly from the edge of the picture. The adjacent photograph similarly shows Harutunian hugging that very same baby—however, she is grown up and dressed in robes at her Yale graduation.
The Dernell Open concluded with the traditional ping pong match between Harutunian and Blum. In a fun but competitive match, Harutunian defeated Blum in sixth games out of ten. As per usual, Blum pledged to donate $500 for each loss to Harutunian, meaning that the event raised another $3000 for the team.
Full Results from the Tournament:
Men's Epee
Gold: Thomas Bell, '10
Silver: Adrian Godoy, '12
Bronze: Bob Qu, '12
Men's Foil
Gold: John Gurrieri '10
Silver: Jonathan Holbrook '12
Bronze: Nathaniel Botwinick '11
Men's Sabre
Gold: Sudo Taka, '98
Silver: Colin Mills, '13
Bronze: Max Blum, '09
Women's Epee
Gold: Madeline Buxton, '13
Silver: Robyn Shaffer, '13
Bronze: Valerie Asher, '80
Women's Foil
Gold: Katharine Pitt, '12
Silver: Jillian Liu, '12
Bronze: Zoe Egelman, '13
Women's Sabre:
Gold: Jennifer Ivers, '10
Silver: Katherine Arden, '10
Bronze: Madeline Oliver, '13
Report by Arsi Sefaj '11, Yale Sports Publicity


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ALL BALL NERVE CENTER — How do you spell Zydrunas Ilgauskas? OK, fine, I just spelled it for you, but I did without looking it up! I swear! See, part of writing about the NBA and sports is that before long you learn how to spell names that some might construe as challenging? So Ilgauskas? Got it. Krzyzewski? No sweat. Antetokuonmpo? Oh yeah. Then again, ask me to do long division and I'm useless.
Anyway, the Cavs are retiring Big Z's number on March 8, so a wisecracking version of their mascot Moondog took to the streets of Cleveland to see if people could spell Zydrunas Ilgauskas.
VIDEO: Spelling Z


text:
Below is a list of soundtrack albums that have been added to our database in the past thirty days. The New Releases column lists newly published (or soon-to-be published) soundtracks and the Older Releases column lists older soundtracks but that are new to our database. If we are missing any soundtrack albums that should be added to our database, please contact us.
To get a listing of the soundtracks available in our database, you can select to browse by title or composer, or use the search box above to quickly search composer, title, or manufacturer information:
LISTINGS BY COMPOSER - Use this index to get listings of soundtrack albums by the composers who wrote them.
LISTINGS BY TITLE - To browse the titles of the soundtracks albums, select the letter or number of which the title begins with.
MANUFACTURERS - A database of the soundtrack manufacturers.


text:
ProTraining needed a new web page design and created a contest on 99designs.
A winner was selected from 36 designs submitted by 15 freelance designers.
The American Pharmaceutical Association trains and places pharmaceutical and medical sales reps.
APSA (American Pharmaceutical Association)
Our current homepage is text heavy and a bit out-dated (www.apsaonline.com). We are looking for something contemporary and professional looking. We are changing our business model and adding a new program called the 360-degree program. We thought a new look to the website would help communicate a change within our business.
We had a brand new logo package designed and the logo can be found here:
- Sleek and professional –a professional look is very important
- Room for some text, a couple of paragraphs should do.
- We need the following elements from our current site (the look of the elements can change!): Member login, News, Next Programs, button for "can't make a live program"
- We will need a graphic on the page that will link to a presentation about our new 360 program. The graphic needs to incorporate our 360 logo (which can be found in our logo package) and the following words: Placement, Cetification, Training, Interview Scheduling, Resume Management, Candidate Marketing, Pharmalink. These words can be watermarked in the background, colored in the foreground... whatever works, really!!
- Header- must be 770 pixels wide (no height restriction).
- Menu Bar- the menu bar must remain in the same location that it is on our current site (just below the header). The colors may be changed.
- Our platform requires us to have three separate elements: The header, the menu bar, and the body. Please keep that in mind so these elements do not have graphics/images that overlap
- We are open on colors (please stay away from harsh reds)
- designs that are just like the current one :)


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The Village of Croton on Hudson Water Department will begin the semi-annual hydrant-flushing program on October 11, 2005. Flushing will be performed Monday through Friday between the hours of 8:00 a.m. and 12:00 midnight. The flushing program is expected to take three weeks to complete.
The Water Department will begin the flushing program at the Village well field on Route 129. From there, we will continue flushing hydrants, throughout the Village, working towards the end of the Village water system in the vicinity of the Croton/Harmon Train Station.
As the hydrant-flushing program nears your neighborhood, you may notice a slight discoloration of your water. This is temporary and poses no health risk. Simply run your water for a short period of time until it clears up. Do not do any laundry until you are sure your water is clear. If the discoloration persists, contact the Croton-on-Hudson DPW at 271-3775.
The Water Department apologizes for any inconvenience this hydrant-flushing program may cause. This procedure is necessary to insure the continued cleanliness of the water system and is mandated by the New York State Department of Health. We appreciate your cooperation and understanding during this operation.


text: why does every guide around talk about diskless clients? I mean...disks are stinkin cheap nowadays... I have ~$150,000 to make a test cluster (with WAY more if the test cluster shows worth) but the boss-man wants to go with nodes which aren't exactly "commodity" in my book. dual p3-1000 with 1.25Gb ram, 15krpm 18Gb drives. The things cost $8k+ each...tried to explain that 148 $1k machines would way out perform 16 $8k machines, but...oh well. These boxes take up 1u, which seems to be their main selling point (HP's lp1000r). Fortunately, these boxes are down to $6.5k now in cost (dropped a bit since we bought them a couple months back), but still... on to my point. Getting PVM to see everyone as one happy little family was easy enough. Got the network guys to isolate the little guys, so that only the worldly node could see them, since I wasn't happy with opening up everything and simply putting a little all:all in hosts.deny, and having that be all the security I had. But every guide that I've found has been all about diskless nodes for a beowulf. And this isn't really a beowulf with just pvm (and soon lam-mpi and mpich), right? I personally thought that the network nfs/tftp traffic would be horrible if they were all diskless clients... so the real question: I can put gig-e cards in the boxes instead of hard drives...right now they just have 2 100bt enet connections. I'm only using one of the enet ports at the moment, too. Would I be better with no disks, and gig-e instead? Some of the concerns I have here: though we're only starting with a hundred gigs or such of data, we'll be at multi-terabyte within a year. To be throwing around data that large, while nfs'ing the OS filesystems (on the clients) just seems like a lot for the boxes to do. Am I looking at it wrong? Also, for cost reasons we may be doing our data storage on something as tacky as network attached storage; we were looking at some NetApp boxes, but went with some EMC boxes instead. Note I'm not talking about a symmetrix box or something (I already have one of those housing my oracle data), but instead a EMC product called an "ip4700." Not all that impressed with it. Just a little genetics research firm, needing some serious horsepower to start running big hammer and blast jobs. The data we have now is just the bare minimum we need to get by, but if we had things like a working beowulf the scientists upstairs would start making, since they'd be able to use it, much more data. They hired me on as the unix guy here knowing I don't know squat about beowulfs, but that I really want to learn :) Got "how to build a beowulf" <grin> and I've read the manuals for pvm, mpich, lam-mpi, etc, and several other beowulf how-to guides. All are about diskless. Is diskless better? Is it just better because its cheaper? Are there other reasons its better? Would having gig-ethernet in the boxes instead of hard drives be far better performance-wise? Brian LaMere Diversa


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Free Viagra, Levitra, Cialis Trial Pack in Virginia| Where can you get a free sample pack ?
You can get a free sample combo pack of Viagra, Levitra and Cialis from Propharmacystore without a doctors prescription. Free shipping on all products across Virginia.
Viagra, Levitra and Cialis are all prescribed medications used to treat erectile dysfunction in men. You cannot buy it from a chemist in Virginia|without prescription.
However, you can buy it from approved online stores in Virginia without a prescription.
These medications can be sometimes costly and many people think twice before buying these pills.
That's why we give you the option of trying out a combo pack first to see for yourself if this medication can be of help to you.
You can get a combo trial pack of Viagra, Levitra and Cialis from the below link. Shipping is free and if you are satisfied, you can buy the product from our store.
Free Viagra, Cialis, Levitra sample pack?
More information about how Viagra, Levitra and Cialis can help you is given below.
Viagra Dosage
50mg is the most common dosage for Viagra (and the only dosage for Viagra Connect). Your doctor may recommend it if you are taking Viagra for the first time. Most men find that this dosage is sufficient to treat their erectile dysfunction and improve their sexual experience.
Cialis Dosage
Cialis is available in four different dosages of 2.5mg, 5mg, 10mg and 20mg. When you get a prescription for Cialis, your doctor or online doctor will recommend the dosage that is best for you. As with many medications, the effectiveness of Cialis differs between men. While most men find that a 10mg dosage suits them well, others find that the 20mg dosage works better for them.
Levitra Dosage
Levitra tablets contain an active ingredient called vardenafil. Each tablet contains either 2.5mg, 5mg, 10mg or 20mg vardenafil. Your doctor – or online doctor – will make a dosage recommendation based on your medical history. For men who are trying Levitra for the first time, the recommended dose is 10mg.
Viagra side effects
Viagra is generally safe to use in moderation. However, taking it may cause a range of adverse effects.
According to clinical trial results, the most common side effects include:
nasal congestion
impaired vision
photophobia, or sensitivity to light
In very rare cases, Viagra use can lead to nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, or damage to the optic nerve.
Other potential side effects include:
rarely, priapism, a painful, long-lasting erection
heart attack
sudden hearing loss
increased intraocular pressure
ventricular arrhythmias
Since 2007, Viagra's labeling in the U.S. has included a warning of the potential risk of sudden hearing loss.
Viagra can decrease blood supply to the optic nerve, causing sudden vision loss. This very rare adverse event occurs mainly in people with heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, high cholesterol, or pre-existing eye problems. The link between vision loss and Viagra is as yet unknown.
Cialis Side effects
Cialis (tadalafil) is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor used for treating impotence (erectile dysfunction, or ED). Common side effects of Cialis include:
flushing (redness or warmth of the face, neck, or chest),
stomach upset,
flu-like symptoms (such as stuffy nose, sneezing, or sore throat),
memory problems,
muscle or back pain,
low blood pressure,
blurred vision and changes in color vision,
abnormal ejaculation, and
prolonged erections (priapism).
Tell your doctor if you have rare but serious side effects of Cialis including:
a painful or prolonged erection lasting 4 or more hours;
sudden decreased vision (including permanent blindness, in one or both eyes);
a sudden decrease or loss of hearing, sometimes with ringing in the ears and dizziness.
The recommended dose of Cialis is 5-20 mg per day taken before sexual activity. Cialis may interact with rifamycins, antibiotics, antifungals, antidepressants, barbiturates, drugs to treat high blood pressure or a prostate disorder, heart or blood pressure medications, HIV or AIDS medications or seizure medications. Tell your doctor all medications and supplements you use. Cialis is not approved for use in women and has not been evaluated in women who are breastfeeding.
Our Cialis Side Effects Drug Center provides a comprehensive view of available drug information on the potential side effects when taking this medication.
Levitra Side effects
Levitra (vardenafil hydrochloride) is an erectile dysfunction agent that works by blocking a certain enzyme (phosphodiesterase-PDE5) used to treat erectile dysfunction (impotence). Common side effects of Levitra include:
flushing (warmth or redness in your face, neck, or chest),
runny or stuffy nose,
stomach upset,
back pain, or
In the rare event you have a painful or prolonged erection lasting 4 or more hours, stop using Levitra and get medical help right away, or permanent problems could occur. Tell your doctor if you have serious side effects of Levitra including sudden vision loss; ringing in your ears, or sudden hearing loss; chest pain or heavy feeling, pain spreading to the arm or shoulder, nausea, sweating, general ill feeling; irregular heartbeat; swelling in your hands, ankles, or feet; shortness of breath; vision changes; lightheadedness, fainting; or seizures (convulsions).


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It's harvest time on Ray Makamson Farms, and things are going well: Three cotton pickers are running full speed, modules are quickly forming along the turn rows, and there's nary a drop of rain in the forecast.
Makamson, however, is busy dividing his thoughts between the current field activity and the next one. Call it a forward-looking management style.
When it's planting time, for example, he is usually focusing on what he needs to do to make harvest and irrigation go smoothly. At harvest, he's figuring out what he wants to plant in the spring, and where he wants to plant it.
If something goes wrong during the season, he makes a mental note of it, and during the winter, he revises plans and procedures to avoid making that mistake again.
Makamson, the 2011 Farm Press/Cotton Foundation High Cotton Award winner from the Mid-South states, draws from a number of assets to make this approach work — 38 years of cotton-producing experience, a unique relationship with his employees, his trust in God and a love of farming.
Ray, his farm manager, John Harris, and eight full-time employees grow 3,050 acres of cotton and 700 acres of soybeans near Itta Bena, Miss. His daughter, Emily Gnemi, also helps with bookkeeping for the farm. Bruce Pittman is his consultant.
The Makamsons are part of a rich history of farming in the region. Ray's grandfather, Loyce, sharecropped in the area, trapped and hunted for a living and raised seven children. He soon discovered that he had another talent, buying and trading land, which laid the groundwork for his five sons, including Ray's father, Lamar, to become farmers.
Ray says he will never forget the afternoon, soon after he started farming, when his grandfather, Loyce, gave him a backhanded compliment that firmly established his status as a farmer and as a Makamson.
"He flagged me down on the road — something he never did; he never stopped just to talk. I thought I was in trouble. He said, 'I want to tell you something. I want to tell you I'm proud of you. I just came from my accountant, and he told me that there are now three generations of Makamsons who have tax problems. So, I'm really proud of you. Then he rolled up his window and took off. It was worth a million dollars for him to tell me that."
Encourages, challenges employees
Ray applies the same sort of cajoling attention to his employees, continually encouraging and challenging his eight farm hands, who are all from the Greenwood, Miss., area. His calm, but firm demeanor has won their respect and has helped to foster in them a sense of pride in the operation.
"I try to treat them like I want to be treated. But they need to know what I expect of them."
Pete Doyle, 60, is a great example of how that respect was earned. One day, Makamson was taking Doyle home after work, and "Pete told me he'd never had a birthday party. 'Sure wish I could have me one,' he said. So every year, when we get through picking cotton, we have a birthday party for Pete. Even though we found out last year that his birthday is in May, he told us we still need to have a birthday party when we get through picking cotton — so, now he has two."
His pride in the operation is evident in the appearance of the farm, too, according to Trey Cooke, executive director of Delta Wildlife, who has assisted Ray on numerous conservation projects.
"The one thing that strikes you is Ray's meticulous nature. He is probably the most esthetically-astute farmer I know in the Delta. His shop is clean, the grass is clipped, there are no piles of containers or irrigation pipe lying around. If you were to ever want to take somebody to see one of the best farming operations, Ray's would be one you'd want them to see."
"He runs one of the cleanest operations of almost anyone I know," says Jerry Singleton, area Extension agent for Leflore County. "From the shop floor to his equipment, everything is always clean."
"My shop, my equipment, my tractors, represent all the money that I've banked through the years," Makamson explains. "I'm invested in these things, and the people who work for me take pride in them, too. We take good care of things — I like things neat and orderly."
His conservation efforts mesh perfectly with his forward-looking style.
As a member of Delta Wildlife, he participated in the Monsanto Mississippi River Partnership Project, created to determine the effectiveness of conservation measures on improving wildlife habitat and water quality. He installed numerous water control structures to reduce nutrient and sediment loss from his cropland and to benefit water quality in adjacent streams, lakes, and rivers.
Drop pipes and other water control structures dot the farm. Most of the water is directed to run off into the Yazoo River or Roebuck Lake. He has helped transform the lake into fishing spot for his children and grandchildren, and he also manages intensely for wildlife, deer and waterfowl.
Ray started land forming in the late 1970s, primarily to improve drainage on the farm. He started irrigating in 1988 and today the farm is 90 percent irrigated, mostly down the furrow.
"Furrow irrigation is so much more efficient, and you get a better return," he says. "We try to manage our water the best we can so we don't over-water or waste water."
Rollout pipe "has been a good tool for us, but it creates another problem if you leave it out there too long. When we're done with it and we know we're done with it, we collect it for recycling."
Trying to eliminate open ditches
He has also worked hard to eliminate open ditches on the farm. Instead, water is moved to fields through underground pipes to minimize evaporation and erosion. "It's just so much more efficient; we have a riser every 1,300 feet."
Ray uses GPS on all tractors for more efficient field operations. He is starting some variable-rate applications of mixed fertilizer as well, through Jimmy Sanders. "We had a lot of areas in fields that didn't need any fertilizer; it was cheaper to do variable-rate applications, plus we could do a better job."
He says his cotton crop "can show a profit at 85 cents, provided input costs remain reasonable. But managing those costs is a constant struggle. "You get prices to a level you always wanted to reach, then you look at the bottom line, and it's not enough. Fertilizer prices are already $100 a ton higher. But the Good Lord always takes care of us — He knows we can't stand a lot of prosperity."
A commitment from input and equipment companies to lower costs of production would help, Makamson says; "Otherwise, they're going to kill the goose that laid the golden egg. That's the mindset of a lot of people who are going to grain — that they can't afford to keep spending the money it takes for cotton. And that's the big concern with cotton. Sometimes I wonder if we ought to go back to doing things the old-fashioned way, being happy with a bale and a half. But, it's all relative."
Ray plants primarily Deltapine cottons, along with some PhytoGen and Stoneville varieties. This season, a little over half his acreage was planted in DP 0912 B2RF.
He markets his cotton with Cargill, Staplcotn and Hal Williams at Mississippi Delta Cotton. He is on the board of directors for First Farm South Credit and Delta Oil Mill, is a managing partner in Greenwood Gin, a partner in a flying service, Ag Concepts, at Morgan City, Miss., and a partner in a local NAPA store.
His father, Lamar, recently retired from farming and Ray's son-in-law, Justin Jeffcoat, has taken over the reins of that operation. "Justin worked for me for five or six years, and we helped him go off on his own. He's really doing a good job, and I'm proud of him."
While Ray depends on his forward-looking management style to stay a step ahead of potential problems on the farm, he says he doesn't deserve all the praise for his success.
"I've been blessed in a lot of ways — a lot of times I feel like I need to give back more. To be able to do something I enjoy so much is a blessing. I have to give God all the credit."


text:
Turning on the Spigot for Crisp, Clear Water
On a warm Friday afternoon in the slums of Madhukam, in the heart of Ranchi, India, a middle-aged man arrived at a public water station with two 20-liter containers to fill. The water station - directly adjacent to an open sewage drain - was really just a concerete wall with four pink spigots protruding from its barren surface. On top perched two large, seemingly empty holding tanks of water. The man placed one of his containers under the first spigot and turned the handle. A small flow of water came out. Within a minute, the flow turned into a trickle, and the trickle quickly became nothing. The man moved to the next spigot, and then the next, only to have all four repeat the same pattern. In the end, the man left carrying only six ounces of water in his two 20-liter containers.


text:
Market analysis firm Strategy Analytics has released its analysis of the worldwide tablet market during the fourth quarter of 2011, and finds that while the Apple iPad continues to dominate with a 58 percent share, Android tablets are catching up, accounting for 39 percent of the market. And even Windows tablets put in an appearance, accounting for roughly one percent of the global market. The figures represent a solid year-on-year improvement for Android, which Strategy Analytics pegged at holding 29 percent of the tablet market a year ago.
"Dozens of Android models distributed across multiple countries by numerous brands such as Amazon, Samsung, Asus, and others have been driving volumes," said Strategy Analytics executive director Neil Mawston, in a statement. "Android is so far proving relatively popular with tablet manufacturers despite nagging concerns about fragmentation of Android's operating system, user interface, and app store ecosystem."
Strategy Analytics says some 10.5 million Android tablets were shipped during the fourth quarter of 2011, up from just 3.1 million for the same quarter a year ago. However, the numbers require a little bit of explanation: Strategy Analytics says its figures refer to "sell-in," which is when manufacturers sell their devices to retailers and other outlets, who in turn sell them to the public. However, the figures Strategy Analytics is using for the Apple iPad—15.43 million units during the fourth quarter—refer to actual sales to consumers, not just units shipped to be sold. As company's like RIM know all too well, there can be a tremendous difference between the number of products a company ships to retailers and the number that actually wind up in consumers' hands. For that matter, it's absolutely certain Apple shipped more than 15.43 million units to its own stores and retailers last quarter, since the iPad 2 was readily available in good supply to anyone who wanted it.
Strategy Analytics says its figures also omit e-readers, something that's sure to irk Barnes & Noble with its range of Android-powered devices. Previous reports on Android tablets have included the Nook Color as an "Android tablet."
Most industry watchers expect Android tablets to begin chipping away at Apple's lead in the tablet market—particularly with the success of the Amazon Kindle Fire and other low-cost devices. However, the diversity of devices and manufacturers in the Android ecosystem may make it difficult to determine exactly how well Android tablets might be doing against the iPad: Apple reports actual sales, but essentially no other manufacturers are willing to do the same.
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What are the requirements or prerequisites for getting the War Wolf that appears to be active while character is in mounted combat.
What are the requirements or prerequisites for getting the War Wolf that appears to be active while character is in mounted combat.
It's the yellow trait called "Riding Companion". To unlock it, you'll need to spend 2 points for "Intimidate", then 2 points for "Bond of the Lore-master", then 2 points for "Well Disciplined". The "Riding Companion" trait itself costs 3 points, and the additional trait "Bred for War" can be used to boost the pet's attack damage, bleed damage, and flank chance (costing 1-3 points).
Note "Riding Companion" is necessary to unlock the yellow capstone trait in each line, so if you want "Conservative Combatant" (heavy), "Strong Willed" (medium), or "Disengaging Strikes" (light), you must unlock the pet.
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Use the bug reporting tool or type /bug in-game!*
*no rants please
The warwolf is the most pathetic pet of the LM. It's way too stupid, the other unmounted pets works okay, but this warwolf just seems ########. It doesn't auto aggro when you attack an enemy as the unmounted pets do, and the skill 'direct pet' does NOT work and the cooldown for it is way too long since you have to keep trying to direct the wolf 'til it actually works. And then it's also way too slow, if you can't dismount the enemy then the wolf is just gonna run and run after it without managing to deal any damage.
I find my War wolf works just great for me and I am a red line LM all the way.. in the mounted traits panel it helps to put points in the yellow tree and rank up to max 3 the Bred to War trait for the War Wolf. Plus you have to tag the enemy you want the war wolf to focus on first. I tag the enemy first, then hit my war wolf Command Pet, then I hit the mearas-lore & Sigh of Power, the pet runs after what I have tagged and it always pulls the aggro for me and I start opening fire as soon as I send my wolf where I want him to go and I just keep tagging the foes.. I Often use the skills that help the wolf to heal in battle too.. along with my steed.. which work when you have a foe tagged... GL
Don't forget, the major benefit of the war-wolf is the increased damage to your fire-balls when he flanks your target.
I do agree his damage is really low though, I believe he only does about 150-200 dps on a target.
LvL 100s: Beorning, Burglar, Captain, Champ, Guardian, Hunter, Lore-Master, Minstrel, Rune-Keeper
LvL 85: Warden, Minstrel
All my forum posts are my opinions and may not even be that. Also On Twitter: @leixicon
The pet also provides extra procs to SoP Inspiration - which contributes quite a lot of damage over time.
For this is the only reason I summon the wolf before a large warband fight, and then bag him afterward.
[COLOR=#ffd700]I'm a Banana[/COLOR]
I remember somebody wrote somewhere that its possible to customize you "warwolf" into a specific color and that you can buy a dye in the Lotrostore. I cant find it tho. Is it possible to give my wolf a different color like say white? It now looks like a big racoon instead of a wolf.
My only problems with the wolf is he aggroing enemies when I'm trying to avoid them (because of this I normally only summon him in more complicated combat sittuations) and the wolf is a bit slow to follow light war-steeds
Eruanne - Shards of Narsil-1 - Elendilmir -> Arkenstone
https://www.lotro.com/forums/showthr...-Wolf-Talisman . I posted a lot possible alternate colors there.
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text: Joe Landman wrote: > I wonder if the switch could be implicated. We have seen some (cheap) > GbE switches not support (in practice) jumbo frames (irrespective of > literature). Been there, done that. HP claims to be able to handle packets up to 9000 bytes of payload. (9122 total, IIRC) > Nifty Tom Mitchell wrote: >> On Sat, Jan 24, 2009 at 09:36:09AM -0600, Gerry Creager wrote: >>> Couple of follow-up notes. >>> >>> MTU=4500: Had one node fall over with the same overflow errors. >>> MTU=3000: A WRF model is running, but single timesteps are >>> executing 2.5x slower than MTU=1500 > > Segment offload? Is TSO on or off? On. > ethtool -k eth0 > > will tell you. You might also have one very reluctant machine, in the > sense of being unwilling to switch their mtu. Could you do an -bash-3.2# ethtool -K rx off no offload settings changed -bash-3.2# ethtool -k eth1 Offload parameters for eth1: rx-checksumming: on tx-checksumming: on scatter-gather: on tcp segmentation offload: on udp fragmentation offload: off generic segmentation offload: off But here's the one I love: -bash-3.2# ethtool -K tso off no offload settings changed I apparently can't control things with ethtool... > ifconfig eth0 | grep MTU Thought of that. All change appropriately. > on each machine and verify that everyone is using the right MTU? > > >>> >>> I'll go snag the new driver and compile it. After all: What can it >>> hurt! >>> >>> Thanks, Guy! >>> >>> Regards, Gerry >>> >>> Guy Coates wrote: >>>> Hi, >>>> >>>> We have also seen problems with the bnx2 drivers. >>>> >>>> I got a more recent set of bnx2 drivers from Broadcom: >>>> >> ...... >> >> Has the data been snooped for this data to see if all >> is as expected. >> >> If you are seeing a natural MTU running faster than a jumbo MTU >> then something is fragmenting or causing fragmentation of the data. >> Should the MTU=4500 causes overflow errors it might be related to >> fragmentation. >> Both the sender and receiver have to keep all the bits on a reliable >> transfer until the data has been acknowledged. At one time >> fragmentation >> could only be done once to a minimum MTU in the life of a packet. >> >> In addition to snooping packets try "tracepath" to and from all the >> involved boxes to discover what is going on. >> >> > > -- Gerry Creager -- gerry.creager at tamu.edu Texas Mesonet -- AATLT, Texas A&M University Cell: 979.229.5301 Office: 979.458.4020 FAX: 979.862.3983 Office: 1700 Research Parkway Ste 160, TAMU, College Station, TX 77843


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If the Lakers were able to play any kind of defense, this would've been an easy win.
Perimeter D is a huge problem for this team.
Our defense kept us from fully losing. We won every quarter but the 3rd which we lost by 5. It was more like our offense became stagnant but near the end of the game we got good looks against the zone that didn't fall. Luckily we got enough stops to prevent the wolves from coming ALL the way back.