text:
Jim Capaldi had been listening to John Barleycorn Must Die, their new album, when I met him at Island Studios. "I'm very pleased with it, we're all very pleased with it, but to me it already sounds like something from the past. It's probably because we did some of the tracks a long time ago. I suppose we're all having a bit of a holiday at the moment but there seems to be two or three things happening. A Dutch guy named Anton is making a film and he wants us to do the music for it. We're going to Morocco soon to see if we can do it. The film's about a traveling guitarist and it stars Michael Pollard. Also we're all moving to new places at the moment and preparing for our fourth member. I've always known Rick since Family days and we've always got on well; we all get on with him well."
Jim feels that Traffic, as a trio, could still do a lot more. But he is sure they will benefit from having a 'tighter permanent rhythm section' which Rick will aid. "It will give Chris and Steve opportunity to solo more and it will be a lot easier to work together. A trio without a bass guitarist is very difficult and having Rick will certainly help me a lot. It's bound to be different because it will be four people instead of three but it will still be our feel. The thing about Chris playing organ-bass is that it is not a percussion instrument like a bass guitar, so with Rick it will be great for Chris and Steve as far as playing more guitar is concerned. Chris should play more guitar. I think he's one of the best."
Jim seems very satisfied with the flow of Traffic at the moment. He likes the variety of the material they do and it keeps him happy that they are continually getting new material. "It's good if you can keep moving with your material; our ideas are always changing. We are always getting new things together, so we don't get bored." Jim is also happy with the way their writing is going. He feels it is maturing all the time. "I don't think we'll ever write songs like George Gershwin or the Beatles, but I think we write some very good songs. Steve's writing is purely musical. He's the leader of Traffic, there's no doubt about that. He's so talented and individual."
So things look healthy for the many, many Traffic fans. In America, after only two weeks John Barleycorn Must Die is already high in the LP charts and looks a million seller. They will probably tour over there at the end of the year. As far as Britain is concerned they plan to do two or three tours a year with odd gigs in between at clubs and universities. They will be doing another album as soon as Rick Grech settles in.
And they may seek a fifth member, another multi-instrumentalist. Steve Winwood did mention the name of a Birmingham musician who plays French horn, but a Traffic quintet is only in the discussion stage so far. John Barleycorn Must Die was released last Friday. It has six tracks, and on two Winwood plays all instruments. The melodies don't seem too sensational on first hearing, but they seem to be the kind that grow on you and there is a great feel through the whole record. "Glad" is an instrumental by Winwood based upon a catchy piano riff; it's funky and soulish. Chris Wood provides some fine sax, cleverly using wah-wah. "Freedom Rider" has a solid piano rhythm and builds up with swirling organ and funky piano. Wood's flutes chase each other and Capaldi really belts out the beat. "Empty Pages" was considered, in an edited version, for a single. It's the nearest thing to a pop song, simple but catchy with a jazzy electric piano solo.
Side 2 starts with "Stranger To Himself" with Winwood doing his McCartney bit on piano, bass, drums, bongos, lead and acoustic guitars and vocals. He lets Jim Capaldi harmonize on the chorus. "John Barleycorn" is the traditional song arranged by Winwood for simple acoustic guitar and melodic flute, plus piano and vocals from SW. JC contributes tambourine and vocals and CW flute and percussion; a complete contrast to the mood of the other tracks. "Every Mother's Son" is predominantly piano and organ with strong guitar taking the lead on the arranged bits at the beginning and end. A very enjoyable album.
-- Roy Shipston

subset: commoncrawl


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Fabulous Holiday Cards
I feel the U.S. Postal Service is underutilized by our generation. Stationary is very special. Receiving and opening a handwritten note from a long lost friend can brighten your day. And we all know the badgering in store for those who forget to send Glam-Ma a birthday note. There are so many fab stationary designers out there and holiday cards are no longer cheesy and stiff. Here are some websites showcasing the best of the best holiday cards.
These are all available at the MoMA Store online, packs of eight range from $15.95-$18.95, available here.
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text:
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For decades, Samus Aran has been known as one of the first female protagonists in video games, and one of the most enigmatic. Having traded her haunted past for the solitary life of a bounty hunter, Samus finally tells her own tale in this revealing, personal story of her failings, her flaws and ultimately her motivation. Metroid: Other M is an unprecedented collaboration that blends the slick, action-packed production of the world-renowned Team Ninja development team with the game design talents of the creators of the original Metroid. Metroid: Other M is a dramatic new direction for a legendary franchise and a bold new blend between cinematics, storytelling and the best in interactive entertainment.
Rated 6.3 out of 10 by Game Informer.


text:
Whats up?!
I personally love Heroes, D&D and chess. Put them together and you get maps like Conquer Man, Age of Realms and Feudal War. But I think I found a new favorite... Kings Court, and the beta sequel Kings Court II has started a new saga in CC. The hexagonal maps, roads, castles, resources, & special characters have sparked my interest like a newbie in the womb.
It's here!
Kings Court II has a charming theme, uniquely designed strategy and unheard of replay value. Unlike most maps where they do their best to create a map that is equal in every way, KC2 has deliberately given pros/cons to every drop. These drops do not dictate your plan of attack or strategy. They simply allow for the builders to build, the warriors to charge and the explorers to travel.
Whats Next???
Imagine the KC2 in a much larger format. One with a huge map in which you truly explore the terrain, i.e. Heroes. One direction can lead to treasure (a gold mine defended by golems -neutrals of 5+ that auto deploys +3) and the other to forgotten kingdoms (bands of orcs -neutrals of 10+ defending a lost castle with an auto deploy of 7. And that castle is in constant fog until you defeat it!). Imagine moats around castles and swamp lands that return to neutral after your turn (Atrayou!!! Not the swamps of sadness?!). Think about maps where you have miniature quests, overtaking a port on the seas on one side of the world while attaining Medusa's head (having a random generated neutral every turn, signifying her presence and her henchmen in the lair) on the other. Whats the benefit? An auto deploy of 2 on all your coastal territories? Who knows!?
I have to give the creators of KC2 a standing ovation and encourage more maps. Bring on the Heroes game-play, miniature quests, and exploratory landscapes!
Give it a thumbs up (or Hazaaaa!) if you like the map!!!
iLflankU will get you from the back side... dont sleep


text:
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text:
BRISTOL — Firefighter Chris Casey spent 50 days this summer fighting wildfires in Colorado in Montana. When not battling blazes, Casey works for the Green Mountain and Finger Lakes division of the U.S. Forest Service. He is based in Middlebury.
Below are a few of the pictures he took during his time out West. Read the full story here.
Created with Admarket's flickrSLiDR.


text:
FIND YOUR HOME IN Liberty
Liberty Real Estate Overview
Less than 20 miles from downtown Kansas City, Missouri, Liberty offers easy access to the amenities of a large metropolis while preserving the integrity of a small town. Founded in 1822, Liberty has five locally-designated historic districts as well as seven districts and seven properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places, in addition to being named a Preserve America community by the White House in 2007. With strong neighborhoods and an active historic downtown, Liberty residents enjoy a variety of recreational and cultural activities such as the Liberty Arts Squared festival in June and the Fall Festival in September.
Liberty Public Schools has been a Missouri "High Performing School District" for 12 consecutive years, with students consistently scoring above state and national averages on standardized tests. Additionally, the Liberty Schools Board of Education was named Missouri's Outstanding Board of Education and the district was one of three in the nation honored for technology excellence by the National School Boards Association.
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text:
Formation and Education for the Life of the Church
There are two certificates on my wall near my office door as a
reminder of my faith journey - my baptismal certificate from Dr.
John L. Wolfe, First Methodist Church, Parkersburg, in 1951 and my
Certificate of Final Oblation, Saint Meinrad Archabbey, Indiana, in
We are all on a journey of Christ-like holiness discovering how
we relate to God and share our faith with others. My journey has
been formed by the teachings and tradition of John Wesley, founder
of Methodist tradition (1703-1793) and St. Benedict of Nursia
In September 2000, I was diagnosed with dilated cardiomyopathy.
This chronic heart situation threw me into a period of spiritual
struggle. I was drawn back to my faith as experienced from the time
of my baptism and to an early interest in Benedictine spirituality
(teachings about faith through the writing and life of
My experience of Benedictine daily prayer and Scripture reading
(especially praying daily the Psalms) occupied and centered me in
the days, weeks and months as I struggled with my weakened heart
and changing lifestyle. My chronic heart condition continues to be
a part of who I am and what my faith journey is all about.
On December 12, 2001, during a personal retreat at Saint Meinrad
Archabbey in southern Indiana, I joined with the monks of the
monastery and other oblates in my investiture as an oblate novice.
A yearlong journey as a novice involved changing my lifestyle to
live by the Rule of Benedict as I prayed and discerned what God
intended for my life.
On December 10, 2002, I made my final oblation as an oblate of
Saint Meinrad Archabbey. Oblation is a promise, renewed annually,
to live the Benedictine life in the secular world. My promise to
God, through oblation, is to center my life in God as a follower of
Jesus Christ through Benedict's teachings, be obedient to God's
will, and be faithful to the Benedictine way of life in daily
prayer, Scripture reading, and service as I am attentive in serving
God and others.
John Wesley's "General Rules of Methodism" teach us to avoid
evil, do good and use the means of grace (UM Book of Discipline).
St. Benedict of Nursia counsels: avoid evil, use "tools for good
works" - pray, study and serve (Rule of Benedict).
Although I have some Protestant faith differences with Roman
Catholic theology, I have found as a Benedictine Oblate a way to
live out my Wesleyan theology and be a faithful United Methodist
Christian. I am thankful for my spiritual relationship with the
monks of Saint Meinrad monastery in Indiana. The journey keeps me
centered in the midst of my chronic heart condition, as I know
Christ's ongoing healing.
I offer this blessing, adapted from the Rule of Benedict:
"Listen. Prefer nothing whatever to the love of Christ. Never lose
hope in God's mercy. In all things, may God be glorified. Peace be
to all!"
Do you have a reflection on Christian faith or spirituality you would like to share? Click here to learn how to become a contributor to Echoes from the Bell Tower.
Echoes from the Bell Tower is a blog
devoted to observations on Christian faith, spirituality and
everyday events, by authors with a connection to the Benedictine
values found at Saint Meinrad Archabbey and its Seminary and School
of Theology. Contributors include students, permanent deacons,
Benedictine oblates and Saint Meinrad monks. Their stories,
thoughts and ideas highlight the mission and vision that ring out
from the bell towers on this Hill in southern Indiana.
Contact Information
Website Feedback
© Saint Meinrad Seminary & School of Theology 2019


text:
New Locations
About G6 Hospitality
Our mission is to build on the iconic heritage of our brands – Motel 6 and Studio 6 – to become the universally recognized leader in economy lodging.
Thanks to one of the most successful ad campaigns in the history of the hotel industry, Motel 6 enjoys strong brand awareness and high guest loyalty.
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text: On Tue, Nov 22, 2005 at 10:59:47AM -0500, Gary Green wrote: > The second issue is the lack of a broadly adopted RDMA implementation. It > appears that there is movement forward in this arena as well with the move > to adopt the verbs interface from the OpenIB group. People with MPI clusters want them to run fast. I see a lot of people assuming "RDMA must be good when you want to go fast", but in this case it's rather unproven. If RDMA isn't fast, nobody's going to care about it in an MPI context... perhaps for I/O. OpenIB does offer an interesting entre' for non-IB stuff, that's certainly true. I suppose you do touch on the RDMA performance issue in that you talk about performance separately: > There is also the question as to whether GigE will be able to demonstrate > the ultra low latencies seen in high performance interconnects such as > Quadrics, InfiniBand and Myrinet. In the end, there will most likely remain > a market for high performance interconnects for high end applications. Amen! -- greg


text:
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Billiards has always fascinated almost everybody due to its captivating history, the different types of billiard games, and the required skill.The history of billiards interests us all. Commoners and royalty alike enjoyed billiards.


text:
The man who once wore number 7 in Philly has a new number for the guy who currently wears that jersey: 25.
That's where former Eagles quarterback Ron Jaworski has placed current Eagles quarterback Mike Vick on Jaws' annual quarterback ranking, via Dan Graziano of ESPN.com. Last year, Vick was No. 12.
But Jaworski sees the glass as one-25th full for Vick. Jaws believes Vick remains the most talented quarterback on the roster, and Jaworski believes that Vick's 98.0 quarterback rating in the two-minute offense bodes well for Vick's performance in Chip Kelly's up-tempo attack.
"I would not be surprised if Vick ends the season better than my 25th-rated quarterback," Jaworski said.
First, Vick needs to start the season as the Eagles' first-rated quarterback. Kelly has yet to give Vick the job, meaning that the guy who is No. 25 for Jaworski could still be No. 2 in Philly.


text:
PROFANITY! FLATULENCE! Nudity! Gore!
If it is too crude or intense to print in The Seattle Times, chances are, you will find it in spades in one of the city's alternative comics.
The cartoonists and graphic novelists who live and work here are a motley, back-of-the-classroom crowd, happily throwing spitballs at our conventions, our inhibitions, our unabashed pleasantness.
For three decades, Seattle has remained a force of its own in this milieu of line drawings and thought bubbles, upholding a countercultural, nose-thumbing comic-book aesthetic in an industry that is now thoroughly mainstream, whether online or at the multiplex.
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For evidence, look no farther than the visual feast that is the annual Emerald City Comicon, being held this weekend, March 28-30, at Washington State Convention Center.
Every year, the event draws tens of thousands of fans, many dressed up like their favorite heroes and villains, as well as actual cartoonists and actors who play film and TV roles based on comic-book characters.
It is a costume carnival of celebrity-gawking and autograph signing that is a world away from the far more intimate and no-frills scene cartoonists such as Lynda Barry and Matt Groening fell into when their careers got started here in the late 1980s and early 1990s, or the low-brow-meets-high-brow atmosphere fostered by Seattle's best-known alternative comics publisher, Fantagraphics, around the same time.
Seattle and the Northwest have carved a lasting niche in the comics world by applying the same traits to cartoons that we apply to music — lo-fi, provocative and introspective.
Our comics are often funny as in peculiar, not necessarily funny as in laugh-out-loud, our heroes bumbling rather than swashbuckling.
They're as likely to get under your skin as make you grin and, for the most part, the creators of these comics wouldn't have it any other way.
There is Emerald City Comicon and then there are grass roots shows like the more recently minted Short Run Comix and Arts Festival.
The event, held in a historic meeting hall in Seattle's Central District each November, is very intentionally not like its flashy cousin.
With Short Run, founders and fellow cartoonists Kelly Froh, Janice Headley and Eroyn Franklin have created an alternative to what many cartoonists see as a necessary evil: peddling comic books and "zines" as well as framable cartoon art at big mainstream shows among the caped and bedazzled throngs.
Whereas at many comic-book spectacles around the country artists are relegated to alleys of tables off to the side of the main action, Short Run puts the creators, many of them locals trying to build an audience, front-and-center.
Froh describes the show as "a curated arts festival for people who often get stomped on at events" like Comicon.
"We're going to 'artist alley' and rescuing them from all of that," she says.
With a growing but still modest attendance that topped 1,500 last year, Short Run offers comics fans a real shot at getting quality time with up-and-coming as well as established cartoonists.
That's a good thing, because the work of someone like Franklin, for example, is best appreciated up-close.
On her personal website, www.Eroynfranklin.com, Franklin describes herself as "a very happy person, but there are deep chasms in places where chasms shouldn't be."
Those chasms take physical shape in some of her most compelling comics, which feature pages with cutouts that expand the very definition of the term "comic book."
Her work skirts the line between funny and serious with a highly experimental art style, taking Lynda Barry's famous admonition to "be the unexpected" to a new level of meaning.
Her book "Another Glorious Day at the Nothing Factory" is 206 pages of hand-cut paper exploring the end of her marriage. Communication, or the failure to communicate, is a recurring theme in her work. In "Just Noise," about an argument between a man and a woman, the word bubbles are cut out of each page, leaving the reader to fill in the blanks.
Elliott Bay Book Co. on Capitol Hill dedicated a whole shelf to her work in its small-press section, giving the general reading public access to books that are specialty in the extreme.
Froh, who has recently started doing live performances of her comics, isn't surprised that experimentation pays off here.
"The crowd in Seattle is very culturally curious," she says. Plus, "I feel like emotional honesty makes these nuanced zines approachable — that's how you connect."
That rawness and "emotional honesty" have been hallmarks of Seattle comics since their earliest days in the 1980s, when grunge was truly underground and you could rent a loft in the center of town for a few hundred dollars a month. Before Sub Pop was a record label, it was a zine whose creators eventually started producing mix tapes with cartoon cover art by Barry, Charles Burns and others.
"When the grunge era came along, there was a perfect synergy between the comics and music scenes," says Larry Reid of Fantagraphics Bookstore and Gallery in Seattle's Georgetown neighborhood.
When the legendary local cartoonist Peter Bagge moved to Seattle in the mid-1980s from New York, where he was editor of comic genius R. Crumb's "Weirdo" magazine, the "Hate" author brought a level of legitimacy to the city's nascent comics movement, as well as a style whose acerbic attitude meshed well in punkish Seattle.
Today Bagge is an elder statesmen among alt-comics artists, but he's still raising eyebrows. His latest book-length comic, "Woman Rebel: The Margaret Sanger Story," dares to give the nuanced life story of the Planned Parenthood founder the funny-pages treatment.
He says he wants to do more biographical comics about complicated female figures, including the African-American anthropologist and writer Zora Neale Hurston, "people who can't be pinned down in one or two words."
Bagge's willingness to "go there" with prickly topics has influenced a whole new generation of cartoonists. Take the Buffalo, N.Y., transplant Tom Van Deusen.
"I'm against the idea of the righteous protagonist," the 28-year-old says one day at his apartment in Seattle's University District neighborhood, where the kitchen table doubles as his art desk in the evenings after his day job at a phone company. His remark is an understatement.
Van Deusen says he finds inspiration in the kind of lead characters one might see in an Albert Brooks movie, barely lovable losers who seem to have been born without a verbal filter.
But in some of the work he's produced in Seattle the past couple of years, the crude, self-deprecating humor gets kicked up to Judd Apatow level.
In his comic series "Scorched Earth," the main character, Tom, is a geeky, romantically dysfunctional guy who bears an obvious resemblance to his creator. What a piece of work. In one storyline, the misogynistic, hard-drinking character goes out on a string of ill-fated dates arranged on the website Okcupid.com, each ending in a gross-out moment.
It is not always easy reading, and the visuals don't warm the heart.
To like Tom, the character, you have to tolerate impulses and actions that are revolting yet uncannily true to life.
Van Deusen features the same Tom character in his Studygroupcomics.com Web comic "Eat, Eat, Eat."
"It's supposed to be like 'Eat, Pray, Love' but all about eating," a deadpan Van Deusen says. The series explores its creator's own issues around weight, body image and attractiveness to the opposite sex — but without any feel-good story lines.
"I try with my comics to be very socially aware," Van Deusen says of "Scorched Earth." "It's like a parody of white-male entitlement."
Even if some of the scenarios in his work are inspired by life experiences, "a lot of it is the exact opposite of how I feel," Van Deusen says. "I wouldn't want to be like that ever."
Van Deusen, like a lot of Seattle's cartoonists, says he does the work for love, not fame and fortune, which are hard to achieve in this business anyway.
"It's a game of very few rewards," he says, "just pure self-expression."
Seattle's Emerald City Comicon reportedly was the fourth-largest event of its kind in North America last year, drawing an estimated 64,000 comics fans. Organizers expect to exceed that number this year.
To better understand what makes these events so appealing, I went to the recent Portland stop on the WizardWorld comic con tour circuit.
There, a thoroughly geeked-out crowd formed long lines at autograph stations for the likes of Spider Man creator Stan Lee; William Shatner from "Star Trek"; "Sons of Anarchy" and "Hellboy" star Ron Perlman; Elvira, Mistress of the Dark actress Cassandra Peterson; and Billy Dee Williams, who played Lando Calrissian in the original "Star Wars" trilogy.
The vibe in the sprawling Portland convention center was electric, the costumes worn by ticket holders magnificently conceived and executed. Amateur Wonder Women, Iron Men and Captains America hammed it up for fellow fans in every corner.
Among the big names and people playing dress-up, though, were scores of artists and small-press publishers vying for the attention of convention-goers, as well as representatives of Portland's biggest name in comics, publishing powerhouse Dark Horse, which has achieved the perfect balance between big, mainstream titles and lesser-known indie comics.
If you believe in the idea that a rising tide lifts all boats, there's a case to be made that the mainstream success of comics and large-scale gatherings helps attract more people to the artier fringes of the industry, both as creators and consumers.
Today there are whole college courses devoted to comic-book art and graphic-novel writing, including those taught by Bagge at Seattle University and one led by another local favorite, Ellen Forney, at Cornish College of the Arts in Seattle.
Alternative cartoonists themselves, though, have found a way to stay true to their funkiest creative impulses while achieving greater legitimacy, exposure and study.
Forney, for instance, deploys her bold drawing style and cheeky insightfulness to the touchy subject of her own bipolar disorder and its impact on her creativity in the well-received graphic memoir "Marbles: Mania, Depression, Michelangelo and Me."
It's a heady subject, not exactly what one thinks of as comic-book fodder.
But that's just it, she says: "The idea of taking people places they don't necessarily want to go is one of the things comics are really great for."
Seattle is not the affordable, bohemian haven it once was for early cartoonists. But the local community is bigger, more active and more high-profile than ever. And that rawness still thrives in discreet pockets around town.
It is the monthly Dune Night at Cafe Racer in Seattle's Ravenna neighborhood, and the rambling coffeehouse and bar is filling up with cartoonists.
The scene is surreal — 40 or 50 people simultaneously sketching comics that event organizer Max Clotfelter, one of Seattle's most talented younger cartoonists, collects in an Apples to Apples board-game box. He'll reduce each piece, reproduce them, then staple them into an edgy monthly zine called "Dune" that'll be distributed only to contributors.
This is small-press publishing at its smallest and most grass roots, harking back to the alt-comics heyday of the 1980s and early '90s, when self-published cartoonists would rub shoulders over the copy machines at Kinko's.
Clotfelter, looking ever so Northwest with his full beard, lumberjack shirt and knit cap, says he's seen as many as 68 artists at the gathering. He jokes that the group can't get any bigger because the trusty stapler he uses to bind each issue of the zine can only handle 70 or so pages.
The atmosphere at the cafe is thick with quiet creative tension. The artists have about three hours to create their cartoons.
"There's pressure, but the pressure helps," says Clotfelter, whose own intricately drawn work brims with F-bombs and blob-like creatures with multiple, bulging eyeballs. "You're also feeding off of each other's energy."
Clotfelter, whose life partner is Kelly Froh, is part of another group of cartoonists who contribute to an equally out-there comic-strip anthology published on newsprint called "Intruder," which Seattle blogger Tom Mohrman called "one of your best ways to peer at the crazed and beautiful still-beating heart of Seattle (in comic form), with plenty of bones and gristle."
One of that collective's organizers, Marc Palm, sits at a long table in the backroom of the cafe with a half-dozen other cartoonists drawing on pads of paper. He loves the organized chaos of it all.
"Dune" and "Intruder," printed mainly in plain black-and-white and full of what Palm calls "dark, black humor," look appealingly cobbled-together.
"We love that ephemeral, tactile quality of print," Palm says. "It's like this love for the old school."
Though there were drawing nights and publications at Cafe Racer before "Dune" started a couple of years ago, including one organized by another local legend, Jim Woodring, Palm credits Clotfelter for carrying the publishing idea forward.
In any case, Palm says, "To be in a place where there's like 50 people drawing pages for a comic is profoundly different than when I moved here" in 2002.
Now he and Clotfelter are in the lead; just don't call them leaders. Their publications contain no ads, and there's no one telling contributors what they can or can't draw or say in their creations.
"Dune" and "Intruder" are as open-ended as the subconscious mind.
You want vulgar language? Check.
Gratuitous grossness? Check.
All the things not fit to print or say in polite society have a home in "Dune" and "Intruder."
And thank goodness there is still a place for potty humor and weird sex jokes and unflinching forays into human want and folly.
Seattle may be becoming a buttoned-up version of its raffish, old self, but its stapler-and-pen-wielding comic-book artists won't let go of the rough edges without a fight.
Tyrone Beason is a Pacific NW staff writer. He can be reached at tbeason@seattletimes. Lindsey Wasson is a Seattle Times staff photographer.


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BI Answers: What is the best way to sneeze?
It's spring, that wonderful season of allergies.
And with allergies comes sneezing.
In addition to allergies, sneezing can be caused by being too full, bright lights, and even orgasms. But as common as sneezing is — other animals sneeze too — scientists know little about the phenomenon.
"A sneeze is designed to expel foreign particles and irritants from your airway, particularly your nasal cavity, and is a protective reflex," Dr. Jonathan Moss of the Charlotte Eye, Ear, Nose & Throat Associates told Business Insider.
With sneezing myths running rampant on the Internet, we decided to put the following questions to the experts.
Which Way's the Exit?
If the sneeze is supposed to clean out our noses, should we let it out our mouths too? Sure, said Moss.
"The goal is to expel the irritant from the nasal cavity," said Moss, so it's important to sneeze at least partly out of your nose.
However, because the nasal cavity isn't big enough alone to handle the release of such a large volume of air, some of the sneeze pretty much has to go out your mouth. "The caveat being that if someone tries to withhold a sneeze, this volume will be lessened and the mouth could remain closed," Moss said.
Holding It In vs. Letting It Out
The most common mistake people make when sneezing is just that — trying to hold it in.
"Don't!" said Moss. "The process of sneezing is a defensive reflex. The body has to expel foreign particles, such as dust or pollen, that enter our upper airway."
Because a sneeze causes high pressures in your internal airways, holding it in can be harmful. But it causes problems only in rare situations. "These complications can include hearing loss, forcing air into the eye or brain, rupture or clotting of blood vessels, or breaking a rib," Moss said.
And keeping your eyes open when you sneeze? It's possible.
Once the "sneeze center of the brainstem" has been stimulated, it sends multiple muscle contraction signals to your body. One of them tells your eyes to close. "While it may not be impossible to keep from closing your eyes, it would take a conscious effort to keep them open," Moss said.
The Best Sneeze Interceptor
All in all, a sneeze may be annoying, but it is good for you. "In our society, some may consider sneezing a faux pas, but what I typically tell my patients is to let it fly!"
The only problem is that these sneezes can spread germs to others around you.
While a few media outlets have done home experiments putting sneeze barriers to the test, scientists have been busy in the lab trying to figure out the best way to sneeze in order to stop the germ flow.
"Ambient air currents may also move the sneezed airflow around more slowly later, thus transporting airborne viruses beyond the immediate vicinity of the sneezer," Dr. Julian W. Tang of the Alberta Provincial Laboratory for Public Health told Business Insider.
He's conducted experiments— seen in the GIFs below — to find out the proper way to catch your sneeze.
So, is it the open-hand catch?
Or the wait-was-that-a-cough open fist?
Or the quick-quick-grab-a-tissue?
The WINNER: The tissue.
"Lots of tissues," Tang said, and wash your hands after.
No matter the sneeze catcher, the amount of snot stopped has "a lot of it has to do with how fast you can cover your sneeze."
The permeability of the barrier used to catch the sneeze is also important. "Lower-ply tissues [lower than four-ply] may not contain the force of the sneeze that may just blow through the tissue," he said.
When using the hand or fist, it is important to note that any gaps between fingers will spread the sneeze.
Sneezing into your sleeve has variable effectiveness, depending on sleeve length and how fast you can cover up. And the sleeve now contains your germs, which can spread to other objects it comes into contact with.
So let it fly — into a tissue, please.
This post is part of a continuing series that answers all of your "why" questions related to science. Have your own question? Email dspector@buisnessinsider with the subject line "Q&A"; tweet your question to @BI_Science; or post to our Facebook page.


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Perissodactyl, any member of the order Perissodactyla, a group of herbivorous mammals characterized by the possession of either one or three hoofed toes on each hindfoot. They include the horses, asses, and zebras, the tapirs, and the rhinoceroses. The name—from Greek perissos, "odd," and daktylos, "finger"—was introduced to separate the odd-toed ungulates from the even-toed ones (Artiodactyla), all of which had previously been classified as members of a single group.
General features
The Perissodactyla comprise three families of living mammals: six species of horses (Equidae), four species of tapirs (Tapiridae), and five species of rhinoceroses (Rhinocerotidae). These families are remnants of a group that flourished during the Paleogene and Neogene periods (from 65.5 million to 2.6 million years ago), a time when it was much richer in species and in variety of form than at present and played a dominant role in the fauna of the world. Today there are far fewer species of perissodactyls than artiodactyls, and most of the species still living are endangered, especially the rhinoceroses, the tapirs, and two of the three species of zebras.
The horses, asses, and zebras are long-legged, running forms with one functional digit in each foot and with high-crowned, molariform (i.e., modified for grinding) cheek teeth. The tapir is a rather rounded, piglike, semiamphibious forest and woodland animal with a small proboscis (trunklike snout) and a coat of short, bristly hairs. Tapirs have primitive features, such as four hoofed toes in the forefoot and three in the hind, and they have rather simple molar teeth. Rhinoceroses are massive creatures with a thick and nearly hairless hide, excepting the hairy Sumatran rhinoceros, and three digits on each foot. They bear hornlike structures on the head.
The Perissodactyla are of particular scientific interest because their fossil history is so well known. The evolution of horses from the tiny "dawn horse" (Hyracotherium, formerly Eohippus) to the present form is a classic sequence, knowledge of which has played an important role in evolutionary thought. The order also provides a notable example of parallel evolution. Following completely different evolutionary paths, both perissodactyls and artiodactyls (e.g., cattle, antelope, swine) independently evolved features such as high-crowned grinding teeth and elongated limbs with a reduced number of digits, in adaptation to a similar running (cursorial), herbivorous mode of life.
Living perissodactyls are of medium or large size. Asses and tapirs, the smallest representatives of the order, attain a length of approximately 2 to 2.5 metres (6.6 to 8.2 feet), stand 1 metre or more at the shoulder, and weigh up to 250 or 300 kg (550 to 660 pounds). The largest forms are the Indian and square-lipped rhinoceroses (Rhinoceros unicornis and Ceratotherium simum, respectively), which are 4 to 5 metres (13 to 16.4 feet) long, measure up to 2 metres at the shoulder, and often weigh more than 1,600 kg (3,500 pounds). Indricotherium (or Paraceratherium, formerly Baluchitherium), known as the giraffe rhinoceros from the Oligocene (about 30 million years ago), was the largest known land mammal, standing about 5.5 metres (18 feet) at the shoulder.
All feed either by grazing (i.e., cropping grasses) or by browsing (taking shoots and leaves from trees and bushes). The Equidae in particular were abundant and important members of the Old World fauna until their numbers were reduced by modern man. Zebras are still numerous and ecologically important in a few parts of Africa. The importance of the domestic horse and the ass in the history of humankind is very great indeed. Both have served extensively as pack, draft, and riding animals. The horse is sometimes eaten by humans, and its flesh is widely used as pet food. Through centuries of domestication, it has been developed into a number of different breeds (for more information on domesticated horses, see horse).
The living wild Equidae are confined to the Old World. Zebras and the true wild ass (Equus asinus) are African, with the zebras confined to the southern and eastern parts, while the ass originally ranged over northern and northeastern Africa.
The wild horse (Equus caballus), ancestor of the domestic horse, occupied the low country north of the great mountain ranges from Europe across central Asia; it may now be extinct as a wild animal. The half-asses, races of E. hemionus, were found in the arid zone of Asia from Persia to the Gobi Desert, as well as in Arabia, Syria, and northwestern India.
The living rhinoceroses are also Old World forms, with two species in Africa and three in Asia. There are three species of tapirs in the New World tropics, one in Middle America and two in South America. The fourth species of tapir is Asiatic.
Natural history
Distribution, ecology, and conservation
The Equidae are highly specialized for a cursorial, herbivorous mode of life. They are absent from forests and other densely vegetated regions, but, apart from this limitation, the range of the group is relatively unrestricted by the type of vegetation, climate, and topography. The species replace one another geographically for the most part, and each occupies a somewhat different habitat.
Grass plays a major role in the diet; the zebras, for example, are known to feed on tall, coarse grasses avoided by most antelopes. Some species also take shrubs, herbs, and even bulbs. Water requirements vary in different species. In South Africa the plains zebra has been found to drink about once every 36 hours. By contrast, the mountain zebra (Equus zebra), Przewalski's horse (Equus caballus przewalskii) and the half-ass, all living in semidesert areas, are reported to survive if they can drink once in three or four days. The ass too can manage with less water than the horse. The mountain zebra and Przewalski's horse dig for water in dry riverbeds and depressions.
The mountain zebra occupies parts of the arid rocky escarpment separating the interior plateau of the southern African subcontinent from the coast lowlands. The race E. zebra hartmannae, still relatively numerous over much of its original range in Namibia and southern Angola, enjoys legal protection and is represented in game reserves. Conflict between these zebras and farm livestock for the meagre pasture of the semidesert regions, however, has led to a reduction in zebra numbers. The race E. zebra zebra was originally common in the mountain ranges of the Cape region but now survives only as a remnant of perhaps 100 animals. About one-half of these have sanctuary in a national park.
The plains zebra (E. quagga) formerly inhabited a great area of grassland and savanna from the Cape to South Sudan. The southernmost race (E. quagga quagga), which was only partly striped, became extinct in the 19th century. The populations of the other races have been much reduced in many places, and the range of the species has shrunk considerably. There are large populations in reserves, however, and the species is not in any immediate danger of extermination.
Grevy's zebra (E. grevyi), which shares a narrow zone in northern Kenya with the plains zebra, is confined to sparsely wooded, semidesert plains and low hills in northern Kenya, southern and eastern Ethiopia, and western Somaliland. Its status appears to be generally satisfactory.
The true ass (Equus asinus), ancestor of the domestic donkey, is the equid of arid North Africa whose range extends south to approximately 6° N latitude. Its natural distribution probably included all habitable parts of North Africa. At present, asses are known from semidesert country extending from the east bank of the Nile (in Sudan) to the Red Sea and in parts of Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Somalia. There are also isolated pockets in the Tibesti Mountains in the Sahara and in the countries of central and western Africa. There is a great deal of uncertainty about the identity of all asses now described as "wild." Some may be merely feral (escaped or released) donkeys, and interbreeding with feral donkeys is likely to have occurred in many, if not all, existing populations.
The wild horse
The wild horse was widely distributed in Eurasia north of the mountain chains. The Romans encountered it in Spain. Two races have survived to modern times. A gray race, known as the tarpan, was the horse of southern Russia. It became extinct in Ukraine during the mid-19th century. The endangered Przewalski's horse (E. caballus przewalskii), a small reddish brown race (considered a species by some authors), was last seen in the wild in 1968 in the remote semidesert steppe country on the boundary between Mongolia and China. Wild horses enjoy legal protection in Mongolia and China, but nomadic pastoralists have been encroaching on previously uninhabited country and competing with the horses for pasture and the scarce water supplies.
The half-asses, races of Equus hemionus, occupied the dry belt from Mongolia through central Asia to Syria, with a northern limit at about 50° N latitude. The chigetia or kulan (E. hemionus hemionus), which was formerly widespread over an immense region of the Gobi, now occurs only in semidesert steppe country in central Mongolia. Hunting and competition for water by pastoral tribesmen are responsible for its decline. The kulan is slightly smaller than the kiang (E. hemionus kiang), which is found on the cold arid steppes of Nepal, Sikkim, and western Tibet at altitudes of 4,270 metres (14,000 feet) and more. The kiang is now said to be rare but not endangered. The Persian onager (E. hemionus onager) lives in a lower semidesert or desert environment, with a range that formerly included northeastern Iran, northwestern Afghanistan, and Russian Turkestan. It is now extremely rare and unlikely to survive outside northeastern Iran and the Badkhyz Reserve in Turkmeniya. A small nucleus has sanctuary in the semidesert salt plains of the Kavir Protected Region in Iran. The Indian wild ass is a closely related, probably identical, form sometimes distinguished as the race E. hemionus khur. A fairly small population occupies salt flats in the Rann of Kutch, a remnant of the thousands found there at the end of World War II. The Syrian onager (E. hemionus hemippus) is the smallest member of the group and stands about one metre (three feet) at the shoulder. It was once found in the desert region of Palestine, Syria, and Iraq, and was domesticated by the ancient Sumerians before the introduction of the domestic horse into Mesopotamia. This race may survive in the Djezireh Desert, Syria, or north of the Syrian-Turkish border; if so, the number must be extremely small.
The two African species of rhinoceroses are the black or prehensile-lipped rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) and the white or square-lipped rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum). The terms black and white are misleading, since both species are grayish to brownish, but the names are well established in common usage.
The black rhinoceros was originally widespread from the Cape to southwestern Angola and throughout eastern Africa as far as Somalia, parts of Ethiopia, and Sudan. Its range also extended westward through the northern savanna zone to Lake Chad, northern Cameroon, northern Nigeria, Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, and possibly Guinea. The animal was extremely numerous in some parts. It now occupies a much smaller area, within which it is found in scattered pockets, many of them in parks and reserves. The species still occurs in Namibia, Angola, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Malawi, Zambia, Tanzania, Kenya, Botswana, and Swaziland. South Africa and Namibia have more black rhinos than other countries, but the future of the animals outside parks and reserves is far from secure. The decline in numbers is largely the result of expanding human settlement and of poaching to obtain the horns, which fetch high prices.
The black rhinoceros occupies a variety of habitats, frequenting open plains, sparse thorn scrub, savannas, thickets, and dry forests, as well as mountain forests and moorlands at high altitudes. It is a selective browser, and grass plays a minor role in its diet. Succulent plants, such as euphorbias, assume great importance in dry habitats, and the animals appear to be able to survive without free water where these plants are abundant. Where water is available, drinking is regular and frequent; the animals also may dig for water in dry riverbeds.
The much larger white rhinoceros is a grazing species with a broad square muzzle. It prefers short grasses 7 to 10 cm (about 3 to 4 inches) high. The animal makes much use of shade trees for resting and is dependent on surface water. The range of the white rhinoceros is markedly discontinuous. South of the Zambezi River it was once extremely common over a fairly large area of bushveld. It has since become confined to the game reserves in South Africa, where the population has risen; some of the animals have been redistributed to several other parks and reserves in Southern Africa.
A northern race formerly inhabited South Sudan and adjacent areas of Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, extending westward into the Central African Republic. It has also been much reduced and is considered probably extinct in those countries. A small number were moved to a private reserve in Kenya.
The smallest of the three Asian rhinoceroses (also the smallest living member of the family) is the Sumatran, or Asiatic, two-horned rhinoceros, Didermocerus (or Dicerorhinus) sumatrensis, standing 1 to 1.5 metres (3 to 5 feet) at the shoulder. It was originally found in the foothills of the eastern Himalayas, mainland Southeast Asia, and the islands of Sumatra and Borneo. Small isolated populations still occur in a few widely separated localities in (Myanmar) Burma, Thailand, West (Peninsular) Malaysia, Sumatra, and East Malaysia (Sabah) and possibly in other nearby territories. The total population is thought to number between 100 and 170. Some of the survivors in Sumatra are protected in reserves.
Both the Sumatran and Javan rhinoceroses inhabit forests as well as marshy areas and regions of thick bush and bamboo, climbing actively in mountainous country. They are mainly browsers. The Javan, or lesser one-horned, rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sondaicus) occupied the islands of Java, Borneo, and Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula, and a region extending northward through Myanmar into Assam and eastern Bengal. It is now restricted to the Udjung-Kulon Reserve in western Java, where there are at least 25 and perhaps as many as 50 to 60 animals.
The great Indian, or one-horned, rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) is more or less equivalent in size to the square-lipped rhinoceros and is distinguishable from the smaller Javan rhinoceros by the presence of a large horn, tubercles on its skin, and a different arrangement of skin folds. It previously occupied an extensive range across northern India and Nepal from Assam in the east to the Indus valley in the west. It is found in a range of habitats—open grassland, savanna, forests, and hilly country—and appears to be mainly a grazer, raiding grain fields in some areas. Hunting and the pressure of expanding human populations have greatly reduced both the range and numbers of this animal. It is now found almost entirely in eight reserves or sanctuaries in India, notably the Kaziranga Sanctuary in Assam (estimated population 300) and in the Rapti valley region of the Nepal Tarai. The total population is estimated at about 600 animals, and the prospects for survival appear to be reasonably good.
The Malayan tapir (Tapirus indicus), largest member of the family Tapiridae, is found in Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula, as far north as the Myanmar-Thailand border in latitude 18° N. It is found from sea level to high altitudes and occupies forests and thickets but may feed in more open areas. It is still abundant and widespread.
The three New World species occupy distinct, nonoverlapping but contiguous ranges. The mountain tapir (Tapirus pinchaque), the smallest and most primitive, inhabits the temperate-zone forests and bordering grasslands of the Andes in Colombia and Ecuador and in northern Peru, up to altitudes of nearly 4,600 metres (about 15,000 feet). Agricultural and pastoral expansion resulted in some decline in the status of this species, but it is still fairly common. The Central American, or Baird's, tapir (T. bairdii) is the largest of the American species. It is essentially Middle American, with a range extending from Mexico into coastal Ecuador, and it occupies undisturbed climax rainforest. It is shy and adjusts poorly to the disturbance caused by settlement. This disturbance, together with the destruction of habitat accompanying human occupation, has greatly reduced its range and numbers. The species is said to be much in need of active conservation. The most widespread species is the Brazilian tapir (T. terrestris), which is found throughout the Brazilian subregion east of the Andes and in a small area west of the Andes in northwestern Venezuela and northern Colombia. Like the other species, it is largely a forest form requiring the proximity of water. The three New World tapirs are mainly browsers and are remarkably similar in habits.
Expression and communication
The Equidae communicate by means of calls and changes in facial expression. Six different sounds are made by the plains zebra. A whinny, consisting of a series of two- or three-syllabic "ha" sounds, serves to maintain contact between members of a group. The repertoire includes an alarm call ("i-ha"), an alarm snort, a drawn-out snort of satisfaction, and a squeal of pain and fear. Other species utter similar sounds, the whinny of the horse and the bray of the ass being well-known examples. Characteristic facial expressions have been described for greeting ceremonies (mouth open, ears up), threat (mouth open, ears back), and submission (mouth open, nibbling movements, ears down). In all species studied except the horse, females assume a particular expression ("mating face") when permitting the male to mount.
In the rhinoceroses and tapirs, snorting, squealing, bellowing, and, in some forms, whistling sounds play a major role in communication. Visual signals are not well developed in these nonsocial animals, but a few facial expressions are used.
The Perissodactyla are mainly grazers or browsers. The quality and quantity of grasses available to grazing species may vary considerably with the season and the area. The animals may accordingly move great distances to reach attractive sources of food. Migrations of plains zebras to succulent pastures during the rainy season are a feature of the Serengeti Plains and the Etosha National Park in Africa. The distribution of asses, half-asses, and horses inhabiting arid areas largely follows that of rainfall and pasture.
The food of the browsers is fairly readily available throughout the year; thus, species in this category are relatively sedentary. The browsing rhinoceroses may break down trees and shrubs, and use their forelimbs to help get at otherwise inaccessible leaves and twigs. Food is plucked with the lips. In the tapirs, the upper lip is fused with the short proboscis. The rhinoceroses (excluding the white) have a pointed upper lip with a fingerlike process that is used to pluck leaves and twigs. The white rhinoceros, with its broad square muzzle, is the most specialized grazing rhinoceros, feeding on grass.
Social organization and territory
In both the mountain and plains zebras the family group is the basic social unit. It generally consists of a single adult male and two or three adult females with their foals. The groups are stable, apparently because of strong mutual ties among the females rather than because of herding by the male. The stallion is dominant, and there is a hierarchy among the mares, the highest ranking (alpha) animal usually leading the group. Other males are either solitary or live in bachelor groups of two or three, sometimes up to 10. Juveniles leave the family group when they attain sexual maturity at one and one-half to two years. When large aggregations occur on favoured grazing grounds, the groups retain their identity. Among Grevy's zebras and wild asses, territorial males and groups of mares and foals and of stallions are found. There is no evidence for territorial behaviour among any of the zebras except Grevy's. Individual groups occupy home ranges that overlap to some degree with those of other groups.
The social organization of other equids is not as well documented. Observers studying the wild horse and half-asses have noted that females and juveniles form a group dominated by a single stallion, which keeps them together by active herding; the unattached males are solitary or live in small herds.
The pattern of social organization among the rhinoceroses is quite different from that of the Equidae. Dominant adult males of the white rhinoceros occupy territories that, in the KwaZulu-Natal reserves, average about 200 hectares (500 acres). Within its area a male may tolerate subadult or aged bulls, which have subordinate status. Adult females accompanied by their calves inhabit home ranges encompassing the territories of six or seven dominant bulls. Juveniles consort with other juveniles or with calfless females, but groups of more than two usually do not stay together long.
The black rhinoceros is basically solitary. Adults of both sexes usually occupy home ranges of 1,000 hectares (2,500 acres) or more, the size depending on the characteristics of the environment; occasionally the ranges may be as small as 200 hectares, however. There is a good deal of overlap in the utilization of these home ranges.
The Asiatic rhinoceroses also are essentially solitary, but detailed information on the nature of the areas they inhabit is not available. Individual great Indian rhinoceroses are said to occupy tracts as small as 8 to 20 hectares (20 to 50 acres).
Little is known about the social organization or territorial behaviour of the tapirs. All species are reported to be found alone or in pairs.
Male zebras and horses follow mares in estrus. The stallion, after smelling the spot where a mare has urinated or defecated, exhibits "flehmen" (a characteristic display in which the head is lifted and the upper lip raised) and then urinates or defecates on the same spot. In similar fashion, members of stallion groups often urinate or defecate consecutively; communal dung heaps formed by five to eight animals often arise in this way. The significance of such behaviour is not clear.
Among the Rhinocerotidae excretory products play an important role in marking territories and home ranges. Dominant male white rhinoceroses defecate almost entirely on heaps within their territories. They then scatter the material by kicking vigorously, presumably leaving an individual scent mark in this manner. In addition, they urinate in a ritualized fashion, spraying the urine in powerful jets in a manner peculiar to them and shown by no other sex or age group. Other members of the population also use dung heaps (either in territories or in communal areas, such as along paths) but not exclusively, and they do not scatter dung.
In the black rhinoceros, dung-scattering behaviour does not appear to be exclusive to dominant males. The function of the communal heaps may be mainly to establish the presence of the inhabitant in his home range, and to maintain contact between known animals.
Dung heaps and urine spraying are also observed among other species of rhinoceroses and among tapirs; their significance is presumably of a similar nature.
The pattern of fighting is related to the amount of lethal equipment the various groups possess. The Equidae, unarmoured, do not employ stylized fighting techniques to reduce the danger of serious injury—as among certain other species. Fighting is largely confined to adult males competing for estrous mares. Various techniques occur in the zebras, which may serve as an example of the family. Circling, neck fighting, biting (either in a standing or sitting position), rearing combined with biting and kicking, and kicking on the run all are used, either alone or in combination. No set pattern is followed.
Fights among rhinoceroses consist of charges and striking with the horns, usually accompanied by vocal threats. Goring is not common, the stylized pattern having probably been evolved to minimize the danger of serious injury from the formidable horns.
Amicable behaviour
Mutual grooming is well known among horses. Two animals stand facing in opposite directions and groom each other by nibbling at the root of the tail and the base of the neck. The plains zebra behaves similarly and so, presumably, do other members of the family.
Zebras greet each other simply by nose-to-nose contact, except that adult stallions go through a ceremony involving nose-to-genital contact. Nose-to-nose greeting is also characteristic of tapirs and rhinoceroses. The latter also rub their bodies together.
Courtship and mating
Courtship is relatively simple among the social equids. The true ass is apparently exceptional. The partners are strangers when the first approaches are made and the female requires violent subjugation by the male, which bites, kicks, and chases her before she will stand for him. This may be the result of separation of the sexes outside the mating season. The wild horse and the plains zebra are not at all violent. The stallion often grooms the mare before attempting to mount. The estrous mare (especially, or exclusively, young mares in the case of the plains zebra) adopts a typical posture with legs slightly apart, tail lifted, and, except in the horse, a characteristic facial expression (the "mating face" already mentioned).
The more or less solitary rhinoceroses and tapirs go through a more elaborate courtship, presumably because the partners are strangers. After a chase, the male and female may engage in low-intensity fighting, ending with the male laying his head on the female's rump and then mounting and copulating for an extended period. Several males may mate with an estrous female.
Relations between parent and offspring
The perissodactyls bear well-developed (precocial) young, usually a single offspring. After the mother has assisted in removing the placenta and has licked her offspring in the usual mammalian fashion, the young animal soon attempts to stand. A plains zebra foal has been observed to stand quite firmly 14 minutes after birth, and a black rhinoceros calf 25 minutes after birth.
Newly born equids follow any nearby object during the first few days of life. At this time, zebra mares drive away all other zebras from their foals. The behaviour ensures that the foal will form a bond with its mother during the initial period of imprinting. Foals follow their mothers closely and are groomed frequently.
Although precocial, black rhinoceros calves appear to have a lying-out period; that is, an initial period when they rest quietly in thick cover except when being suckled. Thereafter they follow their mothers closely. A young white rhinoceros tends to walk ahead of the mother and may be guided by her horn.
Most young perissodactyls remain with their mothers until the next offspring is born. A young rhinoceros may, therefore, accompany its mother until it is two and one-half years old or older. Although grazing starts early, suckling proceeds for a considerable time, perhaps for its psychological rather than its physiological value.
As in other mammals, play is a prominent form of behaviour among young perissodactyls. Zebras up to the age of one year frequently engage in running games. Foals gallop wildly about on their own, jumping and kicking up their heels, sometimes chasing other animals, such as gazelles, mongooses, or birds. In groups they play catching games, running after one another in close succession. Mock fighting sometimes takes place. Groups of adults have also been seen to chase foal groups in play, and indeed stallion groups carry out playful gallops. Stallions also engage in play greeting and in mock fights.
Playful romping and mock fighting with the horns are common among rhinoceros calves. Young tapirs play running games.
Rolling and wallowing
Behaviour for the care of the body is widespread among the perissodactyls. Equids frequently roll in dry, loose soil forming rolling hollows—a common feature of zebra country.
Wallowing, which may help regulate body temperature, probably is mainly a form of self-grooming; it is practiced by all species of rhinoceroses. They often spend hours lying in pools during the middle of the day in hot weather. Mud of suitable consistency induces wallowing, which may be followed by sand bathing. Prolonged rubbing on tree trunks or suitable stumps follows a wallow; old rubbing stumps and stones may take on a shine from repeated use.
Tapirs may have the most pronounced tendency to bathe and wallow, but few details of their behaviour are known. They are also said to enter water when disturbed.
Female equids of all the species for which information is available attain puberty at about one year, but are not normally successfully mated before the age of two to two and one-half years, and possibly as late as three to four years in the case of Grevy's zebra. Zebras probably breed until about 20 years of age. The domestic species are seasonally polyestrous (repeatedly fertile), coming into breeding condition in spring and, unless mated, undergoing repeated estrous cycles at intervals of approximately three weeks until the end of the summer. The wild species studied also tend to mate seasonally; most young are born in spring and summer.
The gestation period of equids is between 11 and 12 months. In most species a postpartum estrus occurs, usually within two weeks of the birth of the young; thus, the maximal potential reproductive rate is one young per year. This potential is not always attained. Only about 50 percent of domestic mares that are mated produce foals, and nearly half of a study group of plains zebra mares bore only one foal in three years.
The gestation period of three species of rhinoceroses is about 15 to 17 months. For the Sumatran rhinoceros the period is said to be only seven months. No information is available for the Javan rhinoceros. Female white and black rhinoceroses attain sexual maturity at the age of four to five years and are capable of calving at intervals of approximately 2 1/2 years. Rhinoceroses probably breed until between 30 and 40 years old. The white tends to have a mating peak in spring, corresponding with the flush of green grass, and a calving peak in autumn.
The Malayan and Brazilian tapirs have gestation periods of 13 months' duration. The Brazilian tapir is reported to mate before the onset of the rainy season.
Learn More in these related Britannica articles:
mammal: Diversity…(elephants and their kin) and Perissodactyla (horses, rhinoceroses, and their kin) are examples of orders in which far greater diversity occurred in the late Paleogene and Neogene periods (about 30 million to about 3 million years ago) than today.…
mammal: ClassificationOrder Perissodactyla (odd-toed hoofed ungulates) 17 species in 3 families, including horses, rhinoceroses, tapirs, and kin. Uranotherians The following three ungulate orders (Sirenia, Proboscidea, and Hyracoidea) are sometimes grouped together as the order Uranotheria, for they are…
Tertiary Period: The rise of mammals…modern groups such as the perissodactyls (which include primitive horses, rhinoceroses, and tapirs), artiodactyls (which include camels and deer), rodents, rabbits, bats, proboscideans, and…
Cenozoic Era: Cenozoic life…and proliferation of the earliest perissodactyls (odd-toed ungulates, such as horses, tapirs, rhinoceroses, and two extinct groups, the chalicotheres and titanotheres) and artiodactyls (even-toed ungulates, including pigs, peccaries, hippopotamuses,…
rhinoceros…far the largest of the perissodactyls, an order of hoofed mammals that also includes the horses and zebras. One of the features of very large body size in mammals is a low reproductive rate. In rhinoceroses, females do not conceive until about six years of age; gestation is long (16…
More About Perissodactyl6 references found in Britannica articles
Assorted References
- classification of mammals
- size of rhinoceroses
- In rhinoceros
occurrence in
- Cenozoic Era
- Eocene Epoch
- In Eocene Epoch


text:
February 4, 2010
Three National Fraternities on the Wabash Campus will come together Sunday to talk about policy on Alcohol, Hazing, and general perceptions within Greek life. Kappa Sigma, Tau Kappa Epsilon, and Theta Delta Chi are the fraternities presenting on the topics to share their policies and practices with the Wabash community.
The goal is to facilitate conversation and to make clear the policies that the represented fraternities uphold. Aaron Bonar '10 will present on Kappa Sigma's alcohol policy, discussing the dos and don'ts from their national fraternity's perspective while Michael Sexton '11 and Dirk Garriott '11 present on Tau Kappa Epsilon's policy on pledgeship. Jacob Surface '11, representing Theta Delta Chi, will have a presentation on perception, demonstrating that while being focused on one area, there are also other events taking place.
All three topics are items of concern at colleges and universities across the nation. These fraternities have taken the step to present these programs in hope that the other fraternities, both on the Wabash campus and beyond, will reflect on their procedures and make changes as necessary.
This event is hosted by the W.A.R. (Wabash Acts Responsibly) Council, a student-run group that promotes responsible behavior both on and off campus. All freshmen, fraternity officers, and resident assistants are encouraged to attend. General attendance is open to the Wabash Community.
The event will be held at 3 p.m. Sunday, Feb. 7, in Hays 104.


text:
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Please help us! Donate
Key Votes
HR 1401 - FY2000-2001 Defense Authorization bill - National Key Vote
Jesse Jackson, Jr. voted Nay (Passage) on this Legislation.
Read statements Jesse Jackson, Jr. made in this general time period.
Related Legislation
Issues Related to HR 1401
Stage Details
Legislation -
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June 10, 1999(Key vote)
See How Your Politicians Voted
Title: FY2000-2001 Defense Authorization bill
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Vote to pass a bill that appropriates $288.8 billion for defense spending for 2000 and 2001.
Defense Department
- $106.39 billion for military operations and maintenance, including $10.50 billion for defense health programs, $1.26 billion for environmental restoration, and $811.70 million for drug interdiction and counter-drug activities.
- $55.96 billion for procurement of aircraft, missiles, weapons, combat vehicles, ammunition and shipbuilding.
- $35.84 billion for research, development, test, and evaluation, including $3.7 billion for a ballistic missile defense system.
- $8.59 billion for military construction, land acquisition, and military family housing.
- 4.8 percent pay increase for military personnel.
Energy Department National Security Programs
- $5.65 billion for environmental restoration and waste management.
- $4.54 billion for weapons activities, which includes stockpile supervision and management.
- $1.77 billion for national security, including $658.20 million for nonproliferation, $30.06 million for intelligence, and $31.20 million for counter-intelligence.
Legislation - Introduced (House) - April 14, 1999
Title: FY2000-2001 Defense Authorization bill
- Floyd Davidson Spence Sr. (SC - R) (Out Of Office)
- Ike Skelton (MO - D) (Out Of Office)


text: On Mon, 2002-09-23 at 15:04, Richard Walsh wrote: > > Ron Minnich wrote: > > >One question I keep getting from the Big Computer Vendors: "how many nodes > >will this sell this year? How much money?" Well, this year, linuxbios will > >sell at least 2500 or so dual-P4 nodes, not counting all the other types > >of nodes currently selling. And, though it is a small number, total > >linuxbios cluster node sales this year are over $16M, up from $0M last > >year. > > Think the LinuxBios idea is cool and progres great, but noticed > that a simple division: > > $16,000,000 / 2500 = $6,400 > > Is a bit on the high side (about $2,000 over what I need to > speed to get a fast dual-P4 Myrinet cluster today) ... perhaps > doing this division is too simple(istic)? > > Can you comment? Thanks, Once you start adding racks and cables and such, the cost rockets upwards quickly. I still have to figure out whether, by weight, fiber cables are more expensive than gold. You might even throw in a little *gasp* "profit margin". For those who haven't heard that term before, you can probably find a definition in an "old economy" economics text. ;-) -Dean


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text:
Blair Towers
Class of 2015
Major/Minor: Biology, Chemistry
Campus Involvement
- -Varsity Sailing
- Zeta Tau Alpha, Risk Reduction and Education Chair
- SAM (Student-Athlete Mentor)
- Tri Beta Honor Society
- Cater Society of Junior Fellows
Hometown: Goochland, VA
What do you do for a campus job or work study?
I am a Peer Mentor and a Course Mentor.
What are you up to this summer? And what are you most looking forward to?
I am doing research on Type I Diabetes at UVA. I am excited about working in the lab and working with the Chief Transplant Surgeon on my review paper on composite transplants.
What is your Sunday habit?
Racing in regattas up and down the East Coast.
Why did you choose your major?
I have always loved Biology and Chemistry. The professors within this discipline of study finalized my decision.


text:
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text:
SANFORD — When you hear someone say "Sanford," what comes to mind?
The Sanford Regional Economic Growth Council and Sanford Downtown Legacy (SDL) are going to hold two focus groups on Wednesday, Oct. 10, that they hope will help shape the answer to the above question in a positive way.
"Do people think of our town in a negative way?" SDL Executive Director Fran Libbey asked in a press release. "Sanford has a lot of assets, and we, as members of the community need to take pride in living, working and playing here."
Next week's focus groups will focus on "branding" Sanford.
"The branding of a town takes input and buy-in from the entire community," Libbey said. "In other words, your participation and ideas matter!"
The growth council recently hired Nancy Marshall Communications to help establish a "brand" and "tag line" for Sanford-Springvale. Formed in 1991, the Marshall Communications agency is known to be "experts in sharing your story and strengthening your brand," according to Libbey.
"We know that not just one group or organization can paint the entire picture of the heart and soul that makes Sanford unique, so we need your help," Libbey said. "A new school mascot, the recent mill yard redevelopment, a growing airport, and projects spanning Springvale, downtown and South Sanford offer us the perfect opportunity to 'brand' our community."
All are welcome to these forums — residents, students, business owners, organizations, and anyone else who is interested in the future of the community.
One of the focus groups on Oct. 10 will be offered at the Anderson Learning Center at 21 Bradeen Street in Springvale from 8 to 10 a.m. The second one that day will be offered at the Sanford Town Club on Washington Street in Sanford from 6 to 8 p.m.
For more information, please call Suzanne McKechnie at 608-4176 or Fran Libbey at 490-4002.
Public invited to help 'brand' Sanford Two forums on Oct. 10 hope to shape the town's future
SANFORD — When you hear someone say "Sanford," what comes to mind?


text:
Today, it is estimated that 60% of Americans have trouble with their wisdom teeth; thus, many have them removed. Some of the problems may be related to our modern, softer diets.
Evolutionists argue that wisdom teeth are proof for evolution. In actuality, they are evidence that man used to live longer, mature slower, and grow bigger. For example, if you are growing bigger, by the time you are 18 to 20, as your head enlarges, the wisdom tooth pops through with no problems. Wisdom teeth are not proof for evolution.


text: On Tue, 22 Aug 2006, Mark Hahn wrote: > it's good to minimize the friction encountered when performing some task; > it's NOT true that the only or best way to do that is by dumbing it down. > every bit of dumbing makes the system less versatile. and the dumbing is not > the goal - this is what is too often forgotten in UI design. Or to recall an ancient quote regarding the venerable Macintosh, as true today as it was the day it was coined: "You can learn to use a Mac in a day, and then pay for that knowledge for the rest of all time." Any numb-nut can learn to move or copy files with a mouse and some sort of iconic drag-n-drop view of some small portion of their filespace. Try to take all the files in your directory tree that are older than three weeks and match *.bak and delete them -- with your mouse. You can do it iff somebody hat actually has a versatile, complex, difficult interface to work with and has MASTERED it encapsulates all the work for doing this task and presents it to your mouse as a "delete all .bak files over three weeks old" function, executable with a click. Make it complex enough to handle files with different endings, different deletion ages, arbitrary matchable patterns inside the rest of the filename, and that doesn't actually delete the files but simply "moves them to the trash" because now the tool is terribly dangerous and your "simple" UI is now too complex for dummies to learn -- and still not anywhere NEAR as general as what one can do with just a rudimentary understanding of standard unix commands, for loops, regular expressions or even just globs, and pipelines of tools such as sed in bash. Knowledge of the latter isn't cheaply bought, but the power it gives you is nontrivial and it makes life interesting. Would the world be a better place if all streets were laid out in an absolutely regular rectangular grid with absolute addressing and labelling in terms of latitude and longitude? No street names, only absolute reference numbers. Directions to anyplace in the world now consisting of "Go 132045 blocks East, turn left/North, then go 8937 blocks" or equivalent? Even complete idiots could then find places, right? Cars could be made with a point and click interface too! > this is why the gradual improvements made to C and Fortran have helped those > languages stay relevant. yes, both lack the nicer syntactic sugar > for structuring provided by C++ or Java, but then again, sugar is just empty > calories. they don't change the expressive power, though they may > alter how easily a novice can pick up the language and do something. > an expert will be able to do the same stuff in any language - often better in > a "low level" one, just as an expert can make a manual car drive > better than an automatic. Oh yeah! > fundamentally, we tell users that their main time-consuming loops need to be > in efficient compiled languages, preferably in highly tuned libraries like > ACML. what kind of duct tape they use on the outside is pretty much a matter > of taste. (we have a population of users who have "gratuitously MPI" codes - > embarassingly parallel codes, often montecarlo, which are treated as MPI > simply to reduce book-keeping. we're trying to figure out how to offer > better duct tape so they can submit these jobs honestly (as serial jobs). > to me, that's a lot more interesting than the particular language choice...) Well, at this level of course it is. Language differences, if relevant (and sometimes they are) are likely to be important and interesting only when doing the application programming. And then, so few people are truly expert enough in more than one language to really be ABLE to judge which one is really better or worse for anything. Most people, myself included, find vain and giddy reasons to justify that which we are doing and want to continue doing, and keep a blunt instrument handy for those that might seek to require us to do otherwise. It reminds me, fondly enough, of many role-playing games. You've got a certain amount of "life". You can spend it becoming the most kick-ass warrior in the virtual universe, OR you can spend it becoming the best magic worker, the best rogue, the best whatever. If you try to become the best warrior who is ALSO the best magician and picks a mean pocket, well, you are likely to find that you may be the best all around character in some ways but a real warrior, or magician, or rogue can all kick your butt if you go head to head with them in their forte. Plier of all trades but master of none, so to speak. rgb > > regards, mark hahn. > > > _______________________________________________ > Beowulf mailing list, Beowulf at beowulf.org > To change your subscription (digest mode or unsubscribe) visit > http://www.beowulf.org/mailman/listinfo/beowulf > -- Robert G. Brown http://www.phy.duke.edu/~rgb/ Duke University Dept. of Physics, Box 90305 Durham, N.C. 27708-0305 Phone: 1-919-660-2567 Fax: 919-660-2525 email:rgb at phy.duke.edu


text:
This weekend in North Carolina, a man was spotted clinging to the trunk of an Oldsmobile. On the highway. But that's not all, he also smashed through the rear window to get in the car. What was happening here?
Now, before you complain, yes, this video was filmed in portrait mode. I don't get it either, but let's not let that distract from what's going on here.
There's a man on the trunk of this Oldsmobile, reportedly driven by a woman with a child inside. The woman filming, Brenda Cruz, says that the man on the trunk used something to smash the rear window and then climbed inside.
Authorities are yet to figure out what exactly has happened and haven't located the car as it was gone after they responded to calls from drivers.


text:
The London Olympics are 7 hours away and Twitter will be at the center of it. From the official media channels to normal people, every triumph, defeat or important event during the Olympics is expected to be tweeted to millions in a near real time fashion. From a communications standpoint, Twitter is literally set to become the most important component of the games of XXX Olympiad.
Marc Andreessen's famous post "Why Software is Eating the World" has never been more true. In only four years, Twitter has drastically changed the way the world publishes and consumes information related to the Olympics. We can expect entire events being narrated real time via Tweets and consumed in areas of the world inaccessible to the official media channels. In that sense, Twitter will make the Olympic spirit even more global and facilitate the exchange of news and passionate opinions between people from different races, economic backgrounds, religions, political standpoints at a scale we've never seen before.
Similarly, I believe the London Olympics are destined to influence part of Twitter's future. From a communication flow and technology standpoint, Twitter is about to see an unparalleled phenomenon: 21 days of sustained global traffic spikes. Twitter wasn't nearly as globally adopted during the Beijing Olympics as it is today and recent events such as the Arab Spring that has seen a lot of attention in the Tweetsphere has been of a shorter duration, geographically and demographically focused and of a lesser scale than the 2012 games.
It's hard to imagine another technology that could be so pivotal to a global phenomenon like the Olympics. Without exaggerating, we can say that the games of the XXX Olympiad wouldn't be the same without Twitter and the, still young software company, is about the witness the influence of its technology at a complete different scale.
Let the Tweetgames begin!


text:
Workshop International Year of Chemistry Arlene Correa | added on Nov 16, 2011 | Brazil In this workshop we will celebrate the IYC in the Federal University of São Carlos, Brazil. The program includes a round-table and four plenary lectures presented by distinguished researchers from Brazil, Spain and USA.
|celebrating chemistry, chemistry education, workshops, analytical chemistry
|students, professional chemists, research scientists, universities, post graduate students, professors


text:
Linux 2.6.32 Kernel Brings Virtual Memory Improvements
Dirty Memory, Drivers, Filesystems
For the Linux kernel, 2009 has been another banner year, with this week marking the debut of the kernel's fourth major updates.
The 2.6.32 is jam-packed full of driver and filesystem updates as well as several new features that are intended to improve both the physical and virtual performance of a Linux-based operating system.
BTRFS is a next-generation filesystem originally spearheaded by Oracle's Chris Mason. BTRFS holds the promise of providing improved error correction, "snapshotting" -- making a copy of file data at a particular point in time for improved data integrity and recovery -- and other file-integrity enhancements.
BTRFS made its initial Linux kernel debut in the 2.6.29 kernel, the first update of 2009.
A new per-device writeback feature also originated with Oracle (NASDAQ: ORCL) by way of engineer Jens Axboe. The basic idea behind per-device writeback is to optimize the process by which so-called "dirty memory" -- memory that is not optimized and might need to be written to disk -- is flushed to a storage device.
The aim of per-device writeback is overall memory performance improvement, as the dirty memory can be optimized by use of its own dedicated kernel thread.
"As to the 'big feature' changes in 2.6.32 ... there's been a fair amount of changes to BTRFS, and the block-layer writeback itself has been through major updates, and the whole ... writeback thing is a pretty big change," Torvalds wrote in a mailing list post announcing the new kernel.
- Skip Ahead
- 1. Dirty Memory, Drivers, Filesystems
- 2. Dirty Memory, Drivers, Filesystems


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When I was 18-19, I thought I wanted a career in hand-drawn illustration, and my goal was album covers. Glad I didn't. Hand-drawn illustrations are mostly gone, and so are (long playing) album …
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When I was 18-19, I thought I wanted a career in hand-drawn illustration, and my goal was album covers.
Glad I didn't.
Hand-drawn illustrations are mostly gone, and so are (long playing) album covers.
You can still find vinyl stores like the one in "High Fidelity," but they are few and far between (like pay phones).
Some of us no longer have any kind — vinyl, cassette, CD — of individually packaged music.
Travel agents? You can still find them too. But they are disappearing too.
Daily print newspapers?
Denver's only daily just cut 30 percent of its staff. It breaks my heart, because I know what's next, and I have seen it coming for a long time.
I have subscribed to daily newspapers since I was an undergraduate. The math is 50 years. Subscribing to The Los Angeles Times in my late teens was a subscription to the big table in the room. I learned the names of reporters and columnists, and I became familiar with liberals and conservatives — and idiots.
Too harsh?
Idiots are convinced that any newspaper's factual stories are either liberal or conservative, even when they are simply factual stories.
One Post reader wrote, "You totally alienate half of the state and wonder why you need to eliminate a third of your staff?"
Truth is, The Post didn't wonder why it had to be done.
Reader preferences and economic factors were involved.
How news is being accessed has been changing for some time. Likewise, shopping preferences. I haven't been to a mall in 10 years, maybe longer.
The internet isn't entirely to blame for all of this. But it's an accomplice.
You can find out what just happened anywhere in the world right now on the internet, not the next day in a print edition.
It goes further: Local televised news is losing viewership. It lost mine years ago.
The panel format is too convivial. Big stories are side by side with stories about cats wearing clothes. They tease you, so you don't use the remote during a commercial. I used a remote during commercials.
Another Post reader blamed "out-of-state hedge-fund owners who have no regard for local news."
There's blame — or credit — to go around, but what it amounts to is a loss. The loss of a hand-held sheaf of words, images, ideas, and opinions.
But that's not enough to keep something around anymore. Our preferences, aligned with new technologies, replace dated formats all day long.
Jennifer just made a trip to Ohio to see her family. I asked her if she wanted to borrow a book. She said, "No, thanks. I have a book on Kindle."
She didn't see my reaction because I was in another room.
I lowered my head.
My morning paper goes splat on the driveway about 4 a.m. It's a trigger, that sound. I can smell the coffee before I can smell the coffee.
Something's charm, if that's what it is, isn't enough. Otherwise we'd all still be taking the train.
Craig Marshall Smith is an artist, educator and Highlands Ranch resident. He can be reached at email@example.com.
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