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by Hugh Hunter
Now running at Stagecrafters, 8130 Germantown Ave., "Ruined" takes you to a mining town in the war-torn Congo. Written by Lynn Nottage, the play was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 2009.
There have been many newspaper accounts of the horrors in Central Africa with all of its child soldiers, machete dismemberments and endemic gang rapes. Nottage took the trouble to travel to Uganda to hear first-hand stories from women who had fled the Congo.
As the play opens, Christian (Maurice A. Tucker) transports two girls to the bordello of Mama Nadi (played by Tiffany Bacon with great stage presence). One is Salima (Erin Nicole Stewart), raped and captured by soldiers, then abandoned by her entire village for shaming the community.
The other is Sophie (Liz Priestly), who turns out to be Christian's niece. She too was gang-raped, butchered so badly she can barely walk. Sophie finds some safety working as Nadi's accountant and barroom chanteuse. (Priestley is a strong singer.)
Drifting in and out are gangs of soldiers. Director Catherine Pappas has them wear the same sort of dull military uniform, making these loudmouth louts so ludicrous and nondescript you have trouble distinguishing the government men from the rebels.
The few men who are not predatory are weak and ineffectual. Mr. Harari (Paul Diferdinando) is a white colonialist leftover who now lives a precarious and meaningless life. Christian is a poet, called "professor" in derision, who learns to tame his fears with booze.
Pappas uses a daring set (design, Richard Stewart) where a barroom wall turns to create a bedroom. In one scene, sexy Josephine (Carlene Pochette) gaily entertains the soldiers in the bar. Then after a dark pause, we see her alone and sobbing in the bedroom, the kind of public-to-private moment turnaround you see in the movies.
Playwright Nottage tries to liven up "Ruined" with a little action. Fortune (Brian Neal) tries to reclaim his wife Salima. Mama Nadi has a change of heart and tries to send Sophie away from the dangerous countryside.
But both these actions are poorly motivated. "Ruined" does not tell a story as much as it creates a situation where life is so hopelessly violent and chaotic that anything can happen at any time, and the only safety the women can find is to live in a whorehouse.
And as the women await their next calamity, they tell you what has already happened to them, while the emerging relationship between Nadi and Christian suggests that a change in sex roles may be the only way out of this political mess.
"Ruined" is activist documentary in the guise of a play. Raising public consciousness is a legitimate function of theater (since Ibsen, anyway), and for drawing attention to this modern day atrocity, "Ruined" deserves the praise it has won.
"Ruined" will run through April 28. Reservations are available at 215-247-9913.


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text: On Tue, 26 Apr 2005, Ben Mayer wrote: > The point of the study was teaching them parallel programming with MPI > and UPC to see what the (dis)liked/(mis)understood to gain a better > understanding of how we can help them learn. An observation was that > they wrote their code in such a way that it was difficult (or > impossible) for the compiler to vectorize the code (even with > directives). This isn't terribly surprising, at least to me. Back in the old days, when the North Carolina supercomputer center was still around and had a Cray YMP as its centerpiece, a whole lot of the stuff run on it wasn't particularly vectorizable. People would apply for a "supercomputer account" and expect their ported code to run at 100's of MFLOPS (standard at the time on the desktop was maybe 1-4 MFLOPS depending on how expensive your Unix desktop or departmental compute server was). However, most code doesn't vectorize too well (even, as you say, with directives), so people would end up getting 25 MFLOPs out of 300 MFLOPs possible -- faster than a desktop, sure, but using a multimillion dollar machine to get a factor of MAYBE 10 in speedup compared to (at the time) $5-10K machines. In the meantime, I'm sure that there were people who had code that DID vectorize well pulling their hair because of all those 100 hour accounts that basically wasted 90% of the resource. My own code doesn't vectorize too well because it isn't heavy on linear algebra and the loops are over 3 dimensional lattices where nearest-neighbor sums CANNOT be local in a single memory stream and where a cluster methodology that makes the code's convergence SCALE faster requires that sites be selected for cluster inclusion that are effectively random memory accesses (the slowest possible, cache-defeating form of memory access). Rob Peter, pay Paul. However, it PARALLELIZES just gangbusters fine, since accumulating statistics on independent runs is embarrassingly parallel and produces nearly perfect linear speedup. That (in the early 90's) was when I realized that a cluster of 10-20 $8000 Sun workstations (all but one or two paid for by other people or the University) could give me twice the performance of a Cray on my code, not on a measley 100 hour "research" account but on a 24x7 basis where every week that went by I accumulated more than twice as many hours. And the workstations were all in use by humans at the same time as desktops! My jobs just ran quietly in the background and didn't noticeably slow the sunview or SGI GUI. Finally, the code required no special structure or directives -- it was nice, portable, serial code. The moral of this particular story is to NOT try to force code onto a vector environment unless it is, really, a vector task. Indeed, don't force code into a PARALLEL environment (e.g. into PVM or MPI) unless it is a NON-TRIVIAL parallel task (I spent a lot of time rewriting my code as master-slave stuff in PVM, only to finally realize that EP tasks are more easily managed by just running the damn jobs independently via e.g. a script and accumulating results with other scripts, because writing ROBUST PVM (or MPI) code -- code that can survive a casual reboot or interruption of any particular node -- is Not Easy. If it IS a vector (or nontrivial parallel, or both) task, then the problem almost by definition will EITHER require extensive "computer science" level study -- work done with Ian Foster's book, Amalsi and Gottlieb for parallel and I don't know what for vector as it isn't my area of need or expertise and Amazon isn't terribly helpful (most books on vector processing deal with obsolete systems or are out of print, it seems). However, the observation that in many cases using an appropriate library in the vector case is the way to go is dead on the money. One important example is linear algebra, which is something that generally DOES vectorize well (almost by definition:-). ATLAS clearly demonstrates that linear algebra subroutines can vary in speed by a factor of 3 or more just by switching algorithms and blocking/stride in a way that is optimal for the memory/CPU sub-architectures in use. Ordinary humans (that is, intro students in any CPS class) aren't going to see this kind of speedup from writing mundane loops that implement standard algorithms in straightforward ways. The problem is obviously complicated still further by the existence of "vector" co-processors that can do certain operations on certain memory blocksizes very quickly, which a whole DISTINCT set of memory latencies and bandwidths to contend with, complicated still further by SSE instructions and on-CPU specialty processing units. Clearly there is no "solution" that fits all of the possible cases; equally clearly ANY ATTEMPT TO OPTIMIZE for a particular architecture instance comes AT THE EXPENSE OF code portability, code readability, code instrumentation with numerous #ifdefs and pragmas. Library calls for "separable" components that might vectorize at least provide an API layer that can leave the code itself portable and require that all optimization energy go into the library (or not). > >From the experiences of helping instruct two parallel classes, and my > own experiences learning (and observing), it is a very rare case that > a scientific code (or most any large code) will be be automatically > vectorized all of the way through, unless one has a good understanding > of computer architecture AND significant experience producing code > that the compiler can optimize for a given arch. Absolutely, dead on the money. Especially since there is no "COTS" vector (co)processor, so that these days most vectorization involves the limited amount available within SSE on OTS cpus or one-of-a-kind vector units that are neither standard nor code-portable. It is an interesting question as to what would happen if e.g. Intel or AMD went the co-processor route once again, and developed a dedicated function, really really fast vector/float coprocessor for their 64 bit lines of CPUs and standardized a machine language interface for the architecture so that compilers could "automatically" use it. I'd guess that the problems such an approach would face would be profound, as memory bandwidth is likely to be a rate limiting obstacle that might make the result no faster than memory-bound linear algebra code is already on OTS CPUs. As Mark has somewhat wryly observed already. It is quite probable that they HAVE thought about doing this and rejected it, both because of a relatively limited market for the result and because it may NOT speed things up that much compared to what they can do with a general purpose CPU with efficient floating point pipelines and state-of-the-art memory architecture. For me, I just revel in the Computer Age. A decade ago, people were predicting all sorts of problems breaking the GHz barrier. Today CPUs are routinely clocked at 3+ GHz, reaching for 4 and beyond. A decade ago, 10 MFLOPS was still a respectable speed and only available on systems that cost order of ten thousand dollars. Today a GFLOP is a mundane speed and available on systems that cost order of one thousand dollars. A decade ago a "supercomputer" provided a few hundred MFLOPS, costs millions of dollars for the hardware, hundreds of thousands of dollars in annual maintenance, hundreds of thousands more each year for housing, cooling, and a staff of professional acolytes that had to be propitiated in order to make anything like full use of the resource (with the exception of the relatively few of us who had discovered cluster computing by design or accident). Any sort of computer CAPABLE of more than the most mundane performance was considered a >>munition<< by Our Government and export-restricted lest Bad People design nuclear weapons with them. Today, supercomputers routinely get 100's of GFLOPS on up, at a cost of less than $1000/GFLOP. Anybody can build them. Amazingly, in spite of the fact that my aged and obsolete laptop would have been a munition a decade ago and that just about every country on the planet has at least ONE cluster capable of eating any ten munitions-quality supercomputers a decade ago, Bad People apparently are no closer or farther from nuclear devices than they ever were (as their primary obstacle is obtaining weapons-grade nuclear material, not coming up with or implementing an "adequately" functional design as the latter is really pretty trivial in terms of modern technology and a bomb doesn't have to be "perfect" to be frighteningly usable). Ahh, it's good to be alive. rgb > > CVL is a library that has to be called. This means that one has to > explicitly make a function call to the lib for your code to have > vectorized segments. Function calls greatly diminish a compilers > ability to optimize. Cray's compilers (and recently gcc) will > automatically vectorize code for you, if it can. Cray's will even make > it run in parallel, across processors, to some extent. The > optimization can be greatly helped by knowing how to help the > compiler. Learning how to guide the compiler takes a good deal of time > to learn. Unless Sony/IBM releases an awesome compiler and some great > vectorized sub-systems (a graphics render, physics engine, etc) the > Cell's (PS3) speed will be hindered greatly by code not vectorizing. > This could be a great opportunity to make a large sum of money. > > NESL does not appear to have momentum. Started in 1991 and the last > paper is in 1997. They talk about running on Paragon and CM5 (I > believe that UMN had serial #1), not about Cray X1, which is what we > were using. > > scandal's web site makes it look like it is a research language only. > > MPI is standard, UPC has compilers from many vendors (including Cray). > MPI is installed everywhere and runs everywhere, UPC can run on > distributed memory and SSI systems, and is currently being explored > for strengths and weaknesses. > > Heck Matlab might be a good choice. Everything is a matrix AND it runs > in parallel... now if only our large machine with matlab would be > stable we could give some more assignments. ;) > > Ben > > On 4/26/05, Andrew Piskorski <atp at piskorski.com> wrote: > > On Tue, Apr 26, 2005 at 10:01:25AM -0500, Ben Mayer wrote: > > > > > I actually just did a small study of how well students in a parallel > > > computing class write parallel codes on X1 with MPI and UPC. One of > > > the things that stood out is that they tended to do odd things in > > > their loops that inhibit code from vectorizing. > > > > So, why were these students writing loops in the first place? If the > > goal is to generate vectorized code, wouldn't it make more sense to > > use a language or library which directly supports vector commands? > > > > E.g., although they're used for serial not parallel programming, S and > > R are vector oriented in a pleasantly convenient way. There do exist > > languages and libraries specifically intended for vector programming, > > like CVL or NESL, right, so, are they not useful? > > > > http://www-2.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/project/scandal/public/papers/cvl.html > > http://www-2.cs.cmu.edu/~scandal/ > > > > -- > > Andrew Piskorski <atp at piskorski.com> > > http://www.piskorski.com/ > > > > _______________________________________________ > Beowulf mailing list, Beowulf at beowulf.org > To change your subscription (digest mode or unsubscribe) visit http://www.beowulf.org/mailman/listinfo/beowulf > -- Robert G. Brown http://www.phy.duke.edu/~rgb/ Duke University Dept. of Physics, Box 90305 Durham, N.C. 27708-0305 Phone: 1-919-660-2567 Fax: 919-660-2525 email:rgb at phy.duke.edu


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The national media and economists say that Japan has the highest public debt of any developed nation, but the reality is the U.S. government's debt load is much bigger and much worse.
New research from Markus Jaeger, director of global risk analysis and Deutsche Bank observes:
Continue Reading Below
"When assessing public-sector debt sustainability, it would be negligent to disregard implicit government liabilities. Gross and net debt ratios provide merely a snapshot, failing to capture medium-and long-term fiscal dynamics. If one sums up government debt and the implicit debt arising from government pension and healthcare spending commitments (appropriately discounted), the U.S. government's debt is almost twice as large as Japan's and almost three times as large as Germany's." (See Figure 2 below)
The mainstream press was quick to cover the big story about how Japan's public debt recently passed 1 quadrillion yen (NYSEARCA:FXY), which is roughly equivalent to $10 trillion in U.S. dollars (DX-Y.NYB). But they overlooked the other pertinent facts: How the U.S. government has been understating its public debt (NYSEARCA:TLT) for years. WATCH: Trading Commission Free ETFs the Smart Way
In a Wall Street Journal piece late last year, Chris Cox and Bill Archer estimated the federal government's actual liabilities to be $86.8 trillion or 550% of gross domestic product (GDP). The analysis included not just the headline debt figure of $16.9 trillion, but other significant costs the government is on the hook for including Social Security, Medicare, and federal employees' future retirement benefits. By comparison, Japan's debt-to-GDP ratio is expected to hit 230% in 2014.
Other estimates put the federal government's total liabilities at $70 trillion. And the cruel demographics of an aging population won't help.
"The fact is that fertility rates in virtually all advanced (and most top-tier emerging) economies have already fallen to, or below, replacement levels. Absent immigration, all of them are set to experience not only population aging and population decline over the long term, but they will also experience declining labor forces and rising dependency ratios," adds Jaeger. (See Figure 1 above)
The yield on 10-year U.S. Treasuries (^TNX) has surged 53% since the start of the year from 1.83% to almost 2.90%. And while long-term Treasuries holders have experienced double digit losses near 13%, inverse Treasury funds that gain when bond prices decline like the ProShares -2x Treasury 20+Yr Bear ETF (TBT) and the Direxion -3x Treasury 20+Yr Bear ETF (TMV) have jumped between 24% to 34% year-to-date.
Undoubtedly, the financial stress of an aging population and exploding public debt will result in a financial reckoning day.
The ETF Profit Strategy Newsletter uses a combination of market sentiment, fundamental/technical analysis and common sense to be on the right side of the market. Since the beginning of the year, 78% of our time stamped ETF picks have turned a profit. (through 6/30/13)
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Series hub | Game 5: Notebook | Box score
OKLAHOMA CITY — This wasn't supposed to go down like this. Not this game. Not this series. Not this postseason. Kevin Durant's historic offensive regular season came to a cringing, clanging conclusion Wednesday night, smothered for a fourth consecutive game by a focused Memphis Grizzlies defense.
Only the sixth player in NBA history to finish a season shooting 50 percent from the floor, 40 from 3-point range and 90 from the free-throw line, Durant went down like this: 5-for-21, 0-for-4 and 11-for-15. Even his auto-dial free throws betrayed him in this series, 13 alone failing to go down in the final three games, likely flattened by fatigue as he played all 48 minutes in Wednesday's Game 5 and 229 of 245 in all, and swarmed by defenders to the bitter end.
His first six shots failed to drop in the top-seeded Oklahoma City Thunder's 88-84 defeat, just like his last one with 4.9 seconds left. It was a good look from 16 feet away, the kind he makes in his sleep, but this one caught a chunk of rim and had no prayer of rolling through like the mesmerizing, high-bouncing 3 that beat the Rockets in Game 3, the first game OKC played without Russell Westbrook.
And so there will be no Finals return. No revenge matchup against the Miami Heat. And for Durant, at least, there is no remorse, no regret.
"I gave all I have for my team. I left it all out there on the floor," Durant said. "I missed 16 shots, but I kept fighting, kept being aggressive, and that's all I could ask for. It is what it is. It's tough to swallow right now, but I'm sure we're going to look back on this down the line and really appreciate this tough time. It's something we've got to embrace and get better from. It's tough to lose your last game in the playoffs so you've just got to move on."
On the other side, Grizzlies big man Zach Randolph came up large in the biggest game of his career. He went to work in the low post early and finished with 28 points and 14 rebounds. He missed two free throws with 11.3 seconds to go to leave the door cracked for the Thunder's late surge that closed an 80-70 deficit to 86-84 and a fifth consecutive game that came down to the wire.
But Durant and the Thunder again couldn't close. He went 1-for-5 from the floor in the fourth quarter for two points. He committed three of his seven turnovers, a total that surpassed both his field goals (five) and assists (six). The Grizzlies move on to the franchise's first Western Conference finals against either San Antonio or Golden State.
Dejected, Durant stopped on the floor before heading into the tunnel. The sellout crowd at Chesapeake Arena, most still having stuck around, applauded their superstar and chanted "O-K-C," seeming to express the same sentiment as Durant's coach, Scott Brooks, did after the game.
"I love Kevin," Brooks said. "He's put this team in a position a lot of people respect with how he conducts himself, how he approaches the game every day in practice. You're not going to make every shot. You're going to have a couple of [bad] games and sometimes you're going to have them in a row. But that's one thing about KD, he's not an excuse guy and that's what our organization is about."
Durant's fourth-quarter misfires in Games 2 through 5 were indeed jaw-dropping from a player who had routinely become so clutch he seemed automatic. But starting with the final three minutes of Game 2, when NBA All-Defensive First Team member Tony Allen took on guarding the three-time scoring champ, Durant went an inexplicable 4-for-25 in the fourth quarters, plus the Game 4 overtime.
"Every one of these games came down to the last few minutes," Durant said. "It's unfortunate we didn't come out on the winning side except for once. Like I said, down the line we are going to look back on this and really appreciate it. Sometimes you've got to ride out some storms to get to sunshine."
As this series unfolded, with Durant missing shots and the Thunder falling further behind, the predictable criticism of Durant began. Comparisons to LeBron James' fold job in the 2010 East final with Cleveland and his mysterious disappearance during the fourth quarters of The 2011 Finals against the Dallas Mavericks were prematurely and wrongly being lowered onto Durant's shoulders.
The truth is there is no comparison to be made. The Thunder were dealt a crippling blow when Westbrook tore cartilage in his right knee and required surgery that would knock him out for duration. On the fly, OKC had to adjust two games into the first round. Durant never shied from the pressure, he simply didn't make his shots.
He got OKC by Houston in six games, but the Grizzlies, a top-three defensive team boasting three All-Defensive Teamers and the Defensive Player of the Year, Marc Gasol, made life too difficult. Consider that second-year man Reggie Jackson, the third-string point guard when the season started, was the Thunder's second-best player in the series behind Durant.
A team that averaged 105.7 points in the regular season managed just 89.6 against the Grizzlies, a deficiency that reveals Westbrooks's immense impact and the burden placed on Durant. Serge Ibaka, Kevin Martin and Derek Fisher provided little spark offensively. Thabo Sefolosha, Kendrick Perkins and Nick Collison added even less.
"He played 48 minutes and I thought he really wanted to carry his team back home," Grizzlies coach Lionel Hollins said of Durant. "He was trying to get a win tonight and he came out really trying. Throughout the course of the series we just tried to put pressure on him and keep fresh bodies on him. They had to play him and he had to be the go-to-guy and we knew that, and we just tried to make him work for everything."
And work he did until with just a few minutes left, he bent over, tugged at his short bottoms and stared at the floor. One could only gather he was already plotting his return next season, when he and Westbrook will return with greater motivation and again as one of the West's top contenders.
"I have peace because this is when we really had to come together," Durant said. "You really seen us grow as a group. The only way I'd be frustrated is if we came in here with attitude because Russ is out or we missed shots or we lost the game, and nobody did that. We kept our spirits up. We were always positive and that was the best part about it. No matter how you lose, you couldn't ask for nothing else man.
"These guys, I love playing with them. Some days you come in and you get upset with each other, that's just life. But at the end of the day I love all those guys, we all love each other and it was a joy fighting with each other, this playoff run, this whole season. So it wasn't frustrating. Of course it was a little tougher than usual, but we made the best out of it."


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CHICAGO (Reuters) - On long flights to swing states in the West and late nights at the White House after his children have gone to bed, President Barack Obama is cramming like a student for a test that could determine his political future.
The subject? His opponent, Republican presidential nominee Mitt Romney. The test? His face-off with the former Massachusetts governor at their first one-on-one debate next month.
With the race still tight despite Obama's slight lead in the polls, the stakes are high for both men to perform well at the three debates this fall and gain momentum toward sealing the November 6 election.
Forced to juggle his governing and campaigning responsibilities, Obama is squeezing in debate prep when he can.
"We don't have the same luxury that Romney does in terms of time," Obama's chief campaign strategist David Axelrod said.
That means Obama uses flights to Nevada, Colorado and other election swing states on Air Force One to read up on Romney's positions, or studies in the evenings at the White House when he's in town.
"He's spent a lot of time reading material and most of it is familiarizing himself with what Governor Romney said in this campaign," Axelrod said. "I mean, he's pretty conversant with his own record but he wasn't very conversant with Romney's."
Obama will sharpen his debating skills against Senator John Kerry, the 2004 Democratic presidential nominee, who will play Romney in mock sessions.
Aides want him to work on being brief - a departure from his tendency to be long-winded, which can turn off TV viewers and make him look aloof.
"He's got to speak shorter, that's all," Axelrod said. "He just hasn't had to do that for the last four years so that's a part of the discipline of preparing for these debates."
Romney's sparring partner is Ohio Senator Rob Portman, who has played the president in several mock debates in recent weeks. Portman told reporters on Friday that Romney was "doing great."
Now that the two parties' conventions are over, the debates are the last high-profile, set-piece events left to shape the race for the White House.
The first encounter at the University of Denver in Colorado on October 3 will focus on domestic policy while the second, at Hofstra University in New York state on October 16, will allow audience members to ask questions. Vice President Joe Biden and Representative Paul Ryan face off in Danville, Kentucky, on October 11 in the only vice presidential debate.
The final match between Obama and Romney, in Boca Raton, Florida, on October 22, will focus on foreign policy, a strong point for Obama.
If polls stay the same until the debates begin, Romney will need to strike a rhetorical blow strong enough to reverse Obama's momentum. He gained some experience in doing that while knocking out a series of Republican opponents in a series of debates held during his party's primary elections.
"Romney is at a considerable advantage going into the debate because of the sheer amount of GOP debates he successfully navigated only months ago," said Republican strategist Ron Bonjean. "Although Obama is an incredible speaker, he doesn't often hold news conferences or allow himself to be challenged."
A one-on-one debate with the president naturally elevates the challenger, and historical precedence shows the incumbent often loses the first debate.
But Romney has disadvantages.
Voters view him as less likeable than Obama, a quality that could be magnified on the debate stage, and the wealthy former private equity executive is more prone to gaffes than his Democratic opponent. Romney challenged Texas Governor Rick Perry to a $10,000 bet during one of the primary debates, reinforcing an image of being out of touch with average Americans.
"Romney needs to ... show he's ready for prime time after multiple gaffes, connect with people in a genuine way and lay out actual plans for how he'd govern. So far, he's failed on all three counts," said Democratic strategist Doug Hattaway, a former adviser to Hillary Clinton's 2008 presidential campaign.
"President Obama will need to win back independents who gave him a chance in 2008 and re-inspire the new voters who turned out in great numbers to put him into office," he said. "The debates offer a good platform to do both."
Both campaigns are engaging in a familiar political strategy ahead of the debates: raising expectations for the other guy.
"Mitt Romney had many, many debates and he was very good in them," Axelrod said. "By and large when he needed to bring it, he did. He memorizes his set pieces and he delivers them well. He obviously has no hesitance at all about going after someone."
Romney already is predicting Obama will be less than truthful at the debates, sewing seeds of doubt in viewers' minds that Obama's words can be trusted.
"I think he's going to say a lot of things that aren't accurate," Romney told ABC's George Stephanopoulos last week.
"And you know, I'd be tempted to go back to that wonderful line by Ronald Reagan, 'There you go again.' But you can't use something that."
Obama's team has raised doubts about Romney's truthfulness, too, and former President Bill Clinton already used a version of Reagan's famous line to describe Republicans during the Democratic convention.
Additional reporting by Steve Holland; Editing by Alistair Bell and Bill Trott


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Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) and Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR)
Image courtesy of NEI Corporation
Top image: Filmwise condensation (FWC), Bottom image: Dropwise condensation (DWC)
In electrical utilities and in many process industries, improved heat transfer by heat exchangers represents the greatest potential for improving process energy efficiency. In FY 2008, through the SBIR program, the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Basic Energy Sciences funded research and development activities to improve heat exchanger efficiency—though materials of construction, improved heat transfer fluid materials—including nanostructured fluids and improved heat exchanger design. Heat exchanger costs, ease of retrofit and installation, and maintenance were considered to ensure innovative technologies were commercially viable.
Steam from a condensing turbine flows into a surface condenser, which is comprised of tens of thousands of tubes, typically made of untreated stainless steel or titanium, and packed as a bundle inside a cylinder. Cooling water flows inside the tubes, and steam condenses on the outside surface. Usually, steam condenses by a process called film-wise condensation (FWC), which leads to a film of water that acts as a heat transfer barrier. In contrast, NEI's patent-pending SuperCondenser™ technology promotes durable drop-wise condensation (DWC), whereby a fresh metal surface is constantly exposed to the steam. The DWC is the result of a super-hydrophobic surface treatment on the tubes and is a key feature of the SuperCondenser™ technology. The key innovation in this DOE funded effort is the development of an industrially scalable liquid coating formulation that leads to a highly durable hydrophobic coating.
The SuperCondenser™ surface treatment is applicable to industrial condensers in general, including and especially surface condensers in power plants. The surface treatment is applicable to metallic surfaces, such as stainless steel and titanium, which are found in a variety of commonly used consumer products, like kitchen appliances, shower heads, and hand rails. The treatment enables a highly hydrophobic and oleophobic surface, therefore providing anti-fouling and easy to-clean properties.
NEI's technology results in an increase in the heat transfer coefficient by as much as 20%. The increased efficiency can lead to either a reduction in the amount of fuel used for a given power level or an increase in power output for a constant fuel intake. NEI states that if all the coal and natural gas based power plants in the United States were to use this technology, it would result in an estimated annual savings of nearly $1.5B, or conversely, lead to an increased power output valued at over $1B per year.
Krista Martin - Engineering, Marketing, & Sales Support
NEI Corporation


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School Furniture: Activity
Activity tables must be built to stand up to heavy, every day use. The full range of Allied activity tables was designed taking this primary requirement into account. Each table top and leg assembly design has been extensively tested to assure that it will remain strong and look great after many years of use.
All Allied tops have premium quality high pressure laminates that are ideal in the classroom environment. Our leg structures are made of heavy gauges of steel to guarantee structural integrity. Whether you prefer non- adjustable or adjustable height versatility, Allied has just the right table for you.


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The 2012 version of the PowerMill CAM system for high-speed and five-axis machining features a flowline machining option that divides the tool path between a pair of drive curves in a constant number of passes rather than having a varying number of passes with a constant stepover. The tool path will have its start and end passes on the drive curves with the intermediate passes blending between them. According to the company, this approach gives smoother results because it ensures that each pass travels over the full length of the area rather than leaving the part or making major direction changes during the pass. It produces a better surface finish on the part and minimizes wear on the cutter and the machine tool, the company says.
Flowline machining can be applied across part of a surface, across a complete single surface or across multiple surfaces. Intermediate curves can be added between the boundaries of the area for greater control over the tool paths for complex fillets or when machining gently curved surfaces to a smooth finish.
Other enhancements include the ability use Bezier curves rather than polylines when sketching geometry; more control over the clearance distances applied to the cutter and its holder; a spiral machining strategy added to an optional module for automated machining of blades, blisks and impellors; optional control of the angular point distribution; and thread-milling options.
Editor PickNCSIMUL Machine Software Increases Reliability of NC Verification
The new version of NCSIMUL's machining module available from Hexagon Manufacturing Intelligence includes automation functionality that gives the user wider control over their jobs on other devices by communicating with distant servers.


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Leftover notes and quotes, plus some fun with numbers
Here are a few notes and quotes from North Brunswick's big win against Cummings in the boys 2A NCHSAA state tournament. -Utility: Adam Jacobs is a kid for North Brunswick who does a lot of things. Sure, he scored 27 points on Wednesday and hit all manner of circus shots, but that doesn't do justice to what he brings to the floor for the Scorpions. For that, we need to take a leaf out of Brian Mull's book at the… Read More »


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- Premier League
Rooney: Van Persie would be a great addition
Manchester United forward Wayne Rooney believes Robin van Persie would be a "great addition to the squad" if a deal can be reached this summer.
Van Persie, 29, has been heavily linked with a £20 million move to Manchester United over the past few days, with just one year remaining on his current Arsenal contract.
With Manchester City and Juventus seemingly already out of the running, it appears that should Van Persie leave Emirates Stadium this summer, Old Trafford will be his eventual destination.
Rooney was quick to praise his potential strike partner, adding that he considers the Dutchman to be a "fantastic player"
"Of course he's a player that I admire," Rooney told the Daily Mirror. "He's a fantastic player, he's been amazing for Arsenal over many years.
"Last season was probably his best season of all, he scored a lot of goals. If he does come here he would be a great addition to the squad."
Asked whether he could play in tandem with Van Persie, Rooney added: "I'd like to think so - but you'd have to ask the manager about that. There's a lot of forwards here already with myself, [Danny] Welbeck, Chicharito and [Dimitar] Berba, who's still here. So there's a lot of forwards fighting for a place."


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At a recent Executive Producer Roundtable summit in Spokane, WA, participants asked Ed Seifried and I the question, "What is a normal level of interest rates?" Today's agricultural producers and businesses have been managing their businesses through an extended period of low interest rates. For example, the prime rate has remained at 3.5% for nearly four years. With the Federal Reserve's statement that they would keep rates low through 2014, this would be an unprecedented period of low interest rates.
Historically, the prime rate has been much higher. For example, from 1997 to 2001, the prime rate ranged between 7.75% and 9.5%. The terrorist attacks of 2001 resulted in the great dive to 4-4.75% for three years, before the prime rate picked up steam from 2004 to 2007, when the rate was between 5.25% and 8.25%.
Using this historical perspective on interest rates, one would surmise that the federal funds rate, which is currently at 25 basis points, would rise to 3.5-4% in normal times. The rule of thumb is that the prime rate averages approximately 3 percentage points above the federal funds rate. This would peg the prime rate for preferred borrowers at 6.5-7%.
I predict that the next spike in interest rates will be a movement toward "normal" rates, rather than the historical perspective of 19-20% interest rates in the early 1980s. The cash flow of businesses and government entities with debt on variable rates would be hit dramatically with higher rates. For example, a spike in the variable interest rate of a $500,000 line of credit could add $20,000 annually to the cost of production, or up to $40/acre on 500 acres of crop production. A 4% higher interest rate on the national debt would increase federal expenditures by $600 billion, amounting to 16% of the federal budget.
One of the critical aspects in planning on a farm or ranch business is to conduct scenario testing of interest rates. If interest rates go back to "normal," it would be good for savers, but critical for those carrying large amounts of debt on variable interest rates.
Signs that interest rates may increase:
- Core inflation rate above 3% and headline inflation above 5%.
- Unemployment rate dropping to between 6% and 6.7%.
- Foreign creditors, which finance 41% of the federal debt, reducing their U.S. holdings and investing in other nations, therefore increasing interest rates on the U.S. debt.
Editor's note: Dave Kohl, Corn & Soybean Digest trends editor, is an ag economist specializing in business management and ag finance. He recently retired from Virginia Tech, but continues to conduct applied research and travel extensively in the U.S. and Canada, teaching ag and banking seminars and speaking to producer and agribusiness groups. He can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Former Bears and Redskins defensive lineman Chris Zorich is preparing to plead guilty to four misdemeanor counts of not filing federal income tax returns from 2006 to 2009, a span when he made more than $1 million, including some income from a charity he founded which continued taking donations even after it stopped doing any charitable work.
Although Zorich could face up to four years in prison, Zorich's attorney, Matthias Lydon, said he is hoping the judge will not put his client in jail.
"He's been looking forward to the day he could start putting this behind him," Lydon told the Associated Press.
These federal charges are not Zorich's only legal troubles. He has also been the subject of a state investigation in Illinois regarding allegations of improper activities by the Chris Zorich Foundation, which stopped doing any charitable work in 2008 but continued soliciting donations into 2010. In 2010 Zorich admitted that he couldn't account for his charity's money. According to the Chicago Tribune, Zorich was also paying $3,000 to himself from the charity's funds every month for rent because the charity was using his home as its office.


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The Rochambeau Chapter is an affiliated member association of the National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution (NSDAR), Washington, D.C.
Chapter Regent: Caroline de Navacelle (email@example.com)
Chapter Vice Regent: Wendy Cormier
Welcome to France!
The Rochambeau Chapter in France brings together women whose American and French "patriot" ancestors actively participated in the American War of Independence (1775-1783).
With its bi-cultural roots, and an international membership that embraces several generations, the Rochambeau Chapter actively pursues the shared historical, educational, and cultural goals of the NSDAR, while promoting Franco-American friendship on a day-to-day basis.
Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, Comte de Rochambeau (1725-1807)
Military commander appointed by King Louis XVI to lend vital assistance to General Washington during the War of American Independence (1775-1781).
His remarkable military and leadership skills were instrumental in winning victory for the American colonists at the battle of Yorktown, Virginia (October 19, 1781); this decisive battle ended the War of Independence.
The courage of the French military who fought alongside the American colonists during the War of Independence led to the birth of a new Nation, the United States of America.
Web hyperlinks to non-DAR sites are not the responsibility of the NSDAR, the state organizations, or individual DAR chapters.The Webmaster : Lucy Williams Morin : firstname.lastname@example.com NSDAR Insignia is the property of, and is copyrighted by, the National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution.


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As the Pirate King Gold Roger was executed he revealed that his treasure,known as "One Piece",was hiddensomewhere on the Grand Line. Monkey D. Luffy dreams of finding the legendary treasure and becoming the Pirate King,and after eating the devil`s fruit gains the power to do so. But first he must find a crew… Greatness,Glory,Gold. A Pirate Named Gold Roger also known as the Pirate King has conquered this all. He was executed with an unknown reason but before he died he had revealed his last word about The legendary Treasure named One Piece which was hidden in the Grand Line. 22 years after his Death,A Pirate named Monkey D. Luffy appeared and has only one Goal,To Become the Next "Pirate King" and Find The Treasure "One Piece". This Start The Never Ending Adventure…


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In "Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother" (Penguin Press, 2011), Yale Law School Professor Amy Chua describes child-rearing techniques that, as she puts it, "would seem unimaginable — even legally actionable — to Westerners."
Reacting to a modern American parenting culture she finds soft and forgiving of mediocrity, Chua, inspired by her Chinese immigrant parents, set strict standards for her daughters. They weren't allowed to make grades lower than As. They had to play piano or violin and practice hours a day, even on vacation, to ensure excellence. No sleepovers, play dates or TV.
For a lot of American parents, Chua's strident defense of "Chinese parenting" touched a nerve. But parenting experts see some value in her approach — if not always in the way she carried it out.
"There's a good take-home message here," said Dorian Traube, an assistant professor at USC's School of Social Work. "Chua has very clear expectations of her kids — what activities they'll engage with, who they engage with. Any parenting book you pick up will tell you that's the way to raise happy, secure children. What's controversial is her methods."
Take the way Chua taught her children perseverance. In "Battle Hymn" she writes of a time when her daughter Louisa tried to walk away from her piano practice after a week of "nonstop" — and fruitless — work on a piece.
Chua forced Louisa back to the piano, even as the child "punched, thrashed and kicked." She threatened to take Louisa's dollhouse to the Salvation Army if the girl didn't have the piece perfect within a day. When Louisa kept making mistakes, Chua told her to "stop being lazy, cowardly, self-indulgent and pathetic." She forced Louisa to practice "right through dinner into the night," not allowing breaks for water or even to use the bathroom.
Eventually, Louisa mastered the piece and loved playing it.
"One of the worst things you can do for your child's self-esteem is to let them give up," Chua writes.
David Palmiter, a psychology professor at Marywood University in Scranton, Pa., said he was not aware of research showing that belittling children is a healthy motivational technique. But to some degree, he added, forcing kids to tough out a challenge — even when kids "howl at the moon" and push back hard — makes sense.
"We want kids to develop the psychological muscle to do things well when they don't feel like it," he said. That work ethic fosters success in school and work.
Ideally, Palmiter said, parents should aim for "optimal distress" — enough to build resilience but not interfere with growth. If your child gets so worked up by the pressure that she stops sleeping, or gets anxious or aggressive, or begins avoiding you, you've taken things too far.
Chua (partially) got it right with grades, too, the experts said. In "Tiger Mother," she writes that her daughters had to be the No. 1 student in every subject except gym and drama. Underlying this rule is an assumption common among Chinese mothers, Chua writes: that children can be "the best" students if they work hard enough.
Setting challenging goals — insisting that mediocrity won't do — is crucial for children, said Abigail Gewirtz, an assistant professor of family social science at the University of Minnesota. "If you push a kid to do well, and they're good at it, they benefit," she said. "It's good to have high expectations."
But expectations need to be realistic and tailored to each child. "Not every kid can be at the top of the class," Gewirtz said.
Traube said that for high-performing children, meeting lofty expectations can be empowering. For a child who can't get the A, however (and some truly can't), a bar set too high can so discourage children that they decide "it doesn't make sense to have goals for the future."
While acknowledging that cultural norms vary, the psychologists saw less to laud in Chua's policy outlawing sleepovers and play dates.
"It would not be a recommendation I'd make," Traube said. "Not allowing kids to spend time with other kids could set them up to miss social cues and not be as comfortable with their peers." Such discomfort can lead to isolation later in life.
Chua's hard line on TV and computer games — she banned them completely — got mixed reviews.
"It's kind of extreme," said Jeffrey Seinfeld, a professor of social work at New York University. "Kids need some veg time."
Gewirtz, who doesn't let her children watch TV during the week, noted that some parents create successful no-TV households by replacing television time with other family activities. But she also said that keeping children away from television completely can make it harder for them to fit in with peers. "If your family doesn't watch TV, your kid might not know what's going on," she said.
With television as with anything, moderation, the experts agreed, is probably the best course. "Tiger mothers," as defined by Chua, take good instincts to extremes that just can't work for every child.
But at least, said Traube, Chua has folks thinking. "One thing I love about this book is that it's getting people talking about parenting," she said.
Times staff writer Jeannine Stein contributed to this report.
In "Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother" (Penguin Press, 2011), Yale Law School Professor Amy Chua describes child-rearing techniques that, as she puts it, "would seem unimaginable — even legally actionable — to Westerners."


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Conservative Mennonites (Dutch-Prussian-Russian)
The Anabaptist reform movements of the 16th century exhibited in the subsequent centuries an amazing capacity to divide and reunite. This article will survey the dividing and the reuniting of one stream of the Mennonite family, namely, the Dutch Mennonites who migrated to Poland (Prussia), Russia, Canada, and Latin America.
The parallel term "Old Orders" is used principally to refer to North American Swiss-High German-Pennsylvania Mennonites and Amish. It refers to the dividing processes among Amish and Mennonites in which some groups separated in order to conserve or maintain the old ways or the old order (Ordnung). Although the term "Old Orders" was not normally used in the stream of Mennonitism being discussed in this article, the process is present. It is this process which will be described here, under the label "conserving" or "conservative Mennonites."
Early Dutch Anabaptists and Mennonites both united and divided. During the time of Menno Simons, the Dutch united into two groups, the Menists or Mennonites, and the Waterlanders. The principal issue dividing these two groups was church discipline. Waterlanders were more lenient and the Menists stricter in exercising church discipline. How church discipline was administered affected their expression of pacifism (nonresistance), relationships to the surrounding culture, intermarriage with non-Mennonites, lifestyle, etc. In 1567, shortly after these two groups had formed, the Menists divided into the Frisian and Flemish factions. Again, the main issue was church discipline, with the Frisians more lenient and the Flemish somewhat stricter. Not long after the division, both groups began to divide into factions, again shaped largely by the stance on church discipline. The Old Flemish attempted to retain the stricter views of the past, whereas the "Soft" Flemish moved closer to the less strict Frisians. The Old Frisians, in trying to retain the old ways, moved closer to the Flemish, and the New Frisians moved closer to the more lenient Waterlanders and High Germans. The people who were the strictest separated from the Old Flemish and formed the Borstentasters, Bankroetiers, and Jan-Lucasvolk factions. Under the influence of the Socinians and the Remonstrants, the focus of issues in the Netherlands shifted from church discipline to doctrine. In 1664 practically all the Dutch groups realigned into two groups, one (the Zonists) which emphasized the necessity of correct doctrine, and another (the Lamists) which emphasized inner personal faith and downplayed the necessity of correct doctrine. These two groupings remained separate until the Napoleonic era, when the central issue shifted to the necessity to educate leaders. Because of serious membership losses by both groups, neither was able to finance the operation of a seminary. Therefore, in 1811 the two groups joined to form the Algemeene Doopsgezinde Sociëteit and jointly provided the finances for the Amsterdam Mennonite Theological Seminary in Amsterdam. The Dutch church had no subsequent divisions.
The Frisian-Flemish division was imported into Poland by 1569, and this division remained in effect when the churches came under Prussian rule in 1772, and even after the immigration to New Russia in 1788. The same issue, church discipline, was the issue which separated the two. As in the Netherlands, the Frisians were more lenient and the Flemish stricter in the use of church discipline. These two groups remained opposed to each other until after the Napoleonic wars when, due to the influence of Pietism and Prussian nationalism, the antagonism gradually disappeared.
When the Chortitza and Molotschna settlements were established in New Russia, the Frisian and Flemish division was still strong enough to result in the formation of separate churches. However, in both settlements, fraternal relationships developed almost immediately so that this division did not have a major impact upon Mennonite life in Russia. In New Russia the central issue which caused divisions was the role that civil Mennonite organizations should play within Mennonite communities. This problem arose because the Russian government insisted that Mennonites, like all other foreign colonists, establish local civil organizations which were to be responsible to the Department of the Interior. The local Mennonite civil organizations were responsible for roads, bridges, and other municipal affairs, as well as local administration of justice. During the days of Johann Cornies, the civil organizations took control of education from church leaders.
Out of this context, two key issues emerged, namely: who was responsible for administering church discipline; and who controlled education the church or civil organizations. The conservers of the "old order" believed that the church should administer church discipline with the traditional patterns of admonition, ban, and reacceptance upon confession. They also believed that the church should control the education of children, and that education should prepare them for membership in the church and local village community. The progressives, or innovators, were willing to see the civil administation take over control of the schools, so that in their view the quality of the schools could be upgraded, and the curriculum could be broadened to include studies far beyond what was necessary for life in a Mennonite village and church. In brief, the innovators were willing to allow the civil administrations to play an increasingly important role in shaping the character of Russian Mennonitism.
In the Chortitza settlement many of the conservers were able to separate themselves from the innovators by moving to the new settlements of Bergthal, founded in 1836, and Fürstenland, founded from 1864 to 1870 (Bergthal Mennonites). In the 1860s the Frisian church in the Chortitza settlement divided, with the formation of a Mennonite Brethren Church under German Baptist influence. The Mennonite Brethren asserted church control over discipline and argued that the old church (Kirchen Gemeinden), from which they were separating, was lax, since, they asserted, everyone was considered a member in good standing, and no test of authentic faith, no discipline was exercised.
The Molotschna settlement suffered more separations than the Chortitza settlement over the issues of how to relate to the civil Mennonite organizations. The first church in the Molotschna colony (founded 1804) was Flemish. Its leaders accommodated to the establishment of civil Mennonite organizations. In 1812 some Mennonites under the leadership of Klaas Reimer objected to this situation in which the civil authorities were taking over the discipline of Mennonite people through the exercise of civil punishments. They argued that the church should exercise discipline through a process which would lead to forgiveness. When the leaders continued to support the civil organizations, the Kleine Gemeinde was formed.
Most members of the Molotschna Flemish Church, even though they did not join the Kleine Gemeinde, nevertheless disagreed with the stance of the leadership, which was accommodating to the civil organizations. Consequently, in 1822 the majority of the Flemish left to form the Lichtenau-Petershagen church. The smaller group which remained with the accommodating leadership was the Ohrloff Church. This group became the center for most innovations in the Molotschna school settlement. It established the first secondary schools, with their new curriculum, and introduced new farming methods. Through Johann Cornies it attempted to impose its innovations upon the rest of the Russian Mennonites.
The Lichtenau-Petershagen Church, also known as the Grosse (large) church, seriously attempted to retain the old ways of administering discipline through the church. They ran into direct conflict with the Russian government, which supported the civil Mennonite organizations. The result was that in 1842 the Russian government broke up the Lichtenau-Petershagen Church into three smaller factions which could be controlled more easily, and forced the elder (Ältester) to abdicate his position.
Four additional churches were formed in the Molotschna settlement as a result of immigration from Prussia. One, the Rudnerweider (1820), was Frisian, and the other three were Flemish, namely Alexanderwohl (1820), Gnadenfeld (1836), and Waldheim (1836). These four accommodated themselves to the prevailing pattern in which the civil organizations had control of discipline and education.
The Mennonite Brethren Church originated in 1860 in the Molotschna settlement. The movement began largely in the context of the Gnadenfeld Flemish congregation, a congregation which had immigrated in 1836. The Mennonite Brethren movement soon drew adherents from throughout the Molotschna settlement. The Mennonites who formed the Mennonite Brethren movement especially criticized the Mennonite churches for being unwilling to exercise the necessary discipline. The problems that the Mennonite Brethren pointed out were largely caused by the influence of the civil Mennonite organizations, which had on the one hand caused the church to relax discipline, and on the other had created a civil Mennonite community in which the churches were not free to exclude anyone from the church. The Mennonite Brethren leaders were thus, in a sense, also conservers, calling the church back to express the discipline of its former days. This critique of the Mennonite churches was, however, not shaped solely by the attempt to restore the old ways. Mennonite Brethren leaders also wanted to implement new ideas learned from Lutheran Pietists or from German Baptists.
Mennonites who migrated to Manitoba, Canada, in the 1870s came primarily from two sources. One group consisted of one-half of the Kleine Gemeinde (the other half of the Kleine Gemeinde settled in Nebraska). The other group consisted of people from the Bergthal and Fürstenland settlements in Russia which, when they were first formed, had drawn conservers from Chortitza. The Bergthal and Fürstenland people were joined in their trek to Manitoba by conservers from their mother colony, Chortitza. They all hoped to establish settlements in Canada in which the church would have control over education and discipline, and in which civil authority would be subordinate to religious authority. In Canada, however, the situation was quite different from that in Russia. The Mennonite civil organizations, e.g., the village Vorsteher (mayor's office) and regional Obervorsteher, were not supported by the government. These organizations were purely voluntary. Instead of supporting the Mennonite civil organizations, governments proceeded to impose their own civil organizations upon Mennonite settlements. Governments first took over municipal matters and then gradually the education system. Mennonite churches in Manitoba and Saskatchewan found the spheres of community life over which they had authority gradually shrinking. It thus became clear that the policy of the provincial governments was to integrate Mennonites into the Canadian way of life. In Canada, acculturation thus became the issue around which divisions occurred.
Acculturation involved not only questions of authority over schools and community organizations, it involved also faith and beliefs. Those who accommodated usually felt that their earlier theology was inadequate to express their new outlook. In Manitoba two patterns developed for formulating new theologies. Within what became known as the (Manitoba) Bergthal Mennonites, a new theology was shaped through higher education with the establishment of a secondary school at Gretna in 1889. More than three-quarters of the Bergthal-Fürstenland-Chortitza immigrants rejected this option, chose to retain the old ways, and formed in 1893 what became the Sommerfeld Mennonites.
The other pattern the acculturating group used was to shape a new theology on the basis of a revivalist movement. The revivalist movements were rooted in North America and seemed to give better theological expression to a North American way of life. As a result of revivalist influence, half of the Kleine Gemeinde followed its elder into the Church of God in Christ, Mennonite. The other half of the Kleine Gemeinde followed the older ways, eventually becoming the Evangelical Mennonite Conference. In 1888 a small group of Reinländer Mennonites (Old Colonists) left to form the first Mennonite Brethren Church in Canada. The large Reinländer Church continued to follow the old ways (Old Colony Mennonites). In 1898 some Kleine Gemeinde members formed the first Bruderthaler Mennonite Church in Canada. The Kleine Gemeinde followed the old ways.
The conservers feared that by accommodating to the new ways they would jeopardize their faith in God, which included community and peace witness. By the 1920s many of the conservers felt that they could no longer follow the old ways adequately in Manitoba and Saskatchewan. Many conservers immigrated to Mexico and Paraguay, while other conservers, for various reasons, remained in Canada. By the 1930s the Canadian conserving groups consisted of Chortitzer (Conference), Sommerfelder, Old Colony, and Kleine Gemeinde (Evangelical Mennonite Conference) in Manitoba; and Sommerfelder, Bergthaler, and Old Colony in Saskatchewan.
The dividing over the issues of acculturation, accommodation, and revivalism continued. In 1936 a group of more accommodating Sommerfelder Mennonites split to form the Rudnerweider Mennonites (later becoming the Evangelical Mennonite Mission Conference). In 1948, because of the new acculturating pressures caused by World War II, a number of groups of conservers moved to Latin America some Bergthaler, Sommerfelder, and Chortitzer to Paraguay; some Kleine Gemeinde to Mexico. In the 1960s some conservers immigrated to Bolivia.
In 1959 a group of Sommerfelder Mennonites felt that their church had become too accommodating, and left to form the Reinländer Mennoniten Gemeinde. In 1983 a group of Old Colonists who wanted slightly more accommodation left the Old Colony church in Manitoba to form the Zion Mennonite Church. In 1986 a group of Reinländer felt the church had become too accommodating and left to found a new group, the Friedensfelder Mennoniten Gemeinde.
The churches which moved to Latin America were not immune to divisions. Not all the people who emigrated were of one mind about how to relate to the surrounding cultures. In Latin America, in contrast to Canada, the churches usually had much stronger control over the affairs of the whole Mennonite community. The greater autonomy of the Mennonite settlements gave the Mennonite churches greater authority over settlement life. For Mennonite churches in Latin America, the role of church leadership became the central issue around which church divisions tended to develop.
The settlements in Paraguay generally were able to evolve leadership patterns which were representative of the wishes of the people. Thus in Paraguay none of the original settlements from Canada experienced divisions.
The situation was quite different in Mexico. In Mexico the leaders in the Mennonite settlements tended to become increasingly authoritarian and were perceived by some to exercise their authority arbitrarily. Thus the divisions frequently represented revolts against the authority of the church leaders. The formation of mission churches, decisions by some of the Old Colonists to join the Kleine Gemeinde, and by others to join the Reinländer, tended to represent a revolt or rejection of the authority of the church leaders. These revolts usually involved not only theological changes, but were accompanied by changed lifestyle, different clothing styles, changed modes of transportation, and often by the development of better schools. Divisions also happened in the more conserving direction by those who thought that the authority of the church leaders had been eroded too much and that people had gone their own ways too far. These conservers tended to separate by moving to another location to found a new settlement either in Mexico or in another Latin American country.
Conservers have played an important role in the history of the Mennonite people. They have often intuitively sensed the close interrelationship and interdependence between cultural forms and religious values. They have realized that cultural forms become the carriers and communal symbols for theological values. They have seen that values are not free-floating, but rather are incarnated in cultural forms, and that the values and their cultural incarnations cannot easily be separated without destroying the values themselves.
Conservers have frequently been the pioneers in Mennonite migrations. They had the vision and the motivation to move because they valued their beliefs highly enough to give up financial security for an uncertain future. Consequently, they have frequently been the pioneers in new regions in Russia, Canada, and Latin America. Often after they struggled through the pioneer years to build more comfortable settings, their more progressive fellow Mennonites joined them and built on the foundation they had established. Then the progressives frequently, in a mood of ungratefulness, either reviled the conservers for being too conservative, or tried to convert them because they seemed to the progressives to be lacking in spiritual, expressive faith.
From the point of view of the progressives, the conservers have frequently seemed too strongly inward-looking, too closed, and lacking a vision to relate to the larger society. From the conservers' own perspective, they have attempted to emphasize the pre-eminence of faith for all of life, have tried to maintain the structures of community, have sensed the potentially destructive force of individualism, and have been tenacious in maintaining pacifism. They have played an important role within the larger Mennonite community in continuing to witness to Christian values, beliefs, and practices.
|John J Friesen
|Date Published
Cite This Article
MLA style
Friesen, John J. "Conservative Mennonites (Dutch-Prussian-Russian)." Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. 1989. Web. 22 Apr 2019. http://gameo.org/index.php?title=Conservative_Mennonites_(Dutch-Prussian-Russian)&oldid=141076.
APA style
Friesen, John J. (1989). Conservative Mennonites (Dutch-Prussian-Russian). Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. Retrieved 22 April 2019, from http://gameo.org/index.php?title=Conservative_Mennonites_(Dutch-Prussian-Russian)&oldid=141076.
Adapted by permission of Herald Press, Harrisonburg, Virginia, from Mennonite Encyclopedia, Vol. 5, pp. 193-199. All rights reserved.
©1996-2019 by the Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. All rights reserved.


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Kalkadoon History
Kalkadoon History and Culture
The Kalkadoon people also known as the Kalkatungu, kalkatunga and the Kalkadungu ruled what is called the emu foot province and have been living on these lands for over 40 thousand years and quite possibly over 60 thousand years. They owned vast tracts of land extending from McKinley's Gap in the east where they joined the Goa tribe of the Winton district to Gunpowder Creek which was the territory of the Waggaboongas. On the southern side of their territory the Kalkadoons were touched upon by the Pitta-Pitta tribe of the Boulia district, and on the northern side by the Mittakoodi of the Fort Constantine country.
The kalkadoons would mark their territory boundaries with an emu or cranes foot that was either painted onto rocks and trees or carved into the hard granite rock, this was also a warning for other aboriginal clans not to pass these boundaries.
Kalkadoon people have always been an independent and proud people roving their hilly surrounds normally in groups of 20 adults. They would camp for a few weeks at a time and live off the land until resources thinned out then they would move to another campsite and not return for 2 or 3 years so the wildlife and vegetation could replenish and survive.
The Kalkadoon people were extremely territorial and would rarely leave their country, they protected their land ferociously and were known to surrounding tribes as fearsome warriors. The kalkadoons acknowledged a leader and they always knew precisely where he was located. Once or twice a year delegates from the wandering bands of Kalkadoon people would assemble at the leader's camp and be instructed on raids or attacks on neighbours and at times two or more of these wandering bands would join forces.
On 12 December 2011, Justice Dowsett of the Federal Court formally
recognised the Kalkadoon people as the native title holders of nearly 40,000 square kilometres of land.
Kalkadoon Food
The Kalkadoons were extremely tall and muscular which was a result from the mountainous country they walked and climbed and also the diet they had. They were one of the healthiest aboriginal clans which was attributed to their diet of wild game, fruits, vegetables and fish. There was an abundance of grass seeds, edible roots, vegetables, vines, caper, pea's and berries and also mineralised water from the rivers and streams. They would eat fruits such as the conkerberry, bloodwood apple, wild orange, wild-currant and emu apple and also sucked the blossoms of the blood-wood and Bauhinia tree's for their sugar and honey. Certain types of ant's, caterpillar's, grubs and crayfish were a delicacy and a wide variety of meat was obtained from kangaroo, bustard turkey, opossums, porcupines, pelicans, bandicoots, diver birds, galahs, cockatoo's, cranes, ducks, pigeons, budgerigars, frogs, lizards, snakes and eggs from birds.
The Kalkadoon diet had one basic deficiency it was not suitable to a child when it had been weaned off its mother's milk which is why most children were not fully weaned until 5 or 6 years of age.
Conkerberries turn a blue/black colour when ripe and ready to eat.
Bloodwood apples are obtained from the bloodwood tree.
The bustard turkey was used as a source of food for the Kalkadoon people.
The Ancient Kalkadoon Miners
The Kalkadoon people have been extracting hard black basalt rocks and making spearheads and axes from the hills of Kalkadoon country for thousands of years in Australia. One Kalkadoon mining quarry is estimated at being over 6,000 years old which makes the Kalkadoon miners the very first miners in Australia.
The spearheads and axes were not only used for themselves, the Kalkadoon people had extensive trade systems that went for hundreds of kilometres around kalkadoon territory. They would tell neighbouring tribes by way of a message stick of a market that would be held to barter and trade their prized axe and spearheads. The Kalkadoon people would trade for shields, red ochre, boomerangs and pituri. Pituri was a stimulant made from the dried leaves and twigs of the Duboisia Hopwoodi tree.
The hard black basalt weapons were easy to shape by the miners but very, very strong when chopping and Kalkadoon axes from Mt.Isa have been found as far away as Southern and Western Australia. The Kalkadoon people had a production line factory system in place where each group of people specialised in a certain area of the operation. The miners would lever large basalt rocks out of the ground using long wooden poles, the rock was then broken into smaller pieces by another group. The rocks were then moved to another place where they were shaped into spear and axe heads before they went to the final group who were women who sharpened the weapons on grinding stones down by the river. The same job specialties apply to the miners of today with each miner specialising in their own field.
Black bassalt Kalkadoon mining quarry estimated at over 6,000 years old.
Black bassalt blank kalkadoon axe head.
Black bassalt blank Kalkadoon axe head. The black bassalt
rocks were napped to create blanks which were then taken to another site for more shaping
or napping.
Quartz Kalkadoon mining site.
Quartz kalkadoon mining site. Quartz was used for spear
tips and was very hard to nap or shape as it had a tendancy to shatter. Blanks were again moved
to another site to shape or nap.
Quartz napping site. This is where a skilled Kalkadoon man
would sit in the open flat ground and nap the piece of quartz and shape it into a spearhead.
This photo shows the chips of quartz left behind.
Very rare white quartz spear tips.
Kalkadoon Art
The Kalkadoon people were not only known as fierce warriors they were also known to neighbouring clans as being very artistic in their songs, dances, dreamtime stories, rock art and corroborees. In some corroborees men, women and children all participated and in others only a small few participated due to the sacred nature of the dance. Not all corroborees were sacred and members of the dance would paint themselves in signs and designs to indicate the dance that was being performed. Songs and dances performed during these ceremonies passed on information about the dreamtime to all that watched.
In some corroborees they would wear several large emu feathers on the top of their heads which increased their already tall broad 6 foot stature and be covered in white paint. They would have a dingo tail glued to the back of their hair with dried kangaroo blood and their faces were covered in white feathers again stuck on with dried kangaroo blood so only their eyes were visible. The male dancers looked like a most formidable sight to anybody watching.
Australian Aboriginal art is the oldest living art tradition in the world and Kalkadoon rock art has been studied around the world and known for its artistic qualities. The Kalkadoon artists were one of only a few aboriginal races that used dots in their rock art as well as lines and symbols. Kalkadoon rock art has stood the test of time with some rock art sites in Kalkadoon country being carbon dated at over 17,500 years old.
Kalkadoon Weapons
The Kalkadoon people lived on and around what is known as the Cloncurry belt and it is now regarded by scientists as one of the most remarkable tracts of country on the earth's surface as the Cloncurry belt of ranges represents one of the very rare surfaces of the earth that has never been inundated by the sea, not since the world began. The earth's history was put back an extra 50 million years once "the Cloncurry series" of rocks was shown to an international conference, parts of kalkadoon country were once an island in a large freshwater sea. The ranges of today after millions of years of erosion are merely stumps in comparison to the sky reaching mountains that once were.
The Kalkadoon people were one of a few if any that had such a wide variety of granite and rock to work with. There were at least nine different forms of rocks one of which is now called the Kalkadoon and because of this variety Kalkadoon weapons were sought after by many tribes.
The Kalkadoon people had many different stone weapons which included varying sized knives and stone spearheads, stone axes, scrapers, chisels and choppers. They made many different boomerangs from the gidyea tree which included hunting and fighting boomerangs, the ornate and fluted boomerang and the hooked and plain boomerang. They manufactured nulla nulla's or throwing sticks again from the gidyea tree and these were either used as a club or for throwing short distances. Fighting poles were also manufactured from the gidyea, mulga and box tree and were four to four and a half feet in length and sharpened on both ends which were used for close quarter fighting. Another weapon that was unusual even in its concept was a two- handed sword that was blackened with charcoal and made from the gidyea tree.
The kalkadoon people also made a variety of utensils which included coolamons, fish nets, emu nets, dilly bags, sharpening stones, waterbags, baking ovens, firesticks, yam sticks and even cementing substances. All of these technologies suggest that the Kalkadoon people did have a diverse education in the crafting of many materials at their disposal.
To the Kalkadoon people fighting for their precious and sacred land was a way of life one that had been passed down from generation to generation.
Black basalt Kalkadoon axe head. Kangaroo scraper.
White quartz spear tip (unwashed front and back). Gidyea or gidgee tree.
Grinding stone. Pot for mixing and crushing ochre.
Front and back of a black bassalt kalkadoon knife or cutter with serrated edge.
Shaping pot used to round and dull the tips of wood for clap sticks ect.
Assorted sized Kalkadoon axe heads used for different purposes.
Spear tip and grinding ball. Grinding stone.
Assorted Kalkadoon artifacts. Didgeridoo.
Spear. Different sized axe heads.
Kalkadoon knives used as weapons in close combat fighting.
Spinnifex resin was used for the handles to attach the knife tips and once set is like concrete.
The First European Contact
The first Europeans to cross through kalkadoon tribal country were explorers Burke and Wills who crossed the Cloncurry River in 1861 on the Victoria expedition heading for Cape York Peninsula. They were seen by the kalkadoons following the Corella River into the gulf and on their return journey through kalkadoon country again. Years later a few of the kalkadoons who had seen the expedition were astonished to find that apart from John King the whole party including camels and horses had perished on Coopers creek, they were astonished because kalkadoon country had such an abundance of food.
With the establishment of Burketown in 1865 large numbers of settlers flooded south to kalkadoon territory where traditional and sacred limited water and food supplies were threatened by the large numbers of whites.
The Kalkadoons patience was at an end by 1875 with more and more white people flooding to the area and sacred sites and water supplies being violated so the Kalkadoon resistance started, mostly ambushing stock and horse pulled carts to start with then in 1878 three stockman were speared and killed along with their herd of cattle while they were camping at a waterhole that was a sacred Kalkadoon site. From this point onwards the Kalkadoon waged war against the whites using battle techniques not seen before that have now been studied by armies around the world. The Kalkadoon warriors would attack several different outposts at once ensuring that no reinforcements could be sent, they also used their bush skills and would attack a party with spears then disappear back into the bush before the first spear had struck its target. For the next few years the Kalkadoon people used guerrilla warfare to win a series of decisive victories over the whites.
Early in 1883 the officer in charge of the Cloncurry native police Marcus Beresford was attacked with 4 of his troopers while tracking Kalkadoon warriors in the McKinley ranges. Beresford and 3 of his troopers were killed with the fourth trooper walking 20 miles with a spear still in his thigh to raise the alarm. For the next year the hills and surrounding area was Kalkadoon country once more with the white people not venturing too far from the safety of Cloncurry.
Late in 1883 Frederick Charles Urquhart was appointed the new sub inspector of the Native Police in Cloncurry and set about restocking horses and native troopers moving their camp 20 miles out of town to maintain discipline.
In the middle of 1884 James Powell was speared to death while mustering cattle, he was the co owner of Calton Hills Station with Alexander Kennedy. When Kennedy heard the news of his partner's death he rode eighty kilometres with his men to meet up with sub inspector Urquhart and his troopers and join forces. They then tracked the Kalkadoon warriors and trapped them in a gorge killing all the war party as well as women and children. Over the next months private posses and the new Native Police took a heavy toll on the Kalkadoon people and when a Chinese shepherd was killed in September the stations owner gathered a large number of men to join forces with Urquhart's Native Police creating the first paramilitary force in Australia.
Burke & Wills crossed the Cloncurry river in 1861 using camels.
Battle Mountain
The Kalkadoon were tracked 60 miles north of Cloncurry to a place now known as Battle Mountain where over 900 Kalkadoon lay in wait. The Kalkadoon had chosen this place for the battle to take place, they had stockpiled spears, boomerangs and rocks and the view from the mountain overlooked the plain below giving the tactical advantage to the Kalkadoon.
Sub inspector Urquhart started the battle by ordering the Kalkadoon to stand in the queen's name, they replied with a battle cry and hundreds of rocks thrown down the mountain. Urquhart then ordered a cavalry charge of 200 men on horseback up the mountain, their bullets bouncing off the rocks the Kalkadoon were using as cover and after 30 metres the horses could no longer climb the steep mountain and the men had to dismount and run for cover under a hail of spears. From high above the warriors shouted in defiance and continued their assault with rocks thrown down the mountain and while Urquhart was trying to regain control of his men and the battle he was hit in the head by a rock thrown by a large Kalkadoon warrior and fell unconscious to the ground. The native police temporarily abandoned other dead and dying and rushed to save their leader under a wall of covering rifle fire and with their leader saved but unconscious for hours the white army could offer no fight to the Kalkadoon warriors that were still raining rocks down the mountain.
When Sub Inspector Urquhart regained consciousness he immediately halved his army and flanked the mountain ready for an assault on two sides, it looked like the Kalkadoon warriors had little choice but to leave the cover of the boulders and prepare to defend in the open on two fronts. Upon seeing the flanking movement by Urquhart the Kalkadoon warriors left their cover and quickly formed ranks then without warning the warriors charged down the mountain with spears raised. The Kalkadoon lines with the pride and history of over 40,000 years of culture held for a brief moment as they charged their attackers and then as if history itself was being erased from the earth the Kalkadoon warriors were cut down by round after round after round of rifle fire. The brave remaining Kalkadoon warriors waivered but not able to accept defeat, this was their land they had no choice so they reformed their lines and again charged their attackers. Again the mountain rang with rifle fire that mowed down the charging warriors, after a while the rifle fire stopped and so too had the Kalkadoon resistance. Urquhart was not satisfied with the slaughter that had taken place and for several days with his native troopers commenced a cleaning up operation where any Kalkadoon survivors found were also killed.
The Kalkadoon people were the only aboriginal people to stand up to an organised force of white men in open combat and fight to the very end but their stone age weapons of the past were no match for the white man's firepower of the future.
A lone reminder of Australia's fiercest battle is a memorial obelisk near Battle Mountain which reads:
This obelisk is in memorial to the Kalkatunga tribe, who during September 1884 fought one of Australia`s historical battles of resistance against a Para-military force of European settlers and the Queensland Native Mounted Police at a place known to-day as Battle Mountain - 20 klms south west of Kajabbi. The spirit of the Kalkatunga tribe never died at battle, but remains intact and alive today within the Kalkadoon Tribal Council. "Kalkatunga heritage is not the name behind the person, but the person behind the name".
Battle ranges near Kajabbi. Battle mountain.