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ORDER M.L. Shrimal, J.
1. Petitioner, Surya Narain Choudhary, by this writ petition has challenged the validity of the order of the President of India (Annexure-1, dt. Aug. 8, 1981), terminating the period of the office of Governor, held by Shri Raghukul Tilak and has claimed the following reliefs :--
(i) to issue a writ, order or direction in the nature of mandamus, directing respondents Nos. 1, 2 and 3 to treat respondent No. 4 Shri Raghukul Tilak as Governor of Rajasthan up to May 11, 1982;
(ii) to issue a writ, order or direction in the nature of quo warranto. quashing the appointment of Shri K.D. Sharma, Chief Justice of Rajasthan High Court, under Article 160 of the Constitution of India, directing him to discharge the functions of the Governor of Rajasthan; and
(iii) to issue a writ, order or direction that Article 156(1) of the Constn, is not subservient to Article 74 of the Constn. and in the alternative to declare Article 156(1) of the Constn. to be ultra vires of Article 74 of the Constn. and invalid, unconstitutional and violative of the basic features of the Constitution.
2. The case of the petitioner is that he was a member of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly from June, 1977 to Feb. 17, 1980. He is an active member of the Janata Party and a well known political and social worker, who is keenly interested in the social, political and economic welfare of the State and the people of Rajasthan. He is dedicated to the principles, enshrined in the Constn. and it is his bounden duty to see that the provisions of the Constn. are faithfully implemented and that he being a voter it is his right to see that the House is summoned by a validly and lawfully appointed Governor and not by an illegal incumbent to the office. The petitioner maintains that Shri Raghuhul Tilak was appointed as Governor of Rajasthan on April 20, .1977 during Janta Party regime. He entered the office of the Governor of Rajasthan on May 12, 1977; and his five years' term will end on May 11, 1982. Under Article 156(3) of the Constn. he could hold his office for a period of five years from the date on which he entered upon his office.
3. The petitioner states that the President of India by an order, dt. Aug. 8, 1981. directed that Shri Raghukul Tilak "shall cease to hold the office of Governor of Rajasthan with immediate effect." The provision of Article 156(1) of the Constn. is subject to the provision of Article 156(3) and the latter provision is to prevail over the former one and as such the premature termination of the period of Governorship of Shri Raghukul Tilak is not in accordance with the provisions and the spirit of " the Constn.
4. The petitioner further avers that up to the year 1980 the provisions of Article 156(3) were always treated as mandatory and all the Governors appointed to discharge the functions of that high office were allowed to hold office for a term of live years. It is only after the coming of the Congress (I) in power that a dangerous trend of terminating the term of Governors, before their scheduled term of five year is completed, has started. It has been done with a view to overawe the Governors so that they may toe the line of the Central Government. For the first time in 1977 the Congress Party lost the election, when Janata Government came into power, which was headed by Shri Morarji Desai. Thereafter, certain appointments on the posts of Governors, whose term was going to expire or expired in 1977. were made. The Governors of Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, Maharashtra and West Bengal were appointed in the regime of Janata Government. The present Prime Minister has been consistently making efforts to "Jase out the Janata Party Governors appointed in the year 1977 or later. According to the petitioner, Shri Prabhu Dass Patwari, the Governor of the State of Tamil Nadu. was dismissed: and thereafter, the Government at the Centre wanted to terminate the term of the Governor of West Bengal and wanted to appoint a new Governor for that State; but the Government of West Bengal made it known to the Union Government that they were not in favour of changing the Governor of the State.
5. The petitioner further contends that the party in power controlling the Union Government is at loggerheads with the Government of West Bengal and is seeking an opportunity to dissolve the West Bengal Assembly; and as the Governor of West Bengal is not amiable to the control of the Central Government, the Government of India is conceiving and planning the dismissal of the Governor of West Bengal with a view to send there a Governor, who may make a report against the Government of West Bengal as desired by the Union Government and recommend its dismissal and also dissolution of the Legislative Assembly of that State. According to the information of the petitioner received from various papers, Shri T, N. Singh, present Governor of West Bengal, has declared his intention to take the matter to the Court of Law in the contingency of his dismissal; and as such the Government of India has dismissed, through the President the Governor of Rajasthan, Shri Raghukul Tilak. which is a part of a political measure and the same is likely to be repeated in the State of West Bengal. The idea behind it is that a Governor amiable to the influence of the party in power in the Centre may be appointed in West Bengal, so that the Assembly may be dissolved and fresh elections may be held under his control to the advantage of the Congress (I) party.
6. The petitioner's learned counsel further contends that Article 156(3) of the Constn. cannot be read subject to Article 156(1). The founding fathers of the Constn. wanted to ensure a minimum constitutional term of five years for the office of the Governor. Any other meaning given to the provisions of Arts. 156 (1) and 156 (3) is likely to demolish the basic structure of the Constn. because, the high Constitutional office of the Governor would become subservient to the President and through him to the Government of India which was never the intention of the framers of the Constn. The impugned order, dated Aug. 8, 1981 (Annexure-1), does not read that it was issued under the pleasure of the President. It merely makes reference to Article 156. A mere reference to a particular Article is not sufficient till there is an express exercise of pleasure and the same is made known by express and proper words. The learned counsel for the petitioner also urges that the President has issued the impugned order in accordance with the mandate of Art, 74 of the Constn. He has not exercised his independent discretion and applied his mind in issuing the impugned order, rather he has followed the advice tendered to him by the Union Council of Ministers. The effect of 42nd Amendment Act. 1976, particularly, amending Article 74 of the Constn. under which the President is required to act in accordance with the advice of the Council of Ministers, is that the pleasure of the President under Article 156(1) is always subject to the advice and subservient to the advice tendered by Council of Ministers. As such the provisions Of Article 156(1) of the Constn. has become nugatory and has lost all its force and sanctity. In view of the amendment of Article 74 the provision of Article 156(1) is liable to be declared to be ultra vires of Article 74. The president of India or the Union Government thro' him, has acted arbitrarily, capriciously and unreasonably in terminating the term of the Governor of the State. The premature termination of the term of Shri Raghukul Tilak cannot be termed to be a termination simpliciter. He is neither the servant, nor an employee under the President or the Central Government. His office is not subordinate or subservient to the Government of India. He is an incumbent of Constitutional functionary and the Government of India has no power to recommend or seek the dismissal or premature termination of the term of Governor thro* the mechanism of Article 156(1) of the Constn. by getting a Presidential order. In support of the above contention he has placed reliance on Har Govind Pant v. Chancellor University of Rajasthan, AIR 1978 Rai 72 (FB) and Har Govind Pant v. Dr. Raghukul Tilak AIR 1979 SC 1109. Learned counsel urged that it is the requirement of the law that every action of the executive Government must be accompanied with reasons and should be free from arbitrariness; and that is the very essence of rule of law. As the impugned order was passed as a result of the advice tendered by the Government of India; and as (he same is arbitrary, capricious and unreasonable, it is liable to be struck down. The Constn. conceives of an impeachment of the President of India, Comptroller and Auditor General of India. Chief Election Commissioner and Judges, but nowhere it conceives of an impeachment of a Governor and as such his removal or premature termination is violative of the provisions of the Constn. Shri Raghukul Tilak was appointed as Governor of Rajasthan as he had been a freedom fighter of repute, a man of outstanding ability, a writer and a thinker, and there is no reason whatsoever to justify his dismissal or premature termination. There is nothing to suggest that he was found guilty of treason or of violating any provision of the Constitution or any statutory law or had behaved in a manner which does not her hove the high office of the Governor. In the absence of above grounds his dismissal is unreasonable, arbitrary, irrational and mala fide, which must be quashed. Shri Raghukul Tilak by his premature termination has lost his status, besides consequential loss of remuneration and as the impugned order was passed in violation of the principles of natural justice, without giving him a notice regarding the intended order or without communicating to him any reason for his termination and as such it is liable to be set aside and is ab initio null and void. Learned counsel further urges that by no stretch of imagination can it be said that any public policy warranted the passing of the impugned order (Annexure-1, dt. Aug. Section 1981).
7. As the order of termination is ultra vires the Constn. and is ab initio null and void, there is no vacancy in the eye of law for the office of the Governor of Rajasthan, and, therefore, the President has no authority or right to appoint Shri K. D. Sharma under Article 160 of the Constn. to discharge the functions of the Governor. Shri K. D. Sharma holds an office of profit as he has not resigned from the office of Chief Justiceship, and as such he cannot be appointed to discharge the functions of the Governor of Rajasthan. Article 158(2) of the Constn. imposes a ban to such an appointment.
8. Shri K. D. Sharma has taken oath under Article 159 of the Constn. to discharge the functions of the Governor, and while discharging the Junctions of the Governor has issued Ordinance and has given assent to Bills, passed by the State Legislature. Thus, in fact and in law he is acting as Governor of the State of Rajasthan, while his appointment under Article 160 of the Constn. is completely unconstitutional. There also existed no contingency as envisaged by Article 160 of the Constn. and, therefore, the appointment of Shri K.D. Sharma to discharge the functions of the Governor is wholly illegal. The theory that all posts, civil, military, naval and all high constitutional offices like that of Governor, Ministers etc. are held during the pleasure of the President is a relic of British imperialism and the theory must be rejected being against the democratic principles, enshrined in the Constn. which declares India to be a sovereign, socialist and secular democratic republic.
9. On the basis of the above averments the petitioner claims the reliefs, -mentioned above.
10. I will deal with the contentions of the learned counsel for the petitioner ad seriatum. But before I take up these points, the first preliminary question which needs to be determined is whether the petitioner has any specialised interest of his own to vindicate, apart from a mere political concern sought to be expressed by him.
11. Admittedly Shri Raghukul Tilak has expressed no grievance against his termination from the high office of the Governor. The present writ petition purports to have been filed by a political and social worker of the Janata Party, who once happened to be a Minister under the Janata Regime, and who is under a fear that if the termination of Shri Raghukul Tilak is not challenged, there is every likelihood that the President of India might terminate the term of the Governor of West Bengal, Mr. T.N. Singh, who, according to the petitioner, is having smooth relations with the C. P. M., the party in power in the State of West Bengal, and is not amiable to the wishes of the Union Government or the President of India. Thus, apparently what the petitioner wants to agitate before this Court is the wrangle between the Union Government, headed by the Indian Congress (I) Party and the Janata Party, whose member he is, or tension between the party in power in the Union and the C. P. M. in West Bengal.
12. Article 226 of the Constn. empowers the High Court to issue to any person or authority including in appropriate cases Government, within its territorial jurisdiction, directions, orders or writs in the nature of mandamus, certiorari, prohibition, quo-warranto or habeas corpus for the enforcement of any of the rights conferred by Part III and for "any other purpose".
13. The founding fathers of the Constn. have couched the Article in comprehensive phraseology to enable the High Court to remedy injustice wherever it is found, but it is equally true that a person invoking the extraordinary jurisdiction under Article 226 of the Constn. should be an aggrieved person. If he does not fulfil the character of an aggrieved person and is a 'stranger', the Court may, in its discretion, deny him such an extraordinary remedy, save in very special and exceptional circumstances. The petitioner challenging the order must have some specialised interest of his own to vindicate, apart from a generally felt political concern, which is of abstract nature. Legal wrong requires a judicially enforceable right or interest. The touch-stone to the justiciability is injuria to a legally protected right. A mere nominal, imaginary and a highly speculative adverse effect to a person or felt concern cannot be said to be sufficient to bring him within the fold of an 'aggrieved person'. The words 'aggrieved person' cannot be confined within the bounds of a rigid formula. The scope of the words and meaning thereof depend on diverse facts and circumstances of each case, nature and extent of a person's interest and the nature and extent of the prejudice or injury suffered by him. This Court, in exercise of its power under Article 226, of the Constn. is required to determine and enforce legal rights. It has authority only over issues which are appropriate for disposal by Judges. The Constn. indicates limited area within which judicial action is required to be taken, however, far-reaching the consequence of such action within that area may be. The Court is expected to exercise powers to settle cases and controversies, arising between parties or between persons and State, which may raise questions of law or facts or both,
14. The Supreme Court in a number of cases has laid down that in order to have locus standi to invoke extrar ordinary jurisdiction under Article 226 a claimant should ordinarily be one, who has a personal or individual right in the subject-matter of the application. No doubt, sometimes this rule is relaxed, but not abandoned. But the general rule is infringement of some legal right or legal interest, which may give to a person a locus standi in the matter.
15. In United States of America in the case of Rolla W. Coleman, W. A. Barron. Claude C. Bradney etc. v. Clarence W. Miller, (1938) 83 Law ed 1385 : 307 US 433 a question regarding agitation of political rights arose. Justice Frankfurter, repelling the argument advanced before him, held :
".........this is not the tribunal for its challenge except by those, who have some specialised interest of their own to vindicate, apart from a political concern which belongs to all."
The above quoted passage was read with approval by their Lordships of the Supreme Court in Jasbhai Motibhai Desai v. Roshan Kumar, AIR 1976 SC 578. In the same case their Lordships of the Supreme Court also approved the following observations made in American Jurisprudence, (at p. 585);
" 'Legal wrong' requires a judicially enforceable right and the touch stone to justiciability is injury to a legally protected right. A nominal or highly speculative adverse effect on the interest or right of a person has been held to be insufficient to give him the 'standing to sue' for judicial review of administrative action."
16. Mere wrangles between Government and an incumbent of any political party have no place in the scheme of Article 226 Of the Constitution. They have to resolve their dispute elsewhere and by means less solemn and sacrosanct with a Court proceeding. The purpose of Article 226 of the Constn. is to afford a forum for quick resolution of disputes, which depend for their decision on the existence or extent of a legal right. It is only when a legal, or a mere political issue arises touching upon the existence or extent of a legal right, that Article 226 of the Constn. is attracted.
17. In fact that the petitioner, as already noted above, has filed this writ petition as an active member of a political party, who lost in the last elections. The purpose of filing the writ petition is to safeguard the right of the C. P. M. Government in West Bengal, for which he speculates that its interest will be adversely affected if the President is allowed to exercise the right vested in him under Article 156(1) of the Constn. i.e., if he is allowed to terminate the term of the office of the Governor of a State at his pleasure.
18. The order dt. Aug. 8, 1981 (An-nexuure-1) cannot be said to have been passed against the petitioner. The impugned order does not, in any way affect the personal interest of the petitioners. No decision has been pronounced against him which may wrongly deprive him of something or which may wrongfully refuse him something. It cannot be said that he has suffered any legal wrong or injury, in the sense that his interest, recognised by law, has been prejudicially and directly affected by the impugned act complained of, reference may be made to Kesavan v. State of Tamil Nadu, AIR 1979 Mad 133.
19. The petitioner's contention in respect of his fundamental duties under Article 51A of the Constn. too does not give him any locus standi. The fundamental duties of citizens are duties of individual citizens. They cast no public duties which alone can be enforced by a writ of mandamus; vide Muslim Mission v. State, AIR 1980 Andh Pra 246.
20. As regards relief No. 1, claimed by the petitioner for issuance of writ, order or direction in the nature of mandamus to the respondents Nos. 1, 2 and 3 to treat the respondent No. 4, Shri Raghukul Tilak, as Governor of Rajas-than up to May 11, 1982, suffice it to say that in the writ petition there is no specific assertion to the effect that in the interest of justice the respondents Nos. 1, 2 and 3 be directed thro' mandamus to restore respondent No. 4 to the office of Governor of Rajasthan and as such the petitioner is not entitled to claim relief No. 1 (AIR 1978 Rai 72) (FB) (supra). The Supreme Court decision in Kamini Kumar Das Choudhary v. State of West Bengal, AIR 1972 SC 2060 supports this view. In Amritlal v. Collector, Central Excise (Revenue), AIR 1975 SC 538 para 25 their Lordships of the Supreme Court have observed as under :--
"A demand for justice and its refusal must precede the filing of a petition asking for direction or Writ of Mandamus............" Reference may also usefully be made to Vijal Goods Transport, Company v. State Of Rajasthan. (Civil Writ Petn. No. 342 of 1978, decided on May 26. 1978) (re-Ported in AIR 1978 Raj 181). In the ease on hand failure to make demand for justice on the part of the petitioner operates as a bar against the maintainability of the writ petition regarding the grant of the above mentioned relief.
21. I find no merit in the arguments that the impugned order, Annexure-1,. was not issued while exercising powers vested in the President of India under Article 156(1) of the Constn. and 'at the pleasure of the President', as laid down in the Article. A perusal of the impugned order reveals that it has been issued in the name of the President of Endia, and has been duly signed by himself. It is expressly recited therein that the impugned order was issued by the President by virtue of the powers vested in him under Article 156 of the Constn, it was not necessary to specifically mention in the order that it was issued in exercise of the power "at the pleasure of the President." The power vested in the President must be deemed to have been exercised 'by him in the manner required by the article referred.
22. A Governor of a State is appointed by the President. He holds office during the pleasure of the president. The original plan in the draft Constn. was to have elected Governors, but later in the Constituent Assembly it was replaced by the mode of appointment by nomination by the President after a good deal of discussion. It was envisaged that if a Governor was to be elected by direct vote he would consider himself to be superior to the State Chief Minister, returning from a single constituency; and this would lead to frequent frictions between the Governor and the Chief Minister. When executive powers as a whole are legally vested in the Governor and when he believes that he has got the backing of the people of the State behind him. he at his discretion might come forward and intervene in the governance of the State. That would really amount to something contrary to the spirit of democracy and system of parliamentary government. The executive power of the State is vested in the Governor, and every executive action of the Government is required to be expressed to be taken in his name, besides this he is integral part of the Legislature: vide Article 168 of the Constn. He has also the power to reserve any bill for consideration of the President. The Governor, under Article 200 of the Constn. has also got the power to reserve any bill for the consideration of the President, if such a bill, in his opinion, became law it would so derogate from the powers of the High Court as to endanger the position, which that Court is designed to fill under the Constn. There is also another significant role, which the Governor has to play under the Const.; and that is of making a report where he finds that a situation has arisen in which the Government of the State cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the Constn. It is the Governor's report which generally forms the basis of President's action taken under Article 356 of the Constn. It must be realised that the Governor while discharging his functions works as a channel of communication and contact between the State and the Centre. The founding fathers in their wisdom, provided in Article 61 of the Constn. for the removal of the President from office by impeachment, but as the Governor holds office during the pleasure of the President, it was not felt necessary to make provision in the Constn. for the removal of the Governor by impeachment or by any other process analogous to impeachment. As already mentioned above. Governor is an important channel of communication and contact between the State and the Centre. Under Article 164(1) Chief Minister is appointed by the Governor. On the advice of the Chief Minister other Ministers are appointed by the Governor; and the Ministers including the Chief Minister hold office during the pleasure of the Governor. As regards non-State field, provisions are found in Part XI of the Constn. Article 256 provides that the executive power of every State shall be so exercised as to ensure compliance with the laws made by Parliament and the executive power of the Union shall extend to the giving of such directions to a State as may appear to the Government of India to be necessary for that purpose. Article 257 lays down that the executive power of every State shall be so exercised as not to impede or prejudice tbe exercise of the executive power of the Union and the executive power of the Union shall extend to the giving of such directions to a State as may appear to the Central Government to be necessary for that purpose. The executive power of the Union also extends to the giving of directions to a State as to the construction and maintenance of means of communication declared to be of national or military importance, and also for giving directions to States to take measures for the protection of Railways within the State. In this role as a link with the Centre, the Governor keeps the President well informed periodically and regularly of the matters connected with the affairs of the State. There may be occasions for Governor, in addition to his periodical reports, to inform the President, of any serious internal disturbance or of the exercise or otherwise of any possible danger of external aggression. Duty to report flows from Article 365. Article 35fi deals with the steps to be "taken by the President. In case of failure of Constitutional machinery in a State, on a report lodged by the Governor. The Union Government has the duty to ensure that Government of every State is carried on in accordance with the provisions of the Constn. To fulfil this object there is no central agency in a State other than that of the Governor. The Central Government can also under Article 258 conditionally or unconditionally entrust powers vested in it to be exercised by the State Government or the officers of the State. In regard to some of these non-State matters the Governor cannot possibly act on the advice of his Ministers and is required to act according to the directions of the Central Government. The Governor in his own assessment can dismiss the Chief Minister. For instance, Shri Ajoy Mukherji was requested by the West Bengal Governor to convene an Assembly for deciding whether the United Front Government enjoyed majority support any longer. On Shri Mukherji's declining to do so, the Governor made his own assessment and dismissed him from the office of Chief Minister and appointed Shri P. C. Ghosh the next Chief Minister. If an elected representative of the people can be dismissed by the Governor on the assessment made by him, it does not stand to reason why the Governor, who is, as a matter of fact an appointee of the President of India and expressly holds office during pleasure of the President. cannot be asked to resign or in case of failure to accept the advice of the President, be made to vacate his office or otherwise his term be not terminated.
23. A celebrated writer on Constitutional Law Alexandrowicz in his well known book "Constitutional Development of India" writes :--
"If the Governor chooses to exercise his discretion independently of the Centre or the President, that is. the Union Government, the president will be entitled to withdraw his pleasure of continuing the Governor under Article 156(1) of the Constitution."
24. Mr. H. M. Seervai in his well known book "Constitutional Law of India" Volume II, 1976 Edition, page 1046, Point 18.4 observed :--
"The President can be removed from the office by impeachment for the violation of the Constitution (Article 61). The President, or one who has held the office of President is eligible for re-election. The Governor holds office during the pleasure of the President and can be removed by him at any time during short term of office (Art. 156). so that it is not necessary to provide for removal of Governor by impeachment or by a process analogous to impeachment."
25. Kagzi, M. C. J. in his book, "The Constitution of India" (1975 Edition, pages 261-262) observed :--
".........A person is appointed the Governor for a term of five years: but he can resign his office earlier. The Governor holds his office during the pleasure of the President who may recall him at any time......"
"There is no provision for appointment of a Deputy Governor......Accordingly, any casual vacancy due to illness, death or long absence of a Governor should be filled in the manner the President may decide in accordance with the practice developed since after the commencement of the Constitution. The established practice requires the President to appoint the Chief Justice or in his absence the senior most Judge of the State High Court as the Governor pro tempore."
26. The Governor's appointment and also, by necessary implication his removal is during pleasure of the president. The Presidential pleasure in matter of removal of the Governor is not regulated or controlled by any provision in the manner as provided under Article 311 in relation to Civil (Administration) Services. The above provision for his removal or dismissal is an obvious requisition of the unregulated and uncontrolled Presidential pleasure, exercisable at any moment without cause or without any stated reasons. If this were not so, the Governor will have most secured term of office, more secure than any office held by a member of civil service. He will be irremovable, although Judges holding offices during good behaviour would be removable in accordance with the procedure established by Article 124(4). The condition of his term of appointment being during pleasure any provision or procedure if provided for his removal would be unnecessary and superfluous. He has no security of tenure and' no fixed terms of office. !He may be removed by an expression of Presidential displeasure. His removal at pleasure gives no cause of action. The impugned Presidential Notification albeit a bold expression of displeasure is a complete answer to all doubts, disputes, challenges and contentions against his removal. Neither the Presidential order can be challenged in any Court, nor can it be refuted in any House of State Legislature/Parliament. Legally the Presidential order is conclusive.
27. If the quinquennial term of a Governor were fixed term, the condition of his holding office during Presidential pleasure would be a redundancy. The essence of his term is the Presidential pleasure, and not the duration of limit of five years. This is amply borne out by a reference to the Constituent Assembly Debates. The idea of a fixed mandatory term, and for that matter the idea of an irremovable Governor was not approved or accepted by the Constn. The mode of an elected and consequently, an irremovable Governor was not deliberately adopted by the framers. It was thought that an appointed Or nominated Governor holding office during Presidential pleasure would remove a source of possible separatist tendencies.
28. The pleasure condition of a Governor's term makes any proceeding or procedure or rules of natural justice for his removal unnecessary. A removal provision exists in cases of high functionaries including President. Chief Justice and Judges of the Supreme Court and those of the High Courts. But no such provision exists in case of those] functionaries who hold office during pleasure of President. If a Governor should be irremovable during his five year term, while President, can be removed following his impeachment in Parliament an irremovable Governor of a State holding office during pleasure of the President would be an anomaly. He must endanger executive efficiency, Union-State relations and might be possible focal point of separatist tendencies. Even the learned counsel for the petitioner thinks that this should not be so. He readily concedes that there can be a situation in which removal or dismissal of a Governor might become justified in the national interest.
29. At this stage I may point out the case of H. H. Maharajadhiraia Madhav Rao Jivaji Rao Scindia Bahadur v. Union of India, AIR 1971 SC 530, which the learned counsel referred. The case relates to the executive discretion of the President under Article 336 for purposes of recognition of a Ruler for the time being for a claim of privy purse, etc. The clause envisages, as held by the Supreme Court, consideration of specific individual claims for recognition. It does not relate to exercise of executive power in relation to State affairs. The case has, therefore, no bearing with the controversy raised in the present matter.
30. Article 367(1) of the Constn. makes it clear that the General Clauses Act, 1897, shall, subject to any adaptations and modifications made therein under Article 372, be applicable to the interpretation of the Constn. as it applies tor the interpretation of an existing act of the Legislature of the Dominion of India. The words "hold office during the pleasure" came up for interpretation in Terrell v. Secretary of State for the Colonies, (1953) 2 All ER 490, before the Queens Bench Division of England. The question involved in that case was that in 1930, by letters, dt. July 15 and Aug. 7, the Secretary of State for the Colonies offered to the claimant Terrell the appointment of a Judge of the Supreme Court of the Straits Settlements. One of the matters mentioned in the letters was that the compulsory retiring age would be 62. The claimant accepted the appointment. In 1942 when Malaya was occupied by Japanese, he was on leave in Australia and was unable to assume his office until the British regained control of Malaya. In March 1942, he was informed that as no other suitable appointment in the colonial legal service could be found for him, he must be awarded a pension on abolition of office, and on July 7. 1942, his appointment was ended, 17 months before his 62nd birthday. On a claim by him that he was not liable to be dismissed before he reached the age of 62, when he would be entitled to a larger pension. His Lordship Goddard C. J. held :
"Judges in Malaya did not hold their office during good behaviour, but they held, and always had held, office at the pleasure of the Crown and, therefore, the claimant had held the office during pleasure. The right of the Crown to dismiss at pleasure was a rule of law which could not be taken away by any contractual arrangement............"
31. The words "to hold office at the pleasure of the Crown" have their origin in the Latin phrase "Duronte-bene-placito" (during pleasure), meaning that the tenure of office of a person, except where it is otherwise provided by statute, can be terminated at any time without cause assigned. The true scope and intent of this expression is that even if a special contract has been made with the person, the Crown is not bound thereby. In other words, the person concerned is liable to be dismissed without notice and there is no right of action for wrongful dismissal. It is a well known rule of English Law, which has been incorporated in Article 156(1) of the Constn.
32. On the parity of reasoning of the above noted case it can be safely said that it lies within the power of the President to terminate, in his discretion, the term of the office of the Governor at his pleasure.
33. The learned counsel wrongly construes Article 156 by saying that Clause (3) controls Clause (1) of the Article. The correct, construction is Just the opposite. It is expressly stated that Clause (3) is subject to Clause (1). This means that five years term is subject to the exercise of pleasure by the President. He may in exercise of pleasure cut short the term. The Presidential pleasure contemplated in the Article is un-justiciable. It may be pointed that where any regulatory restriction for the exercise of pleasure is contemplated, such a provision could have been made in express words as is the case with Article 311 in relation to pleasure under Article 310. In the absence of any like regulatory provision and its unqualified character, no restriction can be placed upon it.
34. The interpretation suggested by the learned counsel that the term of the office of Governor cannot be reduced, if accepted, will have the effect of making Clause (1) of Article 156 otiose. It is also likely to create unsurmountable difficulties for the country. As for instance in Assam, which stands surrounded by foreign countries like China. Burma etc. and a narrow 30 miles corridor connects it with the rest of the country. If the party in power of the State and the Governor decide to secede and integrate with China, the President of India cannot be asked by a Court of Law to wait for five year-- in not terminating the terms of the Governor or recall him earlier. Articles of the Constn, are required to be given harmonious interpretation. A look at the debates in the Constituent Assembly will show that one of the reasons, which weighed with our founding fathers, was not to have the elected Governors as this method would encourage separatist tendency. The stability and the unity of the Government machinery of the country as a whole could, the Constituent Assembly rightly observed, be achieved only by adopting the system of nomination.
35. For the reasons already mentioned above I hold that there is no merit in the argument that unless a minimum Constitutional term of five years for the office of the Governor is held to be mandatory, it would demolish the basic structure of the Constn. and the Government would become subservient to the President and thro' him to the Government of India. It will not be out of place to mention here that sometimes during the term of the office of a Governor he has been and is subject to transfer from one State to another by order ofthe President.
36. The limb of the same argument is that it is the requirement of law that every executive action must be accompanied by reasons and should be free from arbitrariness. There is nothing on record to hold that the President of India while passing the order. Annexure-1, acted capriciously or arbitrarily. Shri Raghukul. Tilak a few months back fell ill and was under stage of coma and the Notification, published in the Gazette shows that Shri K.D. Sharma was asked by the president to discharge the functions of the Governor as provided in Article 160 of the Constn. Neither Article 156 nor Article 160 enjoins on the President duty to give explicit reasons while issuing orders under them. The President of India is the best Judge to decide as to when and in what circumstances the term of sittion Governor of a State should be reduced or he may be asked to vacate the office or may be transferred from one place to another. It is not the requirement of Article 156 that a person who holds the office at the pleasure of the President shall be removed by a speaking order. In my humble opinion, reasons are not required to be disclosed.
37. The point is undisputed that the Governor is not an employee either of the President or of the Union Government. He is a Constitutional functionary. Obviously the Governor is also the medium thro' whom Union keeps itself informed as to whether the State is complying with the directives issued by the Union from time to time. However, after promulgation of a proclamation on the failure of the constitutional machinery in the State, the Governor acts as agent of the President. As regards those functions of the State Government, which have been assumed by the President under the proclamation (Article 356 (1) (a)), it is obvious that in matters on which the Governor is empowered to act in his discretion or on his special responsibility, the Governor will be under the complete control of the President. Article 371(2) provides that President may direct that the Governor of Maharashtra or Gujarat shall have a special responsibility for taking steps for the development of certain areas in the State such as Vidharb. Saurashtra etc. Similarly, the Governor of Nagaland under Article 371(1)(b) has similar responsibilities with respect to law and order in the State. Special responsibilities have also been imposed upon upon the Governors of Manipur and Sikkim. In discharge of such responsibilities, the Governor has to act according to the directions issued by the President from time to time and if anyone of the above noted Governors flout the directions of the President aided by the Council of Ministers, it cannot be said that the intention of the Constn. is that the President should feel helpless and should not remove the Governor of that State prior to the expiry of the term of five years.
38. Learned counsel for the petitioner states that long discussion was carried on in the Constituent Assembly regarding the term of appointment of the Governor and his removability. Ultimately Dr. Ambedkar observed that this power of removal was given to the President in general terms. This was so, although Prof. Shah wanted that certain grounds should be stated in the Constitution itself for the removal of the Governor. Therefore, it seems obvious to me that when the President is given the general power, he is also given power to remove a Governor for corruption, for bribery, for violation of Constitution or for any other reason which the President, no doubt, feels is legitimate ground, for the removal of the Governor. It seems, therefore, quite unnecessary to burden the Constn. with all these details in express terms. When it is perfectly possible for the President to act upon any one or more ground under the formula, I should think that it is unnecessary to categorise the conditions under which the President may undertake the task of removing the Governor.
39. The above noted observation made by Dr. Ambedkar relied upon by the learned counsel for the petitioner in no way supports the case of the petitioner. The power of removal has been left in the hand of the highest Constitutional functionery of the Union of India; and a presumption under S. 114 of the Evidence Act does arise that an official act must have been done in the manner it ought to have been done. No fact or data has been mentioned in the writ petition or placed before this Court on the basis of which it can be said that the President while passing the impugned order dt. Aug. 8, 1981, acted capriciously, arbitrarily or maliciously. Mere averment of the word 'capricious' or 'malicious' in the writ petition is, not sufficient Necessary details are required to be mentioned. In the writ petition in hand, it has been mentioned that Shri Raghukul Tilak was a freedom fighter and he is a man of letters and he was appointed by the President of India on April 20, 1977. It is also an admitted fact that Shri Raghukul Tilak was allowed to act as Governor for a pretty long time after the Congress (I) coming into power in Centre and the State. Thus, there is nothing on record or even a semblance of suggestion that on any account whatever the Government at the Centre, its functionaries or the President bore an ill-will against Shri Tilak. Simply because no reason has been mentionpd in the impugned order, it cannot be said that the order is arbitrary, capricious or malacious. Nowhere in the writ petition it has been mentioned that Shri Raghukul Tilak had expressed any grievance or was sore about his termination and the petitioner cannot be allowed to make any grievance about it.
40. I find no merit in the contention that the President of India while terminating the term of appointment of Shri Raghukul Tilak as Governor of Rajasthan ought to have allowed him to work on that post till a permanent incumbent was appointed. Once a person holding office of the Governor loses the confidence of the President and the President withdraws his pleasure from him, the conclusion is inescapable that his further continuance on that post will not be conducive to the interest of the State. It will be preposterous to suggest that the Chief Justice of the Stale should not be asked to discharge the functions of the Governor in pursuance of the provisions of Article 160 of the Constn. of India. The President of India under his seal and signature has appointed Shri Kalyan Dutt Sharma to discharge the functions of the Governor of Rajasthan and I find no illegality in the order dt. Aug. 8. 1981, appointing Justice Shri Kalyan Dutt Sharma Chief Justice of the Rajasthan High Court to discharge the functions of the Governor of Rajasthan with effect from Aug. 8, 1981. The provision of Article 160 of the Constn. is meant to meet the situation which arose in Rajasthan when Shri Rafihukul Tilak ceased, to hold the office of the Governor of the State.
41. Since Shri K.D. Sharma was appointed to discharge the functions of the Governor of Rajasthan with effect from Aug. 8. 1981, soon after he took the oath to discharge the functions-of the Governor and as a result of it he ceased to hold the office of the Chief Justice of Rajasthan for the time being as he became unable to perform the duties of the office of the Chief Justice Shri D. P. Gupta, by the order of the President of India was appointed "as Acting Chief Justice from the same date. This could have been done only under Article 223 of the Constn. Under the Rajasthan High Court Ordinance. 1949, the definition of 'Chief Justice' includes 'Acting Chief Justice.' Also Sub-clause D (11) (a) of Schedule II to the Constn. provides that the expression 'Chief Justice' includes 'Acting Chief Justice'. It is the requirement of Article 216 of the Constn. that every High Court shall consist of a Chief Justice and such other Judges as the President may deem it necessary to appoint. A close reading of Articles 218, 223 r.w. Schedule II Sub-clause D (11) clearly reveals that there cannot be two Chief Justices in a High Court; and an Acting Chief Justice is appointed only when the Chief Justice is away and unable to perform duties of his office. After taking the oath under Article 159 of the Constn. to discharge the functions of the Governor. Shri K. D. Sharma cannot be said to continue to hold the office of the Chief Justice; and as such it cannot be held that he suffers from the disqualification provided under Article 158(2) of the Constn. Moreover a person asked to discharge the functions of the Governor of a State under Article 160 need not possess the qualifications mentioned in Article 158 of the] Constn. because, he is not termed as Governor. The oath prescribed for the Governor and for a person discharging the functions of the Governor is different. Schedule II Part A Sub-clause (4) further provides that a person discharging the functions of the Governor shall be entitled to the same emoluments, allowances and privileges as the Governor whose functions he discharges or for whom he acts. Thus, the functionary discharging the functions provided under Article 160 of the Constn. cannot be termed to be a Governor within the meaning of Article 155 of the Constn. The necessary corollary of that is that a stop-gap functionary need not possess necessary qualifications for being appointed as a 'Governor, and also does not suffer from the disqualifications attached to that office. Thus. Shri K.D. Sharma cannot be said to be usurper of the office of the Governor of the State of Rajasthan.
42. It is also clear that there is no conflict between Article 74 and Article 156(1) of the Constn.
43. The contention of the learned counsel for the petitioner that the executive power of the President should correlate to the matters with respect to which Parliament has power to make laws in no way helps the cause of the petitioner. The appointment or the removal of the Governor is not covered by List II of Schedule 7. It does not fall within the State List and thus the Parliament has power to make necessary rules and regulations regarding the office of the Governor under unenumerated residuary heads of List I, entry 97 under Article 248. The President can, therefore, certainly exercise the powers vested in him under Article 156(1) of the Constn, Moreover, as already mentioned above, for certain functions the Governor is directly responsible to the President. For not discharging his duties, the Governor can be removed by the President, by order.
44. For the reasons mentioned above, the writ petition fails and is dismissed in limine.


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State Politics
Lawmakers looking forward to $1 billion in surplus funds during Florida Legislature session
MANATEE -- Manatee County lawmakers were upbeat Monday about this year's Florida Legislature session, partly because they are expecting $1 billion in surplus funds they can allocate to various projects, they said Monday.
Economically, the state is doing well and Florida is on the fast track of growth, said state Rep. Jim Boyd, R-Bradenton, majority whip in the Florida House.
"The state bird is back -- the construction crane," he said jokingly before an audience at the Pancakes & Politics 2015 legislative roundtable preview at the IMG Academy Golf Club. The breakfast was sponsored by the Manatee County Chamber of Commerce.
Big issues facing lawmakers this year include water policy and how money generated by Amendment 1, which voters OK'd last year, should be spent on environmental and conservation projects, said Boyd.
Education funding is also a big priority along with tax cuts, he said.
State Rep. Greg Steube, R-Sarasota, said issues he is targeting include health care, sales taxes on commercial leases and legislation benefiting veterans. Other topics include public-private partnerships and school safety.
State Rep. Darryl Rouson, D-St. Petersburg, said he is a "pro-business moderate." It's important to stand strong on certain Democratic principles, he said, but finding common ground is important, too.
"It's not just blue and red," he said.
His interests include safety of those in prison, money for education and good water quality, he said.
He noted "the big elephant in the room" is Medicaid expansion, which he favors and the House Republican leadership has opposed.
Florida has the third-largest population of uninsured in the United States and should take the $50 billion offered by the federal government to expand the federal-state health insurance program to cover those without access to health care, he said.
Mickey Presha, president and chief executive officer of Manatee County Rural Health Services Inc., told legislators 15,000 patients who annually use his organization's services would be eligible if Medicaid were expanded. Presha estimated his organization alone would receive about $5.4 million a year from Medicaid expansion.
The Florida Legislature convenes March 3.
Sara Kennedy, Herald reporter, can be reached at 941-745-7031. Follow her on Twitter @sarawrites.

subset: commoncrawl


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Our Estate shows the power of our site. Composed of a variety of blocks containing older and newer vines, it represents a cross-section of the flavors produced by our warmer version of the Willamette Valley's "cool" climate - and at an excellent price.
Blend of Pommard, Wädenswil, 115, & 777. Wild yeast fermentation. Split into open top stainless steel fermenters spending 14-21 days. Starting with pump overs and then two punch downs a day. 1 year old French oak barrels.


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Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
|A Chinese word segmentation and POS tagging system for readability research
Chang, T. H.
Sung, Y. T.
Lee, Y. T.
|Issue Date:
|In recent years, readability research has relied on applications of natural language processing techniques to analyze documents. However, Chinese sentences consist of characters and with no blanks between words. Therefore, a mistake on word segmentation and/or part-of-speech tagging for Chinese sentences will result in many errors in the follow-up analysis. CRF model,is recently the most popular and successful method for Chinese word segmentation. However, due to such problems as reiterative locution, unknown words and incomplete sentences, many readings for children cannot be processed accurately by CRF model. This study aims to develop a Chinese word segmentation and POS tagging system called WeCan. This system is composed of bigram model, SPLR algorithm, unknown words extraction and rule bases. WeCan has been applied to the preprocessing procedure of CRIE. In preliminary experiments, it also worked well on the elementary school textbook in Taiwan.
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Sauteed Corn on the Cob With Chili-Lime-Cilantro Spread
For simplicity, keep it on the cob. To make it special, cook it twice: first in the microwave, then in a skillet till the ears turn golden-brown. Instead of butter, pass this chili-lime-cilantro sour cream. Unlike butter, sour cream adheres to the kernels, and its rich tartness is a pleasant contrast to the sweet corn.
Place corn on a microwave-safe plate; cover tightly with plastic wrap. Microwave on high power until corn is fully cooked, 8 to 10 minutes. (Leaving plastic wrap in place, corn can be made up to 2 hours ahead.)
Mix sour cream, cilantro, chili powder, lime juice, salt and pepper. Cover and chill until ready to serve. (Makes 1/2 cup.)
About 10 minutes before serving time, heat butter in a 12-inch skillet over medium to medium-high heat. Add corn and cook, turning with kitchen tongs every few minutes, until golden brown, about 6 minutes. Serve immediately, with sour cream spread passed separately.
Copyright 2005 USA WEEKEND and columnist Pam Anderson. All rights reserved.
Partner Tip
Reynolds® Aluminum foil can be used to keep food moist, cook it evenly, and make clean-up easier.


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Comic book stores get enquiries from potential customers all the time. Wanting them to order this, order that. Sometimes the customers never comes in and picks it up, leaving the comic store to try and sell it elsewhere.
And sometimes this happens. A number of comic book stores have received this e-mail:
Hi, I saw these items in April's Diamond Previews catalog and Comic Shop News.
When will you be receiving the following comics: SUPERMAN issue #1000 comic book withal' 10 variant covers (are any signed?) as well as MADE UP ZOMBIE CLOWN CIRCUS and the GEKIDO comic book with all 4 variant versions (it says there's a Comic-Con version and 2 different signed versions), and also the CLEO Phicen TBLeague Action figure from Gekido (it says the figure has seamless synthetic skin and 28 points of articulation), what do they mean synthetic skin and when is the arrival date for that and the comics?
Here are the Diamond Previews links: GEKIDO #1 (Item Code:APR181372)
CLEO FIGURE (Item Code:DEC178746)
MU ZOMBIE CLOWN CIRCUS (Item Code.APR181748)
SUPERMAN#1000 (Item code:FEB180143)
Please let me know when these items are being released so I know when to come in and pick it up or order them online as we don't like to pre-order until it's arrived in case there are delays.
I also read there are signed versions of that Gekido comic by Ice-Ts wife Coco and the other celebrities or something, how much is that version?
Lastly, is there a limit to how many of Superman and Gekido we can get and will the 10 different Superman covers all be standard cover price or will some be more expensive,
Please let me know,
Thanks for your help. Mary
PS. this is my work email and I'm traveling with spotty wifi and may not be able to reply until I return.
Well, the Action Comics #1000 makes it nice and topical… so what of the other items? I have no idea what the Made Up Zombie Clown Circus graphic novel would be doing there, but two of those two items from Beyond Comics reveal a very familiar name, albeit one I haven't heard of for some time, Graig F Weich.
CLEO DELUXE GIFT SET. Starring COCO AUSTIN as CLEO from the comic GEKIDO. Using her powers to seduce and gain control over the minds of men to do her bidding, Cleo has astonishing ancient secret abilities. TBLeague / Phicen and Graig Weich's BeyondComics.TV brings you the very first ever licensed 1/6-scale (12″) action figure doll, utilizing cutting-edge, seamless synthetic-skin technology with a titanium steel inner skeleton, allowing for 28 points of posable articulation! It comes with a ton of accessories including 2 Egyptian dogs, throne chair, a comic book and posters!In Shops: Sep 26, 2018
As seen on AMC TV's Comic Book Men (Kevin Smith) & E! Entertainment Television's Ice Loves Coco (Ice-T & Coco), and from Image Comics' Spawn poster artist; Graig Weich of BeyondComics.TV, comes: Gekido("Wrath" in Japanese), an ageless warrior-assassin fighting throughout the centuries to discover who wiped his memory and why. Clad in protective body armor that harnesses his unlimited power, someone is trying to take control of him. His mission to uncover the lies that have manipulated and destroyed his life is only the beginning. He must fight his way through an ancient merciless Ninja Clan lead by his oldest nemesis, Lord Shinryu (Cary Tagawa; Shang Tsung of Mortal Kombat and star of The Man In The High Castle on Amazon Prime TV) and the Goddess of Seduction, Cleo (Coco Austin from E! TV's Ice Loves Coco). To save mankind from an evil force to be unleashed, Lord Shinryu is bent on world domination. Also starring Adrianne Curry (Stan Lee's Super Fans) and Gary "Bababooey" Dell'Abate from The Howard Stern Show.In Shops: Jun 27, 2018
Weich is an absolute huckster of a comic creator and publisher. He did a Spawn pin-up once and has turned it into a career. Launching comic books promising film and multi-media deals for his first dark superhero comic, Codename: Justice, getting TV appearances, and turning each into an endorsement. Celebrities, wrestlers, models, doing everything possible to promote his name and work except, you know, for working on the comics.
Though in response to the events of 9/11, he did write and draw an anti-Islam revenge fantasy called Civilian Justice and then claimed to me it was meant to be a liberal satire that was censored by Diamond, who removed the anti-Bush pages so that it became neo-con propaganda. Which really isn't how comic publishing and distribution works.
But criticism has never stopped, Graig, he just keeps on going. And his website, BeyondComics.TV, currently features this image…
And calling for orders for the Coco-as-Cleo statue to be made now. So, whether or not Mary is intentionally trying to get comic stores to order the work of Graig F Weich by pretending to be a potential customer, I can't say.
But it does seem well timed…


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Insignia College offers the following programs:
Veterinary Assistant
The Veterinary Assistant Diploma Program aims to provide graduates with the best-suited combination of animal healthcare training and veterinary office skills.
Communication and Team Building
The Communication and Team Building program teaches students to develop many different ways to use team building activities – improve communication, boost morale, motivate employees, and network within the company and community. Students will develop effective skills in how to promote learning, improve productivity, and recognize personal strengths that are important tools for effective leadership and maintaining healthy, dynamic relationships.
Leadership and Training
This Leadership and Training Diploma Program leverages experience and relationship building, to deliver a vastly integrated learn, which explores the demands of leadership and the skills that are required to lead effectively.
Insignia College is approved by Island Health (formerly VIHA) to administer typing tests and issue typing certificates.
The WHMIS certificate course and Annual WHMIS Review and Refresher are available through Insignia. These are online courses and can be completed from your home or office.
Workplace Safety
A number of workplace safety certificates are available through Insignia. These are online courses and can be completed from your home or office.
Supervisor and Manager
This course is for a newly hired Supervisor or a person promoted to a Supervisor or Manager position who may benefit from additional training. This is an online course and can be completed from your home or office.
Pet First Aid
The aim of the Pet First Aid course is to teach individuals basic first aid techniques for dogs and cats due to common illness, injury, or a life-threatening condition.


text: The owner of a mom-and-pop store knew that little Laura was especially fond of the caramel sweets and always did his very best to steer Mama into the store as a regular stop on her shopping rounds. The mother of the family of five always found that the mom-and-pop store offered the right combination of food, beverages, and other items for daily use plus good advice for raising the little rascals or a tip for treating minor aches and pains. Pampered by such good service, Lauras mom did not pay much attention to the few cents that she might have been able to save by shopping at the discount store in the city.Connected Car? Connected Customer!Customer Loyalty in After-salesConnected Car brings car-makers closer to their customers. That is why it is an elementary part of digital customer relationship management that focuses on the ownership phase. The growing constraints arising from the necessity to serve the mass markets profitably have led to the disappearance of the mom-and-pop stores everywhere because the economies of scale have ultimately won out over all other considerations. Neverthe-less, the basic principle of optimal customer care as a basis for customer loyalty has stayed the same: > Offer the right product> to the right customer> at the right point in time> in the right way. 68 Detecon Management Report dmr Special Automotive 2015Translated into modern CRM concepts, this means:> Accurate segmentation of clientele> Prediction of the presumable point in time at which a need will arise> Offering products and services tailored to individual needs that are felt to be a good fit> Making use of the appropriate communication channels as necessary, based on individual preferencesHow can this concept be practically implemented with the aid of innovative information and communications technology? Challenges in after-sales in the automotive industryCar-makers have in the past been confronted with the dilemma that they met their customers only during the pre-purchase phase that ended when the vehicle was handed over to them. Most of the interaction with customers took place at the dealership and, later, in the service center. Since dealers and service centers are generally legally independent companies whose corporate value is determined to a major degree by their (loyal) clientele, it will come as no surprise that they are often rather reluctant to share their knowledge about the customers and their needs with man-ufacturers. The tracks left behind by drivers of older cars in particular became increasingly faint, and when there was a cus-tomer change because of the sale of a used car (at the latest), the connection to the manufacturer was cut off completely.As a result, car-makers have largely had their hands tied when they actively wanted to secure customer loyalty in the phase vehicle use/service (ownership) and over the complete life cycle by using appropriate communication measures. Yet loyalty is an existential issue for manufacturers, not only in the sense of After the purchase is before the purchase, but also for the profitable spare parts business during service life itself. As vehicles become older, the need for spare parts increases, but, unfortu-nately, the change in loyalty is inversely proportionate: loyalty to the brand-name service center rapidly declines as the vehicle ages, and manufacturers have no chance to respond to this develop-ment by specifically addressing the customers.How does Connected Car solve this problem?Connected Car now opens up an opportunity for manufacturers to remain in contact with customers even after the handover of the vehicle, to learn everything about the service and repair needs of their vehicles, and, in the event of a change of owners, to become acquainted with the new customers, the buyers of the used vehicles. Laura Loyal has decided to purchase the built-in Connected Car services in her new car. Her digital co-pilot supports her while she is driving; she always receives the latest reports online, and her children are delighted by the always on entertainment functions available through the car hotspot. Her app explains to her what the warning message Error E404.03 on her display really means: The airflow meter has reported implausible values. There may be a drop in engine performance. Please contact a service center within the next 100 km. She is relieved because she knows that she can still drive her children to visit their grand-mother. The vehicle also sends the error code to the manufactur-ers back end, where it is prepared as a lead for the pertinent service center. The service center receives information about the error code, the vehicle that sent it, and the customer. The dealer can now contact Laura on the same day, using WhatsApp, her communication channel of choice, and offer her three possible dates for a service center appointment. Naturally, all three sug-gestions are in the afternoon because Laura, a childminder, is known to be completely busy taking care of children in the mornings.Ingo Disloyal purchases a used car on an Internet platform at a good price. Curious about the small, unassuming box bearing the Bluetooth symbol in the driver footwell, he hears from the previous owner that this is a Connected Car retrofit that com-municates with the vehicles electronic systems via an OBD2 interface (diagnostics plug). Curious about the digital add-ons of his new used car, he registers on the manufacturers customer portal and can now use the downloaded app as a digital co-pi-lot. Ingo is delighted to have the drivers logbook function; now he can increase the amount of his tax reimbursement with very little effort. The authorized dealer in his area is notified of the registration and, thanks to the odometer reading sent by the back end, there is no more guessing about when the next service is due. The dealer assuming Ingo is in agreement can contact Ingo about the service that is due and make him an offer that this price-sensitive customer will consider to be a real bargain. The manufacturer, aware that Ingos financial resources are lim-ited, can send the appropriate newsletter or specific push notifi-cation to the Connected Car app when certain problems arise and call his attention to the low-priced second line of spare parts, the Efficiency Parts. Even if Ingo now goes to an independent service center, he will at least maintain the quality of the original parts for the important replacements.69 Detecon Management Report dmr Special Automotive 2015Figure 1: Customer Life Cycle in the Automotive IndustrySource: DeteconCustomer LifecycleOwnership0 - 2 YearsOwnership2- 4 YearsOwnership> 4 YearsSalesPre-SalesRetention/ Re-PurchaseAwarenessDigital potential of Connected Car for customer relationship managementThe digital possibilities offered by Connected Car help the auto-mobile manufacturers in all four dimensions of CRM:> Since they will know who their customers are throughout the entire vehicle life cycle even when there is a change of owners car-makers will have the chance, thanks to Connected Car, to remain in direct communication with customers during the use phase as well. The interaction between manufacturers and dealers will become more intense. The collection of data about the vehicle and provided that drivers have given their consent about the users driving behavior provides valuable information about the individual needs of vehicles and their drivers. Such data can also be analyzed in anonymized form by means of big data and customer analytics functions and used for a more precise segmentation.> Thanks to the online transmission of the current odometer reading and generated service or error messages, determining the time when service or repairs are required is no longer a guessing game. The exact needs can now be seen in real time, particularly for older vehicles or after a change of owners and the correspond-ing change in driving behavior (frequent/infrequent drivers, city driving or highway).> This advantage is true of the need per se, not just the point in time. Service or error messages give the expert service consultants in the service center exact specifications about the work that is required and the necessary spare parts. As a consequence, annoy-ing waiting times or delays in the service center can be avoided because the dealers already know exactly what service is required before customers take their cars to the service center. The neces-sity to order spare parts could previously not be determined until the car had arrived at the service center; now the orders can be sent off ahead of time. In the past, there were often massive complaints from dealers about the quality of the leads generated by the manufacturers and forwarded to them. Thanks to Con-nected Car, the leads are immediately qualified in high quality at the moment they are generated. Requirements are described exactly, and customers have expressed an interest by using the Connected Car functions in maintaining an ongoing relation-ship to the manufacturer and its network of partners.> Finally, Connected Car opens new channels of communication. One goes through the head unit that customers use intensively as the communication interface with their cars as representatives of the brand. Advertising content in appropriate form and moder-ation can be displayed here. Another is created by the Connected Car app that becomes the constant companion of drivers and, especially for younger target groups, is the medium of choice on their mobile devices. A special advantage of these two Connected Car channels for addressing customers is the immediate relation-ship to the product and use of services. The communication can take place at the very moment customers experience the product car or the Connected Car services. This immediacy can be used to ensure that the message being sent arrives in much more direct and more intensive form than would be the case of an email that comes in at some point during the day or of a brochure that is found in the mailbox.70 Detecon Management Report dmr Special Automotive 2015Figure 2: Architecture of a Connected Car Solution with Dealer IntegrationSource: DeteconVehicleBackendConnected CarArchitectureDealer/Service CenterConCar App Head Unit in the Car Customer PortalCRM Manufacturer DMSConnected Car solutions have their origins in the development departments of car manufacturers and have frequently been conceived on the basis of what is technologically feasible. The key question what customers actually want and need was often neglected. Detecon brings its outstanding expertise in CRM, sales, and service to Connected Car projects so that the focus is on customers. When this is achieved, Connected Car becomes the Connected Customer and realizes its full potential.By the way, Laura is still thrilled when, after the service check, she finds a small bag of caramel sweets and not just the updated service booklet on the passenger seat ...Dr. Jrgen Padberg is Partner in the Automotive Practice and head of Global Knowledge Practice CRM, Sales & Service. He advices clients to the topic of digital transformation in order to explore new ways of Customer Com-munication and Customer Experience with the help of innovative Technology.Andreas Seel is Managing Consultant and an expert in Connected Car. He is a member of Connected Car Solution Center and advices car makers and sup-pliers on technical and economical topics.Focus is on customers, not technologyThe immense potential of Connected Car for customer relation-ship management does not develop its full impact, however, unless users actively participate. Customers must use the Con-nected Car services if the desired data are to be generated and the ongoing interaction with the manufacturers is to be main-tained. The functions of the Connected Car solution whether as installed hardware in the cars or in the form of a mobile app must offer concrete benefits and tangible added value to drivers. The ideal solution is a combination of rational benefits (such as functions for increasing efficiency like a gas-saving driving style or more convenience in the form of support pro-vided by the digital co-pilot) with emotional components that excite customers. Examples might be the integration of social activities (social network integration) or fun components (gam-ification). Unless customers recognize how they will benefit, they will not be prepared to pay in the currency usual for such transactions the disclosure of their data.71 Detecon Management Report dmr Special Automotive 2015


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L-3 Platform Integration has created an endowed scholarship that would benefit students in Baylor University's School of Engineering and Computer Science.
Baylor expects to begin awarding scholarships from the L-3 Endowed Scholarship Fund in the next few years as the endowment grows, Baylor spokeswoman Lori Fogleman said. She declined to release the amount of the endowment, citing university policy.
"Developing the next generation of engineers is important for both our community and L-3," the company's executive vice president, Nick Farah, said in a Baylor press release announcing the scholarship.
"Investing in this endowed scholarship provides an additional avenue for students to earn a world-class engineering degree right here in Central Texas."
The L-3 Endowed Scholarship Fund builds upon the company's existing partnerships with the university.
Since 2011, L-3 and Baylor have worked on research to develop new testing analysis measures for aircraft composite materials.
The two entities in January began a new research project developing advanced aircraft communication technologies.
L-3 in June became the first technology company to sign a lease to occupy lab space in the Baylor Research & Innovation Collaborative, a new public-private high-technology research park that opened this year.
In addition, L-3 has hired more than 40 engineering graduates from Baylor during the past two decades, Fogleman said.


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January 5, 2018
In the January 4th edition, the Pawtucket Times spoke to girls basketball coach Joe Handy about this year's team and junior Julianna Desautel. Both Handy and Desautel share their goals for this year's team and look back on Desautel's years as an athlete and student.
Click here to read the article.
CONTACT INFORMATION: 50 Jenckes Hill Road Lincoln, RI 02865 (PHONE) 401-728-1500 (FAX) 401-728-8910 Site Map


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Here are some things that have recently grabbed our attention:
No surprise: We are disappointed - in so many ways - that Congress wasn't able to get its act together for a new five-year plan for the Farm Bill. They had the time to do so, but both sides used that time to play D.C.'s favorite - but not America's - game: politics. Now with something in place through September, we hope Congress won't squander that time away as well. But I guess we should count our blessings since we could have found ourselves at the bottom of a cliff.
Good cause: The Marching Wolves will bring nationwide exposure to Northern State, Aberdeen and South Dakota by performing in the 57th annual Presidential Inaugural Parade on Jan. 21. They need money to go; please give. The band will hold an Indoor Marching Band Fundraiser Gala at 7:30 p.m. Jan. 12 in the Johnson Fine Arts Center, or give through the NSU Foundation at 605-626-2550 or michael.bockorny


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Complex and divisive real estate transaction fees have been floated as a way to fund affordable housing in Colorado.
When a simple yes or no question about them was recently posed at a Durango City Council candidate forum, however, the discussion that ensued showed it wasn't necessarily easy to answer.
The candidates were asked: Are you in favor of implementing a property transaction fee? Who would pay the fee – buyer or seller – and what percentage would it be?
The Taxpayer's Bill of Rights prohibits cities from imposing property transaction taxes, but fees could be allowed, city attorney Dirk Nelson said.
"The basic idea of a fee is it needs to be supported by some findings of what a service costs," he said.
The city could probably use fees to fund affordable housing, he said.
However, those who oppose fees often argue that they are, in fact, taxes, said Rich Jones, director of policy and research from the Bell Policy Center.
"It's not unusual to have that debate," he said.
Candidates at the forum discussed fees or proposals that they were familiar with, including one that might work on the state level and one that does work within a development. But in follow-up discussions about such fees, it was clear that council candidates are leery of them in Durango.
Chris Bettin said the Colorado State Senate had considered a real estate transaction fee, but the proposal died in committee.
It would have increased the fee on documents filed with county clerks from $1 to $5. The additional $4 would have gone into a statewide attainable housing investment fund, according to a bill summary.
That type of fee would be exempt from TABOR restrictions, Jones said.
Bettin said he is not in favor of real estate transaction fees and taxes in Durango because they could keep some from buying homes.
"We are talking about affordable housing and then people talk about adding costs to housing," he said. "That does not seem rational to me."
A nominal state fee might have been a relatively painless way to raise a substantial amount of money that would have been shared with Durango, but small fees likely would not raise a meaningful amount of money on the local level, Bettin said.
While he does see transfer fees and taxes as a solution, he supports funding affordable housing in town.
"I am very interested in how we create diverse housing," he said.
At the forum, Melissa Youssef noted that the Three Springs development has a real estate transaction fee.
A seller in Three Springs pays 0.25 percent on the home's price into a fund for affordable and attainable housing. It is part of the development's Master Association covenant requirements, said Tim Zink, real estate portfolio manager for the Growth Fund. The nonprofit Master Association governs both the residential and the commercial property at Three Springs, he said.
Some of the Three Springs fees were given to the Regional Housing Alliance, now known as the Homes Fund, to help residents buy homes, he said. But it is not restricted to that purpose.
Youssef clarified later in an interview that she is not in favor of any new fees at this time.
Instead, she would like to create a 10-year comprehensive plan of the city's financial needs.
Dean Brookie said a fee to help pay for affordable housing would be worth investigating, but it could not be so onerous that it prices people out of the market rather than encouraging home ownership.
Candidates Tom Eskew and Dave McHenry both opposed a property transfer fee at the forum.


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The new Kanuk.com promotes the brand's values as well as its quality, selection and style.
Kanuk's digital platform was designed to meet the needs of a growing client base in Quebec, Canada, the US and Europe, all while respecting the brand's heritage and values. This is a brand who is so confident in the quality and performance of their jackets that their showroom in Montreal features a room with 13˚ Fahrenheit / -25˚ Celsuis conditions for trying on the products.
Key innovations on Kanuk's new website:
- On-brand experience: The site was designed to appeal to both brand loyalists as well as a newer/younger client base by banking on the brand's reputation and introducing more modern designs, including lines developed in partnership with renowned local designer Philippe Dubuc.
- Fluid navigation: Clients can navigate and shop with ease. The UX+Design team created a simple and intuitive interface, highlighting the coats' classic design and making the purchasing process easy.
- Security and fraud prevention: A secure purchasing process for customers and strong anti-fraud measures are in place thanks to the Magento platform and Paypal Pro services. From both the customer and the company's perspective, the site is a true reflection of Kanuk's quality.
About Kanuk:
Over the past 40 years, Kanuk has designed and marketed well-made, flawlessly-tailored outerwear that provides protection against extreme temperatures, all while maintaining a classic style.


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Residential Aluminium Window Replacement In Pennington Green
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From Project Excellence to Commercial Excellence Coreworx and Houston's project experts joined together for an afternoon conference dedicated to discussing project information management solutions that help improve project outcomes. It was a full agenda of insightful presentations and a selection of those presentations are now available for download here: Coreworx Project Excellence 2018 Presentations. If you would like access to … Read More
Asset Interface Management System at ADIPEC 2016
Join us at the annual ADIPEC conference in Abu Dhabi this November (2016). This year, both Sulaiman Al Naqbi, Projects Interface Team Leader from
Project Excellence in Houston April 21
Some of our clients as well as other expert project practitioners from leading oil & gas, petrochemical, and engineering companies shared experiences and thought leadership on issues related to project execution. Some of the topics and presenters included: • Gulf of Mexico Industry Outlook from Trey Hamblet and Chris Paschall of Industrial Info Resources (IIR) • Document Management as a Key … Read More
Beyond Document Control, Beyond Compare!
Last week, Coreworx and Houston's project experts joined together at the Hyatt Regency Galleria for Project Excellence 2016, a morning conference dedicated to discussing project information management best practices that help improve project outcomes. Everyone in the room agreed that upstream oil and gas projects have especially seen a slowdown in the past two years. However, Trey Hamblet of Industrial Info … Read More
Project Excellence 2015 Recap
Improving Operational Efficiencies on Megaprojects This past month, we hosted our 7th annual Coreworx Project Excellence conferences in Houston, Texas and Calgary, Alberta. Each year, Coreworx aspires to present industry-leading content to the oil and gas community, while adding some fun and networking. Project Excellence has definitely become our top event with attendance growing year after year. This year's attendees … Read More
Project Excellence Calgary – September 14
Our Project Excellence conference in Calgary is scheduled for September 14, 2015. This event is a complimentary half-day conference of educational sessions and networking opportunities for project professionals within the oil and gas industry. Conference sessions will offer attendees insights into how companies have retooled their information management systems for better project execution to help them get strategically positioned for … Read More


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Building-performance reporting software
RC-Reporter reads SQL database files from any BACnet Internet-connected building configured with RC-Archive software. Every BACnet Internet-connected building is available for analysis. Additionally, RC-Reporter can import comma-separated-value files from non-SQL third-party sources. RC-Reporter is largely unrestricted in the inventory of buildings it can analyze. RC-Reporter's point filtering and querying allow users to quickly sort through big data and effectively extract the information they want. The filtered information is linked to a variety of RC-Reporter components, which graphically display the information against benchmarks, setpoints, and profiles. The components are individually saved and used in customized reports that are automatically emailed to any recipient list at any time schedule.
Reliable Controls
This product is a Finalist in the Consulting-Specifying Engineer 2016 Product of the Year program. View more Finalists and cast your vote at www.csemag.com/votepoy (voting closes June 30, 2016).
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Minimalist Dot and Line Wristwatch
Keep tabs on the time in a simple yet stylish way with this Minimalist Dot and Line Wristwatch. The stainless steel band and single-color dial give the watch a sophisticated aesthetic.
Ideal for: Minimalists
Material: Stainless Steel
Band Width: 20mm
Case Thickness: 12mm
Band Length: 21cm
Dial Diameter: 40mm
Water Resistance Depth: 3Bar


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Is Dentist On Starkey in NSW good?
I'm stayin in NSW for the next 3 months and have not gone to a dentist yet but its high time i go visit.
So i'm just asking this question to hear if anyone from NSW or the area has any experience with Dentist On Starkey
I think my bridge needs to be fixed and its important that the dentist can do it without much pain.
What concerns me is:
- Do the people working there have a lot of experience?
- How long has it been around?
- Is there a place I can check reviews?
- Is it a better choice than Dr Ben Liu?
I head a story from my husband that said its gone wrong before but that was not from Dentist On Starkey.
Thank you in advance, hoping to get some feedback
Description from Dentist On Starkey
General, Cosmetic & Implant Dentistry
Contact information for Dentist On Starkey
Dentist On Starkey is located in NSW, AU on the address 16 Starkey St, ForestvilleDentist On Starkey (the zipcode is 2087). If you want to get in contact you can visit their website or call them on +61 2 9452 1213. If you prefer contact by email the address is firstname.lastname@example.com.