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Gender Equality : Media, Advertisement and Education Results from two studies conducted by FGB. Silvia Sansonetti
- Janel Kennedy
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1 Gender Equality : Media, Advertisement and Education Results from two studies conducted by FGB Silvia Sansonetti
2 Fondazione Giacomo Brodolini Let me please introduce our Foundation first. We are an independent and non-profit organisation that carries out: Research activities Technical assistance Cultural promotion Capacity-building
3 FGB and Gender Equality We have a long experience of analysis, research, evaluation, communication in the field of Gender Equality. We have been coordinating for the European Commission the Networks of Experts in the field of Gender Equality since 2008.
4 Studies in the specific field We have conducted several studies in the field of Gender Equality and media and Gender Equality and education. Among them here we are here presenting the 2 most recent comparative research we carried out. A study on Women representations on the Media that discusses the Situation in Europe, Best Practices and Legislations
5 Both Studies Focus on Gender Stereotyping Beside the direct and indirect effects of gender based discrimination when we consider Gender based discrimination in these fields we have to focus also on gender stereotyping. Gender stereotyping refers to preconceived ideas, whereby males and females are arbitrarily assigned characteristics and roles determined and limited by their sex regardless of their natural predispositions. It may limit the development of women and
6 Role of Socialisation Agencies The media, the education system, the family, play a pivotal role in providing the symbolic materials (images, role models, values, and narratives) that individuals are likely to use in the process of constructing their identity. So reproducing the existing gendered symbolic system within the culture.
7 Media: Stereotyped way of presenting women and men, the fetishisation of men s and women s bodies, women are rarely experts in news, in the new media earlier enthusiasm (internet is friendly to women) has left room to disappointment when women started to experience Net abuse. Few Examples Some examples of gender stereotyping in Media and Education.
8 The content of the two Studies Now we will consider the content of the studies we have chosen to present today.
9 an in-depth analysis and evaluation of the existing regulatory acts tackling the issues of women and girls as subject of the media s attention and advertisement in each of the 27 EU Member States. Women and Media Study Provides a detailed knowledge of : the currently available literature on the topic of gender and the media, including studies and researches on the effect of gender representations on the audience at international and national level; some relevant examples of legislation and codes of conduct in force outside EU. the implementation of the AVMSD ( /EU)
10 Women and Media Study The most relevant results to be discussed at the present meeting from the Women and Media Study are concerned with the in-depth analysis and evaluation of the existing regulatory acts tackling the issues of women and girls as subject of the media s attention in the EU-27 Member States.
11 As far as the Gender and Education Study It presents identified problems of genderbased discrimination in access to education and discusses concerns raised at the MS level. Provides an overview of the EU and national anti-discrimination legislation and its application to the field of education. Focuses on the non-legislative measures and activities introduced by Member States to combat sex discrimination in education.
12 Gender and Education Study The most relevant results to be discussed at the present meeting are concerned with: the overview of the EU and national antidiscrimination legislation with reference to genderbased discrimination and its application to the field of education. the effectiveness of existing legislative measures.
13 Women and Media Study So let s consider the relevant results of the Women and Media Study. The study individuated 61 regulatory acts and policies with a gender and media relevance enacted in the EU 27
14 Women and Media Study Regulatory acts collected in EU Member States by type
15 Women and Media Study The most part (13/21) of regulatory acts that are found in the Codes of conduct and Protocol typology are codes of conduct issued by advertising self-regulation bodies, created by the advertising industry to comply with national laws ruling the sector. The other 8 codes of conduct regulate different media sectors (in particular: 4 the broadcasting and news media sector, 1 the printed media and internet sector, 3 all forms of media and communication). The main weaknesses of codes and protocols is that half of them are non-binding, that they do not come with fines or financial penalties and that they tend to be generic in their formulation, simply warning against gender-based discrimination. References to the media sector were also found in Gender Equality Plans. Seven were identified, and all of them are mostly positive guidelines because they encourage gender awareness and the protection of women s rights in all aspects of social and political life, media included. The large majority of them consists of action tools (6) and only 1 envisages a long term organic strategy. Some of these plans address the representation of gender and gender equality in the media in a detailed way, yet none of these plans is binding, because no provisions are contained for punishment in case of non-compliance.
16 Women and Media Study There are 26 laws relevant for this area. The majority of these laws (21/26) are sectoral regulations, that is, they specifically regulate the media sector (15) or the advertising sector (5, plus one that disciplines the wider marketing sector). As to the remaining 5 laws, one is a Consumer Protection Act (38/1978), found in Finland; 4 are laws aimed at protecting against
17 Women and Media Study Gender Equality laws, Antidiscrimination acts, Gender Equality Plans stand out for being grounded in an appropriate and comprehensive definition of gender-based discriminations but they are either binding (Gender Equality Laws and Anti-discrimination Acts) or media-
18 Women and Media Study As to the specific field of advertising, in almost all EU countries vigilance falls under the responsibility of selfregulatory bodies. Along with the nonbinding nature of half of the codes of conduct issued by these bodies that have been analysed, an overall weakness of this typology of regulatory
19 Women and Media Study In news media and journalism. These are the specific object of only three codes of conducts/guidelines collected in the fieldwork. This appears to be a critical aspect, as fair gender portrayal is a professional and ethical aspiration akin to the respect for accuracy, pluralism and objectivity.
20 Women and Media Study An interesting aspect, is that with the exception of two Spanish laws (National Law Against Gender-Based violence, 2004, and General Law on Audiovisual Communication, 2010), all the other 24 (out of 26) legislative instruments, regardless of the area they belong, address gender-based discrimination in generic terms. Across Europe media-related laws, advertisingrelated laws, and even the laws specifically focusing on protection against discrimination, present very similar formulations (referring to the AVMSD terminology). The paragraph in art.6 of the Directive prohibiting discrimination based on sex, age, racial or ethnic origin, nationality, religion, belief, or disability in media contents has been generally carbon-copied in the text of the acts and laws targeting radio and TV, electronic media, audiovisual media and advertising. We should remind that the AVMSD refers to this issue in three articles: 3,6, 9.
21 Women and Media Study The European Commission monitors the correct transposition and implementation of the Directive according to its role of guardian of the Treaties. All information are provided on the EC web-pages concerning the Digital Agenda.
22 Women and Media Study From the analysis, it has emerged that the effectiveness of regulatory acts is directly related to the condition of it being legally binding. The Spanish Organic Law 1/2004, 28 December, on Measures of Integral Protection against Gender-Based Violence has become a milestone in the
23 Women and Media Study Summing up the results of the Study on Women and Media lead to conclude that the weakness stemming from the unsatisfying understanding of gender-based discrimination and gender equality found in most acts/policies would be in part compensated by involving, in the monitoring and application of the act, institutions/organisations such as gender equality bodies, women s NGOs, feminist associations: these subjects have developed the sensitivity, skills and socio-cultural analysis that are necessary in order to eradicate sexism and discrimination in media contents and advertisement campaigns.
24 Gender and Education Study Even though sex discrimination in access to education appears to be a marginal issue in Europe, gender inequalities persist in access to education, in its content and in educational outcomes: Roma girls, Muslim female students and Traveller boys are, more likely to be out of school than students from the majority population or other minority communities; Male students from low-income families were
25 Gender and Education Study In considering legislative measures to prohibit sex discrimination in access to education, it is pertinent to acknowledge that education is a national competence of Member States, who retain full responsibility for the content of teaching and the organisation of education systems (Article 165 TFEU). At the national level, most EU Member States have constitutional guarantees and legislative provisions to prohibit sex discrimination in access to education. In the majority of countries prohibition of this form of discrimination is explicit in others it is implicit. Even in countries where sex discrimination in access to education is implicitly prohibited, stakeholder interviews confirmed that claimants can bring claims of sex discrimination in education.
26 Gender and Education Study The prohibition of multiple discrimination is not common in Member States legislation. Legislation prohibits discrimination based on more than one of the prohibited grounds in only five Member States. However, claimants can bring claims in court on the grounds of multiple discrimination. In the majority of the Member States, the implementation and application of antidiscrimination legislation in relation to sex
27 Gender and Education Study Ireland is one of the only countries within the EU that provides systematic information on incidents reported to the Equality Tribunal which includes data on sex discrimination in access to education. Though what is clear from the Irish case is that reference to sex discrimination in access to education in the legislative framework is implicit and the exemptions for single sex schools and religious institutions are important.
28 Gender and Education Study In several Member States the legislative prohibition of gender-based discrimination is implicit not explicit and scattered among different legal instruments (constitutional provisions, general anti-discrimination legislation and education acts). In some countries the scope of application of the law might be limited and exemptions in the field of education are broad. National legislation does not adequately capture the problem of hidden discrimination, i.e. the cultural and socioeconomic obstacles that male and female students might face in accessing education. Unreported discrimination exists irrespective of national legislation even though some key actors believe it is visible, well known and understood. Even though in principle Member States have mainstreamed gender in education, as it appears in policy documents in almost all Member States, policy documents are not always accompanied by concrete actions.
29 Gender and Education Study The real issue is not the lack of legislation but its enforcement Now we can consider the provisions in the Constitutions The existing references to gender equality and equality issues in general in the constitutional provisions have been analysed and classified as follows: Member States where the constitution has an
30 Gender and Education Study In some Member States the Constitution explicitly states that gender equality in education is protected. Member States where there is a reference in the Constitution to the right to (access to)education for all citizens, but no explicit reference is made to gender equality in education. Member States where the Constitution does not make any reference to the right to (access
31 Gender and Education Study As far as the General anti-discrimination legislation we can highlight that in the majority of the Member States (23 out of 27) general anti-discrimination legislation has an explicit reference to education. This is the case in Belgium (French community), Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Netherlands, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, and
32 Gender and Education Study As far as the Provisions on antidiscrimination in education acts In 19 Member States, education acts have an explicit reference to the prohibition of discrimination on the grounds of sex. This is the case in Austria, Belgium (both French and Flemish-speaking communities), Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark (applying to private schools only), Estonia, France, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,
33 Gender and Education Study Furthermore there are Countries that are taking steps to to eliminate continuing or unaddressed forms of discrimination (including gender-based discrimination) in access to compulsory education.
34 Gender and Education Study To conclude the study shows that the legislation protecting the access to education from gender-based discrimination is in force in Member States. What is missing is an efficient monitoring system at local and national level and civil society organisations.
35 Thank you for your attention.
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By: Laura Hostelley
For the past decade, the CMA Songwriters Series has given the inside scoop to fans across the country on the songs that have impacted them. To celebrate the 10th anniversary, Bob DiPiero will take the stage alongside Striking Matches and Charlie Worsham at Joe's Bar in Chicago on July 30 to perform their hit songs and share the stories behind them.
The first part of the anniversary kicked off at the Sundance Film Festival in January, and has continued with shows performed in Nashville, New York City, and London already in 2014. Other stops planned for the rest of 2014 include Austin, Nashville, New York and Paradise Island in the Bahamas with Bobby Pinson, Brett James, Caitlyn Smith and Kristian Bush.
The series, which began at Joe's Pub in New York City, has made 75 appearances in 13 cities with 127 artists sharing their tales.
Tickets for upcoming shows can be purchased at cmasongwritersseries.com, or by calling (312) 337-3486.
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Yesterday Tom and I took the kids on a day trip to Lopez Island. We had a killer brunch in Anacortes at Dad's Diner and took the afternoon Ferry for our 3 hour Kayak tour (got a sweet Groupon deal).
We packed the sunscreen, the bathing suites, the extra clothes and cooler full of necessities. Since our ice machine isn't working we needed to stop on the way. After brunch we were running a bit late so we just hustled over to the ferry dock which is where I realized that we had forgotten the ice.
This is important because 1. I like my beer and 2. I like my beer cold.... this problem needed to be solved pronto!
So, we are sitting in a packed ferry line surveying our options and suddenly the skies opened and rays of light illuminated the sign above the Ferry Terminal 'Mini Market'...(slight exaggeration).
We march over to get a bag of ice.... time is of the essence, at this point as my beer is only getting warmer and warmer.
Tom walks up to the Mini Market attendant and orders. She promptly tells him that bags of ice are not available....they are just NOT sold there. WHAT?!?!
I turn to walk away and sulk... what am I going to do now?!?!
Tom is persistent. He asks if she could make a bag for us...could she improvise and make something happen? She thinks for a minute and says, 'Yeah, I bet I could make something work'.
He didn't take NO for an answer and got the bag of ice and I get a cold beer!!!
So, what does all this mean?
It means, don't take NO for an answer!
What do you usually do when you are told NO?
Do you quickly back down and walk away?
Do you give up super easily like I was going to?
Do you even APPOLOGIZE for asking for what you want in the first place?
...or do you push on, ask again and find another way?
I learned that if you REALLY REALLY want something you can find a way.... even if you are told NO at first.
I challenge you to PUSH ON.
If there is a WILL there is a WAY.
Go after what you want.
Be Persistent.
Get it Girl!!!
XO, Mari
P.S. I would love to hear your stories of persistence. When have you not taken NO for an answer and gotten what you wanted?


text:
Born in Besançon (Doubs department) in 1924, Jean-Baptiste Fourt began his artistic studies at the Besançon School of Fine Arts before the war. In 1944 he met Jean-Pierre Chabrol while both were members of the French Resistance movement (Francs-Tireurs and Partisans Français – FTPF). Together, they joined the 1st French army under the orders of General Jean de Lattre de Tassigny, where Fourt was an elite sniper. After the War, he completed his training at the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts in Paris.
For a time he taught drawing in Pavillons-sous-Bois (east Paris) and lived in the nearby suburb of Chelles. With his friends and neighbours Bernard Clavel, Herve Bazin and Armand Lanoux, he formed the "band of four", who met occasionally in Courcelles-La-Roue, often at the table of his old friend Chabrol. He appreciated the hamlet for its peaceful character and its preserved natural setting, ideal for painting, and moved there in 1972. He taught at a local secondary school while continuing to draw and paint.
Setting himself very high standards and shying from notoriety, he voluntarily chooses to exhibit only locally, and quite rarely, at the Commanderie of the Knights Templar, at the Capuchin Hall, and at La Moderne in Saint -Cyr.
His work is distinguished by an approach to nature between abstraction and figurative suggestion. His style was original and assertive, just like his character, which pushed him to refuse any official profession and the worldliness of vernissages. He died in Saint-Cyr-sur-Morin in 1998.
Source: Extract – Promenades-découvertes en vallée du Petit Morin, Éditions Terroirs
Artist: Jean-Baptiste Fourt (1924 – 1998).
Signed and dated in lower right corner.
Medium: Oil on canvas.
Condition: Very good condition.
Dimensions: 46 x 38 cm. / 18 x 15 in.
Frame: 69 x 61 cm. / 27 x 24 in. Original. Wood, Montparnasse style.
Provenance: Rouen, France.
Price: C$ 700


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« All Events
When crisis of any nature strikes, whether it's in your own backyard or across the country, it gets many people thinking of their own emergency plans. Would your staff know what to do in—and after—an emergency situation?
Today is the day to dust off your emergency preparedness policy for review and circulation to your staff and residents.
Learning Objectives:
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LegCo Paper No. CB(1) 587/96-97
(These minutes have been seen
by the Administration)
Ref : CB1/PS/8/95/1
Members present :
Members attending:
Members absent :
Public officers attending :
Attendance by invitation :
Clerk in attendance:
Staff in attendance:
The Chairman reported that responses to concerns raised by members provided by the Administration and the KCRC were tabled at the meeting. Concerning requests from the press for the provision of the full KCRC proposal, Mr Gordon SIU advised that reporters could contact the Transport Branch direct for perusing copies of the proposal.
2. At the invitation of the Chairman, Mr Ian McPherson of the Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation (KCRC) introduced the consultants responsible for the detailed engineering report of the Western Corridor Railway (WCR). With the aid of slides, Mr Malcolm Snody of Pacific Bechtel Corporation briefed members on the alignment, stations, systems and works carried out during the detailed feasibility study on the basis of presentation materials tabled at the meeting.
(Post-meeting note: The presentation material were circulated to absent members vide LegCo Paper No. CB(1) 1761/95-96.)
3. Mr McPherson emphasised that the WCR was an extensive and complicated engineering project, and the feasibility study had brought the project to a 5% design level. It was essential to move forward to the technical study programme as these would facilitate decisions on alignment and land requirements. He highlighted the fact that land acquisition could not begin until the alignment was determined and the land requirements defined. The studies would also provide assessments on costs and environmental impact and enable the Government to be fully informed in making its decision on the project.
4. A member considered that KCRCs proposal regarding alignment and engineering was fait accompli and asked about the Administrations power and scope in negotiating with KCRC on these aspects in order to reap the best benefits economically. She enquired how information obtained from Phase II of the Railway Development Study (RDS) which costed $45 million could facilitate such negotiation, and about the work and the roles of the Project Steering Committee and the Secretary for Planning, Environment and Lands.
5. In response, Mr SIU informed that the Administration already had a broad concept of the possible alignment prior to submission of the proposal by KCRC. It was however not possible to comment on the changes until the consultants engaged by the Administration had completed their studies. On the scope of negotiations with KCRC over the alignment and engineering proposals, Mr SIU advised that negotiations on all aspects would be possible. He assured members that the Administrations independent consultants would critically examine KCRCs assumptions, methodology and demand forecasts to ensure their reasonableness and acceptability. As regards the Project Steering Committee, Mr SIU advised that it provided the necessary guidance to KCRC on major policy and procedural issues relating to the WCR project. The Committee would also resolve disagreements that might arise between concerned parties over different aspects of the project.
6. A member enquired about the reason for having proposed elevated structures for the alignment segment between Yuen Long and Tuen Mun spanning over the Yuen Long Plain. He also sought information on the type of viaduct to be used and cost comparisons between viaduct, at-grade and other options. Mr Snody explained that flood avoidance and engineering considerations were the major considerations for the elevated structures but other factors were also involved. The current proposal represented the best option. The possibility of using alternative types of structures as well as the cost-effectiveness would however also be covered in the next stage of studies. He added that the costs would normally depend on the depth of the foundation but in general viaducts were more expensive than at-grade.
7. A member asked if it was absolutely necessary for the alignment near the Tsuen Wan Station to pass through the underground of Wah Kai Industrial Centre and Paul Y Industrial Building on Texaco Road and through the Riviera Gardens, or if other options could be considered. Mr McPherson informed that the choice of alignment had impact on buildings and nearby infrastructures. Mr Snody confirmed that other options had been considered in the feasibility study. As passage through the Riviera Gardens would cause disruption to traffic, the underground option was preferred. All related issues would be examined in the technical study. Mr C K MAK affirmed that the Railway Division of the Highways Department would undertake a comparative study of the options and would request KCRC to provide an overall assessment.
8. While warning that cut-and-cover works on Kwai Fuk Road would paralyze traffic in Ha Kwai Chung area and that the Kwai Tsing District Board had voiced strong objection to such a proposal, a member considered that the consultants had no regional experience and suggested that other options should be explored even though these might be more expensive. Mr Snody noted the members comments and confirmed that the case would be further considered. He acknowledged that solving traffic problems in the area was a challenging task. Mr McPherson added that a final decision had yet to be made and KCRC would definitely look into the issue carefully. A member asked for written response on whether the consultants had raised with the Administration the land requirement for the project, if the proposed alignment could pass through particular pieces of land from a practical point of view, and on the types of usage of land associated with the project including those for property development purpose.
9. Members sought clarification on whether the alignment suggested by KCRC followed largely that proposed in the RDS and also on whether the ultimate alignment would be similar to the one proposed by KCRC. Mr Paul LEUNG confirmed that the alignment proposed by KCRC broadly followed the RDS option. Further studies would however be required before the exact alignment could be finalized.
10. In response to a member on the reason for a substantial portion of WCR to overlap with the Light Rail Transit (LRT), Mr Martin Read of MVA Asia advised that the consultants had examined the WCR alignment critically but it would be difficult to reduce the rail further. He also pointed out that the LRT and the WCR were different systems: the former being a low capacity system and the latter a "heavy duty" one which would handle significant patronage in the areas served by LRT even during peak periods.
11. On the interface with other modes of transportation in Hong Kong and how WCR could become part of the integrated transportation system in the whole territorial network, Mr McPherson advised that further discussions and studies would be held with the Administration to ensure integration. Mr L N Parker added that as outlined in RDS, WCR was a long-term development and would in due course become an integral part of the transportation network in Hong Kong. In reply to the Chairman on how the concept outlined in RDS and the Second Comprehensive Transport Study (CTS2) could be realized through the design of the WCR, Mr George LAI said that CTS2 had also confirmed the need for WCR in the year 2001.
12. As regards the absence of a connecting transportation at the Mei Foo Interchange, Mr Read admitted that Mei Foo was not an ideal interchange for buses and taxis as the area was heavily built up. He observed that a wider choice of transportation modes were available in other stations. This view was shared by Mr MAK who added that environmental constraints also existed at the Mei Foo Interchange.
13. A member asked if geotechnical studies had been conducted to examine the possibility of significant deviations from the proposal in the event of insurmountable problems. Mr Snody agreed that while the alignment might require minor adjustments on account of geotechnical reasons, no insurmountable problems were envisaged.
14. Members asked how the Administrations consultants could assist members in monitoring the WCR project. Mr SIU undertook to consider the issue and revert to the Subcommittee in due course.
15. A member expressed concern on whether a financial feasibility study would be conducted to ascertain the viability of WCR so that an early decision could be made on whether the project should proceed. He asked if the reserves would be sufficient to cover necessary expenses for overcoming insurmountable difficulties and whether a cap could be put on the WCR costs. He considered a need to check the cost-effectiveness in those areas which would affect the costs most. Mr SIU noted the members concerns and advised that the Administration would also have regard to the experience from the New Airport Project. Another member however disagreed with setting a cap on costs as she was worried that fixed price contracts would result in payments higher than was necessary. She held the view the WCR operator should present a convincing case for the funds requested with a reasonable level of reserves. Members also requested KCRC to advise if it was possible to provide a summary table over a period of say 15 years on the financial impact, in particular on the fares to be charged, with the internal rate of return at 0%.
16. A member criticized the assumption made on the absence of future direct bus services from the New Territories to the urban areas. He was of the view that comparisons should be made against scenarios with the strongest competitions. Mr Read advised that there were no such services at the moment and bus operators would be less inclined to provide such services after WCR commenced operation. Direct railway transportation should be the preferred option for commuters taking into account the exchange time needed. Experience from the present East Rail market share indicated that 72% of passengers used rail while the remaining 28% used bus services along the Tai Po Tolo Highway. He emphasized that the consultants study showed that WCR would only be taking over 45% of the passengers in aggregate. However, as people became affluent and congestion built up, the market share could go up to 58%. On these basis, the consultants forecast on passenger forecast was not particularly optimistic.
17. The member remained of the view that the consultants had no regional experience and the forecast reflected only academic and theoretical knowledge. He believed that bus companies would in future maintain competitiveness by operating direct routes unless the proposals were rejected by the Administration. Mr SIU advised that the consultants did have a full understanding of the local situation, although they should have provided scenarios with competitive bus services. He agreed to provide such analyses assuming the availability of direct bus services via Route 3 and the Western Harbour Crossing.
18. A member considered a need for the consultants to re-assess the impact of the risk factors listed under the heading of "Ridership Sensitivity Analyses and Risk Factors" in paragraph 3.1.3 of Volume 2 of the proposal. In response, Mr Robert Tasiaux advised that this part of the report was handled by another consultant. He said that revenue from through-train service would only make up 5% of the total revenue, and the overall negative impact resulting from the three factors listed would be minimal. At the request of the Chairman, Mr Tasiaux agreed to give a breakdown of the negative impact arising from each of the three risk factors.
19. Casting doubt on the data provided in KCRCs response to questions raised by members at the meeting on 28 June 1996, a member considered the figures unrealistic, in particular the one indicating that passengers had to walk 25.5 minutes to a bus terminus. He anticipated that bus companies would in future improve services and the time required to reach bus termini would be shortened. It was inappropriate to draw up computer model based on existing situations. Mr Read advised that journey time was dependent on the location of the bus terminal, and the computer model was calibrated to reflect actual situations. The Chairman reminded the Administration that members had asked for typical examples at the last meeting. Mr SIU agreed to provide examples with shortest walking distance to bus terminus for bus services via Route 3.
20. On the estimated market share, Mr George LAI said that a study conducted in 1992 indicated that 45% of passengers were using Mass Transit Railway service and 55% resorted to buses. Members noted from Table 3 of the response that the bus market share was anticipated to be 6% and again cast doubt on its reasonableness. Members asked for more realistic assessments of the market share by buses. Mr Read said in reply that the example provided was one out of 75,000 possible combinations and that traffic situations fluctuated. Mr SIU agreed that cases could be developed further based on some more hypothetical situations, and Mr McPherson undertook to provide more examples to the Subcommittee.
21. In referring to paragraph 2.2 (Proposed System Configuration) of Volume 2 of the Full Proposal, a member expressed dissatisfaction at the response from KCRC on this subject. This had also led to doubts on other figures supplied by the consultants since the consultants had implied that figures provided in the section were inaccurate. Mr Tasiaux clarified that the word "triple" in the statement on throughput should read "double" and the capacity under the new freight systems should be 3.9 million Twenty-foot Equivalent Units (TEUs). Members requested a re-written version of paragraph 2.2 with elaboration on the assumptions made and the methodology used to derive the new capacity of 3.9 million TEUs. A member also asked the consultants to provide further information on how the systems throughput capacity could be maximized. Mr McPherson undertook to clear up the misunderstanding.
22. In response to a member on how KCRCs assessment panels assessed consultants and requested information on the composition of the Panels, the evaluation process and the criteria used, Mr McPherson advised that there were different types of assessment panels in the KCRC. All followed the same principles in making assessments and putting up recommendations to the Tender Board and the Managing Board. Each evaluation team made up of a mixture of engineering and finance personnel. For cases where open tenders were not involved, team members would have the experience on similar works in Hong Kong to be able to judge the reasonableness of prices quoted.
23. Some members raised questions concerning land requirement and financial analysis and the Subcommittee agreed that these would be considered at subsequent meetings. Members also agreed that the next meeting on 12 July 1996 at 8:30 a.m. would be devoted to discussions on Financial Analysis and Transportation Planning.
24. There being no further business, the meeting ended at 10:45 a.m.
Legislative Council Secretariat
30 December 1996


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See my reply to purpel123 regarding the fractional stars. As to the review count filter, that is already a feature -- you can find that slider in the Filters panel on the right, look for the "min # of reviews" slider in the Rating section. Thank you for writing!
@socool, thanks for the response. What I mean is, I think a little finer granularity would be helpful with the the # of review filter. I think 1 is obvious - since all results with a rating has at least 1 rating, but 10 is the next one. I would like to simply know that MORE THAN 1 person thought it was a good product, but not necessarily filter out results that only have 3 or 4 reviews. That's why I was thinking if the slider did 1, 2, 5, 10, etc that would be more helpful. Thanks again!
@adaploch you can get that by setting the slider to 1 review, choosing a category, and then "sort by number of reviews" (click it twice to show least number of reviews on top).
Thanks for chiming in @mgriggs9! @adaploch, got it. I will add it to the backlog of enhancements for the next version of the site. Thank you!


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Conservatives Are Avant-garde
Conservatives Are Avant-garde
By: Cpt. Poboy
It's very hard being a conservative artist in 2017. The art scene is no doubt predominantly liberal. And almost every movie, song, and T.V. show express liberal ideologies.
We are taught in art school that artists were supposed to be aware of popular belief and turn it upside down. Be a rebel. Nowadays, if you try to express a different point of view amongst fellow artists, you risk being socially outcasted, name called and sometimes publically humiliated. The reality is that artists, who are supposed to welcome new ideas, absolutely do not. Instead, artists are the new "preps" and "jocks" from those cheesy 80's movies who stuff nerds into lockers and then give each other high fives. They have become everything they've hated.
Now that they are industry standard, what are they fighting for? When I studied art, we were taught that the avant-garde was opposed to conformity and social norms. They are the norm, so who are they rebelling against? History has shown that great art comes from oppressions, depressions and recessions. I'm curious to see what art becomes when the artists are the ones doing the oppressing. My thoughts are, the conservatives will be the ones who will create the next big art movement. Maybe, it's already started.
Furthermore, great art is supposed to push the boundaries of self expression and make the uncomfortable comfortable and the comfortable uncomfortable. This is a new era in art, being conservative is avant-garde. The good news is, most liberal artists are trendy poseurs who eventually follow the heard. They strive to be different yet accepted. Once they learn that being conservative is socially different, it will spread amongst the sheep like wild fire. We are the new conservative avant-garde. True forward thinkers and ahead of our time. We must be patient and let the left catch up. We must enjoy this time while we have it to yourselves.


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Hayfield (HHS) Class of 2008 Alumni List
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The Dark Knight was the top movie in theaters in 2008, with a lifetime gross of over $533,345,358. Among TV shows in 2008, American Idol was the most popular of the year.
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If you have several guns or even just one gun in your house, you will need to know how to store the guns safely. Here are a few ways to do just that.
The first thing you always want to do to store guns safely is to make certain they are unloaded. Never store a gun with ammunition still in it. And always make sure to store the ammunition separately and away from the guns.
The very best way to store guns is to purchase a gun safe or cabinet that can be locked. Put your gun or guns in the safe or cabinet and make sure you keep the key with you or you hide it somewhere away from the safe/cabinet. If you happen to purchase a cabinet to store guns safely, make sure it is not one with a glass front. A gun cabinet should be very strong and solid all the way around.
If you do keep a handgun in the house for protection and do desire to keep it loaded, store it in a place where no one else can reach it, particularly children or visitors to the house. Never simply slip it under your bed or in a dresser drawer. Always, always make sure if the gun is loaded that the safety is on.
You can also now purchase trigger guard locks to put on the gun itself. This is a lock that slips onto the trigger guard and will keep it from firing. It is really best to have these to store guns safely even if they are in a cabinet or safe.
If you do not have children in the house, you can store a gun safely by hiding it in a closet (unloaded, of course). If you have a handgun and want to store it safely, you can put it in a box that locks and place it on the top shelf of a closet.
Some people will actually take guns apart in order to store guns safely. There are several guns now that will break down for storage.
If you keep a gun at your place of business, make certain it is hidden in a safe and inconspicuous place and the safety is on at all times.
In conclusion, to store guns safely, unload them and make sure to keep the ammunition separate. Lock them in a safe or cabinet and keep the key with you at all times.
How To Do Things. Copyright Howtodothings.com © 2016, all rights reserved.


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The Parties to the Nauru Agreement (PNA) controls the world's largest sustainable tuna purse-seine fishery. PNA countries provide around 50% of the global supply of skipjack tuna, the most commonly canned tuna.
The PNA members are: Federated States of Micronesia, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Nauru, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Tuvalu.
- Baseline study and performance indicators for the Pacific Islands Oceanic Fisheries Management Project (PIOFMP II): [PDF] A report prepared for the Pacific Islands Forum Fisheries Agency (FFA), by Ian Cartwright (Thalassa Consulting Pty Ltd), February 2017
Fact sheets
- Ensuring the sustainability of Pacific tuna: the Parties to the Nauru Agreement, WWF Pacific fact sheet
Technical papers
Popular articles
We are working on this content right now, and we'd love to hear from you if you have information on this topic. Or check out the whole of region content for fish stocks articles.
Posters & videos
- PACIFICAL: MSC Sustainable Tuna Fishing, 3.48-minute YouTube video [Pacifical is tuna marketed by PNA countries]