text:
I keep telling myself that I'm safe—safe as being in God's pocket, as my grandma would say.
My spine stiffens. What the ... ?
Next to me behind a steering wheel, a thin, bearded fellow gives a half-grin.
"What'd I tell you?" he says. "When you get in one of these things, you automatically have a target on your back."
The cage's driver, Jim Dunn, is a picker.
Safe as I feel, it still seems we're under attack.
"That one got the wheel," Dunn says. "No real damage. Just wait."
You'll see these cages wherever there is a driving range. Indeed, all across Albuquerque, folks are teeing up golf balls and then sending them into the wild blurred yonder. Eventually a picker will chug by to vacuum the results.
But not before taking a shelling.
Pock! Pock! Pock!
Dunn never hears "Fore!" He ought to hear "Incoming!"
"I always get startled," he says. "I know it's going to happen, but still it's a shock to my system that leaves me shaken."
"When they crash into the screen, I jump."
Dunn says he thinks that about 80 percent of the people who tee it up at a driving range are, for laughs, zeroing in on the picker. Thus, the picking cage is the dunking booth of a golf course. You get hit, you get soaked. Either way, no blasting back. Carl Spacklers need not apply.
Dan Wichers, an Albuquerque maintenance technician who is happily going through a bucket of golf balls this morning says, "It's fun to go after him. It's a challenge 'cause he's moving. What's most fun is using a driver and lighting up the guy when he's way out there. That really rattles his cage."
If you don't believe such mischief occurs, take a glimpse at YouTube video "4 Year Old Golfer Hits Driving Range Cart/Picker Four Consecutive Times." A talented boy has accompanied his father to an indoor driving range, name and place not provided. The purpose of the trip is apparently for the father to encourage the kid to plunk the picker.
Second tee shot: "You got him again," dad says proudly. "Wow! 20 points."
Third tee shot. "A beauty," dad marvels, "right on the windshield."
Fourth tee shot: "On the roof! That was awesome."
Some viewers think the kid is a prodigy, a Tiger Woods in the making. Other comments vent about the point of such an outing.
"Only a douche bag aims at the ball-picker."
"That's some class A parenting, teaching your kid to be an a--hole to hit the ball-collecting guy."
"It's only a matter of time before the ball-picker equips his cart with a cannon and shoots back at this kid."
Jim Dunn is too busy to personally respond to blows raining down. His cage has a large reel in the front with teeth. The teeth flip up the balls into one of six baskets. Dunn fetches hundreds and hundreds of golf balls, all day long.
Got us again.
Right about now you are probably wondering why pickers don't work when the driving range is empty. The answer is because someone is almost always on the range, and the need for range balls is insatiable. The only time Dunn is not retrieving is when someone is cutting the grass.
"When I'm at 100 yards, I know they're going for me," Dunn says. "I just know it. When golfers hit you, they think it's a major feat. Especially when they really nail you."
Back in the day, pickers drove makeshift tractors with metal cages. You could lose your hearing inside one of those. Moreover, the tractors were really slow-turning. All in all, a thankless job.
The E-Z-GO cage that Dunn drives cost 10 grand. Wide open, it can do about 10 mph.
Pickers are made, not born. Dunn, 58, worked for the City of Albuquerque in the sports office and then in senior affairs for 25 years.
"When I retired, I stayed home and dusted and cleaned while my wife worked. That got old after a while. I had to get out and do something."
Though he is not a golfer, he asked around at the Championship Course. He now works about 30 hours a week there.
A military service specialty may have unknowingly prepared Dunn for the action on the driving range. As a Navy quartermaster during the end of the Vietnam War, Dunn served on the bridge of an old destroyer in the Gulf of Tonkin. He steered the big ship to de-mine harbors while at the same time avoiding enemy fire.
George Trujeque, who runs the show at the Championship Golf Course, says the best pickers are methodical.
"You don't want to swerve all around while driving. You want to get an efficient pick. Think of mowing a lawn."
Trujeque says that Dunn, who he sometimes calls Slim Pickins, is the right man for the job. "Jim doesn't get down. It's not easy. Getting hit in the cage is almost like getting hit in the head with a rock. Same velocity."
It helps to have a sense of humor and Dunn has that, according to Trujeque. "Jim can take a joke. I'm always telling him I'm going to punish him by putting him in a cageless picker and make him wear a football helmet."
Golf courses can be dangerous places. Errant Titleists or Top Flites severely injure or kill people every year. You don't even have to be on a course to be hit. A man was walking his Chihuahua in the Bosque one evening last month when a flying golf ball accidentally fell from the sky and clunked poor little Chico on the head, killing him.
Dunn has seen gimpy roadrunners. Now and then a dead jackrabbit turns up, its skull fractured.
What then is the upside to this line of work? For one, picking is not an unsung job. In fact, the picker is immortalized in one of Bud Light's Real American Heroes commercials.
"Today, we salute you, Mister Driving Range Ball Picker Upper. You bravely throw yourself directly in the path of adversity. Oh, the rules call for friendly fire, but you know we're all gunning for you. 'Let her rip,' you say. And when they do, you'll be there. So crack open an ice cold Bud Light, range guy, because in this world of namby pambys, you're the one with all the balls."


text: Welcome to the wonderful world of Public Affairs. Though you won't find the words Public Affairs in the scriptures, the principles of building good will and creating lasting friendships have been critically important to the Church from the beginning. The Church has public affairs directors in every corner of the globe. These seasoned men and women help priesthood leaders build the relationships with community, government, and faith leaders that allow us to pursue the mission of the Church. From working with government leaders for approvals on a new building, to fostering respectful interfaith dialog and answering questions from the media, public affairs forms a vital bridge between our congregations and the communities they call home.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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Structural analysis: a classical and matrix approach
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Jan 1, 1997 - Technology & Engineering - 601 pages
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AASHTO arch ASCE assumed beam shown Bethlehem Steel Corporation bridges building cable calculations cantilevered caused Chapter columns complex trusses component of force compression computed concentrated loads considered dead load diagonals equal equations of statics EXAMPLE external loads factor floor beams frame free body ft 20 ft ft-k girders hinge hydraulic head influence line left support live load load combinations loads applied located M/EI diagram magnitude maximum member forces method of joints obtained OOOE+00 pressure coefficient Problem reaction components result roof scupper section 1-1 shear diagram shown in Figure sign convention simple beam simultaneous equations slope and deflection snow load Solution space truss span specifications stable statically determinate structural analysis structural engineer Table taking moments tension tributary area truss bridges truss members truss of Figure uniform load unit load unknown unstable values vertical components weight wind loads zero


text:
Each of the following files are PowerPoint 97-2003 Presentation files (.ppt). Download times will vary depending on Internet connection speeds and the size of the file being downloaded. Several of the following files are large and will require longer download periods.
Anesthesia Test Review - Jenifer Sweet
Asepsis and Instruments - Margi Baldwin
Emergency Procedures - Alison Kulick
Pain and Analgesia - Lisa Johnson
Pre Peri and Post Operative Care - Kim Bayer
Review Session for Certification Exams - Lisa Johnson
Wound Healing and Suture Knowledge - Kim Bayer


text:
Several years ago, I sat in the state Senate listening carefully to rhetoric involving various reform measures being proposed for the state. Tax reform, tort reform and economic development were high on the list of subjects being discussed.
Several years ago, I sat in the state Senate listening carefully to rhetoric involving various reform measures being proposed for the state. Tax reform, tort reform and economic development were high on the list of subjects being discussed.
Within a short time, it became painfully apparent that all of the measures being proposed were designed to enhance the financial position of a small group of already-prosperous businesses and individuals at the expense of the workers of our state.
Two items that stood out immediately were sales taxes and economic development. In Louisiana, the term "economic development" has always been used as a euphemism for corporate welfare, with huge subsidies and tax exemptions being provided to corporations that didn't need the exemptions to operate and didn't deserve the subsidies.
I studied the subject intensely, provided documentation to justify my position and suggested reforms for abuses in the system.
Needless to say, my voice was rather feeble when compared to the bellicose support granted to these large, callous and arrogant opponents.
Trying to reduce taxes on wealthy benefactors and transferring them to the poorer members of our society has always been a favorite sport of the Office of the Governor and the Legislature.
Tax reform under Bobby Jindal, like his phantom ethics reform, is a myth that is being carefully nurtured and skillfully disguised by a governor and administration that are determined to provide as many benefits as possible to the governor's large corporate benefactors and wealthy donors.
With regard to the tax measures he is proposing for the upcoming legislative session, the issue of sales tax versus income tax is easily understood.
To simply survive, the average taxpayer in Louisiana lives from paycheck to paycheck and much of his or her income is spent on items that require the payment of sales tax.
Millionaires and others who have large incomes generally invest most of their money and pay sales tax on only a small portion of their income. Since there are many more citizens with smaller incomes, the burden of paying taxes will be transferred to the individuals who are least able to afford these expenses and away from those individuals who can readily do so.
This is the governor's reverse Robin Hood caper.
Special mention needs to be made of taxes and education.
Gov. Jindal has eviscerated our colleges and universities with his absurd cuts to higher education. Devoutly focused on cutting taxes for his benefactors, the governor has decided that he will solve our educational dilemma by increasing tuition, which is simply another tax. In this instance, the money being saved by his pals is being replaced by money from the families of our children who are seeking a college education.
What conscientious and honest public official would handicap higher education and impose additional financial burdens on students and their parents? These activities are especially painful when you realize that the governor is in the process of cutting taxes on those individuals and corporations that are most capable of paying for the services they receive from government.
Gov. Jindal's treatment of classroom teachers has been no better. He has demonized thousands of underpaid, overworked and unappreciated members of the teaching profession and blamed them for our poor school performances when the blame lies squarely on the shoulders of their administrators. Our teachers are no less intelligent or less capable than teachers in other states. The ever-changing myriad administrative rules, regulations, teaching styles and content are responsible for these problems, not our educators.
Health care is another arena that the governor is intent on destroying and molding into his own creation. Once again, we will witness a lessening of services, increased costs, along with poorer salaries and fewer benefits for our health care employees.
To date, the Legislature has kowtowed to the governor. Be it ignorance, arrogance or impotence, the end results are still the same. The Golden Rule is paramount, and "Those with the gold get to make the rules!"
The time is overdue that we confront Jindal and the right wing who rule over the Louisiana Legislature. They need to be stopped in their tracks, and sanity, honesty and equality need to be brought back to our State Capitol.
Dr. Michael Robichaux is a former state senator from Mathews.


text:
Review by Nonjatta contributor - Dramtastic:
The Yamazaki Bourbon Barrel (no age statement). 48 per cent alcohol.
Nose: Juicy. Tropical fruit salad infused crisp oak. Vanilla, passion fruit, lychee, pineapple, pear, strawberry, blueberry bagels. Some hay, bran, cane sugar, currants.
Palate: Lovely. Big sweet-spice hit balanced with a little salt. The spicyness gives a bigger mouth feel than The Hakushu Bourbon Barrel. More of the tropical fruit salad with some added butteriness. Pecans and sweet pear.
Finish: Medium on tropical fruits, blueberry bagels, pecan pie, hint of menthol and well integrated oak.
General comment: Highly recommended.


text:
WASHINGTON (Reuters) - The White House on Wednesday threatened to veto a Republican-written bill nearing a vote in the U.S. House of Representatives that would cut food stamps for the poor by $40 billion over a decade and end benefits for an estimated 4 million people.
Representatives are likely to vote on the bill on Thursday. A close vote is expected. The White House threat capped a day of high-decibel opposition by congressional Democrats and antihunger groups who called the cuts harsh and heartless.
House Majority Leader Eric Cantor says the food stamps program in its current form is a unaffordable burden on middle-class families and can be pruned while still helping "those who truly need it." Enrollment in the food stamps program has doubled and its cost has tripled since 2004.
In a statement, the White House said lawmakers should instead cut farm and crop insurance subsidies rather than separate millions of people from "one of our nation's strongest defenses against hunger and poverty."
"These cuts would affect a broad array of Americans who are struggling to make ends meet, including working families with children, senior citizens, veterans, and adults who are still looking for work," the White House said.
It was the second time since June that the White House has threatened to veto large cuts in food stamps, the main federal program against hunger.
With Republicans holding a 33-seat advantage in the House, Democrats need to persuade around 20 Republicans to join them to kill the bill. Conversely, Republicans need a party-line vote to prevail. They did that on July 11 roll call to single out food stamps for cuts.
The Republican bill would limit able-bodied adults to three months of benefits in a three-year period unless they worked part-time or were in the workfare or job-training programs. Waivers are allowed now during times of high unemployment. The bill would also end a provision allowing benefits to people with assets slightly larger than usually permitted.
Food stamps have been the overriding issue for more than a year on passage of a five-year, $500 billion farm bill. The Senate has voted for $4 billion in cuts. Tea Party-influenced Republicans in the House rebelled at a proposed $20 billion in cuts, leading to Cantor's package of $40 billion in reforms.
A near-record 47.76 million people, about 85 percent of them children, elderly or disabled, received food stamps at latest count in June. Benefits average $1.47 per meal per person with an aggregate price tag of $78 billion last year.
Enrollment surged by 20 million people during the 2007-08 economic downturn and has remained high, the result of slow wage growth and high long-term joblessness, say antihunger groups.
Reporting by Charles Abbott. Editing by Ros Krasny and Andre Grenon


text:
Pages: 1
Hey guys,
i recently installed Arch on my MacBook, to move away from OS X.
Overall, my impression of Arch is very positiv, so I'm planning to go Linux all the way. My current installation of arch is on the HDD, OS X is installed on the SDD and Data also is stored on the HDD.
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 1 409639 204819+ ee GPT
/dev/sda2 * 409640 599406431 299498396 af HFS / HFS+
/dev/sda3 599406592 972838911 186716160 83 Linux
/dev/sda4 972838912 976773119 1967104 82 Linux swap / Solaris
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 1 409639 204819+ ee GPT
/dev/sdb2 * 409640 498848615 249219488 af HFS / HFS+
/dev/sdb3 498848616 500118151 634768 ab Darwin boot
Of course I want to use the SDD as system drive when I remove OS X, use the HDD for data(pics, music etc.) and for the logs.
So my question: Would it be possible to simply move my Arch installation to the fresh formated and partitioned SDD(and update Grub and so on), or would this completly mess things up, so a clean new install would be the better choice?
It should work with some minor editing. I did exactly that when I installed my samsung 840 pro into my Asus UX32VD. If the partitions are exactly the same (offsets etc.), you could just dd them over to the new ssd, edit the fstab entries, reinstall grub and off you go (if I didn't miss anything). In the case they aren't matching I suggest you to use rsync to move the data to each new partition (you need to conserve all permissions etc.). The rest, like editing the fstab entries etc. is the same.
Here's how you can transfer (or "back up") your system to another drive or partition:
I have made a personal commitment not to reply in topics that start with a lowercase letter. Proper grammar and punctuation is a sign of respect, and if you do not show any, you will NOT receive any help (at least not from me).
Perfect thanks, I'll give it a try as soon as I'm home again and backup everything.
Worst that can happen that it fails and i have to do a clean install.
In addition to those suggestions above, I've often used Clonezilla or FSArchiver for restoring or cloning an HDD system to SSD, and both worked quite well. You do of course still need to tweak the new SSD system to suit your own requirements.
Worst that can happen...
It won't. I have written this article based on it, and it works even going to a different system (emulated hardware). Linux is awesome.
I have made a personal commitment not to reply in topics that start with a lowercase letter. Proper grammar and punctuation is a sign of respect, and if you do not show any, you will NOT receive any help (at least not from me).
Awesome thank you. Didn't think it will be this easy
I'll keep you updated as soon as i migrated the files next week.
I usually use some GUI partition tool on a live CD (k... the kde thing :-), but gparted should do the trick as well), copy the partition to the other disk, mount the new partition, edit /etc/fstab and the boot loader config file (sometimes you'll have to chroot into the system and recreate the bootloader, see bootloader wiki entries) and be done with it. I do not expect any trouble, since you would copy partitions from GPT to GPT.
One last question, as I'm planning to do the jump this week:
I will also set up a windows partition for some games. Is there anything I need to consider when installing Windows 7 after I set up Arch? I guess Windows will fu** up the bootloader(at least this was the case with my first linux experience ten years ago). Is this still the case?
Also i want to encrypt my system, so I flew over the wiki yesterday. This should not be a serious problem regarding my setup, or shoult it?
Last edited by r4ptor (2013-04-08 08:29:39)
You will have to install GRUB, or whatever bootloader you use, again.
But with a live arch CD/ USB stick, it should not be a problem.
And what about /home ?
How can one "move" it to a new hdd or ssd drive.
Assuming that / and /home are separate partitions.
If that helps -to help me- both disks can be present.
You are flying critically low under the DYI rader right now. Use the information provided in the thread to move both partitions, edit your /etc/fstab and be done.
Just wanted to say thanks, today I migrated to the SSD and it wasn't a problem after all.
Just rsync /* as suggested, chrooted, installed the bootloader and bam! Here we have a snappy Arch installation.
Thank you guys!
Not forward to set up a windows partition for gaming
Pages: 1


text:
Louis Vuitton Blend Shoe CollectionCategories:Louis Vuitton
Louis Vuitton gives the classic Men's Derby shoes a modern twist with the Blend shoe collection as seen from the Men's Fall/Winter 2014 fashion show.
Inspired by hiking boots, the Blend shoe is characterised by its surprising combination of materials and colors with technique, practicality and modern detail. The front is crafted from dark matte calf leather with a "LV" perforation on the toe and rubber sole, while the back and heel are made with colorful glazed waxed calf leather. In creating the Blend, a patina technique is employed: a layer of dark-colored wax is removed when the upper is assembled, revealing the brightly colored base. The shoes features padded insock for enhanced confort, and hand-waxed heel & treaded rubber sole.
The Blend Richelieu, a low version, and the Blend Ankle Boot, a higher version with a chevron-patterned tweed collar extension, are released in a range of three colors: Marine, Bordeaux and Cognac. These dashing and daring pairs will add a hiking-spirit to your style; a versatile choice for business and leisure.
Blend Richelieu
Colors: Marine, Bordeaux and Cognac
Price: US$895
Blend Ankle Boot
Colors: Marine, Bordeaux and Cognac
Price: US$980
Tags: Louis Vuitton shoe Blend


text:
Green Day's Mike Dirnt has opened up about the health crisis that sent Billie Joe Armstrong to rehab, revealing the singer was overworked and tired when he suffered a meltdown at a show in Las Vegas.
Armstrong checked himself into a treatment facility the following day for substance abuse issues, and now his band mate has shed a little light on what went wrong.
Bass player Dirnt tells BBC Radio 1 Armstrong was under a lot of pressure as the group embarked on a major campaign to promote three albums in four months.
He says, "It was a tremendous undertaking … (and) it catches up with you a little bit. We definitely jumped off a moving train.
"All that inertia. There were signs of things hitting the fan, we hadn't slept in forever."
Dirnt admits he hasn't seen Armstrong since the Las Vegas meltdown, when Armstrong hurled expletives at the organizers of the iHeartRadio Music Festival for trying to cut his set.
But the rocker insists he and fellow band mate Tre Cool had no qualms about scrapping their promotional commitments as Armstrong sought help, adding, "We had to put the life of our friend in front of everything."
Armstrong appeared on TV talent show "The Voice" on Monday in a segment that was taped before his meltdown and subsequent rehab stint, which is ongoing.
As his debut on "The Voice" aired, the band announced plans to pull its appearance at this month's Voodoo Music + Arts Experience in New Orleans.
Drummer Cool tells WENN, "Canceling shows is something we rarely do. We never want to let our fans down, and we are grateful for all of you being understanding during this time."


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Friday, September 27, 2013
Thought for the Day
"Time is a created thing.
To say you have no time means
you really don't want to."
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text:
FRITZ!Box 7430 Service - Knowledge Base
AVM Content
Cordless telephone does not display missed calls or missed call notifications cannot be read
A cordless telephone from a different manufacturer does not display missed calls or you cannot use the function keys to read missed call notifications:
- The telephone does not display calls that were missed or not accepted. If a call was missed, there is no "New message waiting" icon on the telephone's display and the number of the caller and time of the call are not displayed.
- The telephone indicates missed calls: If an incoming call is not accepted, an icon such as an envelope icon appears on the display of the telephone or an LED flashes. However, you cannot use the rocker or function keys on your cordless telephone to access or delete the list of missed calls. Therefore, you cannot delete the envelope icon from the display.
1 Missed call notification not defined in DECT-GAP standard
The FRITZ!Box supports all of the functions defined in the manufacturer-independent DECT-GAP standard.
DECT-GAP enables you to use cordless telephones with DECT base stations from different manufacturers. It also covers basic functions such as the procedure for registering a telephone with a base station and establishing telephone calls. However, DECT-GAP does not define convenience functions such as the display of missed calls on a telephone's display.
As a consequence, different manufacturers use different technical solutions to implement such convenience functions. Normally they are not compatible with each other. For this reason, it is usually not possible to use these convenience functions when using a cordless telephone with the DECT base station from another manufacturer (for example FRITZ!Box).
Note:If your telephone does not inform you about missed calls, you can configure the "Info" LED on the FRITZ!Box to flash if you miss a call instead. You can find this setting under "System > Buttons and LEDs" in the FRITZ!Box user interface. For more information on the missed call, see the FRITZ!Box Call List. The FRITZ!Box stops flashing again as soon as one of the connected telephones uses an outside line or establishes a call.
Non-binding advice on viewing missed calls
If you cannot view missed call messages as described by the manufacturer, you may be able to use the numeric keypad instead of the rocker and function keys to operate the telephone. In many cases you can view and delete missed calls as follows:
- Press the envelope icon or message key on the cordless telephone.
- If the telephone does not react, press the number key with the answering machine icon (o_o), then the pound sign key (for example 3# or 1#), and then press the call key (lift the receiver).
- Now press the pound key to view or delete missed calls one after the other. Use the following numeric keys to navigate: 8 (down), 2 (up), 4 (left), 6 (right), 5 (ok).
Note:Consult the manufacturer for additional information on operating your cordless telephone with the keypad.


text:
4 September 2012 at 1.28pm | 1 Comment
With Kasper Holten's production of Eugene Onegin, John Cranko's Onegin and Michel Fokine's The Firebird coming up in the Winter Season, we continue our focus on Russian literature with five other works that have been adapted to the operatic and balletic stage. For the first five adaptations, see our previous feature.
The Firebird - based on Russian folk tales
Legendary in Russian folklore, the Firebird is a majestic creature from a strange land, with magical powers and is a harbinger of both good news and disaster. The most popular version of the tale is Ivan Tsarevitch, the Firebird and the Gray Wolf, in which Prince Ivan goes on a quest to retrieve the feather of the elusive Firebird. His search takes him on a dangerous journey to the home of Kastchei the enchanter. Mikhail Fokine's balletic take on The Firebird was given its premiere by Diaghilev's Ballet Russes in 1910. The music for the ballet was written by Stravinsky, and was his first ballet score.
The glorious melodies and energetic rhythms of Stravinsky's music, combined with Fokine's lively choreography, catapulted one of Russia's best-loved fairytales into the 20th century. The Firebird was Stravinsky's breakthrough piece, and paved the way for future collaborations between the composer and Diaghilev, including two more pieces inspired by popular Russian culture: Petrushka and the iconic The Rite of Spring, the Kenneth MacMillan version of which staged so memorably by The Royal Ballet.
This year, The Firebird will be performed in a mixed programme alongside In the Night and Raymonda Act III. The performances mark the centenary of The Firebird's first performance at Covent Garden.
Anna Karenina - based on the novel by Leo Tolstoy
Considered by Tolstoy to be his first true novel, Anna Karenina is one of the classics of world literature and has been consistently popular since its publication in 1877. Anna Karenina tells the tragic tale of society beauty and married woman Anna Karenina and her affair with the young officer Count Alexis Vronsky. The latter offers to marry Anna if she can get a divorce from her husband but, in the conservative world of 19th-century aristocratic Russian society, things are far from straightforward.
The novel has been adapted for both the operatic and balletic stages on a number of occasions, including an operatic version by Iain Hamilton. Commissioned by English National Opera in 1978, it had its premiere at the London Coliseum in 1981. Anna Karenina has most recently been transformed into a ballet by choreographer Alexei Ratmansky. His interpretation compressed the action of Tolstoy's substantial novel into just 90 minutes and two acts. Ratmansky's Anna Karenina was performed at Covent Garden by the Mariinsky Ballet in 2011.
The Queen of Spades - based on the short story by Alexander Pushkin
An opera by the brothers Tchaikovsky – Pyotr Ilyich composed the music (in only 44 days) and Modest Ilyich wrote the libretto – The Queen of Spades is based on a cautionary short story by Pushkin about the dangers of greed. The opera, with a superb score, was an immediate success on its premiere in 1890 and is regularly performed to this day.
Pushkin's story tells the tale of the officer Gherman, who becomes obsessed with obtaining an unfailing formula for winning at cards, possessed by an elderly Countess. Intent on making his fortune by gambling, he pursues the Countess, determined to find her secret, and seduces her granddaughter Liza to help him in his quest. Tchaikovsky made several important alterations to the story when creating his opera. His Gherman and Liza (unlike Pushkin's) are genuinely in love with each other, and Gherman is drawn to gambling partly so that he can win money to marry Liza. Liza also becomes a far more important and more tragic figure in Tchaikovsky's opera.
Away from the stage, the opera recently cemented itself in Russian popular culture through the title phrase of the popular TV show What? Where? When?, drawn from the line 'What is life? It is a game!' from Act III of Tchaikovsky's opera.
Boris Godunov - based on the play by Alexander Pushkin
The most recorded Russian opera after Eugene Onegin, Boris Godunov was Modest Musorgsky's only completed opera and is considered to be his masterpiece. Two versions by the composer exist, but are rarely performed in their original form. Many opera companies perform the version of the opera edited by Rimsky-Korsakov; another version exists edited by Shostakovich.
Boris Godunov is based on Pushkin's play dramatizing the life of the 17th-century Tsar Boris Godunov, who allegedly murdered the Tsarevich Dmitri Ivanovich, son of Ivan the Terrible, in order to obtain the crown. The composer was inspired by the Shakespearean dramatic style of Pushkin's drama, written in 1825 but not performed until 1866, two years before Musorgsky began work on his opera. Over the following five years, the composer created one of the most quintessential Russian operatic masterpieces. The role of Boris has become an iconic part of the operatic bass repertory, with famous Boris Godunovs including Fyodor Chaliapin, Nicolai Ghiaurov, Boris Christoff, Matti Salminen, René Pape and John Tomlinson.
Kat'a Kabanová - based on the play The Storm by Alexander Ostrovsky
Leoš Janáček was 67 when in 1921 his Kat'a Kabanová, the first in a series of four great operas written late in his career, had its premiere. The opera is based on Russian writer Alexander Ostrovsky's play The Storm. Although his profile has since diminished, Ostrovsky was a towering figure of Russian literature during Janáček's time, and one who inspired music by other distinguished composers including Rimsky-Korsakov (the opera The Snow Maiden) and Tchaikovsky (an overture inspired by The Storm and the opera The Voyevoda).
Kat'a Kabanová and its source, The Storm, tell the story of the dreamy and idealistic Kat'a, trapped in a loveless marriage, bullied by her tyrannical mother-in-law, and dreaming, hopelessly, of breaking free. Kat'a finally rebels; her confession of her guilt takes place against the background of a demonic storm, hence the title of Ostrovsky's play.
The Royal Opera most recently staged Kat'a Kabanová in 2007, in Trevor Nunn's production. The conductor was the late Charles Mackerras, a strong champion of Janáček's work.
Kasper Holten's Eugene Onegin opens on 4 February, while The Royal Ballet perform John Cranko's Onegin from 19 January. Mikhail Fokine's The Firebird will be performed in a mixed programme alongside In the Night and Raymonda Act III on 22 January. In the meantime, Joe Wright's film adaptation of Anna Karenina, starring Keira Knightley and Jude Law, opens in cinemas in the UK on 7 September.


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FOXBOROUGH, Mass. – Following a road draw at Seattle last Saturday, the New England Revolution (1-2-2, 5 pts.) travels to face the New York Red Bulls (2-3-2, 8 pts.) for the first of three meetings this season.
Kickoff is set for 7 p.m. ET, at Red Bull Arena. Comcast SportsNet will televise the game live, while 98.5 The Sports Hub will have the game on the radio.
- Saer Sene returns from ACL surgery to provide a spark in Seattle
- Postgame: Revs 0, Sounders 0
- Revolution re-signs goalkeeper Bobby Shuttleworth
Revs affected by Boston Marathon blasts
While many Bostonians and visitors alike were affected by Monday's blasts near the finish line of the Boston Marathon, the Revolution family was also affected … Matt Reis' father-in-law was injured and remains in the hospital for treatment, while Chris Tierney's girlfriend was also injured … WATCH: Video of team reaction
League's best defense gets better
Following a third defensive shutout in five games, the Revolution maintained the league's top defense last weekend in Seattle … through five games this season, the Revs have allowed just two goals, good for a 0.40 goals against average ... anchored by A.J. Soares, Jose Goncalves and Andrew Farrell – who have started all five games – the Revs have posted their best defensive start to the season in club history … Revs goalkeepers Matt Reis (two shutouts) and Bobby Shuttleworth (one shutout) have also been instrumental in the defensive stance this year … entering Week 7 in the MLS schedule, only four teams have posted GAAs below 1.00: New England (0.40), Sporting Kansas City (0.50), LA (0.80) and Montreal (0.83).
Saer Sene returns to action for Revs
Saer Sene made his first appearance of the 2013 season last Saturday in Seattle, coming on as a 74th-minute substitute … it was his first action since August 29, 2012, when he left the home match against Chivas USA, with a season-ending anterior cruciate ligament injury in his left knee.
Best defensive start in club history
With Saturday's 0-0 draw in Seattle, the Revs bested the 2006 solid defensive start – the club's previous best defensive start (three goals allowed in five games played) – by allowing just two goals through the first five matches … in 2006, the Revs posted an MLS-low 35 goals allowed in 32 games (a 1.09 goals against average) with 10 shutouts.
Orange wristbands for leukemia awareness
On Saturday, the Revolution players – and Sounders FC midfielder, and former Rev, Shalrie Joseph – donned orange wristbands to show support for leukemia awareness … following defender Kevin Alston's recent diagnosis with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), the team is showing its support for their teammate … more activities are planned for April 27 when the team plays its first home game since Alston's announcement.
Coaching Development Night announced
As the spring soccer season gets underway, the region's top youth soccer coaches have a new opportunity to hone their coaching skills when the New England Revolution present the Revolution Coaching Development Night on Tuesday, May 14, at Gillette Stadium … head coach Jay Heaps and his staff, along with the Revolution Academy youth teams' technical staff, will be part of a special free coaching education night at Gillette Stadium that will run from 5 p.m. to 8 p.m. … coaches interested in attending the free Revolution Coaching Development Night must RSVP before Friday, May 10 … further information about the evening, including an RSVP link, can be found here.
Revs, NuRide renew partnership
Massachusetts and Connecticut residents who are concerned with preserving the environment and reducing their carbon footprint continue to have a way to earn New England Revolution-related rewards for their conscientiousness … the Revolution and NuRide have renewed their partnership to offer Revolution-affiliated rewards to NuRide participants … through NuRide, commuters can learn how reducing "drive alone" car rides can help them save money and earn points that can be redeemed for rewards from local, regional, and national restaurants, retailers and events – including Revolution games … for more information on NuRide or to sign up for free, visit www.nuride.com.
Autism Awareness game announced
The Revolution will support Autism Awareness Month in partnership with Autism Speaks, Saturday, April 27, when the team presents its first-ever Autism Awareness game at Gillette Stadium against the Philadelphia Union at 7:30 p.m. … highlighted activities of the night will include local performer and Autism awareness advocate Gianna Hitsos performing the national anthem, a representative of Autism Speaks serving as honorary captain during the pregame coin toss and Autism Speaks tables set up at the stadium with information about their awareness, fundraising, science and advocacy efforts … for more information on how you can support Autism Speaks, visit autismspeaks.org.
- The Revs currently have four players on loan to the Rochester Rhinos as part of the teams' affiliation agreement: defender Bilal Duckett, midfielder Gabe Latigue, forward Matt Horth and defender Tyler Polak
- On Saturday, April 13, the Rhinos opened their regular season on the road against VSI Tampa Bay FC, suffering a 3-0 loss, before falling to Orlando City FC on Sunday, April 14, by a 3-1 score
- All four Revs players on loan have appeared in both games this season, with Duckett leading the group with 158 minutes played
- The Rhinos return to action with a pair of road games: at the Charlotte Eagles on Friday, April 19, and at the Richmond Kickers on Saturday, April 20.
Revolution vs. New York (regular season) 26-19-13
Home: 18-4-6
Away: 8-15-7
- The Revs lead the all-time, regular-season series with the New York Red Bulls (formerly the New York/New Jersey MetroStars), 26-19-13
- On the road, the Revs are 8-15-7 all-time against New York, including an 0-3-0 regular-season mark at Red Bull Arena since the stadium opened in 2010
- Saturday's game will mark the 59th regular-season meeting and 67th all-time between the Revolution and Red Bulls in MLS regular-season, postseason and tournament action combined, which is the most meetings against any opponent in Revs history
- Saturday's match is the first of three regular-season meetings between the two clubs this year … the teams will also meet at Gillette Stadium on May 11, and close the three-game series at Red Bull Arena on Oct. 5
- The teams split the 2012 season series with a 1-1-1 record … the Revs dropped a 1-0 decision on April 28 at Red Bull Arena, but earned a 2-0 win on July 8 at Gillette Stadium … the teams played to a 1-1 draw in the final meeting of the year at Gillette Stadium on Sept. 22
- Five of the last seven games have been one-goal games or draws, dating back to May 29, 2010 … in those five "close" games, the Revs are 1-2-2 … the largest margin of victory in that span was two goals - by the Red Bulls in 2-0 victory on Oct. 21, 2010 and by New England in 2-0 win on July 8, 2012
- Since the Red Bulls re-branded from the Metrostars in 2006, the Revs have posted an 8-3-8 record against New York
- New England and New York have met in the postseason three times – all since 2003 – and the Revs have eliminated New York on each occasion … the clubs most recent playoff encounter was in the 2007 Eastern Conference Semifinal Series, which the Revs won, 1-0, on aggregate
- Chad Barrett has scored four goals against New York, all coming in 2008 – two each while playing with Chicago and Toronto
- Andy Dorman, despite not playing a game against New York since 2007, is the Revs' leading active scorer against the Red Bulls with two goals … Dorman's last goal against the Red Bulls came on July 7, 2007, in a 1-0 win at Giants Stadium … Steve Ralston assisted on that goal, his 115th-career assist to assume the MLS career lead in the category
- Jerry Bengtson scored his first career goal in his MLS debut against New York when the two teams met on July 8, 2012
- Lee Nguyen has one goal in three appearances against New York … Nguyen scored the game-winner on July 8, 2012, in Foxborough
- Two other current players – Sainey Nyassi and Clyde Simms – have also scored single goals against New York
- Chris Tierney leads all current Revolution players with two assists in seven appearances – including the game-winning assist on July 8, 2012
- Matt Reis is the only other Revs player to record an assist against New York
- Matt Reis is 10-4-7 in his Revolution career against the Red Bulls, posting a 1.27 goals against average and six shutouts
- Bobby Shuttleworth is 2-1-2 in his Revolution career against New York, with a 1.31 goals against average and one shutout … Shuttleworth – a native of Tonawanda, New York (a Buffalo suburb) – went 1-0-1 in a pair of games against New York last year
Youth teams return to action with mixed results
All three of the Revolution Academy's youth teams were in action on Sunday, April 14, going 2-1-0 as the Under-14s shut out FC Westchester, 6-0, while the Under-18s and Under-16s split their results, suffering a 2-1 loss and earning a 4-0 victory against Revolution Empire, respectively … the U18s and U16s were originally scheduled to play the Montreal Impact in Canada on Saturday, April 13, but the playing fields were still covered in several inches of snow from the recent storm and the games were postponed .
U16s, U14s on extended undefeated runs
Both the U16s and the U14s are in the midst of extended undefeated runs as they into head this weekend's schedule ... the Under-16 team in the middle of a seven-game unbeaten streak … the Under-14s are riding a five-game unbeaten streak and have posted four straight shutouts in that span … on Sunday, April 14, the Under-18 team suffered a 2-1 loss to Revolution Empire, snapping its 12-game unbeaten streak.
Season to-date records
Heading into this weekend's games, the Under-18s are 10-3-2 (29 pts.) overall and rank second in the Northeast Division of the U.S. Soccer Development Academy's East Conference based on points per game … the Under-16s hold a 9-2-4 record (31 pts.) and are currently in third place in the division … the Under-14s are now 9-2-0 (27 pts.), which is good for second in U.S. Club Soccer's Northeast Pre-Academy League based on points per game.
Summer Player Development Programs enrolling
The Revolution Academy's Player Development Programs are now enrolling for summer sessions, with locations all over New England … the Revolution Academy trains players of all abilities in all aspect of the game, including ball mastery, speed of play, coordination and balance and movement with and without the ball … the objective of all the training programs is to replicate the speed, tempo and environment of the Revolution Youth Teams' training sessions … through the age-appropriate player development sessions, the Revolution Academy fosters an atmosphere that is competitive, challenging, demanding and fun … encouragement and support from the professional coaching staff allows every player to gain a better understanding of – and continued passion for – the game … more information, including the full spring and summer schedule, is available here.


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Trae Golden leaving Tennessee
Knoxville, TN – Tennessee junior point guard Trae Golden has decided to transfer.
Golden averaged 9.7 points, 3.6 assists and 2.4 rebounds in 96 games, including 58 starts, with the Volunteers. He was the team's third-leading scorer this past season, averaging 12.1 points in 31 games.
"I had a great three years here at Tennessee, but I plan to play my senior year somewhere else this fall," Golden said in a release through the university.
Golden led the team with an average of 13.6 points as a sophomore.


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Inspired by Garden Stroll from designer Monique Dillard of Open Gate Quilts
Quilt tester: Laura Boehnke
1 yard solid white (middle border blocks)
3⁄8 yard tan stripe (middle border blocks)
3⁄8 yard tan print (middle border blocks)
8—9x21" pieces (fat eighths) assorted prints and solids in gray, yellow, blue, orange, and red (middle border blocks)
7⁄8 yard multicolor stripe (inner border, binding)
1⁄2 yard novelty map print (quilt center)
1-1⁄2 yards red dot (outer border)
3-1⁄2 yards backing fabric
62" square batting
Finished: 53-1⁄2" square
Finished block: 8" square
Yardages and cutting instructions are based on 42" of usable fabric width.
Measurements include 1⁄4" seam allowances. Sew with right sides together unless otherwise stated.


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Motorists encouraged to watch out for black ice, freezing rain
In wake of Thursday's fatal accident on Interstate 86, weather experts say freezing rain and black ice can produce the perfect storm for hazardous driving conditions.
"You have to know your surroundings," said Jim Mitchell, meteorologist for the National Weather Service, Buffalo office. "If you notice a lot of melting snow one day then freezing temperatures the next, you should expect some slippery driving conditions."
Mitchell said icy roadways from freezing rain can be just as dangerous as black ice, a phenomenon caused by the melting and sudden freezing of surrounding snowpack on a road surface. Either can produce hazardous driving conditions in a flash.
"Any time you get above freezing during the day you will get some snow melt," Mitchell said. "When you go back below (freezing) everything cools down and you get a lot of ice."
In addition to Thursday's accident, freezing rain caused numerous incidents on the Southern Tier Expressway in Cattaraugus County last week – including one that shut down the roadway for almost an hour. Ice was reported on the interstate from the Carlton to Allegany exits, a dispatcher for the Cattaraugus County Sheriff's Office reported.
Mixing wintry conditions and high rates of speed on any thoroughfare can lead to multiple fender benders or worse. In December 2011, two motorists were charged for unsafe driving following a multiple-car accident on I-86 in the town of Poland. Police say speed and black ice contributed to the accident.
A garbage truck in March overturned on a I-86 on-ramp in the town of Ellery during a period of freezing rain. Police say speed was a factor in the crash, which sent the driver to the hospital.
In Butler, Pa., two young brothers were killed Jan. 10 when their mother lost control of her car in a 14-vehicle accident, the Associated Press reported. The accident was blamed on freezing rain that blanketed most of Western Pennsylvania during a two-hour period.
As for freezing rain, Mitchell said the ground can remain cold enough for rain to ice over, despite air temperatures above freezing. Dense fog on elevated roadways also have the potential to create unsafe driving conditions.
"You may not think anything is there, so you also have to be aware of where you are," Mitchell said.
According to the Federal Highway Administration, approximately 24 percent of weather-related vehicle crashes occur on snowy, slushy or ice-covered pavement. Those crashes have resulted in 1,300 deaths and 116,800 injuries nationwide.
Furthermore, nearly 900 people are killed annually and 76,000 are injured in crashes during snowfall or sleet.
"The best thing to do is simply drive carefully," said Chautauqua County Sheriff Joe Gerace. "People simply need to be aware of what is going on and what conditions the roads are in."


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Made 15 Saves In Two Games, Shut Out Harvard
NEW HAVEN, Conn. – The Yale men's soccer team started Ivy League play in impressive fashion, blanking Harvard 1-0 on Saturday. One of the players who had a key role in that victory has been honored by the Ivy League. Junior goalkeeper Bobby Thalman, who made eight saves to post the shutout, was named the league's Player of the Week.
Three of Thalman's saves were of the acrobatic variety. Shortly after the Bulldogs had taken the lead, he dove to his left to rob Harvard's Zack Wolfenzon, who fired a hard shot that appeared to be headed to the corner. In the second half, Thalman was under intense pressure, as the Crimson peppered him with 11 shots. His best stop of the second 45 minutes came late when he made another diving stop to deny Connor McCarthy.
Earlier in the week, Thalman was outstanding as the Bulldogs came within a minute of playing a scoreless tie with No. 1 UConn. The Huskies scored with 1:01 left in the second overtime. Thalman made seven saves in the game, including four in overtime.
Thalman, who has started all 10 games, leads the Ivy League in saves (57) and save percentage (.864).
The Bulldogs (5-4-1, 1-0 Ivy) return to Reese Stadium on Saturday, hosting Dartmouth at 3 p.m.
Report filed by Tim Bennett, Yale Sports Publicity


text: Find this wine Find this wine Paso Creek Merlot 2007 Recommended One of my favs Pin It Tweet 6 years ago by Dcregger More posts Tablas Creek Vineyard 2011 Esprit De Tablas Excellent blend of mourbedra, grenache, syrah, n counoise. Paso Robles, CA. At Eddie Merlot' s. 4 years ago by Eddieandbibbs Paso Creek Merlot 2010 Good Marlot! 5 years ago by JimK Paso Creek Merlot Strong smooth woody. Buy again. 6 years ago by Fran B. Paso Creek Merlot Ok. Hoping it will snap me outta my funk 6 years ago by Kerrica Paso Creek Merlot 2009 cab. Meh. 6 years ago by David T.


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For a directory and links to lodging, accommodations and campgrounds near Johnson's Shut-ins State Park, please click here.
JOHNSON'S SHUT-INS is open!
To contact the park, please call: 573-546-2450
Johnson's Shut-ins camping reservations click here.
Johnson's Shut-ins cabin reservations click here.
Activities: hiking, swimming, picnicking, camping, bird watching
1.5 billion years ago,
violently explosive volcanoes hurled hot gasses and ash into
the air. The ashes and gas fell and cooled, forming rhyolite
rock. A billion years later, shallow inland
seas swallowed the ancient, worn-down mountains, burying the
igneous rock under thousands of feet of sedimentary rock such
as limestone, sandstone, shale and dolomite.
This immense natural playground is the primary feature of
the 180-acre Johnson's Shut-Ins Natural Area, only a
portion of the 8,549-acre Johnson's Shut-Ins State Park.
Most of the park, including the shut-ins and two miles of
river frontage, was donated in 1955 by Joseph Desloge, a St.
Louis civic leader and conservationist from a prominent lead-mining
A relatively rare area in the St. Francois Mountains region, the 18-acre Dolomite Glade Natural Area is the only dolomite glade represented from the St. Francois Mountains section of the Ozark Natural Division. Some plants, including Missouri's Evening Primrose, Sandwort, and Englemann's Adder's Tongue Fern are found nowhere else in the park.
There are an abundance of recreational activities in the 1,100-acre East Fork Wild Area in which the major portion of the park's biological and geological diversity is protected. Many of the over 900 species of plants that have been discovered in the park are located only in the East Fork Wild Area, including several types of rare plants and the largest Virginia Witch Hazel in the state. The wild area has a wide range of natural habitats, from upland ridges, bluffs and wet meadows, to bottomland woods which boast Oak, Hickory, and Shortleaf Pine, trees durable enough to grow in the thin, rocky soil. Like the Johnson's Shut-Ins Natural Area, the wild area is dotted with several glades, the equivalent of a desert in Missouri. The barren, rocky areas provide open scenic views and support drought-resistant plants such as Flame Flower, Pineweed, and the Prickly Pear Cactus, as well as animals such as scorpions and the rare eastern collared lizard, or "mountain boomer".
The nearby 4,874-acre Goggins Mountain Wild Area was acquired by the parks division of the Department of Natural Resources in 1993, and was designated as Missouri's largest state wild area in 1995. The Goggins Mountain Valley contains the Wild Area as well as the Goggins Mountain Hiking and Equestrian Trail which opened in 2000. This valley will become the new home of the campgrounds for Johnson's Shut-Ins State Park, which were destroyed in the breach of the upper Taum Sauk Hydroelectric Plant Reservoir atop Profitt Mountain on December 14, 2005.
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- Introduction & Quick Facts
- Land
- People
- Economy
- Government and society
- Cultural life
- History
Botswana, country in the centre of Southern Africa. The territory is roughly triangular—approximately 600 miles (965 km) from north to south and 600 miles from east to west—with its eastern side protruding into a sharp point. Its eastern and southern borders are marked by river courses and an old wagon road; its western borders are lines of longitude and latitude through the Kalahari, and its northern borders combine straight lines with a river course. Within the confines of Botswana's borders is a rich variety of wildlife, including many species of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish.
Before its independence in 1966, Botswana was a British protectorate known as Bechuanaland. It was also one of the poorest and least-developed states in the world. The country is named after its dominant ethnic group, the Tswana ("Bechuana" in older variant orthography). Since its independence the Republic of Botswana has gained international stature as a peaceful and increasingly prosperous democratic state. It is a member of the United Nations, the Commonwealth, the African Union (AU), and the Southern African Development Community (SADC). The secretariat of SADC is housed in the capital of Botswana, Gaborone (until 1969 spelled Gaberones—i.e., Gaborone's town, after the tribal chief who had his capital at the site during the colonial period).
Botswana is bounded by Namibia to the west and north (the Caprivi Strip), Zambia and Zimbabwe to the northeast, and South Africa to the southeast and south. The Zambezi River border with Zambia is only several hundred yards long. The border along the main channel of the Chobe River up to the Zambezi was disputed with Namibia until a 1999 ruling by the International Court of Justice favoured Botswana. The point at which the borders of Botswana, Namibia, Zambia, and Zimbabwe meet in the middle of the river has never been precisely determined.
Botswana extends from the Chobe River (which drains through the Zambezi to the Indian Ocean) in the north to the Molopo River (part of the Orange River system, which flows into the Atlantic) in the south. To the east it is bordered by the Limpopo River and its tributaries, the Ngotwane (Notwani), Marico (Madikwe), and Shashe.
The country has a mean altitude of 3,300 feet (1,000 metres) and consists largely of a sand-filled basin, with gently undulating plains rising to highlands in neighbouring countries. The highest point is 4,888 feet (1,490 metres) in the hills north of Lobatse in southeastern Botswana; the lowest point is 2,170 feet (660 metres) at the country's easternmost point, in the Limpopo valley.
The country is divided into three main environmental regions. The hardveld region consists of rocky hill ranges and areas of shallow sand cover in eastern Botswana. The sandveld region is the area of deep Kalahari sand covering the rest of the country. The third region consists of ancient lake beds superimposed on the northern sandveld in the lowest part of the Kalahari Basin.
Geologic exploration has been limited by the depth and extent of Kalahari sand covering the surface geology. The rock groups underlying most of the sandveld are therefore the least-known but appear to be the youngest, belonging to the Karoo (Karroo) System, formed 290 to 208 million years ago. Elsewhere, Precambrian rock formations predominate. The surface geology of the eastern hardveld, exposed in its hill ranges, largely consists of basement complex rocks (more than 2.5 billion years old) intruding from northern South Africa and southern Zimbabwe. This complex is known to extend into younger rock formations (2.5 to 1.2 billion years old) in the extreme southern sandveld, while rocks of the Ghanzi and Damara groups (1.2 billion to 570 million years old) extend across the northwest corner of the country into northern Namibia.
Drainage through the marshes of the Okavango delta is complex and imperfectly understood. The perennial Okavango River runs southward into its delta across the Caprivi Strip from the highlands of Angola. Most of its water evaporates from the 4,000 square miles (10,000 square km) of the delta wetlands. Floodwater reaches down through the eastern side of the marshes to the Boteti River, which flows sporadically to Lake Xau (Dow) and the Makgadikgadi Pans (also roughly 4,000 square miles in area). Less and less water flowed through the western side of the Okavango marshes during the 20th century, so that the 70-square-mile (180-square-km) Lake Ngami—famous a century ago—is today dry and almost unrecognizable as a lake. Meanwhile, the eastern Makgadikgadi Pans are flooded annually by the otherwise ephemeral Nata River from the Zimbabwe highlands, while the southern tributaries of the pans are now dry fossil valleys.
The Molopo River and its Ramatlhabama tributary, on the southern border of Botswana with a course flowing into the Orange River, today rarely flood more than 50 miles (80 km) from their sources. Most rivers in Botswana are ephemeral channels, usually not flowing aboveground except in the summer rainy season. The two great exceptions to this rule are vigorous channels fed by the rains of central Africa—the Okavango River above its delta and the Chobe River flowing through its marshes along the northern border to join the Zambezi above the Victoria Falls.
The soils of the eastern hardveld consist of moderately dry red loamy mokata soils on the plains, or mixed chalky and sandy chawana soils, with brownish rocky seloko soils on and around hills. Seloko soils are considered best for grain crops. The fertility of all soils is limited by the amount of rainfall, which is sometimes inadequate on the hardveld and regularly unable to support any cultivation on the sandveld.
The alluvial soils of the ancient lake beds include gray loamy soils in the wetlands, gray-green saline soils on the pans, gray clayish soils to yellowish sandy soils around the wetlands, and very chalky light gray soils around the pans. There are also areas of gray to black cracking clay in former wet areas, such as those around Pandamatenga.
The annual climate ranges from months of dry temperate weather during winter to humid subtropical weather interspersed with drier periods of hot weather during summer. In summer, which lasts from October to March, temperatures rise to about 93 °F (34 °C) in the extreme north and southwest, the warmest parts of the country. In winter, which lasts from April to September, there is frequent frost at night, and temperatures may fall to near freezing in some high-altitude areas during the day. Summer is heralded by a windy season, the winds carrying dust from the Kalahari, from about late August to early October. Annual rainfall, brought by winds from the Indian Ocean, averages 18 inches (460 mm), representing a range from 25 inches (635 mm) in the extreme northeast to less than 5 inches (127 mm) in the extreme southwest. The rains are almost entirely limited to summer downpours between December and March, which also mark the season for plowing and planting. Cyclic droughts, often lasting up to five or six years in every two decades, can limit or eliminate harvests and reduce livestock to starvation.
Plant and animal life
The Kalahari sandveld has often been called "thirstland" to distinguish it from true desert. Even in its southwestern corner, where there are some bare sand dunes, the vegetation is more characteristic of dry steppe than desert.
The general vegetation of the country is savanna grassland with yellow or light brown grass cover (turning green after rains) and woody plants. The savanna ranges from acacia shrub savanna in the southwest through acacia thornbush and tree savanna "parkland" into denser woodland and eventually forest as one moves north and east. Croton and Combretum tree savanna is found on the rocky hills of the eastern hardveld. Acacia tree savanna merges northward into mopane (African ironwood) savanna woodland. Mopane woodland covers most of the northern and eastern third of the country, with the exception of the open grasslands immediately surrounding the Okavango delta and Makgadikgadi Pans.
Animal life is extremely varied in a thirstland environment. About 150 species of mammals are found in Botswana. These range from 30 species of bats and 27 of rodents to more than 30 species of large mammals. Birdlife is prolific, with more than 460 species. Botswana has a great variety of reptiles and amphibians, of which more than 200 species have been described in detail. The principal fish, in the rivers of the north, are tilapia (African bream), catfish, and the tigerfish, which is famous for its ferocious resistance to being caught on a line.
There are several national parks and game reserves in Botswana, including the Central Kalahari Game Reserve—the largest reserve in the country and home to such animals as lions, black-backed jackals, elephants, foxes, ostriches, springboks, and zebras. Others include Chobe National Park, the Makgadikgadi Pans Game Reserve, and the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park, a conservation area jointly managed by Botswana and South Africa.
Ethnic groups
The dominant ethnic identity in Botswana is Tswana, comprising some two-thirds of the population in the 21st century. The country's whole population is characterized as Batswana (singular Motswana) whatever their ethnic origin. Tswana ethnic dominance ("Tswanadom") in Botswana can be dated to the eight Tswana states, which ruled most of the area in the 19th century. Under British colonial rule, the populations of these states were given the official status of "tribes," a term still used today.
Within southeastern Botswana the other main ethnic identity besides Tswana, that of the Khalagari (Western Sotho), has become so incorporated as to be almost indistinguishable from the Tswana. Even their name is now usually rendered in the Tswana form as "Kgalagadi."
The Ngwato of east-central Botswana constitute the largest traditional "tribal" state but are probably less than one-fifth ethnic Tswana by origin. The major incorporated ethnic groups are Khalagari, Tswapong and Birwa (both Northern Sotho), and Kalanga (Western Shona). With larger numbers to the east in Zimbabwe, some Kalanga have resisted full incorporation.
The Tawana state of northwestern Botswana can be seen as the least successful in incorporating other ethnic groups. Most of its population is Yei and Mbukushu by origin, related to riverine peoples in the Caprivi Strip, Angola, and Zambia to the north. Smaller numbers of Mbanderu and Herero have greater numbers of close relatives across the border in Namibia. The Subiya along the Chobe, closely related to people in the Caprivi Strip and Zambia, were excluded from the Tawana "tribal" reserve by the British.
Small scattered groups of Khoisan people inhabit the southwestern districts of Botswana, as well as being incorporated with other ethnic groups. They include communities with their own headmen and livestock, as well as poorer groups employed by Tswana and white cattle farmers.
White settlement in Botswana, consisting of some Afrikaners and fewer English settled in border farms, totaled fewer than 3,000 people in the colonial period. The number of whites in Botswana, while showing some increase since independence, still accounts for only a very small portion of the total population. Botswana is also home to a small population of Asian or mixed ancestry.
The national language, Tswana (Setswana, Sechuana), is widely spoken. The official language is English. The Khoisan speak languages characterized as Khoe, or Khwe, and San. Several other languages are also spoken in the country, including Kalanga, Sekgalagadi, Herero, Mbukushu, and Yei.
About one-half of the country's population is Christian, predominantly independent Christian, with some Protestant. Some one-third adhere to traditional beliefs as their primary religious orientation. Christianity was introduced during the colonial era by missionaries from the south such as David Livingstone and was established as the official religion of the eight Tswana states by the end of the 19th century. Some indigenous religious and medical practices, notably respect for patriarchal ancestors, were assimilated within popular Christian beliefs.
Allegiance to the old state churches, notably those of the Congregationalists (London Missionary Society), has declined since the 1950s. There are numerous Anglican and United Reformed (Congregational and Methodist) churches; other Christian denominations represented in the country include Dutch Reformed, Roman Catholic, and Lutheran. There are also a small number of Muslim, Quaker, Hindu, and Bahāʿī congregations, which are predominantly expatriate.
Settlement patterns
The human and livestock population of Botswana is concentrated around the hill ranges of the eastern hardveld and along the perennial rivers of the north. About two-fifths of the population is rural and lives in settlements that range from small scattered sites that are sparsely populated to villages of more than 1,000 people to traditional towns with tens of thousands of people.
The typical rural settlement and land use pattern of the eastern hardveld in the past may be characterized as having been concentric circles around a concentrated village nucleus. The family had a home base in the village, where the majority of its members spent most of the year. In the appropriate season they cultivated lands (fields) within one or two days' walk from the village. The family cattle, on the other hand, were pastured for most of the year at "cattle-posts" a number of days' walk from the village. Finally, beyond the cattle-posts there were hunting lands.
The villages and traditional towns of Botswana are still basically laid out around the kgotla (courtyard) and cattle kraal (corral) of traditional rulers and are subdivided into wards, each of which mimics the village or town plan with its own central kgotla and kraal. But, especially since the 1970s, traditional settlements have been sliced through by modern roads and facilities such as schools and offices, as well as shopping malls and bars. Traditional architecture of thatch roofing and clay walls has given way to corrugated metal roofing and brick walls.
Two of the seven larger towns of Botswana, Francistown (1897) and Lobatse (1902), originated as small urban centres on the railway for white farming communities. Both began to develop in size and function in the 1950s as employment in nonagricultural services expanded. Gaborone, the capital city, was founded in 1964. Selebi-Phikwe (1971) and Jwaneng (1979) constitute the only substantial mining towns. The smaller diamond town of Orapa (1971) is enclosed by high security fences and is jointly managed by the government of Botswana and De Beers S.A. Another mining town, Sua (1991), is based on the soda ash deposits of the eastern Makgadikgadi Pans.
Demographic trends
After six previous censuses of variable quality, Botswana had its first systematic national census in 1964. Total population was estimated at 550,000, with 35,000 absentees—mostly adult male workers in South Africa. Since 1964 the population has grown, exceeding one million in the early 1980s and approaching two million in the early 21st century. Meanwhile, the rate of labour migration abroad has been reduced by a combination of restrictions by South Africa and increased employment opportunities at home. Botswana has provided a home, and sometimes eventual citizenship, for significant numbers of refugees from South Africa, Angola, and Zimbabwe.
The age and gender composition of the country is weighted by an increasingly youthful population: approximately one-third are younger than 15, and another one-third are between the ages of 15 and 29. Life expectancy declined dramatically during the last two decades of the 20th century, in large part because of the spread of HIV/AIDS, which affected about one-fourth of Botswana's adult population by the early 21st century. The 2001 census showed life expectancy of 49.6 years at birth for females and 51.6 years for males, compared with the 1981 figures of 61.2 and 54.7 years, respectively.
Botswana has a free market economy with a strong tradition of central government planning to provide infrastructure for private investment. The economy has grown rapidly since the mid-1960s, with the gross domestic product per capita increasing more than a hundredfold.
Relatively few rural households benefit from cattle sales: almost half of them have no cattle, and less than one-tenth own about half of the country's cattle (averaging 100 head each). Few households produce enough crops to cover even their own subsistence, let alone to sell on the market. Many rural households survive on the income of a family member in town or abroad. That still leaves a significant number of rural households, usually female-headed, with no source of income known to statisticians.
State revenues reaped from mining development have been spent on basic rural infrastructure and welfare services and on schemes to subsidize the development of cattle and crop production, which have in general benefited the richer rural households. Trade unions have had limited success penetrating the paid employment sector in Botswana.
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing
Very little of Botswana's land is suitable for productive cultivation. Agricultural output constitutes less than one-tenth of the gross national product, and most of that is in the form of livestock production for urban and export markets. Grain production (mostly sorghum, millet, and corn [maize]) fell short of national consumption for most of the 20th century, and foodstuffs from South Africa and Zimbabwe are some of Botswana's major import commodities. Fishing and forestry production are limited and largely confined to the extreme north.
Botswana is traditionally seen as cattle country. Given sufficient water and pasture and controls on the spread of foot-and-mouth disease from wetland buffalo, it is a healthy environment for raising high-bulk, high-quality indigenous beef cattle. The government has invested heavily in disease prevention, modern slaughterhouses, and support services for cattle producers. Various schemes—so far unsuccessful—have been attempted to improve range management. Meanwhile, access to Botswana's main export market for beef, the European Union, improved with the reduction of levies and tariffs in the early 21st century.
Resources and power
Diamonds, the major economic resource of the country, have been exploited on a large scale since 1970. They are mined from some of the world's largest diamond pipes at Orapa and Letlhakane, south of the Makgadikgadi Pans, and at Jwaneng in the southeastern sandveld. Nickel and copper have been mined at Selebi-Phikwe near the Motloutse River since 1974. Coal is mined for power generation at Morupule near Palapye. Botswana's other major proven mineral resources are salt and soda ash, which was fully exploited at Sua on the eastern Makgadikgadi Pans from 1991.
Surface water resources are limited to the wetlands and perennial rivers in the north and three major dam lakes at Gaborone, Shashe, and Mopipi (serving Orapa). Underground water is tapped in large quantities near Palapye and south of Gaborone.
The national electric power grid, serving mines and eastern towns, is based on a large coal-powered generating station at Morupule near Palapye, supplemented by connections to the Zimbabwean and South African national grids.
Industrial development in Botswana has been limited by the high costs of power and water, the lack of appropriate management and labour skills, and the small domestic market. Manufacturing activity up to the 1980s largely consisted of meat processing at Lobatse in the south. In the early 1980s capital and textile production were transferred from Zimbabwe to nearby Francistown in Botswana, and diamond sorting and service industries grew in the booming capital city, Gaborone. The growth of the diamond industry continued in the following decades, and in 2008 De Beers S.A. established a sophisticated diamond-sorting and valuing facility in Gaborone, which at the time of its opening was the world's largest and most sophisticated plant of its kind.
Finance and services
The Bank of Botswana is the central bank and issues the national currency, the pula. The Botswana economy is regulated by the central bank and a strong Ministry of Finance and Development Planning. There are multinational commercial banks, with branch operations that extend to the village level. Botswana has had the unusual problems, for a developing country, of a government budget surplus running into billions of dollars and excess capital lying unutilized in private banks. The budget surplus and bank liquidity were partially depleted by diversion into a construction boom in the late 1980s and early '90s, including infrastructure for new mining operations and military airports. A small stock exchange has been set up. The economy, from diamonds to nickel-copper to soda ash and construction, remains dominated by De Beers S.A.
Tourists are attracted to Botswana by relatively unpopulated and "remote" wetland and thirstland environments. Government policy is to limit the density and environmental impact of tourism through licensing of a limited number of high-cost safari companies.
Domestic trade patterns within Botswana are dominated by large, mostly foreign-owned wholesale operations and large foreign retailers in urban areas, though there is also an increasing proliferation of small stores owned by citizens.
Botswana, along with South Africa, Lesotho, Swaziland, and Namibia, belongs to the Southern African Customs Union (SACU), which allows for the free exchange of goods between member countries. Botswana is also a member of the Southern African Development Community (SADC), a regional organization focused on economic cooperation and integration.
Botswana sends some of its exports to other Southern African countries, but most of its exports are sent to the world market beyond Africa, mainly to Europe. It takes about three-fourths of its imports from its neighbours. Imports consist of machinery and transport equipment, food products, and consumer goods, often manufactured or serviced by multinational companies based in South Africa. Other imports from the rest of the world consist largely of high-technology equipment.
The 400-mile (640-km) railway along the eastern side of the country was completed in 1897, linking South Africa and Zimbabwe, but had limited impact on the Botswana economy until the 1970s, when the first branchlines were opened to serve mining areas. At independence in 1966, there were only a few miles of paved roads—all inside town boundaries. Since then the major towns have been linked by paved main highways. Most of the sandveld, however, is accessible only to four-wheel-drive vehicles.
International air traffic in Botswana, though dating to 1919, was limited until the opening up of the Sir Seretse Khama Airport at Gaborone in 1984. Gaborone is now served by British and French airlines as well as by regional airlines and the national parastatal airline, Air Botswana.


text:
Underwater tripod?
Posted 26 December 2005 - 02:29 AM
Any thoughts, experiences?
Nikon D2X in Subal housing.
Tabula Int'l Ltd.
Posted 26 December 2005 - 03:34 AM
I have machined a recess in the ally handle of my Ike housing and inserted an anodized plate with the required threads cut in it.
Probably need to cable tie some lead weights on to each of the legs for stability as it will be likely unstable in even a minor current.
As I say - it is all still a plan - figure if it is washed out it should last OK as it is all aluminum.
Paul C
Water Temp (just cold & Nasty)
My Pictures
Posted 26 December 2005 - 04:31 AM
Sea & Sea strobes
Posted 26 December 2005 - 09:47 AM
"Journalism is what someone else does not want printed, everything else is public relations."
"I was born not knowing, and have only had a little time to change that here and there.
Posted 26 December 2005 - 10:18 AM
which could be held down by shot lead bags but haven't got around to trying one yet. These look like the best compromise I've seen to date but couldn't be used on sensitive seabeds!
Paul Kay,Canon EOS5DII SEACAM c/w S45, 8-15, 24L,35L, 60/2.8 (+Ext12II) & 100/2.8 Macros - Sony A7II SEACAM 28/2 & 50/2.8 Macro - UK/Ireland Seacam Sales -see marinewildlife
Posted 26 December 2005 - 10:28 AM
My first question would be: Why do you need a tripod? If it is to just hold the camera in a spot for daytime (conventional) shooting, like poised to shoot remote triggered images of garden eels, the ULCS solution may be all you need.
If it's to extend your shutter speeds out past 1/15, to the relm of 1 or 2 seconds, the ULCS tripod fails to deliver. At least for me.
As to the latter, here's what works for me.
Generally, the two important words I'd use to describe an underwater tripod would be big and heavy. Simple, and cheap, would be good as well, due to the wear and tear of salt water.
I use tripod legs that are roughly 72" extended, and 24" collapsed. This is the equivalent of the Manfroto 3001 legs (which I don't use, see Cheap below). This size choice is because anything smaller has too small of a footprint for stability, and, most importantly, anything shorter has me too close to the bottom to frame the image through the camera. I usually have the legs extended by one section; this seems to give decent clearance. Big is also robust enough for a heavy housing.
If it's too light, it turns into a kite. The effect here is magnified by being in the water. Don't even bother with carbon fiber, it's too light! I actually dive with an extra 5 lbs on some webbing that I sling under the ball head. I estimate that the whole assembly - legs, ball head, housing and lead - have an underwater weight of about 10 lbs, which is barely adequate for 2 second + exposures. (note) Make sure you BC has enough reserve bouyancy to haul this around, especially if you use a wetsuit and are deeper than 80' or so. Most BCs don't...
Just plain old tripod legs are all I've needed. The geared center column is just another thing to fail and I've never needed one underwater, anyway.
I cannot reccomend a real ball head enough. It is much easier to use (especially when you are well narced) and faster. The video type pan-tilt heads are truly a PITA even for surface shooting, let alone underwater. The quick-release plates are actually kind of useful, although I'd save my money and pass on the Accra-type plates.
The Manfroto 3001 legs are perfect. Unfortunately, even on eBay it's about $70 to pick some up - used. I found a dealer on eBay, amvona.com, that sells tripod legs that are 90% of Gitzo quality at about $20. I reccomend this model from them. As for the ball head, the Bogen 3055 is an excellent choice, as they are old enough they go for cheap, and they have a delrin ball that won't freeze up from corrosion. (happened to me) You can get one of these for about $40 on ebay with the quick-release plates. Do NOT accecpt any head smaller than this, you'll regret it, usually at the swim platform.
For me, a typical dive with a tripod consists of seeing the shot, and hovering above the bottom while extending the legs and attaching the lead. Then I'll sink slowly to the bottom, place the tripod, and frame the image. Shutter set to self-timer, squeeze off the shot and let go until I hear the shutter fire.
As I said, a smaller/cheaper tripod may be tempting, but if you're serious, just bypass the ineffective stuff and get something that will work. If you want to see what my setup looks like, see my profile pic.
All the best, James
- Johnqdiver likes this
Posted 28 December 2005 - 03:02 AM
One thing I was interesting in doing this for was to try longer exposure wide angles (using the Magic Filter and ambient light). It seems clear that's going to mean a big, heavy tripod. The BC buoyancy is an issue I hadn't even thought of - I use a fairly small (30 lb max lift) wing.
Sounds like this may not be feasible for the trip I'm planning in January, but I'll definitely be trying some of these ideas out when I get back to Bali.
Nikon D2X in Subal housing.
Tabula Int'l Ltd.
Posted 28 December 2005 - 06:51 AM
Titanium tripod
They don't indicate the price anymore on the page. From what I remember it was going for nearly 4 figures. Ah but you'd have the coolest tripod wherever you dive.
"Journalism is what someone else does not want printed, everything else is public relations."
"I was born not knowing, and have only had a little time to change that here and there.
Posted 28 December 2005 - 07:10 AM
Amvona Tripod Legs on eBay
All the best, James
Posted 12 March 2006 - 04:26 AM
cheers, Udo
Nikon D800, D800E, Hugyfot housing, 15 mm fisheye, 16-35 mm WA, 105mm VR Macro, 60 mm Macro, Subsee +5 an +10 wet diopters, Inon Z-240 strobes (3x), Inon float arms, Nauticam armclamps, Bigblue and Inon focus lights.
Posted 17 May 2007 - 03:44 PM
Thanks for posting the links. I had some free time and made myself (well, someone made it for me...) a tripod based on the photo you put here. I had to add some weight on the front leg so it doesn't flip backwards. I used a 1 pund weight connected to a double-dog, so i could take it off the tripod and attach it to my BCD when not in use.
Nikon D70, Ikelite housing, Ikelite DS-50 substrobe, DS-125 substrobe, Nikkor 105mm macro, 18-70mm, Tokina 10-17 FE
Posted 17 August 2007 - 11:49 AM
Paul Kay,Canon EOS5DII SEACAM c/w S45, 8-15, 24L,35L, 60/2.8 (+Ext12II) & 100/2.8 Macros - Sony A7II SEACAM 28/2 & 50/2.8 Macro - UK/Ireland Seacam Sales -see marinewildlife
Posted 17 August 2007 - 12:20 PM
I use a RRS plate mounted to my housing - it works great! I use a carbon fiber Benro tripod in the pool w/ a medium sized ballhead. I haven't tried any long exposures or Panos yet but I'd like to try.
Dual Ikelite Strobes
Photo site - www.reefpix.org
Posted 17 August 2007 - 02:37 PM
Is your mounting plate from RRS an L bracket?
I'm looking into doing something similar for my housing, but so far it's looking like I'll have to machine my own L bracket to integrate with the quick release. Just wondering how yours is set up.
Posted 27 August 2007 - 02:09 PM
Carpe carp - Seize the carp
Posted 27 August 2007 - 09:37 PM
Thomas C. Kline, Jr., Ph. D.
Oceanography & Limnology
Currently used housed digital cameras: Canon EOS-1Ds MkIII, EOS-1D MkIV, and EOS-1DX; and Nikon D3X. More or less retired: Canon EOS-1Ds MkII; and Nikon D1X, D2X, and D2H.
Lens focal lengths ranging from 8 to 200mm for UW use. Seacam housings and remote control gear. Seacam 60D, 150D, and 250D, Sea&Sea YS250, and Inon Z220 strobes.
Posted 15 September 2007 - 08:10 AM
How is the Benro carbon fiber tripod working out underwater? I have seen them compared favorably to Gitzo and your use is the absolute most extreme I can think of. My first knowledge of them was that they would pop up on ebay when I typed in Gitzo. B&H who I use and respect is now carrying them. What ball head do you use? Do you spend much time cleaning your set up after dunking them is salt water? I use two Gitzo carbon fiber tripods along with several Gitzo aluminum and can't convince myself to get them wet with a Kirk or Arca Swiss B1 ball head. If one is serious about setting up a shot underwater using a tripod it makes perfect sense to use your approach though my guess is that the stability and vibration dampening that carbon fiber is known for is less important than of the underwater utility of the particular apparatus. Any thoughts on using a Wimberly style gimbaled action head? Thanks.
Edited by 2Oceans, 15 September 2007 - 08:12 AM.
Posted 15 September 2007 - 08:56 AM
I would say the Benro tripod is holding up pretty well. Because it's carbon fiber you don't have to worry about dissimilar metal contact as much as you would a tripod w/ Al legs and Mg joints. Plus it's lighter. The one problem I have is that I wasn't paying attention and now my ball-head is frozen onto the center column :-(
I use an Acratech ball-head. You don't need a big one for underwater work because you're not supporting much weight. Also, vibration damping isn't an issue underwater where the water does that for you. Basically the tripod is just there to hold the housing and keep it in place.
I wouldn't use an expensive ball-head like a Wimberley or a BH-55 underwater.
Dual Ikelite Strobes
Photo site - www.reefpix.org
Posted 15 September 2007 - 11:43 AM
Acratech heads are excellent BUT they do use several steel screws (large 'grub' screws) which I suspect will cause electrolytic problems as they sit in aluminium. I'm currently using a cheapish German made ballhead (can't remember who makes it) and whilst its still working after several months, the friction adjuster has failed and the Arca quick release has substantial rusting on the steel bits too. I'll give it a season's use at the rate its going.
If anyone can suggest a head with no steel bits in it I'd like to know (forget RRS, they are too expensive and RRS recommended not to use them in saltwater when I queried this with them - the BH55 is superb above water though).
Paul Kay,Canon EOS5DII SEACAM c/w S45, 8-15, 24L,35L, 60/2.8 (+Ext12II) & 100/2.8 Macros - Sony A7II SEACAM 28/2 & 50/2.8 Macro - UK/Ireland Seacam Sales -see marinewildlife
Posted 17 September 2007 - 04:52 AM


text: History Of The Earth Semester: Spring Year: 2018 Subject Name: Geology Course Number: 201 Institution: UMass Amherst Subjects covered include geologic time, principles of stratigraphy and correlation, evolution and the fossil record, a review of plate tectonics, eustasy and isotasy, and the geologic evolution of the Earth with emphasis on the geologic history of North America. Prerequisite: introductory geology course, preferably GEO-SCI 101, or one semester of biology. Comments: Introductory Geology or 1 BIO Additional fees are associated with this section. Linked Course: Multiple required components--lab and/or discussion section. To register, submit requests for all components simultaneously. Instructor Permission: Permission is required for interchange registration during the add/drop period only. Schedule #: 60549 Course Sections Year - Any -20192018201720162015201420132012 Term - Any -FallSpring Subject Course Number Institution - Any -Amherst CollegeHampshire CollegeMount Holyoke CollegeSmith CollegeUMass Amherst Section Number History Of The Earth Sect # Credits Instructor(s) Instructor Email Meeting Times Location 01LL 0.0 R Leckie W 1:25PM 3:45PM


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Photo #22206
Last Name: Welburn
First Name : Reba
Middle Name: Mary
Subject's City: Mt Vernon
Subject's State: NY
Subject's County: Westchester
Subject's Country: USA
Date: 1941-1960
Photographer's City: Tarrytown
Photographer's State: NY
Type** : PRT
Comments: Reba Mary Welburn (Nee: ) | Mt Vernon NY USA | 1941-1960 | Comments: Archive Note - Found! 12/18/2005 Discovery # 658- Tamika writes "Hello,
I don\'t have a name to address you by however I lost my grandmother on September 8th 2005 and we found a family tree dated back to 1810 to George Welburn and Mary Gray. It had their 13 children listed and some if not all of their Grand children. Reba Welburn was listed as their grand daughter from Isaac Welburn who was my gg grandmothers twin brother - Alice Welburn Rickards/Richards.
///This record is one of approx two thousand WW2 Era records that were recoveredfrom a manufacturing plant in North Tarry Town NY by Mike Kane of MahopacNY. Each of these records tells a large part of who the individual was and where they lived each record also contains a photo. Since his discovery Mike has beentrying to get each of these people home.. as of this typing he has been successful withabout 300 . . Mike contacted DeadFred to help him get these records into the handsof family ..over the upcoming months we will be adding all the records to the Archive .. Mike is the primary contact his email address is below .. if for some reason his email isnot working contact firstname.lastname@example.com . To see more of his records scroll tothe bottom of this record and click on the Link .
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