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Early history
Lithuanians are an Indo-European people belonging to the Baltic group. They are the only branch within the group that managed to create a state entity in premodern times. The Prussians, overrun by the Teutonic Order in the 13th century, became extinct by the 18th century. The Latvians to the north were conquered during the first three decades of the 13th century by the Order of the Brothers of the Sword (this order became a branch of the Teutonic Order in 1237). The Lithuanians, protected by a dense primeval forest and extensive marshland, successfully resisted German pressure. Samogitia (Lithuanian: Žemaitija), lying between Prussia and Livonia, two lands already in the hands of the German Crusading knights, was a particular object of German expansion.
The German threat induced the Lithuanian tribes to unite in the middle of the 13th century under Mindaugas. He and his family were baptized in 1251, and two years later he was accepted into the feudal hierarchy of Europe by being crowned king of Lithuania by authority of Pope Innocent IV. Mindaugas, who had reverted to paganism, and two of his sons were assassinated in 1263. The Lithuanians retained their naturalistic pagan religion until the late 14th century.
Traidenis, ruler from 1270 to 1282, was probably the founder of the dynasty named after Gediminas, who began to rule about 1315. Although Lithuanian expansion to the east and south into the area of modern Belarus and Ukraine had begun after the destruction of the Kiev realm, it was Gediminas who systematically carved out the empire that was historic Lithuania, a wide region inhabited by Lithuanians and East Slavs. As his letters from 1323 indicate, Vilnius was by then the capital. At Gediminas's death in 1341 or 1342, Lithuania's frontiers extended across the upper Dvina in the northeast to the Dnieper in the southeast and the Pripet (Prypyat) Marshes in the south. The Lithuanians were not sufficiently numerous for colonization. Control was maintained through undoubted political talent and a spirit of religious tolerance. The ruling Lithuanian warrior caste intermarried extensively with the ruling princely families of the subject East Slav principalities and accepted Orthodoxy.
Gediminas divided his empire among his seven sons. After a brief period of internecine strife, a diarchy of two remained: Algirdas, with his capital in Vilnius, assumed the title of Great Prince and dealt with eastern affairs; Kęstutis, whose capital was the island castle at Trakai, dealt with the threat from the Teutonic Order. Upon his death in 1377, Algirdas left his eldest son, Jogaila, an expanded empire in the east, which after 1362 included Kiev. Relations between Jogaila and his uncle Kęstutis, however, were inimical. In 1381 Kęstutis drove Jogaila from Vilnius and assumed the title of Great Prince. In the following year fortune changed. Jogaila captured Kęstutis and his eldest son, Vytautas. Kęstutis was imprisoned and killed, but Vytautas escaped and found sanctuary among the Teutonic Order, which hoped to utilize him as its vassal. The German threat had increased significantly. Jogaila had tried to stem the tide in 1382 by granting all of Samogitia up to the Dubysa River to the order. The extended ruling family of Lithuania was split. Those of Jogaila's brothers who ruled in the East Slav regions of the realm counseled alliance with Moscow, including acceptance of Orthodox Christianity. Those in the core lands of the state favoured an alliance with Poland and acceptance of Roman Christianity.
Union with Poland
Jogaila chose the latter course. On Aug. 14, 1385, he concluded an agreement to join his realm with Poland in return for marriage to the 12-year-old Polish queen Jadwiga and assumption of the Polish throne as king. The agreement was effected early in the following year. In 1387 Jogaila formally introduced Roman Christianity among his Lithuanian-speaking subjects. Newly baptized nobles were granted extensive privileges. Their status was officially patterned on the feudal social structure prevalent in Western Christendom. In 1392 a reconciliation took place between Jogaila and Vytautas, who returned as ruler of Lithuania. The baptism of the Lithuanians removed the basis for the existence of the Teutonic Order, which had officially been founded to defend Christianity. Its stature was considerably reduced after a defeat on July 15, 1410, at Grünwald (Tannenberg) at the hands of a joint Polish-Lithuanian army. The battle signaled a decisive ebb of the German threat.
The Lithuanian state reached its apogee during the rule of Vytautas, called the Great, who died in 1430. The realm extended from the Baltic Sea south to the shores of the Black Sea and east almost to Mozhaisk, some 100 miles west of Moscow. The Teutonic Order was no longer menacing, but a new threat from the east appeared. In 1480 Ivan III, Grand Prince of Moscow, assumed the title of sovereign of all the Russes. In effect he laid claim to all the lands of the old Kievan state. Most of these, including Kiev itself, were part of the Lithuanian realm.
The struggle with Moscow continued over the next two centuries. Until 1569 the union of Lithuania and Poland remained a loose alliance by virtue of a common ruler. On July 1, 1569, a common Polish-Lithuanian parliament meeting in Lublin transformed the loose personal union of the two states into a Commonwealth of Two Peoples. While Poland and Lithuania would thereafter elect a joint sovereign and have a common parliament, the basic dual state structure was retained. Each continued to be administered separately and had its own law codes and armed forces. The joint commonwealth, however, provided an impetus for cultural Polonization of the Lithuanian nobility. By the end of the 17th century it had virtually become indistinguishable from its Polish counterpart. The peasantry, however, retained the old language.
Russian rule
During the 18th century, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth declined as a political power. Attempts at reform triggered foreign intervention. Following three partitions, the old state ceased to exist. During the first two partitions, in 1772 and 1793, Lithuania lost only lands inhabited by East Slavs. The Third Partition (1795) resulted in a division of the land inhabited by ethnic Lithuanians. The bulk of it went to Russia. However, lands southwest of the Nemunas River were annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia. This region was incorporated in the Grand Duchy of Warsaw established by Napoleon in 1807. In 1815, at the Congress of Vienna, the duchy became the Kingdom of Poland and was placed under Russian rule, although as a separate political entity. As a result, this region of Lithuania retained the separate administrative and judicial system introduced under French rule. These changes, including the abolition of serfdom, were significant and made the region distinct from the rest of the Lithuanian lands.
The uprisings of 1830–31 and 1863 in Poland found resonance in the Lithuanian lands. The suppression was particularly harsh after the second revolt. Both insurrections were followed by waves of Russification. The tsarist government treated the Northwest Region—as historic Lithuania, apart from the southeastern lands, was called after 1832—as an integral part of Russia. In 1832 the University of Vilnius, founded in 1579, was closed. In 1840 the Lithuanian legal code, which dated back to the 16th century, was abolished. After the revolt of 1863 the policy of Russification was extended to all areas of public life. Russian was the only language sanctioned for public use, including education. Books and magazines in the Lithuanian language could be printed only in the Cyrillic (Russian) alphabet. Such cultural imperialism triggered an indigenous reaction that fueled a national renaissance. An informal system of Lithuanian "schools of the hearth" in the villages was organized. Books in the Cyrillic alphabet were boycotted, while Lithuanian publications in the Latin script, printed mostly across the German border in neighbouring East Prussia, were smuggled into the country in large numbers.
A liberalization occurred after the Russian Revolution of 1905. The press prohibition had been annulled in 1904, allowing the appearance of the first Lithuanian daily newspaper, Vilniaus žinios ("Vilnius News"). On Dec. 4–5, 1905, a congress of some 2,000 delegates was held in Vilnius. The congress demanded an autonomous political entity formed from the ethnic Lithuanian lands. Its frontiers were to be formed in accordance with the freely expressed wish of the inhabitants.
By late 1915 Lithuania had come under German military occupation. The goal of the German administration was to create a Lithuanian state that would be a satellite of Germany after the final peace treaty. It authorized a gathering in Vilnius, on Sept. 18–22, 1917, of a congress of 214 Lithuanian delegates. The gathering called for an independent Lithuanian state within ethnic frontiers with Vilnius as its capital, and it elected a 20-member Taryba, or council. On Feb. 16, 1918, the Taryba proclaimed an independent Lithuanian state.
The country remained under German occupation, however. The Germans began to withdraw after the armistice of Nov. 11, 1918. The newly independent Lithuanian government was faced with an invasion by the Soviets from the east. On Jan. 5, 1919, Vilnius was occupied by the Red Army, and a communist Lithuanian government was installed. The national government was evacuated to Kaunas. By mid-1919 the tide had turned, and the Russians were successfully pushed back east.
Foreign relations
Lithuania joined the League of Nations on Sept. 22, 1921, as a recognized member of the international community of states. At that time, its frontiers had not been clearly established, and unresolved border questions characterized Lithuania's foreign relations throughout the interwar period. The problem of Vilnius and its surrounding region bedeviled Polish-Lithuanian relations. Modern Lithuanian nationalism was based on a fusion of ethnicity and historic identity. Vilnius, the capital of the historic state, was a multiethnic city with a heavily Polish cultural veneer. Many in Poland, while not averse to Lithuania's claim, felt that Lithuania itself had historically become a part of a wider Polish cultural realm and sought to resurrect some form of the common political entity that had existed until 1795. On April 20, 1919, the Polish army took Vilnius from the Red Army and prevented the Lithuanians from reoccupying the city. The Western Allied powers then intervened and set up a line of demarcation between the Polish and Lithuanian forces, leaving Vilnius in Polish hands. In 1920 Lithuania concluded a peace treaty with Soviet Russia according to which Vilnius was recognized as Lithuanian. During the Polish-Russian war of 1920, Vilnius was occupied by the Red Army on July 14. The Lithuanians occupied it in the wake of the Soviet retreat a month later. A Polish-Lithuanian armistice signed in Suvalkai on Sept. 5, 1920, left the city in Lithuanian hands. However, two days later, Polish forces overran the area in dispute and set up a government of Central Lithuania. Vilnius remained under Polish control and was formally annexed in 1922. Lithuania, however, refused to recognize the situation and continued to claim Vilnius and its surroundings.
The status of Klaipėda also presented problems. The city, Lithuania's sole potential outlet to the sea, had been part of Prussia and had never belonged to the historic Lithuanian state. Although the city itself was largely German in character, the surrounding countryside was largely populated by Lithuanians. The port was occupied by Allied forces after World War I. The Treaty of Versailles left its status undetermined. In January 1923 Lithuania occupied the territory. The following year an agreement was concluded with the Allied powers according to which Klaipėda became an autonomous part of Lithuania. Although Weimar Germany acceded to Lithuanian control of Klaipėda, the question resurfaced after Hitler's accession to power. Nazi propaganda agitated Germans to rise up against Lithuania.
Border problems figured prominently during the last two years of the independent interwar republic. In the wake of a frontier incident, a Polish ultimatum of March 17, 1938, demanded the establishment of diplomatic relations and normal interstate ties. Lithuania, which had refused to maintain relations with Poland because of the dispute over Vilnius, yielded. On March 21, 1939, Lithuania yielded to another ultimatum and ceded the port to Germany.
Domestic policies
The constitution adopted in 1922 set up a parliamentary democracy. The system proved dysfunctional. Frequent cabinet changes precluded stability. A coup d'état by a group of army officers in December 1926 introduced an authoritarian presidential system with restricted democracy that lasted until the Soviet occupation of 1940. Antanas Smetona, who had been the first president elected by the Taryba in 1918, was reinstated. All political parties were proscribed, except for the ruling Nationalist Union, which supported Smetona. In 1928 a new constitution formalized this state of affairs. On Feb. 12, 1938, a third constitution was adopted, envisaging a gradual return to parliamentary institutions. Although the ban on political parties remained in force, a de facto coalition government representing a wide spectrum of political opinion was appointed. However, by the outbreak of World War II only minimal political change had been achieved.
Independence lost
A secret protocol to the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact of Aug. 23, 1939, stipulated that, in the event of a territorial and political rearrangement in the Baltic region, the northern boundary of Lithuania should represent "the boundary of the sphere of influence of Germany and the U.S.S.R." When World War II began, Germany made a concerted effort to induce Lithuania to join in its attack on Poland, making it an ally and protégé. Lithuania opted for neutrality. A secret protocol to the German-Soviet boundary and friendship treaty of Sept. 28, 1939, revised the earlier agreement and placed most of Lithuania, with the exception of a small portion in the southwest, in the Soviet sphere of influence.
On Oct. 10, 1939, the U.S.S.R. forced Lithuania to accept a treaty of mutual assistance. Lithuania was compelled to admit Soviet garrisons and air bases on its territory. In return Lithuania received Vilnius and surrounding areas that had been occupied by the Red Army during its attack on Poland. The territory formed about one-third of the area that Soviet Russia had recognized as Lithuanian according to the peace treaty of 1920 but that had been under Polish rule since 1920.
On June 15, 1940, the U.S.S.R. confronted Lithuania with an ultimatum demanding the immediate formation of a "friendly" government and the admission of unlimited numbers of Soviet troops to its territory. The same day, the country was occupied. President Smetona fled to Germany, though without resigning. In his absence, the prime minister, Antanas Merkys, in his capacity as acting president, appointed a left-wing journalist, Justas Paleckis, prime minister. Merkys himself resigned, making Paleckis acting president as well. The moves clearly violated the constitution. The following month, the new Soviet regime staged elections. On July 21, the newly "elected" people's parliament unanimously requested the incorporation of Lithuania into the Soviet Union. On Aug. 3, 1940, the Supreme Soviet of the U.S.S.R. acceded to this request and declared Lithuania a constituent republic of the Soviet Union.
During the first year of occupation, Sovietization consisted primarily of remolding the old political, social, economic, and cultural structures into Soviet forms. A land reform was enacted, though its effect was limited, as the land reform of the 1920s had already to a large degree made the country one of agrarian smallholders. A relatively small number of the country's political elite were deported in July 1940, before incorporation into the U.S.S.R. Large-scale deportations, affecting a wide cross section of the population, were initiated on the night of June 13–14, 1941. The movement was still under way at the time of the German attack a week later. It has been estimated that this wave of deportation affected some 35,000 people.
When Germany attacked the U.S.S.R. on June 22, 1941, an insurrection against Soviet rule broke out in Lithuania. On the first day, insurgents gained control of Kaunas, then the capital, and set up a provisional government. Within a week the German army had overrun all of Lithuania. The Lithuanians hoped to reestablish independence in alliance with Germany. However, on July 28, 1941, an Ostland province, consisting of the three Baltic countries and Belorussia (now Belarus), was created. The Lithuanian provisional government refused to serve as administrative agent for the German occupation and disbanded. A German occupation regime was established, but it enjoyed only limited success in fulfilling the demands of the Reich. For three years manpower mobilization efforts were effectively thwarted. Human losses during the German occupation have been estimated at roughly 250,000. The bulk of these losses came from the Jewish community, which was almost entirely exterminated.
Soviet republic
By the end of 1944 most of Lithuania had been reoccupied by the Red Army. The first postwar decade was a period of extensive repression and Russification. An organized guerrilla resistance, at times involving up to 40,000 fighters, lasted into the early 1950s. Several waves of deportations to Siberia and Central Asia accompanied the collectivization of agriculture: about 70,000 people were deported in late 1947; 70,000 in May 1948; and some 80,000 in 1949. Cultural life stagnated under the imposition of rigid Stalinist norms.
During the thaw in the U.S.S.R. in the late 1950s and early '60s, the ruling Lithuanian Communist Party, which had been disproportionately composed of immigrant officials, was slowly nativized and transformed into the political machine of the long-term (1936–74) first secretary Antanas Sniečkus. The relative liberalization coincided with the industrialization and urbanization of the country. The possibility of planning socioeconomic change at the local level precluded large-scale immigration of labour from outside the republic. As a result, Lithuania remained ethnically largely homogeneous, with Lithuanians making up about 80 percent of the population in the early 1990s. The ideological reaction during the 1970s and early '80s failed to stem the development of national consciousness. An extensive dissident movement developed. During the 1970s Lithuania produced more per capita samizdat (unofficial and unsanctioned underground publications) than any other Soviet republic. The most prominent samizdat periodical, The Chronicle of the Lithuanian Catholic Church, which first appeared in 1972, outlasted the regime.
Independence restored
The effort during the late 1980s to renovate the U.S.S.R. through glasnost ("openness") and perestroika ("restructuring") created a new political atmosphere. A mass reform movement, Sa̡jūdis ("Movement"), emerged in opposition. Elections in early 1990 resulted in a legislature that unanimously declared on March 11 the reestablishment of Lithuania's independence. Soviet reaction initially consisted of a largely ineffectual economic boycott during the spring and summer of 1990. An abortive effort to topple the independent government on Jan. 13, 1991, ended in bloodshed. Political independence and international recognition were secured in the aftermath of the failed coup in Moscow in August 1991.
Lithuania held its first post-Soviet elections in 1992. The former Communist Party, which renamed itself the Lithuanian Democratic Labour Party (LDLP), won 73 of 141 seats. Despite its victory, the LDLP did not seek to reverse policies. Instead, the government liberalized the economy, joined the Council of Europe, became an associate member of the Western European Union, and pursued membership in the European Union (EU) and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).
Internal disagreements, charges of corruption, and economic recession led to a drop in the government's popularity in the mid-1990s. In 1996 the LDLP won only 12 seats and was replaced in government by a coalition between the Christian Democratic Party and the Centre Party. The new government sought to further liberalize the economy and to attract foreign capital. In 1998 Valdas Adamkus, who had been naturalized a U.S. citizen and who sought to curb corruption, was elected president.Romuald J. Misiunas
Throughout the first half of the 1990s, Lithuania's economy had remained reliant on Russia and was hit by recession. By the late 1990s it had dramatically increased its share of trade with western Europe, and inflation—which had exceeded 1,000 percent in 1991—was reduced to less than 10 percent. Rolandas Paksas, leader of Lithuania's populist Liberal Democratic Party, defeated Adamkus in the 2003 presidential election. Paksas was impeached later that year, however, when the Constitutional Court ruled that he had violated the constitution on at least three occasions (most notably, in granting citizenship to a Russian-born financial supporter). Moreover, members of Paksas's administration were linked to Russian organized crime. The chairman of the Seimas (legislature) became acting president, and Adamkus won a second term through a special presidential election held in 2004. That same year Lithuania gained full membership in both the EU and NATO, and its economic fortunes turned as European holidaymakers flocked to seaside resorts, including Palanga and Klaipėda.
By May 2008 the country's economy had begun to sour, and the European Commission rejected Lithuania's application to join the euro zone because of the country's high inflation. The ailing economy spurred violent protests in the capital, some of the worst since 1991. Running as an independent with the promise of change, Dalia Grybauskaitė, the EU budget commissioner, won the May 2009 presidential election with about 69 percent of the vote. The first woman in Lithuania to be elected president, Grybauskaitė promised to stimulate exports, implement EU aid, and provide tax breaks to owners of small businesses.
Relations with Russia continued to remain tense into the 21st century. In 2006 Russia ceased supplying Lithuania's main petroleum refinery and further refused to honour Lithuania's request for reparations for the Soviet Union's 50-year occupation of Lithuania. In 2008 Lithuania's parliament banned any public display of Soviet or Nazi symbols.
Learn More in these related Britannica articles:
Baltic states: Independent LithuaniaThe less-accessible Lithuanians, living in dense forests and swamplands, managed to withstand the foreign incursions and preserve their independence. In 1236 a chieftain, Mindaugas, united several tribes into a Lithuanian political entity. In 1251 he accepted Roman Christianity, and in 1253 he joined the…
Judaism: In eastern EuropeHasidism made little headway in Lithuania, where the traditional rabbinic class, under the leadership of Elijah ben Solomon, was able to stave off its influence by issuing a ban of excommunication (
ḥerem, "anathema") against the new movement. The tactic, which involved a complete boycott and cutting off of communication, was…
Eastern Orthodoxy: The Balkans and eastern EuropeLatvia, and Lithuania, the Orthodox minorities established themselves as autonomous churches. The first three joined the jurisdiction of Constantinople, and the Lithuanian diocese remained nominally under Moscow. In Poland, which then included several million Belorussians and Ukrainians, the ecumenical patriarch established an autocephalous church (1924) over the…
League of NationsLeague of Nations, an organization for international cooperation established on January 10, 1920, at the initiative of the victorious Allied powers at the end of World War I. The terrible losses of World War I produced, as years went by and peace seemed no nearer, an ever-growing public demand that…
Antanas SmetonaAntanas Smetona, Lithuanian statesman and journalist who in 1919 became the first president of Lithuania and later returned to power as an authoritarian head of state for the last 13 years of his country's independence. After the Russian Revolution of 1905 broke out, Smetona, who had recently…
More About Lithuania7 references found in Britannica articles
Assorted References
- major reference
- flag history
- interest groups
- physical geography
- population and demography
- Eastern Orthodoxy
- Judaism


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This 30"h x 24"w Reflective Sign Panel aluminum composite is a great alternative to wood sign or MDO board. It is made of painted aluminum over a solid plastic core and can withstand the harshest of elements. The panel is printed on both sides.
Height: 30 inches
Width: 24 inches
Weight: 4.17 lbs
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subset: commoncrawl


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It wasn't magic that made our newest tour to Madagascar happen — it was you! In a survey from 2009, we asked folks who visited the Friendly Planet Travel website: "Where on Earth do you want to go next?" A whopping 6,780 people voted on 12 proposed exotic locations.
The locale that came out on top was Madagascar, with 941 votes. And after doing some additional research, it hit me why Madagascar won.
There are very few tour operators who offer guided tours of Madagascar. And the ones that do offer them at an exorbitant price. That is, until today.
After two years of planning, we're unveiling Friendly Planet Travel's Magical Madagascar tour. You spend 12 days touring the world's fourth largest island, visiting Antananarivo, Toliara, Fianarantsoa, and Ambohitra. Plus, there's an optional extension to Nosy Be Island.
Sitting off the coast of Africa in the Indian Ocean, Madagascar's baobab forests, virgin coastlines, misty highlands, coral islands, and its famous lemurs offer incredible sightseeing opportunities for travelers who love exploring exotic, unspoiled destinations.
You start your 12-day journey in Antananarivo, the capital city of Madagascar. After spending a night at the Relais des Plateaux Hotel you depart for Ifaty, a fishermen's village located near Toliara. Spend the afternoon exploring the Reniala spiny forest. This unique ecosystem is home to more than 2000 types of plants and 65 bird species.
The following day you continue to Ranohira, northeast of Toliara. Soak in the wonders of this landscape typical to the southern part of this island, which in this area are mostly savanna and bush. Pass by several sapphire mining villages, and along the way, you notice the painted tombs of the island's southern tribe.
Next you tour Isalo National Park for the day. This park is known for its wide variety of terrain, including massive sandstone formations, deep canyons, palm-lined oases, and grasslands. Walk to the "Piscine Naturelle," a natural oasis consisting of a stone cave overlooking a beautiful waterfall and crystal-clear pool. Meanwhile, keep an eye out for ring-tailed lemurs, brown lemurs, and sifaka lemurs.
Afterwards, embark on a city tour of the capital of the Haute Matsiatra region, Fianarantsoa, and the cultural and intellectual center for the entire island. Home to the Betsileo tribe, some of the oldest Protestant cathedrals in Madagascar are found here.
On the heels of that tour is a city tour of Antsirabe, which is well known for its rickshaws, gemstones, and hot spring waters. Then jump on a flight to Ambohitra. Enjoy a walk through the Amber Mountain National Park, which features tropical forest, waterfalls, and volcanic lakes.
Spend your remaining day enjoying Madagascar at your own leisure, that is, unless you opt for the three-day Nosy Be Island extension. There your tour continues by boat to the marine reserve of Nosy Tanikely. Enjoy a picnic lunch and some beach time for swimming. Optional snorkeling and diving excursions are available on your own at an additional cost, and much more.
This is only a taste of the full Magical Madagascar itinerary. For the complete itinerary, visit our website. Madagascar is place a travelers told us they wanted to go and now we're making it possible for you.
We created this tour for very small groups, so space and departure dates are limited. Our 2011 departure dates include: Sept. 14, Oct. 19, Nov. 16, and Dec. 7.
The 12-day tour of Madagascar starts at $5,699. Included in the price are roundtrip flights from New York via South African Airways (flights from other cities available on request for a little more); ground transportation and all transfers; accommodations in tourist and superior class hotels; 10 breakfasts, eight lunches, and nine dinners; professional English-speaking tour guides; comprehensive touring program including entrance fees; an optional 4-day extension to gorgeous Nosy Be Island; and more.
To kick off this new tour, we're giving you $100 off the cost of the 12-day Magical Madagascar tour if you book before May 3. Use the coupon code 041911-100 when booking online or mention the code to your phone agent. Book the Magical Madagascar today online or call us at 1-800-555-5765 and speak to our reservations team before space runs out!


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"Who is so old that he cannot recall the soft, cool, touch of the sand as he patted and smoothed it: the fascinating way in which it slipped through the fingers: the endless joy of digging into its yellow depths." - Nora Archibald Smith
Come experience the charm and diversity of Monmouth County Park System's three beachfront areas.
The online reservation system is a quick and easy way to book at tee time at one of 6 golf courses.
From Seven Presidents Oceanfront Park to Historic Walnford, the Park System offers over 30 park areas to explore.
From pottery classes to nature walks, programs and activities are a great way to meet people and explore new interests.
Receive timely updates regarding Monmouth County Park System programs, special events & golf course promotions.


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Shannintipton - posted on 12/25/2011 ( 1037 moms have responded )
I hope everyone had a great Christmas. Were you happy with what you all got. Please share but remember some of us are not as fortunate as you so no rubbing it in. okay? I was very pleased, my kids where pleased for about an hour and then it happened. They started counted who got what. And I guess size does matter. ha ha ha ha Hope you all had a very merry christmas. Hope to chat with you soon.
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The Seattle Seahawks, with a 7-9 record, will host a playoff game next weekend. Predictably, there are already calls for realignment, reseeding, and an entire rejiggering of the playoff process. We say no: this is an all-time great moment for mediocrity.
The road to seven wins was a strange one, with four victories in the division, a gimme against the Panthers, and then, somehow, wins over the reeling Chargers and a Bears team with a post-concussion Jay Cutler. If two wins over above-.500 teams isn't a playoff resume, I don't know what is.
There's absolutely nothing shameful about a team with a losing record making the playoffs. Happens all the time in the NHL and NBA, and no one's looking to shake up those leagues. In fact, you know which American pro sports league gets shit all the time? The one that lets the best teams into the playoffs, regardless of division or conference. In MLS last year, six of the top eight teams were from the West, so that's who went in. It looked weird having Colorado and San Jose compete in the Eastern Conference Championship, and, the year before, it looked weird having Salt Lake City win the Cup coming out of the East. Slapdash-looking, the wags said. A real American league wouldn't do things so amateurishly. So what's professional? Apparently, divisions having a winner, regardless of record.
Besides, it's not as if 7-9 is Seattle's final record. They've still got as many as four games left, although they'd have to win the Super Bowl to finish with a winning record. Don't laugh. Okay, laugh a little, then stop. But the NFC West has a funny way of making fools of us when we hold their division winner up to ridicule. Two years ago the Cardinals rode their undeserved playoff berth all the way to the Super Bowl. Last year the Cardinals gave us the most entertaining game of the postseason, a shootout with Green Bay.
So who's to say they can't beat the Saints, in Seattle. New Orleans has some pretty bad losses, and Seattle has...that one good win over Chicago. So maybe it's hard to argue that the Seahawks earned the right to be hear. But what was the other option? St. Louis, who would've been 8-8, a more respectable record? You think the Rams would have fared better in the playoffs? They couldn't even beat the Seahawks, for christ's sake.


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We have interviewed Georg Wicherski, who is one of the speakers for the Honeynet Workshop in Dubai 10-12 of February. Georg will give a briefing about "Secure Exploit Payload Staging…or how we did not kill an 0day at Defcon"
So Georg, why did you become a security expert?
Pathos: Hacking is my second love after my family and working as a security person allows me to live my passion every day.
And what will you talk about? Read more »
We have interviewed Raffy, who is one of the teachers for the Honeynet Workshop in Dubai 10-12 of February. Raffy will give the following talk: How Big Data, Data Mining, and Visualization Enable Security Intelligence and a class on Information Visualization - Bridging the Gap Between Tufte and Firewalls"
So Marty, tell us, why did you become a security expert? Read more »
Good morning folks
My apologies for the delay on this one. It appears the the wily coyote has passed on his tricks to my Internet connection and as such I've been offline for a fairly large portion of time. No matter....onward to the readables !!
An in-depth code analysis of mssecmgr.ocx from the ESET folks is here.
Read more »
UPDATE: the log data is posted here. A notification group about new log sharing is here.
Read more »


text: Surprisingly, Toronto Raptors forward Amir Johnson will only face a one-game suspension after striking referee David Jones with his mouthpiece on Monday night in Portland. Per the NBA: "Amir Johnson of the Toronto Raptors has been suspended one game without pay for throwing his mouthpiece and hitting a referee, it was announced Tuesday by Stu Jackson, NBA Executive Vice President, Basketball Operations. The incident occurred with 5:01 remaining in the third quarter of Toronto's 92-74 loss to the Portland Trail Blazers on Monday, Dec. 10, at the Rose Garden. Johnson will serve his suspension on Wednesday, Dec. 12, when the Raptors host the Brooklyn Nets at Air Canada Centre."


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Mount Hood Climber's Log
texplorer - Sep 7, 2001 6:02 pmRoute Climbed: Leuthold's Couloir Date Climbed: January 28, 2001
Did this climb early in the season and found none of the rock or ice fall that most parties encounter on this route. A long route with few surprises. Not much as far as technical skill required. We did rope up to cross the Reid. Got a nice look at the Yocum Ridge! Maybe someday. . . .
texplorer - Sep 7, 2001 5:54 pmRoute Climbed: Cooper Spur Date Climbed: July 28, 2000
Climbed this route with Dan Hughes. Read his account on this post for more details.
texplorer - Sep 7, 2001 5:53 pmRoute Climbed: South Side route Date Climbed: May 2000
This was my first glaciated mountain, crampons, ice axe route. I have climbed several other routes up Hood since but this one will always be my first. One of the other guys I was climbing with got altitude sickness near the summit and literally staggered to the summit. He was incoherent and acted like a beligerent drunk. We short-roped him and led him down the pearly gates. Once down to the hogsback he came out of it and was ok to the bottom. A good lesson -don't take even the easiest of routes for granted.
Bob Burd - Aug 21, 2001 11:43 amRoute Climbed: South Side Date Climbed: May 1992
This was my first peak climbed using crampons and axe. We started climbing at some ungodly hour like 3a so that we could get up to the Pearly Gates and wait in a ridiculous weekend line. Since Eric and I didn't have a rope, we sort of skirted around the others all lined up like ducks - pissed off more than a few of them it seemed. On the way down we found that the normal folks climbed much later, carried skiis or snowboards for the descent, and didn't use a rope either.
Brian Jenkins - Jul 17, 2001 3:56 pmRoute Climbed: South Side Date Climbed: 6/16/01
I summitted with my friend Mark 6/16 about 7:15 am after doing the traditional trek through the night. Conditions were perfect and there were lots of other headlamps on the long line up. Great views up top although there are a lot of people on the mountain who think it's just a simple hike. This was my second attempt, tried it four weeks earlier and got weathered back down by ridiculously high winds that knocked us off our feet a few times and we had to self-arrest. After this summit though, my face got fried on the way down as I had misplaced sunscreen. Was awesome though. Didn't want to come back down.
drew bolster - Jul 8, 2001 4:54 amRoute Climbed: south side(hogs back) Date Climbed: 6-3-001
July third, my first solo summit attempt, began at 11:50am at the t-line parking lot in near ankle deep slush conditions. After sloging 2+ hours, harried by groomers and "sick booters" on east palmer I made it to open terrain only to be greeted by an lmc sprite full of t-line Mt. guided climbers.
Fast forward to the summit, which I reached at dawn in perfectly hard snow conditions and postcard vistas. After lounging and taking photos for half an hour I started down to encounter the TLMG group at the pearly gates nearly draging a hysterical climber yelling "stop, stop'" and falling on his/her axe every few yards. Another climber (partner?) was repeating "I'm sorry I got you into this, we're almost there," backed up by similar encouragments by the guide.
A short while later, while waiting for a group of well equiped climbers to accend I stood under a rock face with several other accending climbers. All but two of them were not wearing crampons and all of them seemed oblivios to the ominous rockfall directly above them. While I watched three "stingers" fell on either side of us.
While I don't want to relate my experience directly to the rescue the day before, this climb illustrated to me the door for the media to hyper-capitalize on Mt.Hood climing.
John - Jul 5, 2001 9:42 pmRoute Climbed: South Side (Hogsback) Date Climbed: July 1, 2001
My first climb of this mountain was under near ideal conditions. The night portion of this climb was beautiful with a near full moon and cloud cover at about 4,000'. I did this part of the climb with Rob and Dan and we were treated to several shooting stars. At the Hogsback, I headed up to the summit alone while they rested for a bit. After snapping a few pics on the summit, I started to head down, meeting both of them just above the Pearly Gates. A bit farther down, the guy behind me, who I was just taking pictures of moments before on the summit, slipped and fell about 300' into a fumarole. It was scary watching him slide down out of control and disappear. This was at 9:30am and we immediately called 911. What surprised me was that the USDA Forest Service, AMR, and PMR didn't show up until about 2:00pm, 3:10pm, and 4:00pm respectively. Check out the following Accident Photo Sequence: [ 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 ]
durocher - May 23, 2001 9:52 pmRoute Climbed: South Side Date Climbed: May 19, 2001
Conditions were extremely windy (estimated to be > 100km/h by USDA Forest Service) and crowded, as expected, but well worth the 7 hour drive from Vancouver.
Bob Bolton - Apr 3, 2001 11:25 amRoute Climbed: All the standard southern route Date Climbed: 8 or 9 climbs from 1967 to 1992
I like getting to the top, but don't much care about routes. However I have now gotten bored to tears with Mt. Hood, partly for that reason I suppose. I have never been turned back by weather on Hood because I rarely try any mountains in questionable weather. So all of my attempts have been successful. On my last climb my wife succeeded in her first attempt on Hood, and her 2nd and last attempt of any mountain, the other being post-eruption Mt. St. Helens two weeks earlier. We had a cell phone in the party, and while we were roping up at the Hogs Back above Crater Rock, we were alerted by a climber or skier on the west side of Crater that there was an injured skier who had been hit by a falling boulder and was bleeding badly. We called 911 and watched the helicopter from the summit. One of the rescuers was also hit and injured by a falling boulder, but everyone survived. It was way too warm a day to be over on that side of Crater Rock!
climbit - Mar 31, 2001 4:09 pmRoute Climbed: Sandy Glacier Headwall Date Climbed: 5/7/00
Sandy Glacier Headwall - Great route; no traffic; pretty committing - not for novices but well worth the effort. Alpine III. Steepest at top. Climbed from base of Yoakum Ridge bivvy and carried over to summit. Exited a small ice runnel (the Hourglass?) covered with consolidated snow. Conditions required no fixed protection although parties we talked to have used screws and pickets for running belays. Bivvied again on summit in whiteout and descended in storm next day. The blizzard lasted the rest of the week. It's best to know the South Side descent route! (with Matt Wacker)
Lee Davis
Spokane, WA USA
Email: email@example.com
Web page: http://www.ieway.com/climbit/
Date(s) summited: 5/7/00
mdostby - Mar 24, 2001 4:54 pmRoute Climbed: Hogs Back, The Standard Route Date Climbed: June 1999
Nice climb. perfect day.
DanHughes - Mar 22, 2001 6:04 pmRoute Climbed: Cooper Spur Date Climbed: July 28, 2000
I summited the Cooper spur route on Mount Hood at the end of July, 2000. I would not recommend climbing this route this late in this season. We started the climb at around midnight and made good progress to tie-in rock where its time to strap on the crampons. From here the slope begins to steepen greatly from 35 degrees to about 50 degrees near the top. Even though we had an early start, rock fall was still a problem as we could hear rock all around us and had a few near misses. You need to be on top before the sun comes up because this side of the mountain receives first light and is the sun all day. This climb is very straight forward and is the most direct route on Hood. Even though its a basic snow climb we did encounter a rock band that was a little tricky to negotiate. No way to set protection on this rock. It seemed like every hand and foot hold could go at any second and some did. This was very exposed climbing at this point with a fall dropping you down to the Eliot glacier. Once we negotiated the rock we were back on steep snow and ice in the area known as the Chute. This is the steepest part of the climb and takes you to the summit. If you fall here you will probably die. Some people rope up, some do not because if one falls it may take their partner with them. For us the conditions were getting very slushy. We summitted under clear skis, then went down the south side route. We felt the conditions were too dangerous to decend the route with the rock fall and the slushy conditions. Great route with exposure. Even though this route is not technical, some consider it to be one of the most dangerous routes on Hood and has claimed several lives over the years.
Josh - Mar 13, 2001 9:52 amRoute Climbed: South Side (Hogsback) Date Climbed: May 1999
I climbed Mount Hood twice (within a four day period) in May, 1999.
My first climb started at the 5,800 ft ski-lodge parking lot at 4:51 am. For the first 4,000 ft, I ascended very boring snow slopes. At about 10,000 ft, I arrived at the crater. I then made my way up through the "pearly gates" to the summit. The whole ascent took less than 2.5 hours. The descent was uneventful.
My second climb of Mt Hood took place a few days later. I started at 9:40 pm, and reached the summit at midnight. I was the only one on the mountain, and the conditions were perfect. There was a full moon to light the way, so I didn't have to use my headlamp at all. A very enjoyable climb.


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This page provides a collection of multi-agency links pertaining to mineral exploration, geology, and land records in Alaska.
Land records
- Alaska Mapper
Interactive access to State of Alaska land records. Query, research and verify state land ownership and land use.
- BLM and DNR Plats & Surveys
Locate, research and verify land ownership and land use on state and federal lands within the State of Alaska. Access state and federal plats and survey documents.
- DNR Land Administration System (LAS)
DNR case file and land abstracts, useful for researching claim ownership.
- DNR Recorder's Office
Statewide database of public records.
- BLM Spatial Data Management System
The SDMS website provides access to on-line BLM-Alaska land record documents, reports and GIS data.
- BLM General Land Office
Live access to Federal land conveyance records for the Public Land States, includes federal land patents, survey plats and field notes, and land status records.
Maps and publications
- Guide to Alaska geologic and mineral information (DGGS)
Daley, E.E., 2004, Guide to Alaska geologic and mineral information 2004: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Information Circular 44 ed. 2004, 92 p.
- DGGS publications catalog
Provides links to publicly available government agency reports, maps, and geospatial datasets relating to Alaskan geologic projects and topics of interest.
- Alaska Resource Data Files (USGS)
Descriptions of mines, prospects, and mineral occurrences, grouped by U.S. Geological Survey 1:250,000 scale quadrangles.
- Alaska Science Portal (USGS)
Web map-based tool to facilitate public and partner access to information on Alaskan subjects under USGS study.
- USGS Publications Warehouse
Comprehensive listing of USGS publications, most publications are available for download
- BLM mineral assessment-related reports
This page lists mining district studies conducted through the Bureau of Land Management along with some earlier U.S. Bureau of Mines reports. Many of the U.S. Bureau of Mines reports can be found in the DGGS publications catalog.
Geology and data
- Alaska Geochemical Database Version 2.0 (USGS)
Granitto, Matthew, Bailey, E.A., Schmidt, J.M., Shew, N.B., Gamble, B.M., and Labay, K.A., 2013, Alaska Geochemical Database Version 2.0 (AGDB2) - Including "best value" data compilations for rock, sediment, soil, mineral, and concentrate sample media: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 759, 20 p. pamphlet and database, 1 DVD.
- Alaska Geochemical Database (USGS)
Granitto, Matthew, Bailey, E.A., Schmidt, J.M., Shew, N.B., Gamble, B.M., and Labay, K.A., 2011, Alaska Geochemical Database (AGDB) - Geochemical data for rock, sediment, soil, mineral, and concentrate sample media: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 637, 31 p. pamphlet and database, 1 DVD
- WebGeochem: DGGS Geochemical sample analysis search engine
Freeman, L.K., Browne, C.B., Seitz, M.S., McCamish, John, and Guild, J.A., 2005, WebGeochem: DGGS Geochemical Sample Analysis Search Engine. While not comprehensive, this database provides listing of geochemical data presented in DGGS publications.
- Alaska Paleontological Database
This paleontology database contains detailed information on fossils and fossil localities in Alaska.
- Alaska Minerals Information System (AMIS) files
The Minerals Availability (MAS) System was originally created by the U.S. Bureau of Mines as a national computerized database to monitor supply potential of minerals considered essential to the U.S. industrial base, including identification of major mineral deposits, evaluation of their resources, and production. At present hard copies of the files are available for public inspection at the Alaska Resources Library and Information (ARLIS) library in Anchorage.
- Alaska Mineral Property Kardex Images and Index Maps: by 1:250,000
The Kardex files were a paper-based system developed by the Territory of Alaska in 1953 to track minerals information, especially mining activity. These files contain considerable historical information in regards to production, mining methods, and individuals involved. The U.S. Bureau of Mines created a series of overlays at 1:250,000 scale to show Kardex locations and property descriptions. The system was kept current into the mid-1990's.
- Alaska Geospatial Data Clearinghouse
Provides links to geospatial data provided by a variety of agencies
Libraries and archives
- Alaska Mineral Industry Data Index (AKMIDI)
Database of nearly 16,000 records of mineral information that are owned by 18 different groups around the state, including Native corporations, private companies, state libraries, and land managers
- Alaska-related Master's theses and Ph.D. dissertations
An annoated bibliography of Alaska-related Master's theses and Ph.D. dissertations.
- Goldmine
Catalog of several Alaska library collections.
- Geologic Materials Center inventory (DGGS)
Inventory dataset which includes oil and gas well locations, mineral prospect locations, sample types, box-level details, and geologic formation-top picks for over 80% of the materials inventory available at the GMC.
Payments and compliance
- DNR online payments
Make a State mining claim payment
- DNR Mining, Land & Water, mining resources page
Index of information related to mining in Alaska (permitting, forms, informative brochures, etc.)
- Mining, Land & Water Applications and Forms
State mining claim-related forms
- BLM Alaska Minerals Program
Index of information related to mining in Alaska's federal lands (permitting, forms, informative brochures, etc.)
Funding for the development of this page and many of the linked services was provided by the Federal Minerals Data and Information Rescue in Alaska (MDIRA) program. The primary objective of the MDIRA program was to ensure that all available Alaska minerals-related data are preserved in a safe and readily accessible format for potential users. In addition to this page, DGGS maintains several other MDIRA funded online data repositories.


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Geno Smith and David Garrard let the cat out of the bag about Smith starting against the Raiders this week early on Monday and coach Rex Ryan confirmed it during his afternoon press conference.
"I'm going to go with Geno as our quarterback," Ryan said, via the team's website. "I believe in Geno. I think he has the tools to be a good quarterback in this league."
Seth Walder of the New York Daily News reports that Ryan also said that he's impressed by Smith's perseverance and that he's "just waiting for him to have a great game." Smith's had one of those so far in his rookie season and it came in the first week of October. Since then, Smith has thrown one touchdown and 11 interceptions while completing just 29 passes over his last four starts. Given all of that, it's probably best that Ryan not hold his breath while he's waiting for that game to unspool itself.
Ryan also said that General Manager John Idzik and others are involved in the decision, which could provide some insight into Ryan's future with the team. While none of the Jets' quarterback options or skill position players offere them a particularly bright outlook, sticking with Smith through this hellish patch of play isn't really a move that fits with a coach desperate to start winning games.
It may have nothing to do with that since Ryan himself said that watching tape of Smith and Matt Simms from Sunday does neither guy any favors, but the question of whether Ryan will be around in 2014 will move front and center as the Jets' playoff chances make their exit.


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MILPITAS, Calif., Apr 11, 2011 (BUSINESS WIRE) - SanDisk Corporation (NASDAQ: SNDK), the global leader in flash memory cards, will host a conference call on Thursday, April 21, 2011 at 2:00 PM, Pacific Time, to discuss its first quarter financial results. To listen to the conference call, please dial 719-325-4865 at least 10 minutes before the call commences. The dial-in password is 9890786. After the market closes on April 21, 2011 and prior to the conference call, SanDisk will publish its first quarter 2011 financial results press release via Business Wire.
The conference call will also be on listen-only mode webcast and it can be accessed live from SanDisk's website at www.sandisk.com. A replay of the webcast will also be made available, on-demand, following the conclusion of the conference call.
SanDisk Corporation is the global leader in flash memory cards, from research, manufacturing and product design to consumer branding and retail distribution. SanDisk's product portfolio includes flash memory cards for mobile phones, digital cameras and camcorders; digital audio/video players; USB flash drives for consumers and the enterprise; embedded memory for mobile devices; and solid state drives for computers. SanDisk is a Silicon Valley-based S&P 500 company, with more than half its sales outside the United States.
SOURCE: SanDisk Corporation
|SanDisk Corporation
|Jay Iyer
|(408) 801-2067


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BOSTON -- It's no exaggeration to say Betty Ford changed the national conversation about addiction.
The former U.S. first lady, who died in 2011, established drug and alcohol treatment centers credited with helping generations of celebrities and ordinary Americans alike overcome addiction. She also was a leading advocate for breast cancer awareness.
Her pioneering work both inside and outside the White House has inspired Boston playwright Lisa Rafferty to create a new documentary play. "SHE DID ALL THAT -- Betty Ford: Speaking Out, Saving Lives," premieres June 28 at the Boston Playwrights' Theatre.
The Associated Press caught up with Rafferty, a breast cancer survivor whose own goddaughter is battling opioid addiction, about the play and Ford's fresh relevance today:
AP: Your last big production, "Finish Line," about the 2013 Boston Marathon bombings, was also a documentary written for the stage. What captivates you most about that format?
Rafferty: I've completely fallen in love with the documentary theater genre. I really believe in its power to tell stories through the words of the people who lived those stories. I knew the best way to tell Betty Ford's story would be verbatim -- in the words of Betty herself as well as in the words of people who wrote to her.
AP: How did this play come about?
Rafferty: We were visiting my son at the University of Michigan and came across the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library in Ann Arbor. The library told me Betty got 50,000 letters of support when she opened up about battling breast cancer. I'm a survivor myself. When I saw some of those letters, the documentary play wrote itself.
AP: How does Mrs. Ford's work on drug addiction speak to Americans in today's opioid crisis?
Rafferty: Her story is still so relevant today.
AP: Was there anything about her that surprised you?
Rafferty: There were surprises almost every day I spent researching this incredible first lady. She was the only Republican feminist. She was into modern dance. Think about that: the 1930s, modern dance and Betty Ford from Grand Rapids, Michigan. She was an outspoken advocate of gay rights and marriage equality long before anyone else was.
AP: You've got actors portraying some of the many celebrities who credit Betty Ford centers with saving their lives and careers. Which ones?
Rafferty: Stevie Nicks, Mary Tyler Moore, Steven Tyler, Elizabeth Taylor. The Betty Ford clinics are still offering hope and healing to celebrities and non-celebs alike.
AP: How has the opioids crisis affected you personally?
Rafferty: As I was working on this play, my goddaughter in her mid-20s has been struggling with addiction. I've been educating myself about the language of recovery and the steps that people in that situation have to take. Betty Ford's story has given me faith and courage that my goddaughter can overcome this.
AP: You've got an all-women production team -- is that a coincidence or by design?
Rafferty: It's no coincidence. I was inspired by Betty Ford's lifelong commitment to women and women's health issues. She talked a lot about how women weren't getting proper care because the treatment culture was geared toward men. Theater at the organizational level is male-dominated. I wanted to empower women.
AP: What's next?
Rafferty: I'm hoping to bring it to the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Museum in Grand Rapids, which this year is celebrating the centennial of Betty Ford's birth. And I hope to bring it to New York City for benefits for addiction and breast cancer research and treatment.


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For Your Dream Nursery!
These wooden letters set the focal point for your nursery with elegance and grace. The cursive font in the colors of your choice will look stunning above a crib, dresser or anywhere in the room. The monogram consists of three laser-cut painted wooden letters for you to stick on the wall the way you like it, horizontally vertically or on an angle for a sophisticated look.
Shipping: FREE


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A group of clowns cheer during the International Clown Convention in Mexico City, on October 20, 2010. At least 300 clowns are taking part in the event.
A group of clowns cheer during the International Clown Convention in Mexico City, on October 20, 2010. At least 300 clowns are taking part in the event.
A great workout that builds both strength and endurance while you learn practical self defense skills. The classes are relatively small and accommodate men and women of all ages and skill levels. Scott and Mary are experienced, knowledgeable instructors that use real life scenarios to teach. Everyone is friendly and supportive. Developing the knowledge and skills necessary to defend yourself or your family in a bad situation provides a tremendous sense of confidence.
Krav Maga Wake Forest is a great place to get fit and learn to protect yourself. Mary and Scott are not only supportive of your goals but give you excellent feedback to help you do your best during training. They are not only amazing instructors, they are supportive friends. The other benefit is my classmates are amazing and supportive as well. Going to Krav Maga Wake Forest is the highlight of my day! I cannot stress how much I LOVE this place. I am so glad I found Mary and Scott and I can't wait to meet my goals with them. Give Krav Maga Wake Forest a try, it will change your life for the better!
Looking for a great workout? Looking for a sell-defense/martial arts that really works? Check out Krav Maga Wake Forest. Scott and Mary are both fantastic Krav Maga instructors who really know how to teach. They safely show you how to handle dangerous situations.
Not sure if it is for you? Give it a try. It is so much more fun than running on a treadmill for an hour and you will burn twice the calories at a Krav Maga class.
I have been a student for over a year and love the place. You can also use the downtown Raleigh school for the one membership. The students are all normal everyday people (not crazy MMA fighters) - doctors, office works, vets, real-estate agent, designers...etc.


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Birth of the Dragon
Set against the backdrop of 1960s San Francisco, BIRTH OF THE DRAGON is a modern take on the classic movies that Bruce Lee was known for. It takes its inspiration from the epic and still controversial showdown between an up-and-coming Bruce Lee and kung fu master Wong Jack Man - a battle that gave birth to a legend.
Genres: Action, Biography, Drama
Actor: Yu Xia, Wang Xi'An, Hai Yu, Yue Wu, Billy Magnussen, Steven Roberts, Riley Wood, Philip Ng, Simon Yin, Terry Chen, Ron Yuan, Lillian Lim, Yee Jee Tso, Jingjing Qu, Simon Chin
Director: George Nolfi


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LAW Criminal Prosecution Clinic: Clinical Practice
Litigation/ADR: Family Law/Trust & Estate Litigation
Family Law/Trust & Estate Litigation
Criminal Law: International Criminal Law & Immigration Law
Criminal Law: White Collar Crime
Litigation/ADR: Family Law/Trust & Estate Litigation
Litigation/ADR: Tort Litigation
Public Interest Law: Direct Legal Services
Law School Courses
Related Law Courses by Topic
Courses Outside SLS by Topic
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89 items in this track
Item is good for 20 routes, rollover orange dots above to see which ones!
Criminal Prosecution Clinic: Clinical Practice
Law School
Recommended for route(s):
[ Litigation ] Litigation/ADR: Family Law/Trust & Estate Litigation
Why it is relevant for ...
[ Litigation ] as a Clinic : This clinic is a great choice for students interested in criminal law and in litigation, whether their focus is on prosecution or defense work. They will work with county prosecutors in shaping the outcome of felony prosecutions, which will provide excellent experience in both trial work and substantive criminal law. This clinic is also useful for future public interest lawyers who may represent clients caught up in the criminal justice system. Be sure to also consider other clinics: Whether or not a clinic focuses on the substantive law of your specific career orientation, you can be confident that every clinic will provide skills-based training that is relevant and transferable to other areas of practice. Review the clinic activities for the skill sets you are most interested in acquiring, such as interviewing clients, presenting arguments, writing for different audiences, or negotiating and collaborating with others. Equally important, the mentoring offered to students by clinical program directors provides a valuable opportunity to develop that key lawyering competence: professional judgment. The following clinics are particularly useful for those planning to litigate as they develop written and oral advocacy skills useful for a litigation career in any substantive area: Criminal Defense Clinic Cyberlaw Clinic Environmental Law Clinic Community Law Clinic Education Law Clinic Supreme Court Clinic
General course Description:
Prosecution Clinic students prosecute cases at the San Jose Superior Court under the guidance of Santa Clara County prosecutors and a faculty supervisor. They formulate case strategy, identify and interview witnesses, and advocate before the court at evidentiary motions and preliminary hearings. The cases, almost all felonies, include drug offenses, thefts, burglaries, assaults, and a range of less common crimes. Police witnesses are most common, though students sometimes offer testimony from crime victims. When defendants testify or offer other witnesses, they face cross-examination by clinic students. Students spend three full days a week in the D.A.¿s office. All six students must spend all day Tuesdays and Fridays on site. Each student must also choose a third on-site day, when the student will work closely with the student¿s on-site supervisor. The six students need not all choose the same third day, but each student must pick a day that stays constant through the term. There generally will be two class sessions each week¿a three-hour on-campus class and a lunchtime seminar in the D.A.¿s office. At the beginning of the term classes focus on skills training, including direct and cross-examination, admission of physical evidence, and argument. Toward the end of the term the focus shifts to an examination and critique of the local mechanisms of criminal justice. Topics include the impact of race, gender, and class on the quality of justice; the institutional strengths and weaknesses of the actors in the system; and the ethical issues that confront prosecutors and defense lawyers. Students typically tour the Santa Clara County jail and crime lab, San Quentin Prison, and the Chaderjian Youth Correctional Facility in Stockton and have the option to spend an evening on a police ride-along. Students must submit regular written reflections on their experiences in and observations of the local justice system. Their assigned cases often will demand written court filings. Evidence is a prerequisite. In rare cases a concurrent clinic module in evidence can fulfill this requirement. Courses in criminal procedure (investigation) and trial advocacy are strongly encouraged. Class attendance is mandatory, and class participation will be considered in grading. Students will be asked to commit to the course in the summer of 2012; dropping the course after committing will not be permitted. Special Instructions: General Structure of Clinical Courses The Law School's clinical courses are offered fulltime for twelve credits. Clinic students may not enroll in any other classes, seminars, directed research, or other credit-yielding activities within the Law School or University during the clinical quarter. Nor may they serve as teaching assistants expected to attend classes regularly. There is a limited exception for joint-degree students required to take specific courses each quarter, who would be foreclosed from taking a clinic unless allowed to co-register. Students are expected to be available by e-mail or cell phone during workday hours Monday through Friday. The clinical quarter begins the first day of classes and runs through the final day of exam period. Students should not plan personal travel during the Monday-to-Friday workweek without the authorization of their on-site and faculty supervisors. Students are expected to devote at least thirty-five hours per week on average to various facets of this work. In some weeks longer hours may be required depending on casework demands. Students will be awarded three separate grades for their clinical quarter, each reflecting four credits. The three grades are broken into the following categories: clinical practice; clinical methods; and clinical coursework. Grading is on the H/P system. Students may not enroll in any clinic (basic or advanced) that would result in their earning more than 27 clinical credits during their law school career.
Course Style: A Clinic provides hands-on practical legal experience under the supervision of a faculty member and complemented by a seminar.
Course Frequency: Offered once a year


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Your Water
2012 Water Management Plan
New Strategies and Supplies to Secure San Antonio's Water Future
|SAWS contractors drilling a groundwater desal well in south Bexar County.
The updated plan addresses the city's future needs by calling for investment in new supplies and a continued commitment to water conservation. By implementing the plan, a work in progress, San Antonio can help secure its health, safety and economic viability for decades to come.
New supplies also will help make San Antonio's drought restrictions more flexible in the future without sacrificing a deep commitment to the efficient use of water.
Why Change Our Water Plan?
San Antonio's water management plan was last updated in 2009. Since then, several demographic, political and environmental changes have occurred, making it prudent to update the plan sooner than the usual five year interval. These include:
- Changing population
Updated population figures from the 2010 U.S. Census allow growth projections to be fine-tuned.
- BexarMet integration
The additional demand of a utility the size of Corpus Christi must now be factored into long-term water planning.
- Endangered species protection
Adoption of a regional Edwards Aquifer Recovery Implementation Program brings unprecedented certainty to the long-term availability of our cornerstone water supply.
- Increased underground storage
The Twin Oaks Aquifer Storage & Recovery has been expanded far beyond its original design capacity, allowing San Antonio to store more excess "wet season" water for use during drought.


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Dr. Francis Loth
Title: F. Theodore Harrington Professor
Dept/Program: Mechanical Engineering
Office: ASEC 57N
Phone: 330-972-6820
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Professor Loth began his education in Aerospace Engineering studying at WVU and the University of Cincinnati. He then completed a specialization in turbomachinery at the von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics in Belgium. After this, he switched topics to biofluids, the fluid dynamics of biological flows. He went to study biofliuds at the Georgia Institute of Technology for his PhD. In 1993, he was awarded the NSF-NATO Postdoctoral Fellowship and spent this year doing biofliuds research in France at the University of Aix-Marseille. He then worked as a post-doctoral fellow in the BME Department at The Johns Hopkins University. Dr. Loth joined the ME faculty at the University of Illinois at Chicago in 1996 and was promoted to Associate Professor in 2002. He moved to the University of Akron in 2008 as an Associate Professor and F. Theodore Harrington Endowed Chair.
Research Accomplishments
My area of research is fluid dynamics of biological flows. This field examines the importance of fluid dynamics in the development, progression, and diagnosis of disease. During the past two decades, fluid mechanics have become appreciated by medical and biological investigators as a key factor in both the cause of arterial disease and the regulation of cellular biology in both normal and diseased arteries. The ability to model biological flow-systems experimentally and numerically has become an important component of fundamental research on vascular disease.
My first area of research examines the contribution of blood flow patterns in the development and progression of arterial disease. My laboratory has developed software tools to extract the three-dimensional geometry of a blood vessel from medical images taken non-invasively. This geometric information is then used to create numerical and experimental models to examine the blood flow patterns in greater detail than is possible with medical imaging. The objective of the proposed research is to determine the role of fluid and solid stresses in the development of vessel disease in carotid bifurcations, vascular grafts, and arteriovenous (AV) dialysis grafts.
My second research area is in the study of craniospinal disorders related the motion of cerebrospinal fluid. Based on non-invasive measurements inside the human body of geometry and motion, engineers can help understand pathology if they can describe the physics that brought about the observed motion. Simulation of the cerebrospinal fluid motion may allow physicians to have predictions about hydrodynamic parameters such as pressure drop before and after surgical procedures.
- B.A. Martin, F. Loth, "The influence of coughing on cerebrospinal fluid pressure in an in vitro syringomyelia model with spinal subarachnoid space stenosis" Cerebrospinal Fluid Research, 2009, Dec 31;6:17.
- B.A. Martin, R. Labuda, T.J. Royston, J.N. Oshinski, B. Iskandar, F. Loth, "Spinal Canal Pressure Measurements in an In Vitro Spinal Stenosis Model: Implications on Syringomyelia Theories" Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, doi:10.1115/1.4000089, 2009.
- W. Kalata, B.A. Martin, F. Loth, T.J. Royston, J.N. Oshinski, M. Jerosch-Herold, "MR Measurement of Cerebrospinal Fluid Wave Speed in the Spinal Subarachnoid Space," IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, Vol. 56, No. 6, pp. 1765-8, June 2009.
- Ford, M.D., Nikolov, H.N., Milner, J.S., Lownie, S.P., Demont, E.M., Kalata, W., Loth, F., Holdsworth, D.W., and Steinman, D.A., 2008, "PIV-Measured Versus Cfd-Predicted Flow Dynamics in Anatomically Realistic Cerebral Aneurysm Models," Vol. 130, No. 2, pp. 021015, Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, April 2008.
- S.E. Lee, S.W. Lee, P.F. Fischer, H.S. Bassiouny, F. Loth, "Direct numerical simulation of transitional flow in a stenosed carotid bifurcation," Vol. 41, No. 11, pp. 2551-61, Journal of Biomechanics, 2008.
- F. Loth, P.F. Fischer, H.S. Bassiouny, "Blood Flow in Anastomoses," Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 50, pp. 367-393, Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, January 2008.
- P.F. Fischer, F. Loth, S.E. Lee, S.W. Lee, D.S. Smith, H.S. Bassiouny, "Simulation of High-Reynolds Number Vascular Flows," Vol. 196, pp. 3049-3060, International Journal Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering (CMAME), June 2007.
- S.W. Lee, D.S. Smith, F. Loth, P.F. Fischer, H.S. Bassiouny, "Experimental and Numerical Simulation of Transitional Flow in a Blood Vessel Junction," Vol. 51, No. 1, pp. 1-22, Numerical Heat Transfer: Part A, January, 2007.
- S.W. Lee, D.S. Smith, F. Loth, P.F. Fischer, H.S. Bassiouny, "Importance of flow division on transition to turbulence within an arteriovenous graft, Vol. 40, No. 5, pp. 981-992, Journal of Biomechanics, 2007.
- J.N. Oshinski, J.L. Curtin, F. Loth, "Mean-Average wall shear stress measurements in the common carotid artery," Vol. 8, No 3, Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, July 2006.
Ph.D., Georgia Institute of Technology (1993); M.S., Georgia Institute of Technology (1990); Diploma, von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics (1987); M.S., University of Cincinnati (1988); B.S., West Virginia University (1984)
- 4600:301 Thermodynamics II
- 4600:310 Fluid Mechanics I
- 4600:484 Mechanical Engineering Laboratory - Gas Turbine and Supersonic Wind Tunnel
- 4600:696 Bioheat & Mass Transfer
- 4600:696 Experimental Biofluids
- 4600:301 Thermodynamics II


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Pagan News and Views Since 1998
Time: August 28, 2018 from 9pm to 10pm
Location: Temple of Sedna Online Ritual Room
Website or Map: Http://www.templeofsedna.com/…
Event Type: online, full, moon, ritual, esbat
Organized By: Rt. Rev. Anna Rowe HPs CCE
Latest Activity: Mar 26, 2018
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Merry meet!
The Correllian Temple of The Moon UK would like to invite our Correllian friends and family to an online Full Moon Ritual hosted and sponsored by the Temple of Sedna UK.
The ritual will take place on Tuesday 28th August 2018 at 9pm BST UK time (which is 4pm EDT/1pm PDT US time) in the Temple of Sedna Ritual Room on the Sedna website (http://templeofsedna.com/RitualsOnline.html)
We are hoping to hold regular Full Moon and New Moon rituals every month so please do come along and show your support!
All are welcome to attend so spread the word! And feel free just to pop by and watch; you do not have to take part if you do not wish to do so.
We hold regular online rituals so if you are interested in attending our Full Moon and New Moon Rituals (or any of the other rituals we hold) then please do check out the information and calendar on the Temple of Sedna website (http://templeofsedna.com/TempleCalendar.html) and just turn up!
Also you can now subscribe to the Temple of the Moon Online Ritual reminders - go to http://www.TempleofSedna.com scroll down and complete the Join Mailing List subscription box.
For those of you not based in the UK here is a link to a time conversion website
We hope this helps you work out what time the UK timed rituals are in your time zone.
Many thanks for your continued support and we look forward to seeing our Correllian Friends and family on Tuesday 28th August 2018 at 9pm BST UK time (which is 4pm EDT/1pm PDT US time).
Blessings to you all
From the
Correllian Temple of The Moon UK and the Correllian Temple of Sedna UK Ritual Organisers


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I have no intention of continuing to knock him but Bainsey's crossing is getting poorer by the game .Done .
He made a few good crosses against Bournemouth. One for DCL was perfect.His and Cuco's passmaps of that game:(Green successful, red unsuccessful, yellow key passes)I honestly can't understand why are we playing down the right all the time when we have Baines and Gylfi on the left. It's mad to think that our main attacking threat is ex-Southampton third-choice full back.
Sadly, hes not been the same since his ankle injury. Still has a decent cross on him though, but the free kicks have disappeared.I think in general we do need more pace down that left side.
Massively disagree with anyone who thinks Baines is finished. He is still class. The number of times he gets the ball and there is a total lack of blue shirts in front of him is ridiculous. It was doing my head in under Martinez and Koeman hasn't fixed it. On the few occasions he actually has anyone to pass to we look like creating something.
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Staff writer
The Burns City Council approved the use of the former Redbrick Café building and adjacent land on Oct. 9.
Marion County Economic Development Director Teresa Huffman presented a plan for a healthy foods center with a certified kitchen, a community garden, one-day a week food pantry, and an art and learning center in Burns.
"There's no end to what we can have there," Burns Economic Development Committee President Sandy Heyman said.
Theoretically, the community garden would provide fruit and vegetables to cooking classes. The leftovers may be used in the food pantry, Huffman said.
The plan hinges on three grants. The largest would come from the Kansas Department of Agriculture and it would payfor a part-time kitchen manager and the cost of new equipment.
Heyman was the former owner of the Redbrick Café and said the most expensive item — a hood for the cooking equipment — is available. However, there is still a need for appliances and plumbing work.
Huffman is applying for a grant from Kansas State University for the community garden. That grant is due Jan. 13. It would fund a rainwater catching system to water the garden and seeds and fertilizer. Huffman met with the Burns PRIDE committee, who would be instrumental in cultivating and maintaining a garden.
There is also a South Central Kansas Economic Development District grant worth $2,500 that Huffman is planning to use to start a blog and newsletter to publicize classes at the healthy food and art and learning center.
Huffman said that there are funds available for a food pantry and art and music center but was not specific in describing where those funds would come from.
Heyman expressed complete confidence that they would obtain the grants with as much funding as possible.
"It's going to happen," Heyman said.
If there was one person who could serve as an inspiration for the project, it would be Heyman. Heyman is an accomplished quilter and wheat weaver. Other interests include cooking and painting. She was excited at the prospect of teaching beginning sewing courses at the art and learning center.
The classes at both centers would need volunteer teachers. Huffman said that each class would cost students a fee but that the fee would go back to paying the city for utilities for the building. Cindy Ward has expressed interest in putting together a high tunnel for the garden. Heyman has talked to Karen Woodward about teaching cooking classes using herbs.
The main reason Burns was chosen to be the site of the healthy foods and learning centers is that it has a wealth of volunteers, Huffman said.
PRIDE president Mary Glenn said residents' repeat volunteerism gained momentum from the five-month construction of a community center in 2003. It was built six months ahead of schedule.
Volunteers like Heyman also realize the potential economic impact this project could have on Burns. Horton has a similar center that draws people for an hour-long drive north from Topeka to take classes, Huffman said. Huffman, who is planning to market the centers in Marion, Harvey, Butler, Lyons, and Sedgwick County, thought it would be reasonable to attract students for a 20-minute drive from El Dorado.
Once those people have cooked with organic produce from the garden in the certified kitchen or quilted in the art and learning center, they may have time to spend in town.
"All you can do it promote and let people take away what they will," Heyman said.
Huffman has thought even further ahead. A few local cooks have discussed branching out from farmer's markets and producing products like jams, jellies, and salsas on a larger scale. For items like salsa, Huffman said state law requires a certified kitchen.
She hopes the kitchen can serve as an incubator for small businesses in Marion County. There is also the possibility that students could be inspired from a class and start a business, Huffman said.


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Railroad Stations: Piccadilly and Kent Sts. for Baltimore & Ohio R.R. and Winchester and Wardensville R.R.; Boscawen St. near Amherst St. for Pennsylvania R.R.
Bus Station: Braddock St. between Amherst and Boscawen Sts. for Greyhound, Brenner Motor, Blue Ridge Lines, Potomac Motor Lines, and Virginia Stage Lines.
Taxis: Fare $2.50 for 2 passengers, within city.
Accommodations: 4 hotels; tourist homes and inns.
Information Service: Chamber of Commerce, Cameron St. and Rouss Ave.
Motion Picture Houses: 2.
Golf: Winchester Golf Club, 1.5 m. E. on Cork St. extended, 9 holes, greens fee $1.50 per day, caddie 5oo for 18 holes.
Swimming: Rouss Spring Park, SE. edge of city on Millwood Rd., children only, free; Winchester Golf Club, 1. 5 m. E. on Cork St. extended, adm. by arrangement.
Tennis: Rouss Spring Park, SE. edge of city on Millwood Rd., free in morning, 150 per hour in afternoon; Winchester Golf Club, 1.5 m. E. on Cork St. extended, adm. by arrangement.
Annual Events: Apple Blossom Festival, spring, when blossoms appear in near-by orchards; Blue Ridge Hunt Club Horse and Colt Show, Carter Hall, June.
WINCHESTER (725 alt., 10,855 pop.), near the northern entrance to the Shenandoah Valley, is the seat of Frederick County and the oldest Virginia city west of the Blue Ridge. In the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries stagecoaches and wagons lumbered through its muddy streets, carrying adventurers westward and southward. Here crossed two old trails, which are today arterial highways serving the uses of commerce and vacationists.
In spring, when the rolling countryside is beautiful and fragrant, Winchester's Apple blossom Festival attracts thousands of people, who come to behold the beauty of the 700,000 apple trees that bloom each year in Frederick County. Then the little city abandons itself to two days of festivity. Queen Shenandoah is crowned on the steps of Handley School. Surrounded by ladies-in-waiting, Her Majesty views a pageant enacted by 1,000 children. In the late afternoon there is an aerial show at Admiral Byrd Airport, southeast of town. The first evening is crowded with a reception for the queen and her court; a parade of Virginia fire companies, cadet corps from military schools, and World War veterans, marching to the music of many bands; street dances in roped-off areas; and a ball at the apple palace. On the second day school children re-enact their pageant;
the queen is entertained; a parade with elaborate floats again enlists bands and soldiers; and at a late hour the queen's ball begins, bringing the festival to a close.
Town Run and the tracks of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad traverse Winchester. The comparatively level older portion of the city rises toward flat-topped hills: on the north Fort Hill, on the east church hill, on the south potato hill, on the west academy hill, Powell's Ridge, and Apple Pie Ridge an undulating checkerboard of apple orchards.
Though many first settlers in Winchester were English, its neat compactness is contributable to Germans from the northern colonies. Houses built flush with the street, have tiny gardens tucked behind them and stoops that steal space from sidewalks. On the outskirts of the city, however, newer homes have indulged themselves in the luxury of surrounding lawns. In 1732 Joist Hite crossed the Potomac at Pack Horse Ford near Present Shepherdstown, West Virginia, bringing 16 families from Pennsylvania at Opequon, five miles south of Winchester. From Isaac and John Van Meter, Hite purchased lands that were part of the Northern Neck proprietary of Thomas, Lord Fairfax.
Though Frederick County was sliced in 1738 from Orange County, the story of Winchester, first Fredericktown, did not begin until 1744, when James Wood laid out a courthouse square and 26 lots. Frederick County held its first court in a log house Wood built at the present Glen Burnie. If Lord Fairfax had had his way, Stephens City would have been made the county seat. James Wood, however, outwitted him by serving one of the justices enough toddy, and the deciding vote was cast for Frederick. In 1752, the town was laid out and named for Winchester, England.
Already settlers knew the lad, George Washington, who had been serving Lord Fairfax's vast holdings since 1748. Washington was 16 years old -- red-headed, freckle-face, and very eager -- when he set out in March, 1748 for Winchester and his first job, and his eyes were busy as he 'went through most beautiful groves of Sugar Trees and spent ye best part of ye Day in admiring ye Trees and richness of ye Land.'
After General Braddocks defeat in 1755, Lieutenant Colonel Washington, placed in command of frontier forces, 'rid post to this place...and found everything in the greatest hurry and Confusion, by the back Inhabitants flocking in, and those of the town removing out...No Orders are obey'd, but what a party of soldiers or my own drawn sword, enforces.' He set about to quiet a frightened people and to build Ft. Loudoun for their protection.
Men of Winchester played a conspicuous part in the Revolutionary War. Their leader was Daniel Morgan who moved there from New Jersey in 1753. After the battle of Bunker Hill he organized a company of Northern Virginia riflemen. Commissioned captain of militia under General Benedict Arnold, he pressed with his company into Canada, was held prisoner in Quebec, fought in both battles of Saratoga, and as hero of battle of Cowpens was given credit for the defeat of General Tarleton. Morgan spent the last 10 years of his life in Winchester.
Between the Revolution and the 1860s, Winchester grew and prospered. In 1779, the General Assembly authorized its incorporation as a town. Early in the 19th Century stage lines operated between Winchester and Harper's Ferry, continuing even after the Winchester and Potomac Railroad was completed in 1836.
From the beginning until the end of the War between the states, Winchester was a center of military activities. Crops and cattle, mills and factories, made the valley an important requisitioning area for the Confederacy, and Winchester was a vantage point coveted by both armies. General Thomas J. Jackson was given command of the department of Shenendoah in October of 1861, he cleared Winchester of invading federal troops; in March 1862 Union forces under General Banks forced him to evacuate the town; but on May 25 he moved in again. Until the summer of 1864 Winchester changed hands many times and more than 100 military engagements took place in the surrounding area.
Fighting at an end, Frederick County looked again to fields and orchards, and its principal town to marketing. Winchester was chartered as a city in 1874 and adopted the city manager form of government in 1918. It owes its recent prosperity to nearby orchards. Though the Virginia apple was not important commercially until after the War between the states, its fame had spread long before. After the establishment of the Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College -- now the Virginia Polytechnic Institute -- serious attention was given to apple culture. The Institute's department of horticulture was founded in 1888. Today almost 400 fruit farms in Frederick County produce more than 650,000 barrels of apples annually. Winesaps, Pippins, Staynans, The Delicious, Black Twigs, and all their manifold kin enter the packing houses; but York Imperials -- crisp, pungent and juicy -- make up 60 percent of the apples that pass in and out of Winchester. In enormous warehouses, situated at the approaches to the city and capable of handling nearly one million barrels, apples are sorted, packed and shipped. One of the storehouses, with a 500,000 barrel capacity, is the largest in the world. In other plants apple byproducts are manufactured. Winchester also has a brick plant and factories productin woolen and knitted ware, gloves, flour, and other commodities. The annual pay roll is $3,000,000.
Even in winter, when the trees are bare and only the cidery pungence from the packing houses and the big apple in front of the Elk's Club bear testimony to its principal industry, Winchester, on main-traveled highways, is still a goal for travelers.
Points of Interest
The tree-shaded PUBLIC SQUARE, bounded by Loudoun, Boscawen, Cameron Sts., and Rouss Ave., was donated in 1744 by James Wood. Eleven buildings, as well as stocks, a whipping post, and a pillory were once in the square. The FREDERICK COUNTY COURTHOUSE (open 9-5 Mon.-Fri., 9-1 Sat.), Loudoun St. between Boscawen St. and Rouss Ave., a large white-painted brick building with a tall Doric portico, was completed in 1840 and succeeded two earlier log structures. A stone jail, build about 1764, occupied the east side of the square until a brick market house took its place in 1821. The City Hall, Cameron St. between Boscawen St. and Rouss Ave., was erected in 1900, partly with funds contributed by Charles Broadway Rouss. Born in Maryland, Rouss was sent to school in Winchester at the age of 10. At 15, he started his career in local general store and at 18 he opened his own store with a capital of $500. Later he made a fortune as a merchant on Broadway, New York City. His gifts to Winchester amounted to more than $200,000.
OLD TAYLOR HOTEL, 225 N. Loudoun (Main) St., a large brick building, its ground floor occupied by a chain store, retains many-columned verandas on its second and third stories. As the Coffee House, McGuire's Tavern, the General Washington, and as Taylor's Hotel, it was a center of business and social life for 150 years. During the War between the States, the building was occupied by Confederate and Union officers. 'Stonewall' Jackson had temporary headquarters here, and General Banks used it at one time as a hospital. Burned in 1845 and rebuilt three years later, it was maintained by various owners until closed in 1905. Among its guests were Washington, John Marshall, Henry Clay and Daniel Webster.
MOUNT HEBRON CEMETERY, E. end of Boscawen St., was established in 1844 as a cemetery and adjoined the original Lutheran burial ground. At the left of the entrance stand the RUINS OF THE OLD LUTHERAN CHURCH -- one thick stone wall, jagged and ivy-grown, with two arched window openings. German Lutherans, organized before 1753 and given this site by Lord Fairfax in that year, began their church in 1764. It was used as a barracks during the Revolutionary War, and was burned in 1864. The grave of Daniel Morgan is southeast of the ruins. Near by lie five of the six men constituting Morgan's 'Dutch Mess', his bodyguard during the Revolution.
In STONEWALL CEMETERY, bounded by Greenwalt Ave., Cork St., East and Woodstock Lanes, is the CONFEDERATE MONUMENT TO UNKNOWN DEAD, a tall shaft commemoration 829 unknown soldiers killed in or near Winchester. More than 3,000 identified soldiers are also buried in this cemetery.
In THE NATIONAL CEMETERY, opposite Stonewall Cemetery across Woodstock Lane, five acres purchased by the Federal Government in 1866, lie 2,110 known and 2,381 unknown Union soldiers killed in the Winchester area.
The FIRST PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, 304 E. Piccadilly St., a barnlike gray structure of rubble fieldstone, built about 1790, was the first church of the Winchester Presbytery. The building was sold in 1834 to a white Baptist congregation and later to a Negro Baptist congregation. Union troops used it as a stable during the War between the States. In 1925 it was converted into a Negro school but is now used as an armory.
The SITE OF FORT LOUDOUN, Loudoun St. between Clark and Peyton Sts., is a half acre over which Winchester's main street now passes. Part of the SOUTHWEST BASTION, NW. corner Peyton and Loudoun Sts., still stands above the surrounding level -- all that is left of the redoubt built by Colonel George Washington in 1756-57. The fort, named for the Earl of Loudoun, commander in chief of Colonial forces, was garrisoned with 450 men and defended by 24 guns. It was never attacked and its guns were never fired, but it served its purpose: the French at Fort Duquesne reported it impregnable.
STONEWALL JACKSON'S HEADQUARTERS, 415 N. Braddock St., obscured by surrounding trees and houses, is a brick house designed in Gothic Revival style. General Jackson had headquarters here in 1861.
The HANDLEY LIBRARY (open 10-9 daily in winter, 10-7 in summer) NW. corner Braddock and Piccadilly Sts., a richly ornamented Italian Renaissance villa, was opened in 1913. It contains about 30,000 volumes and has a lecture hall seating 300. The library and Winchester's magnificent public school were gifts from Judge John Handley.
SHERIDAN'S HEADQUARTERS, SW. corner Braddock and Piccadilly streets, owned by the Elks Lodge, is a large brick house painted white, with a two-story Corinthian portico. The building served as headquarters for General N.P. Banks in 1862, for General R.H. Milroy during the next year, and for General Philip Sheridan in the autumn and winter of 1864-65. In the front yard stands a painted red APPLE about five feet high, made of concrete and plaster and set here in 1932 after its use in a pageant.
DANIEL MORGAN'S HOUSE (private), 226 W. Amherst St., a many-windowed stuccoed dwelling almost hidden by trees, was built by Goerge Flowerdew Norton and later enlarged. General Daniel Morgan lived here two years before his death in 1802.
CHRIST CHURCH, NE. corner Washington and Boscawen Sts., a rectangular brick buildin in simple Neo-Gothic style, was built in 1828-29 to replace the log church on the 'Public Lotts.'The tomb of Thomas , sixth Lord Fairfax of Cameron, is in the basement of the church. The body of Lord Fairfax was first buried in the old church and later moved here, but its exact location was forgotten. In 1926 Robert T. Barton, Jr., a Winchester lawyer, employed the Negro sexton to search for the bones. After unprofitable days of digging he ordered the work discontinued. The Negro, however, returned the following morning, declaring that the spot had been revealed to him in a dream. 'If I find dem bones, Boss,' he argued, 'you payme. If I don't find 'em, you don't.' Digging continued, the bones were discovered, and Lord Fairfax (1693-1781), proprietor of the Northern Neck, was reburied beneath the floor of the church.
SHENENDOAH VALLEY MILITARY ACADEMY, Amherst St., occupying several buildings on 22 acres of tree-shaded grounds, is one of the oldest in America. It was founded in 1764 as the Winchester Academy, and sessions have been held continuously, except during the War between the States, at least since 1785. The average enrollment is 100.
WASHINGTON'S OFFICE (NOW OPEN), NE. corner Cork and Braddock Sts., a one-story gabled-roof building, is in two sections. The newer part is built of rough stone, the older of hewn logs covered with clapboards. The small windows have solid outside blinds. In the log section two doors with old facings swing on large H- and L-hinges. Goerge Washington used the older part as an office while surveying for Lord Fairfax. Behind the building is a small cannon from Alexandria and a stone monument commemorating Braddock's line of march.
The SITE OF WASHINGTON'S QUARTERS, 204 S. Loudoun St., is occupied by a stone house built in 1792. In a log building here Washington had his quarters in 1755 while he built Fort Loudon.
RED LION TAVERN (ADM. BY ARRANGEMENT), SE. corner Cork and Loudoun Streets, is a pleasantly proportioned two-story house built of limestone. Now a residence, it was a thriving tavern about the time of the Revolution. George Washington stopped here several times. Peter Lauck of Daniel Morgan's 'Dutch Mess' was proprietor in 1783.