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Related Product Information
The BioModule™ Immunohistochemical (IHC) Staining for Tissue provides qualified reagents and validated protocols to perform highly sensitive and specific immunohistochemical staining of tissues. For details on IHC, see below. The key component of Bio-Module™ IHC Staining Unit for Tissues is the SuperPicTure™ Polymer Detection Kit employing HRP detection system to detect mouse, rabbit, rat, or guinea pig primary antibodies bound to tissue antigens. The BioModule™ IHC Staining for Tissues is designed for use with frozen and formalin--xed paraffin embedded tissues.
In addition to the immunohistochemical staining reagents, the BioModule™ IHC Staining Unit for Tissues also includes several key reagents for peroxidase quenching, counterstaining, and mounting.
Immunohistochemical (IHC) Staining allows you to detect antigens in a tissue fixed on a glass slide. The BioModule™ IHC Staining Unit utilizes indirect staining method to detect antigens and includes the following steps:
- Specific antigen on the tissue binds to unlabeled primary antibody.
- Labeled secondary antibody conjugated to an enzyme (HRP) binds to the antigen-antibody complex, thus amplifying the signal greater than direct staining methods.
- Enzyme (HRP) forms a colored (brown), insoluble precipitate at the antigenic sites in the presence of a substrate (H2O2) using a chromogen, DAB (3, 3'-diaminobenzidine) that is easily visualized with light microscopy. IHC staining is simple and easy to perform at the benchtop without the need for any specific instrumentation and allows you to detect antigens in context of tissue morphology. The colored precipitate from DAB is stable for several years providing a permanent record.
SuperPicTure™ Polymer Detection Kit
The SuperPicTure™ Polymer Detection Kit features Zymed's proprietary and enhanced HRP polymer technology to provide excellent sensitivity, high specificity, and a faster protocol than conventional immunohistochemical staining methods. The enhanced HRP polymer technology provides intense nuclear, cytoplasmic, and membrane antigen staining compared to other polymer systems which produce weak nuclear staining due to compromised cell penetration. The SuperPicTure™ Polymer Detection Kit includes all reagents for immunohistochemical staining including buffer, HRP Polymer Conjugate, DAB chromogen, and substrate.
System Components
The BioModule™ IHC Staining Unit includes:
- SuperPicTure™ Polymer Detection Kit for highly sensitive and specific immunohistochemical staining of tissue samples using HRP.
- Peroxo-Block™, a specific inhibitor of endogenous peroxidase activity, to effectively eliminate endogenous peroxidase activity without interfering with specific immunostaining.
- Antibody Diluent for diluting primary antibodies.
- PBS Powder and 50% Tween-20 to prepare washing buffer.
- Mini PAP pen draws a water repellent circle around slide mounted tissue, preventing any wasting of valuable reagents by keeping the liquid pooled in a single droplet.
- Hematoxylin Counterstain Reagent for brilliant staining of nuclei without interfering with the chromogen signal.
- Histomount™, an organic based mounting medium, for immunohistochemical procedures.
Brief description of the components included with the BioModule™ IHC Staining Unit for Tissues is described in this section.
SuperPicTure™ Kit
SuperPicTure™ Kit is one-step polymer detection kit using HRP and DAB for increased sensitivity. The kit employs a stable amino acid polymer conjugate containing multiple HRP's that react with mouse, rabbit, guinea pig, and rat primary antibodies. Since the SuperPicTure™ Kit does not contain biotin or streptavidin, there is no background due to endogenous biotin activity. The SuperPicTure™ Kit is designed for use with frozen or formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tissues and user supplied primary antibodies. The SuperPicTure™ Kit contains the HRP Polymer Conjugate, 20X DAB substrate solution, 20X buffer for diluting the substrate, and 20X 0.6% H 2O 2.
Peroxo-Block™ is a ready-to-use solution containing specific inhibitor of endogenous peroxidase activity. The Peroxo-Block™ is specially formulated for frozen or formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tissues and effectively eliminates endogenous peroxidase activity in less than a minute without interfering with specific immunostaining.
Hematoxylin Counterstain Reagent
Hematoxylin Counterstain Reagent is a ready-to-use, bluish/purple counterstain for routine nuclear staining and can be used with many chromogens including DAB. Hematoxylin Counterstain Reagent stains nuclei brilliantly without interfering with the chromogen signal. The reagent produces a brilliant blue nuclear counterstain for immunohistochemistry.
Histomount™ is a ready-to-use organic based mounting medium for immunohistochemical procedures and ideal for preserving organic insoluble chromogens such as DAB. Samples preserved in Histomount™ are stable for several years.
Mini PAP Pen
The Mini PAP Pen allows you to draw a water repellent circle around the tissue mounted on a slide, keeping the liquid pooled in a single droplet. This prevents any wastage of valuable reagents and ensures even staining of the tissue. The Mini PAP Pen is especially useful when working with multiple sections on a single slide. Each pen can be used to draw about 400 circles.
PBS and Antibody Diluent
Use the PBS powder included with the kit to prepare 1X PBS (10 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7.2-7.3 with 150 mM NaCl). The PBS with 0.05% Tween-20 is used for some washing steps during the staining protocol.
The Antibody Diluent is a ready-to-use solution of 1X PBS with BSA (for stabilizing the antibody) and preservative. Dilute your primary antibody using the Antibody Diluent, if you are not using a pre-diluted antibody such as the Zymed® 2nd Gen antibodies.
An experimental workflow for using the BioModule™ IHC Staining Unit with formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tissues is shown below.
Materials Needed
Materials supplied with the BioModule™ IHC Staining Unit for Tissues and User Supplied materials are listed below. Ordering information is below
Supplied in the kit
User Supplied
Sample Preparation
Peroxidase Quenching
Immunohistochemical Staining
Histomount ™
Light Microscope
General guidelines for using the BioModule™ IHC Staining Unit for Tissues are described in this section. Review the information in this section prior to performing immunohistochemical staining to obtain the best results.
Most of the reagents included with the BioModule™ IHC Staining Unit for Tissues are supplied as ready-to-use solutions without the need for any preparation or dilution and are supplied in a dropper bottle that allows easy dispensing of reagents. We do not recommend diluting the reagents beyond the concentration supplied or removing the reagents from dropper bottles. Do not pipette reagents directly from the bottle.
If you are performing immunohistochemical staining using mouse or rat primary antibodies on mouse or rat tissues, respectively, we recommend that you use HistoMouse™-Max Kit (page 26) to prevent background problems and obtain best results.
Starting Material
The BioModule™ IHC Staining Unit for Tissues is designed for use with frozen or formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tissue sections mounted on slides using primary antibodies.
Based on your starting sample material, you may need to perform some sample preparation steps described on, prior to staining the tissue sections.
Appropriate tissue and antigen fixation is required to obtain reproducible performance and reliable interpretations.
Suitable fixatives for most antigens of clinical significance include 10% neutral buffered formalin, B5, Bouin's, Zinc formalin or alcohol-base fixatives. Formalin-fixed tissues post-fixed in B5 before paraffin embedding may show improved stain.
Cell smears prepared from body fluids should be made to assure a monolayer of cells. Multilayers of cells can trap staining reagents and interfere with the interpretation of results. Fix smears immediately after preparation. Depending on the properties of the antigen, cell smears are usually stable for 1-2 weeks when stored at 4°C.
Primary Antibody
The BioModule™ IHC Staining Unit for Tissues is compatible for use with any mouse, rabbit, guinea pig, and rat primary antibodies. A large variety of high-quality antibodies including the Zymed® Antibodies is available from Invitrogen for use in immunohistochemistry. Prediluted 2nd Gen primary antibodies that are ready-to-use and titered for use with the SuperPicTure™ Polymer Detection Kit are also available. 2nd Gen primary antibodies contain a general protein blocker eliminating the need for a separate blocking step. For details, click here visit www.invitrogen.com or contact Technical Service.
Polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies can be used with the kit. For higher specificity, we recommend using monoclonal antibodies. Select antibodies that can detect low antigen levels and can recognize epitopes from formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tissues.
The optimal antibody concentration for use with immunohistochemistry is usually recommended by the antibody manufacturer or you may determine the optimal concentration using a checkerboard titration experiment.
Peroxidase Quenching
Since the BioModule™ IHC Staining Unit for Tissues utilizes HRP detection system, tissues exhibiting high endogenous peroxidase activity will cause high background. Usually the endogenous peroxidase activity is inhibited (quenched) using H2O2 pre-treatment. The BioModule™ IHC Staining Unit for Tissues includes Peroxo-Block™, a ready-to-use efficient peroxidase inhibitor.
Because different tissues have different levels of endogenous peroxidase activity, you may need to perform the peroxidase quenching step, only if your tissue exhibits high endogenous peroxidase activity.
To assess the endogenous peroxidase activity in your tissue, hydrate the slide containing tissue sections in PBS. Apply the DAB substrate, incubate for 10 minutes, and wash with distilled water. Examine the slide under the microscope to see any staining. If there is staining, you need to perform the peroxidase quenching step as described on page 16 using Peroxo-Block™.
Epitope Retrieval
Antigens that are masked by formalin fixation and embedding procedures can be retrieved using standard proteolytic or heat treatment procedures prior to performing the immunohistochemical staining. Some antibodies require epitope retrieval as recommended by the antibody manufacturer while staining with some antibodies is enhanced by epitope retrieval. See Immunohistochemical Staining page 17 for sample epitope retrieval protocols.Continued on next pageGeneral Guidelines, Continued
Appropriate Controls
When performing immunohistochemical staining, it is important to include proper positive and negative controls to help evaluate your results.
We recommend including the following three control slides that are necessary for interpreting results. Additional controls can be added based on the experimental design.
Positive Tissue Control
- A specimen processed in the same way as the unknown and contains the antigen to be stained.
Reagent Control
- An additional slide that is treated with a non-immune serum or isotype control antibody that matches the isotype of the experimental antibody instead of the same concentration of primary antibody. Any staining observed on the specimen is probably due to non-specific protein binding or non-specific binding of other reagents.
- Rabbit and mouse primary antibody isotype controls are available from Invitrogen.
Negative Control
- A specimen processed in the same way as the unknown but does not contain the antigen to be stained (optional).
Caution: Handle human origin products according to biosafety practices as outlined for your institution.
This section provides general guidelines for sample preparation to perform immunohistochemical staining. Proper sample preparation is key to the success of an immunohistochemical staining experiment. Based on your starting sample material, you may need to perform some sample preparation steps described below, prior to staining the sample.
Detailed protocols for preparing frozen or formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tissues or tissue sectioning are not included in this manual.
Materials Needed
You will need the following materials:
- Fresh, frozen tissue, or paraffin embedded tissue of choice
- Microtome and cryostat for tissue sectioning
- Pre-coated slides (see below)
- Coplin jars or equivalent
- PBS (supplied with the kit)
For Frozen sections
- OCT® Compound
- Chilled 100% acetone for fixing
For formalin-fixed paraffin embedded sections
- Xylene
- Graded series of ethanol (80%, 95% and 100% ethanol)
- 55ºC oven
Slide Preparation
If you are preparing your own slides, pre-coat slides with HistoGrip™ (page 26) or 0.1% poly-L-lysine in water, then air dry. Commercially available pre-coated glass slides are available and can be used to mount frozen or formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tissue sections.
1. Frozen Tissue
A sample protocol for preparing frozen tissue samples is described below. If you have optimized protocols in the laboratory for your sample type, use the optimized protocol.
- Chill 100% acetone at 4ºC (required for Step 7, below).
- Obtain fresh tissue.
- Snap freeze fresh tissues in cryomolds containing OCT® (Optimal Cutting Temperature) compound (a solution of glycols and resins which provides an inert matrix for sectioning). Store frozen tissue blocks at -70ºC until you are ready for tissue sectioning.
- For sectioning, allow the frozen tissue block to equilibrate to the cryostat temperature.
- Cut 4-6 µm cryostat sections and mount on coated glass slides.
- Dry tissue sections at room temperature for 30 minutes. If desired, store slides at -70ºC before fixing. If slides are stored at -70ºC, warm the slides to room temperature before the fixing step.
- Place the slides in 100% acetone at 4ºC for 10 minutes to fix the sections.
- Remove slides from acetone and air dry for 10-30 minutes.
- Circle each tissue section using the Mini PAP Pen.
- Store at -70ºC until use or wash the slide in PBS for 10 minutes and proceed immediately to Peroxidase Quenching.
2. Paraffin Embedded Sections--Deparaffinization and Rehydration
To use the formalin-fixed paraffin embedded sections for immunohistochemical staining, you need to perform the deparaffinization with xylene and rehydration in a graded series of alcohol as described in the sample protocol below.
- Obtain or prepare the formalin-fixed paraffin embedded sections of choice.
- Dry slides containing 4 µm formalin-fixed paraffin embedded sections in a 55ºC oven for 2 hours or overnight (do not allow the temperature to exceed 60ºC). Store the slides containing the formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tissue sections at room temperature until needed.
- Place slides in xylene for 5 minutes at room temperature.
- Remove slides and place in xylene a second time for an additional 5 minutes.
- Remove slides and place in 100% ethanol 2 times for 5 minutes each time.
- Remove slides and place in 95% ethanol for 5 minutes.
- Remove slides and place in 80% ethanol for 5 minutes.
- Remove slides and place in PBS for 10 minutes.
- Drain any excess reagent by tapping the edge of the slide on paper towels and wipe the area near the tissue sections with a laboratory wipe.
- Circle each tissue section using the Mini PAP Pen.
- Proceed immediately to Peroxidase Quenching.
Immunohistochemical staining procedure using the SuperPicture™ Polymer Detection Kit is described below.
The total staining time including counterstaining is ~80 minutes.
Experimental Outline
For immunohistochemical staining of your samples, you will:
- Perform peroxidase quenching step using the Peroxo-Block™, if your sample exhibits high endogenous peroxidase activity.
- Incubate the samples with an appropriate dilution of the primary antibody.
- Wash any unbound antibody
- Incubate the samples with HRP Polymer Conjugate.
- Wash any unbound polymer conjugate.
- Add diluted DAB chromogen to develop the signal.
- Perform counterstaining with hematoxylin.
- Mount the slides using Histomount™.
- Visualize the staining using a light microscope.
To obtain the best results, follow these recommendations:
- Perform all steps at room temperature, unless a different temperature is specified.
- Always wear protective clothing, safety glasses, and gloves while handling the slides and reagents.
- Do not allow the slides to dry once the staining procedure has started.
- To avoid dislodging the tissue cores, handle the slides gently, especially during the washing steps.
- Perform the staining procedure using Coplin jars, staining dishes or automated instruments.
- Perform all incubation steps with various solutions in a humidified chamber.
- Be sure to run appropriate controls.
- Determine the optimal titer of the antibody through serial dilutions. •Apply enough reagents to cover the tissue during reagent incubation steps; usually ~100-200 µl.
- Drain any excess reagents after washing by tapping the edge of the slide gently on the jar or on paper towels for a few seconds.
Materials Needed
You will need the following materials:
- Tissue sample
- Primary antibody
- Distilled water
- Xylene or xylene substitutes
- Ethanol (95% and 100%)
- Coplin jars or equivalent
- Humidified chamber
- Coverslips
- Optional: 3% hydrogen peroxide in methanol
For Epitope Retrieval
- Hot plate
- 20X Citrate buffer, pH 6.0 (page 26) •20 X EDTA Solution, pH 8.0 (page 26, for antibodies that require EDTA instead of citrate buffer)
- Optional: Digest-All™ Kit for enzymatic digestion
The following components are supplied with the kit:
- Peroxo-Block™
- SuperPicTure™ Polymer Detection Kit
- PBS and 50% Tween-20
- Antibody Diluent
- Hematoxylin Counterstain Reagent
- Histomount™
- Mini PAP Pen
Preparing PBS
PBSPBS (10 mM phosphate buffer, 150 mM NaCl, pH 7.2-7.3) is supplied as a dry powder in the kit. To prepare 1X PBS, dissolve one envelope (package) in 1000 ml distilled water and mix well. Store at room temperature until use.
PBS with 0.05% Tween-20
To prepare 1 L PBS with 0.05% Tween-20, add 1 ml 50% Tween-20 supplied with the kit to 1000 ml 1X PBS. Mix well and store at room temperature until use.
Peroxidase Quenching
Peroxidase quenching is optional. Perform this step if elimination of endogenous peroxidase activity is necessary.
Frozen Tissues
- Treat frozen tissue slides (Step 9) with 100-200 µl Peroxo-Block™ or enough to cover the tissue section for 45 seconds. Do not incubate for more than 45 seconds.
- Wash slides 3 times with 1X PBS for 2 minutes, each time.
- Proceed immediately to Incubating with Primary Antibody.
Formalin-fixed paraffin embedded Tissues
Treat formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tissue slides with100-200 µl Peroxo-Block™ or enough to cover the tissue section for 1-2 minutes.
Wash slides 3 times with 1X PBS for 2 minutes, each time.
Proceed immediately to Incubating with Primary Antibody
Peroxo-Block™ works efficiently on many tissues, especially with formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tissues, but with some frozen tissues, you may need to use 3% H2O2 to obtain optimal results (better morphology or lower background). To use 3% H2O2 for blocking endogenous peroxidase activity, incubate the slides in 3% H2O2 in methanol for 10 minutes. Wash slides 3 times with 1X PBS for 2 minutes, each time and then proceed to primary antibody incubation.
Epitope Retrieval Protocol
A sample epitope retrieval protocol developed for some Zymed® Antibodies is described below. The epitope retrieval protocol is used to reverse the loss of antigenicity that occurs with some epitopes in formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tissues. Some Zymed® antibodies may require epitope retrieval protocol (e.g., estrogen receptor, and Ki-67 antibodies), while the staining of many other antibodies may be enhanced by epitope retrieval protocol (e.g., S-100, cytokeratin, and synaptophysin antibodies).
You may use any other epitope retrieval protocol recommended by the supplier of your primary antibody.
Heat Induced Epitope Retrieval Protocol
- Perform this epitope retrieval protocol after Peroxidase Quenching Note: You may use citrate buffer or EDTA solution depending on the antibody manufacturer's recommendation.
- Based on the reagent that you are using, dilute the reagent to 1X as follows:
- Place the slides in a slide rack and place the rack in a 1 L glass beaker containing 500 ml diluted citrate buffer (1X), pH 6.0 or diluted EDTA (1X) solution, pH 8.0.
- Place the beaker with slides on a hot plate. Heat the solution until it boils and continue boiling the solution for 15 minutes.
- Remove beaker from the hot plate and allow the contents to cool for 25 minutes at room temperature.
- Rinse slides with 1X PBS and proceed immediately to Incubation with Primary Antibody.
Epitope Retrieval Protocol Using Enzymatic Digestion
Brief protocol using Digest-All™ Kit is described below. The Digest-All™ is a flexible and standardized system for tissue digestion and contains trypsin, ficin, and pepsin proteolytic enzymes. The degree of digestion is based on a standardized 10 minute incubation at 37°C. The trypsin solution is supplied with diluent so that different trypsin concentrations can be made to generate a range of digestion activity between that of Ficin and Pepsin.
- Perform this epitope retrieval protocol after Peroxidase Quenching.
- Add the digestion enzyme of choice to your tissue sections Ficin and pepsin may be applied directly from the bottle. Trypsin requires dilution: 1 drop Trypsin concentrate to 3 drops Trypsin Diluent. Mix well and apply to tissue sections.
- Incubate for 10 minutes at 37°C.
- Wash slides in several changes of 1X PBS and proceed immediately to Incubation with Primary Antibody.
Incubation with Primary Antibody
For best results, primary antibody dilution and incubation times need to be determined empirically and are dependent on sample preparation, antibody affinity, amount of antigen present, and antigen accessibility. Refer to the Primary Antibody section on page 10 for more details.
The HRP Polymer Conjugate will react with mouse, rabbit, guinea pig, and rat primary antibodies.
- Dilute primary antibody in Antibody Diluent as recommended by the antibody manufacturer or as determined by a titration experiment. Alternatively, you may use prediluted 2nd Gen primary antibodies.
- Apply 100 µl or enough of the diluted primary antibody to completely cover the tissue on each section.
- Incubate the slides in a humidified chamber for 30 minutes.
- Wash slides 3 times with 1X PBS containing 0.05% Tween-20 for 2 minutes, each time.
- Proceed immediately to Incubation with HRP Polymer Conjugate, below
Incubation with HRP Polymer Conjugate
- Apply 2 drops (100 µl) or enough of the ready-to-use HRP Polymer Conjugate (Reagent A) to completely cover the tissue on each section.
- Incubate the slides in a humidified chamber for 10 minutes.
- Wash slides 3 times with 1X PBS containing 0.05% Tween-20 for 2 minutes, each time.
- Proceed immediately to Signal Development, below.
Signal Development
- Dilute the 20X DAB Chromogen supplied with the kit in a sterile microcentrifuge tube just prior to use as follows:
- Apply 2 drops (100 µl) or enough of the diluted DAB chromogen (prepared in Step 1) to completely cover the tissue on each section.
Distilled water 1 ml
Reagent B1 1 drop
Reagent B2 1 drop
Reagent B3 1 drop
Mix well. Protect from light and use within 1 hour.
Caution: DAB is a known carcinogen; handle with care.
Incubate the slides in a humidified chamber for 5 minutes or until the desired signal intensity is reached.
Incubation time can vary depending on the antibody.
Rinse thoroughly with distilled water.
Proceed immediately to Counterstaining, below.
- Apply 2 drops (100 µl) or enough of the Hematoxylin Counterstain Reagent to completely cover the tissue on each section.
- Incubate the slides in a humidified chamber for 1-3 minutes.
- Rinse thoroughly with distilled water.
- Dip the slide in ammonia water 1X PBS or (0.25% NH3) to blue the nuclei.
- Rinse thoroughly with distilled water.
- Dehydrate through increasing concentrations of ethanol (95%,100%) for 10-20 dips each. Clear in 2 changes of xylene or xylene substitutes for 10-20 dips each.
- Proceed immediately to Mounting, below.
1. Apply 2-4 drops (100-200 µl) of Histomount™ mounting medium to the slide.
2. Apply a cover slip on the slide.
3. Allow the medium to dry at room temperature overnight.
Evaluate the results by examining the slides using a light microscope at 20x magnification. Interpret the results as described below.
To 25 ml 20X Citrate Buffer, pH 6.0 solution, add 475 ml distilled water to obtain a 1X Citrate Buffer, pH 6.0 solution.
To 25 ml 20X EDTA solution, pH 8.0, add 475 ml distilled water to obtain a 1X EDTA solution, pH 8.0.
Example of Results
An example of results obtained after performing an immunohistochemical staining experiment with the BioModule™ Immunohistochemistry (IHC) Staining for Tissue is shown below.
In this experiment, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded human testis tissue was subjected to the immunohistochemical staining protocol using 2ndGen predilute (ready-to-use) rabbit anti-phospho-MAP kinase ERK1/2 antibody from Invitrogen (cat. no. 08-1389)as described in this unit manual.
The image shows phospho-MAP kinase-positive cells that are stained brown from the DAB chromogen, displaying the expected nuclear staining pattern.
Review the information in this section to troubleshoot your immunohistochemical staining experiments.
High background
Endogenous peroxidase activity not blocked or blocking is incomplete
Perform peroxidase quenching step using Peroxo-Block ™. For some frozen tissues, you may need to use 3% H 2O 2 to obtain optimal results.
Incomplete deparaffinization
Perform the deparaffinization step for a longer time. Use fresh xylene.
Inadequate washing of slides
Perform the recommended washing steps for the appropriate time. Do not skip any washing step.
Longer incubation times used
Reduce the incubation time for antibody or substrate.
Over-development of substrate
Reduce the incubation time with the DAB chromogen.
High antibody concentration
Use diluted primary antibody. Perform a titration experiment to determine optimal primary antibody concentration.
Sections on the slide have dried
Do not allow the sections to dry out during the staining protocol. Be sure to add enough reagents to completely cover the sections on the slide (usually 100-200 µl). Perform all incubations in a covered humidified chamber to prevent drying.
Using mouse/rat antibodies on mouse/rat tissues
Use HistoMouse ™-Max Kit for best results.
Faint background all over the slide
Perform an additional blocking step using 10% normal goat serum blocking solution in PBS for 10 minutes prior to the primary antibody incubation step.
Edge of tissue staining intensely
Reagents have accumulated under the tissue
Increase the washing time after antibody incubations.
Bubbles on the slide
Cover slip not placed properly
Avoid trapping any bubbles when placing the cover slip on the slide. If bubbles are already trapped, remove the cover slip by incubating the slide in a 37ºC water bath until the cover slip can be removed easily. Place a clean cover slip on the slide without trapping any bubbles.
Negative staining on positive slides
Specimen was improperly fixed or processed
Missed primary antibody/HRP Polymer Conjugate incubation steps or steps not performed in the correct order
Make sure the staining protocol was followed.
Sections on the slide have dried
Do not allow the sections to dry out during the staining protocol. Be sure to add enough reagents to completely cover the sections on the slide (usually 100-200 µl). Perform all incubations in a covered humidified chamber to prevent drying.
Weak or no staining for the antigen in question but there is a precipitate on the slide
Primary antibody contaminated
Use fresh batch of primary antibody. Use sterile pipette tips while handling reagents to prevent contaminating the antibody solution.
For Research Use Only. Not for use in diagnostic procedures.

subset: commoncrawl


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Assessing Flood, Tornado Damage in South Dakota
Local, state and federal officials are beginning preliminary assessments of damage to public infrastructure caused by tornadoes and flooding in mid-June.
State officials say people from local governments, the State Office of Emergency Management and FEMA are expected to take three days to finish the damage assessment work in 12 counties and one Indian reservation.
The teams are in Butte, Clay, Corson, Dewey, Hanson, Jerauld, Lincoln, Minnehaha, Perkins, Turner, Union and Ziebach counties and the Standing Rock Indian Reservation.


text:
Online UK Employee Monitoring Software is for employers to be able to track attendance and work performance records. This type of software allows companies to monitor employees and promotes a productive work environment. The UK Employee Monitoring Software here is offered under the SaaS (Software as a Service) model, meaning that the software is web based, hosted on the Cloud and can be accessed when needed through a client or web browser. If you're looking for similar online software like UK Employee Monitoring Software, consider our Attendance Tracking or 360 Degree Feedback Software categories.
No results found.
This page was last updated 19 July 2018 09:13


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Courses in Tours are offered in conjunction with the Institut de Touraine, the Université Français Rabelais, and the Institut Universitaire de Technologie. These, along with the course offered by the Bucknell professor-in-residence, allow us to offer courses regularly in a variety of disciplines: French, economics, management, international relations and political science. Advanced students can take courses in almost any department of the Université Français Rabelais and thus apply coursework in France towards another major at Bucknell. In 2009-2010, for example, students earned credit for their majors or minors by taking courses in mathematics, psychology, management, international relations, linguistics, computer science, and history.
Students in the Novice Program follow a specific curriculum at the Institut de Touraine with credits counting for equivalent French language courses at Bucknell.
Students in the Intermediate Program or the Advanced Program can take advantage of a whole range of courses offered.
Course equivalency in Novice Program
If you cannot complete FREN 150 before beginning your study in France, you may want to consider a semester of intensive French in Tours . As a novice-level student, you will be enrolled in the Institut de Touraine, where you will take language classes appropriate to your level of French . Although these courses will differ in content and organization from those at Bucknell, you will earn credit for their closest equivalents at Bucknell. You will earn credit for three courses taken from the ordered sequence: FREN 101, FREN 102, FREN 103, FREN 104, FREN 150, FREN 270, and FREN 217.
Your previous courses or initial placement at Bucknell will determine exactly which three of these courses will be assigned. For example, if you have taken FREN 102 on campus before going to Tours , you will receive credit for FREN 103, FREN 104 and FREN 150. Or, if you have not taken any courses at Bucknell, but placed in FREN 104 upon arriving at Bucknell, then you would get credit for FREN 104, FREN 150, and FREN 270.
A course taught in either English or French, or a combination of both, (with reading material in French) may be offered by the Bucknell professor-in-residence (in the fall only). You may enroll in this course as your fourth course of the semester. It is also possible to arrange an independent study course directed by a Bucknell professor: see the description under Courses for Advanced Students.
Course selection for intermediate students
Students enroll in 4.5 course credits:
- FREN 215, FREN 216, and FREN 276 are required
of all BEF students in their first semester in Tours.
- Two others selected from among optional BEF courses below or, in consultation with the professor-in-residence, among courses offered at the Université François Rabelais.
Required BEF courses
FREN 215: Advanced Intermediate French I (1 credit)
Intensive French language study at the Institut de Touraine during the student's first month in Tours. (fall and spring)
FREN 216: Advanced Intermediate French II (1 credit)
Guided practice for the improvement of written and spoken French at the advanced intermediate level: preparation for the exam for the French government's Diplôme d'Études de la Langue Française . (fall and spring)
FREN 276: Art and Architecture of Touraine (.5 credit)
The art and architecture of Touraine: museums, churches, chateaux, and other historical monuments - a microcosm of French art from the 15th to the 20th centuries. (fall and spring)
Optional BEF courses
ART 218: French Art and Architecture
Selected topics in French painting, sculpture, and architecture from medieval period to the present time. (fall)
ECON 277: The French Economy: Structures and Policies
Analysis of government planning since 1945. The conflict of liberal and socialist ideologies today. (spring)
FREN 217: Advanced French I
Intensive French language study at the Institut de Touraine during the student's first month of the second semester in Tours. Prerequisite: FREN 216 or equivalent. (spring)
FREN 230: Introduction to French Literature
Introduction to history of French literature through the 18th century and to methods of critical reading. (on demand)
FREN 231: Introduction to French Literature
Introduction to history of French literature of the 19th and 20th centuries and to methods of critical reading. (on demand)
FREN 300 level: French Studies
An advanced course in French literature, linguistics, history, or civilization will be offered each semester. The specific course number will vary. (fall and spring)
MGMT 212: Business, Government and Society in France
Political, legal, economic and social context of business in France. (fall)
POLS 230: French Foreign Policy Since 1945
Analysis of French foreign policy, institutions, and decision making processes in the Fourth and Fifth Republics . Current issues and problems of French foreign policy. (spring)
Additional courses for students who remain for the academic year
Courses in the Université François Rabelais
Students who stay the full academic year typically take one or more courses in the Université François Rabelais or the Institut Universitaire de Technologie. Offerings are available in most areas of arts and letters, natural sciences, and social sciences. These courses must be approved by the appropriate Bucknell University academic department.
Independent Study
An independent course may be taken under the direction of a Bucknell professor on-campus. Consult early with the BEF director and a professor in the discipline you want to study. You will need to decide upon a project and get all necessary approvals from the department and the registrar before going to France. During the semester you will be able to communicate with your professor through email, but both of you must assume that the work will be done independently under the conditions available in France.


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A Middletown septic contractor is facing felony charges after allegedly ripping off an elderly couple.
A Middletown septic contractor is facing felony charges after allegedly ripping off an elderly couple.
Hans Scheing, the owner of Delaware Septic Service LLC, entered into a contract to provide septic services and repairs at their home, according to the Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control's Environmental Crimes Unit.
The couple, whose names and residency are being withheld, reportedly paid Scheing $8,000 over a three-day period in July.
Yet, the contractor had not applied for a single permit to conduct the work more than 90 days later, said DNREC spokesman Michael Globetti.
The victims reported the alleged theft to DNREC's Environmental Hotline, he said.
Scheing, 40, is charged with theft and home improvement fraud. Both charges are felonies because the victims are older than 62 and the theft is greater than $1,500, Globetti said.
He turned himself in to authorities early Monday afternoon and was released on a $5,000 bond following a video arraignment at Delaware State Police Troop 9 in Odessa.
Scheing declined to comment on the charges Tuesday when contacted at his home-based business at 38 Browning Circle in the Middletown Crossing neighborhood.
According to the business' website, Delaware Septic Service is licensed and insured "to do all aspects of septic tank and sewer installation and repairs" in Delaware, Pennsylvania and Maryland.
The company was licensed by DNREC as late as August, however its accreditation by the Better Business Bureau of Delaware has been suspended.


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Friday, December 23, 2011
What Do I Tell The Children?
1997 doesn't sound like all that long ago, but I was reminded of just how long ago it was, at least in terms of public attitudes toward gay people, when "Lifeclass" featured reactions Ellen received from some audience members, who were not at all impressed to know she was a lesbian. Of course, there were the usual intolerant Christians, sputtering off the usual religious judgements, making the normally cool Ellen look genuinely uncomfortable under the vitriol of their words.
But there was also a woman in the front row who took issue with the bold and unapologetic announcement of Ellen's sexual orientation--on the cover of Time magazine, no less, in unmistakable, large red letters. She was upset because she was challenged to address the questions her children asked when they saw the word gay and wondered what it meant. "What am I supposed to tell them?" she asked, or something to that effect.
I was stunned by this woman's lack of imagination (but, of course, this was 1997), in part because I couldn't believe she was as clueless as she made herself out to be. Did she really have no idea what to tell her children, or would she rather have not been put in the position of telling them anything at all about gay people? Did it never occur to her she could have said Ellen was a happy, lighthearted, and carefree person? Even better, couldn't she have said that Ellen loves women, and left it at that?
To Ellen's credit, she said to the woman she should have told her children what being gay is, implying to keep it age appropriate, of course. After all, what an opportunity the woman had to present gay people in a positive light and to leave her children with a positive attitude toward them. But, frankly, I can't help but think all the woman had on her mind was what happens between two gay people in the bedroom, when those of us in the know realize how much more there is to it than that.
4 comments:
- AnonymousJanuary 10, 2012 at 11:33 PM
I was 15 when Ellen came out. I watched the Oprah with Ellen from back then on Youtube a few nights ago and I know which woman you're talking about. The tone in her voice really got to me: there was an undercurrent of "I'm trying to protect my children from perverts like you".ReplyDelete
Back then, Ellen was jeopardizing her entire livelihood by doing this. Who would have imagined that she would be even more famous today (and on a long-running daytime talk show). She really changed the environment for the better.
Ben, you've perfectly captured what angered me about what the woman in the audience said and the tone she said it in. Considering I don't think of myself as a pervert at all, I was deeply insulted and offended, which led to the writing of this post.ReplyDelete
I remember well when Ellen came out. It was all fun and games at first (with all the media attention), but, given what happened to her afterward--when her series was cancelled and we didn't hear from her for a while--I thought her career was over, and she'd disappear for good.
Thankfully, Ellen's spirit won out, and, as you write, she's more loved and successful than ever. But I can't let this opportunity go by without saying that if Ellen were a man, I don't believe he would have fared as well. In general, I'd say lesbians are considered more acceptable than gay men. I'm just saying...
Thanks for your comment. I appreciate it.
i remember her "coming out" very clearly as it finally brought me the courage to do so with my own parents (whose response, ironically, was "yeah, we know"). what strikes me now is how glowing and positive the Time magazine cover is! Bravo! that she is now happier, more successful, and more famous than before is a sweet victory for every gay man or lesbian who struggled to find the courage to say those words.ReplyDelete
i just discovered your blog. i only recently began a similar blog about me and my husband of 10 years. i look fwd to reading your posts and then brazenly stealing from them. ;-) feel free to call me out on it. (i could use the comments)
Hey, Scott. Good to hear from you, and thank you for your interest in my blogReplyDelete
If you see something here that inspires you to write a post, feel free to use it. There's nothing new under the sun. I'm sure you'll give what you write your own twist, which will make it unique and interesting.
I've checked out your blog but plan to return to read more of what you've written.
I wish you a great blogging experience. It's one of the most worthwhile things I've ever done (although I'm glad to take a break from it now). I'm confident you'll get a lot out of it.
Hope to hear from you again.


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I love baby mohawks. This is before we cut Keaton's hair.
Friday, August 29, 2008
My mans mohawk and Fiesta
Posted by Rachelle at 2:32 PM 2 comments
My new favorite blog!
I found the most entertaining blog! Its www.cakewrecks.blogspot.com. I just spent an hour reading it and loved it. Its all about professional cakes gone horribly wrong. Strange, right??
Posted by Rachelle at 2:27 PM 2 comments
Tuesday, August 26, 2008
I miss her already
Posted by Rachelle at 7:46 AM 12 comments
Thursday, August 21, 2008
And now for the pictures
Me and Shelby at Torrey Pines beach
Michele, Debby, Shelby, Keaton and Samantha
Me, Debby and Pam
Everyone at Hotel Del Coronado
I cant get enough of that grin!
Shelby and Samantha
Posted by Rachelle at 2:17 PM 4 comments
I almost forgot
Posted by Rachelle at 10:26 AM 4 comments
Wednesday, August 20, 2008
A lot to say
Ada, Shelby and Keaton playing on the rocky beach.
It has been quite the week. We went up to Echo Reservoir last Monday and did some boating and played on the beach. This was my first time of the year getting on the boat. That's a bit unusual since it is the end of summer. Anyway, I took Keaton and Shelby and lets just say it wasn't there favorite part.
It was a busy work week, lots of cancellations, crazy weather, mad customers etc. Oh well...what can ya do?
On Saturday night we went up to the cabin with our friends Tyler and Jana. My parents had the kids so we were able to hang out and relax. It was fun since we don't see them nearly enough and of course I cant help getting silly when I see Jana as you can tell by the pictures below.
I caught the Sunday morning flight to San Diego with my MIL Debby and the kids. We stayed with Tucker's cousin, Michele, and had the most amazing time. That night we went down to mission bay and BBQ'd at the beach, played in the sand and looked for sea shells. Shelby and Michele's daughter Samantha had the best time playing together and it is fun to watch them. On Monday we got up and went to Torrey Pines beach. It turned out that Shelby was terrified of the ocean on this trip so she spent half the time freaking out when anyone even put there toes in the water....silly girl. That beach was one of the best I have ever been too. There is something about the ocean that I cant get enough of. I could definitely live by the ocean. That night we went to old town and went to a fabulous Mexican place. Tuesday morning we went over to Coronado and went to Hotel Del Coronado for the breakfast buffet. That hotel is the most stunning hotel I have ever been in. Apparently it is where all the presidents and celebrities stay. It was built in like 1887 and is immaculate! Has anyone ever been there? Anyway the food was amazing and the views were great. We took the afternoon flight back home and here we are. :) All of the pictures are on Debby's camera so I will have to update later. I am so lucky to have such great in-laws and family that we get along with so well because I just love being with them.
Posted by Rachelle at 11:18 AM 6 comments
Sunday, August 10, 2008
Girl's Night
Cheryce and Morgan's sexy glasses
Last night we had a much needed girls night. It was so much fun! My mom rented a hotel in Salt Lake. It was my mom, Alysia, Cheryce, Morgan, Alison and me. We checked in around 3:30 and went shopping for a little bit. Then we went to dinner at Macaroni Grill. It was delicious. I havent been there since before I got married so it was well overdue. After that we went to the movie Mamma Mia. I love that musical, and the movie was just as good. That music is the best. Cheryce and Alison were the only ones brave enough to get up and dance at the end. Whenever I get with my sisters I laugh so hard. We had a few moments last night like that. I love those moments by the way :) After the movie we went back to the hotel and I made my girls night routine call to 7-11. One word for you, Chaw.......Then we watched the Olympics and played games till past 2 in the am. It was great to get away for the night and so fun to be with my family. This morning we had a yummy breakfast and good convo's all around.
Posted by Rachelle at 11:57 AM 9 comments
Thursday, August 7, 2008
Grandma and Grandpa's house
I LOVE this pic of my Keater-bug
Keaton and one of the kitty's
Shelby eating her whole corn on the cob.
Every week my Mother-In-Law takes the kids at least once while I work. She is such a HUGE help to us and the kids love going over there. They have 3 dogs and a lot of cute cats and kittens. If anyone is looking for a kitten, let me know! Debby and I get along so well and she takes such good care of the kids. I am so lucky in the In-Law's department....I love them:) Anyway, Debby had taken some pictures with her camera and I just got the chip so here are some of the best!
Posted by Rachelle at 6:04 PM 3 comments
Tuesday, August 5, 2008
No Spoilers Here
Dont worry everyone... I wont spoil anything about the book. 756 pages later, I am done and I LOVED it! As always, I get slightly sad when all good series come to end. Oh well...Bring on the movies!!
Posted by Rachelle at 3:41 PM 2 comments
Saturday, August 2, 2008
It's here!
Posted by Rachelle at 12:18 PM 1 comments


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I love love LOVE wool applique. If I had to go live on a desert island and had to pick 3 things to take with me, one of those things would be my drawer(s)(dresser)(closet) full of wool applique projects. A drawer would count as one thing, right? Of course, on a desert island one wouldn't have much use for wool quilts, but that is TOTALLY beside the point, is it not?
For my block in Quiltmaker's 100 Blocks, Volume 5 I decided to make a wool appliqued bunny block. Perhaps he needs a name?
My favorite way to do wool applique is using fusible web and appliqueing onto flannel. Many think that you have to applique wool on wool, but that's not true. You can applique wool onto flannel and regular ol' cotton fabric.
Have you tried it? Would you be interested in a blog post tutorial on wool applique?
My bunny block actually started out as a redwork embroidery block, which is another addiction of mine. (Perhaps the second thing I take to my island?)
I'm designing a bunny quilt for the next Quilts From Quiltmaker's 100 Blocks issue, so if you like Some-Bunny, keep an eye out for it!
Giveaway: Leave a comment by 12 noon MST on Friday 5/4 telling me if you have ever tried wool applique for a chance to win a copy of Quiltmaker's 100 Blocks, Volume 5 and prizes from Troy and Northcott. Or if wool applique isn't your thing, tell me what you'd take to YOUR desert island!
Congratulations Annie K! Your comment was randomly picked to win a copy of 100 Blocks Volume 5 and prizes from our sponsors Troy and Northcott. Thanks for all the comments!!
If you are collecting all of the Quiltmaker's 100 Blocks issues, but missed out on 100 Blocks, Volume 1, you're in luck! We're excited to offer all of the patterns from Quiltmaker's 100 Blocks Volume 1 through My EQ Boutique! You can read more about it here. P.S. Stay tuned for more info on Volume 2!


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She was the president of the Philippines from 1986 - 1992. The 11th president of the the country and asia's first female president. She was installed as the next leader by the peaceful 1986 "People Power Revolution".
She was held as "woman of the year" by the TIME magazine in 1987.
It was a Very sad news today in the philippines.
Cory Aquino Died at the age of 76 from a cardio respiratory arrest.
Found out the news through my dad who's almost always updated with the news in Philippines.
She is one of the biggest influence and had impacted not just the homeland but the World as well and shaped History during her time.
I don't remember much back then since I was little at the time she was a president and all the political activities that was going on in Philippines. I do remember my parents and relatives getting involved though. I remember seeing the picture where my sister was carrying me on her shoulders during the edsa revolution. I don't have the picture since it's in the Philippines. I was a year old and a couple months or something..(I was walking already..lol).
And as time pass by, I learned more about the history and its importance.
Prayers and many thanks to "CORY"
Friday, July 31, 2009
Former President Corazon C. Aquino Dies, (January 25, 1933 – August 1, 2009)
Posted by Full-Time at 6:51 PM 1 comments Links to this post
Labels: 1933 - 2009, 1986 - 1992, Cory Aquino, Cory Aquino Dies, Filipino, People's Power, Philippine President, Philippines, Revolution, Woman of the year 1987
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PO Box 2925
Oak Bluffs, MA 02557
Study Commission Members
William O'Brien III (Chairman), Paddy Moore (Vice-Chairman), Jeff Kristal (Treasurer), Jim Newman (Clerk),
John Alley, Tim Connelly, Tad Crawford, Mimi Davisson, John Early, Art Flathers, Dan Flynn, Carlene Gatting, Tristan Israel, Lenny Jason, Richard Knabel, Les Leland, Nora Nevin, Linda Sibley, Ted Stanley, Holly Stephenson, Paul Strauss, Roger Wey, Woody Williams
Executive Summary (From the Dukes County Charter Study Commission- Final Report)
After meeting in full session approximately forty times over a period of seventeen
months, the 2006 Dukes Charter Study Commission recommended on May 1, 8, and 15, 2008
1. County government be retained.
2. County Commissioners be elected at-large.
3. Seven Commissioners, no more than two from a town, be the legislative branch of
County government.
4. The length of term for Commissioners be two years.
5. The form of governance be the
County Manager Form
, as per Massachusetts General
Laws (cited herein as "MGL") ch. 34A §18.
6. Special legislation be requested exempting Dukes County from the provisions in MGL
ch. 34A §18, stating that the County Manager "shall serve for an indefinite term" and
"that the position is and shall be a full-time position."
7. The new charter takes effect on January 1, 2009.
8. The County Commissioners adopt an extensive set of administrative recommendations.
These eight recommendations, made by super-majorities or unanimously, by those
present and voting, reaffirm the findings of the 1990 Charter Commission in all respects except
for the length of term of the Commissioners. The one change in the charter recommended by
2006 Charter Commission that will require voter approval is to reduce the term of office of
County Commissioners from four-year, staggered terms to two-year, concurrent terms, thereby
increasing the direct accountability of the County Commissioners to the voters.
The ballot question for the November 5, 2008 election will read:
Shall the County Manager Plan be adopted for Dukes County, with the provision for a board of
commissioners of seven members for concurrent two-year terms and elected at large?"
Assuming the voters adopt the new charter, its provisions will be implemented on
January 1, 2009. Three Commissioners will be elected for four-year terms in November 2008
under the provisions of the current charter. These three Commissioners will serve their four-year
terms through 2012. Four Commissioners will be elected to two-year terms in November 2010.
Therefore, beginning in January 2012, all seven seats on the County Commission will be elected
every two years. Failure to approve the recommended change in the charter will leave the current
charter in place with its four-year terms of office.
The recommendation to seek special legislation exempting Dukes County from the
provisions of MGL ch. 34A §18, has already been accepted by unanimous vote of the County
Commissioners on May 7, 2008. This recommendation is independent of the outcome of the
ballot question in November, and will be pursued by the County Commissioners with the
This Commission has also decided not to pursue the adoption of a custom charter for
Dukes County, which was an available option, although some Commissioners felt a custom
charter would better meet the needs of the County. The lengthy and cumbersome process of
writing such a charter, and obtaining the necessary prior approval of the Legislature, would delay
a vote on charter change until at least November 2010. Our elected state representatives also
recommended against such a course of action.
The Charter Commission has opted for minimal change in the charter because in the
course of its work it became apparent that governance structure was not the underlying cause of
the problems that gave rise to the creation of the Commission. Issues relating to the actions of the
County Commissioners, their relationships among themselves, with their appointees, the
approach of County Managers to their positions, and poor public relations in general have in the
aggregate been responsible for hindering relations with the towns, and the poor public perception
of County government
These issues do not lend themselves to easy solution through legislation or a restructuring
of County governance. As a result, the Charter Commission has chosen instead to make a series
of administrative recommendations designed to address the functions and functioning of the
County. These recommendations are consistent with the provisions of MGL ch. 34A which
allows a Charter Commission to make recommendations to improve the efficient and effective
administration of the County.
The Charter Commission has approved an extensive set of non-binding administrative
recommendations to be adopted by the Dukes County Commission as soon as possible. These
recommendations address a large number of concerns that have been voiced by the public. They
affect the County Commission's accountability to the voters, its relationships with the various
towns and other regional entities, county finances, the appointment process, and measures
designed to broaden the availability of candidates for election as County Commissioners.
Building on the decision to reduce County Commissioners' terms of office to two concurrent
years, the measures designed to improve the accountability of the County Commission to the
voters call for a periodic review of the County Charter every eight years and clarify the
provisions supporting the recall of a County Commissioner.
The Dukes County Commissioners are not bound by these recommendations. They may
adopt them in whole or in part, regardless of whether the new charter is approved by voters.
However, the current County Commissioners participated actively both in drafting the initial
recommendations and in securing their approval by the full Charter Commission. As a result,
these recommendations offer the promise of far more impact on the actual performance of
County government than structural changes.
The Commission is mindful of voices in the community calling for the abolishment of
County government. As a result this option was studied in detail by a sub-committee, and was
rejected by a near unanimous vote, twice, by the full Commission. Maintaining local control of
considerable county assets, providing a ready mechanism for Island-wide cooperation to solve
common problems, and strong recommendations against abolishment from our state
Page 5
representatives as well as from representatives of abolished counties, persuaded all but two
Commissioners to oppose abolishment.
The ultimate success the Charter Commission's recommendations will be determined by
the spirit, enthusiasm and competence with which they are implemented. These
recommendations have the unanimous approval of all 7 current County Commissioners and the
overwhelming endorsement of the full Charter Commission. However, for these
recommendations to be truly effective, it will be the responsibility of the citizens of the County
to approve the proposed charter revisions; to step forward and serve, where needed; and to hold
the County's elected representatives accountable for ensuring their full and complete
Study Commission Mandate
The Dukes County Charter Commission was formed as a result of the November 2006 election. It is made up of 23 commissioners, fifteen of whom were elected Island wide and seven are the sitting Commissioners of the County of Dukes and one who serves as the Chairman of the County Advisory Board on Expenditures.
The Charter Commission's operations are strictly governed by the General Laws of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts and in particular Chapter 34A Section 8 which states:
"It shall be the function and duty of the Charter Commission to study the form of government of the county, to compare it with other forms available under the laws of this state, to determine whether or not in its judgment the government of the county could be strengthened, made more clearly responsive or accountable to the people or whether its operation could be more economical or efficient, under a changed form of government".
By law the charter commission must report its findings and recommendations to the citizens by May 2008. After that, depending on the recommendations, the matter is to be submitted to the citizens for their vote at the November 2008 general election.
The Charter Commission faces a substantial task. It has been hard at work for the past few months getting organized and developing a work plan. Soon we will begin the first part of the work plan—studying the existing form of government here in Dukes County. Each of the 23 Commissioners takes the mandate from the citizens very seriously and is committed to doing the best possible job.
Lastly we are interested in your participation with us in this very important mission. In that regard we invite you to come to our meetings or, if not able, then to tune in to the proceedings as they are shown on MVTV. We invite you to write the Commission with any questions or information you would like us to receive at P.O. Box 2925 Oak Bluffs, 02557.
The County of Dukes County
PO Box 190, Edgartown, MA 02539
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Virtual Towns & Schools Website


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Arctic Emboss 3
Arctic Emboss 3
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Welcome to my online store!
My limited edition encaustic collagraph prints are hand pulled, original and one of a kind. Each print is on 15" x 11" paper, is signed, numbered and are NOT digital reproductions.
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US orders ship USPS Priority.
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text: Caps make an impact at home opener April 13, 200812:00AM PDT Previous Next Whitecaps' sole goal was their first against Montreal in a decade Marc Weber The Province Sunday, April 13, 2008 The Vancouver Whitecaps promised entertainment this season. They also promised results. In their home- and season-opener Saturday against the Montreal Impact, they delivered both in a 1-0 win in front of a sellout crowd of 5,288 at Swangard Stadium. About the only thing missing on the clear, sunny evening was a waterfront stadium. Teitur Thordarson has put his attacking stamp on this team and they were the clear aggressors in the first half, coming at Montreal with purpose and generating six corners. Forward Eddy Sebrango made sure the Whitecaps were rewarded for their efforts in the 33rd minute. The former Impact striker shed his defender near midfield, cut into the box from the left side and pounded a shot past keeper Matt Jordan inside the far post. Remarkably, it was the first home goal for the Whitecaps against the Impact in a decade, and it proved to be the only strike they would need as Vancouver improved to 5-0-2 in home openers since 2001. Montreal hadn't lost at Swangard since 1996. "We're still learning the system, we're still learning each other, but it's always good to start with a win, especially against Montreal," said Sebrango, who led the Whitecaps with seven goals last season. Perhaps as a result of their impressive preseason schedule in Europe, the Impact appeared to have more in the tank for the final 45 minutes. They made the Whitecaps prove they can still defend and Vancouver survived the test. Montreal's best chances came in the final 20 minutes. Pizzolitto's close-in header was saved and held by Srdjan Djekanovic in the 73rd, and Mauro Biello sailed his attempt from just inside the box high when a miscommunication between Djekanovic and defender Lyle Martin freed up space in the 84th. "When you leave a team in it they're going to push back at the end and we had to do a lot of defending," said midfielder Steve Kindel, who took a hard clearance attempt to the midsection in the first half and was then hammered by a ball to the face in the second. "A win's a win. But we don't want to play too many second halves like that. If we've got a one-goal lead we don't want to be defending for 30 minutes." For Djekanovic, who earned the starting nod from Thordarson on Friday after a tight preseason battle with Jay Nolly, this marked his first regular-season game for the Whitecaps, despite spending parts of three previous seasons with the club. His best work was midway through the half when he dove to his left and steered aside Roberto Brown's low corner attempt with his fingertips. "I felt he had a very good game," Thordarson said. "He did what he had to do and I was very satisfied with him." A pair of Whitecaps newcomers looked impressive in their debuts. Japanese defender Takashi Hirano was solid at the back and made a couple of nice runs down the left side. Vicente Arze, a Bolivian-born midfielder from Mercer University in Georgia, created chances on the right side before rolling his right ankle early in the second half and subbing off. The Whitecaps don't play again until April 26 when they host the Minnesota Thunder in the second of three home games to open the season. Previous Next


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Christ about his Father's business
"Wist ye not that I must be about my Father's business?" Luke 2:49
suggested further reading: Ephesians 4:32–5:10
You never find Christ doing a thing which you may not imitate. You would scarcely think it necessary that he should be baptised; but lo, he goes to Jordan's stream and dives beneath the wave, that he may be buried in baptism unto death, and may rise again—though he needed not to rise—into newness of life. You see him healing the sick to teach us benevolence; rebuking hypocrisy to teach us boldness; enduring temptation to teach us hardness, wherewith, as good soldiers of Christ, we ought to war a good warfare. You see him forgiving his enemies to teach us the grace of meekness and of forbearance; you behold him giving up his very life to teach us how we should surrender ourselves to God, and give up ourselves for the good of others. Put Christ at the wedding; you may imitate him. Yes, sirs, and you might imitate him, if you could, in turning water into wine, without a sin. Put Christ at a funeral; you may imitate him—"Jesus wept." Put him on the mountain top; he shall be there in prayer alone, and you may imitate him. Put him in the crowd; he shall speak so, that if you could speak like him you should speak well. Put him with enemies; he shall so confound them, that he shall be a model for you to copy. Put him with friends, and he shall be a "friend that sticketh closer than a brother," worthy of your imitation. Exalt him, cry hosanna, and you shall see him riding upon a "colt, the foal of an ass," meek and lowly. Despise and spit upon him; you shall see him bearing disgrace and contempt with the same evenness of spirit which characterised him when he was exalted in the eye of the world. Everywhere you may imitate Christ.
for meditation: The imitation of Christ is an impossible way to obtain salvation, but it is an excellent way of follow-up after conversion (John 13:15; 1 Corinthians 11:1; 1 Peter 2:21).
sermon no. 122[1]
[1] Spurgeon, C. H., & Crosby, T. P. (1998). 365 Days with Spurgeon (Volume 1) (p. 81). Leominster, UK: Day One Publications.


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Graf's 16 Points, 8 Rebounds Not Enough to Help Bulldogs Rally to Victory
HAMDEN, Conn. — The Yale University women's basketball team was hoping to head into the holiday break on a winning note that would carry it into a highly anticipated showdown with Florida State. Quinnipiac had other ideas.
Felicia Barron tallied 24 points, five rebounds and five steals, while Brittany McQuain added 13 points and 13 rebounds, to lead Quinnipiac to a 68-63 victory over Yale at TD Bank Sports Center Tuesday night.
Janna Graf scored 15 of her 16 points in the first half and had a career-high four steals, all in the first half, to lead Yale (5-5). Senior captain Michelle Cashen had 11 points, four rebounds and three steals.
"If I were a casual observer, I would say they wanted it more than we did, said Chris Gobrecht, the Joel E. Smilow, Class of 1954, Head Coach of Women's Basketball. "I think this game means a lot to Quinnipiac and it shows in how they go after it. I thought we had a really dead spot in the second half."
Yale led 34-32 at halftime behind Graf's 4-for-8 shooting, 3-for-6 from 3-point range, in the opening half and a strong defensive effort from the entire squad. The Bulldogs forced 16 first-half turnovers and forced the Bobcats into early foul trouble that translated into nine points on 11 free throws for the Bulldogs.
But the story was far different in the second half. Midway through the second half, Quinnipiac (7-3) finally found a way to break Yale's defense. Once that happened, the Bobcats quickly pulled away.
With the score tied 44-44 with 11:15 left, Quinnipiac opened up a 13-point lead thanks to a 17-4 run over a 7:04 span, using a 3-pointer from Barron with 4:09 left to take a 61-48 lead.
Yale picked up the defensive intensity over the closing minutes, which fueled a 15-5 run that cut the deficit to 66-63 with 4 seconds left, but Jasmine Martin sank a pair of free throws with 2 seconds on the clock to secure the win for Quinnipiac.
"We are capable of playing defense like the way we did in the last four minutes all the time. If we had done that the entire half, we would have been the team with the 13-point lead. I don't know why we chose to go so flat defensively," Gobrecht said.
Quinnipiac dominated the boards, outrebounding Yale 56-36 in the game, 30-17 in the second half alone.
"The game was decided on the boards. If there was any singular statistic in the game that was hugely important, I thought that was it," Gobrecht said. "We can still make up for that with our defense through the turnovers that we create. If we don't create the turnovers, we are really in a deficit on the possession issue."
Yale has a week to recover before flying down to Tallahassee, Fla., to take on Florida State in a rematch of last year's historic game. Yale upset then-No. 14 Florida State, 91-85, on Dec. 18, 2010, to earn the program's first-ever win over a nationally ranked opponent. The rematch is scheduled for Dec. 28 at Florida State at 7 p.m.
Report filed by Jon Erickson Jr., Yale Sports Publicity


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AASP Students Speak!
Students in our program - minors and students who have taken individual courses - speak about the difference Asian American studies course work has made in their academic, professional, and personal lives.
Ianna Hawkins Owen (Valedictorian of Hunter College Class of 2008, Africana/Puerto Rican and Latino Studies Major)
Now a PhD candidate at the University of California, Berkeley in African Diaspora Studies, I can say with unshakeable confidence that the AASP has left its mark on me.
As an undergraduate, I chose to enroll in Professor Jennifer Hayashida's "Nation, Self and Asian Identity" course due to my interests in the study of the co-constitutive ideologies of race and sexuality and roles of academics and activists. Through this AASP evening class, I stretched and grew my capacity for critical and persuasive dialogue, developed lasting intellectual and personal friendships, and produced work of both publishable and conference quality. Not only this, but the syllabus also exposed me to texts that would become my some of my favorite novels (most notably, Kureishi's The Buddha of Suburbia).
The AASP curriculum surpasses the traditional disciplinary rhetoric of equity and inclusion and as such, beautifully and fluently complemented my major in AFPRL. Through a commitment to diaspora studies, Hayashida's course became an essential component of my preparation for graduate school, aiding in my facility to think in excess of the nation, which I would later encounter in the work of scholars like Paul Gilroy. Had I been exposed to the AASP earlier in my undergrad career, I would have minored in a heartbeat.
Olivia Lin (Macaulay Honors College Class of 2009, Media Studies Major, AASP Minor)
I decided to become an Asian American Studies minor after I took my first AAS course during freshman year. It blew my mind away! I never realized how little I knew about our unique history and the Asian American activists who shaped our nation. There is so much left out of our public school system curriculum! I was so immersed in AAS that I focused my Media Studies honors thesis on cyberactivism in the Asian American community, and how Asian American activist groups mobilized before and after the advent of the Internet. It is vital that students take as many AAS courses as they can, and definitely become a minor if possible. There is so much that we don't know about Asian American history and current events, and college is really about learning more about unexplored areas. Taking AAS courses also led to my involvement in various Asian American student groups. I currently volunteer for Kollaboration New York, which is an annual talent showcase that highlights aspiring Asian American artists in New York City.
Jackie Mariano (CUNY Baccalaureate for Unique and Interdisciplinary Studies Class of 2011, Immigrant Community Organizing Major)
I would not be who I am today without Hunter College's Asian American Studies Program. Even after graduating, what I experienced in the program continues to shape my personal, academic, and political goals. I was politicized on campus by a grassroots Filipino women's organization based in NYC called Filipinas for Rights and Empowerment (FiRE). In 2007, I attended a workshop conducted by FiRE during a Pilipinos of Hunter (POH) club meeting, where we discussed our community's vibrant, intertwined, and systemic migration history. A FiRE member and Hunter student introduced me to a member of CRAASH, the Coalition for the Revitalization of Asian American Studies at Hunter. CRAASH, in its mission to reinstate funds that were cut from the already small program, created a space where I felt empowered on campus. I was surrounded by students and faculty who were dedicated to reaching out to the Asian American community at Hunter and beyond, simply to make our individual academic careers much more well-rounded and just. I am forever grateful for their support. I also joined FiRE off campus, actively organizing local, national, and international campaigns for migrant Filipino rights, and against violence against women.
I bridged my academic and political lives through the CUNY Baccalaureate Program for Unique and Interdisciplinary Studies. CUNY BA made it possible for me to design my own multidisciplinary major called Immigrant Community Organizing. Since the AASP did not offer an option to major in Asian American Studies (which I would have rather completed), I filled my CUNY BA course load with AASP classes including "Asian American Civil Rights and the Law,", "Asian American Social Protest Literature," "Nation, Self, and Identity," and a graduate course called "Current Issues in Asian American Communities" taught by Paul Ong of UCLA, a Thomas Tam Visiting Professor. I was mentored by Professor Lina Newton from the Political Science Department who taught "Immigration Policy." In addition, AASP Director and CRAASH Advisor Jennifer Hayashida served as my mentor, friend, and source of inspiration.
For years, I grappled with my place in the broad Asian American Movement for social justice. In classes like "Civil Rights", I explored the legal, economic, and social implications of discrimination and racism. In "Nation", I explored the generational traumas of colonialism on our people. In "Social Protest Literature," I learned how we have resisted oppression and built resilient communities worldwide, and in "Current Issues" I put all of that into practice in a research project about Filipino American activism. The AASP complemented my organizing work in the Filipino community, where we emphasize solving root problems in the homeland to better the conditions in the diaspora. After working on several campaigns supporting the cases of trafficked Filipino workers, and thinking back on my academic life with the AASP, I have decided to pursue the study of law. I will be starting my first year at the CUNY School of Law in the Fall of 2013. I am also serving as the national Deputy Secretary General of BAYAN USA, an alliance of progressive Filipino organizations fighting for national liberation in the Philippines, where I am leading the education committee to inform our communities about our just place in society. I am still involved with the AASP, working as a research assistant for Professor Angela Reyes on projects exploring "Conyo English", a dialect of the Philippine elite class, and other subjects in Philippine linguistics.
What shook me throughout my whole process was the realization that Philippine history, and Asian American history as a whole, is largely absent and even invisibilized in the overall American Narrative. My subsequent journey to unearth that narrative, connect to my heritage, and actively serve my communities, was made possible largely by the AASP.
Iman Rimawi (Hunter College Class of 2013, Psychology Major, AASP Minor)
Initially, the only reason why I had decided on taking an Asian American studies class was to satisfy a general education requirement. I was not aware of the Asian American mark on American history - it was not something mentioned or discussed in typical history classes. The minor in Asian American studies instills critical thinking skills which allow you to search for more than one side of an argument. In the process, you also become a more well-rounded person. These classes give a voice to the experiences of many different people who otherwise would not have been heard. All students should at least take one of these classes!
Christopher Eng (Macaulay Honors College Class of 2010, English Major, AASP Minor)
I was first introduced to Asian American Studies through Olivia Lin and Jennifer Hayashida as the student group CRAASH and the leadership of Professor Hayashida worked to create a vibrant academic program for Asian American Studies at Hunter. Our efforts at effecting institutional change allowed me to experience the intimate relation between the academic and the activist in the efforts of democratizing the university. Taking "Asian American Literature" and "Asian American Memoir" fundamentally changed my approach to my primary field as an English major and motivated me to join the minor. These two classes encouraged me to consider a number of questions that I hadn't contemplated before in relation to literature: how does race and ethnicity factor into our conception of what is "great" art? What are the different values placed on genres such as fiction and memoir and why are ethnic writers pressured to write about themselves and "their culture"? How and why do we judge literature written by authors of color in terms of its "authenticity"? The course "Nation, Self, and Asian Identity" solidified my passion for the field and was a turning point in my academic career: I began taking more classes in Asian American Studies and eventually crafted all my coursework to continue exploring the connections between literature, race, sexuality, and the nation-state. In conjunction with my academic studies, my diversity work with CRAASH, experience interning at the Asian American International Film Festival, and conversations with AASP faculty mentors motivated me to enter academia through an English PhD program at the CUNY Graduate Center with my primary field in Asian American literature and critical ethnic studies.
These are my beliefs: To be someone who is a good citizen and someone who is truly anti-racist requires that we not passionately defend against the existence of race and pretend that it does not matter. We need to examine not only how race is socially constructed by a collection of histories, processes, conditions, and policies but also how these histories around race materialize structurally in our present, creating uneven forms of access and qualities of life across different groups. It takes time and energy to carefully attend to how race matters. This process requires us to learn and grapple with historical and existing conditions that are neither easy nor pleasant--exclusion, imperialism, internment, labor exploitation, detention, deportation, hate crimes. Learning these things is not always easy or pleasant. If you get angry, do not fight it or lash out at the person telling you about these conditions: instead, treat it as an opportunity. Use your anger and this knowledge to ask yourself: what am I going to do about it? Use it as a source of inspiration, a starting point for dialogue, a necessary part that you take with you throughout your personal life in your daily decisions, social interactions, and your professional field. Regardless of your what your field is--be it finance, public relations, law, journalism, medicine--thinking through race is vital for not only gaining a richer, complex understanding of the world that we live in, but also continuing the unfinished project of social justice. These are the critical skills that I have learned from Asian American Studies, from the histories and realities of Asiatic racialization to the forms of activism, movements, resistance, and cultural productions that demand otherwise.
Ryan Baxter (Macaulay Honors College Class of 2012, Urban Studies Major)
It is far too easy to discount the importance of Asian American Studies, one of the most rewarding subjects offered at Hunter. "Asians in the US" helped me realize that who I am now is subject to change based on the experiences I will have in the future - and that the same is true of every person and every group in the world. No other area of study has shaped me as greatly.
Jonathan Joa (Macaulay Honors College Class of 2012, Economics and Political Science Major, AASP Minor)
When I was younger, I thought that that life was simple and straightforward: do well in school, get into a good college, graduate with honors, and get that high paying office job. Afterwards, everything else would fall into place. Thus, I spent the larger part of my adolescence with my nose buried in books, striving for that 100% on the next test or that unattainable SAT score. The only thing of importance was just getting good grades; spending my energy on anything else was just an inefficient waste of time.
However during college, I came to realize that life is a bit more complicated than that. Doing well in school is important, but in no means does it ensure everything. When I took "Asian in the US," I came to learn about the existence of the bamboo ceiling in corporate America. Then, after taking "Asian Americans and the Law," I learned about the legality of affirmative action, and how it affects young Asian Americans like myself today. This newfound information that there could be heavy implications on my future just due to my ancestry and race blew me away. I had always thought that by just studying and keeping my head down, I would be able to reap what I had sown, and nothing else could change that. This newfound interest in Asian American Studies continued with me throughout my undergraduate studies, and culminated into a minor in AAS as well as a Political Science honors thesis on affirmative action's effect on Asian acceptance rates in law schools in California. By taking a minor in AAS, I was able to broaden my understanding of the world as well as challenge my own ideals. I only hope that others will take advantage of this same opportunity and sign up for as many AAS courses as possible.
After taking the LSAT but rethinking my career path, I applied to the Peace Corps and am currently working in West Africa as an Economic Development agent. Pending the economic state of the legal industry, I plan of pursuing a law degree when my service ends in 2014. You can follow my experiences in Africa at www.yaaaga.blogspot.com.
Melissa Cruz (Macaulay Honors College Class of 2014, Pre-Med/Biology Major, AASP Minor)
I declared my minor in Asian American Studies at the end of my sophomore year while taking "Asians in the US," essentially the intro course to the minor. I was initially drawn to the Asian American Studies Program (AASP) because of the uniqueness of it. I wondered why the AASP only had a minor and later found out that it is because there is not enough awareness of the field. I immediately wanted to support the minor and benefit from it while I had the chance. The AASP gave me the opportunity to learn about the history of Asians in America, something that is often skimmed over in history books and something that I can relate to as an Asian American. I was especially able to connect with my own culture and the experiences of my immigrant ancestors when I took "Filipino American Literature."
AASP courses enable me to discuss Asian culture in the context of many of the stereotypes Asian Americans still encounter today. Being an AASP minor has made me aware of such issues and is preparing me to face them, even in the field of medicine that I am pursuing. The minor really is a unique field of study that sets me apart from others in my intended field because it teaches me about the cultural competence needed in these increasingly diverse communities. I am especially looking forward to taking "Asian American Communities and Mental Health" because of the connection it has to both my major and minor. I plan to continue taking insightful classes like these and garner support for the minor to keep it alive for future Hunter students and Asian American activists.


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Does Someone Know of a VC/Angel Who Would Be Interested in a Spanish Classifieds Startup?
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Gordon Thompson is Professor of Music at Skidmore College. His book, Please Please Me: Sixties British Pop, Inside Out, offers an insider's view of the British pop-music recording industry. In the original post below he looks at the British invasion.
Like explorers returning with tales of American discoveries and treasures, the Beatles returned to the UK where a legion of would be rock and pop stars began marshaling for a British Invasion. In March 1964, long before Homeland Security and at a time when Americans feared a Russian invasion, the American Federation of Musicians in consultation with the Department of Immigration and Naturalization Services began constructing their defenses. In anticipation of hoards of longhaired beat groups massing at London Heathrow, the AF of M planned to restrict US visits by British musicians to those artists who were part of exchange agreements. In other words, for every British act to enter the States, Britain had to accept the same number of American musicians.
In the eye of the tempest, Paul McCartney and John Lennon continued to supply the invasion forces by writing catchy songs. In the previous year, Billy J Kramer and the Dakotas had scored hits with "Bad to Me," "Do You Want to Know a Secret," and "I'll Keep You Satisfied," helping to cement Lennon and McCartney's reputation. George Martin, the artist-and-repertoire manager responsible for many of these recordings, piggybacked on this success by pulling one of the most common tricks in pop music in this era. The Parlophone producer had Kramer record a song Martin had written with Liverpool DJ Bob Wooler and then included it as the B-side of "I'll Keep You Satisfied." Their song held little chance of being a hit, but when the A-side sold, Martin and Wooler received royalties too.
Paul McCartney found a vehicle for songs when his girlfriend's brother, Peter Asher and his friend Gordon Waller went into the studio. Venerable EMI artist-and-repertoire manager Norman Newell produced Peter and Gordon's version of McCartney's "World without Love" to rave reviews, making one more hit for Northern Songs, the publishing entity established by Dick James to handle Lennon and McCartney's work. With good advice, Asher and Waller managed to get their own tune, "If I Were You" on the B-side. But the Beatles were not the only game in town.
On the same day that the New Musical Express broke the story about the changes in American visa policy, the venerable Marquee Club moved from its cramped quarters at 165 Oxford Street to their historic upstairs Soho premises at 90 Wardour. They opened with Sonny Boy Williamson, Long John Baldry and the Hoochie Coochie Men, and the Yardbirds. Indeed, British rhythm-and-blues acts pulled a significant London audience, but they could not compete with the Beatles until the best known of these bands received a marketing makeover.
Andrew Oldham had worked for Beatles manager Brian Epstein, joyfully tugging the soon-to-be Fab Four from one press office to another during their first days in London; but he longed for his own act. He found his grail across the river in Richmond where the Rolling Stones pounded out their version of American R&B. At first, he put them into matching clothing (dress shirts, blue waistcoats, and knitted ties), but too many groups were trying to be the Beatles, and only the Beatles could be the Beatles. Oldham needed another strategy: the anti-Beatles. Thus on 14 March 1964, Ray Coleman in the pages of Melody Maker took Oldham's bait and asked his readers, "Would you let your sister go with a Rolling Stone?" The press answer may have been a resounding "No," but the sisters had other ideas. Brilliant!


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sfg, you're right. The Shuttle does not use any engine power when it's landing. After it fires it's Orbital Manuevering thrusters to degrade its orbit for reentry, it's basically a glider.It's really cool when it lands, all you hear are the sonic booms and then nothing.
Does anybody know how they get the shuttle from Edwards back to Kennedy? I don't remember any times when the shuttle landed outside of Kennedy, so I'm curious.
I just read on CNN.com this morning that it "piggy-backs" atop a 747 all the way back... I seem to recall seeing pix like that a long time ago, so that sounds vaguely familiar.
I still can't believe they let a chick fly that thing!
First female shuttle pilot: Eileen Collins was the first female shuttle pilot in 1995. She also piloted a shuttle in 1997. The pilot is the shuttle cockpit second-in-command. Later, Susan Kilrain was pilot for two shuttle missions in 1997, and Pamela Melroy piloted a shuttle in 1998.
Coming up on Friday, August 12th is the Perseid meteor shower, worth a look if your skys are clear. August Is The Month For Meteors
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Staff writer
Even though Coach Rebecca Hofer lost most of her varsity cross-country team in Marion's spring graduation, she is excited at the possibilities a rebuilding year affords and has plans to develop new and returning runners.
"You can't expect freshmen to take the place of seniors," she said. "But as a team, I want to see improvement."
Runners were encouraged to practice as a team in June and July, she said, but it was hard to get everyone together because of conflicting schedules.
Many team members were on vacation or spending time with family that did not live close by.
One senior, Timothy Knolla, who went to state last year, was in Canada visiting his father during much of summer practice. Hofer said he ran well the couple of times she saw him run.
She also expects senior Jared Hague and junior Quinton Hett, who both also ran at state last year, to run well once everyone bolsters endurance.
She anticipates freshmen Seth Savage and Taylor Fahey, who both competed in junior high cross-country, to help round out the varsity team this year.
Two returning Lady Warriors are McKenzee Remmers and Shyla Harris. Both sophomores ran well last year, Hofer said. However, she plans to run the majority of the girls on junior varsity until she feels they are at the right level.
Hofer plans to adjust workouts by varying the distance individuals are expected to run.
"New runners can't run five miles a day," she said. "Some I just have run six blocks and walk one block in repetition."
Hofer uses a timed 2-mile run for high schoolers and a 1-mile run for middle schoolers as a baseline to measure progress and set goals for later in the season.
She plans to use a variety of drills and exercises in addition to distance training to bring the younger runners up to speed.
The hill workout, in which she usually has kids run six to seven 1-minute hills and five to six 30-second hills, is usually a good indicator of speed, she said. Generally, if a runner can keep pace throughout the drill they are in good shape.
Hofer has her team run Fartleks, which essentially are interval workouts in which runners' alternate fast and slow speeds over specific periods of time and distance.
"We use the entire town to train," she said. "I use a lot of cones to mark the way."
She has several routes that she plans ahead of time. Being the only coach for both high school and middle school teams, she also logs about 5 miles a day on her bike keeping track of her team.
Sometimes she lends her GPS watch to team member.
"It helps them keep track of how fast and how far they run," she said. "Some like using it other don't."
No matter what the case, Hofer feels it is important to remind her team of their progress as it happens.
"Some people think of a rebuilding year as negative," she said. "But I like getting to see the kids improve over the course of the season."
- Sept. 9: MMS/MHS at Abilene.
- Sept. 12: MHS only at Hesston.
- Sept.19: MMS/MHS at Peabody.
- Sept. 26: MMS/MHS at Home .
- Oct. 3: MMS/MHS at Halstead.
- Oct. 8: MMS/MHS at Eureka.
- Oct. 17: League at Bennington.
- Oct. 26: Regionals.
- Nov. 2: State.