text:
Well it's been a long time since I've written anything on the Cultural Deceptions blog - I suppose the last two years have been some of the craziest, busiest, but also best of my life. I got my license, my first car, started college, began work in an actual professional career, and have seen God's blessing in my life in ways I never imagined. It pains me that beginning college classes has forced blogging to the back burner for now, but at the same time, perhaps I am more prepared for critical writing and argumentation now that my education is really heating up.
Jeremiah 9:6
Monday, January 17, 2011
New Direction
Posted by Elijah at 1:17 PM 1 comments
Carrying Concealed
October 16, 1991 is a day that will live on in Dr. Suzanne Gratia's mind for decades to come. Gratia was eating lunch with her elderly parents at Luby's Café in Copperas Cove, Texas. Suddenly their meal was interrupted by a loud crash from the front of the building. At first it appeared the pickup truck, driven by George Hennard, had crashed through the front window of the café by accident. When Hennard jumped out of his truck and began systematically executing customers with his Glock-19 handgun, Gratia realized the crash was no accident. Not long before, she had made the decision to leave her .38 Smith & Wesson handgun in her car, as carrying it into a public place would have been illegal. It is a choice she will forever regret. Her father and mother, as well as twenty one others, would never step foot outside the café again (Gun ownership, 1992). Gratia was a normal American citizen who led a normal life in a normal part of town. However, in an instant she was forced into a life-or-death situation in which she could not rely on any external entity to protect herself or the ones she loved. It is in light of circumstances like these that people realize the importance of being able to defend themselves and others with lethal force. For Suzanne Gratia, this would have meant carrying a concealed handgun.
According to North Dakota Century Code (2001) "A firearm or dangerous weapon is concealed if it is carried in such a manner as to not be discernible by the ordinary observation of a passerby." In recent years, state lawmakers have instituted permit systems which regulate the type of people who are allowed to carry concealed weapons. While only two states (Illinois and Wisconsin) currently prohibit the carrying of concealed handguns completely, not every state is on the same level in their concealed carry permit system. Currently thirty seven states have "Shall Issue" laws, which are defined by legislative analysts Cleary and Shapiro (1999) as "licensing systems — often referred to as presumptive right-to-carry laws [which] require authorities to provide a license to any applicant who meets specified criteria" (p. 1). Among the more restrictive policies are the "May Issue" or "discretionary permit" laws. Employed by eight US states, these laws are defined by the same source as "systems [which] allow legal authorities to grant licenses to carry concealed firearms to grant licenses to carry concealed firearms to citizens who establish a compelling need for doing so" (p. 1). Alaska, Arizona, and Vermont, on the other hand, allow citizens to carry without a permit.
Because of the life-and-death nature of concealed handgun policy, the topic has become very emotionally charged. Proponents of gun control claim that gun ownership negatively affects communities and should therefore be outlawed. The UNICEF (2001) believes that the idea that firearms protect people and are thus necessary tools is a "destructive message." Others claim that guns are a necessary part of our daily life in a world full of people who would like to kill us. The NRA-ILA (2008) said, "Self-defense is a fundamental right. The constitutions of the U.S. and 44 states, common law, and the laws of all 50 states recognize the right to use arms in self-defense" (para. 1). Ever since Florida passed its famous Shall Issue law in 1987, a landslide of states have adopted similar programs. The number of states with these laws has gone from eight to thirty seven. Despite this progress, and correlating reductions in violent crime, many US citizens still live in states where their right to carry is infringed. While anti-gun rhetoric continues to surface in the American culture, carrying a concealed weapon for use in self defense is a constitutionally sound practice under the Second Amendment of the United States Constitution (1791) which states, "A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed." Therefore, because concealed carry's protection under the Second Amendment, its ability to reduce violent crime, and its usefulness in self defense, every state government in the United States should institute its own Shall Issue legislation.
While policy makers often focus their attention primarily on the positive or negative effects of concealed handguns to determine their legality, it is important to not lose track of the constitutional principles the United States was built on. The Second Amendment was crafted to guarantee the independence and freedom through gun ownership and gun carrying. However, the purpose of the Second Amendment has been the subject of much debate because of the specific wording it uses; particularly the mentioning of state militias. According to Jacobs (2002) gun control supporters have based their argument on the first clause of the Second Amendment, which they believe supports their claim that state governments need only guarantee the right to keep and bear arms to members of an organized militia. Furthermore, because state militias have been dismantled with the creation of the National Guard, some argue that the second amendment is not relevant to our modern nation. Despite the controversy, much can be learned about intentions behind the Second Amendment by examining similar legal writings of the same time period.
There are several important documents crafted near the time of the Second Amendment which express the political climate of the time in clearer words. One writing is the New Hampshire Ratification Document (1788) which stated, "congress shall never disarm any citizen, unless such as are or have been in actual rebellion." Also insightful is the Vermont Constitution (1777) claiming "that the people have a right to bear arms for the defense of themselves and the State." Because both of these writings were crafted within fourteen years of the Second Amendment, they represent quite accurately the political climate which gave birth to the Second Amendment. Halbrook (2010) a celebrated Supreme Court attorney at law with over thirty years of experience, took a new approach to the issue. He examined the legal actions of lawmakers who sought to give African Americans the right to keep and bear arms in the wake of the Civil War. He concluded that the Second Amendment has been historically recognized by the American government as pertaining to an individual right. Despite the questionable wording of the Second Amendment, equivalent writings of the time reflect the idea that keeping and bearing arms is an individual right, not a collective right limited to state militias.
Though the Constitution guarantees the right to gun ownership and carrying to United States citizens, concealing a lethal weapon is a type of "bearing arms" which is not specifically mentioned by the Constitution. It follows that an extensive analysis of concealed carry's effect on violent crime should decide whether or not it is a reasonable type of gun-bearing and should thus be considered part of the second amendment rights. One way to examine concealed carry's effect on crime is to compare the crime rates of states and cities that have passed "shall issue" laws and those that have not. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (2010) records that in 2008, 503.8 out of every 100,000 residents of California (a May Issue sate) were victims of violent crime. In the same year, California's "Shall Issue" neighbor, Arizona, had a violent crime rate of 447.0 out of 100,000. Considering Arizona's immense problems with numerous drug cartels and gangs in recent years, this is a significant accomplishment. In 1998, Lott, a senior research scientist with a long-time interest in the gun rights debate, published one of the most complete and well known pieces of research regarding this subject. In "More Guns Less Crime," Lott claimed that increases in concealed carry permits cause reductions in violent crime. In one example, he used Florida's murder rate between 1978 and 1988 to demonstrate how increases in concealed carry permits after the 1983 adoption of a Shall Issue law decreased crime levels significantly. Of this trend, Lott said, "the available evidence indicates that the murder rate began to drop when the law was adopted, and the size of the drop corresponded with the number of concealed handgun permits outstanding" (p. 107). In numerous cases all over the USA, the adoptions of Shall Issue law and increases in concealed carry have served to decrease crime.
Since Lott's bold claim, many supporters of gun control have sought to discredit his research. However, even the most skeptical reviews of Lott's data, such as one study done by Marvell and Kovandzic (2003), are only able to claim that increases in permits did not cause any significant change in violent crime when controlling for other factors. In fact, the National Center for Policy Analysis (2010) said, "despite all the attacks by gun-control advocates, no one has ever been able to refute Lott's simple, startling conclusion that more guns mean less crime" (para. 2). The idea that concealed carry increases violence in our society has been disproven by research. Instead, it seems that concealed carry reduces violent crime and should therefore be considered a reasonable practice.
Not only do concealed weapons serve as crime deterrent, but they are also essential tools for self defense. Stories from all over the United States show this to be true, as evidenced by two stories posted by the NRA-ILA, (2010). Rob Pierce, a resident of Pennsylvania, found himself at gunpoint while walking to a restaurant. His two captors forced him into a dark ally, and were preparing to kill him when Pierce, a licensed firearm owner, drew his concealed .357 revolver, shooting one of the thugs. Both criminals quickly escaped the scene and are now behind bars. Jason Moore, from the state of Washington, arrived home one night to find two men in his house. He drew his legally carried .45 pistol and shot one of the men, who was armed. He then held both criminals captive until police arrived. These two stories, as well as thousands of others on the NRA-ILA website testify to the widespread use of concealed handguns in self defense. In fact, many experts, such as Kleck, (1997) estimate that guns are used more than 2.5 million times a year in self defense. The staggering extent to which guns are used by citizens to protect themselves, their families, and friends from violence has secured guns an irreplaceable role in self defense.
Although handguns have been proven to be useful in self defense, many members of society favor non-lethal forms of self defense, such as stun guns, chemical sprays, and Tasers. Indeed, some may argue that, with these modern alternatives, guns are no longer necessary for safety, and should be eliminated and replaced. However, these devices offer far less stopping power and are completely useless in some situations. Stun guns are non-lethal devices which immobilize an attacker using tremendous voltage at low amperage (Abbot, 2006). However, as pointed out by Abbot, an accomplished self defense expert, "The biggest downside to a stun gun is that you must be close enough to your attacker to touch him. This will mean, consequently, that he will be close enough to reach out and grab you as well" (para. 4). An attacker with a knife or gun would pose a serious problem to someone equipped only with a stun gun. Although they can be used from a greater distance, chemical sprays are only effective in certain situations. Abbot warns that attackers can avoid the irritating spray, and that even when aimed correctly, a breeze can force the spray back into the face of the user. Perhaps the most effective non-lethal defense mechanism is the Taser. These devices work in much the same way as a stun gun, but instead of requiring direct contact with the attacker, they fire electrical probes at the attacker from a distance. However, the leading brand, Taser International (2010) gives its Tasers an effective range of only fifteen feet. Additionally, Tasers can only fire one shot before they must be reloaded. If the defender misses the first shot, or is attacked my multiple people, the Taser offers little hope of survival. Although these three devices have their places in self defense, they cannot be relied upon in extreme situations and therefore cannot replace handguns.
Not everyone embraces the idea of concealed handguns becoming a norm in the United States. It is a common fear among gun control proponents that giving more citizens the right to carry arms will cause common every-day disputes to turn deadly (Kovandzic, Marvell, & Vieraitis, 2005). Liberal journalists often scare the public by painting a grim picture of guns in the American society. According to Nagourney (2003) of the New York Times, "People with guns in their homes are almost twice as likely to be killed by guns as people who do not keep them at home" (para. 1). It is understandable that casual readers could be alarmed by this statistic. However, these fears would be ungrounded, since people who choose to keep guns often do so because they live in a dangerous area. These people are not killed by their decision to own firearms, but by the pre-existing conditions under which they chose to buy them. Nagourney goes on to say, "…people with guns are 16 times as likely to commit suicide using guns" (para. 2). At first, it seems that this statistic should also cast a negative light on guns. The fact is that gun owners and non-gun owners alike commit suicide. The availability of guns does not cause suicide, but is simply the means of choice for people who have already made the decision to take their own lives. The Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (2010) reported that out of 1,858,018 licenses issued between October 1, 1987 and September 13, 2010, only 168 (less than one hundredth of one percent) have been revoked because of a crime committed by the permit holder involving a firearm. Although some people who obtain concealed weapons permits will use their handguns with ill intent, the vast majority of citizens who carry a concealed handgun just want to live in peace and safety, and for this, they need not be feared.
Yet another objection to shall issue legislation is the idea that more people carrying guns will mean more accidental injuries and deaths related to firearms. The Children's Defense Fund (2009) found that one hundred and fifty four young people age one through twenty died from gun accidents in 2006. The organization claims that "the daily news is a grim reminder of the devastating impact caused by our deadly romance with guns and violence" (p. 1). Although shall issue laws would in theory put more guns in the hands of citizens, Reynolds and Burnett (2003), both lead researchers at the National Center for Policy Analysis, report that between 1982 and 2002, twenty two states adopted right to carry laws. During this same amount of time, they reported, the number of privately owned guns doubled, and accidental firearms deaths decreased. Though Kovandzic and Marvell (2003) are doubtful that concealed carry has any effect on crime, they recognize that many citizens who live where concealed carry is restricted still carry handguns illegally. One benefit of Shall Issue laws is that they "eliminate arbitrary decisions on gun permit applications and encourage gun safety training" (para. 56). People who fear for their lives are not likely to refrain from carrying an unlicensed concealed weapon simply because it is illegal. Making concealed carry permits an individual right, while requiring safety training for permit holders has in fact helped make America safer.
Concealed carry should be allowed and welcomed by all state governments. It is protected under the constitution, valuable to states by its effect on crime, and essential to individuals seeking to defend themselves. If the state governments of Alabama, California, Delaware, Hawaii, Illinois, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Wisconsin fail to pass Shall Issue legislation, or if current Shall Issue states allow their laws to be overturned, the consequences could be sever. Violent, armed criminals who frequent these places are given a tremendous advantage over their victims, who have been forced to use inferior weapons in their defense. Their only hope is to trust their lives to an overworked police force which seems to always be minutes away when seconds count. This future must not become a reality. Just ask Suzanne Gratia. One might expect her to blame gun activists for the tragic death of her parents. Instead Gratia (1991) said "I blame [the death of my parents on] those legislators who deny me the right to defend myself" (Gun ownership, 1992, p. 13).
Abbot, B. (2006). Be prepared – the pros and cons of non-lethal self-defense weapons. Retrieved
November 3, 2010 from http://thephantomwriters.com/free_content/db/a/be-prepared-for-self-defense.shtml.
Children's Defense Fund. (2009). Protect children, not guns 2009 (pamphlet). Washington, DC: Children's
Defense Fund. This pamphlet gives statistical information regarding children shot, wounded, and killed by guns in the United States and calls for tighter gun control to help solve the issue. The CDF is a non-profit child-advocacy program designed to give children the best opportunities to succeed in life. They have been working to promote local, state, and federal pro-child policies for over thirty five years.
Cleary, J. & Shapiro, E. (1999). The effects of "shall issue" concealed-carry licensing laws: A literature
review. Retrieved November 3, 2010 from http://www.house.leg.state.mn.us/hrd/pubs/concarry.pdf. This Information brief reviews studies on the effecs of "shall issue" laws and offers working definitions of both "shall issue" and "may issue" laws. Cleary and Shapiro are legislative analysists at the Minnesota House of Representatives Department of Research with twenty, and thirteen years of experience, respectively.
Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2010). Crime in the United States: By state, 2008. Retrieved
November 3, 2010 from http://www2.fbi.gov/ucr/cius2008/data/table_05.html. This report gives statistical information on violent crime levels in all fifty states during 2008. Since 1908, The Federal Bureau of Investigation has been the nation's foremost authority in crime and criminal behavior.
Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services: Department of Licensing. (2010).
Concealed weapon/firearm summary report. Retrieved November 3, 2010 from http://licgweb.doacs.state.fl.us/stats/cw_monthly.html. This fact sheet reports on the number of Florida residents who have applied for Concealed Carry permits, those who hold them, and those who's licenses have been revoked. The FDACS is a government agency responsible for issuing all licenses and permits in Florida. Their facts are official state records.
Halbrook, S. P. (2010). Heller, the second amendment, and reconstruction: Protecting all freemen or
only militiamen? Santa Clara Law Review, 5, 1073-1094. Retrieved November 3, 2010 from http://www.stephenhalbrook.com/law_review_articles/heller_2nd_amendment.pdf. This article clarifies the purpose of the Second Amendment as an amendment guaranteeing the right of all US citizens to bear arms. Halbrook is a renowned attorney at law, a Professor of Philosophy at George Masson University, and an author. He acquired his J.D. in 1978, as well as a Ph.D. in Philosophy and a B.S. in Business. He has prevailed in four supreme court cases, as well as a multitude of federal and state-level cases.
Jacobs, J. B. (2002, December 15). Right to bear arms decision would improve gun control. USA Today.
Retrieved November 3, 2010 from http://www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/editorials/2002-12-15-jacobs_x.htm. This article discusses the ongoing debate between gun control and gun rights activists and calls for the supreme court to define the second amendment as pertaining to an individual right. Jacobs is the Warren E. Burger Professor of Law and the director of the Center for Research in Crime and Justice at New York University Law School. He is also the author of "Can Gun Control Work?"
Kleck, G. (1997). Guns and Self Defense. Retrieved November 22, 2010 from
http://www.pulpless.com/gunclock/kleck2.html. In this article, Kleck discusses the importance of private gun ownership in America, showing that defensive gun use is common, and that gun ownership has an important role in deterring potential crime. Kleck is a Professor at the School of Criminal Justice and Criminology at the University of Florida. He is well known for his expertise in the gun rights debate, and has Authored several books, including Point Blank: Guns and Violence in America, and Targeting Guns: Firearms and Their Control.
Kovandzic, T. V., & Marvell, T. B. (2003). Right to carry concealed handguns and violent crime: Crime
control through gun control? Criminology and Public Policy, 2(3), 363-396. doi: 10.1177/1088767905279972. This article reports on Marvell and Kovandzic's research on Florida's 1983 RTC law. It concludes that the law's effect on crime was not significant when controlling for other factors. Dr. Kovandzic is a faculty member in the School of Economic, Political and Policy Sciences (previously, Social Sciences) at UT-Dallas. He teaches courses on research methods, statistics, gun control, extent and measurement of crime, and crime patterns. His primary areas of research interest are gun control, crime policy, and deterrence/incapacitation. Thomas B. Marvell is an attorney-sociologist and is director of Justec Research in Williamsburg, VA.
Kovandzic, T. V., Marvell, T. B., & Vieraitis, L. M. (2005) The impact of "shall-issue" concealed handgun
laws on violent crime rates: Evidence from panel data for large urban cities. Homicide Studies, 9(4), 292-323. doi: 10.1177/1088767905279972. This article addresses concerns by gun control proponents that shall issue laws will cause an increase of violence. It studies violent crime rates in all large US cities over the course of twenty years and concludes that shall issue laws have no effect on violent crime. Vieraitis is a professor at the University of Texas. She holds a Ph.D. in criminology and a BA. in Psychology.
Lott, J. R. (1998). More guns less crime: Understanding gun control laws. Chicago, University of Chicago
Press. This book documents Lott's research on the effects of concealed carry on crime rates across the nation using mathematical regression models. John Lott is an American senior research scientist at the University of Maryland, College Park. He holds a Ph.D. in economics, and has published over 90 peer-reviewed articles in academic journals. He is best known for his role in the gun-rights debate, and has written five books including Freedomnomics, and The Bias Against Guns.
Nagourney, E. (2003, May 27). Vital signs: Cause and effect; linking guns and gun violence. New York
Times. Retrieved November 3, 2010 from http://www.nytimes.com/2003/05/27/health/vital-signs-cause-and-effect-linking-guns-and-gun-violence.html
New Hampshire Ratification Document. (1788). Provision XII. Retrieved November 3, 2010 from
http://www.usconstitution.net/rat_nh.html. In this document New Hampshire officially accepts the United States Constitution, thereby enacting it across the nation. It also propose twelve alterations to the constitution, one of which declared that the government should never take arms away from the citizens.
North Dakota Century Code. (2001). Chapter 62.1-04; Concealed Weapons. Retrieved November 3, 2010
from http://www.legis.nd.gov/cencode/t621c04.pdf. This state code gives legal definitions of concealed weapons, provides information on where they are allowed to be carried, and lists penalties for non-compliance.
NRA-ILA. (2008). Right-to-carry summery. Retrieved November 3, 2010 from
http://www.nraila.org/Issues/FactSheets/Read.aspx?id=239. This article summarizes the NRA's beliefs about concealed carry laws and their effects on crime. With nearly 4 million members, the National Rifle Association Institute for Legislative Action is a conservative organization dedicated to preserving the second amendment rights of all Americans. Their lawyers lobby for the rights of US citizens in all fifty state legislatures as well as congress.
NRA-ILA. (2010) The armed citizen. Retrieved November 22, 2010 from
http://www.nraila.org/armedcitizen/Default.aspx. This online collection of real-life stories from thousands of law-abiding citizens who have used guns in self defense testifies to the importance of gun ownership in the American society.
Reynolds, M. & Burnett, S. (2003). No smoking guns: How to answer objections to right-to-carry laws. In
Cothran, H. (Ed.) Gun control: Opposing viewpoints (pp. 116-117). Farmington Hills, MI: Greenhaven Press. This article addresses five key objections to concealed carry, including the idea that concealed carry will cause more accidental gun deaths. Reynolds was a professor emeritus at Texas A&M and former director of the Criminal Justice Center at the National Center for Policy Analysis headquartered in Dallas, TX. Burnett is the lead analyst of the National Center for Policy Analysis' E-Team with a longtime interest in the gun control debate.
Gun ownership has new champion: Killeen massacre survivor – Suzanne Gratia; Killeen, Texas. (1992,
June). Shooting Industry, 6, 12-13. Retrieved November 3, 2010 from
Taser International, Inc. (2010). Retrieved November 3, 2010 from
UNICEF. (2001). No guns, please; we are children (pamphlet). New York: UNICEF Division of
Communication. This pamphlet explains the negative cultural impact of guns and their influences on children around the world. The UNICEF is an international organization which works in 190 countries to promote children's rights. They use their tremendous influence to pressure policymakers and leaders to protect children and give them a better future.
United States Constitution, (1791). Amendment II. This amendment to the United States constitution
guarantees the right of Americans to legally possess firearms.
Vermont Constitution, (1777). Part 1, Article XV. Retrieved November 3, 2010 from
http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/vt01.asp. This article from the Constitution of Vermont guarantees the right of its citizens to possess firearms for their own protection, and that of the state.
Posted by Elijah at 1:08 PM 2 comments
Labels: Politics, Popular Toppics
Saturday, December 5, 2009
Intolerance, or Love?
Christians are so often called intolerant. In a culture that has accepted the muddled postmodern idea of ethics, to condemn any belief or behavior can be hazardous, and is now reserved for the select few who refuse to act like they do not know the truth. I want you to be one of them. As you probably know, the controversy over gay and lesbian rights has now infiltrated the Church, and the ELCA Lutheran Church is now saying there is nothing wrong with homosexuality. But the Bible says something very different:
The Reason for Homosexuality
Some argue that God created homosexuals the way they are. But Romans 1:25 tells us the very reason for Homosexuality. "They exchanged the truth of God for a lie, and worshiped and served created things… Because of this, God gave them over to shameful lusts". What is the truth of God? Homosexuality is wrong. And the Lie? Homosexuality is natural. We have been plagued with Homosexual lust as a society because we are exchanging God's truth for a lie.
A Christian's Response
If God does not tolerate homosexuality, then how should Christians respond? God says there is a "due penalty for [homosexual] perversion". As Christians, then the best thing we can do is to warn gay and lesbian people of the consequences of their behavior, and help them overcome their condition. This is not done out of hatred or "intolerance" but out of love. There are those, of course, who look down on homosexuals. This is entirely wrong, and very much outside the will of God. Christians should love the homosexual, but hate the perversion, just as Jesus would have. But while we love the gay/lesbian person, we cannot simply back down, or be silent about the moral authority of the Bible. God has given us the truth, and he has given us the power to love people a way the world cannot explain, so let's use it!
Posted by Elijah at 8:47 PM 4 comments
Labels: Elijah's World View, Popular Toppics
Tuesday, October 13, 2009
Criteria for Life
Abortion is a tricky subject to argue about, because people who have no problem with it often can twist words to meet their agenda, For example, They can say a fetus is only alive when it can survive on it's own outside the womb. Anyone who has taken a basic Biology course should know the four criteria of life to be, 1: The organism must contain DNA. 2: The organism must be able to sense changes in its Internal or External Enviroment and respond to those changes. 3: The organism must have a system of breaking down proteins to create energy. 4: The organism must be able to reproduce. These criterion say nothing about surviving outside of the womb. Are fish any less alive because they can't survive outside of water? Or are We any less alive because we can't survive without Oxygen to breathe?
Self-Centered Culture
The basic problem, however, has less to do with their logic about what constitutes life, and more to do with their attitude towards life itself. We live in a culture that is often times very self-centered. The people who advocate abortion think that it is more important for people to satisfy their own selfish desires than to sacrifice their lives for the sake of others, like Jesus did. The fundamental problem is that a lot of people in our society choose to turn away from God, who is the source of Love, and seek their own pleasure and their own will instead of His. This was what Adam did in the garden, and it's what you and I do every time that we sin. When a whole culture turns its back on God and seeks its own selfish desires, it starts to do things like promote abortion. Our culture thinks that it is OK for a woman to kill her child if the woman thinks that it will make her life easier.
Posted by Eric at 7:48 AM 1 comments
Labels: Abortion, Eric's World View, Science
Sunday, August 23, 2009
Ancient Man
Where Did Cavemen Originate?
Cavemen have been the ever popular target of scientists, (not to mention cartoonists and advertisers) for decades. The Idea of simpleminded, brutish, cave dwellers, (who wield wooden clubs, grunt constantly and pick insects out of each other's dreads) is so popular that I doubt many people even consider how we got such an idea of ancient mankind. Cavemen did exist, but the idea that they, and other ancient civilizations were anything less than fully human is a deception spread by evolutionists.
When archeologists dig down and find an ancient city, they expect it to be simpler than modern cities. And when they find a city below this ancient city, they expect it to be even simpler, (following me Ok?). But as archeologists discover more and more of humanity's past, they are discovering that this is often not the case. The ancient Mayans were masters of astronomy and mathematics. They had the solar year calculated to be 365.2420 days long. Only just recently have we discovered it to be .0002 days longer than this. In Mesopotamia, a ceramic jar, dating back to 2500 B.C. contained a device that, when filled with grape juice, produced an electric current of 1.5 volts. The ancient Phoenicians visited West Virginia, and left inscriptions on giant stones, as far back as 3000 years ago. Stonehenge, the Pyramids, the Great Wall of China, evolutionists call these findings "mysteries". But are they? You see, if we are to believe that Mankind has evolved, we should see a gradual increase in technology in all of earth's cultures, throughout the years. This is because man's achievements would have always been limited by his mental capacity. But the only way to explain the mysteries of archeology is to admit that man was not limited by his mental capacity at any point in known history.
Limitations of Advancement
Obviously not all cultures were equally advanced, but this is not because of mental limitations, but factors such as quality of life, the availability of food and water, natural resources, perverted religion, and the population of people pursuing advancement, have been shown to keep innovations in a standstill. Take for instance, the middle ages. During the middle ages, quality of life was at rock bottom. People were more concerned with staying alive than inventing the electric toaster. Also, corrupt religious officials kept Galileo from his research. And the scarcities of food and water in some regions of Africa have (kept tribesmen, who have the potential to be just as drop dead brilliant as me, I'm joking of course) from advancing to higher technology for hundreds of years. What about the cultures that did succeed in advancing to amassing heights? One word, extinction. Like the Romans, (who by the end of their empire, had paved roads, international mail, and advanced government) other empires disappeared, and their inventions with them.
The Modern Technology Boom
So what about today? Does the 21st century mess this idea up? Japan is already developing the 4th generation of cell phones, and computers that used to take up an entire room can now fit into your pocket. Believe it or not, I believe that all this, (and more) could have been achieved by mankind in the first hundred years after creation. We have no reason to believe that it did, but it could have. The reason technology has blown through the roof in present times is because of global communication. It weren't for global communication mankind would not have been able to work together and share ideas. And because of global communication, extinction is no longer a problem, (unless all humans die simultaneously, which I think we would all agree, would be a problem). In the end, there is no historical evidence of any mental evolution of the human race. Even in the days when people lived in caves, mankind was created in the image of God, and shows every evidence of being just as intelligent as modern man.
Posted by Elijah at 7:14 PM 6 comments


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Slovak Extraliga Game Night: 12-9-12
Slovak Extraliga (Slovakia)
Banska Bystrica 2 vs. Nitra 1
Dana Tyrell, Banska Bystrica, 0-2-2, +2, 0 PIM
Season totals: 2 GP, 0-3-3, +5, 0 PIM
Banska Bystrica won its second match of the weekend, fending off league powerhouse Nitra on Sunday by a narrow margin. Dana Tyrell had helpers on both goals for the home team, the first coming on the power play after a failed pass attempt that Clayton Stoner gathered and fired on net, generating a rebound that banked in after being in front from the left side of the net. The other Tyrell gained by chipping the puck to a teammate steaming through center ice, springing a successful 2-on-1. Banska Bystrica (13-13-4-1, 48 PTS) and Nitra (15-9-5-2, 57 PTS) will spend this week at rest before squaring off again on Sunday.
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
It took me over a week to write about the passing of Ted Sorensen, a hero in my eyes. I never managed to note that Walt Minnick did in fact lose his congressional seat. I can't put into words my profound disappointment in the Idaho Democratic Party and the so-called leaders of it; I may not have been the most vocal, but my disappointment was certainly the deepest. And, I continue to think about the DREAM Act and how it was then Senators Craig and Crapo who approached the ASISU Senate and asked us to pass a bill that supported the DREAM Act. My, how things change in four years. Yet, I can't seem to write about that, either."install me in any profession
Save this damn'd profession of writing,
where one needs one's brains all the time."
-- Ezra Pound, from "The Lake Isle"
My frustration with the political environment in which we find ourselves is unending. Do people even bother to find the facts anymore? Do people even bother to question whether what they hear from the mouths of their leaders is based in truth? We pass tax cuts that barely help the middle class while giving a hand-out to the highest earners in our country who are least in need of such a hand-out. We live in a country where people are piecing together health care to get by, rather than finding adequate and affordable health care that will allow them to feel well enough to find their own personal successes; a country where our children are hungry and their parents are stressed to maximum capacity because they can't provide for their families, can't keep a roof over their heads; and, we live in a country where finding a job that pays a living-wage is as difficult as finding a needle in a haystack. My frustrations are endless right now, politically and personally.
Sometimes writing comes easily. At times I write with a fluidity that makes blogging a natural hobby. At others, like now, I find myself resenting the time commitment and the lack of reward. After six years of blogging, I shouldn't be surprised that it doesn't provide for me what it used to. It's hard to keep your head in the game when your heart simply isn't. My heart certainly isn't in it and in writing as Mr. Pound once said, "one needs one's brains all the time."
The fluidity will either return or it won't. In chess, a player can abandon a game to end it due to discouragement, but here, like in chess and politics, I'm simply choosing to adjourn or take a bit of a break.


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Florida Takes Historic Legal Action Against Georgia in Fight to Save Apalachicola Bay
- Written by Staff
TAMPA, FL – Today, Florida Governor Rick Scott and Attorney General Pam Bondi announced that the State of Florida has filed suit against Georgia to stop its unchecked and growing consumption of water that continues to harm the families of Northwest Florida.
Governor Rick Scott said, "Georgia has refused to fairly share the waters that flow between our two states, so to stop Georgia's unmitigated consumption of water we have brought the matter before the U.S. Supreme Court. Georgia's over-consumption of water threatens the existence of Apalachicola Bay and the future economic development of the region. Generations of Florida families have relied upon these waters for their livelihood, but now risk losing their way of life if Georgia's actions are not stopped. Through this historic legal action we are fighting for the future of Apalachicola Bay and its families. After 20 years of failed negotiations with Georgia, this is our only way forward in securing the economic future of Northwest Florida."
Attorney General Pam Bondi said, "I am proud to join Governor Scott in this fight to protect Florida's fair share of water from Georgia's over-consumption, which is devastating Apalachicola Bay's ecosystem."
Florida and Alabama have each sought relief from harm caused by reduced flows and increased Georgia consumption in the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint (ACF) River Basins over the past 20 years through legal challenges, without success. Florida now proposes to address the problem squarely – an Original Action filed with the U.S. Supreme Court seeking injunctive relief against Georgia's unmitigated and unsustainable upstream consumption of water from the Chattahoochee and Flint River Basins.
Apalachicola River water levels are impacted by withdrawals from the Chattahoochee and Flint Rivers at all times. The Metro-Atlanta area primarily obtains its water from the Chattahoochee River, with withdrawals totaling 360 million gallons per day. Georgia's consumption is expected to nearly double to approximately 705 million gallons per day by 2040, as Atlanta's population and associated water withdrawals grow unchecked. That estimated daily consumption represents the approximate water volume of the entire Apalachicola Bay on an annual basis.
Historically-low water levels brought about by Georgia's excessive consumption have caused oysters to die because of higher salinity, increased disease and predator intrusion in the Bay. Until recently, Apalachicola Bay accounted for approximately 10 percent of the nation's Eastern oyster supply. However, the oyster industry in Apalachicola collapsed in 2012 after years of reduced flows of freshwater into the Bay, leading Governor Scott to seek and obtain a Commercial Fisheries Disaster Declaration from the U.S. Department of Commerce earlier this year.
For an FAQ on the legal action, click HERE.
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Changes for version 0.061_02 - 2014-03-23
- Have Astro::Coord::ECI::TLE magnitude() method set the station's time. Correct logic for building the fold_case() utliity subroutine under Perls before 5.16.
Changes for version 0.061_01 - 2014-03-20
- Computation of (perhaps very) approximate magnitudes for satellites is now supported. Changes to support this include:
- A magnitude() method on all classes that represent satellites;
- An intrinsic_magnitude attribute (defaulting to undef) on Astro::Coord::ECI::TLE objects;
- Default intrinsic_magnitude to 7 on Astro::Coord::ECI::TLE::Iridium objects;
- A canned table of intrinsic magnitudes in Astro::Coord::ECI::TLE which includes most of the objects in the Celestrak visual list, with magnitudes from Mike McCants' mcnames.zip and vsnames.zip files;
- Support in the Astro::Coord::ECI::TLE parse() method to set the magnitude of satellites that are in the table;
- Static method magnitude_table() on Astro::Coord::ECI::TLE to maintain the canned magnitude table;
- Modify the Astro::Coord::ECI::Sun magnitude() method to take an observing station argument (which is ignored) to be consistent with the same-named Astro::Coord::ECI::TLE method.
- The precess() and precess_dynamical() methods now do nothing to objects set to Earth-fixed coordinates. Previously they were converted to Ecliptic (and therefore inertial) coordinates, which manifested as a bug when the observing station was an attribute of a star. Support new (to us) Space Track JSON keys FILE, OBJECT_TYPE, ORDINAL and ORIGINATOR with same-named (except for being lower case) attributes. Method body_type() now returns the 'object_type' attribute if that is defined. If not it computes its return from the object name, like it always has.
- satpass - Predict satellite passes over an observer.
- Astro::Coord::ECI::OVERVIEW - Overview of Astro::Coord::ECI and friends
- Astro::Coord::ECI - Manipulate geocentric coordinates
- Astro::Coord::ECI::Mixin - Provide common methods without multiple inheritance.
- Astro::Coord::ECI::Moon - Compute the position of the Moon.
- Astro::Coord::ECI::Star - Compute the position of a star.
- Astro::Coord::ECI::Sun - Compute the position of the Sun.
- Astro::Coord::ECI::TLE - Compute satellite locations using NORAD orbit propagation models
- Astro::Coord::ECI::TLE::Iridium - Compute behavior of Iridium satellites
- Astro::Coord::ECI::TLE::Set - Represent a set of data for the same ID.
- Astro::Coord::ECI::Utils - Utility routines for astronomical calculations


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STRANGE BUT TRUE- Rubbed raw: Chronic itching no laughing matter
Q. How bad can the "chronic itching syndrome" get? H. O. Psoriasis
A. This is actually surprisingly widespread, affecting hundreds of millions worldwide, a result of scabies, eczema, kidney or liver disease, HIV, infectious illnesses, drug reactions, says Greg Miller in the journal Science. For reasons not well understood, itching can occur over large swaths of the body or be concentrated on the face, back, etc. And when it strikes, it can increase mortality rates, probably due to severe sleep loss.
One grisly case involved a Bostonian after a shingles outbreak: Her rash cleared up, but not the itch, which led her to scratch so much that emergency room doctors discovered brain tissue protruding through a hole she had worn in her skull!
While an itch used to be regarded as "pain's little brother," today the two are believed to "talk independently to the brain." Some substances such as morphine may actually dull pain but trigger itching as a side effect, while others reduce itching without quieting pain. Yet to be studied: Why is scratching an itch so addictive? It feels bodily rewarding, which may also help explain its contagiousness: Just seeing someone else go at it can set off your own episode, as can reading a Q&A on the subject.
Q. Is it more brains or brawn that leads some birds to a life of crime? –A. Hale
A. A big-brained body seems to do it, says S. Milius in Science News magazine. Julie Morand-Ferron of the University of Quebec in Montreal and colleagues checked out hundreds of scientific reports of bird-on-bird food snatching; she herself also observed Carib grackles in Barbados sneaking dry dog food out of unattended bowls, then deftly swiping pellets from each other. Of the 9,672 known bird species, some two percent have "criminal" records, including families of falcons, eagles, and pelicans that tend to go after sizeable meals such as an already captured fish or mouse.
Such "kleptoparasitism" may involve acrobatic midair grabs, zigzaggy chases, or harassment of successful hunters until some of the booty is regurgitated for the thief. Roseate terns use outright trickery to rob larger species and each other: One tern flirted with fish-carrying males only long enough to sidle up and grab their food. Yet these tern thieves are "far and away the best parents." Said one Iowa researcher, "It can give you a new respect for kleptoparasites."
Q. When the weather gets you down, would it be more correct to say you're "not feeling so good" or "not feeling so well"? Feeling "bad" or "badly"? –J. Brown
A. The issue here, as you good (adjective) grammarians well (adverb) know, is the discriminating use of adjectives and adverbs; or you might say, using your adjectives and adverbs well (adverb), says Mark Davidson in Right, Wrong, and Risky: A Dictionary of Today's American English Usage. If you feel good, that can mean you're in a good mood or in good health. But you might as well restrict feeling good to mood, because feeling well is restricted to health.
You might do well in English class but not good, because well is an adverb. You might also feel good about your doing well in English. When advertisers are doing well (adverb) by doing good (noun), they're perhaps profiting from joining forces with environmentalists (doing a good deed). But, sympathetic you, shouldn't say you feel badly (adverb) because people are losing their jobs, unless this somehow throws off the neurology of your feeling fingertips. Even if all of this is bad (adjective) stuff to deal with, let's hope you handle it well and feel good about doing so.
Q. Why are there so many different toothpastes on the market? I. Pana
A. Because toothpaste as advertised has a lot of work to do, such as preventing cavities, whitening teeth, freshening breath, cleaning sensitive teeth, and there's even a liver-flavored variety for dogs, says Simon Quellen Field in Why There's Antifreeze in Your Toothpaste.
Toothpastes need to have abrasives to scour off bacterial film, fluoride to harden the teeth against decay, thickeners to help squeeze the stuff out of the tube and stay on the brush, strong and pleasant flavors to mask the bad taste of decaying bits of food as well as the awful taste of other ingredients like detergents and phosphates. Detergents are used to remove any fatty film, plus water softeners make the detergent work better. This also helps clean the teeth and provides a foam to carry away debris. The list goes on, such as sequestering agents, sulfates for dissolving plaque, baking soda for "mouth feel."
The aforementioned "antifreeze" is typically glycerin or propylene glycol, safe and edible in small doses, with a moisturizing effect to keep the toothpaste from drying out when the cap is left off. "However, if it's diethylene glycol, the toxic ingredient found in a car's radiator, you do have a problem," Field says.
Send Strange questions to brothers Bill and Rich at firstname.lastname@example.com.


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The beginnings of Indian philosophy: selections from the Rig Veda, Atharva Veda, Upaniṣads, and Mahābhārata
Franklin Edgerton
s..n., 1965 - Hinduism - 362 pages
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Philosophy in the Mahabharata
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abiding action Agni Arjuna Atharva Veda atman attains based?—On becomes Bhagavad Gita body born Brahman Brahmanaspati breath BrhArUp buddhi called Chapter consciousness cosmic darkness dear death desire Deussen discipline dtman enlightened entered eternal ether evil evolvents existence Field-knower fire gandharvas Gargi Gita gods gross elements henotheism highest goal Hindu Holy Utterance Holy Word homage hymn I-faculty immortal imperishable Indra intellect Kanva text knower knowledge Krsna life-breath magic Mahabharata material nature means monism mystic Naciketas oblation Parjanya perishable Prajapati prakrti primal principle Purusa rebirth revere Rig Veda ritual Ruddy sacrifice salvation Samkara Samkhya Samkhya and Yoga Samkhya-followers Sanskrit sattva Savitar seems seers sense-objects sense-organs senses shining soma soul speech spirit stanza strands supreme Thee thing thou thought thought-organ truth Tvastar twenty-fifth universe unmanifest unto Upanisads Vedic verily verse vital powers wind wise Yajfiavalkya Yama Yoga Yoga-followers


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Services of Water Heater Repair Collinsville OH
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Do not think twice to call Hot Water Heater Repair Collinsville OH with any concerns or concerns.
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As America greets the New Year, we wonder if this nation has the collective resolve to true our wayward ship, to shake off the doldrums, renew our spirit of individual responsibility and regain our status as the inspirational leader in the world of new ideas.
To do that, we would first need to pay less heed to the naysayers, to honor those who seek to improve their communities and the common good — not those who benefit at the expense of others to the detriment of the national character and strength.
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Middlebury could be poised for a resurgence in job growth with families moving back into town to fill vacant school desks, enliven athletic programs, create a need for home construction, fill stores with shoppers, prompt retail growth to meet local needs and infuse the community with the energy inherent in a town that has a vision for sustainable prosperity.
But, as in all things in business, such growth won't happen without commitment and a willingness to invest.
As these 12 days before Christmas loom before us — family is coming, there are meals to prepare and presents yet to buy — remember to relax and enjoy the rich traditions of this holiday season that make it so worthwhile.
The holiday focus in Middlebury — as in Brandon, Bristol and Vergennes — is about community festivals, contributing to several wonderful community causes, listening to chorus groups ring in the season with bells and beautiful voices, and for many it is a season for worship and reflection.
Did President Barack Obama cave in to Republican leaders when he didn't need to? Would it not have been better for Democrats to let the tax cuts expire on Dec. 31 — along with unemployment insurance for 2 million jobless Americans — and then watch to see if House Republicans would continue to push tax cuts for millionaires, while the unemployed went hungry and tens of millions of middle-class Americans contemplate tax increases?
If you're wondering why a few Republican leaders are pouncing on President Obama's alleged dismissal of "American exceptionalism," it's mostly politics, not substance. These would-be presidential hopefuls are suggesting that Obama is undermining American values in an attempt to smear his reputation among voters. The hope is that Americans will turn against the president not because of what he will have accomplished or believes, but by how Republicans characterize his views as "un-American."
It is, in short, another shameful episode of the 'culture wars' waged by the Republican Party.
Four weeks after a hard-fought election, Governor-elect Peter Shumlin continues to surprise and impress with his choice of department heads and the speed with which he is assembling a very capable cabinet.
The recent appointment of political rival Doug Racine, a state senator in Chittenden County for 14 years (along with six years as lieutenant governor) who lost the gubernatorial primary race to Shumlin by a razor-thin 203 votes, not only demonstrates Shumlin's willingness to mend fences but also to reach out to the best leaders available.
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Sunday, February 27, 2011
when i'm in the middle of a dream, stay in bed, float up stream
10 comments:
love love love your blog!
- February 27, 2011 at 5:24 PM
- JessM said... [Reply to comment]
Your blog is literally my favorite, or at least in like my top three.
I've never been so inspired by pictures of people lounging in bed:)
- February 27, 2011 at 6:09 PM
- Alexis said... [Reply to comment]
Anonymous - thank you so so so much! :)
- February 27, 2011 at 8:36 PM
- Alexis said... [Reply to comment]
JessM - ah thank you so much! I love your site, so I'm really glad that you enjoy mine as well! Seriously, these women are so inspiring - they can inspire you to want to lounge in bed :)
- February 27, 2011 at 8:37 PM
- Raquel said... [Reply to comment]
Pictures are oh so lovely, as usual. My weeks seem to be just so mundane with classes/studying/reading textbooks/work/etc... so don't worry, you aren't alone with the lack of excitement! x
- February 28, 2011 at 10:14 PM
- Summer.B said... [Reply to comment]
great images and subject as always :)... i love lazy weekends xx
- March 1, 2011 at 7:32 AM
- Alexis said... [Reply to comment]
Raquel - it sounds like we're living the same life! If I'm not in class, then I'm doing work, studying, or reading for a class (or I'm doing "research" for my blog - a girl's gotta have some fun!)
Ugh, I just want spring to come, and then summer, and then freedom!! Hahah :)
- March 2, 2011 at 4:03 PM
- Alexis said... [Reply to comment]
Summer.B - thank you very much! It's not hard to find inspiration with these women though, so all the goodness lays with them (lays quite literally, in this particular case :)
And aren't lazy weekends the best? (certainly Andy Samberg/Chris Parnell would agree ... I need to stop with the pop culture references from 2006 ...)
- March 2, 2011 at 4:05 PM
- Nicole Holm said... [Reply to comment]
gorgeous photos!
- March 3, 2011 at 7:19 AM
- Alexis said... [Reply to comment]
Thank you Nicole!
- April 19, 2011 at 10:20 PM


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|Page from funeral book of Pearl Moore Zehrung
|Framed wedding scroll of O.C. Moore and Pearl Zehrung
|MOORE FAMILY: Oswin, Pearl, and daughter Stella, 1907
The beautiful 18 x 24 framed wedding scroll is the only real paper evidence. It hangs on the wall in my living room and I value it as one of my most valuable possessions. In all the family records I have, I do not have their official record from the court house for some reason so that is one that I must go find. This prompt did serve a purpose to alert me to the fact that the record was not in my papers or on the computer so it is another thing to add to the "to do list".
Grandma Pearl was really a home maker and Mother to three girls and did not have a lot of outside interests beyond her family. She was a wonderful cook who passed that passion down to her girls and their children. She was a life long member of the Royal Neighbors and the Methodist Church and her interest in the Royal Neighbors organization also passed along to her three children who maintained a standing with the Royal Neighbors and one who actively worked with them for years as a book keeper and group promoter. Grandma and Grandpa liked to attend area dances during the early years of Alliance and they enjoyed playing cards with close friends.
I was less than a year old when Grandma Pearl passed away at the age of sixty-six in the year 1953. She was a hard worker and devoted the last years of her life to taking care of Grandpa when he became ill, eventually bedridden and he then passed away a short time before her.
Wonderful pictures, heirlooms and stories of Grandma have survived so those things have helped to bring her to life for me and I proudly carry many of her characteristics and especially her looks! Attending to her final resting place has been my privilege since I was a small girl.
In memory of Pearl Mae Zehrung Moore
Fearless Females blog prompts suggested by The Accidental Genealogist, Lisa Alzo


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Is natural gas a transportation game changer?
If natural gas continues to be significantly less expensive than diesel, it would make sense that some portion of the transportation sector would convert from diesel to natural gas. But in doing so, demand for diesel would decline relative to demand for natural gas—and this would cause price convergence. How are are we from this reality?
Derik Andreoli, Ph.D.c. is the Senior Analyst at Mercator International, LLC.
in the NewsReport: Pallet wrap sales growing steadily U.S. West Coast ports warned about "complacency" Dematic names Bernard Biolchini EVP and CEO, Americas Logisticians, carriers fret over U.S. economy's future U.S.-bound shipments trend down in June, reports Panjiva More News
Although the average price for a gallon of diesel has declined $0.22 in the last two months, diesel remains a dollar more expensive than it was a year ago. With little relief in sight, it's not surprising that an increasing number of fleet managers suffering from "pain at the pump" have become interested in converting all or some of their vehicles to run on natural gas.
Whether or not this is a good idea, however, pivots on whether or not the shale gas revolution, which has driven prices down from more than $13 to just over $4 per thousand cubic feet (Mcf), is sustainable. Unfortunately, a careful study of the process and economics of shale gas production suggests that the current low prices and supply glut are transitory.
While there is no doubt that U.S. shale gas reserves are immense, and shale gas production has come to supply nearly a quarter of U.S. gas demand, the size of the reserve matters much less than the rate of sustainable extraction. While the rate of shale gas production surged from 1.0 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) in 2006 to 4.8 Tcf in 2010, a number of valid arguments cast doubt on the sustainability of this trend.
In a conventional natural gas play, a well is drilled through an impermeable cap rock and into a source rock through which hydrocarbons can easily flow. Because the natural gas in a conventional field is under great pressure, once the drill breaks through the cap rock, the gas flows to the surface under its own accord.
Unlike conventional source rocks, shale is completely impermeable. Consequently, any hydrocarbons that formed in shale are trapped there indefinitely. The only way to release them is by fracturing the rock itself; and even then, only those hydrocarbons at the fracture interface are released.
Importantly, because the gas in the surrounding rock is trapped, the life of a hydraulically fractured well is much shorter than a conventional field. Furthermore, producing the same areal extent of a shale formation requires more costly wells, equipment, and pipelines than would be required on a conventional gas field.
The process of hydraulic fracturing, or "fracing," requires producers to pump massive quantities of water, proppants, and biocides into the ground under high pressure. The pressure fractures the formation and releases the hydrocarbons found at the fracture interface.
Because the weight of the overburdened formation threatens to greatly reduce the flow of hydrocarbons, proppants are mixed in with the fracing fluid. The proppants act as a mechanical wedge which 'props' open the newly created fractures.
The flow through the fractures is also threatened by blooms of hydrocarbon-consuming bacteria. As a consequence, biocides which inhibit bacterial growth are also mixed with the fracing fluid. The necessary inclusion of biocides in fracing fluid is a cause of great concern among activists, and for good reason.
Most, but not all, of the fracing fluid which is pumped into the ground is produced along with the hydrocarbons. This fluid must be transported to a treatment facility, and the cost of treatment is born by the producer. Measures of effluent coming out of water treatment facilities show that some are not capable of effectively processing fracing fluid. More than that, however, it's unclear where the portion of biocides that remain in the ground will eventually end up.
Currently, there is a growing movement in Pennsylvania, New York, and elsewhere to ban hydraulic fracturing on the grounds that the human health and environmental risks of groundwater and surface water contamination are unacceptably high, and safeguards are unacceptably low. The documentary film Gasland, that famously shows flames shooting out from a man's water faucet, helped inspire this movement. The logic follows that if the natural gas can migrate into water wells, what's to prevent the biocides from doing the same?
The anti-fracing movement has been further invigorated by the research of Prof. Dan Voltz who shows a statistical relationship between drinking water quality, cancer clusters, and the sites of shale gas wells. Efforts to ban hydrofracing have inspired the New York legislature to place a moratorium on shale gas production in the watershed that supplies New York City with drinking water. And outside the U.S., hydraulic fracturing has been banned outright in France over rising environmental concerns.
Many fracing proponents argue that the process is safe. Others argue that no process is without risk, and that the detrimental impacts of high energy prices justify taking these risks. But whether or not the process can be done safely is not the point. The point is that there is a large and growing population that does not trust that shale gas extraction can be done safely, and this group has evolved into a very active and effective opponent to the natural gas industry.
It pays to play, but not all shale plays pay: While concerned citizen activists have in some cases been successful in thwarting the efforts of shale gas producers, there are others, like petroleum geologist, consultant, and shale gas proponent, Arthur Berman, who argue that the prospects for shale gas being a "game changer" are inflated—that both reserves and future production rates have been overestimated. Berman makes a convincing and empirically grounded case that the methodology used to estimate shale gas reserves and future production rates is flawed.
In addition to questioning the estimation of critical variables that drive the mathematical models used to estimate reserves and future production, Berman takes aim at a critical underlying assumption—that shale gas formations are homogeneous. If the homogeneity assumption, which is the assumption that the quantity of natural gas per cubic foot is consistent throughout the formation, holds true, the production rate of any particular well can be used to estimate the total reserves and potential production rates across the entire formation.
Berman demonstrates that the shale plays are, in fact, highly heterogeneous. He shows that economical production in two of the most extensively explored and produced shale plays, the Barnett and Haynesville plays, can only be accomplished in core areas. Taken together, these core areas represent no more than 20 percent of the total areal extent of these plays. Hence, reserves are likely overestimated.
The gas glut is the arbiter of arbitrage: For the sake of argument, however, let's step back and give the industry the benefit of the doubt. Let's imagine that environmentalists toss in the towel or that their protests have no impact on producers' bottom lines.
Let's also imagine that the thoughtful and substantiated criticisms by Mr. Berman and others are proven wrong. In other words, let's imagine that shale gas production can continue growing at recent rates. Under this scenario, there would be a strong force—call it an invisible hand—impelling producers to transport and sell gas in high priced markets, like eastern Europe, China, and India.
Globally, investment is already flowing into liquid natural gas (LNG) tanker construction, and liquefaction and regasification facilities. These investments could allow a physical arbitrage that would cause prices in the U.S. to rise while prices elsewhere would fall.
Similarly, if natural gas continues to be significantly less expensive than diesel, it would make sense that some portion of the transportation sector would convert from diesel to natural gas. But in doing so, demand for diesel would decline relative to demand for natural gas—and this would cause price convergence.
Does all this mean that fleet managers should not consider natural gas alternatives? Of course not. There is a lot of natural gas trapped in shale, and I have no doubt that it will continue to contribute increasingly to domestic gas production. But as the industry learns more about the process we can expect one of two outcomes. Either the significant proportion of uneconomical wells will decline; thus, the growth in supply will slow, or the prices will rise to make uneconomical wells turn a profit.
Given that shale gas is much more capital, energy, and land intensive to produce, it makes little sense to expect gas prices to remain so low. The problem with shale is not the size of the reserves, it's that shale gas can't be inexpensively produced using environmentally benign techniques.
See related articles:
Natural gas is gaining traction but not without scrutiny
Diesel prices drop 6.2 cents, says Energy Information Administration
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Racism costs U.S. billions annually
Freddie Allen | 11/18/2013, 11 a.m.
WASHINGTON (NNPA) – Closing the income gap between Whites and minorities would boost earnings by 12 percent, an economic windfall of $1 trillion, for a nation burdened by debt and an anemic job market, according to a recent study by the W.K. Kellogg Foundation and the Altarum Institute.
The study, titled "The Business Case for Racial Equity," looks at the legacy of racism in the United States and how addressing racial disparities would have a significant impact on the American economy.
The study looked at a number of racial disparities that have plagued Blacks and other minorities, including health, housing, employment, income and wealth.
"There is a tendency to frame the disparities and the gaps as a burden to the nation. Seldom do we frame it as a business case," said Gail Christopher, vice president of program strategy for the W.K. Kellogg Foundation. "We wouldn't be having these deficit conversations if we put our energy into making economic viability an option for people of color."
The shifting demographics of the American population make the argument for racial equity even more compelling. The U.S. Census Bureau estimates that racial and ethnic minorities will account for more than 50 percent of the United States population by 2043. Minority births in the United States exceeded White births for the first time in 2012. Minority babies today will become the workforce of tomorrow, making critical contributions to entitlement programs largely enjoyed by a graying White population.
Yet, minority communities continue to suffer systemic discrimination that weakens the U.S. economy. The W.K. Kellogg racial equity report found that closing the earnings gap now would lift the gross domestic product by $1.9 billion.
The report also analyzed what closing the earning gap would look like at 2030 and 2050 and found even more striking results.
"Minorities make up 37% of the working age population now, but they are projected to grow to 46% by 2030, and 55% by 2050. Closing the earnings gap by 2030 would increase GDP by 16%, or more than $5 trillion a year," the report stated. "Federal tax revenues would increase by over $1 trillion and corporate profits would increase by $450 billion."
According to the Kellogg study, if the income gap between Whites and minorities were closed by 2045, minority consumers would account for 70 percent of all purchases.
"A consumer driven economy requires people who have the income that enables them to fuel the engines," Christopher explained.
Failing to address health disparities continues to eat away at the United States economy's bottom line.
"An Urban Institute study found that the differences in preventable disease rates among African Americans, Hispanics, and whites cost the health care system $24 billion annually," the Kellogg report stated. That price tag will double by 2050 if left unchecked.
The Affordable Care Act will have a disproportionate benefit for Blacks who currently survive with lower levels of health insurance and lack access to quality health care, suffering and dying from largely preventable and chronic diseases. According to the report, 19.5 percent of Blacks lack health insurance compared to 11 percent of Whites.


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Back This post has expired! It was posted more than 318 days ago. All by recruiter Email
Location: stellenbosch
Chef de partie Stellenbosch Fine dinning
restaurant in Stellenbosch seeks skilled chef de partie to join their team.
Will work under one of cape town's top chefs, loads of room for growth
Candidate should be well spoken well-presented and passionate about the industry.
perfect for recent chef school with 3 to
2-3 years exp with in top establishment. Must have own transport.
Sharpen your skills under one of SA'S top chefs.
Salary R8000-R10 000
Email cv in ms word to apply.


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by Umer Draz
We Buy Houses Nationwide.! We buy houses from home sellers looking to sell for many different reasons. Recent changes in the economy have created the need for more creative real estate solutions.
There will always be a need for the traditional real estate market, but alternative solutions are important as well to keep the real estate market going.
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Join in and write your own page! It's easy to do. How? Simply click here to return to Homes For Sale - Free Ads .


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Firstly Bingo Bash can be downloaded free of cost. Thus, you shouldn't worry about any hidden costs. Different designs are out there for either Android and iPhone, therefore this is another strain that you can forget about.
The next factor that should impress you about Bingo Bash is that it is pretty safe. There's no need to stress about your personal info being taken if this is the game that you opt for.
Furthermore, it gives you a huge choice of Free Chips, and as a result you would be spoilt for choices. It is very unlikely that you won't be able to find a little something that would match your requirement as the solution of Free Chips is also available.
In case you do not like a particular game, you can switch to yet another one.
By the way, I strongly recommend checking our Facebook.


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Committee Charge
The University wide Affirmative Action and Diversity Committee is charged with ensuring that Shawnee State is in compliance with all applicable laws, and has best-practices programming for its employees and students. The committee brings institutional problems and concerns relating to discrimination to the attention of the president; writing, reviewing and recommending, as appropriate, policies and procedures; and planning and conducting educational activities that will sensitize the university community about issues related to equal opportunity and affirmative action..
Committee Membership Under Review
No minutes have been posted.
Year-End Report
No reports have been posted.


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Vermicomposting, worm bin, composting with worms community and forums
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Aspects of Feminism and Gender in the Novels of Three West African Women Writers (Aidoo, Emecheta, Darko)
Books on African Studies, Jerry Bedu-Addo, 2002 - Feminism in literature - 90 pages
From inside the book
13 pages matching African societies in this book
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Third World and African Feminist Debate
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Abena Busia accept Accra acquire African context African feminism African literature African societies African women writers African writers Aidoo and Emecheta Akobi Albert Alice Walker Amadiume Amma Darko Ata Aidoo aware becomes Black women bride wealth Buchi Emecheta Chandra Talpade Mohanty colonialism concept confronted cultural Darko defined described dream earn economic English Europe experience feelings femi Frauen freedom friends Fusena gender inequality gender roles Germany Ghana Ghanaian Gitte husband Ibid Igbo images of African ISBN Kehinde Kehinde's Kolawole literary criticism lives London Mama Kiosk Mara Mara's marital rape marry Mohanty Moriammo mother motherhood narration novel Ogundipe-Leslie Ogunyemi opinion Opokuya oppression political polygamous marriage polygamy position problems protagonist racism returns to Nigeria Rike second wife sexual shows status Stiwanism struggle subjugation term feminism Third World Third World women tion topic traditional Uwakweh village West African Western feminism Western feminists wives woman womanist


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Big inside, small on the outside.
Bolder, sportier and more fun.
Advanced styling inside and out.
The return of the ideal sports car.
A legend reborn.
Compact outside, spacious inside.
Sleek, smooth and fuel efficient.
Cutting edge technology.
Performance and efficiency.
Best of all worlds.
Return of recreation.
Sleek and muscular small SUV.
The SUV for every journey.
The ultimate family SUV.
For the toughest challenges in style.
Tough, durable and comfortable.
Built to conquer.
Tough to the task.
The legendary workhorse.
Maximum space, maximum comfort.
Professional and reliable.
Comfort and versatility.
With its bold attitude and premium good looks, assert your presence on and off the road with the Rogue.
Relax in a premium black leather accented interior (perforated), with heated front seats for chilly days and an 8-way electrically adjustable driver's seat for your comfort.
With a functional, load-rated black sports bar and hard tonneau cover with a dust defence kit, Rogue has the style and strength to take on tough conditions.
Ready for serious off-road action, Rugged can take you further than ever before.
Helping you tackle Australian conditions, the snorkel provides cleaner air to the engine, optimising air flow and engine temperature in dusty environments.
Rock rails help to protect from hard hits in rocky terrain, with bold body side mouldings for extra protection and 17" alloy wheels.
Primed for adventure and stronger than ever, Rugged X is built to conquer whatever lies ahead.
A new, fully integrated LED light bar is complemented by two LED spread beam driving lights to provide maximum visibility on unlit roads and off-road terrain.
An innovative style of bullbar seamlessly integrates frontal protection and lighting, complemented by front and rear recovery points[J10] and a bash plate for the rough stuff.
[B5] The Bluetooth® word mark is owned by The Bluetooth SIG, Inc. Not all devices will be compatible and functionality will vary depending on the device.
[G5] Not all devices will be compatible and functionality will vary depending on the device.
[G8] iPod® and iPhone® are trademarks of Apple, Inc. Not all devices will be compatible and functionality will vary depending on the device.
[N1] Current navigation mapping database encompasses major capital and primary national road networks as well as offering some coverage of regional areas. (Available on current SR5 models)
[J10] Use of recovery points has safety risks which need to be assessed and managed before every recovery operation. Incorrect use of the recovery points may result in death, serious injury or vehicle damage. Always follow warnings and instructions provided on the vehicle and in the Owner's Manual.
[TL1] Toyota Link is available on certain vehicle models and grades only. Toyota Link services rely on data from the driver's compatible mobile phone and information provided by third parties. Availability is dependent on a number of factors, including the availability of third party information, mobile service, sufficient mobile data allowance and GPS satellite signal reception. Mobile usage is at the user's cost. Toyota Australia reserves the right to add, remove or modify applications. Further information is provided at www.toyota.com.au/toyotalink
[B4] Reversing Camera/Active Traction Control (A-TRC)/Hill-start Assist Control (HAC)/Downhill Assist Control (DAC) is a driver assist device only and should not be used as a substitute for safe driving practices. The area into which the vehicle is driven must be visually monitored by the driver. Driver remains responsible at all times for safe driving.
Give the Fergusons Toyota Sales Team a call at Hurstville - 02 8974 7743 or Enquire Online.
Get the very latest brochure on the Toyota HiLux.
Experience the HiLux yourself, book a test drive online.
Speak with our team for finance and / or insurance advice.
Submit an enquiry online and we will get back to you quickly.
104 Forest Road
Hurstville NSW 2220
Phone: 02 9579 5077
Fax: 02 9570 9081
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Phone: 02 9547 2534
Environmental Policy
© Fergusons Toyota 2019
MDL #20038 | MVRL 42360 - South East Automotive Pty Ltd Trading as Fergusons Toyota


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via glooce
Drew McWeeny delivered an exclusive on his site HitFix on Nov. 26 and reported that Joseph Gordon-Levitt will take on the role of Batman in the new "Justice League" movie. The word from his source is that JGL will "absolutely" play Batman in the movie.
"Justice League" is the DC Comics tentpole movie that Warner Bros. hopes will be their "Avengers." (lol no) The team consists of some of the world's most famous heroes, including Superman, Batman, Wonder Woman, Green Lantern and Aquaman. (LMAO)
The word is that there might be something thrown into "Man of Steel," the new Superman movie, that will have Joseph Gordon-Levitt's appearance as Batman foreshadowed. This news could also mean that Henry Cavill could reprise his role as Superman in the "Justice League" movie as well.
McWeeny also reports that one other character from the "Dark Knight" trilogy is in talks to do something as well. One of the most discussed additions is Gary Oldman as James Gordon, although Michael Caine as Alfred is a more realistic possibility. Don't forget about Morgan Freeman to help John Blake build his new toys or maybe even the return of Christian Bale as Bruce Wayne himself as a mentor character.
How will fans react if the Batman in the new "Justice League" movie is not Bruce Wayne? If McWeeny is right, the Internet might explode.
source 2


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Nissan Regulus(pr50)
Nissan Regulus Parts, Accessories and Spares
Milner Off Road are the UK's largest independent supplier of mail order Nissan Regulus parts and accessories.
More Nissan 4x4 models we stock parts for:
Navara, Pathfinder, Patrol, Pickup, Qashqai, Regulus(PR50), Terrano, and X-Trail.
Please select your vehicle model from the options below and do not hesitate to contact us should you have any queries regarding any of our offroad parts.


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U.S. Equal Employment
Opportunity Commission
New Alliance to Promote Fair and Inclusive Workplaces for Nation's Youth
WASHINGTON - The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) and the National Restaurant Association today joined forces in an important partnership effort to raise awareness about issues affecting young workers in the restaurant industry. The new EEOC-industry alliance is the first-ever under the agency's "Youth@Work" initiative, an unprecedented year-long national outreach and information campaign to educate teenagers about their employment rights and responsibilities.
"We commend the National Restaurant Association for taking a leadership role by partnering with us to promote fair and inclusive workplaces for our nation's young people," said EEOC Vice Chair Naomi C. Earp, who is leading the agency's Youth@Work initiative. "By working together, we are confident that the restaurant industry – a vital cog in the U.S. economic engine – will continue to foster positive early work experiences for our next generation of workers. The Commission is grateful for the Association's assistance in this effort, which will serve as a model for other businesses who employ teen workers."
Founded in 1919, the National Restaurant Association is the leading business association for the restaurant industry. Together with the National Restaurant Association Educational Foundation, the Association's mission is to represent, educate and promote a rapidly growing industry that is comprised of 878,000 restaurant and food service outlets employing 12 million people. Further information about the Association is available on its web site at www.restaurant.org.
"The National Restaurant Association/National Restaurant Association Educational Foundation has long been committed to promoting the positive efforts of the restaurant-and-foodservice industry and its critical role in the development of young people's career paths," said Steven C. Anderson, president and chief executive officer of the National Restaurant Association.
He added: "We are pleased to join with the EEOC in this important initiative to help educate the young workers in our industry on their employment rights and responsibilities, and how the restaurant industry can provide rewarding, positive and safe work experiences through resources, training and programs such as Youth@Work."
As part of its Youth@Work initiative, EEOC is building partnerships with business leaders, human resource groups, and industry trade associations to further explore the workplace trends and challenges affecting young workers. Among the activities EEOC and its Youth@Work partners hope to engage in are:
In addition to seeking partnerships with the private sector, the two other main components of the EEOC's Youth@Work initiative are: a new youth web site at http://youth.eeoc.gov dedicated to educating young workers about their equal employment opportunity rights and responsibilities; and a series of free national outreach events by EEOC Commissioners and field office staff for high school students, youth organizations, and small businesses who employ young workers. Employers or organizations interested in forming Youth@Work partnerships with the EEOC should e-mail the organization's name, address, telephone number, and email address to: email@example.com.
EEOC enforces Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which prohibits employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex (including sexual harassment or pregnancy) or national origin and protects employees who complain about such offenses from retaliation; the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967, which protects workers age 40 and older from discrimination based on age; the Equal Pay Act of 1963, which prohibits gender-based wage discrimination; the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, which prohibits employment discrimination against people with disabilities in the federal sector; Title I of the Americans with Disabilities Act, which prohibits employment discrimination against people with disabilities in the private sector and state and local governments; and sections of the Civil Rights Act of 1991. Further information about the Commission is available on the agency's web site at www.eeoc.gov.


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There must be something in the water because it's baby news galore in the reality TV world. It seems everyone is pregnat, trying to be, or talking about babies!
First up, Teen Mom star Catelynn Lowell is reportedly pregnant with baby no 2! Months before she's due to walk down the aisle with fiancé Tyler Baltierra, Catelynn is apparently telling friends she is expecting.
Jamie Pyrzewski, a friend of the reality star shared the news with the
never reliable In Touch Weekly. "She said, 'You're never going to believe it: I'm pregnant,'" Jamie dishes, adding that she is one of the first people out of a small group of friends and family that Catelynn told – which is why she's spilling the details to a national magazine.
"We were both quiet. I asked how she felt about it. She said she was nervous and scared," Jamie adds. At first Catelynn was apparently panicked, but now she's thrilled.


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This star rating is the opinion of the property owner only. A Self-Rated hotel has not been assessed by the AA or Visit Britain, whose official star ratings we use across LateRooms.com.
Hilton London Syon Park4 Self rated
London Syon Park Middlesex, London, TW8 8JF
Price FromView Rooms
- Very Good
- 35 guest reviews
"Accommodation was top notch and the surrounding and settings very picturesque.will Definitely stay there again and recommend..."
"The room was very lush . We was impressed we had a balcony and tv in the bathroom. The room felt luxury. The bed was so comfortable. Staff w..."
"Great room, lovely balcony and lots of space. The service and food is lovely. The only downside I would say was the spa. It was an indoor sw..."
"Great stay at this hotel, I couldn't find a fault anywhere. If I had to be picky I would say that the cooked breakfast was lovely but the pl..."
"Could not have been better..."
About the hotel
Hilton London Syon Park is a hotel designed with comfort and convenience in mind, marrying the best of contemporary London with the finest traditions of an English country house estate. Conveniently located to the West of London, centrally positioned between London City Centre and London Heathrow Airport, Hilton London Syon Park offers a peaceful retreat from London's cosmopolitan center, with 200 acres of idyllic parkland, convenient for both business and pleasure. 137 guest rooms and suites offer guests total comfort.
All bathrooms have rain showers and HDTV. All rooms feature modern technology, wired and wireless internet access, 40 inch HDTVs and Media Hubs. The rooms have varying views, many benefiting from their own private balcony or terrace. The hotel spa features 11 treatment suites, indoor swimming pool, gymnasium, sauna, steam room and whirlpool spa. Enjoy restaurants – Marco Pierre White Steakhouse Bar & Grill and Syon Lounge which offer wide variety of Sushi and other Japanese specialities. Ideal for everything from small meetings to large exhibitions and conferences, social events to weddings, the hotel features seven flexible function suites with the latest technology, accommodating from 10 to 450 guests.
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- The price shown is based on the occupancy and dates you have searched for. Prices and availability are subject to change based on the arrival date, number of nights and occupancy searched for. All prices are inclusive of all local taxes.
- Pets are not allowed
Customer Reviews
Our reviews are from genuine LateRooms.com customers. We verify that the customer has stayed before leaving a review.
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86% would recommend it to a friend
Customer service
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Accommodation was top notch and the surrounding and settings very picturesque.will Definitely stay there again and recommend...
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The room was very lush .
We was impressed we had a balcony and tv in the bathroom. The room felt luxury. The bed was so comfortable. Staff w...
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Thursday, December 6
• The St. Elmo Business Association, noon, Mary Ann's Restaurant.
• The St. Elmo Women's Civic Club will have a Christmas party at 6 p.m. at the Vandalia Ponderosa. To pool rides, members are to meet at St. Mary's parking lot at 5:20 p.m. Those attending can take canned goods for Caring and Sharing.
• The city council meeting scheduled for December 3 was rescheduled to meet at 7 p.m. this Thursday at the Phillips Building.
Friday, December 7
Crawford-Hale American Legion Post 95 and Unit 95 Auxiliary held their annual Christmas party on Sunday night at the Legion Home in Vandalia.
Twenty-nine members and three guests enjoyed a luncheon at Ponderosa Steakhouse in Vandalia on Thursday, Nov. 15, for the monthly meeting of the ExxonMobil Annuitants Club.
Following the pledge to the flag, Brock Fisher asked the meal blessing.
After the meal, President Dean Black opened the meeting. The secretary and treasurer reports were given and approved.
Birthdays and anniversaries for November were read.
Plans for the Christmas party to be held on Dec. 20 at the same location were discussed.
Attend Show
Amy Reiss and Belinda Harpster, both of St. Peter, attended the performance of "Church Basement Ladies Christmas" at the Effingham Performance Center on Tuesday of last week.
Family Thanksgiving
Dane and Belinda Harpster of St. Peter attended the Family Thanksgiving dinner hosted by Lutheran Care Center in Altamont on Thursday of last week.
A meal was served at 6 p.m. for the residents and their families.
There were more than 400 people in attendance.
Weekend Visitors
Wednesday, November 21
• Reverb Youth Group, 6:30-8 p.m., St. Elmo Christian Church.
• Kid's Klub, 7 p.m., First Church of God S.H.E.D.
Thursday, November 22
Happy Thanksgiving!
Saturday, November 24
• The Church of God Reverb youth group fundraiser ends this Saturday. The group sells bags, purses, hair clips, address labels and other organization items to help women around home and work. The items can be ordered in person or online at www.mythirtyone.com/295883.
Monday, November 26
Community Thanksgiving Service
A Community Thanksgiving service was held at First Christian Church of Brownstown Sunday evening.
A 10-minute prelude was given by Robin Lovett and Susan Smith on the piano, organ and chimes.
The Ladies Trio of First Christian Church opened the song service with a song with a Latin beat, "It is Good To Give Thanks." The song service, led by Kevin Bonifacius with Cathy Smith and Joann Strobel, included songs of praise and thanksgiving.
The St. Peter Lady Saints traveled to Springfield to compete in the LSA State Volleyball Tournament over the weekend.
They finished in eighth place out of 24 teams.
Turkey Supper
St. Peter's Lutheran Church and School are having a turkey supper on Sunday, Nov. 18, at 5 p.m. in the school gym.
Weekend Visitors
Mahala Harpster of Gray Summit, Mo., and fiancé Nathan Jacquin of Washington, Mo., spent the weekend with Mahala's parents, Dane and Belinda Harpster of St. Peter.
From the Chicken Roost
"It must be the economy" (sound familiar). Egg output has dropped drastically to … nothing.
Thursday, November 8
• Lunch Bunch, noon, Mary Ann's Restaurant.
• The St. Elmo Library District Board, 7 p.m., St. Elmo Public Library.
• Effingham Chapter #110, Order of the Eastern Star, 7:30 p.m., Effingham Masonic Temple.
Friday, November 9
• Cub Scout Pack #444 spaghetti dinner and bake sale, 5-8 p.m., St. Elmo High School cafeteria. Joe's Pizza and Pasta is donating spaghetti and sauce. The meal cost is $6 for adults and $4 for children ages 3-11; age 2 and under are free.
The old-fashioned "school days" were revisited Tuesday, Oct. 23, as a troupe of actors, known as the "Golden Years Gang," presented a skit, "The Cracker Barrel School."
Copyright © 2019
The Leader Union is your source for local news, sports, events and information in Vandalia, Il, and the surrounding area.


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Fundamentals of machine shop practice
Prentice-Hall, 1956 - Technology & Engineering - 322 pages
From inside the book
24 pages matching twist drill in this book
Where's the rest of this book?
Results 1-3 of 24
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We haven't found any reviews in the usual places.
Machinists Hand and Bench Tools
Measuring and Layout Tools
Construction and Basic Operation of the Bench or Engine Lathe
19 other sections not shown
Common terms and phrases
adjustment angular arbor attachment axis belt bevel blade block bolt calipers cast iron change gears chips chisel chuck clamp clearance cold chisel compound rest countersink cross feed cutter bit cutting edge cutting speed cutting tool cylindrical dial diameter drill press drive end mills face milling faceplate Figure finish flat gauge graduated grinding machines grinding wheel ground hand handle head headstock horizontal inch jaws lathe lathe centers lathe tool lead screw length lever machinist metal micrometer milling cutters milling machine motor mounted operation parallel piece pitch plane plate position reamer removed rotation rough screw threads setup shaft shank shape sharpening shown in Fig side sine bar slide slots spindle spiral square standard steel straight stroke surface swivel tailstock taper teeth tighten tion tool bits tool holder tooth turning twist drill usually vernier vertical vise workpiece wrench