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Perhaps the most obvious and misunderstood aspect of the aging process is the undesirable change in body composition and physical appearance. It is estimated that approximately 80 percent of Americans are sedentary (Anderson et al 1997) and that 75 percent of adults are overweight (Scripps 1996), and there would appear to be a strong association between doing too little exercise and having too much bodyweight.
Generally, men and women add about 10 pounds of bodyweight every decade during the midlife years. The typical response is dieting, and according to a Tufts University study (1994) about 40 percent of American adults are presently following restricted-calorie diets. Unfortunately, dieting without exercise does not have a very high record of success. First, only 50 percent of those who begin dieting complete the program (McClernan 1992). Second, of those individuals who do lose weight, more than 90 percent regain it within one year (Brehm and Keller 1990). Third, about 25 percent of the weight lost during low-calorie diets is actually muscle tissue, which is already in short supply among most older adults (Ballor et al).
Research shows that men and women lose more than five pounds of lean body mass (mostly muscle) every decade of life due to disuse (Evans and Rosenberg 1992, Forbes 1976). So the 10-pound per decade increase in bodyweight actually represents a 20-pound problem with respect to body composition. That is, on a decade-by-decade basis, the aging adult has about five pounds less muscle and about 15 pounds more fat for a 20-pound change in physical appearance. This process is illustrated in Figure 1.
Changes in bodyweight and body fat for two and three day per week training groups (N=1132).
When our resting metabolic rate slows down, calories that were previously used by muscle tissue are now routed into fat storage. In other words, the progressive weight gain known as creeping obesity is typically due to fewer calories being burned rather than more calories being consumed. That is why dieting does not solve the problem. In fact, dieting exacerbates the problem by further reducing muscle tissue and metabolic rate.
While adults should perform regular endurance exercise, such as walking and cycling, to enhance cardiovascular function, aerobic activities do little to prevent the gradual deterioration of the musculoskeletal system. In a study of elite middle-aged runners, the subjects lost about five pounds of muscle over a 10-year period in spite of extensive aerobic training (Pollack et al 1987).
If losing muscle is the basic problem then adding muscle should be the logical solution. But is it possible for older adults to replace the muscle they have already forfeited? Absolutely. In fact, several studies have shown that both muscle mass can be increased at essentially any age through systematic strength training (Campbell et al 1994, Fiatarone et al 1994, Frontera et al 1988, Westcott and Guy 1996).
With respect to reversing body composition problems, strength exercise is effective for adding muscle, losing fat, raising resting metabolic rate, and increasing daily energy expenditure. Consider the results of a Tuft University study conducted by Campbell and his colleagues (1994). After 12 weeks of strength training (about 30 minutes per session, three days per week), 12 senior men and women added about three pounds of lean (muscle) weight, lost about four pounds of fat weight, raised their resting metabolism by almost seven percent, and increased their daily energy expenditure by 15 percent. That is, three months of relatively brief strength training sessions enabled these older adults to replace muscle, reduce fat and eat about 350 more calories per day in the process.
In a similar study conducted at the South Shore YMCA (Westcott 1995), 85 senior men and women performed about 30 minutes of strength exercise and 20 minutes of endurance exercise two days per week for a period of eight weeks. On average, the exercisers added two pounds of lean (muscle) weight, lost four pounds of fat weight, and increased their overall muscle strength by about 50 percent.
In addition to replacing muscle tissue, research reveals that men and women of all ages can increase their bone mineral density through regular strength training. Studies with senior men (Menkes et al 1993) and senior women (Nelson et al 1994) have shown significant gains in bone mineral density, indicating that strength exercise may reduce the risk of osteoporosis.
Another benefit of strength training is an enhanced glucose metabolism that may reduce the risk of adult onset diabetes. Research at the University of Maryland (Hurley 1994) showed a 23 percent improvement in glucose metabolism after four months of strength exercise.
Another study at the University of Maryland (Koffler 1992) demonstrated a 56 percent increase in gastrointestinal transit speed following three months of strength exercise. Because faster gastrointestinal transit speed may reduce the risk of colon cancer, this finding has important implications for older adults.
Researchers at the University of Florida (Risch et al 1993) have demonstrated that properly performed strength training can significantly reduce low back pain, and researchers at Tufts University (Tufts University 1994) have determined that strength exercise can alleviate arthritic discomfort.
Contrary to popular opinion, regular strength training results in lower resting blood pressure in seniors (Westcott et al 1996), as well as in mildly hypertensive individuals (Harris and Holly 1987). Strength exercise has also been shown to improve blood cholesterol profiles (Hurley et al 1988).
In addition to the physiological benefits associated with strength training, a recent Harvard University study (Singh 1997) showed significant psychological improvements as well. After 12 weeks of strength exercise 14 of 16 depressed seniors subjects no longer met the criteria for clinical depression.
Of course, for most men and women the major outcomes of strength training are simply looking better, feeling better, and functioning better on a day-to-day basis. Fortunately, seniors respond just as well to strength exercise as younger adults.
Senior Study Results
A large-scale study conducted at the South Shore YMCA (Westcott and Guy 1996) compared the results of young, middle, and older adults following an eight-week training program consisting of about 30 minutes of strength exercise and 20 minutes of endurance exercise.
The 1132 participants in this study included 238 young adults (21 to 40 years), 553 middle-aged adults (41 to 60 years), and 341 older adults (61 to 80 years). As shown in Table 1, all three age groups began the program with similar bodyweights (172.7 to 179.9 lbs.) and similar percent fat readings (25.6 to 27.2 percent). After eight weeks of exercise, the bodyweight and body composition changes were comparable for the three age groups. The 21 to 40 year-olds lowered their bodyweight by 2.6 pounds and their percent fat by 2.3 percent. The 41 to 60 year-olds decreased their bodyweight by 2.0 pounds and their percent fat by 2.1 percent. The 61 to 80 year-olds reduced their bodyweight by 1.7 pounds and their percent fat by 2.0 percent.
Changes in fat weight and lean (muscle) weight were also similar for the three age groups. The young adults lost 4.9 pounds of fat weight and added 2.3 pounds of lean weight. The middle-aged adults lost 4.4 pounds of fat weight and added 2.3 pounds of lean weight. The older adults lost 4.1 pounds of fat weight and added 2.4 pounds of lean weight.

subset: commoncrawl


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Right-wing rally in San Francisco canceled in favor of 'press conference'
Organizers shared concerns about protesters and said performers were harassed
Organizers shared concerns about protesters and said performers were harassed
The leader of a right-wing group that had planned a Saturday rally at Crissy Field in San Francisco said Friday he had decided to call off the event, just as local and federal officials put the finishing touches on a slate of security measures designed to head off the kind of violence seen earlier this month in Charlottesville, Va.
But it wasn't immediately clear whether the rally, which had been granted a permit by the National Park Service, was effectively being canceled or simply moved.
On Facebook Live, Joey Gibson of Patriot Prayer said the group would instead hold a "press conference" at 2 p.m. Saturday at Alamo Square Park in the Western Addition. He said the same speakers and bands who were going to appear at Crissy Field would be there, forcing city leaders to scramble to respond. They fear clashes between the rally group and counterprotesters.
Gibson and other supporters appearing with him on the Facebook feed said they'd changed their plans because of fears that violent protesters using "black bloc" tactics would attend their Crissy Field rally. They also said the speakers and bands slated to perform at the rally had been "harassed."
"I am calling on (city officials) to denounce antifa publicly," said Will Johnson, an event organizer, referring to anti-fascist protesters that have clashed with right-wing activists in recent months at events in Berkeley and around the country. "We could have had this rally (Saturday), and it would have been peaceful. Not a single person wants to fight. They are bringing the violence."
The organizers also blamed statements by Mayor Ed Lee and House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi, D-San Francisco, for creating a hostile climate against them. Both politicians had called on the National Park Service to deny the group a permit for what Pelosi called a "white supremacist rally."
Gibson has said his group does not espouse racist views, but its events have drawn white nationalists and it has sought to stir unfounded fears about Muslim Americans. Violent clashes with counterprotesters have broken out at past rallies.
San Francisco Supervisor Mark Farrell, whose district borders Crissy Field, said the "press conference" was a blatant attempt to provoke more trouble. The new gathering is not permitted, he said.
"Whether they hold the rally at Crissy Field or make plans elsewhere to disrupt our city, it is our responsibility to make sure every contingency is planned for," Farrell said. "I was hoping they would cancel and pack up their tents and go home. This is just meant to cause further disruption to the residents of San Francisco. That is their (mode of operation)."
State Sen. Scott Wiener, D-San Francisco, said Patriot Prayer had "showed its true colors by canceling, at the last minute ... Patriot Prayer is not interested in simply exercising free speech. Rather, Patriot Prayer wants to create a volatile, chaotic, violent tinderbox."
He said he was "deeply concerned" the Alamo Square Park gathering will lead to violence.
According to the city Recreation and Park Department website, any gathering is considered a "special event" if it involves amplified sound, advertises that it is open to the public, or requires special barricades and fences, among other things. Police can disband an unpermitted event and arrest organizers.
The city requires special-event applications to be submitted at least 60 days in advance. The fee is $62.
Friday's announcement by Patriot Prayer came as authorities put up temporary chain-link fences around Crissy Field, allowing them to create a single entrance and screen rally participants for weapons, bicycles, helmets, pepper spray and other items. Much of the Presidio was to be closed Saturday, with businesses shuttered, while nearby Muni bus lines were being temporarily rerouted.
It wasn't immediately clear if those precautions would be lifted due to the rally cancellation.
A separate, unpermitted rally is still planned for 1 p.m. Sunday at Martin Luther King Jr. Civic Center Park in Berkeley, and Gibson said he would attend. Police are planning to respond to the No Marxism in Berkeley event with a force of hundreds of officers from the city and surrounding agencies.
Prior to the cancellation of the Crissy Field rally, San Francisco and Berkeley officials urged residents opposed to the right-wing events to send a message by joining together for peaceful gatherings in locations far from the rallies. Many such demonstrations are planned this weekend.
"Ya'll know that some people are coming tomorrow to our city," said Mayor Lee outside City Hall on Friday, as hundreds of people gathered, stopping traffic on the street. It was a preview of a much larger counter-rally scheduled for the space Saturday.
Lee was joined by other top city and state Democratic leaders, including Wiener and U.S. Rep. Jackie Speier. Nearly two dozen men and women from the Glide Ensemble, wearing rainbow shirts and holding "Unite Against Hate" signs, sang gospel music.
"We are at the forefront of every new social movement," Speier said of San Francisco. "Hate will not infect us and become a cancer in this city. Love will win."
Across the bay, Berkeley Mayor Jesse Arreguin said he planned to attend a counterprotest Sunday organized by nearly 60 community groups. He said he was inspired by peaceful protests last weekend in Boston, which overshadowed a right-wing rally.
"What happened in Boston has changed the situation, where we have seen that a large counter-protest can have the effect of discouraging hate groups from coming into a city," Arreguin said. "It sends a powerful message that communities can rise against hate."
Lizzie Johnson is a San Francisco Chronicle staff writer.


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PANAMA CITY, Panama - A thrilling group stage is over and done at the CONCACAF Under-17 Championship in Panama, and the knockout action gets underway on Saturday with two key clashes that will determine the region's first two tickets to the 2013 FIFA U-17 World Cup in the United Arab Emirates.
One of the first to look for its ticket to the world stage will be host Panama, which takes on Trinidad & Tobago in Saturday's nightcap at Estadio Agustin "Muquita" Sanchez in La Chorrera, where the Canaleros won a hotly contested Group A.
The host had a bit more trouble than hoped navigating the group stage, as Jorge Dely Valdes' charges had to come up with a tense victory over a surprise Barbados side that fell just short of advancing to the quarters. A standout performance from forward Ervin Zorilla, though, led the Red Tide to the 2-0 win over the Caribbean side in the final group match, and put Panama through.
Panama's slight struggles were due also to a strong group performance from Jamaica, whose pair of draws led to a second round date with Canada, the leader of Group B, in a match that will kick off action on Saturday at 5 PM local time.
"The staff and the players have done everything they can to prepare for tomorrow and we are simply asking the team to focus on putting in a good performance," said Canada head coach, Sean Fleming. "Credit has to go the boys for how they have performed so far in Panama in some difficult conditions and we know we will have to be at our best to beat Jamaica tomorrow."
The Canadians looked excellent in group action, overcoming Trinidad on the opening day, before playing Costa Rica to a 1-1 tie. They will, however, be without Marco Dominguez-Ramirez against Jamaica, after the standout midfielder accumulated two yellow cards in group play.
The other side of the draw produced clearer group winners, as both defending tournament champion United States and defending World Cup champion Mexico managed two wins from two outings in Group C and Group D, respectively.
Mexico racked up an impressive seven goals for and just one against, while motoring to wins over Honduras and Cuba. The Catrachos also advanced to the quarterfinal stage by virtue of their 4-1 triumph over the Caribbean side, behind a brace from central playmaker Devron Garcia.
Honduras will face the U.S. on Sunday, after a strong defensive showing led the Americans through to the quarters. Led by goalkeeper Jeff Caldwell, the U.S. was the only team not to give up a goal in the group stage.
Guatemala seized the final spot in the quarterfinals with a win over Haiti, on the strength of two goals from Christopher Ortiz. The Chapines will be in search of their first-ever under-17 World Cup appearance, when they meet Mexico in Sunday's late game, which will round out the region's field for the 2013 World Cup.


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Genre: Comedy
Premiere: 2005 - 2017
IMDB Rating: 7.9/10
Sessons: 12
Full Episodes: 248
Watch Stream Online:
Full Show Summary
F.B.I. Agent Seeley Booth is teamed up with forensic anthropologist Dr. Temperance "Bones" Brennan to solve some of the most baffling and bizarre crimes ever. Booth depends on clues from the living, witnesses and suspects, while Brennan gathers evidence from the dead, relying on her uncanny ability to read clues left behind in the bones of the victims.
Last Episode, 28 March 2017: Season 12, Episode 12: The End in the EndWith Kovac still at large, the team searches for evidence to track him down. After Brennan experiences a setback, the rest of the team must figure out how to find Kovac without her, putting everything she has ever taught them to the test.
- Episode Guide
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Stockton, CA
William Thomas Gurrola
April 15, 1932 - May 21, 2013
William Thomas Gurrola, age 81 passed away on Tuesday, May 21, 2013 in Stockton, CA. He was born on April 15, 1932 in Santa Clara to his parents, Mr. and Mrs. Thomas and Mary Gurrola.
He married Erma and had two
children. He was employed by San Joaquin County as a Deputy
Sheriff for 35 years.
William will be remembered by his loving wife and their children:
Robin Gurrola and Colette (Faustino) Ontiveros. He is also survived by grandchildren Gabriel (Kadi Haworth), Aaron and
Sydney and great grandchild Marissa Ontiveros. No Services. No Visitation. Private Committal.


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Welcome to
Home Page
Sanctuary has specialist divisions within social care, health and criminal justice and can provide...
At Sanctuary, we believe that our success is down to the hard work and motivation of our staff. We have experienced rapid growth and are one of the largest employers in Ipswich.
© 2015 Sanctuary Personnel Limited, registered in England (No. 05972910). All Rights Reserved.15 Friars Street, Ipswich IP1 1TD.


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WORCESTER, Mass. – The Yale lightweight crew team had a strong all-around team performance this afternoon, at EARC Sprints, in Worcester, Mass. Propelled by strong performances in the freshmen and varsity events, the Bulldogs won the Jope Cup for overall lightweight team supremacy for the second straight year. The varsity finished second, the freshmen won and the second varsity finished fourth in their respective events and this boosted them to a one-point win in the Jope Cup over Harvard. The second-place finish also qualified the Bulldogs for the IRA National Championship later this month. Senior varsity oarsman Joshua Ruck was proud of the way the team performed today.
"It takes a cohesive team to perform on race day," said Ruck. "I thought every boat performed well and it was great to get everyone on the podium.
"It requires great training to perform well on race day," echoed senior varsity oarsman Thomas Swartz. "Our coaches prepared us well for the conditions and we were able to come away with the team trophy for the second year in a row. Captain William Ferraro has done a great job all year getting us to focus and this showed today."
In the first race of the day, the Yale third varsity battled hard, but ultimately came up short, finishing fourth in their heat, not qualifying for the finals. The Bulldogs finished in a time of 6:22.7, 7.1 seconds behind heat winner Cornell.
The freshmen eight avenged their only loss of the season, winning their event by 3.5 seconds. In the morning heats, Yale used a strong start to win their heat by 1.6 seconds over Cornell. Then, in the afternoon final, Yale once again used a quick opening to get a lead. Settling into a strong rhythm, the Bulldogs used several solid moves to counter Cornell's surges to pull away to win in 6:24.0, claiming the Gary W. Kilpatrick Cup. Cornell finished in second in 6:27.5 and Penn rounded out the top three, 6.1 seconds back in 6:33.6. This marks the third consecutive win for the Yale freshmen.
In the next event, the second varsity fought hard, but fell just short of the podium. In the morning heat, the Bulldogs came in second, finishing in 6:33.4. Harvard won the heat in 6:29.4. In the afternoon final, the Bulldogs started strong, but slowly fell off the pace. They finished fourth in 6:37.4. Cornell won the race, with Harvard finishing second and Princeton finishing third.
In the final race of the day, the Yale varsity put on a strong performance and finished second. In the morning heat, the Bulldogs took the early lead and never slowed down, winning the heat by 2.1 seconds over Dartmouth. In the afternoon final, the Bulldogs again took an early lead. However, Harvard slowly moved back on the Bulldogs and took the lead. Yale tried to counter, but Harvard proved to be too much. Harvard won the race in 6:03.6, with Yale finishing 4.4 second back, in 6:08.0. The econd place finish means that Yale will advance to the IRA National Championship, held on Lake Natoma in Sacramento, Calif., on June 2.
The varsity, second varsity and freshmen eights proved to be too much for the other schools, leading the Bulldogs to a Jope Cup victory with 33 points. Harvard finished second with 32 points and Cornell finished third with 31 points. This victory marks the Bulldogs' second consecutive Jope Cup victory.
Report filed by Yale Sports Publicity


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Dorm Report: A tale of two seasons
Philadelphia, PA – There are two ways to look at how the Oregon State Beavers fared last season.
First, there is the glass-half-full approach. People in this camp will point to the team's impressive 6-0 start and rise into the national rankings for the final 10 weeks of the season. This optimistic view also might include that the Beavers' 9-4 finish marked the best one-year turnaround in school history as they were just 3-9 the season before.
However, it wasn't all good times in Corvallis. After rising to No. 7 in the Top 25, its highest ranking since 2000, Oregon State lost four of its final seven games, including a 31-27 setback to Texas in the Alamo Bowl. In this scenario, the glass is clearly half empty.
So which squad is going to step onto the field at Reser Stadium when the Beavers open the season on Aug. 31 against Eastern Washington? The team that stunned Wisconsin in Week 1 or the team that was blasted by intrastate rival Oregon, 48-24, in late November?
The mind-set in Corvallis right now is that it will be the former.
"I think what I've noticed through the off season the attitude has carried on from last season," head coach Mike Riley said. "I hope it's more of the same."
It's an interesting turn of phrase by Riley to say "more of the same" as he has been doing just that during his career at the helm for the Beavers. Riley is the 10th-longest tenured coach in the FBS. Longevity hasn't been his only strength, as last season Riley became the winningest coach in Oregon State history and now sits with 81 victories.
In the hectic world of college football, in which one bad season can send even the most veteran coach packing, Riley knows that what you do now is all that matters.
"The one thing I've tried to reinforce is there are no accidents in this thing," Riley said. "You've got to go earn everything you're going to get. Just because of what the team last year did, there's no guarantees about that."
Although Riley mentioned the attitude from last season carrying over, it wouldn't mean much without some key players doing the same. Luckily, Riley will have one of the more experienced squads in the Pac-12. With 16 returning starters, including players like First Team All-Pac-12 defensive end Scott Chrichton, the Beavers are in good shape.
However, Riley doesn't want to hear about how many starters he is bringing back because he knows his team lost some players and will still need other, newer contributors to take on bigger roles.
"Everybody talks about us not having lost many guys, but we're losing two of the best players we've ever had," Riley said, specifically mentioning the departure of All-American cornerback Jordan Poyer. "How are we going to get all those plays that Jordan's been making defensively. (It's) very important for people to step up."
Enter Rashaad Reynolds. Reynolds was the cornerback on the opposite side of the field to Poyer and is now ready to step in and take the leadership role in that regard. Reynolds is a very effective tackler at the cornerback position, finishing last season second on the team in tackles (75), while ranking second in interceptions (three) behind only Poyer. Reynolds will now need to be even more productive.
Senior cornerback Sean Martin is listed as the other starting cornerback on the depth chart. Riley has made it clear, though, that other than a few spots, the depth chart has definitely been penciled in.
"We'll need quite a few guys to step up even though we have a lot of returning starters. Some guys are going to battle to start," Riley said. "The depth chart is not as important today as it will be at the end of August. I don't even care what it is today."
Even with the secondary still a question mark, although Riley indicated his encouragement with the unit over spring practices, the defense still has a ton of anchors with lead tackler Michael Doctor joining Chrichton on what could be one of the better front sevens in the Pac-12.
The Beavers are also solid on the other side of the ball, although there may be questions at the most important position on the field.
Last season, due to injuries and uneven play, Sean Mannion and Cody Vaz each spent time under center for the Beavers. Both are back for this season. To say their competition for the starting job will be the most fierce of any unit this summer would be an understatement.
Mannion suffered from a knee injury in early October, which opened the door for Vaz, who had just 48 passing yards in his career and had not played a snap in either 2011 or 2012 previously.
After Mannion returned from injury at the end of October, each saw time the rest of the way, though Vaz started and threw every pass in the Alamo Bowl.
The type of tight competition the two are going to be embroiled in during training camps could really push one of them to new heights. However, for Riley, just having two reliable options at the position is already a blessing.
"It's nice to have two guys who know what they're doing," Riley said of his two signal callers.
Like the loss of Poyer, having to see All-Pac-12 receiver Markus Wheaton move on to the NFL will leave the Beavers with a lot to replace outside. However, the return of leading rusher Storm Woods and four of five starters on the offensive line is something Riley is excited about.
"I think our line is better and has a chance to be deeper," Riley said while adding the team in general is deeper than past seasons. "Depth is a key issue. We've never had a lot of depth."
Returning depth is definitely a good thing, but those same players were part of last year's inconsistency.
The key thing for the Beavers this season will be which team shows up on game day.


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Orange County car burglaries
Investigators with the Orange County Sheriff's Office are searching for the perpetrator or perpetrators of numerous vehicle burglaries that have been reported all over the county.
According to a press release from OCSO, the vehicular break-ins were reported recently in various areas and neighborhoods throughout Orange County. Most of the burglaries have occurred on vehicles with unlocked doors. OCSO wants to remind everyone to lock the doors of your vehicle and hide all valuable property so it is not visible through the windows.
Investigators are asking for your help with any information on suspicious people or activity in the neighborhoods. If you see a suspicious vehicle or someone in your neighborhood that looks out of place, please contact OCSO. If you can safely obtain a license plate number from any suspicious vehicles please do so.
The main phone line number is (409)883-2612 and is answered 24 hours a day.


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- Người liên hệ: Ms. Joany Cao
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Thiết Bị đầu Cuối Dây điện Co Nhiệt - nhà sản xuất, nhà máy, nhà cung cấp từ Trung Quốc
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Please note: You are viewing an archived Bucknell University news story. It is possible that information found on this page has become outdated or inaccurate, and links and images contained within are not guaranteed to function correctly.
By Matt Hughes
LEWISBURG, Pa. — Professor Chris Martine's mentor and collaborator, David Symon, passed away in 2011, but that would not be the end of their work together. Martine, the David Burpee Chair in Plant Genetics and Research, has identified a new plant species. When he set out on the project, Martine had no idea he was completing work his mentor had begun nearly a decade earlier.
Martine first encountered Symon while studying for his Ph.D. in the early 2000s. Martine's graduate research focused on varieties of eggplants that grow wild in the Australian Outback, and Symon was Australia's foremost expert on those plants. They began a long-distance correspondence, with Martine sending Symon emails and Symon, then in his 80s, returning handwritten replies by mail. The two met in person in 2004, teaming up on a field expedition to search for new plant species in the Outback.
"David had discovered and named many of the species I was studying, so I was keen to learn whatever I could around the campfire each night," Martine said. "I was thrilled to be apprenticed to the master."
Martine discovered the new eggplant species during a second expedition to Australia in 2009. Botanist Ian Cowie of the Northern Territory Herbarium in Kakadu National Park showed him dried specimens of the plant, which Cowie suspected to be of an unknown variety. After returning to the U.S., Martine was able to confirm through DNA testing that the plants were a previously undiscovered species of eggplant, but he couldn't publish those findings yet. In order to identify a new species of flowering plant, a scientist must describe its entire structure, including flowers, and neither Martine nor Cowie had seen the plant in bloom.
Last May, Martine again returned to Australia with fellow Bucknell biology professor Beth Capaldi and student researcher Gemma Dugan '14 with two goals: to find the elusive eggplants in bloom and to study the interaction of similar plants with bees. Evans is an expert in bee behavior. || Read more about the expedition.
The researchers revisited a section of Litchfield National Park known as the Lost City, where Martine had spotted the species, without flowers, four years earlier. A wildfire had recently scorched the area, making it easier to pick out green sprouts amidst the gray and brown landscape. Combing through the brush, Martine spied a wild eggplant with budding flowers.
"If I was capable of doing backflips, I would have done them," Martine said. "The only issue was that this was supposed to be our last day in the field and not a single bud had opened. We extended our time in the bush and camped out for two more nights, riding out on the long dirt track to the Lost City each day hoping those buds had opened, but they never did."
As it turned out, they didn't need to. Upon returning to the Northern Territory Herbarium, Martine and his co-investigators discovered that other botanists had collected specimens with flowers on them. He could return to Bucknell to complete his identification of the new plant variety.
Before he left, Martine opened the herbarium's file to gather what information already existed about the plant. What he found there floored him. Accompanying the dried specimens was a page of notes in his mentor's hand, penned shortly after their 2004 expedition together.
"Recognizing that this was likely something novel, David commenced describing it as a new form," Martine said. "He likely stopped short of publishing the new species for the same reason I have until now: under the heading 'female flowers' he wrote, 'Not seen.'"
Martine published his findings in PhytoKeys, an online journal providing researchers a fast track for cataloguing new plants. He named the species Solanum cowiei to honor the botanist who first recognized it as something new, and credited Symon as a co-discoverer. Evans is listed as the paper's third author.
Martine said he is proud to follow in the ranks of his mentor, and the thousands who preceded him, in the age-old tradition of cataloguing the natural world.
"For a plant geek like me, this is like winning a conference championship," Martine said. "We biodiversity scientists have been at this for centuries, so it's awfully cool to feel like a part of the grand endeavor of describing life on Earth — and to know that there is still more to find."
This is the fifth time Martine has been involved in the identification of a new species — he has previously helped describe other eggplant relatives from Australia and Peru — and he anticipates publishing more soon. Martine's lab is currently working to identify another unknown variety of wild eggplant, and during the May expedition the researchers also found caterpillars eating their eggplants that may turn out to be a new species of moth.


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Editors' note (November 23, 2010): The following review has been updated to reflect new features added with Apple's iOS 4.2, and includes battery test results from CNET Labs.
Of course, we come to you with a standard list of complaints. The absence of an integrated video camera puts the kibosh on any hope of using the iPad for video chats, and without Flash video support, many Web pages look like Swiss cheese. But the biggest problem with the device is coming up with bullet-proof reasons to buy one.
Because the iPad is an entirely new class of device, you'll probably need to lie to yourself a little to justify the purchase. But at this point, any CNET readers worth their salt have mastered the art of making excuses to buy new gadgets.
For the uninitiated, Apple has posted a cheat sheet of demo videos that provide a smorgasbord of reasonable answers to the question: "Why do I need an iPad?" To hear Apple tell it, the iPad is a Web browser for your living room, an e-book reader for the den, a movie player for the kids, a photo album, a jukebox, a gamer's best friend, a word processor, an e-mail machine, and a YouTube junkie's dream come true. No excuse good enough for you? Wait a few minutes and a developer will inevitably make an app for it.
Whatever you need to tell yourself to buy an iPad, we can safely say the device is a worthwhile addition to any wired home. We don't give much weight to the pundits who say that the iPad is the future of the personal computer, but we think it's the most entertaining gadget we'll see all year.
What is it, exactly?
If you're coming to this review already versed on the nitty gritty of what the iPad is and its roots in the iPhone and iPod Touch, feel free to skip ahead. Otherwise, here's the scoop:
The iPad is a touch-screen tablet computer, roughly the size of a magazine, with three models that connect to the Internet strictly over Wi-Fi (16GB for $499, 32GB for $599, 64GB for $699) and three that use a combination of Wi-Fi and AT&T's 3G wireless (16GB for $629, 32GB for $729, and 64GB for $829--pay-as-you go for the data subscription).
The iPad runs the same software found on Apple's popular iPhone and iPod Touch. Apple calls this software the iPhone OS, and it's generally regarded as one of the most successful operating systems designed for use with touch-screen devices. Unlike conventional computer OS software, designed around the mouse and the keyboard, the iPhone OS responds only to touch input and is generally capable of running only one application at a time.
If you've ever used an iPhone or iPod Touch, the iPad will feel immediately familiar. Out of the box, you get many of the iPhone's capabilities, including Apple-designed applications (apps) for Web browsing, e-mail, maps, photos, music, video, YouTube, and more. More apps can be installed using the built-in App Store software or by connecting the iPad to iTunes via your computer using the included cable. If you already own apps purchased for an iPhone or iPod Touch, you can transfer these apps to the iPad, as well.
Apple rarely skimps on design and the iPad is no exception. The screen is made of the same oleophobic-coated glass as the iPhone 3GS', making it relatively easy to wipe away the fingerprints and smudges it inevitably collects. Behind the glass is an LED-backlit, 9.7-inch capacitive touch screen that uses IPS (in-plane switching) technology for above-average viewing angles.
Below the screen sits a Home button that looks and behaves exactly like the one on the iPhone and iPod Touch, bouncing you out of any open app and placing you back in the main menu. Matte aluminum wraps around the backs and sides of the iPad, tapering a bit around the edges. If you've ever held one of Apple's unibody MacBooks, you know exactly the kind of feel and finish of the iPad's aluminum. Unlike the polished chrome of the iPod or glossy plastic of the iPhone, the back of the iPad seems less likely to show wear. Of course--as with any Apple product--there are already hundreds of cases for the iPad, should you feel the need to give it extra protection.
The iPad measures 7.47 inches wide by 9.56 inches tall by 0.5 inch thick, and weighs 1.5 pounds (or 1.6 pounds for the 3G model). Held in your hands, the dimensions and heft have a natural, magazine-like feel. Like the iPhone and iPod Touch, the iPad sports a finger-friendly OS with an onscreen QWERTY keyboard, and an accelerometer that can detect whether the device is in portrait or landscape mode. The buttons, switches, and ports around the edges of the iPad also mimic those of the iPhone. A 30-pin dock connector sits on the bottom, along with a small integrated speaker. On the right edge you have a volume rocker and a switch that works to mute any intrusive alert sounds, such as the chime of an incoming e-mail or a Game Center friend request.
The iPad's refined feel and high-quality materials won't surprise Apple devotees, but in the larger landscape of tablets, Netbook computers, and e-readers, the design feels distinctly upscale--especially given its price. Next to the Asus Eee PC, Amazon Kindle, or Fusion Garage JooJoo, the iPad looks like it was made on a different planet (where plastic doesn't exist). We don't make the point to be snobby, but looks matter considering that all these devices are marketed as living-room accessories.
Size also matters. As one of the first tablet computers to go mainstream, you'll need to assess the iPad's size on a case-by-case basis. For the advertised purposes of Web browsing, reading books, and checking your e-mail, we found the magazine-size screen perfectly adequate. After years of watching videos on devices like the iPod Touch, or even dedicated video players like the Archos 5, video playback on the iPad's 9.7-inch screen feels downright luxurious.
For all its charms, however, the iPad is not as portable as we'd like. Part of the problem is psychological. Logically, you know the iPad's dimensions are no less portable than a book. But when a book costs between $500 and $800 and is made of glass, you treat it differently. Without being tucked away in a messenger bag or protective case, walking outside with an iPad in your hand feels like slapping the laws of gravity in the face.
We'd also be lying if we didn't say we wish the iPad could be a little thinner and lighter. At 1.5 pounds and half an inch thick, it makes most Netbooks look bloated, but he iPad is slightly heavier and thicker than most dedicated e-book readers, including the relatively large Kindle DX. If your dream is to relax in a hammock with an e-book in one hand and a tropical drink in the other, plan to avoid the iPad's glass screen hurtling toward your face when you doze off.
Unlike many of the tablet-style devices we've encountered, the iPad doesn't run a conventional OS (operating system) such as Windows, Linux, or Mac OS X. Instead, Apple decided to use the mobile version of OS X from what is arguably its most successful and fastest-growing product: the iPhone .
In our view, Apple's use of the iPhone OS distinguishes the iPad from the competition. As dozens of iPad alternatives come out of the woodwork, touting all sorts of advantages and added features, the iPad will remain the only tablet computer on the market with access to Apple's App Store.
In our view, Apple's use of the iPhone's iOS distinguishes the iPad from the competition. You don't need to worry about traditional computer headaches, such as scattered files on your desktop, installing drivers for third-party hardware, or trying to figure out where you put a downloaded image. Instead, all your apps are clearly laid out, organized in a grid of nickel-size icons that respond to a single touch. If you download an image from a Web page or e-mail, it appears in your photo library, without fail. If you need to search for anything--a song, an e-mail, a photo, or a Web page--double-clicking the Home button brings up a Spotlight search feature that covers just about everything on the device. On the iPad, the organizational metaphor of the folder does not exist, and the effect feels liberating.
For the most part, the iPhone's iOS feels like a natural fit for a device like this. Some of you, however, will probably feel suffocated by Apple's totalitarian control over the iPad's OS.
Purchasing software and media on the device makes Apple's "walled-garden" approach to the iPhone OS frustrating to a wider audience. The only way for users to purchase and download movies and music on the iPad is to use Apple's integrated iTunes store. If you want to buy new software for the device, you'll need to go through Apple's integrated App Store, which displays only applications deemed acceptable by Apple. Compared with the more laissez-faire approach of a Windows Netbook, for example, the iPad user is giving away freedom of choice in exchange for convenience. (One upside: In theory, Apple's top-down control over the iPhone OS and the commerce within it also serves to minimize the iPad's vulnerability to computer viruses.)
With the free iOS 4.2 update Apple rolled out in November 2010, the iPad gains several new features that were previously only available to iPhone 4 and iPod Touch users. The most notable new additions include app multitasking, a universal e-mail inbox, threaded e-mail messages, and home screen folders. Other significant improvements include support for Apple's new AirPlay wireless streaming standard (compatible with Apple TV, iTunes, and select models of compatible third-party speakers) and AirPrint, a method for printing documents to compatible printers using apps such as Safari, Photos, Email, iWorks, and others. For gaming fans, the updated OS also brings Apple's Game Center app, which allows you to track your game scores and achievements and set up multiplayer games with friends or strangers. All in all, the update offers many improvements to the already excellent product, without any noticeable sacrifices in performance or reliability.
Everything old is new again
You can't place calls with the iPad (at least, not without a VoIP app) or easily text message your friends, but the other built-in capabilities are essentially the same as those on the iPhone 4.
That said, the iPad can be pushed much further than any nonlaptop mobile device we've tested, including the iPhone. Because of the iPad's extra screen size, default apps such as the Safari Web browser, e-mail, iPod, video, maps, photos, and YouTube all look and behave much more like full-blown applications. The iPad's e-mail app, for example, is a doppelganger for the Mail application in Apple OS X, offering an overview of your in-box alongside the text of any currently selected message. The photos app could easily be mistaken for Apple's iPhoto, with its opening view of photos arranged in event-specific stacks. The iPod app looks and behaves like an abbreviated version of iTunes, for better or worse. And the YouTube app plays out like a prettier version of the actual Web site. Paradoxically, the two apps that have changed the least, Maps and the Safari browser, give the most radically different experience thanks to the iPad's big screen.
Size is meaningless without grace. Luckily, the iPad has both qualities in equal measure, helped by a new 1GHz Apple A4 processor, capacitive multitouch display technology, and an integrated Wi-Fi antenna compatible with the latest 802.1n wireless spec. Apps launch within seconds; waking from sleep mode is nearly instantaneous; and even a cold boot-up takes just 18 seconds. Even if your local Wi-Fi network isn't up to 802.11n speeds, the Web-browsing experience often feels faster than on an iPhone or iPod Touch on the same network, simply because you're doing a lot less scrolling and zooming to get to the information you need.
Other hardware features include Bluetooth 2.1, a stereo audio output (headphone jack), a built-in speaker, an integrated lithium ion rechargeable battery, NAND flash memory, an integrated accelerometer (tilt sensor), and an ambient light sensor. Apple's third-generation iPod Touch can claim many of the same features, but lacks the iPad's integrated digital compass, built-in microphone, and mute switch. It's also worth noting that the iPad's speaker is noticeably louder than the speaker included on the iPhone and iPod Touch, with a slightly beefier sound (though still ugly to listen to). Apple doesn't include earbuds with the iPad, so do yourself a favor and treat yourself to a nice pair.
A 3G wireless-compatible version of the iPad is also available, which includes a SIM card tray, as well as assisted GPS capabilities.
Just like the iPhone 3GS and iPod Touch, the iPad includes wireless Bluetooth audio capabilities. We tested the iPad with an Altec Lansing BackBeat stereo Bluetooth headset, and the audio quality was on par with results from the third-generation iPod Touch. The pairing process was easy and incident-free. In the music player, a small Bluetooth icon appears next to the player controls and toggles audio back and forth between the speaker and the headset. The iPad's Bluetooth capabilities also allow peer-to-peer networking for gaming and wireless keyboard support for compatible writing applications.
iTunes Store and App Store
In the same way the iPad's apps all look and behave much more like Apple's full-blown OS X applications, the iPad's integrated iTunes Store could easily be mistaken for the desktop iTunes Store. Size aside, all the same capabilities are here, including movie rentals and purchases, TV show downloads, audiobooks, and access to iTunes U. You can pay for purchases by setting up an iTunes account with a credit card, or by redeeming iTunes gift cards.
The same can be said for the iPad version of the App Store; it looks and acts more like the store experience within Apple's iTunes software. Because the App Store is running on the iPad, however, the default display will bring up apps that are optimized specifically for the iPad.
Apple is encouraging developers to create new apps specifically for the iPad, which are not necessarily backward-compatible with the iPhone or iPod Touch. Because this is potentially an expensive proposition for users, we would like it to be easier to distinguish between an app designed for the iPhone and the same app designed for the iPad. There are dual-compatibility apps on offer that include both iPad versions and iPhone versions embedded within the same file, which Apple specially designates with a "+" symbol within the iPad App Store. We wish more apps were bundled this way to ensure broad compatibility, but we understand there's more money to be made in selling apps separately.
Fortunately, in the world of apps, the iPad is at the top of the food chain. Most apps designed for the iPhone or Touch can run on the iPad, either scaled-up to fit the screen, or presented at their original resolution framed at the center of the screen in black. This capability is good news for anyone bringing their existing apps over from an iPhone or iPod Touch, although users will likely want to purchase separate iPad-optimized versions of the apps they use regularly, which could get pricey.
Beyond the deluge of third-party accessories already hitting store shelves, Apple is offering a handful of its own accessories for the iPad, including a physical keyboard with an integrated dock ($69), a charging dock without the keyboard ($29) that engages the iPad's photo frame mode, a camera connection kit ($30) that includes both a USB and an SD card adapter for importing images from a digital camera, and a wrap-around leather case ($40) that doubles as a kickstand.
If you're interested in using the iPad for presentations, Apple offers a $30 VGA adapter that can connect to a projector or computer monitor. Video output is only compatible with specific apps, such as Apple's Keynote. The maximum output resolution is only 1,024x768 pixels, so keep your HD expectations in check. That said, with the arrival of iOS 4.2 and its AirPlay capabilities, iPad owners can now send HD resolution video (and multichannel audio) wirelessly to Apple's latest Apple TV media receiver, in addition to music streaming and photo slideshows. For more details, read our full review of Apple TV.
As far as essential accessories go, we believe a protective case of some kind is a good investment. Also, given the alternative of charging the iPad using a basic wall adapter, $29 seems a fair price for a charging dock that transforms an otherwise techy device into an attractive digital photo frame.
Though the iPad can be used without a computer most of the time, you will need to connect to a computer running Apple's iTunes 9.1 or later to set up the device and sync any existing media, contacts, e-mail, photos, or browser bookmarks. Computer specification requirements for iTunes 9.1 can be found on Apple's Web site.
If you plan to use the iPad at home for surfing the Web and you don't have a 3G-capable model, you will need to make sure your home is set up for wireless Internet.
iPad 3G


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A VERY remarkable thing is happening to the Australian economy; something we've never achieved before.
The biggest mining boom since the Gold Rush days is coming to an end and our economy is chugging along relatively in tact.
This is no mean feat. Mining booms of yonder year have always ended in tears, in a burst of inflation or recession, sometimes both.
But thanks to some nimble gear changes by the Reserve Bank over the past half decade, there is hope that 2014 will be the year we finally end up on the road to more balanced growth.
We all remember how the Reserve slashed interest rates during the GFC - sweet relief for mortgage holders who had been paying double digit interest rates.
When the worst of the GFC appeared to have passed in 2009 and 2010, the Reserve brought interest rates back to normal again.
But by late 2011 it became clear that something was amiss. Not only were commodity prices softening - as government stimulus in China petered out - our turbo charged Aussie dollar was putting pressure on the rest of the trade exposed economy.
Since then the Reserve has cut interest rates on eight occasions - the last cut, in August last year, taking the official cash rate to a record low.
Since then it has been a nervous wait to see if debt shy consumers can find the confidence to take over the reigns of growth from the mining sector.
The main question as we enter 2014 is: has enough already been done? Have we seen the last rate cut?
Increasingly, economists think we have.
In fact, the median forecast of 30 economic forecasters surveyed by Bloomberg is for rates to remain exactly where they are for the whole of 2014.
Sure, forecasting's a tough job - "no change" is as safe a bet as any.
Some forecasters, however, are out on a limb. Westpac chief economist, Bill Evans, puts grizzly bears to shame his forecast of another two rate cuts this year.
Soaring above them all is the hawkish Stephen Koukoulas of Market Economics who expects the cash rate to rise 1 percentage point by years end.
Somewhere in between, HSBC Australia's chief economist Paul Bloxham says 2014 will see the end of the Reserve's easing cycle. While the long awaited "rebalancing" in growth from mining to the consumer sector has taken longer than expected, Bloxham thinks there are signs it is here.
"We continue to see the Reserve's easing phase as done," he says.
Retail sales and building approval figures released last week hint at a recovery in consumer spirits.
Households have spent the last half-decade repairing balance sheets, getting ahead on the mortgage and saving.
But retail sales have now grown for seven consecutive months, to be 4.6 per cent higher over the year. Sure, this is nothing like the 7 or 8 per cent growth in sales posted during the pre-GFC days debt binge days. But those days are over.
We tend to underestimate the importance of consumer spending in powering our economy, but it makes up about two thirds of all economic activity.
Investment in housing construction is also picking up. Building approvals fell slightly on the latest monthly numbers, but are up more than 20 per cent over the year.
A shortage of supply and renewed interested by investors in housing is driving a boom in new apartment building.
If sustained, this will create jobs and also keep a lid on property price rises. (Although Bloxham is still tipping double digit home price growth this year.)
Recovering retirement nest eggs and home values are both helping to restore financial spirits.
And do you hear that sound? Silence. Silence is what we're hearing from offshore. Europe's debt overhang continues its slow burn, but the crisis days appear behind us.
Meanwhile, the US economy is in recovery mode, creating jobs again. The US Federal Reserve, under new chief Janet Yellen, will spend 2014 withdrawing extraordinary stimulus measures, while making sure this does not choke off recovery.
And on Capitol Hill, the worst of the debt ceiling debacle appears to have passed, as Republicans and Democrats work towards a compromise deal on restraining spending to avoid another damaging shutdown.
Closer to home, the Chinese dragon is subdued, but still powering along at near 8 per cent annual growth.
Of course, if predicting the future were possible, economists wouldn't be wrong as often as they are.
The one dark cloud on the horizon is the jobs market, which continues to be sluggish at best.
But, on balance, it's all quiet on the economic front as we enter 2014.
A good time to hit the beach.
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Arab Israeli Conflict
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(photo credit: Steffen Jensen)
Dear Reader,
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Extract from an article in Issue 13, October 13, 2008 of The Jerusalem Report. To subscribe to The Jerusalem Report click here.
Yisrael Campbell often looks like he's wandered into the wrong place. On this sweltering August day, the full-bearded 45-year-old with long, dangling sidelocks, a black fedora and a thick black jacket, is seated in a café in the German Colony, a chic, largely secular neighborhood in Jerusalem.
Campbell, acutely aware of how he stands out in his ultra-Orthodox garb, and always ready to mock himself, volunteers to fetch a pitcher of water in this self-service café. "I'm the only one dressed anything like a waiter," he quips, straightening his black jacket and getting up to bring the water.
Appearances can be misleading.
Campbell feels very much at home in this café, in this part of town (he lives in the adjacent neighborhood of Baka) and in this country - which is a little bit surprising for a Catholic-born American from Philadelphia who used to be called Chris.
His metamorphosis into an Orthodox Jew who makes a living as a standup comic in Jerusalem is the focus of his one-man show and, more recently, of "Circumcise Me," a documentary on his life, which has been screened at film festivals in the United States, Canada, Australia and Israel and on the Jewish Channel (a national Jewish cable network in the United States). The 48-minute film charts an extraordinary spiritual, creative and occasionally absurd journey that includes three circumcisions along the way.
Fortunately, Campbell notes early on in his show and in the film, he underwent a medical circumcision right after birth, so the subsequent circumcisions - one for each of his three conversions to Reform, Conservative and Orthodox Judaism, as he became increasingly observant - involved only a symbolic drawing of blood. Nevertheless, by the third time, he says, he began to grow weary of the ceremony. "Three circumcisions is not a religious covenant - it's a fetish," he laments in his show.
Campbell's mother was slated to become a nun before she met her husband-to-be and dropped out of the convent. But Campbell was no Sunday school prodigy. He describes his high school years as a blur of drugs and alcohol. "How Catholic was I? Catholic enough to know I was going to hell," he observes in his show. By 16, he had sobered up and embarked on the spiritual search that ultimately led him to Judaism.
Campbell, a large-built, soft-spoken man with a laid-back manner, is affable and funny, punctuating his story with one-liners. But much of the time, he is earnest and probing, not so much looking for a laugh, it seems, as for an answer. He talks about his views of the different branches of Judaism, his reluctance to live by a hodge podge of religious beliefs - a little Christianity, a little Buddhism - as some of his childhood friends do; and his appreciation of Jewish religious law and its impact on his life. His spiritual search, he notes, has always been closely linked to his artistic one.
The man, who describes himself as "a little bit of a class clown," moved to New York to study acting a few years after completing high school in Philadelphia. This fall, he notes, his show will run off-Broadway just a couple of blocks away from where he studied 20 years ago - at New York's Circle in the Square Drama School. "I really will have come full circle," he smiles, "but in the process, I will have changed my name, my religion, my nationality and my marital status.
"In those days," he continues, twirling a sidelock, "I used to dress in the standard actor 'uniform' - black turtleneck and black jeans. So I guess the only thing that hasn't changed is that I'm still in black," he says, casting an amused glance at his attire.
In the late 80s, he moved to Los Angeles, hoping to improve his prospects for an acting career. It was there that he saw an ad in a newspaper for a basic course in Judaism, given at a local Reform synagogue. Campbell says he thought he would become disillusioned with the religion, just as he had with Catholicism. But by the end of the course, he was more enthusiastic than ever and decided to convert.
What drew him to Judaism? Campbell admits he was deeply inspired by "Exodus" - not the Biblical book, he hastens to explain, but the Leon Uris novel.
But he also found Judaism to be a refreshing contrast to what he perceived as the dogmatic approach of Catholicism. "The idea that everything is up for discussion is an integral part of Judaism and that really attracted me," he says, recalling how his first rabbi raised doubts about some of the basic tenets of the Passover story. "He would ask: How is it that when the Jews left Egypt they had time to take all the gold and silver of the Egyptians, but," he continues, his voice rising in a tone of ridicule, "they didn't have time to wait for the bread to rise?"
Campbell shakes his head, still bemused by the rabbi's question, and reveals perhaps another source of his attraction to Judaism: "Rabbis are definitely much funnier than priests."
While studying at the Reform center in L.A., Campbell was also auditioning for commercials. Coincidentally, Campbell got his first audition the day after he completed his conversion. "Before that, I guess I didn't have the right connections," he quips, referring to the preponderance of Jews in the city's media industry. "When I told one of my relatives, he said: 'Wow! News travels fast.'"
During that same period, Campbell married the daughter of an Egyptian-born Muslim doctor. "The father said he wouldn't come to the wedding unless I converted to Islam," says Campbell, who declined. "I told him that if I belong to all three major religions in one calendar year, people are going to doubt my sincerity."
Campbell became hungry for greater ritual observance. When he asked how to put on phylacteries, his Reform rabbi directed him to another rabbi 75 miles away. "I figured there had to be someone closer who could help me," he recalls, explaining how he gravitated first to Conservative and eventually to Orthodox Judaism, where he says he feels most comfortable.
In the summer of 2000 he decided to come to Israel for a few months to study Hebrew. By then, he was turning down offers for commercials if they were being shot on Shabbat or Jewish holidays - something he admits was a bad career move: "A struggling actor in L.A. turns down work only on one condition: He's dead."
He loved Israel, he says, and decided to extend his stay for a year.
Campbell - who was by then divorced - fell in love with his substitute Talmud teacher at Jerusalem's Pardes Institute, Avital Hochstein. The couple married in 2002 and now live in Baka with their three young children.
Campbell's one-man show, "It's Not in Heaven," evolved from a talk he gave at Pardes about his unusual life. A number of members of the audience suggested he turn it into a book or stage production. He credits fellow American-born comedian David Kilimnick, founder of the Jerusalem-based Off the Wall Comedy Empire (a company of English-speaking comedians), for encouraging him to launch the show, in 2004. He has since performed all over Israel as well as in the United States and the United Kingdom. Campbell is also a member of the Israeli-Palestinian Comedy Tour, a quartet of Palestinian and Jewish stand-up comics who say they try to bring peace, or at least a few laughs, to the Middle East. In the fall, Campbell will launch a new one-man show, "You Can Never Be Too Jewish" on off-Broadway.
There seems to be something inherently paradoxical about being Orthodox, which implies reverence, and being a comedian, which calls for irreverence. Yet, Campbell manages to be both. In his private life, he allows himself little leeway in his religious observance. (When he flew to the U.S. on Tisha B'av, he fasted for 32 hours instead of the mandatory 25 because he was flying across several time zones.) "Halakhic structure is for me a way of being in a relationship with God," he explains.
A Therapeutic Film
The film "Circumcise Me" was a sort of therapy
for filmmakers Matthew Kalman and David Blumenfeld, both veteran news reporters who live in Jerusalem.
British-born Kalman, a reporter, and Canadian-born Blumenfeld, a photographer, have worked for leading media outlets, including Time, Newsweek and the Boston Globe.
"At the height of the intifada, David and I were doing a lot of work together, reporting mainly about guns, bombs, exploded buses and people dying," recalls Kalman. "We were also asked to produce other people's documentaries - and those were also about suicide bombings.
"After you've seen enough dead bodies lying on the pavement after a suicide bombing of a bus, you realize you're becoming inured to the shock. When you see people still fused to their seats inside this blackened shell, and all you're looking at is the camera angle, you realize that you're losing a bit of what makes you human.
"It got a bit grueling and depressing. So David suggested we do something of our own, something fun. Doing this film has enabled us as reporters to retrieve a little bit of our own humanity. Basically this has been just one big act of therapy."
On an evening in 2004, he recalls, "I went to the opening night of Off the Wall Comedy Club [an English-language comedy club in Jerusalem], and there was this haredi [ultra-Orthodox] guy standing in the corner. I felt like saying to him: 'You're in the wrong place - this is a comedy club. Can I direct you to Me'a She'arim [an ultra Orthodox neighborhood]?' And it turns out that he was the headliner."
Kalman, who founded a comedy club at his alma mater, Cambridge, was delighted. "I thought he was funny, talented, charismatic and found his story so compelling. It seemed like the obvious choice for a documentary. That night I called David and told him: 'We've got our subject.'"
Campbell readily agreed. "He had nothing better to do," quips Kalman as Campbell, seated nearby, nods in agreement.
The film is an abbreviated version of Campbell's standup comedy show which is itself a tapestry of his colorful life and observations about subjects close to his heart. The filmmakers shot six of his shows and conducted interviews with the comedian in different locations in Jerusalem. There is also footage of Campbell's father, a lapsed Catholic who remains perplexed but not bitter about his son's conversion. The movie is being screened at over a dozen film festivals in cities across the United States over the next few months (http://circumcise-me.blogspot.com).
"In a lot of documentaries, the filmmakers research the story, but in this case the story was right there," Kalman notes. He also says that he had grown tired of interviewing "cynical politicians" and terrorists, while ignoring what he regards as the real heroes of the story - ordinary people coping in an extraordinary situation. He wanted to show that side of Israeli reality, too.
"The fact is that even at the height of the intifada, people continued to laugh. There was still a life going on in Jerusalem against the background of this craziness. And as news reporters we never got to report that."
One segment of the film - and show - deals with Campbell's own intifada experiences, including the loss of two close friends killed in a terror attack at the Hebrew University cafeteria in July, 2002. He handles the subject with sensitivity, but doesn't refrain from telling jokes about terrorists.
"In this film, we wanted to tackle the intifada, but from a different angle," says Kalman. "We think it's the first intifada comedy."
Extract from an article in Issue 13, October 13, 2008 of The Jerusalem Report. To subscribe to The Jerusalem Report click here.
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Heavy surf Saturday caused damage and minor injuries along the Central California coast.
In Santa Barbara County, strong waves sent water crashing into a beachside restaurant in Goleta. The manager of the Beachside Bar-Cafe on the Goleta Pier told KEYT-TV that one of his employees was swept out into the ocean and underneath the pier, where he was able to get out of the water. Another employee was pushed back inside the restaurant by a rogue wave but was not seriously hurt.
A fierce wave also broke the windows at a nearby beachside restaurant, the Moby Dick at the Santa Barbara Pier.
At the north end of Monterey Bay, strong waves apparently broke through the foundation of a seaside home, creating a blowhole on the driveway and shooting water over the roof.
Also, a stretch of the oceanfront drive in Santa Cruz was shut down Saturday after a large sinkhole appeared in a cliff, opening the roof of a cave where homeless people have lived. Authorities said public works was investigating.


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Science Friday® is produced by the Science Friday Initiative, a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization.
Science Friday® and SciFri® are registered service marks of Science Friday, Inc. Site design by Pentagram; engineering by Mediapolis.
Considering the Norway shootings, drug wars in Mexico and ongoing conflicts in the Middle East, this era may seem as violent as any. But as Harvard psychologist Steven Pinker argues in his book The Better Angels of Our Nature, this may actually be the most peaceable period in human history.


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MMORPG Games
Video games are expanding and growing to be almost a necessary part of everyday life for teens and adults alike. One of the more popular type of games are mmorpg games. With lots of different styles of fighting including, hand-to-hand combat, sharpshooting, and even magic their is a play style for everyone! Mmorpg games have taken a place inside the gaming community and will most likely stay for a very long time.
Browser Based Mmorpgs
With the expansion
The dead or alive video game series developed by Team Ninja (published by Tecmo, LTD) has come a long ways. Starting out as a fighting videogame the series became very popular amongst hard core video gamers. In 2003 Team Ninja released Dead Or Alive Xtreme Beach Volleyball which was a complete turnaround from the fighting style games.
Team Ninja decided to take the hot girls from the Dead or Alive
Since the rise to the top of all online activity combined, internet game playing has experienced many introductions of novel games that are diverse in new technology and gaming genres with cooking games as one of the newer varieties having become recently popular.
Some would think cooking games, really? And the answer would be a resounding yes! It appears that some of the most ambiguous of games escalate to the summit of favorite games to engage in on the internet and entertaining
Computer based entertainment or online recreation covers a multitude of various activities, forms of amusement and favorite pastimes with playing Internet games smack dab at the top of the list. The reason for this is quite obvious, as usage of the Internet has increased exponentially in the past several decades.
Activities formerly done offline, such as checking the weather or searching for local movie listings are now being done online as well as news gathering, shopping, dating,
If you ask the enormous amount of online shooting games players the reason they engage in shooting games, you will find the motivations as varied as the types of shooting games available on the internet. You will also discover that not all shooting games are played with deadly weapons or for the same motivating factor. All however, do sharpen skills of some nature or another.
The initial thought that probably enters your mind when you hear the term shooting games is machine guns,


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Do you:
Have an interest in art
Like meeting interesting people
Enjoy the museum
Connect to the community
Display a talent
Or just love being at a great event?
You can be a volunteer!
Being a volunteer at ARTafterDARK is a great way to make friends while giving back to the Honolulu Museum of Art. The event offers an array of volunteer opportunities.
If you are interested in being a volunteer, please complete the online application on the Volunteer Program page and you'll receive our emails about monthly volunteer opportunities at ARTafterDARK.
Advisory Board
Since ARTafterDARK's inception in 2004, the Advisory Board was formed to properly acknowledge the dynamic group of young volunteers that assist in steering and planning the program year-in and year-out. The 2019 Advisory Board is comprised of 14 of Honolulu's best and brightest:
Larry Chun
Whitney Crear
Andrea Doi
Ashley Fujii
Michelle Fujii
Maggie Hines
Loryn Guiffré
Nina Horioka
Taryn Loo
Shaolin Low
Eddie Quan
John Rankin
Lehua Vermeesch
Laura Ward


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Mary Roy
351 Education Building
In addition to the general requirements for admission to Graduate Studies at Fairmont State University that follow, applicants to programs in the School of Education, Health and Human Performance are required to meet specific SoEHHP Graduate program Admission Requirements.
Applicants for graduate programs in the School of Education Health and Human Performance must meet the following specific criteria in addition to University admission policy criteria:
Unconditional admission: GRE score of 284 (800 on previous scoring scale) or MAT score of 378.
Provisional admission: GRE score below 284 (or below 800 on the old scale) or MAT score below 378
Note: Certified teachers who have a passing PLT score may be exempted from GRE/Millers requirements. Applicants already holding a master's degree are also exempted.
Provisional Admission
Applicants who are admitted on a provisional basis due to the absence of a test score or who provide a provisional test score at the point of application will matriculate with a restricted set of course options in the first 9 hours of study. Different M.Ed. concentrations and the M.A.T. may have different requirements for the first 9 credit hours depending on the program of study.
Continuation in a program of study for provisionally admitted students will be determined based on performance in the first 9 credit hours. Provisionally admitted students must hold a minimum grade point average of 3.0 with no grade lower than "B" in any graduate course. Provisionally admitted students may not have a grade of "I" or "W" in the first 9 credit hours.
Provisionally admitted students must provide the required test score before the completion of the first term of matriculation (summer, spring or fall) after provisional admission is approved.
Note: Beginning in Fall, 2011, the score scale for the GRE has changed from a 200 – 800 score to a 130 – 170 score for the Verbal and Quantitative tests. The previous unconditional score for Fairmont State University was a combined score of 800 (conditional score = 700) based on a Quantitative score of 460 and Verbal score of 340 (340 + 460 = 800). These scores are equivalent to 142 on the new scoring system. The new unconditional acceptance score is 284 (new conditional score is 277). The previous 460 and 340 scores equaled the same percentile ranking for the respective subtests; in the new scoring system, a score of 142 on the verbal section is the same percentile as a score of 142 on the quantitative section.
Certification Program Admission Requirements
Applicants for any certification program (M.Ed. or M.A.T.) must have a GPA of 2.75 or higher. This includes all transcripts from all previous degrees and matriculation. The provision for calculating the last 60 credit hours noted in General University Graduate Studies Admissions Requirements above do not apply to certificate programs.
All applicants admitted to a graduate program leading to certification are required to complete all field and clinical components in a West Virginia public school.
Note: M.A.T. content condition – Candidates applying to the M.A.T. program must have:
Exercise Science, Fitness and Wellness Program Admission Requirements
Applicants for the M.Ed. in Exercise Science, Fitness and Wellness may have to meet prerequisite course requirements as part of admissions.


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'Founding Documents: Shaped In and By Faith'
Part of the Religious Freedom Series
Series About:
[This article first appeared in the November 2011 Issue of Citizen magazine]
You've heard the message over and over, in various forms: "Religion and politics don't mix," "Religious values have no place in public policy," "There must be a strict separation between church and state," and "The U.S. was not founded on Christianity."
But have you heard it from the Founding Fathers' point of view?
"There was a consensus among the Founders that religion was indispensable to a system of republican self-government," says Daniel Dreisbach, professor of law, justice and American society at American University. "The Founders looked to religion (and morality informed by religious faith) to provide the internal moral compass that would prompt citizens to behave in a disciplined manner, and thereby promote social order and political stability."
Take the nation's first president. In his first inaugural address, George Washington said that "the propitious smiles of heaven can never be expected on a nation that disregards the eternal rules of order and right which heaven itself has ordained."
In his farewell address, Washington sounded the same note: "Of all the dispositions and habits which lead to a political prosperity, religion and morality are indispensable supports. In vain would that man claim that tribute of patriotism, who should labor to subvert these great pillars of human happiness."
Or take the second president. "Our Constitution was made only for a moral and religious people," John Adams declared. "It is wholly inadequate for the government of any other."
Quotes from our Founding Fathers are replete with references to faith, God's sovereignty, Jesus Christ and Christianity, as well as to the Bible and its role in the maintaining of order, ethics and morality. Succeeding generations also echoed their themes. As Daniel Webster succinctly put it in 1820:
"Whatever makes men good Christians, makes them good citizens."
Today, there are some — mainly on the Left — who paint the Founders not as Christians but as Deists, believers in an impersonal creator who left his creations to fend for themselves. But while that description fits less than a handful of the Founders, to varying degrees, it clearly doesn't fit the vast majority.
Of the 55 signers of the U.S. Constitution, "with no more than five exceptions, they were orthodox members of one of the established congregations," wrote the late University of Dallas historian M.E. Bradford. "References made by the Framers to Jesus Christ as Redeemer and Son of God … are commonplace in their private papers, correspondence and public remarks — and in the early records of their lives."
And this wasn't just lip service, Bradford noted: The faith the Framers professed played a large role in their lives.
Thus, both James Madison and Alexander Hamilton "regularly led their households in the observance of family prayers." Roger Sherman "was a ruling elder of his church." John Dickinson of Delaware "wrote persuasive letters to youthful friends conserving the authority of Scripture and the soundness of Christian evidences." Richard Bassett, also of Delaware, "rode joyfully with his former slaves to share in the enthusiasm of their singing on the way to Methodist camp meetings." Elias Boudinot of New Jersey "was heavily involved in Christian missions and was the founder of the American Bible Society."
The Wall That Never Was
Why would such men have written a First Amendment that sought to purge religious expression and values from the public square? Simple: They didn't.
The Founders wanted to preserve the many vibrant Christian churches that were thriving in America. So they provided in the First Amendment that no Congress could squelch the free exercise of religion or establish a national church body — as had happened in England, driving many of their ancestors to the New World.
They also created a decentralized system that left states free to pursue diverse policies. Some (New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, South Carolina and Maryland) gave funding or property to churches. A few state constitutions contained religious requirements. Pennsylvania and New York required officeholders to pledge belief in the divine inspiration of Scripture.
To be sure, that wasn't the norm. Most states guaranteed religious liberty, on the principle that government compulsion was an affront to true worship. But the very language in those guarantees testified to the prevailing faith. Many used terms of praise like "Almighty God." Massachusetts spoke of "the right, as well as the duty, of all men in society … to worship the Supreme Being, the great Creator and Preserver of the universe."
And the federal government itself, though much more limited in its religious involvements, did things that would make an ACLU attorney blanch. Even one of the least religiously orthodox Founders, Thomas Jefferson, used federal funds during his presidency to build churches and to support Christian missionaries working among the Indians.
That's especially meaningful since it was Jefferson who authored the phrase "wall of separation between church and state" in a letter to the Danbury (Conn.) Baptist Association — words now commonly misused to claim that the Founders would have supported an ACLU-like approach. But as Dreisbach notes, "The absurd conclusion that countless courts and commentators would have us reach is that Jefferson routinely pursued policies that violated his own 'wall of separation.' "
In truth, the Founders never dreamed that, one day, the government they helped to establish would so often be hostile to the faith that most of them — despite their many other differences — held in common.
And it's not hard to imagine what they would have said about it. Just recall Washington's words about religion and morality:
"In vain would that man claim that tribute of patriotism, who should labor to subvert these great pillars of human happiness."
To learn more about the Founding Fathers and our nation's historical documents, visit The Patriot Post at www.PatriotPost.us/document. Learn more about ICON Statues by Stan Watts at www.ICONstatues.com.
Matt Kaufman is a contributing editor for Citizen.


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AIDS Treatment Activists Push UNAIDS and WHO to Meet Commitments to Reduce HIV in Women and Newborns
UNAIDS Executive Director Calls for Action to Improve Delivery of PMTCT
Geneva -- In a dramatic meeting today at the UNAIDS headquarters in Geneva, members of the International Treatment Preparedness Coalition (ITPC) and AIDS-Free World met with the leaders and approximately 100 staff members of UNAIDS and WHO to present ITPC's latest Missing the Target report, F_ailing Women, Failing Children: HIV, Vertical Transmission and Women's Health_, which identifies the failure of the international community in preventing vertical transmission (also known as prevention of mother-to-child transmission or PMTCT).
Citing the research from six countries, ITPC and AIDS-Free World made a strong case that governments and UN agencies have failed to meet their commitment to reduce HIV infection in newborns. In the discussion that followed, almost everyone in the room acknowledged the failure, and Michel Sidibé, Executive Director of UNAIDS issued a call to action to significantly improve delivery of prevention of vertical transmission as a critical step on the road to universal access. "We welcome the personal commitment made by Mr. Sidibé to ensure that the rhetoric to place women at the center of the AIDS response is matched by specific programs and increased budgets. ITPC will continue to monitor governments and UN agencies as they deliver on the goal of universal access," said Aditi Sharma, coordinator of the ITPC report.
Speaking on a media conference call after the meeting, Stephen Lewis, co-director of AIDS-Free World, who co-authored the report's preface, said, "There was tremendous excitement when the idea of preventing vertical transmission was originally put forth, but it has been a matter of some dismay and bewilderment watching the chronicle of lamentable failure ever since. The twin principles which prevention of vertical transmission were meant to embody were universal access on the one hand and gender equality on the other, and both have been vetoed by what has happened -- by the program itself."
ITPC's seventh Missing the Target report presents on-the-ground research conducted by civil society activists in Argentina, Cambodia, Moldova, Morocco, Uganda and Zimbabwe. The report's researchers highlighted some of the key findings about the provision of prevention of vertical transmission in each of their countries.
"Women alone bear the weight of PMTCT and the result of a possible positive HIV test," said Othoman Mellouk, from Morocco.
"Many pregnant women, especially those who live in isolated or poor communities, visit a clinic for the first time late in their terms, and may not be tested for HIV or receive information about prevention of vertical transmission," said Lorena Di Giano, from Argentina.
"PMTCT is reaching only a handful of Cambodian women and their babies. Only about one in ten HIV-positive mothers and their babies receive antiretroviral drugs to prevent vertical transmission," said Kem Ley, from Cambodia.
"In Uganda, many HIV-positive mothers are forced by stigma, poverty or cultural pressures to practice risky mixed-feeding, rather than exclusive breast-feeding, which is safer for their babies," said Richard Hasunira, from Uganda.
"HIV-positive women in Moldova who disclose their status and seek treatment and care for themselves and their babies often face stigma and discrimination. They may also face discrimination and violence from their families," said Liudmila Untura, from Moldova.
"Many women in Zimbabwe lack the hard currency needed to pay transportation and hospital costs, so more and more of them are delivering their babies at home without expert health care and access to prevention of vertical transmission services," said Caroline Mubaira, from Zimbabwe.
The report, published by the Treatment Monitoring and Advocacy Project (TMAP) of ITPC, is based on research conducted in the six countries between November 2008 and January 2009. The full report is available here.


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I was fortunate to be invited to give a talk at the Dundee Pecha Kucha Night vol 2 held on 28 February. My talk was on the theme of public education, and I have made a version of the talk available below. It is a prerecorded rather than 'live' version.
If you are unfamiliar with the format, each speaker has 20 images projected, each of which stays on the screen for 20 seconds – so you have 6 minutes and 40 seconds to make your point! Creative Dundee are to be congratulated for organising these excellent events that attract a full audience. Live videos of all talks will be available soon from the link above.


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Look whooooooo's 100 Days Smarter.
We had a wonderful 100th day of school on Friday with
many fun "100" activities in math, writing, art, and cooking.
We made 100th day hats... that turned into glasses by the end of the day. : )
The children LOVED stamping to 100.
They were SO, SO creative when asked,
"What can you make from the number 100?"
We also drew what we think we'll look like when we are 100, what we'd buy with 100 dollars, and made this snack:
Happy 100th Day, Kindergarten Friends!


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Following the recent release of the 1939 National Identity Register census details for England, Scotland and Wales by the National Health Information Centre and the General Register Office for Scotland, I decided a couple of weeks ago to make a Freedom of Information application to the Public Records Office of Northern Ireland to see if equivalent records could be released in the last part of the United Kingdom still to make provision, in this case for an entry concerning my grandparents, who resided at Greencastle in Belfast. I made the application online, as directed on the PRONI Freedom of Information details page at
I have since had the following response:
Thank you for your enquiry requesting information on residents at [address].
The Public Record Office of Northern Ireland will be responding to this request under the terms of the Freedom of Information Act 2000.
Due to the sensitive nature of the information contained within these records, they are closed. Although PRONI does possess the National Identity Registers for Northern Ireland, we have a duty under the FOI Act to consult with the functionally responsible authority before any information can be released.
This search may take longer than usual as the archive in question is extremely large, is completely uncatalogued and is stored in our offsite storage facility. As the hundreds of volumes do not have an index, a manual search will have to be conducted on a page by page basis for the information requested. Consequently, this request will take considerably longer to process than normal routine queries, so we ask for your patience. However, a search of the archive is due to begin and I shall be in touch with you in due course.
With the same law successfully providing access to records on mainland Britain, this is a potentially promising response. Further details as they come!
Scotland's Greatest Story