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High Cholesterol
Although it is by no means the only major risk factor, elevated serum (blood) cholesterol is clearly associated with a high risk of heart disease.
Most doctors suggest cholesterol levels should stay under 200 mg/dl. As levels fall below 200, the risk of heart disease continues to decline. Many doctors consider cholesterol levels of no more than 180 to be optimal. A low cholesterol level, however, is not a guarantee of good heart health, as some people with low levels do suffer heart attacks.
Medical laboratories now subdivide total cholesterol measurement into several components, including LDL ("bad") cholesterol, which is directly linked to heart disease, and HDL ("good") cholesterol, which is protective. The relative amount of HDL to LDL is more important than total cholesterol. For example, it is possible for someone with very high HDL to be at relatively low risk for heart disease even with total cholesterol above 200. Evaluation of changes in cholesterol requires consultation with a healthcare professional and should include measurement of total serum cholesterol, as well as HDL and LDL cholesterol.
The following discussion is limited to information about lowering serum cholesterol levels or increasing HDL cholesterol using natural approaches. Because high cholesterol is linked to atherosclerosis and heart disease, people concerned about heart disease should also learn more about atherosclerosis.
What are the symptoms of high cholesterol?
Dietary changes that may be helpful for high cholesterol
Unlike other dairy foods, skimmed milk, nonfat yogurt, and nonfat cheese are essentially fat-free. Dairy products labeled "low fat" are not particularly low in fat. A full 25% of calories in 2% milk come from fat. (The "2%" refers to the fraction of volume filled by fat, not the more important percentage of calories coming from fat.)
In addition to large amounts of saturated fat from animal-based foods, Americans eat small amounts of saturated fat from coconut and palm oils. Palm oil has been reported to elevate cholesterol.4 5 Research regarding coconut oil is mixed, with some trials finding no link to heart disease,6 while other research reports that coconut oil elevates cholesterol levels.7 8
Despite the links between saturated fat intake and serum cholesterol levels, not every person responds to appropriate dietary changes with a drop in cholesterol. A subgroup of people with elevated cholesterol who have what researchers call "large LDL particles" has been reported to have no response even to dramatic reductions in dietary fat.9 (LDL is the "bad" cholesterol most associated with an increased risk of heart disease.) This phenomenon is not understood. People who significantly reduce intake of animal fats for several months but do not see significant a reduction in cholesterol levels should discuss other approaches to lowering cholesterol with a doctor.
Yogurt, acidophilus milk, and kefir are fermented milk products that have been reported to lower cholesterol in most,10 11 12 13 14 15 16 but not all, double-blind and other controlled research.17 18 19 Until more is known, it makes sense for people with elevated cholesterol who consume these foods, to select nonfat varieties.
Eating fish has been reported to increase HDL cholesterol20 and is linked to a reduced risk of heart disease in most,21 but not all, studies.22 Fish contains very little saturated fat, and fish oil contains EPA and DHA, omega-3 fatty acids that appear to protect against heart disease.23
Vegetarians have lower cholesterol24 and less heart disease25 than meat eaters, in part because they avoid animal fat. Vegans (people who eat no meat, dairy, or eggs) have the lowest cholesterol levels,26 and switching from a standard diet to a vegan diet, along with other lifestyle changes, has been reported to reverse heart disease in controlled research.27 28
Dietary cholesterol
Egg consumption does not appear to be totally safe, however, even for people consuming a low-fat diet. When cholesterol from eggs is cooked or exposed to air, it oxidizes. Oxidized cholesterol is linked to increased risk of heart disease.31 Eating eggs also makes LDL cholesterol more susceptible to damage, a change linked to heart disease.32
Whether or not egg eaters are more likely to die from heart disease is a matter of controversy. In one preliminary study, egg eaters had a higher death rate from heart disease, even when serum cholesterol levels were not elevated.33 However, another preliminary study found no evidence of an overall significant association between egg consumption, and risk of heart disease or stroke, except in people with diabetes.34 Until more is known, limiting egg consumption may be a good idea, particularly for people with existing heart disease or diabetes.
While coconut oil is high in saturated fat, some evidence suggests it does not cause unhealthy changes in blood cholesterol levels compared with other saturated fats. In a controlled study of people with high cholesterol, coconut oil resulted in higher total and LDL cholesterol levels compared with safflower oil (a polyunsaturated oil), but lower levels compared with butter, while HDL levels were similar for all three diets.35 Another controlled study compared coconut oil with canola oil,36 and found that coconut oil raised total and LDL cholesterol in people with high cholesterol who were not taking cholesterol-lowering drugs, but did not affect these levels in people who were taking these drugs. HDL levels were not reported in this study.
Oat bran is rich in a soluble fiber called beta-glucan. In 1997, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration passed a unique ruling that allowed oat bran to be registered as the first cholesterol-reducing food at an amount providing 3 grams of beta-glucan per day, although some evidence suggests this level may not be high enough to make a significant difference.45 Several double-blind and other controlled trials have shown that oat bran46 47 48 and oat milk49 supplementation may significantly lower cholesterol levels in people with elevated cholesterol, but only weakly lowers them in people with healthy cholesterol levels.50
Flaxseed, another good source of soluble fiber, has been reported to lower total and LDL cholesterol in preliminary studies.51 52 A double-blind trial found that while both flaxseed and sunflower seed lowered total cholesterol, only flaxseed significantly lowered LDL.53 Amounts of flaxseed used in these trials typically range from 30–50 grams per day. A controlled trial found that partially defatted flaxseed, containing 20 grams of fiber per day, significantly lowered LDL cholesterol, suggesting that at least one of the cholesterol-lowering components in flaxseed is likely to be the fiber in this product, as opposed to the oil removed from it.54 Controlled trials of flaxseed oil alone have shown inconsistent effects on blood cholesterol.55 56 57
Alpha-linolenic acid
Preliminary research on the effects of ALA from flaxseed has produced conflicting results. For example, ALA has improved parameters of arterial health that should protect people from heart disease, yet ALA may cause damage to LDL cholesterol.60 Such damage is believed to be a precursor to heart disease.
In 1994, researchers conducted a study in people with a history of heart disease, using what they called the "Mediterranean" diet.61 The diet was significantly different from what people from Mediterranean countries actually eat, in that it contained little olive oil. Instead, the diet included a special margarine high in ALA. Those people assigned to the "Mediterranean" diet had a remarkable 70% reduced risk of dying from heart disease compared with the control group during the first 27 months. Similar results were also confirmed after almost four years.62 Although cholesterol levels fell only modestly in the "Mediterranean" diet group, the positive results suggest that people with elevated cholesterol attempting to reduce the risk of heart disease should consider such a diet. The diet was high in beans and peas, fish, fruit, vegetables, bread, and cereals; and low in meat, dairy fat, and eggs. Although the authors believe that the high ALA content of the diet was partially responsible for the surprising outcome, other aspects of the diet may have been partly or even totally responsible for decreased death rates. Therefore, the success of the "Mediterranean" diet does not prove that ALA protects against heart disease.63
Olive oil
Trans fatty acids and margarine
However, special therapeutic margarines are now available that contain substances, called phytostanols, that block the absorption of cholesterol.97 The FDA has approved some of these margarines as legitimate therapeutic agents for lowering blood cholesterol levels. The best-known of these products is Benecol™. The cholesterol-lowering effect of these margarines has been demonstrated in numerous double-blind and other controlled trials.98 99 100 101 102 103 104
Nuts contain many factors that could be responsible for protection against heart disease, including fiber, vitamin E, alpha-linolenic acid (found primarily in walnuts), oleic acid, magnesium, potassium, and arginine. Therefore, exactly how nuts lower cholesterol or lower the risk of heart disease remains somewhat unclear. Some doctors even believe that nuts may not be directly protective; rather, people busy eating nuts will not simultaneously be eating eggs, dairy, or trans fatty acids from margarine and processed food, the avoidance of which would reduce cholesterol levels and the risk of heart disease.128 129 Nonetheless, the remarkable consistency of research outcomes strongly suggests that nuts do help protect against heart disease. Although nuts are loaded with calories, a preliminary trial surprisingly reported that adding hundreds of calories per day from nuts for six months did not increase body weight in humans130 —an outcome supported by other reports.131 Even when increasing nut consumption has led to weight gain, the amount of added weight has been remarkably less than would be expected, given the number of calories added to the diet.132 Given the number of calories per ounce of nuts, scientists do not understand why moderate nut consumption apparently has so little effect on body weight.
Number and size of meals
Lifestyle changes that may be helpful for high cholesterol
Obesity increases the risk of heart disease,140 in part because weight gain lowers HDL cholesterol.141 Weight loss reduces the body's ability to make cholesterol, increases HDL levels, and reduces triglycerides (another risk factor for heart disease).142 143 Weight loss also leads to a decrease in blood pressure.
Smoking is linked to a lowered level of HDL cholesterol144 and is also known to cause heart disease.145 Quitting smoking reduces the risk of having a heart attack.146
The combination of feelings of hostility, stress, and time urgency is called type A behavior. Men,147 148 but not women,149 with these traits are at high risk for heart disease in most, but not all, studies.150 Stress151 or type A behavior152 may elevate cholesterol in men. Reducing stress and feelings of hostility has reduced the risk of heart disease.153
Nutritional supplements that may be helpful for high cholesterol
Test tube and animal studies indicate that policosanol is capable of inhibiting cholesterol production by the liver.158 159
Extensive preliminary and double-blind research in Cuba and other countries in Latin America has demonstrated that taking 10 to 20 mg per day of policosanol extracted from sugar cane results in significant changes in blood cholesterol levels, including total cholesterol (17 to 21% lower on average), LDL cholesterol (21 to 29% lower), and HDL cholesterol (7 to 29% higher).160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170
The combined results of nine double-blind trials indicate that supplementation with beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) effectively lowers total and LDL cholesterol.171 All trials used 3 grams per day, taken for three to eight weeks.
Vitamin C appears to protect LDL cholesterol from damage.172 In some clinical trials, cholesterol levels have fallen when people with elevated cholesterol supplement with vitamin C.173 Some studies report that decreases in total cholesterol occur specifically in LDL cholesterol.174 Doctors sometimes recommend 1 gram per day of vitamin C. A review of the disparate research concerning vitamin C and heart disease, however, has suggested that most protection against heart disease from vitamin C, is likely to occur with as little as 100 mg per day.175
Pantethine, a byproduct of vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), may help reduce the amount of cholesterol made by the body. Several preliminary176 177 178 179 180 and two controlled181 182 trials have found that pantethine (300 mg taken two to four times per day) significantly lowers serum cholesterol levels and may also increase HDL. However, one double-blind trial in people whose high blood cholesterol did not change with diet and drug therapy, found that pantethine was also not effective.183 Common pantothenic acid has not been reported to have any effect on high blood cholesterol.
Chromium supplementation has reduced total cholesterol,184 185 LDL cholesterol186 187 and increased HDL cholesterol188 189 in double-blind and other controlled trials, although other trials have not found these effects.190 191 One double-blind trial found that high amounts of chromium (500 mcg per day) in combination with daily exercise was highly effective, producing nearly a 20% decrease in total cholesterol levels in just 13 weeks.192
Brewer's yeast, which contains readily absorbable and biologically active chromium, has also lowered serum cholesterol.193 People with higher blood levels of chromium appear to be at lower risk for heart disease.194 A reasonable and safe intake of supplemental chromium is 200 mcg per day. People wishing to use brewer's yeast as a source of chromium should look for products specifically labeled "from the brewing process" or "brewer's yeast," since most yeast found in health food stores is not brewer's yeast, and does not contain chromium. Optimally, true brewer's yeast contains up to 60 mcg of chromium per tablespoon, and a reasonable intake is 2 tablespoons per day.
High amounts (several grams per day) of niacin, a form of vitamin B3, lower cholesterol, an effect recognized in the approval of niacin as a prescription medication for high cholesterol.195 The other common form of vitamin B3—niacinamide—does not affect cholesterol levels. Some niacin preparations have raised HDL cholesterol better than certain prescription drugs.196 Some cardiologists prescribe 3 grams of niacin per day or even higher amounts for people with high cholesterol levels. At such intakes, acute symptoms (flushing, headache, stomachache) and chronic symptoms (liver damage, diabetes, gastritis, eye damage, possibly gout) of toxicity may be severe. Many people are not able to continue taking these levels of niacin due to discomfort or danger to their health. Therefore, high intakes of niacin must only be taken under the supervision of a doctor.
Symptoms caused by niacin supplements, such as flushing, have been reduced with sustained-release (also called "time-release") niacin products. However, sustained-release forms of niacin have caused significant liver toxicity and, though rarely, liver failure.197 198 199 200 201 One partial time-release (intermediate-release) niacin product has lowered LDL cholesterol and raised HDL cholesterol without flushing, and it also has acted without the liver function abnormalities typically associated with sustained-release niacin formulations.202 However, this form of niacin is available by prescription only.
In an attempt to avoid the side effects of niacin, alternative health practitioners increasingly use inositol hexaniacinate, recommending 500 to 1,000 mg, taken three times per day, instead of niacin.203 204 This special form of niacin has been reported to lower serum cholesterol but so far has not been found to cause significant toxicity.205 Unfortunately, compared with niacin, far fewer investigations have studied the possible positive or negative effects of inositol hexaniacinate. As a result, people using inositol hexaniacinate should not take it without the supervision of a doctor, who will evaluate whether it is helpful (by measuring cholesterol levels) and will make sure that toxicity is not occurring (by measuring liver enzymes, uric acid and glucose levels, and by taking medical history and doing physical examinations).
Soy supplementation has been shown to lower cholesterol in humans.206 Soy is available in foods such as tofu, miso, and tempeh and as a supplemental protein powder. Soy contains isoflavones, naturally occurring plant components that are believed to be soy's main cholesterol-lowering ingredients. A controlled trial showed that soy preparations containing high amounts of isoflavones effectively lowered total cholesterol and LDL ("bad") cholesterol, whereas low-isoflavone preparations (less than 27 mg per day) did not.207 However, supplementation with either soy208 or non-soy isoflavones (from red clover)209 in pill form failed to reduce cholesterol levels in a group of healthy volunteers, suggesting that isoflavone may not be responsible for the cholesterol-lowering effects of soy. Further trials of isoflavone supplements in people with elevated cholesterol, are needed to resolve these conflicting results.
Soy contains phytosterols. One such molecule, beta-sitosterol, is available as a supplement. Beta-sitosterol alone, and in combination with similar plant sterols, has been shown to reduce blood levels of cholesterol in preliminary210 and controlled211 trials. This effect may occur because beta-sitosterol blocks absorption of cholesterol.212 In studying the effects of 0.8, 1.6, and 3.2 grams of plant sterols per day, one double-blind trial found that higher intake of sterols tended to result in greater reduction in cholesterol, though the differences between the effects of these three amounts were not statistically significant.213
A synthetic molecule related to beta-sitosterol, sitostanol, is now available in a special margarine and has also been shown to lower cholesterol levels. In one controlled trial, supplementation with 1.7 grams per day of a plant-sterol product containing mostly sitostanol, combined with dietary changes, led to a dramatic 24% drop in LDL ("bad") cholesterol compared with only a 9% decrease in the diet-only part of the trial.214 Other controlled and double-blind trials have confirmed these results.215 216 217 218 219 A review of double-blind trials on sitostanol found that a reduction in the risk of heart disease of about 25% may be expected from use of sitostanol-containing spreads, a larger clinical effect than that produced by people reducing their saturated fat intake.220
Tocotrienols, a group of food-derived compounds that resemble vitamin E, may lower blood levels of cholesterol, but evidence is conflicting. Although tocotrienols inhibited cholesterol synthesis in test-tube studies,221 222 human trials have produced contradictory results. Two double-blind trials found that 200 mg per day of either gamma-tocotrienol223 or total tocotrienols224 were more effective than placebo, reducing cholesterol levels by 13–15%. However, in another double-blind trial, 200 mg of tocotrienols per day failed to lower cholesterol levels,225 and a fourth double-blind trial found 140 mg of tocotrienols and 80 mg of vitamin E (d-alpha-tocopherol) daily resulted in no changes in total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, or HDL cholesterol levels.226
Deficiency of the trace mineral, copper, has been linked to high blood cholesterol.227 228 In a controlled trial, daily supplementation with 3 to 4 mg of copper for eight weeks decreased blood levels of total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol, in a group of people over 50 years of age.229
Beta-glucan is a type of soluble fiber molecule derived from the cell wall of baker's yeast, oats and barley, and many medicinal mushrooms, such as maitake. Beta-glucan is the key factor for the cholesterol-lowering effect of oat bran.230 231 232 233 As with other soluble-fiber components, the binding of cholesterol (and bile acids) by beta-glucan and the resulting elimination of these substances in the feces is very helpful for reducing blood cholesterol.234 235 236 Results from a number of double-blind trials with either oat- or yeast-derived beta-glucan indicate typical reductions, after at least four weeks of use, of approximately 10% for total cholesterol and 8% for LDL ("bad") cholesterol, with elevations in HDL ("good") cholesterol ranging from zero to 16%.237 238 239 240 241 For lowering cholesterol levels, the amount of beta-glucan used has ranged from 2,900 to 15,000 mg per day.
Some preliminary242 and double-blind243 244 trials have shown that supplemental calcium reduces cholesterol levels. Possibly the calcium is binding with and preventing the absorption of dietary fat.245 However, other research has found no substantial or statistically significant effects of calcium supplementation on total cholesterol or HDL ("good") cholesterol.246 Reasonable supplemental levels are 800 to 1,000 mg per day.
In one double-blind trial,247 vitamin E increased protective HDL cholesterol, but several other trials,248 249 250 found no effect of vitamin E. However, vitamin E is known to protect LDL cholesterol from damage.251 Most cardiologists believe that only damaged LDL increases the risk of heart disease. Studies of the ability of vitamin E supplements to prevent heart disease have produced conflicting results,252 but many doctors continue to recommend that everyone supplement 400 IU of vitamin E per day to lessen the risk of having a heart attack.
L-carnitine is needed by heart muscle to utilize fat for energy. Some,253 254 but not all, preliminary trials report that carnitine reduces serum cholesterol.255 HDL cholesterol has also increased in response to carnitine supplementation.256 257 People have been reported in controlled research to stand a greater chance of surviving a heart attack if they are given L-carnitine supplements.258 Most trials have used 1 to 4 grams of carnitine per day.
Magnesium is needed by the heart to function properly. Although the mechanism is unclear, magnesium supplements (430 mg per day) lowered cholesterol in a preliminary trial.259 Another preliminary study reported that magnesium deficiency is associated with a low HDL cholesterol level.260 Intravenous magnesium has reduced death following heart attacks in some, but not all, clinical trials.261 Though these outcomes would suggest that people with high cholesterol levels should take magnesium supplements, an isolated double-blind trial reported that people with a history of heart disease assigned to magnesium supplementation experienced an increased number of heart attacks.262 More information is necessary before the scientific community can clearly evaluate the role magnesium should play for people with elevated cholesterol.
Chondroitin sulfate has lowered serum cholesterol levels in preliminary trials.263 264 Years ago, this supplement dramatically reduced the risk of heart attacks in a controlled, six-year follow-up of people with heart disease.265 The few doctors aware of these older clinical trials sometimes tell people with a history of heart disease or elevated cholesterol levels, to take approximately 500 mg of chondroitin sulfate three times per day.
Although lecithin has been reported to increase HDL cholesterol and lower LDL cholesterol,266 a review of the research found that the positive effect of lecithin was likely due to the polyunsaturated fat content of the lecithin.267 If this is so, it would make more sense to use inexpensive vegetable oil, rather than take lecithin supplements. However, an animal study found a cholesterol-lowering effect of lecithin independent of its polyunsaturate content.268 A double-blind trial found that 20 grams of soy lecithin per day for four weeks had no significant effect on total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, or triglycerides.269 Whether taking lecithin supplements is a useful way to lower cholesterol in people with elevated cholesterol levels remains unclear.
The fiber-like supplement chitosan may lower blood cholesterol.270 A preliminary trial reported that 3 to 6 grams per day of chitosan taken for two weeks resulted in a 6% drop in cholesterol and a 10% increase in protective HDL cholesterol.271 However, a double-blind trial found a smaller 2.4 gram daily dose did not produce significant beneficial changes in total, LDL, or HDL cholesterol.272
Royal jelly has prevented the cholesterol-elevating effect of nicotine273 and has lowered serum cholesterol in animal studies.274 Preliminary human trials have also found that royal jelly may lower cholesterol levels.275 276 An analysis of cholesterol-lowering trials shows that 50 to 100 mg per day is the typical amount used in such research.277
A double-blind trial found that 20 grams per day of creatine taken for five days, followed by ten grams per day for 51 days, significantly lowered serum total cholesterol and triglycerides, but did not change either LDL or HDL cholesterol, in both men and women.278 However, another double-blind trial found no change in any of these blood levels in trained athletes using creatine during a 12-week strength training program.279 Creatine supplementation in this negative trial was lower—only 5 grams per day were taken for the last 11 weeks of the study.
Octacosanol, a substance found in wheat germ oil, is sometimes available as a supplement. Small amounts (5 to 20 mg per day) of policosanol, an experimental supplement from Cuba consisting primarily of octacosanol, has led to large reductions in LDL cholesterol and/or increases in HDL.280 281 282 283 Octacosanol may lower cholesterol by inhibiting the liver's production of cholesterol.284
Homocysteine, a substance linked to heart disease risk, may increase the rate at which LDL cholesterol is damaged.285 While vitamin B6, vitamin B12, and folic acid lower homocysteine,286 a recent trial found no effect of supplements of these vitamins on protecting LDL cholesterol, even though homocysteine was lowered.287
Are there any side effects or interactions with high cholesterol?
Refer to the individual supplement for information about any side effects or interactions.
Herbs that may be helpful for high cholesterol
The red yeast rice used in various studies was a proprietary product called Cholestin®, which contains ten different monacolins. The sale of Cholestin has been banned in the United States, as a result of a lawsuit alleging patent infringement. Other red yeast rice products currently on the market differ from Cholestin in their chemical makeup. None contain the full complement of 10 monacolin compounds that are present in Cholestin, and some contain a potentially toxic fermentation product called citrinin. 290 Until further information is available, red yeast rice products other than Cholestin cannot be recommended.
Use of psyllium has been extensively studied as a way to reduce cholesterol levels. An analysis of all double-blind trials in 1997 concluded that a daily amount of 10 grams psyllium lowered cholesterol levels by 5% and LDL cholesterol by 9%.291 Since then, a large controlled trial found that use of 5.1 grams of psyllium two times per day significantly reduced serum cholesterol as well as LDL-cholesterol.292 Generally, 5 to 10 grams of psyllium are added to the diet per day to lower cholesterol levels. The combination of psyllium and oat bran may also be effective at lowering LDL cholesterol.293
Guggul, a mixture of substances taken from a plant, is an approved treatment for elevated cholesterol in India and has been a mainstay of the Ayurvedic approach to preventing atherosclerosis. One double-blind trial studying the effects of guggul reported that serum cholesterol dropped by 17.5%.294 In another double-blind trial comparing guggul to the drug clofibrate, the average fall in serum cholesterol was slightly greater in the guggul group; moreover, HDL cholesterol rose in 60% of people responding to guggul, while clofibrate did not elevate HDL.295 A third double-blind trial found significant changes in total and LDL cholesterol levels, but not in HDL.296 However, in another double-blind trial, supplementation with guggul for eight weeks had no effect on total serum cholesterol, but significantly increased LDL-cholesterol levels, compared with a placebo.297 Daily intakes of guggul are based on the amount of guggulsterones in the extract. The recommended amount of guggulsterones is 25 mg taken three times per day. Most extracts contain 5 to 10% guggulsterones, and doctors familiar with their use usually recommend taking guggul for at least 12 weeks before evaluating its effect.
In a double-blind trial, people with moderately high cholesterol took a tincture of Achillea wilhelmsii, an herb used in traditional Persian medicine.298 Participants in the trial used 15 to 20 drops of the tincture twice daily for six months. At the end of the trial, participants experienced significant reductions in total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglycerides, as well as an increase in HDL cholesterol compared to those who took placebo. No adverse effects were reported.
Reports on many double-blind garlic trials performed through 1998 suggested that cholesterol was lowered by an average of 9 to 12% and triglycerides by 8 to 27% over a one-to-four month period.299 300 301 Most of these trials used 600 to 900 mg per day of garlic supplements. More recently, however, several double-blind trials have found garlic to have minimal success in lowering cholesterol and triglycerides.302 303 304 305 One negative trial has been criticized for using a steam-distilled garlic "oil" that has no track record for this purpose,306 while the others used the same standardized garlic products as the previous positive trials. Based on these findings, the use of garlic should not be considered a primary approach to lowering high cholesterol and triglycerides.307
Part of the confusion may result from differing effects from dissimilar garlic products. In most but not all trials, aged garlic extracts and garlic oil (both containing no allicin) have not lowered cholesterol levels in humans.308 309 Therefore, neither of these supplements can be recommended at this time for cholesterol lowering. Odor-controlled, enteric-coated tablets standardized for allicin content are available and, in some trials, appear more promising.310 Doctors typically recommend 900 mg per day (providing 5,000 to 6,000 mcg of allicin), divided into two or three admininstrations.
Green tea has been shown to lower total cholesterol levels and improve people's cholesterol profile, decreasing LDL cholesterol and increasing HDL cholesterol according to preliminary studies.311 312 313 314 However, not all trials have found that green tea intake lowers lipid levels.315 Much of the research documenting the health benefits of green tea is based on the amount of green tea typically drunk in Asian countries—about three cups per day, providing 240 to 320 mg of polyphenols.
An extract of green tea, enriched with a compound present in black tea (theaflavins), has been found to lower serum cholesterol in a double-blind study of people with moderately high cholesterol levels.316 The average reduction in total serum cholesterol during the 12-week study was 11.3%, and the average reduction in LDL cholesterol was 16.4%. The extract used in this study provided daily 75 mg of theaflavins, 150 mg of green tea catechins, and 150 mg of other tea polyphenols.
Artichoke has moderately lowered cholesterol and triglycerides in some,317 but not all,318 human trials. One double-blind trial found that 900 mg of artichoke extract per day significantly lowered serum cholesterol and LDL cholesterol but did not decrease triglycerides or raise HDL cholesterol.319 Cholesterol-lowering effects occurred when using 320 mg of standardized leaf extract taken two to three times per day for at least six weeks.
Fenugreek seeds contain compounds known as steroidal saponins that inhibit both cholesterol absorption in the intestines and cholesterol production by the liver.320 Dietary fiber may also contribute to fenugreek's activity. Multiple human trials (some double-blind) have found that fenugreek may help lower total cholesterol in people with moderate atherosclerosis or those having insulin-dependent or non-insulin-dependent diabetes.321 322 323 One human double-blind trial has also shown that defatted fenugreek seeds may raise levels of beneficial HDL cholesterol.324 One small preliminary trial found that either 25 or 50 grams per day of defatted fenugreek seed powder significantly lowered serum cholesterol after 20 days.325 Germination of the fenugreek seeds may improve the soluble fiber content of the seeds, thus improving their effect on cholesterol.326 Fenugreek powder is generally taken in amounts of 10 to 30 grams three times per day with meals.
Preliminary Chinese research has found that high doses (12 grams per day) of the herb fo-ti may lower cholesterol levels. Double-blind or other controlled trials are needed to determine fo-ti's use in lowering cholesterol. A tea may be made from processed roots by boiling 3 to 5 grams in a cup of water for 10 to 15 minutes. Three or more cups should be drunk each day. Fo-ti tablets containing 500 mg each are also available. Doctors may suggest taking five of these tablets three times per day.
Wild yam has been reported to raise HDL cholesterol in preliminary research. Doctors sometimes recommend 2 to 3 ml of tincture taken three to four times per day, or 1 to 2 capsules or tablets of dried root taken three times per day. 327
Animal studies suggest that the mushroom maitake may lower fat levels in the blood.328 This research is still preliminary and requires confirmation with controlled human trials.
Animal studies indicate that saponins in alfalfa seeds may block absorption of cholesterol and prevent the formation of atherosclerotic plaques.329 However, consuming the large amounts of alfalfa seeds (80 to 120 grams per day) needed to supply high doses of these saponins may potentially cause damage to red blood cells in the body.330
Are there any side effects or interactions with high cholesterol?
Refer to the individual herb for information about any side effects or interactions.


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The fourth IKEA PS collection is launched
The focus is on innovative products with the specific ambition to inspire children to play and enjoy physical activity. The range also includes the successful IKEA PS BRUM soft toy. During 2003-2004 customers help to raise more than 2.1 million euros by purchasing a PS BRUM soft toy at an IKEA Group store. These funds are donated to UNICEF projects for children in Angola and Uganda. To read more, please visit
One euro is a fortune
UNICEF's website
IKEA arrives in Portugal
The first IKEA store in Lisbon.
First environment report
The IKEA Group publishes its first Social & Environmental Responsibility Report. It is launched on the web and gives information as well as facts and figures. To read more about our reports, please visit
Read our materials
The 200th IKEA store opens
The IKEA New Haven store in the US is the 200th IKEA Group store worldwide.
Everything for the bedroom under one roof
A complete and co-ordinated collection of bedroom furnishings is launched, including everything from mattresses to smart storage solutions and textiles for all tastes.
IKEA expands its focus to kitchen solutions
IKEA wants to make life in the kitchen easier, after all it is one of the most-used rooms in the house. So IKEA looks into all the ways life in the kitchen can be more fun. The result is a wide range of co-ordinated kitchens and dining furnishings that make kitchen life easier.
IKEA customers help children in need
Customer purchases of IKEA soft toys help raise funds for UNICEF and Save the Children projects focussing on children and their welfare. This yearly campaign has to date raised a total of 4.8 million euros. To read more, please visit
One euro is a fortune
The fifth IKEA PS collection is launched
What if the wildest ideas become the wisest solutions? The fifth IKEA PS collection is launched under the headline 'What If...?' Twenty-eight designers develop a range in which innovation is the key word for materials, design, function and techniques. The range includes everything from rugs with hinges and pillows for your feet, to t-shirt-shaped cushions and rocking dining chairs made from wooden plastic.
IKEA and WWF co-operate on cotton cultivation
IKEA is working together with WWF to promote better methods of cotton cultivation. About 2,000 farmers in Pakistan are being trained in Farmer Field Schools. In 2006, the cotton cultivation project expands to India, where 500 farmers are being trained. The discovery-based learning process encourages the farmers, some of them illiterate, to adopt more sustainable cultivation practices that serve as a good example to others in the region. To read more, please visit
WWF's website
IKEA gives in-kind donations
Schools in Liberia and Burundi receive 9,000 tables each for a UNICEF school project. After the tsunami, IKEA gives UNICEF an in-kind donation of 125,000 bed sheets, 100,000 quilts, 18,000 blankets, 145,000 toys and 300 mattresses to help victims in Indonesia, Sri Lanka and India. To read more, please visit
UNICEF's website
IKEA Social Initiative
An organisation called IKEA Social Initiative is formed to handle global community involvement through its partnerships with Save the Children and UNICEF.
IKEA arrives in Japan
After previous explorations of Japan with a joint venture in the 70s, the IKEA Group opens its first fully-owned store in Tokyo.
Our co-workers
The IKEA Group exceeds 100,000 co-workers and operates in 44 countries. For the most-up-to-date IKEA figures please visit
Facts & Figures
Preventing illegal logging
The IKEA Group and WWF join forces to curb illegal logging in Russia and reward legal forestry in Russia and China. WWF Russia is actively participating in government working groups to find solutions to illegal logging on the national and regional level. For example, regional anti-illegal logging brigades receive technical assistance to conduct monitoring and gain control over logging activities. Read more on
WWF's website
IKEA Group donates quilts to Pakistan earthquake victims
The Pakistan earthquake in October 2005 leaves many people in a desperate situation. Over 335,000 IKEA quilts are donated to UNICEF and their efforts to help improve the living conditions of the survivors. To read more, please visit
UNICEF's website
IKEA Food is launched
IKEA launches its own food label covering about 30 percent of the 150 products in its food range. The range focuses on high-quality food products based on Swedish recipes and tradition, for a low price. The products have an IKEA label and are sold in Swedish Food Markets in IKEA stores and are also served in IKEA restaurants.
IKEA and WWF Co-operation on climate change
The IKEA Group and WWF start to co-operate on projects aimed at reducing emissions of greenhouse gases generated by IKEA operations. The agreement covers improving energy efficiency and the use of renewable energy at IKEA suppliers, and developing sustainable customer transportation to and from IKEA stores. Read more on
Climate projects with WWF
The most international IKEA store
IKEA Haparanda opens the most international IKEA store yet. It is uniquely placed on the border between Sweden and Finland and a catchment area that also includes Russia and Norway.
IWAY – Our code of conduct
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The film, as we knew from the soundtrack to the musical, is about three estranged brothers involved in a struggle for inheritance. Each is remarkably different. Deven (Salman Khan) struggles because he's disowned by his father, but does enjoy unconditional support of his lovely girlfriend Anushka (Katrina Kaif), whose father Dr. Banton (Boman Irani) opposes their relationship because of Deven's relatively low position on the social scale. Danny (Zayed Khan) is a spoiled brat who people refer to as 'prince' (that is what the word 'yuvraj' means). The innocent Gyanesh (Anil Kapoor) is autistic (or is he?). He remains consumed in his love for music, and all he wants is some attention and love. Their father's (Javed Sheikh) will puts Deven and Danny in a spot. They hate each other to begin with. And they'll only be partners and not brothers, they say, as they embark on a joint mission to claim what they think is theirs.
Who will win the prize and take over from Daddy Yuvvraaj? Will Salman get the girl? What impact will [PG] seductresses have on the brothers? Check out the musical extravaganza to discover. It's fascinating with a fresh take on the familiar theme of family versus money and a noteworthy lesson that is the subject of the climax.
First the positives, because there are many. Not that seasoned performers Anil and Salman have anything left to prove, but their roles in Yuvvraaj aren't the easiest to pull off, and they both deliver with flying colors. Anil is fantastic, and I hope I can refer to this comment if he wins Best Supporting Actor at the Filmfare Awards next year. He would certainly have deserved it. Salman brings his charisma to a character that could have been so much less without it (only minor complaint is Salman's hair!). But waah Anil! And waah Salman! They are fairly well complemented by Zayed Khan, whose effectiveness is unevenly distributed. But there are moments in which he makes up for the unevenness, especially given the scope of his character. Boman Irani is delightful as Anushka's father, and his scenes with Salman are amazingly well done. The film has surprisingly more comedy than one expects, and it almost always involves Boman, Anil or Salman.
Katrina Kaif leads the ladies (including Amrit Maghera as Shazia and Aparna Kumar as Sukamna, the stunning seductress in a saree!), and she is all we expect her to be. Of course, she looks ethereal. Her casting is intelligent -- Anushka has more than likely spent most of her life away from India (we aren't explicitly told this, but there's every segue for accurate assumption), which works to Kaif's advantage. She and Salman look absolutely in love. Why they are probably the most likable celebrity couple in Bollywood is evident. There's even a very clear dig at her Hindi speaking skills by Salman ;)
Among the biggest strengths of the film are the superb art direction, background score, and soundtrack. Austria, the Czech Republic, and England are brilliantly captured. The sets (Omung Kumar) offer a visual treat that is second only to Jodhaa Akbar this year, and the background score (A. R. Rahman) is expectedly effective.
Any musical rides on the strengths of its tunes, and the tagline that accompanies the film, 'Music Binds Love', is appropriate, because as the film progresses, so do roles of the characters in and around music. The amazing soundtrack by Rahman is even better in the film, and the choreography (Shiamak Davar) is top notch. Not all songs are used in their entirety, and at least one (Shano Shano) has a major lyrical surprise to offer (it's not the same as the one accompanying the soundtrack). The most popular song, which is one of the film's best, Tu Hi Toh Meri Dost Hai (translated here), sadly could have been better integrated.
Mastam Mastam is used at a very interesting juncture. I had one of the most fun experiences translating it here, and the theme was spot on. The Faarsi (Persian) lines were not translated in the film, and I think that's a loss to the poem, because Rustam and especially his qualities are so central to understanding the bravery implied, albeit mockingly. This cast...
...reminds me of my study at the Trinity College of Music way back when. I'm the lion with the headgear on. :) Also see this related post with dialogue from the performance.
Sample this promo of Mastam Mastam (a special shout out to the voice of Salman Khan, Sonu Nigam; I really like his setting the record straight on whose voice he really is):
The other songs are well integrated, the pick of the lot being Dil Ka Rishta (translated here), which oozes melodramatic brilliance, and Man Mohini, an excellent, excellent tune:
Among the more noticeable areas for improvement in the film are the screenplay and dialogue. They're not bad. Far from it. I'm not sure whether the slight inconsistencies in the flow are an experiment or more a product of the tried and tested. And there are bits of dialogue that could have made some situations more intense, because the plot certainly provides every opportunity for it. The intensity doesn't suffer as much, though, because the acting shields it somewhat. When it doesn't (as in the case of some Zayed Khan scenes), it can make proceedings slightly less exciting. Perhaps I factor this less in the overall perspective, because the narrative arc is really quite engaging, and the movie more than good enough to hold viewers' attention throughout. What with instances such as this, it was bound to!
I really liked Yuvvraaj, and am looking forward to its DVD release. It might not be the best film of the year, but it offers some exciting performances, brilliant music, awfully good looking people (read: Katrina, although Salman and Zayed got the most audible gasps from the crowd I was in; I guess guys were just too dazed by Kats) and sets, and yes, a very strong dose of the Subhash Ghai masala and melodrama potion, which I think is a return to form for him.
Sure, the subject matter is familiar, but its treatment works. The film strikes a good balance between modernity and traditionalism (I am a big proponent of the combination). It is a fine family drama which means one must be willing to suspend disbelief and have an appetite for the cliche that accompanies the genre. If you can do that and like the genre, you wouldn't want to miss it. Close to four stars for a film that walks the talk, and is definitely worth checking out. It has heart, and that might just be the key unquantifiable ingredient.
Of course, it helps and shows when they're having fun filming!
Movie rating: 3.75/5 (Very good!)
A better Zayed would have taken this to an easy four; it might still work at the box office.
Music rating: 4.5/5 (Excellent, best of the year!)
The film is quite the musical extravaganza.
My classification: PG
Of all the Hindi films I've seen at the theaters this year, this was most interactive with the crowd -- from elders to their grandchildren. I was surprised at the applause it drew from everyone at the end.
Official website (and picture source): Yuvvraaj.com
And finally: How about those references to Chaalbaaz (1989), Khiladi (1992) and Kuch Kuch Hota Hai (1998)?


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217 West Park Street, Terry, MT 59349-0125
Prairie County Government
Prairie County offers rural living at its best-wide open spaces under the big sky, plenty of recreational opportunities, and an old-fashioned sense of western hospitality.
Prairie County was formed in February of 1915 from part of Custer County, Dawson County, and Fallon County. The county seat is located in Terry (the only incorporated town in the county), other communities include Fallon and Mildred.
Prairie County Courthouse
217 West Park Street
Terry, MT 59349-0125
Courthouse is open:
Monday through Friday
8:00 a.m. to 12:00 p.m. and
1:00 p.m. to 5:00 p.m.
** Prairie Co. Board of Health Minutes -- Dec. 2016
Prairie County, located in eastern Montana.


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A refined aesthetic blends with a casual spirit in our selection of sneakers. Pair with jeans or casual pants to create your ideal leisure time look.
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UNIVERSITY PARK, Pa. -- The EMS Energy Institute has finalized its list of fall speakers for the Energy Exchange seminar series. All seminars are from 10 a.m. to 11 a.m. in C213 Coal Utilization Laboratory at the EMS Energy Institute, University Park. Seminars are open to everyone.
- Wednesday, Dec. 3, "Emerging Trends on Vehicle Emissions and Efficiency"
Timothy V. Johnson, director, Emerging Regulations and Technologies, Corning Environmental Technologies, Corning Inc.
Energy Exchange is a seminar series hosted by the EMS Energy Institute as part of its outreach mission and co-sponsored by the Penn State Institutes of Energy and the Environment. The seminars focus on highly relevant energy topics especially in the area of fossil fuels. For more information, visit the Energy Exchange Website.
The EMS Energy Institute's Energy Exchange Seminar Series lineup focuses on highly relevant energy topics in areas such as biofuels, petroleum and natural gas, and clean coal. For more information on speakers, visit www.energy.psu.edu/energyoutreach/energyXchange.


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Name: Celia
Gender: female
Age: 22
Location: Chico
I think my clit is too small. I rarely have an orgasm through oral stimulation and never through intercourse. Is there anything I could do to make my clit bigger? Do they make "penis pumps" for women?
I never did hear of a too small of a clit, darlin'. Listen, there's way more to your clitoris than what meets the eye. While it is true that those adorable little pleasure buttons come in a wide variety of sizes, shapes, and colors. What is externally visible is only the tip of the iceberg, so to speak. Wanna know more? Use the Google, why don't cha? Search for "clitoral anatomy." You'll be amazed at what you find. Did you know that your clit has a hood, head, and a shaft? The whole complex looks like this winged alien creature. And did you know that your clit's only purpose is pleasure. Men don't have anything that even faintly resembles this astonishing thing. And the head of your clit has 8,000 nerve endings? That's double what a guy has in his much larger dickhead. Pretty gal-darn amazing, huh? So to my mind, clitoral size is not an issue.
During sexual arousal your clit, as well as your whole pussy, engorge with blood and change color, just like a guy's cock does. The more the engorgement, the more sensitive the area becomes, just like for a guy. Thus, the more aroused you are; the more pleasure you will receive, just like a guy. Problem is, few women are afforded the time necessary to become fully aroused. Imagine if a guy was expected to perform sexually before he was fully aroused. He'd be trying to fuck with a limp dick. And you know how successful an event that would be.
Conquering a limp dick is precisely the genesis of the fabled penis pump you mention in your question. The Austrian inventor Otto Ledever reasoned that if a stiffy was all about blood flow then maybe he could come up with a device that would draw blood into a cock creating an erection where there wasn't one before. In 1917, our hero patented an airtight cylinder topped by a bulb that created a vacuum within the chamber. Insert a limp dick — pump, pump, pump and tada! — An impressive erection resulted.
Well then, since girl parts are pretty much like boy parts, at least in terms of the whole blood flow thing; the same principle will indeed work for your parts, Celia, just as well as it would work for a dude's parts. Which gets me to my answer to your question. Yes, my dear, there are "penis pumps" for women only they are called a Clitoral Suction Cylinder or a Vagina Suction Cylinder.
The purpose of the suction is to increase blood flow making your clit, and/or your whole pussy, more sensitive to the touch. And again, my point from above, the more sensitivity in the area, the more pleasure you will have from your own touch or that of a partner.
I invite you to visit Dr Dick's Stockroom and take a look around. You'll see, in the left hand sidebar, a list of product categories. Under the main heading, Sex Toys, there is a subcategory titled, "Suction." Click on it. There you will find two more headings, one of which is "Nipple And Body." Click on it. There you will find loads of things that will make your clit sit up and take notice. Here's a tip, most all the nipple suction devices will also work on your clit. And if you want to pump up your whole pussy, you can do that too. How fun!
Now if you want to be all primed, so to speak, for an upcoming fuck fest with the BF, or whomever, do your pumping before the event begins. This will get you all engorged, sensitive and loaded for pleasure before your partner joins in the fun. In fact, if you get the hang of the whole pumping thing on your own first, you'll be able to show your partner the ropes, as it were; so that he or she will be able to incorporate the pump-job into the sex play next time you're together.
Good luck
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Need A 1000 Dollar Loan With Bad Credit"I need 1000 dollars now! Who can let me borrow 1000 cash today?" If you need to borrow one thousand dollars on the same day, one of the fastest way to get money by today is to turn to an online payday loan with no faxing needed. A faxless payday cash loan is really a small cash advance usually available to people who are employed but do not have easy access to mainstream credit.
As payday lenders do not have lending requirements that are as strict as those found in high-street financial institutions, many people with bad credit history find it easier to borrow money from a payday store. Apart from this reason, there is also less red tape involved since anyone with an Internet connection could simply visit websites of online loan providers of such small loans to apply for a quick loan of 1000 dollars without any hassle.
But, if you need 1000 dollars now, and are thinking of using a 1000 cash advance, you have to be aware of the higher costs associated with short term payday loan with no faxing. Nothing comes free and if you expect to pay a low fee interest rate for a 1000 dollar personal loan with no collateral needed, you would be in for some nasty surprises.
As a general rule, expect to pay about one quarter of your principal loan as interest fee. For example, if you borrow 1000 cash online from a bad credit loan lender, you may have to pay up to $25 as the finance charge. The loan tenure tends to be around 14 days to a month and you are usually allowed to make a loan extension of not more than 2 times, along with being charged for more interest.
So, if you need 1000 dollars now, make sure you have a solid reason for it and not for frivolous purchases. A bad credit cash advance should only be used when you are totally comfortable with the repayment terms and you have had exhausted all other options in trying to borrow money with lower interests.
Apply For A Low Cost Personal Loan Here


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Insurance carriers are strategizing how to spark growth and increase overall profitability in the face of new competition as well as ongoing board pressure to improve margins. A distant consideration for management is customer retention.
But paying inadequate attention to retaining current customers is a costly mistake. On a $1 billion book of business, every percentage point of retained business amounts to $10 million of revenues annually. Most commercial carriers' retention rates lag the best-in-class carriers by 4-6 percentage points, and the highest retention rates peak in the mid- to upper-80s.
Besides leaving a lot of money on the table, carriers that do not focus on customer retention are also out of alignment with customer-centric independent agents, whose priorities (as we know from our agent research) are service and retention. As a result, at renewal time, these agents are more likely to shop around for another carrier.
Accenture believes commercial carriers should define and execute a four-part strategic approach to both induce customers to renew their coverages and incentivize independent agents to remain loyal.
Distribution management
While all independent agents look for carriers that are easy to work with, an insurer's retention strategy will not necessarily be identical for all agents. That's because there are at least four distinct agency segments, based on their behavior and operational priorities. Carriers need to analyze their agent and retention data to identify the segments their agents fall into, and then develop individual retention strategies for each of these groups.
Customer stickiness
Insurers that provide superior customer service make it difficult for agents to transition customers to other carriers. But insurers typically have difficulty differentiating themselves based on product features and claim service alone. To increase customer stickiness, they should consider other strategies, such as:
- Using analytics to compare their value-added services with those of competitors.
- Taking advantage of digital technologies to offer core or complementary services to customers.
- Forming alliances with outside vendors to provide complementary services to customers.
- Offering different billing structures that better meet customers' needs.
The renewal experience
Carriers create additional work for agents when, rather than issue automated renewal notices, they fully rewrite policies to identify changes in customers' risk profiles. Agents often take advantage of the disruption to shop the business around to other carriers. With advanced analytics, carriers should be able to flow-renew more of their business without significantly impacting their risks. In a full renewal, they can explore new sources of external data to gather the necessary insight into the customer's risk with minimal inconvenience to the agent and the customer. And finally, insurers should include a value proposition with their renewal quote, to highlight their value-added services and make it easier for agents to remain with their incumbent carriers.
M&A responses
The best retention strategies can be undone when agencies are purchased, which occurs frequently. To improve the likelihood of retaining their business as it transitions to new agents and brokers, insurers can:
- Implement a high-touch communication plan to introduce themselves and their value propositions to the acquiring agency.
- Adopt a white-glove onboarding process for new agents.
- Develop specialized plans that incentivize new agents to place renewing business with the insurer for the first year.


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Just want to say hi! I was in the market looking for a truck and ran across a nearly mint 71,000 mile HD. I always thought the blower trucks were cool and worked a deal that was too good to pass up.
Thought I may detail it up and flip it but these trucks are nice and fun. Like my mustangs it seems like it can become an addiction. Look forward to posting and have ordered my first round of mods and have a dyno tune scheduled within the month.


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Disc Makers, a provider of CD and DVD replicators for independent artists and filmmakers, has announced an exclusive offer for indie filmmakers - retail-ready DVD replication packages in quantities as small as 300 for just $990. Specifically designed for independent filmmakers, the package includes replicated DVDs, full color covers, three-color on-disc printing, DVD cases, and poly wrap.
In addition to offering professional DVDs, Disc Makers helps filmmakers sell their own DVDs directly to fans of independent film through its partnership with Film Baby. Every Disc Makers customer gets free worldwide online DVD sales through Film Baby, as well as a free UPC bar code, a free countertop display (for festivals and retail locations), and a free copy of Disc Makers' Ultimate Guide to Releasing Your Film on DVD.
For further promotion, the company offers filmmakers 300 full-color 11"x17" posters for just $99 with their DVD order.


text: Vilarejo is back! We had some infrastructure problems that delayed our new installation, but everything is ok now (hope so!). ;-) Everyone that use this as primary hub may come back now. And if you find any problem, please contact me at firstname.lastname@example.com. Thank you for your patience and sorry about this long delay. And welcome back home! :-)


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Okay, I know this news is a couple of days old. But I'm hoping its repeated posting here is enough to convince the small army of Hovindites who've descended upon this comment thread that the game is over, the jig is up, your boy is toast, and any further attempts to defend Kent by trotting out innuendos about government conspiracies or wondering whether the jail tapes are legal (they're still up on YouTube; they are) isn't going to change reality any more than Hovind's "Dinosaur Adventure Land" dog park and its chintzy displays changed the reality that Earth is 4.5 billion years old and all its living things are descendents of a common ancestor. Go watch the video about the martial arts "qi" master again, getting pwned by someone who seems to be a thoroughly run-of-the-mill black belt. When fantasy meets reality, it's like a squirrel on the highway meeting a semi.
I do feel sorry for Jo, though.


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Aquaculture is the farming of aquatic organism like fish, aquatic plants, crustacean, and mollusks. Aquaculture involves the process of cultivating saltwater and freshwater organisms under certain conditions. The global aquaculture market size declined during the economic crises in 2008 and 2009. However, the global market for aquaculture witnessed a positive trend with recovery in the world's major economies and subsequent increase in production levels. Currently, aquaculture is the fastest growing food production system in the world as fish is the primary source of animal protein in all coastal areas.
To Read The Complete Report with TOC: http://www.marketresearchreports.biz/analysis/152322
Developing countries represent the largest fish producers in the world accounting for 92% of overall cultural harvest and 72% of overall capture harvest. Asia-Pacific dominates in the global aquaculture market and represents the fastest growing regional market. China is the major producer, exporter, importer and processor of aquaculture products in the world. Growth in China's aquaculture market with increased government support to provide agricultural infrastructure and tax benefits for new entrants is expected to drive the future aquaculture market in Asia-Pacific.
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Increasing population, rising consumption of high and low value seafood and increasing middle class populous act as major drivers for this market. Commitment to sustainable food production, rapid economic growth in emerging countries of Asia-Pacific, innovation in disease management, and genetic improvement is expected to drive this market in the future. Environmental impact, disease management, market acceptance, feed supply and funding are identified as major challenges for this industry.
Based on cultural environment, the aquaculture market is segmented into inland aquaculture and marine aquaculture. Inland aquaculture is further segmented into freshwater and brackish water aquaculture. Based on utilization, global aquaculture is segmented into human consumption and non-food uses. Based on geography the global market for aquaculture is segmented into North America, Asia-Pacific, Europe and Rest of the World.
Some of the major players in this industry include Nireus S.A., Nutreco Holding N.V., Unima Group, Kona Bay Marine Resources, Royal Greenland, Selonda Aquaculture S.A., Sea Watch International Ltd., StarKist Taylor Shellfish Inc., Seafood Company, TriMarine International, among others.
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This research report analyzes this market depending on its market segments, major geographies, and current market trends. Geographies analyzed under this research report include
- North America
- Asia Pacific
- Europe
- Rest of the World
This report provides comprehensive analysis of
- Market growth drivers
- Factors limiting market growth
- Current market trends
- Market structure
- Market projections for upcoming years
This report is a complete study of current trends in the market, industry growth drivers, and restraints. It provides market projections for the coming years. It includes analysis of recent developments in technology, Porter's five force model analysis and detailed profiles of top industry players. The report also includes a review of micro and macro factors essential for the existing market players and new entrants along with detailed value chain analysis.
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Pemberton propels Wildcats to Large title
New London - The first day of indoor track practice a year ago was also Dyshelle Pemberton's first day as a member of the Norwich Free Academy team, having transferred from Fitch.
"She beat MiaLynne (Park) and Camille (McKenzie) in a 200-meter time trial; they kind of dogged it that day," NFA coach Chad Johnson said. "I sat them down and said, 'You just let a Fitch girl beat you on the first day of practice in a time trial.'
"It was the first day and the last day she was a Fitch kid."
Pemberton, a senior who is headed to the University of Rhode Island on a partial track scholarship, won the 300- and 600-meter events at Saturday's Eastern Connecticut Conference Large Division meet at the Coast Guard Academy to help lead NFA to a team victory. The Wildcats (177 points) outdistanced East Lyme (118) and Bacon Academy (57).
Pemberton, who set the school record in the 300 earlier this season (40.64 seconds), is now one of the co-stars for Johnson on a team where none of the stars seem to think of themselves as stars.
"We all just like to push each other, work together," Pemberton said. "Coach puts us all in a position where we know what we can do."
The final list of individual winners for NFA on Saturday included Brittany Grabill in the 55 dash (7.62), Charlotte Van Sambeck in the 1,000 (3:15.29), Brianna Lenehan in the 1,600 (5:00.37), Erin Schaeffer in the high jump (5-0) and Katherine Gabriele in the pole vault (10 feet). The Wildcats also won the 4x180 relay and the sprint medley relay.
Pemberton won the 600 in 1:41.24, followed by the 300 in 41.90. In between, she was fifth in the 55 dash.
Lenehan, meanwhile, the Gatorade Connecticut Cross Country Runner of the Year in the fall, set a meet record in the 1,600, her only event. She beat the previous best of 5:00.54, set by Killingly's Meghan Owen in 2002.
It was Saturday, Jan. 12, that Pemberton broke the school record in the 300 at the Dartmouth Relays, giving her the 15th best time in this nation this season. That evening at the Jack Long Invitational, Lenehan ran a time of 2:53.64 in the 1,000, also setting an NFA record and establishing the No. 3 time in the country.
"Sometimes I don't think they grasp it (how good they are)," Johnson said. "I'm hoping they can win the LL title (Friday in New Haven), something nobody here has done before. Maybe then they'll realize this is a league we haven't seen before."
Pemberton moved to Norwich for her junior year to live with her great-grandmother, Elizabeth Hall-Hurley. Pemberton's aunt, Judy Pemberton Bell, is a member of the NFA Sports Hall of Fame and went on to a career as a track All-American at Eastern Connecticut State University.
"It's been a dream come true," Pemberton said of her successes in track. "I didn't think I could run Division I track, and with a scholarship, too. I've gotten so much better than I could ever expect."
Lenehan said because Pemberton arrived as a junior, she could have been intimidated to start over at a new school.
"She fit right in," Lenehan said. "Everyone loves her. She's such a good person."
Johnson also credited Grabill, who added a win as a member of the 4x180 relay to her victory in the dash. Grabill is coming back from an ankle injury early last month, he said.
The coach used sophomore Evelyn Cournoyer as an example of teamwork, as well, saying the Wildcats wouldn't be as successful without people like her. Cournoyer was second in the 3,200.
"She came into the meet and hadn't even qualified for states. She was disappointed in her results," Johnson said. "Those are the kids we need to lean on. Who can fill in behind those top kids?"
For East Lyme, Gianna Folz won the 55 hurdles in 9.11 seconds, Eva Christensen took the 3,200 in 12:02.32 and the 4x360 team of Isabella Kenny, Megan Stoddard, Zoe Smallidge and Lindsay Schneider won in 3:55.72.
Puerto Ricans in New London call for resignation of island's governor
Supreme Court Justice Stevens remembered for 'deep devotion' to law


text:
Technical Engineer (12T)
- Enlisted
- Officer
- Active Duty
- Army Reserve
- National Guard
- Entry Level
The technical engineer supervises or participates in construction site development in areas such as technical investigation, surveys, drafts and construction plans/specifications. They conduct land surveys, make maps and prepare detailed plans for construction projects.
Job Duties
- Perform field and laboratory tests on construction materials, surveys and drafts
- Draw topographic maps and charts using Computer Aided Drafting systems and software
- Conduct geodetic and construction surveys and results utilizing Automated Integrated Survey Instruments and Global Positioning Survey Technology
- Draw diagrams for wiring and plumbing of structures
- Provide technical support for vertical and horizontal construction projects
- Build scale models of land areas that show hills, lakes, roads and buildings
Those who want to serve must first take the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery, a series of tests that helps you better understand your strengths and identify which Army jobs are best for you.
Job training for technical engineer requires 10 weeks of Basic Combat Training and 17 weeks of Advanced Individual Training. Part of this time is spent in the classroom and part in the field with on-the-job instructions.
Some of the skills you'll learn are:
- Surveying and drafting techniques
- Aerial photo interpretation
- Architectural and structural drawing
Helpful Skills
- Ability to convert ideas into drawings
- Interest in maps and charts
- Working with Computer Aided Drafting technology
- Interest in algebra, geometry and trigonometry
Required ASVAB Score(s)Skilled Technical (ST): 101
Learn more about the ASVAB and see what jobs you could qualify for.
CompensationTotal compensation includes housing, medical, food, special pay, and vacation time. Learn more about total compensation.
Earn Cash For In Demand Jobs
You could earn up to $40,000 in cash bonuses just for enlisting under certain Military Occupational Specialties. Visit Jobs in Demand to see if this job qualifies for an enlistment bonus.
Education Benefits
In the Army, qualified students can earn full-tuition, merit-based scholarships, allowances for books and fees, plus an annual stipend for living expenses. Learn more about education benefits.
Future Civilian Careers
The skills you learn will help prepare you for a career with construction, engineering and architectural firms.
PARTNERSHIP FOR YOUTH SUCCESS (PaYS) Program
Those interested in this job may be eligible for civilian employment, after the Army, by enrolling in the Army PaYS program. The PaYS program is a recruitment option that guarantees a job interview with military friendly employers that are looking for experienced and trained Veterans to join their organization. Find out more about the Army PaYS Program at http://www.armypays.com.
- AT&T, Inc.
- Hewlett-Packard Company
- Kraft Foods Global, Inc.
- Sears Holdings Corporation
- Time Customer Service, Inc.
- Walgreen Co.


text:
Tuesday, June 23, 2009
I got a mail from someone who wanted to embed raw files into the APK file so that they are available for the application when it is executing. I have never done such a thing but I remembered faintly something about the res/raw directory where such resources reside. They are still there but now there is a better thing: assets. The difference between a raw resource in res/raw directory and an asset is that assets behave like a file system, they can be listed, iterated over, discovered, just like files while for raw resources, you need the resource ID.
Click here to download the example program.
This simple application iterates over the files in the asset directory, reads their contents and sets three TextFields according to the content of these files. Assets go into the ./assets directory in the project root and can contain any files. The AssetManager class provides access to assets as InputStreams.
25 comments:
Hey, I know this is an old article, but I was wondering if you could give me a hand:
I am interested in storing an icon in the /assets folder, to be used as a status bar notification icon. The Notification object is constructed with a resource id for an icon that would normally sit in the /drawable folder.
For reasons specific to my application, I require the ability to store the icon file in /assets while also being able to use it as the icon for a Notification.
Is this possible?
Thanks in advance!
- January 15, 2010 at 6:05 PM
- Gabor Paller said...
I recommend analysing the NotificationService and StatusBarService.
After a quick look, I think that NotificationManager and StatusBarManager assumes that the icon will be loaded using the icon ID which refers to the /drawable folder.
- January 17, 2010 at 12:59 AM
Hi! Can you access database files in that way, directly from the assets directory? Something like:
File dbfile = new File("/assets/mydb.sqlite" );
SQLiteDatabase db = SQLiteDatabase.openOrCreateDatabase(dbfile, null);
It would solve the duplicate-db problem when you have your db ON the .apk AND on the /data/data//databases on the phone.
What do you think?
Thanks in advance!
- February 12, 2010 at 5:26 AM
- Dinesh and Android said...
i am working with Phone Application with VideoTelephony since this two are working under one process only ,For maintainance we have to move VideoTelephony to different APK that means now two apk will be working under same process using sharedUserId can u please tell me what should be the best approach for this.?
!kindly mail me on email@example.com
- September 29, 2010 at 6:40 AM
- Gabor Paller said...
Dinesh, have you checked this post?
- September 29, 2010 at 10:56 AM
Thank you..It was of great help
- March 9, 2011 at 3:17 AM
- ROCK YOUR LIFE said...
Thank you... !
You helped me to complete 3days effort..
- June 20, 2011 at 3:46 PM
- A SHASHANK said...
Can u help me for whether assets will allocate memory at compile time itself i need a link or ur suggestion
- October 10, 2011 at 3:07 PM
- Gabor Paller said...
Shashank, I don't understand your question. Assets are a set of files packaged into the APK file. If you don't load them into memory, they don't occupy any memory.
- October 10, 2011 at 11:26 PM
- A SHASHANK said...
- This comment has been removed by the author.
- October 11, 2011 at 11:24 AM
- A SHASHANK said...
assets ->
fruits-> a.jpg ,b.jpg,c.jpg
now i want to run application in such way that by Using ANT build i can able to generate apk by excluding and including the subfolders so that my apk will not take the size of both fruits and vehicle that is it should take memory based on my selection using build.xml
- October 11, 2011 at 11:31 AM
- A SHASHANK said...
Thanks for replying me
One more doubt Gabor sir :-
that is Can we build a APK using build.xml that is when we are creating subfolders in assets . In each subfolder we are having certain images then my problem is using build.xml can i exclude or include the subfolder of assets so that at run time my size of apk should be bounded to folder that i have include hence i am trying this but i am unable to solve it that is i am getting total all subfolder size into APK , Sir can u suggest me for this problem
- October 11, 2011 at 11:40 AM
- Gabor Paller said...
Shashank, in short: yes, you can use ant scripts with Android. Use the android update project to generate the build.xml project if you managed the project from other tool, e.g. Eclipse.
- October 11, 2011 at 8:43 PM
- A SHASHANK said...
Sir i am doing a sample project which contains some subfolders in assets when i want to build apk then i should be able to select particular folder only so that my apk size will not expand unnecesarily .. Sir could you upload sample project into blogspot which i want . I hope you understood my problem.
- October 12, 2011 at 2:27 PM
- Gabor Paller said...
Shashank, I definitely won't do that instead of you. :-) Set up a separate directory tree containing your asset files, delete the asset files in your Android project at the beginning of the ant script and copy the files needed for your variant into the asset directory. This will produce an APK that contains only the needed asset files. If you have a bit of experience with ant, this should not be a problem.
- October 12, 2011 at 8:52 PM
- A SHASHANK said...
Sir the Process which you have suggested me that already i have implemented but the problem is using build.properties (which will have binary and source build) we will get the checkbox like structure for project in that structure everthing is mentioned properly. hence by checking and unchecking we can select the particular folder from assets and build an APK .But thing is that checking and unchecking is not having any affect to apk hence apk size is not shrinking hence i am asking suggestion regarding this.
- October 13, 2011 at 6:55 AM
- Gabor Paller said...
Shashank, unzip the APK file (it is really a ZIP archive) and look, what goes into the APK file. I bet that you somehow pack in everything independently of your properties settings.
- October 13, 2011 at 10:35 AM
- A SHASHANK said...
Sir i have done that also it is taking all the assets subfolder in it
- October 13, 2011 at 1:10 PM
- Gabor Paller said...
Shashank, then your ant script is faulty. Either it does not delete the assets subfolder before starting to copy the relevant stuff or it copies more than needed. Fix the script.
- October 14, 2011 at 9:30 AM
- A SHASHANK said...
Sir can u send me antscript project zip so that i can verify what is fault in my project
- October 14, 2011 at 4:17 PM
- A SHASHANK said...
Sir are you disappointed with me , I have tried all your ideas which you gave me still i was having the problem
that's why i have you to post any antscript project so that i can verify
- October 17, 2011 at 7:12 PM
- Vk Hooda said...
I have a file which i will download from server.I want to put it in assets on downloading time.What will be the path i give for assets folder.
i find this but this is not working. file:///android_assets/...
It giving exception of no such like directory.
Please help me for the assets folder path.
- December 3, 2011 at 9:23 AM
- A SHASHANK said...
Sir please send me the Link for which i can work with antscript and load appropiate folders into my project On check and uncheck when i run it
- March 23, 2012 at 8:36 AM
- A SHASHANK said...
Sir i am still struggling for this problem please help me out
- March 23, 2012 at 8:37 AM
- rohit sachdeva said...
- September 10, 2012 at 12:46 PM


text:
Completing the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) is the first step in the financial aid process. Use it to apply for federal student financial aid, such as the Pell Grant, student loans, and Federal Work Study. UNF's FAFSA school code is 009841. Complete the FAFSA online and remember that an FSA ID is necessary to access and sign this application
Students from the state of Florida also need to complete the Florida Financial Aid Application (FFAA) their senior year before graduating from high school. State of Florida Grant and Scholarship programs such as Florida Bright Futures and Florida Student Assistance Grant require the FFAA. UNF's post-secondary institution (PSI) code is 161.
A few weeks after you file your FAFSA, log in to your myWings account to review and accept or decline your financial aid awards. Most grants and scholarships will be accepted for you automatically. You must choose to accept or decline student loan and work study awards. NOTE: only accepted financial aid can be used to defer tuition costs.
Your financial aid will not be disbursed if you have any outstanding financial aid requirements. Submit all requested documents as early as possible to avoid disbursement delays. View your financial aid requirements on the Students tab (or Student Resources box if using new version) of myWings. Learn more about financial aid verification requirements.
If you accepted or requested a Direct Subsidized, Unsubsidized or Graduate PLUS loan, you may receive an e-mail to your secure UNF e-mail account directing you to an online tutorial that serves to educate you on your rights and responsibilities as a loan borrower. Upon completion of this 20 to 30 minute Entrance Counseling, print the confirmation page for your records. Loans cannot disburse until you have completed Entrance Counseling.
If you accepted or requested a Direct Subsidized or Unsubsidized Loan or PLUS loan, you may receive an e-mail instructing you to electronically sign a Master Promissory Note (MPN). This serves as your loan agreement contract. Loans cannot disburse until you have completed the appropriate MPN.
If you have financial aid in excess of your total deferred charges each term, you will receive a financial aid refund. Direct Deposit is the fastest, safest way to receive a financial aid refund. Simply follow the enrollment instructions on the Student Financial Services website. It generally takes 24 hours to process your request. You will receive an e-mail notification once your refund is directly deposited into your account. Get more information on financial aid refunds.


text:
Antique Silver Sentiment Pitcher
Earn $7.90 (10%) back in rewards* on this item when using your Pottery Barn Credit Card.Learn More
- Overview
Vintage serveware that's been passed down for generations inspired these heirloom-quality essentials for entertaining.
- Crafted of stainless steel.
- Features an antique finish.
- Silver plating mimics the warm look of pieces that have received years of polish and care.
- Dimensions & Care
- Drink Pitcher: 8.5" wide x 6.5" deep x 10.5" high
- Drink Pitcher Capacity: 74.5 ounces
- Pour Pitcher: 8" wide x 6" deep x 9" high
- Pour Pitcher Capacity: 54.75 ounces
- Refreshment Pitcher: 9" wide x 5.5" deep x 9" high
- Refreshment Pitcher Capacity: 54.75 ounces
- Hand wash.
- Shipping & Returns
UPS can deliver most in-stock items within 3-5 business days.
Next Day Delivery and Processing
We can arrange for next day delivery to most destinations within the contiguous 48 states, for an extra charge of $26.00 per address. If we receive your order by 6pm PT Monday through Friday, you'll receive your order the next business day; orders placed on Friday after 6pm PT through Sunday will arrive on Tuesday. Note: Next Day Delivery service is not available for some oversized items, White Glove Delivery, out of stock items, personalized items or for items shipped directly from the manufacturer.
Select oversized items have an additional delivery and processing surcharge; this charge is listed below the item price.
View the complete Shipping and Delivery Information page.
You can return eligible item(s) within 30 days of receiving an order or 7 days for Quick Ship upholstery items for a refund of the merchandise value. An original receipt or gift receipt is required. Monogrammed items and Made to Order furniture or rugs are not eligible for returns. Review the full list of ineligible items and our refund policy below before starting the process.
Easy Ways to Return:
- Stores - You can return most non-furniture items to your local Pottery Barn store for free.
- Bring to UPS Location (under 70 lbs) – See our full Easy Returns Policy to start the process.
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Items non-eligible for returns or exchanges:
- Monogrammed items
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- Items damaged through normal wear and tear
Questions? See our full Easy Returns Policy.
- Our Quality Commitment
Our Commitment
We have a firm commitment to quality. We take great pride in our timeless designs, premium materials and expert craftsmanship.
The Hand of the Artist
Nearly all of our products are imagined and designed in our San Francisco studios. Our artists hand-create prototypes for everything from seasonal dinnerware to patchwork quilts to lighting.
Free Interior Design Services
Need design help? We offer free, no-strings-attached Interior Design Services. Get advice and inspiration from our specialists in-store, over the phone or by email. Designers will even make in-home visits, where they can take measurements, discuss color options, and give tips on any room.
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Antique Silver Sentiment Serving Bowl
Serve Bowl
Antique Silver Round Tiered Stand
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Antique Silver Charger
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text:
G-Unit - "Im Leavin" (Diss To Fat Joe)[Audio Only] "You P*ssy Fat Boy"
New Gunit Song - I'm Leavin. 50 Cent Taking Shots At Fat Joe Once Again!! Is Gunit Officially Back?&IP=22.214.171.124
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Sergey Brin has a beard!
We learned this from photos of a recent Google event.
There's a theory out there that men who usually don't wear beards grow them when they want to reflect an inner change on the outside.
What's going on in Sergey's life to prompt the beard? Does it have something to do with how his cofounder, Larry Page, is now CEO?
Additional reporting by Jay Yarow, Ellis Hamburger, and Steve Kovach.
Get the latest Google stock price here.


text:
Romantic Dinner For Two Recipes
For the Chocolate Lovers: Valentine's Day Dessert Recipes
Valentine's Day is right around the corner and I've been brainstorming ideas of how to celebrate it. Little Aria is a chocolate lover and I've been showing her many ways of eating chocolate. I put up some recipe suggestions in case you're planning to cook and bake as well. Naturally you'll want to pick the dishes that your sweetie likes; Aria's favorite is a simple square of quality chocolate and chocolate mousse. Joyeuse Saint-Valentin!
Full Recipe...
Valentine's Day Recipe Round Up
Valentine's Day is this Thursday, and I've been brainstorming ideas of how to celebrate it. I put up some recipe suggestions in case you're planning to cook as well. Naturally you'll want to pick the dishes that your sweetie likes. Here are some recipes that are sure to help get you in a romantic mood. Joyeuse Saint-Valentin!
Full Recipe...
Valentine Dinner Ideas
If you're planning to cook up a storm for your sweetheart to celebrate Valentine's Day, you might search for red, pink-colored or heart-shaped dishes. You could start with heart appetizers, a heart-shaped pizza and finish with heart-shaped chocolate cookies. This might sound cheesy but I think whether the menu you've planned is simple or super complex, your sweetie will appreciate the effort that you put into it.
Full Recipe...
Romantic Dinner Menu for Valentine's Day
It's that time of year again. Valentine's Day is this weekend, and I've gone through the recipes I've published and put together a list for you in case you're preparing a romantic dinner for your sweetie. I've included every kind of dish you could want to make, from soups and salads to main courses and desserts. The recipes I picked are relatively easy to make, so that you aren't stuck in the kitchen all evening.
So get out the candles, put on some nice romantic music, and prepare a delicious meal for the one you love. Joyeuse Saint-Valentin!
Full Recipe...


text:
Today I lectured about the Hydra game by Laurence Kirby and Jeff Paris (Accessible Independence Results for Peano Arithmetic, Kirby and Paris, Bull. London Math. Soc. 1982; 14: 285-293). For the occasion I implemented the game in Java. I am publishing the code for anyone who wants to play, or use it for teaching.
About the game
A hydra is a finite tree, with a root at the bottom. The object of the game is to cut down the hydra to its root. At each step, you can cut off one of the heads, after which the hydra grows new heads according to the following rules:
- If you cut off a head growing out of the root, the hydra does not grow any new heads.
- Suppose you cut off a head like this:
Delete the head and its neck. Descend down by 1 from the node at which the neck was attached. Look at the subtree growing from the connection through which you just descended. Pick a natural number, say 3, and grow that many copies of that subtree, like this:
My program grows $n$ copies at step $n$ of the game, which is one possible variant of the game. There are spoilers ahead, so before you read on you should play the game with the Hydra applet (your browser must support Java) and try to win. Is it possible to win? How should you play to win?
Here is a surprising fact:
Theorem 1: You cannot lose!
The proof uses ordinal numbers. To each hydra we assign an ordinal number:
- A head gets the number $0$.
- Suppose a node $x$ has sub-hydras $H_1, \ldots, H_n$ growing from it. To each sub-hydra we assign its ordinal recursively and order the ordinals in descending order: $\alpha_1 \geq \alpha_2 \geq \ldots \geq \alpha_n$. The ordinal assigned to the node $x$ is $\omega^{\alpha_1} + \omega^{\alpha_2} + \cdots + \omega^{\alpha_n}$. For example, the ordinal corresponding to the hydra from the first picture above is $\omega^{\omega^3 + 1} + 1$. The hydra in the second picture gets the ordinal $\omega^{\omega^2 \cdot 4 + 1} + 1$.
- By chopping off a head we strictly decrease the ordinal. Because there are no infinite strictly descending sequences of ordinals, the hydra will eventually die, no matter how you chop off heads.
But Theorem 1 is not the punchline. The punchline is this:
Theorem 2 (Kirby and Paris): Any proof technique that proves Theorem 1 is strong enough to prove that Peano arithmetic is consistent.
Consistency of Peano arithmetic is Hilbert's second problem, which was solved by Gentzen in 1936.
Download the program
The program is written in Java and is available freely under the BSD License. You may:
- Get the source code from the GitHub hydra repository.
- Download a JAR file hydra.jar, suitable for running on your computer as a stand-alone application, for which you need Java Runtime Environment (JDK will do as well, of course). It should run when you double-click on it (you may have to convince your computer this is not a security risk).
- Try the game online (you may have to convince your browser that this is not a security risk).


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Harley Davidson Motorcycle Shop
We have a full service Harley Davidson Motorcycle shop off exit 16 on the way to Zion National Park. Even if you don't own a bike it is a great place to check out some AWESOME looking bikes and riding gear. Enroll in the Best Western Ride Rewards program. As a H.O.G. member you'll be automatically upgraded to Platinum Elite Status, giving you 15% bonus points on every stay. Visit members.hog.com or call 888-BW2BIKE.
Click on the photo above to enroll in the H.O.G.