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- Introduction & Quick Facts
- Land
- People
- Economy
- Government and society
- Cultural life
- History
Nebraska, constituent state of the United States of America. It was admitted to the union as the 37th state on March 1, 1867. Nebraska is bounded by the state of South Dakota to the north, with the Missouri River making up about one-fourth of that boundary and the whole of Nebraska's boundaries with the states of Iowa and Missouri to the east. The boundary with Kansas to the south was established when the two territories were created by the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854. In the southwestern part of the state, the boundary with Colorado forms a right angle (south and west), which creates Nebraska's panhandle, to the west of which is the boundary with Wyoming. Lincoln, in the southeastern part of the state, is the capital.
As one of the west-central states of the United States, Nebraska was primarily a stopover point for those migrating to the rich trapping country to the north and west as well as to the settlement and mining frontiers of the mountain and Pacific regions during the first half of the 19th century. With the development of railroads after the American Civil War (1861–65) and the consequent immigration, the fertile soils of Nebraska were plowed, and its grasslands gave rise to a range cattle industry. As a result, the state has been a major food producer since statehood.
Rivers have been important to Nebraska's geography and settlement. A majority of Nebraskans live close to the Missouri and Platte rivers, leaving much of the state lightly populated. The Missouri was a major highway to the trans-Mississippi West in the early 19th century. The Platte River has also played a significant role in Nebraska's history. In fact, the state's name is derived from the Oto Indian word Nebrathka ("Flat Water"), a reference to the Platte. Area 77,347 square miles (200,329 square km). Population (2010) 1,826,341; (2018 est.) 1,929,268.
Nebraska comprises parts of two of the United States' principal physiographic regions—the till plains of the Central Lowland (in the eastern third of the state) and the Great Plains (which makes up the centre of the state).
The Sand Hills region of north-central and northwestern Nebraska is one of the state's most distinctive features. Comprising nearly one-fourth of the area of the state, it consists of sloping hills and valleys varying from 25 to 400 feet (8 to 120 metres) in elevation. With many small lakes and luxuriant grasses, the Sand Hills area is a superb rangeland.
Elevation in Nebraska rises from a minimum of 840 feet (256 metres) above sea level in the southeast to a maximum of 5,426 feet (1,654 metres) near the Colorado and Wyoming boundaries. Much of the land is gently rolling prairie, although the river valleys, much of south-central Nebraska, and a large portion of the panhandle district are flatlands.
Nebraska lies within the Missouri River drainage system; the Platte, the major Nebraska tributary, joins the Missouri south of Omaha. Although shallow and unnavigable, the Platte is vital to the state's irrigation. The river is formed by the confluence of the North and South Platte rivers, both of which rise in Colorado to the southwest, although the North Platte swings northward through Wyoming, to the west, before entering Nebraska. The Elkhorn River enters the Platte west of Omaha, and the Loup River, formed by three tributaries flowing out of the Sand Hills, also discharges into the Platte. The Republican and Big Blue rivers flow through southern Nebraska, emptying into the Missouri in Kansas via the Kansas River. The Niobrara, a swift-moving stream that rises in the high country just west of the Wyoming border, flows across extreme northern Nebraska. The Ogallala Aquifer, a huge supply of underground water that made possible the extensive development of well irrigation, lies beneath most of Nebraska.
Nebraska's soils are excellent for agriculture. The prairie soils of the southeast and the humus soils of central and northeastern Nebraska are important. South of the Platte and west of the prairie soil area, the soil is best suited to small-grain production. Winter wheat adapts to the soil and marginal precipitation of western Nebraska. The wind-deposited soil of the Sand Hills, because of limited precipitation and the danger of erosion, is suited solely to cattle grazing. The alluvial soils of the Missouri and Platte river valleys and the valleys of smaller streams are outstanding for raising corn (maize) and other crops.
Nebraska's climate, like that of the larger Great Plains region, is subject to extremes in temperature, wind speeds, and precipitation. Likewise, there are significant climatic variations from eastern Nebraska to the central and westernmost regions. Hot winds from the southwest often push summer temperatures in Nebraska into the 90s F (about 32 °C) and sometimes above 100 °F (38 °C). Average July temperatures range from the mid-70s F (about 23 °C) in the panhandle to the upper 70s F (about 26 °C) in the southeast. In the winter, northwestern winds often bring in Arctic air masses from Canada, and temperatures commonly fall well below 0 °F (about −18 °C). Low-pressure systems moving out of the southwestern states sometimes bring great blizzards to Nebraska. Average January temperatures vary from the mid-20s F (about −4 °C) in the panhandle to about 20 °F (−7 °C) in the northeast. The average growing season is about 170 days in the southeast and 130 days in the panhandle.
The average annual precipitation varies from more than 30 inches (750 mm) in the southeast to less than 16 inches (400 mm) in the extreme west. Since a minimum of 20 inches (500 mm) is usually considered necessary for normal crop production, about one-half of Nebraska may be considered semiarid.
Plant and animal life
Nebraska was the first state in the country to celebrate Arbor Day—in 1872, when Nebraskan politician J. Sterling Morton advocated a tree-planting day to beautify the state's largely treeless landscape. A wide variety of prairies originally covered Nebraska; now the slopes of the river valleys are well covered with deciduous trees. Cottonwood, elm, and some oak and walnut are found along the bluffs of eastern Nebraska, while conifers grow in the Wild Cat and Pine Ridge highlands and the Niobrara valley. The Nebraska National Forest in west-central Nebraska resulted from a human effort to plant trees on the barren plains.
Bison had roamed widely over the Nebraska plains until their near extermination at the time of settlement in 1854. Some of these animals remain in their natural habitat on the Fort Niobrara National Wildlife Refuge, near Valentine. Antelope and deer are also native to the state, as are prairie dogs, coyotes, jackrabbits, skunks, and squirrels. Migratory birds and pheasants are common.
Population composition
Centuries before European explorers arrived in Nebraska, Native Americans had been living in the area. With the opening of the territory to settlement in 1854, the federal government created a reservation for the Omaha people in northeastern Nebraska, part of which subsequently was made into a reservation for Ho-Chunk (Winnebago) people who had been displaced from Wisconsin. Some of Minnesota's Santee Sioux were forced to move to a reservation in northeastern Nebraska. (The Omaha–Ho-Chunk and the Santee Sioux reservations still exist.) In addition the Iowa and the Sauk and Fox each have a reservation in the extreme southeastern corner of the state. By the beginning of the 21st century, about 1 percent of the state population was made up of Native Americans, some one-third of whom lived in Omaha and Lincoln.
In addition to the white settlers from the eastern United States who came to Nebraska, large numbers of European immigrants settled in the state during the late 19th century. The largest immigrant group was the Germans, who in 1890 numbered 72,000; immigrants from the Scandinavian countries (particularly Sweden), Bohemia, and the British Isles and another, distinct group of Germans, who had first migrated to Russia before immigrating to the United States, also made important contributions to the settlement of Nebraska.
Large numbers of Roman Catholics from Bohemia, Germany, and Ireland; Lutherans from Germany and Scandinavia; and Mennonites among the German-Russian immigrants gave diversity to the religious and secular life of Nebraska. Although the linguistic identity of the non-English-speaking groups has faded with each generation, other aspects of their diverse cultural heritage have survived.
African Americans moved to Nebraska early in the history of the state. While a significant number of them settled in Brownville, Lincoln, and Hastings, others helped form homesteading communities in the Sand Hills. Most settled in Omaha, however, which by 1900 had an African American population of more than 3,400, a figure that by the late 20th century had increased more than 10-fold. This community was concentrated north of downtown Omaha in an area that increasingly became characterized by the social and economic problems common to the ghettos of other large cities. This core of the community declined markedly in population, however, as many African Americans moved to adjacent neighbourhoods. Members of Omaha's African American community have long been represented in the state legislature; the first African American served in the legislature in 1892.
At the end of the 20th century, Nebraska experienced a new wave of immigration that consisted of Hispanics mostly from Mexico and of Asians from Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. Many were recruited for or attracted by job opportunities provided by the meatpacking plants in Lexington, Dakota City, and Omaha. These groups together made up about one-tenth of the total population in the early 21st century.
Settlement patterns
In 1857, in accordance with federal law, the land was surveyed into townships of about 6 square miles (16 square km) containing 36 sections comprising 640 acres (259 hectares) each. (This gridlike survey system has remained a basic feature of Nebraska's landscape.) Most of the towns and villages were built close to rivers and streams. A number of them developed as railroad terminals, but changing patterns of transportation brought growth for some communities and stagnation or oblivion for many others.
The most striking trend in settlement since the 1970s has been the steady decline of the population of the rural areas and the marked growth of the cities and their suburbs. Urban growth was stimulated by the mechanization of agriculture, which brought about the working of more land by fewer persons, decreases in the number of farms, and increases in average farm size. Similarly, most small towns, reliant upon the local farm trade, continued to lose population, a condition undoubtedly hastened by a modern highway system that enlarged the trade areas of the cities.
Demographic trends
From 1990 to 2000 the growth rate of Nebraska's Hispanic population was about 20 times that of the rest of the state's population and about three times the national growth rate. (In the early 21st century the median age of Hispanics was about 24, while that of all Nebraskans was about 36.) In general, the number of immigrants entering Nebraska has been offset by out-migration (relocating to another state).
Nebraska's economic development depends heavily on outside investment. The state Department of Economic Development was established in 1967 to bring new industry to Nebraska. In addition, a state law passed in 1987 provided tax incentives for the development of business and industry. Services, manufacturing, transportation, and agriculture are the major sources of income.
Although Nebraska is one of the country's leading agricultural producers, only one-tenth of the state's labour force is employed in agriculture. Nebraska's farm population peaked in the mid-1930s and has been steadily declining. In 1934 the state had about 135,000 farms. In 1965 that number had dropped to 82,000, and by the early 21st century there were fewer than 50,000 farms in the state. At the same time, the average size of farms in Nebraska increased from 588 acres (238 hectares) in 1965 to 930 acres (376 hectares) in 2002.
From the state's earliest days, corn (maize) has been its top cash crop—hence Nebraska's nickname, the Cornhusker State—but sorghum, soybeans, hay, wheat, and dry beans are also important. Nebraska is the country's top producer of alfalfa (lucerne) and Great Northern beans and also ranks high among the states in the production of sugar beets and potatoes. Irrigation is used extensively in eastern and central Nebraska and is essential to certain types of agriculture in the western part of the state. The introduction of centre-pivot sprinkler systems in the 1970s constituted a fundamental change in the history of Nebraska agriculture because it made possible the cultivation of land that previously could not be irrigated. The impact of centre-pivot irrigation is evident in the circular pattern now overlaid on much of the traditional checkerboard landscape.
In livestock production Nebraska is among the top states in the number of cattle slaughtered. It is also a major producer of pork and is important in the production of poultry and sheep.
Resources and power
Crude petroleum accounts for more than half of the value of the state's mineral extraction. Nebraska also produces some natural gas, as well as significant amounts of cement, lime, sand, gravel, crushed stone, and clay. Additional quantities of natural gas, however, are imported to serve the commercial, industrial, and residential needs of the state. All electrical utilities are publicly owned, and consumer rates are among the lowest in the country.
About two-thirds of Nebraska's electricity is generated by coal-fired power plants. Slightly less than one-third is produced by nuclear power plants, and a slim percentage comes from hydroelectric plants on the Missouri and Platte rivers and at Kingsley Dam on Lake McConaughy in western Nebraska. Nebraska ranks as one of the top states in the production of corn-based ethanol and has more than 20 ethanol plants across the state. The state has experimented with biomass to produce electricity, but the lower costs of producing electricity at its coal-fired and nuclear plants have impeded these initiatives. Significant progress in the use of wind energy had been stalled until the early 21st century because the windiest areas are in the north-central and southern panhandle regions, where there are fewer transmission lines to carry electricity generated by wind turbines. The Elkhorn Ridge wind farm, near the town of Bloomfield in northeastern Nebraska, is the largest wind-energy project in the state.
Although employment opportunities in rural Nebraska diminished in the last part of the 20th century (as it had in rural areas of other states), there has been an increase in the number of work opportunities in manufacturing, notably in the Platte valley, with its excellent highway transportation, as well as in the state's major cities. Food processing is the most important industrial activity of the state. Other leading industrial activities include the manufacture of machinery and chemicals and allied products, printing and publishing, and the production of primary and fabricated metals and electrical, electronic, and transportation equipment.
Services and labour
Nebraska, and Omaha in particular, is known as a major centre of the American insurance industry. Tourism is also essential to the livelihood of the state and ranks third behind agriculture and manufacturing in economic significance. Many of Nebraska's roads follow parts of the historic Oregon Trail, over which countless pioneers' wagons passed. The best-known landmark on the trail and one of Nebraska's principal tourist sites is Chimney Rock, a 325-foot (100-metre) promontory that is thought to be about 28 million years old. Another important tourist destination is Scott's Bluff National Monument, the focus of which is the land formation that rises some 800 feet (240 metres) above the North Platte River. A rather unconventional attraction is Carhenge, a re-creation of England's Stonehenge but made out of cars, which lies on the western Nebraska plains near the town of Alliance.
The state generally has been conservative in labour matters and ranks low nationally in the percentage of unionized nonagricultural workers. Nebraska has a right-to-work law that forbids compulsory union membership.
Nebraska is located on some of the most important arteries linking east and west. Within the state, traffic in the east tends to flow toward Omaha, Lincoln, and Sioux City, Iowa, as well as toward the cities in the Platte valley. Much of western Iowa lies within the trading area of metropolitan Omaha.
Several railroads also operate in the state, and both Omaha and Lincoln are served by major rail lines. Omaha is an important port for commercial barge traffic on the Missouri. Air carriers serving Nebraska include both major national lines and those that provide feeder service to the smaller communities of the state. Eppley Airfield in Omaha is one of the country's largest airports and the largest in Nebraska. It offers nonstop flights to many domestic cities.
Government and society
Constitutional framework
Nebraska functions under a frequently amended constitution dating from 1875. Nebraska's legislature is unique in two ways: it is the only unicameral legislature in the country, and it is not based on party affiliation. Since 1937, following a referendum passed by voters in 1934, it has been a nonpartisan single-house system known as the Nebraska Unicameral. The 49 members, known as senators, are popularly elected to four-year terms following primary and runoff elections in their districts, which are proportioned equally by population. The legislature meets for sessions of 90 legislative days in odd-numbered years and 60 days in even-numbered years. The nonpartisan feature of the legislature has many critics, who charge that the lack of political parties in the legislature results in a lack of leadership in that body. Indeed, nonpartisanship may have enhanced the importance of lobbyists in the legislative process.
Nebraska's chief executive officer is the governor, who—along with the lieutenant governor, secretary of state, auditor of public accounts, treasurer, and attorney general—is elected to a four-year term on a partisan ballot. The governor and treasurer are limited to two consecutive terms; there are no term limits for the other executive officers. The governor is responsible for the operation of some administrative departments and is an ex officio member of various boards and commissions. The governor must present a detailed budget to the state legislature, which needs an affirmative three-fifths vote to appropriate more funds than recommended by the governor or to override a gubernatorial veto. Other elected state officers also run on partisan ballots.
Nebraska's court system, reorganized in 1972, comprises the Supreme Court, with seven justices, and district courts. In addition, there are conciliation courts, county courts, municipal courts in Omaha and Lincoln, and juvenile courts, as well as a Workers' Compensation Court. Nebraska has adopted the merit system for selecting judges. Judicial nominating commissions, chosen by the governor and the Nebraska State Bar Association, compose lists of nominees to fill vacancies on the bench. The governor then appoints one of the nominees to fill a particular position. After three years, judges run for retention on a nonpartisan ballot in a general election, and they must run in similar elections every six years thereafter.
County government is vested in boards of supervisors or commissioners of three to seven members, who, like other county officials, are elected on partisan ballots. The city manager and mayor-council forms of government are used in Nebraska's cities, and governmental authority in villages is vested in elective boards of trustees.
Nebraska Territory was the creation of a Democratic administration in Washington, D.C., and Democrats dominated Nebraskan politics until 1860. The following 30 years were marked by Republican preeminence in the state, but the political ferment during and after the 1890s brought not just an end to one-party rule but the ascent of the state's most famous politician, populist Democrat William Jennings Bryan, who ran unsuccessfully for the U.S. presidency three times (1896, 1900, and 1908). Another of the state's most influential politicians was Sen. George W. Norris, a Republican reformer who played a key role in the establishment of the Tennessee Valley Authority. Although a slight majority of Nebraska's voters are registered Republicans, Democrats have often been elected to the governorship and to serve in Congress. Since the mid-19th century, Nebraska has been a stronghold for the Republican Party in presidential elections.
Health and welfare
Nebraska's programs of public assistance include medical aid and financial assistance for dependent children, the elderly, and people with disabilities. Federal funding provides more than half of Nebraska's public assistance expenditures. In 1996 the public assistance agencies of the state were reorganized into three separate Health and Human Services agencies.
The state maintains a system of mental hospitals and other specialized health, correctional, and care facilities. Omaha ranks as a medical centre of national significance. Boys Town, a village for homeless children, is 10 miles (16 km) west of Omaha.
Since the 1960s, state aid to local governments for education has increased greatly, and the number of school districts has been cut drastically in order to make more efficient use of educational facilities and programs.
There are more than 30 institutions of higher education in Nebraska; about one-half are private schools, and the rest are state-operated four-year colleges and publicly supported technical community (junior) colleges. The University of Nebraska (established in 1869) is the largest educational institution in the state and is composed of four campuses—the original and main campus in Lincoln, campuses in Kearney and Omaha, and the medical school, with facilities in Omaha and Lincoln. The University of Nebraska and Creighton University, a private Catholic institution in Omaha, both have schools of medicine, law, and dentistry. Other prominent private institutions include Hastings College (in Hastings), Concordia University (in Seward), and Nebraska Wesleyan University (in Lincoln); there are also state colleges in Chadron, Peru, and Wayne.


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AIKEN, S.C. - At the annual Peach Belt Conference Spirit Group Competition, the Georgia College & State University Pep Band took first place, the top finish among the GCSU entries. The Sassy Cats Dance Team took runner-up honors with the Cheerleading Team finishing second.
The title for the pep band was the group's 13th in the last 16 years they've competed. The USC Aiken dance team took first place, while Columbus State University took team honors in cheerleading.
The GCSU Department of Athletics sponsors 10 NCAA Division II athletic programs over three seasons. As a Division II program, GCSU prides itself on balancing the life of the student-athlete, evidenced by the Bobcats' multiple appearances in post-season competition as well as documented academic success and community-service involvement. Follow the Bobcats and their positive impact on the Milledgeville community at www.gcsu.edu/bobcats.

subset: commoncrawl


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Everything to do with the Industry! Questions about your rates, contract or portfolio? Want to discuss professional products? Want critiques on your work? Want to work for a cosmetic company? Lots of helpful information and discussion for those who are part of, or wish to enter the profession. Industry professionals welcomed!
Work for or want to apply to a cosmetics counter or store? Questions about what to expect at your interview? Curious if a counter position or freelance is right for you? This is the place to talk about it all! From the MAC counter to Sephora to Cosmetics R&D, it's all here.
March 4th, 2019, 06:26 AM


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WTF! Priest Accused Of Stealing Church Money To Gamble
CBS reports "A white Plains pastor has been accused of stealing money from his church"&IP=22.214.171.124
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Fighting Back Against SOPA and PIPA
Today's news that lawmakers will postpone action on the SOPA and PIPA anti-piracy legislation demonstrated that Internet protests can make Congress sit up and listen. The nonprofit I work for, Benetech, took part in this week's actions blocking out portions of our website to protest the Internet blacklist bills. More than 75,000 websites, including Wikipedia, Google, and Reddit, took part in the protest. As EFF reported, the protest succeeded in briefly bringing down web traffic to Senate websites including that of my deeply misguided Senator, Dianne Feinstein, who is a sponsor of PIPA. An impressive 162 million people visited Wikipedia during the blackout and 8 million visitors looked up their representative's phone number.
Despite the postponement, SOPA and PIPA are far from dead. Wikipedia points out that while SOPA sponsor Lamar Smith has postponed his committee's hearing of the bill, and Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid has postponed the planned January 24 vote on PIPA, each made clear that legislators will move forward to refine both bills. Wikipedia expects changes in the legislation that will appear to tone down the worst impact of the measures without modifying their essential flaws.
I agree that both SOPA and PIPA will be reintroduced in slightly friendlier packaging. While we brace for the next round of Internet censorship legislation, it's useful to reflect on the impact that overbroad copyright enforcement measures could have had on one small nonprofit. The proposed bills would have placed Benetech's Bookshare library in legal jeopardy by allowing Visa and Mastercard to stop processing donations or subscription payments based on bogus accusations of copyright infringement. Bookshare operates under an exception in U.S. copyright law that makes accessible ebooks available to readers with print disabilities without requesting permission or paying royalties. While Bookshare opposes piracy of copyrighted works, the library is often contacted by authors and publishers who don't understand copyright law and demand that their books be removed.
SOPA and PIPA could also endanger Benetech's human rights projects including our Martus software which allows human rights activists to encrypt sensitive testimony to protect the identity of witnesses. If IP rights holders allege that Martus is being used to encrypt copyrighted works, human rights defenders could lose access to critical tools used around the world to combat violence, government surveillance and censorship. The same argument to be used to suppress TOR.
If you care about free speech, contact your representatives in both houses of Congress and tell them you oppose SOPA, PIPA and efforts by the entertainment industry to hijack the Internet.


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Tag Archives: Date 12-12-12 Meaning
Date 12.12.12. in Numerology
Date 12.12.12. in Numerology The third millennium – a unique time, full of mysteries and numerological symbolism. One of these mysteries – triple the number-date with repeating numbers like 01.01.01. Of particular interest were the three sevens and three eights, fell in 2007 and 2008. Our contemporaries felt that these days (07.07.07. And 08.08.08.) To … Continue reading


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This start-up guide was written to help you begin playing right away. If you already have LEGENDS installed, everything a beginner needs to know about playing LEGENDS follows the download and installation section.
III. "How Do I Play?" (icon shortcuts, joining servers, gametype rules for CTF) IV. "How Do I WIN?" (skiing, shooting mid air targets) V. "How Do I Host a Server?" (Running your own Legends server, command line options etc) VI. "How Do I Make a Mission?" (Using the Mission Editor, packaging files) VII. "I need more Help!" (Player contributed documentation,Wiki, FAQs and guides)
Run LEGENDS using the shortcut created during installation. The buttons on the main screen are as follows:
Begin with the OPTIONS button. A new list of buttons will appear:
In-game visual settings, including:
Use this screen to bind keyboard keys to various gameplay actions and to adjust your mouse settings. In general, your mouse will control your aim, weapon trigger, and jetpack, while your keyboard will control your movement and your inventory.
NOTE: Do not skip this step! Customizing and familiarizing yourself with the player controls is one of the most important things you can do before you begin playing for the first time.
One possible (right-handed) set-up is as follows:
Esc = Escape ~ = Console F2 = Score List F3 = Start Recording Demo F4 = Stop Recording Demo F5 = Toggle Admin Menu F10 = GUI Editor Alt E = Map Editor PNT SCRN = Take Screenshot W = Move Forward A = Move Left S = Move Backward D = Move Right Space = Jump T = Global Message to all Y = Team Message Q or Scroll Wheel = Next Weapon CTRL + Q or Scroll Wheel = Previous Weapon G = Use Grenade B = Use Beacon M = Use Mine R = Use Module H = Use HealthKit I = Inventory Menu V = Quick Chat Menu CTRL + R = Throw Module CTRL + F = Throw Flag CTRL + W = Throw Weapon CTRL + K = Suicide PG Up = Message Hud Scroll Up PG DOwn = Message Hud Scroll Down P = Resize Message Hud box Z = CycleZoom Size E = Zoom in/out X = Hold down to Freelook in 3rd person view TAB = Toggle First/Third Person
NOTE: The way to run a LEGENDS dedicated server is: Win32binary.exe -dedicated -mission see How to Host for more information
(e.g., Win32binary.exe -dedicated -mission legends/data/missions/CTF_sol.mis )
In Linux, you can use:
./lindedicated -dedicated -mission legends/data/missions/CTF_sol.mis
You can also use ./runlegends -dedicated -mission but ./lindedicated is recommended because it uses less resources.
Servers with players right now (you can follow a link and click "Join Now" to join when Legends is installed)
One of the interesting things about capture the flag games in LEGENDS is the great personality shifts that take place based on the size of the teams. A small game of 5 players on each team puts a lot of emphasis on individual team members, the plays they make, and their being in or out of position in various situations. A larger game with 10 or more players on a team more emphasizes each team as a well-oiled machine or a metamorphic unit with a changing presence on the battlefield as various needs arise.
Capture the flag games typically take place between two teams with one flag each, although more teams and more flags are possibilities for expanding the game type. In a 2-team scenario, you can only capture the other team's flag if your flag is home. Because both teams are trying to capture the other's flag at the same time, there is no telling what kind of mayhem will ensue.
If team Alpha takes team Omega's flag and manages to navigate it somehow all the way back to their own flag area, the unexpected may still happen. Right as team Alpha's flag carrier, the Omega flag waving over his head, goes to set down on his own flag and capture it, an Omega flagger may swoop in below him and snatch the Alpha flag before the Alpha carrier can touch it. This is often called a "safety" grab, because the flag grab prevented team Omega from falling behind. As long as Alpha team's flag remains off the stand, Omega team is safe from Alpha team pulling ahead on the scoreboard.
Meanwhile, however, a lot of things are happening. Alpha's defensive players, whose job it is to protect their territory (and, more importantly, their flag), will have already set off in heated pursuit of the Omega flag carrier who just took the Alpha flag and prevented a flag capture. Ammunition will be flying everywhere in an attempt to bring the thief down. The Alpha flag carrier will have to find shelter, because the Omega offensive players will soon arrive in droves trying to find him and kill him. If he is killed, one touch from an Omega player will teleport the Omega flag back to where it started in Omega territory.
Notice the difference here - team members teleport their own flag to safety by touching it, while enemy soldiers must physically carry stolen flags all the way from their starting position to their destinations. It doesn't matter where the flags are touched: if it's your flag, it goes back where it started, instantly. If it's not yours, you have to carry it wherever you're going, and whoever finds you with it will probably try to kill you.
This mechanical difference allows for some rather sophisticated teamwork. Pretend that Alpha's flag carrier never made it home alive, but was killed out in the rough of midfield somewhere by the Omega pursuers. It would be tempting to return the stolen flag immediately by touching it, but veteran Omega players will invariably tell the rookies to wait. If the flag goes back to its stand, it might be immediately stolen again. Why? the rookies ask, not realizing that their enemies have same advanced waypointing system installed in their visors that they do. Everyone participating in a capture the flag game is aware of the important spots on the map. The Omega flag stand is where the Alpha flag carriers are used to finding Omega's flag, and they've all practiced stealing it there. If the flag is in the field, the Alpha team will have to improvise a way to try to get it before the automatic flag-return-countdown finishes.
And they will, undoubtedly, try. The experienced players on the Alpha team know that if they allow the flag to sit in the field unmolested, an Omega player will teleport it to the Omega stand at the worst possible time for the Alpha team: right before the Omega flag carrier from earlier crosses over the stand carrying the Alpha flag for a "timed-return" capture of the Alpha flag, putting the Omega team ahead. The Alpha team does not want that to happen, and so the Omega team guardians of the lonely flag in the field will encounter some vicious attempts by Alpha warriors to kill them and take the flag further away from its home. If they succeed, and the Alpha offense returns the stolen Alpha flag, things may reverse into a scoring situation for the Alpha team instead.
When the countdown to a Capture the Flag game reaches zero, both teams are free to begin their offensive, to put into action any plan they wish. An untrained team of random players is easy to spot, because its members will go about securing a win for their team in a totally disorganized fashion. One or more people will usually get themselves a sniper rifle and simply wait for enemy players to appear. Some people will attack the enemy immediately in various ways, but their efforts will be uncoordinated and easily beaten back by the enemy players milling around their base. Players will often change positions at random, sometimes defending their base and flag, sometimes "going offense."
When your own turn comes, consider how many players you think should stay back to guard your home turf and how many warriors you will need to overcome enemy defenses. Focus on teamwork, respond to friendly requests, and remember that capturing the flag is your real mission objective. Communicating with your teammates and working together with them will always get good results. By default, the communication short-cuts menu is bound to the V key.
A War game is won by one Team capturing an enemy team's Base Switch. More than two teams can compete in a mission, dependent on mission design.
Each Team has Switches to secure. Switches must be taken in order, see the Command Map (C key) to show which paths you can take.
Try to claim as many switches as possible for as long as possible.
Once your Team reaches the target score, you can capture the enemy team's Base Switch.
To fans of other first-person shooter games, LEGENDS' maps will appear imposing, even huge. However, the advanced capabilities of the warrior armors you will use in LEGENDS enable you to cover great distances at high speeds in very short amounts of time. The trick resides in learning how to ski.
Skiing in LEGENDS is a complex topic. In brief, your all-terrain armor and its jetting capabilities will allow you to cruise along complex terrain like a rollerblader on an obstacle course. The important skill you need to learn is to capitalize on the nuances of the terrain rather than trying to muscle through them with your jetpack. On a downward slope, it is faster to hold down your "jump" key (default key is the spacebar) and let gravity propel you along rather than trying to fly across the empty space. The acceleration of gravity will actually cause you to gain speed, and the loss in height will more than be made up for by the altitude you will gain by cresting the next hill and jetting to supplement your gain in speed. Once in the air, you should be able to spot a new ramp to use to continue your journey.
Players with green indicators are friendly teammates, and you should not shoot at them. Players with red indicators are hostile, and may try to kill you!
Combat in LEGENDS is different from other first-person shooter games, but not worse. The capabilities of pseudo-flight and the complexities of skiing add plenty of new variables to a traditional FPS combat situation. Don't assume that if you are good at other FPS games that you will automatically be good at LEGENDS, and don't assume that because you find LEGENDS combat challenging, even frustrating, at first, that it won't get better. At first the idea of hitting moving targets flying through the air at high speeds will seem unrealistic to you. Just try it, miss, and try again. Your reflexes will adapt, in time, to the new demands of LEGENDS and soon no one will be safe to fly around your head.
Remember that there are multiple weapons to use. Going to an inventory station to change armor size and weapon arsenal will give you new things to experiment with. By default, pre-selected equipment sets can be chosen with the numbers on the keyboard numpad, and those "loadouts" can be customized on the inventory screen (default key for this screen is "I"). Don't be afraid to try new things. Each weapon in the game is very useful for certain things, weaker in other situations. But don't worry - if you experiment, you will quickly figure it all out.
Have Fun! — Legends Development Team - 2008/01/30 08:29


text:
Geometric hallucinations are very common: people get them after taking drugs, following sensory deprivation, or even after rubbing their eyes. What can they tell us about how our brain works?
In 2004 three physicists decided to dabble in a field they knew little about. Within weeks they had developed a new technique that transforms weeks' worth of computer calculations into something that could be done on a single page in an hour. It's used in particle accelerators such as the LHC at CERN.
The natural logarithm is intimately related to the number e and that's how we learn about it at school. When it was first invented, though, people hadn't even heard of the number e and they weren't thinking about exponentiation either. How is that possible?
Georgian school maths: bushels of corn, kilderkins of beer and feeding soldiers. All without algebra!
Do the dramatic advances in cosmology in the last century herald a new golden age of philosophy? A new collaborative project between cosmologists and philosophers is leading the way.


text:
U.S. Equal Employment
Opportunity Commission
Female Supervisor Was Fired by District Manager Who Wanted a Man in Her Position, Federal Agency Charged
ATLANTA – Allegiance Industries, Inc., a cleaning service company with work sites throughout the Atlanta area, will pay $25,000 to settle a gender discrimination lawsuit brought by the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), the agency announced today.
The agency had alleged that Allegiance Industries, Inc. discriminated against Brenda Lowery, a female cleaning team supervisor, by firing her in July 2009 because the district manager wanted a male supervisor at the cleaning site where she worked. Immediately after Lowery was fired, Allegiance Industries placed a male supervisor at the work site that she supervised.
Gender discrimination violates Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The EEOC filed suit on April 27, 2010 in U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Georgia after first attempting to reach a pre-litigation settlement through its conciliation process.
"Firing someone simply because of her gender is unjust and unlawful, plain and simple," said EEOC Regional Attorney Robert K. Dawkins. "The EEOC will continue its fight against such workplace discrimination that still causes so much distress to so many Americans."
The consent decree settling the suit, in addition to monetary relief for Lowery, includes provisions for equal employment opportunity training, reporting and postings.
The EEOC enforces federal laws prohibiting employment discrimination. Further information about the EEOC is available on the agency's web site at www.eeoc.gov.


text:
Best Simple exercises to reduce fat tummy
Updated On: March 24, 2017 | Published on March 24, 2017 10:48 am
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A fight is brewing between the Eagles and one of their key defensive players.
As we reported earlier in the day, the Eagles have placed defensive tackle Mike Patterson on the non-football illness list, following his hospitalization for viral pneumonia. As we also reported, the Eagles have decided to reduce Patterson's salary over the final three weeks of the season, which will cost him roughly $150,000.
Jeff McLane of the Philadelphia Inquirer reports that Patterson will file a grievance challenging the decision.
"This is not how you treat people if you're a winning organization," agent Peter Schaffer told McLane.
Schaeffer believes Patterson developed the illness due to work.
"I think it's pretty clear that he got it at practice or at the NovaCare Complex," Schaffer said. "That's where he spends all his time. That's all he's doing is practicing and working out."
Schaffer also said he addressed the decision directly with G.M. Howie Roseman.
"I told Howie this morning that if he could prove to be that Mike didn't get pneumonia at practice I wouldn't file a grievance," Schaffer said. "He said he couldn't. . . . I love Howie, but this is wrong and petty. To do this to one of your leaders and to a guy that fought back from brain surgery is just wrong."
The Eagles addressed the situation generally. "Our number one priority is to get Mike Patterson well enough to get back on the football field," the team said in a statement. "He has worked hard this year to get back and he has our full support as an organization."
Patterson may have their full support, but he's not getting his full pay.


text:
Summary Report for:
25-1064.00 - Geography Teachers, Postsecondary
Teach courses in geography. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research.
Sample of reported job titles: Assistant Professor, Assistant Professor of Geography, Associate Professor, Associate Professor of Geography, Geography Instructor, Geography Professor, Instructor, Lecturer, Professor, Professor of Geography
Tasks | Technology Skills | Tools Used | Knowledge | Skills | Abilities | Work Activities | Detailed Work Activities | Work Context | Job Zone | Education | Credentials | Interests | Work Styles | Work Values | Related Occupations | Wages & Employment | Job Openings | Additional Information
- Conduct research in a particular field of knowledge and publish findings in professional journals, books, or electronic media.
- Prepare and deliver lectures to undergraduate or graduate students on topics such as urbanization, environmental systems, and cultural geography.
- Keep abreast of developments in the field by reading current literature, talking with colleagues, and participating in professional conferences.
- Supervise undergraduate or graduate teaching, internship, and research work.
- Prepare course materials, such as syllabi, homework assignments, and handouts.
- Evaluate and grade students' class work, assignments, and papers.
- Compile, administer, and grade examinations, or assign this work to others.
- Plan, evaluate, and revise curricula, course content, course materials, and methods of instruction.
- Maintain student attendance records, grades, and other required records.
- Write grant proposals to procure external research funding.
- Collaborate with colleagues to address teaching and research issues.
- Maintain regularly scheduled office hours to advise and assist students.
- Initiate, facilitate, and moderate classroom discussions.
- Supervise students' laboratory and field work.
- Advise students on academic and vocational curricula and on career issues.
- Select and obtain materials and supplies, such as textbooks.
- Participate in student recruitment, registration, and placement activities.
- Serve on academic or administrative committees that deal with institutional policies, departmental matters, and academic issues.
- Compile bibliographies of specialized materials for outside reading assignments.
- Perform administrative duties, such as serving as department head.
- Maintain geographic information systems laboratories, performing duties such as updating software.
- Perform spatial analysis and modeling using geographic information system techniques.
Technology Skills
- Analytical or scientific software — ESRI ArcGIS Geostatistical Analyst; IBM SPSS Statistics ; ITT Exelis Visual Information Solutions ENVI; The MathWorks MATLAB (see all 6 examples)
- Calendar and scheduling software
- Computer aided design CAD software — ESRI ArcView 3D Analyst
- Computer based training software — Blackboard Learn; Desire2Learn; Learning management system LMS; Sakai CLE (see all 5 examples)
- Data base user interface and query software — Data entry software
- Desktop publishing software — Microsoft Publisher
- Development environment software — Adobe Systems Adobe Creative Suite; Interface definition language IDL
- Document management software — Adobe Systems Adobe Reader
- Electronic mail software — Email software; Microsoft Outlook
- Information retrieval or search software — DOC Cop; iParadigms Turnitin
- Internet browser software — Microsoft Internet Explorer; Mozilla Firefox; Web browser software
- Map creation software — Caliper Maptitude; Clark Labs IDRISI; ESRI ArcGIS software ; Geographic information system GIS software (see all 8 examples)
- Office suite software — Microsoft Office
- Optical character reader OCR or scanning software — Image scanning software
- Presentation software — Microsoft PowerPoint
- Spreadsheet software — Microsoft Excel
- Word processing software — Collaborative editing software; Google Docs ; Microsoft Word
Hot Technology — a technology requirement frequently included in employer job postings.
Tools Used
- Compact disk players or recorders — Compact disk CD players
- Conductivity meters — Ground conductivity meters
- Coring equipment — Power coring devices
- Desktop computers
- Digital camcorders or video cameras — Digital video cameras
- Digital cameras — Compact digital cameras
- Digital video disk players or recorders — Digital video disk DVD players
- Epidiascopes — Opaque projectors
- Global positioning system GPS receiver — Global positioning system GPS receivers
- High capacity removable media drives — Universal serial bus USB flash drives
- Inkjet printers — Poster printers
- Laser fax machine — Laser facsimile machines
- Laser measuring systems — Laser distance measuring devices
- Laser printers — Computer laser printers
- Liquid crystal display projector — Liquid crystal display LCD projectors
- Metal detectors — Handheld metal detectors
- Microphone stand — Microphone podiums
- Microphones — Handheld microphones; Wireless microphones
- MP3 players or recorders — MP3 digital voice recorders
- Multimedia projectors — Computer projectors; Multimedia projection equipment
- Notebook computers — Laptop computers
- Overhead projectors — Overhead data projectors
- Paramagnetic susceptibility analyzers — Magnetic susceptibility meters
- Photocopiers — Photocopying equipment
- Plotter printers — Plotting printers
- Portable data input terminals — Data loggers; Interactive whiteboard controllers; Student response systems
- Projection screens or displays — Projector screens
- Scanners — Computer data input scanners; Digitizers
- Scientific calculator — Digital calculators
- Slide projectors — Carousel slide projectors
- Special purpose telephones — Multi-line telephone systems
- Tablet computers
- Teleconference equipment — Conference telephones
- Televisions — Liquid crystal display LCD televisions; Television monitors
- Touch screen monitors — Interactive whiteboards
- Video projectors — Cathode ray tube CRT projectors
- Videoconferencing systems — Videoconferencing equipment
- Weather stations — Portable meteorological stations
- Web cameras — Webcams
- Geography — Knowledge of principles and methods for describing the features of land, sea, and air masses, including their physical characteristics, locations, interrelationships, and distribution of plant, animal, and human life.
- English Language — Knowledge of the structure and content of the English language including the meaning and spelling of words, rules of composition, and grammar.
- Education and Training — Knowledge of principles and methods for curriculum and training design, teaching and instruction for individuals and groups, and the measurement of training effects.
- Computers and Electronics — Knowledge of circuit boards, processors, chips, electronic equipment, and computer hardware and software, including applications and programming.
- Mathematics — Knowledge of arithmetic, algebra, geometry, calculus, statistics, and their applications.
- Biology — Knowledge of plant and animal organisms, their tissues, cells, functions, interdependencies, and interactions with each other and the environment.
- Sociology and Anthropology — Knowledge of group behavior and dynamics, societal trends and influences, human migrations, ethnicity, cultures and their history and origins.
- History and Archeology — Knowledge of historical events and their causes, indicators, and effects on civilizations and cultures.
- Instructing — Teaching others how to do something.
- Speaking — Talking to others to convey information effectively.
- Critical Thinking — Using logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses of alternative solutions, conclusions or approaches to problems.
- Learning Strategies — Selecting and using training/instructional methods and procedures appropriate for the situation when learning or teaching new things.
- Reading Comprehension — Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work related documents.
- Writing — Communicating effectively in writing as appropriate for the needs of the audience.
- Active Listening — Giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to understand the points being made, asking questions as appropriate, and not interrupting at inappropriate times.
- Active Learning — Understanding the implications of new information for both current and future problem-solving and decision-making.
- Complex Problem Solving — Identifying complex problems and reviewing related information to develop and evaluate options and implement solutions.
- Monitoring — Monitoring/Assessing performance of yourself, other individuals, or organizations to make improvements or take corrective action.
- Judgment and Decision Making — Considering the relative costs and benefits of potential actions to choose the most appropriate one.
- Science — Using scientific rules and methods to solve problems.
- Social Perceptiveness — Being aware of others' reactions and understanding why they react as they do.
- Time Management — Managing one's own time and the time of others.
- Coordination — Adjusting actions in relation to others' actions.
- Management of Personnel Resources — Motivating, developing, and directing people as they work, identifying the best people for the job.
- Oral Expression — The ability to communicate information and ideas in speaking so others will understand.
- Speech Clarity — The ability to speak clearly so others can understand you.
- Oral Comprehension — The ability to listen to and understand information and ideas presented through spoken words and sentences.
- Written Comprehension — The ability to read and understand information and ideas presented in writing.
- Written Expression — The ability to communicate information and ideas in writing so others will understand.
- Deductive Reasoning — The ability to apply general rules to specific problems to produce answers that make sense.
- Inductive Reasoning — The ability to combine pieces of information to form general rules or conclusions (includes finding a relationship among seemingly unrelated events).
- Speech Recognition — The ability to identify and understand the speech of another person.
- Problem Sensitivity — The ability to tell when something is wrong or is likely to go wrong. It does not involve solving the problem, only recognizing there is a problem.
- Near Vision — The ability to see details at close range (within a few feet of the observer).
- Category Flexibility — The ability to generate or use different sets of rules for combining or grouping things in different ways.
- Fluency of Ideas — The ability to come up with a number of ideas about a topic (the number of ideas is important, not their quality, correctness, or creativity).
- Information Ordering — The ability to arrange things or actions in a certain order or pattern according to a specific rule or set of rules (e.g., patterns of numbers, letters, words, pictures, mathematical operations).
- Originality — The ability to come up with unusual or clever ideas about a given topic or situation, or to develop creative ways to solve a problem.
Work Activities
- Getting Information — Observing, receiving, and otherwise obtaining information from all relevant sources.
- Interacting With Computers — Using computers and computer systems (including hardware and software) to program, write software, set up functions, enter data, or process information.
- Analyzing Data or Information — Identifying the underlying principles, reasons, or facts of information by breaking down information or data into separate parts.
- Training and Teaching Others — Identifying the educational needs of others, developing formal educational or training programs or classes, and teaching or instructing others.
- Thinking Creatively — Developing, designing, or creating new applications, ideas, relationships, systems, or products, including artistic contributions.
- Interpreting the Meaning of Information for Others — Translating or explaining what information means and how it can be used.
- Processing Information — Compiling, coding, categorizing, calculating, tabulating, auditing, or verifying information or data.
- Updating and Using Relevant Knowledge — Keeping up-to-date technically and applying new knowledge to your job.
- Communicating with Supervisors, Peers, or Subordinates — Providing information to supervisors, co-workers, and subordinates by telephone, in written form, e-mail, or in person.
- Identifying Objects, Actions, and Events — Identifying information by categorizing, estimating, recognizing differences or similarities, and detecting changes in circumstances or events.
- Making Decisions and Solving Problems — Analyzing information and evaluating results to choose the best solution and solve problems.
- Establishing and Maintaining Interpersonal Relationships — Developing constructive and cooperative working relationships with others, and maintaining them over time.
- Communicating with Persons Outside Organization — Communicating with people outside the organization, representing the organization to customers, the public, government, and other external sources. This information can be exchanged in person, in writing, or by telephone or e-mail.
- Organizing, Planning, and Prioritizing Work — Developing specific goals and plans to prioritize, organize, and accomplish your work.
- Coaching and Developing Others — Identifying the developmental needs of others and coaching, mentoring, or otherwise helping others to improve their knowledge or skills.
- Documenting/Recording Information — Entering, transcribing, recording, storing, or maintaining information in written or electronic/magnetic form.
- Judging the Qualities of Things, Services, or People — Assessing the value, importance, or quality of things or people.
- Scheduling Work and Activities — Scheduling events, programs, and activities, as well as the work of others.
- Developing Objectives and Strategies — Establishing long-range objectives and specifying the strategies and actions to achieve them.
- Estimating the Quantifiable Characteristics of Products, Events, or Information — Estimating sizes, distances, and quantities; or determining time, costs, resources, or materials needed to perform a work activity.
- Monitor Processes, Materials, or Surroundings — Monitoring and reviewing information from materials, events, or the environment, to detect or assess problems.
- Provide Consultation and Advice to Others — Providing guidance and expert advice to management or other groups on technical, systems-, or process-related topics.
- Performing for or Working Directly with the Public — Performing for people or dealing directly with the public. This includes serving customers in restaurants and stores, and receiving clients or guests.
Detailed Work Activities
- Research topics in area of expertise.
- Write articles, books or other original materials in area of expertise.
- Teach physical science or mathematics courses at the college level.
- Supervise student research or internship work.
- Attend training sessions or professional meetings to develop or maintain professional knowledge.
- Stay informed about current developments in field of specialization.
- Develop instructional materials.
- Evaluate student work.
- Administer tests to assess educational needs or progress.
- Prepare tests.
- Develop instructional objectives.
- Evaluate effectiveness of educational programs.
- Maintain student records.
- Write grant proposals.
- Direct department activities.
- Advise students on academic or career matters.
- Guide class discussions.
- Supervise laboratory work.
- Order instructional or library materials or equipment.
- Select educational materials or equipment.
- Maintain computer equipment or software.
- Perform student enrollment or registration activities.
- Promote educational institutions or programs.
- Serve on institutional or departmental committees.
- Compile specialized bibliographies or lists of materials.
- Plan community programs or activities for the general public.
- Advise educators on curricula, instructional methods, or policies.
Find occupations related to multiple detailed work activities
Work Context
- Indoors, Environmentally Controlled — 90% responded "Every day."
- Duration of Typical Work Week — 90% responded "More than 40 hours."
- Freedom to Make Decisions — 77% responded "A lot of freedom."
- Electronic Mail — 86% responded "Every day."
- Structured versus Unstructured Work — 55% responded "A lot of freedom."
- Face-to-Face Discussions — 61% responded "Every day."
- Spend Time Sitting — 69% responded "More than half the time."
- Importance of Being Exact or Accurate — 52% responded "Extremely important."
- Contact With Others — 40% responded "Contact with others most of the time."
- Telephone — 43% responded "Once a week or more but not every day."
- Level of Competition — 43% responded "Moderately competitive."
- Frequency of Decision Making — 47% responded "Every day."
- Public Speaking — 77% responded "Once a week or more but not every day."
- Letters and Memos — 34% responded "Once a month or more but not every week."
- Coordinate or Lead Others — 36% responded "Very important."
- Impact of Decisions on Co-workers or Company Results — 33% responded "Minor results."
- Sounds, Noise Levels Are Distracting or Uncomfortable — 31% responded "Once a month or more but not every week."
- Work With Work Group or Team — 54% responded "Important."
- Time Pressure — 54% responded "Once a month or more but not every week."
Job Zone
|Job Zone Five: Extensive Preparation Needed
|Most of these occupations require graduate school. For example, they may require a master's degree, and some require a Ph.D., M.D., or J.D. (law degree).
|Related Experience
|Extensive skill, knowledge, and experience are needed for these occupations. Many require more than five years of experience. For example, surgeons must complete four years of college and an additional five to seven years of specialized medical training to be able to do their job.
|Job Training
|Employees may need some on-the-job training, but most of these occupations assume that the person will already have the required skills, knowledge, work-related experience, and/or training.
|Job Zone Examples
|These occupations often involve coordinating, training, supervising, or managing the activities of others to accomplish goals. Very advanced communication and organizational skills are required. Examples include librarians, lawyers, astronomers, biologists, clergy, surgeons, and veterinarians.
|SVP Range
|(8.0 and above)
Percentage of Respondents
|Education Level Required
|Doctoral degree
|Post-doctoral training
|Master's degree
Interest code: SI Want to discover your interests? Take the O*NET Interest Profiler at My Next Move.
- Social — Social occupations frequently involve working with, communicating with, and teaching people. These occupations often involve helping or providing service to others.
- Investigative — Investigative occupations frequently involve working with ideas, and require an extensive amount of thinking. These occupations can involve searching for facts and figuring out problems mentally.
- Artistic — Artistic occupations frequently involve working with forms, designs and patterns. They often require self-expression and the work can be done without following a clear set of rules.
Work Styles
- Independence — Job requires developing one's own ways of doing things, guiding oneself with little or no supervision, and depending on oneself to get things done.
- Analytical Thinking — Job requires analyzing information and using logic to address work-related issues and problems.
- Integrity — Job requires being honest and ethical.
- Initiative — Job requires a willingness to take on responsibilities and challenges.
- Achievement/Effort — Job requires establishing and maintaining personally challenging achievement goals and exerting effort toward mastering tasks.
- Attention to Detail — Job requires being careful about detail and thorough in completing work tasks.
- Innovation — Job requires creativity and alternative thinking to develop new ideas for and answers to work-related problems.
- Dependability — Job requires being reliable, responsible, and dependable, and fulfilling obligations.
- Persistence — Job requires persistence in the face of obstacles.
- Leadership — Job requires a willingness to lead, take charge, and offer opinions and direction.
- Cooperation — Job requires being pleasant with others on the job and displaying a good-natured, cooperative attitude.
- Adaptability/Flexibility — Job requires being open to change (positive or negative) and to considerable variety in the workplace.
- Self Control — Job requires maintaining composure, keeping emotions in check, controlling anger, and avoiding aggressive behavior, even in very difficult situations.
- Stress Tolerance — Job requires accepting criticism and dealing calmly and effectively with high stress situations.
- Concern for Others — Job requires being sensitive to others' needs and feelings and being understanding and helpful on the job.
- Social Orientation — Job requires preferring to work with others rather than alone, and being personally connected with others on the job.
Work Values
- Independence — Occupations that satisfy this work value allow employees to work on their own and make decisions. Corresponding needs are Creativity, Responsibility and Autonomy.
- Achievement — Occupations that satisfy this work value are results oriented and allow employees to use their strongest abilities, giving them a feeling of accomplishment. Corresponding needs are Ability Utilization and Achievement.
- Recognition — Occupations that satisfy this work value offer advancement, potential for leadership, and are often considered prestigious. Corresponding needs are Advancement, Authority, Recognition and Social Status.
Related Occupations
Wages & Employment Trends
|Median wages (2018)
|$80,350 annual
|State wages
|Employment (2016)
|5,000 employees
|Projected growth (2016-2026)
|Average (5% to 9%)
|Projected job openings (2016-2026)
|State trends
|Top industries (2016)
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics 2018 wage data and 2016-2026 employment projections . "Projected growth" represents the estimated change in total employment over the projections period (2016-2026). "Projected job openings" represent openings due to growth and replacement.
Job Openings on the Web
Sources of Additional Information
Disclaimer: Sources are listed to provide additional information on related jobs, specialties, and/or industries. Links to non-DOL Internet sites are provided for your convenience and do not constitute an endorsement.
- American Association for the Advancement of Science
- American Association of Geographers
- American Geographical Society
- American Geophysical Union
- American Meteorological Society
- American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing
- International Society of Travel and Tourism Educators
- National Association of Geoscience Teachers
- National Council for Geographic Education
- National Council for the Social Studies
- National Geographic Society
- National Science Teachers Association
- North American Cartographic Information Society
- Occupational Outlook Handbook: Postsecondary teachers
- Regional Science Association International
- The Geological Society of America


text:
This is a sample registry
Krystal & Brian
Krystal Coupe and Brian Shaw's Honeymoon Registry
St. Maarten
|This is a sample registry
"Well Wishes" From Our Family & Friends
|"Congrats! Enjoy your time!"
- Tom and Ashley
|"Congratulations! We hope your wedding day is wonderful. Enjoy your honeymoon. We love you!"
- The Truesdell Family
|"Enjoy your honeymoon and congratulations! We wish both of you a long and loving life together."
- Grant Stoker and Ashlee Sivret
|"Congratulations! Have fun on your Honeymoon!"
- Clark and Lauren
|"Have fun-Be good-and drive carefully!!! Love you guys!"
- Auntie Sharon, Uncle Paul and your cousins: Brice, Brian and Angela! (and Kammy too)
|"Congratulations! We hope you two enjoy the sky."
- Chou-Ka and Kei
I wish you will have a wonderful beginning with your honeymoon and many years of happiness to follow.
Best wishes,"
- Satomi
|"Best wishes!"
- Zack &Katlin
|"Best Wishes from Arturo and Sylvia Magana!"
|"Enjoy the day at St. Barths! We wish you both the very best in spending your lives together!"
- Rick and Rita Sira
|"Only the best for both of you. We wish you much joy and happiness on your wedding day and your future life together."
- With Love, Sylvia, Richard and Delaney
|"We're so happy for you two! Congrats and enjoy every moment you have on your honeymoon and your marriage."
- Aimee and Logan
|"Many joyful wishes for a long life of love together! We look forward to sharing your special day. Enjoy your sunset cruise...it's one of our faves.
much love &many blessings!
Danika &Billy"
|"Since we will be out of state for the wedding, we wanted to give you something you would remember for the rest of your life and connect to us. Hope you have a thrilling ride on the zip line, and a wonderful marriage."
- Love, Mal and Mary Cameron
|"Have one on us! Wishing you a wonderful life together."
- Janet Gulbransen and Mary Cameron
|"Congratulations! Hope you have a wonderful honeymoon. Enjoy these romantic dinners as well as many many more!!"
- Love, Bob, Denyse, Cayce and Mark Shaw
|"We are so happy about your marriage. You are a great couple. We hope you enjoy a night in your honeymoon suite on us. Have fun and enjoy St. Martin."
- Steve and Sally Dellanini
|"Have a great wedding, and welcome to the Shaw family."
- Bertha Shaw
|"Congratulations on your marriage! I hope this snorkeling adventure is only the beginning of many memorable times that you will share throughout your life together."
- Much love, Sarah Mo
|"We couldn't have you sleep in the airport your first night! Enjoy the luxuries!"
- Aunt Susan and Uncle Phil
Thank You for visiting our honeymoon bridal registry and wedding website. We decided to use this honeymoon bridal registry to allow us to pre plan all the wonderful things we want to do on our dream honeymoon. If you have any questions about how our honeymoon bridal registry works, please contact a honeymoon registry specialist at 858-433-1506 and they can help with our wedding registry list. Again, Thank You so much for using our honeymoon bridal registry and wedding website. Most of all, thank you for being part of our wedding and helping us have the romantic honeymoon and wedding we've always imagined.
This is a sample registry
Items cannot be purchased from a sample registry.
If you're looking for a specific couple please search for them here.


text:
Analog / Digital Design and TestFrom general purpose tasks to high specialized measurements – gain from our T&M solutions
Modern electronic designs integrate more and more functionality into less space, resulting in increasing processor speeds, higher clock and data rates and also lower signal levels.
All these developments result in a growing need for test on component, board and system level.
In this section, you will find our solutions for
- Signal & Power Integrity
- Stimulation & Analysis of Analog / Digital Signals
- EMI Debugging
- Data Converter Design
T&M Solutions for
Signal & Power Integrity
Do you want to know if your voltages on your power rails meet the required values and tolerances? Or how to analyze the quality of your signals and detect crosstalk effects?
Stimulation & Analysis of Analog / Digital Signals
Are you performing measurements on component, board or system level and need to generate and analyze analog and digital signals?
EMI Debugging
Do you want to pre-test your design for EMI perfomance? Or do you want to correlate time and frequency domain in your signals to quickly find the root cause of your EMI problems?
Data Converter Design
Do you want to unveil the maximum performance of your data converter design? They are an essential part of all cutting-edge electronic and RF designs thus influence their overall performance significantly, so you want to make sure you get the best from them.
More About Analog / Digital Design and Test
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Your Rohde & Schwarz Team
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Your Rohde & Schwarz Team
- Power Integrity Measurements
- Testing high-speed digital lines on PCB
- Analyze EMI problems with the R&S®RTO
- Fast analysis of sporadic errors with the history function and 460 Msample memory
- German army relies on Rohde & Schwarz - Jul 22, 2019
- Philippines Air Traffic Control Communications Upgrade on Track - Jul 17, 2019
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IBM Java SDK Install Error: Failed dependencies: /usr/lib64/libstdc++.so.5 is needed by ibm-java-x86_64-sdk-6.0-9.1.x86_64
While setting up a websphere test server I ran into a minor dependency error during the beginning of installing the necessary packages for websphere. The IBM Java SDK RPM on CentOS 6 was complaining about a failed dependency of a libstdc++ library. The RPM I was attempting to install required libstdc++.so.5 and CentOS 6 has libstdc++.so.6 installed by default. All that is required is to install the libstdc++ compat RPM. The information below describes the error in more detail, how I located the package that installed the necessary file(s), and an example of installing the needed package.


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RealClearPolitics has posted an entertaining year-end column by Russ Smith lamenting the disappearance of the brief journalistic moratorium on nastiness that used to be the custom of the season: "Enough with the bitching." According to Smith, the period between December 15 and January 5, like the rest of the year year, has now become one of "all bile, all the time, fair, unfair, balanced and not really fit to print."
Smith doesn't even get around to citing the treatment of Donald Rumsfeld by the press this month as an example, but it seems to me to fit his theme. At the Spectator Online Jed Babbin makes a powerful case that Rumsfeld has been the victim of a bilious and unfair attack this month: "Let the big dog run."
Smith mentions in passing an incident involving Minneapolis Star Tribune reporter David Chanen that I had meant to discuss at the time it occurred in mid-December:
A Minneapolis Star Tribune reporter, David Chanen, was disciplined by his superiors for sending an email (written in haste, Chanen says) to the city's black police inspector using the phrase "colored officers." Police Chief Bill McManus article was quoted in the paper's Dec. 17 as saying the email "displayed at a minimum a shocking insensitivity and racism."
Maybe I'm a bit obstinate, but how is "colored officers" all that much different from the widely used alternative, "people of color"?
The Star Tribune story is still available online: "Star Tribune reporter disciplined over racial wording in e-mail." There is a little bit more to the story than Smith discusses. Here's the Star Tribune's December 17 account:
A Star Tribune reporter was disciplined Thursday after he disclosed that he wrote an e-mail to a Minneapolis police official that contained racially insensitive language.
David Chanen, a police reporter, told editors that he used the term "colored officers" in an e-mail sent Wednesday to Minneapolis Police Inspector Donald Banham, who is black.
Star Tribune Managing Editor Scott Gillespie sent a letter Thursday to Minneapolis Police Chief Bill McManus saying that the newspaper "owes you and your department a deep and sincere apology" for the language used in the e-mail.
McManus said Thursday night that the newspaper's apology "should be made to Minneapolis Police Department officers of color, not to me. Certainly, they are all offended by it. This isn't the 1960s anymore."
Gillespie and Chanen said the reporter had intended to use the term "officers of color," but made an error in rushing to send the e-mail. Gillespie said he couldn't comment on the details of the discipline because it was a personnel matter.
When a person who had heard about the e-mail called him, Chanen said he reviewed it and "was shocked to learn I had written language … that is terribly offensive. I was writing the e-mail in haste, but that's no excuse, and I deeply apologize for what I did."
Chanen said he wrote the e-mail because Banham had sent a letter to the newspaper criticizing Chanen's Dec. 11 story about the replacement of Lt. Mike Carlson as head of the homicide unit by Lt. Lee Edwards. Carlson is white and Edwards is black.
Chanen said he wrote the e-mail to set up a meeting with Banham to discuss the inspector's concerns.
In a letter to the editor Tuesday, McManus said the story was biased and left the impression that Edwards was chosen to head the homicide unit only because he is black.
Gillespie said in his letter to McManus that he wished the Dec. 11 story had included more information about the accomplishments of Edwards and another black officer, Sgt. Mike Davis, who was assigned to succeed Edwards as head of the department's internal affairs unit. McManus said he commented on the story and the e-mail Wednesday night at a meeting of the Police Community Relations Council.
"I think these two incidents — first the article, and then the e-mail — displayed at a minimum a shocking insensitivity and racism, even if it was unintended," he said Thursday.
Chanen's offending story is also still available online: "Minneapolis police chief reassigns top cops." The racism imputed to Chanen as a result of this story appears to derive from these paragraphs and to be based on Chanen's reliance on the observations of black Minneapolis civil rights activist Ron Edwards:
[Lt. Carlson] will be replaced by Lt. Lee Edwards, who was in charge of the department's internal affairs unit. While several community activists said they thought that Carlson did a good job, they understand the move is part of Chief Bill McManus' commitment to further diversify top positions. Edwards and Sgt. Mike Davis, who will be taking over internal affairs, are black…
The personnel moves are consistent with what [Minneapolis Chief of Police] McManus said when he was hired: that he wanted to shape the department in his own image, said activist Ron Edwards (no relation to Lee Edwards). He said the new head of homicide is one of the best qualified officers of color in the department to run the unit.
McManus has promoted Inspectors Val Wurster and Don Banham and is planning to appoint Inspector Don Harris to deputy chief. All are black.
"I have no knocks against Mike Carlson," Edwards said. "With budget restraints making it hard to hire new officers of color, Chief McManus has to work with the pool within the department."
According to McManus, Lt. Edwards's color was not his only qualification for the job. Based on McManus's own words, however, Lt. Edwards's color appears to have been the necessary condition of his promotion by McManus. Isn't that news? Isn't Chanen's offense nothing more than the failure to sugarcoat McManus's race-based appointments?
I did not mean to fall into the trap set by Smith's column and contribute to the continuing circulation of all bile all the time. But shouldn't someone be asking what's happening here?


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Perfect for building your custom AR15 upper group. Comes with properly installed M4 barrel extension. All barrel sub-assemblies are properly headspaced.
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Over the years, "John Deere" has become a household name for most Americans. Whether it's written across a hat or on a lawn mower, tractor, or children's toy, we all recognize that familiar green and yellow. The history of John Deere has had a big impact on the world's approach to plowing, harvesting, mowing, lumbering, and simple gardening. Though some of us may boast an expert recognition and knowledge of the John Deere products and brand, what do we really know about the John Deere inventor himself?
Our John Deere biography begins when he is a young man living in his birth state of Vermont. John Deere worked as a blacksmith's apprentice and eventually began his own blacksmith trade. For 12 years, John Deere traveled to various cities in Vermont to offer his blacksmith services but when business slowed in 1837, the 33 year-old Deere headed west to Illinois. Once he had established his blacksmith services in IL, Deere began noticing a recurring trend in the wood and cast-iron plows he was repairing: He found that this plow design was meant for the soft, sandy soil of the East and was not conducive to the thick, heavy prairie soil.
While continuing with his blacksmith services, Deere also experimented with alternative plow designs and came up with a polished-steel plow, which he then pitched to local farmers. Deere claimed that this type of machine would furrow into the sticky Midwest soil better than the traditional wood and cast-iron plows. That year, Deere built and sold three plows; little did he know, this would spark one of the most successful manufacturing and distributing businesses in the world for farming equipment.
In the subsequent years, Deere built and sold more plows and eventually came to the conclusion that his job as a blacksmith had evolved into a profession of manufacturing plows. In 1842, Deere built 100 plows, and his business as a retailer grew when he began filling orders for the Patent Cary Plow. The demand for the Deere plows prompted Deere to establish a shop, partnership, and workforce to complete the orders that continuously, and increasingly, flowed in. In order to support the growing business, Deere started a contract with a Pittsburgh steel manufacturer that would supply the plows with strong steel plates.
The John Deere biography continues in 1858 . The U.S. experienced a financial crisis and businesses across the country found sales slipping, Deere's included. Despite the financial struggle, Deere continued working to create efficient and reliable equipment in the agriculture and blacksmith trade. In 1863, Deere invented the first ride-on plow, the Hawkeye Riding Cultivator, which relied on horses to pull the plow instead of a man pushing it himself. At this time, Deere handed the company over to his only surviving son, Charles Deere, who continued his father's business in Moline, IL, the current company headquarters.
Once the company was in the hands of his son, Deere focused his attention on civil and political affairs in Moline. He was elected as Mayor of Moline and served as the president to the National Bank of Moline, as well as the director of the Moline Public Library. His involvement in the public affairs of his community and his influential work as an inventor established Deere as a respected and reliable businessman, a person the American farmer could relate to. His devotion to all areas of his life, including his wife and nine children, has shaped the John Deere Company into the dependable and loyal brand it is known as today.


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- Visit MiketheTiger.com
- Watch Mike VI's Webcam
- Follow @LSUMikeTiger on Twitter
- LSU Mascot Information (Spirit Squad)
To request an LSU Spirit Squad for your event, click here.
Mike the Tiger, the famed live Bengal Tiger serves as the graphic image of all LSU athletic teams, resides between Tiger Stadium and the Pete Maravich Assembly Center.
In 2005, a new environment was created for Mike that is 15,000 square feet in size with lush planting, a large live oak tree, a beautiful waterfall and a stream evolving from a rocky backdrop overflowing with plants and trees. The habitat has, as a backdrop, an Italianate tower - a campanile - that creates a visual bridge to the Italianate architectural vernacular that is the underpinning of the image of the entire beautiful LSU campus. This spectacular new habitat features state-of-the-art technologies, research, conservation and husbandry programs, as well as educational, interpretive and recreational activities. It is, in essence, one of the largest and finest Tiger habitats in the United States.
Mike's ride through Tiger Stadium before home games in a travel trailer topped by the LSU cheerleaders is a school tradition. Before entering the stadium, his cage on wheels is parked next to the opponent's lockerroom in the southeast end of the stadium. Opposing players must make their way past Mike's cage to reach their locker room.
Tradition dictates that for every growl elicited by Mike before a football game, the Tigers will score a touchdown that night. For many years, Mike was prompted to roar by pounding on the cage. Objections of cruel punishment brought about the use of recorded growls to play to the crowd before the games. That practice was discontinued shortly afterward and, today, Mike participates in the pregame tradition without provocation.
The Tiger mascot stopped traveling with the LSU team in 1970 when his cage overturned on Airline Highway in an accident en route to a game. Mike IV traveled four times in recent years, though, as he appeared at a Mardi Gras parade in 1984, the 1985 Sugar Bowl and LSU's basketball games in the Superdome. Mike V made his first road trip in December 1991 to the Louisiana Superdome to witness the LSU men's basketball team with Shaquille O'Neal defeat Texas, 84-83.
In the mid-1980's, pranksters cut the locks on Mike IV's cage and freed him in the early-morning hours just days before the annual LSU-Tulane clash. Mike roamed free, playfully knocking down several small pine trees in the area, before being trapped in the Bernie Moore Track Stadium where veterinarian Dr. Sheldon Bivin used tranquilizer guns to capture and return the Bengal Tiger to his home.
The incident was reminiscent of a kidnapping of Mike I many years ago by Tulane students before a Tiger-Green Wave battle.
Birthdate: July 23, 2005 (named "Roscoe")
Donated by: Great Cats of Indiana in Idaville, Ind.
Heritage: Bengal/Siberian mix
Weight: approx. 440 lbs. (2013)
Arrived in Baton Rouge: August 25, 2007
First Public Appearance: Sept. 1, 2007
Designated as Mike VI: Sept. 8, 2007
Dedication of Mike's Habitat: Sept. 14, 2007
Thoughts of the state of Indiana may produce images of Bobby Knight, Peyton Manning, John Mellencamp or the Indianapolis Motor Speedway. In the minds of LSU supporters, the Hoosier State will now also be remembered as the source of the university's new live tiger mascot, Mike VI.
A 2-year-old Bengal/Siberian mix formerly known as "Roscoe," Mike VI was donated to LSU in August of 2007 by Great Cats of Indiana in Idaville, Ind., a nonprofit sanctuary and rescue facility for big cats and other large carnivores. LSU veterinarian Dr. David Baker began the search for the young tiger after his predecessor, Mike V, died in May of renal failure at the age of 17.
"We were looking for a tiger that was suitable both in appearance and in temperament," Baker explained. "We wanted a tiger that was confident and not fearful. When this tiger first entered his enclosure on campus, there was no sign of fear or apprehension. This tiger is full of vigor and enthusiasm and affection. I expect that he will grow into an excellent mascot."
Mike VI arrived in Baton Rouge on Aug. 25, and he was originally scheduled to be quarantined for two weeks in the "night house" of his habitat across the street from Tiger Stadium. However, the quarantine period was reduced to just one week after it became apparent to Baker that Mike had adjusted quickly to his new surroundings.
Mike VI was released into the outside portion of his habitat on Sept. 1, making his first public appearance before a throng of adoring LSU fans. He was officially designated as the successor to Mike V on Sept. 8, when LSU played host to Virginia Tech. Six days later, on Sept. 14, 2007, a ceremony was held to honor Mike V and dedicate the habitat to Mike VI (photos).
"Think of a 10-year-old boy who has been moved from away from his family into completely new surroundings, and it gives you an idea of what this tiger has experienced," Baker said. "It can be extremely stressful; however, he remained completely healthy during his quarantine period and has adjusted very well to life at LSU.
"I would describe him as awesome," Baker said of Mike VI, "and that's a word I don't use very often."
Mike V was donated by Dr. Thomas and Caroline Atchison of the Animal House Zoological Park in Moulton, Ala. Avid LSU supporter Charles Becker, a member of the LSU booster group the Tammany Tigers, put Dr. Sheldon Bivin of the LSU School of Veterinary Medicine in touch with the Atchisons. Bivin traveled to Alabama and brought the baby tiger back to Baton Rouge. Born Oct. 18, 1989, the new tiger was introduced to LSU fans at a basketball game against Alabama in February of 1990. He officially began his reign on April 30, 1990, when he was moved into the tiger habitat across from Tiger Stadium. Mike V died on May 18, 2007, at the age of 17.
Mike IV reigned over Tiger athletics for 14 years after being donated to the school by August A. Busch III from the Dark Continent Amusement Park in Tampa, Fla., on Aug. 29, 1976. Born on May 15, 1974, Mike's age and health were determining factors in his retirement to the Baton Rouge Zoo in 1990. The centerpiece of the Zoo's cat exhibit, Mike weighed in at 500 pounds. His only hiatus from the LSU campus before 1990 was the summer of 1981 which he spent at the Little Rock Zoo while his cage was being refurbished. Ironically, the Little Rock Zoo was the birthplace of Mike I. Mike IV died of natural causes in March of 1995 at the age of 21.
Just in time for the 1958 national championship season, Mike III was purchased from the Seattle Zoo following a "national search" by then-athletics director Jim Corbett. The student body contributed $1,500 for the purchase of the tiger. Mike III served as mascot for 18 seasons, dying after the only losing season of his reign as LSU posted a 5-6 record in 1975.
Served a brief reign, lasting only the 1957 season, before dying of pneumonia in the spring of 1958. He was born at the Audubon Park Zoo near the Tulane campus in New Orleans.
In 1936, the original Mike was purchased from the Little Rock Zoo for $750, with money contributed by the student body. Originally known as "Sheik" at the time of his purchase, his name was changed to Mike for Mike Chambers who served as LSU's athletic trainer when the first mascot was purchased.
Chambers had played football at Illinois where he blocked for the legendary Red Grange.
The first Mike was housed in the Baton Rouge Zoo for one year before a permanent home was constructed near Tiger Stadium. Mike I reigned for 20 years before dying of pneumonia in the midst of a six-game LSU losing streak in 1957.
Fearing the LSU faithful would give up hope upon the death of the mascot, Mike's death was not made public until the Tigers finally ended the losing streak.
LSU's Mascot
The live Bengal Tiger whose habitat lies across the street from Tiger Stadium has been a part of the LSU tradition since the early days of athletics in Baton Rouge (Nov. 21, 1936). Meanwhile, his two-legged furry costumed counterpart that stalks the sidelines of LSU athletics events has been on campus since the 1950s.
Mike travels throughout the country with many of the Tiger teams, while also making public appearances to promote LSU athletics in Baton Rouge and surrounding communities.
Mike was named "Most Collegiate Mascot" at the UCA Collegiate Camp held on the campus of the University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa both in 2002 and 2003.
Mike appears in television commercials annually, including an ESPN College Football Game Day commercial, and ESPN Sports Center commercial featuring Mike being rescued from a tree by former LSU great Shaquille O'Neal, and an advertisement for Tippen Motor Homes.
The Nickname: "Fighting Tigers"
Way back in the fall of 1896, coach A.W. Jeardeau's LSU football team posted a perfect 6-0 record, and it was in that pigskin campaign that LSU first adopted its nickname, Tigers.
"Tigers" seemed a logical choice since most collegiate teams in that year bore the names of ferocious animals, but the underlying reason why LSU chose Tigers dates back to the Civil War.
According to Arthur W. Bergeron, Jr., PhD. and the "Guide to Louisiana Confederate Military Units, 1861-1865" (LSU Press, 1989), the name Louisiana Tigers evolved from a volunteer company nicknamed the Tiger Rifles, which was organized in New Orleans. This company became a part of a battalion commanded by Major Chatham Roberdeau Wheat and was the only company of that battalion to wear the colorful Zouave uniform. In time, Wheat's entire battalion was called the Tigers.
That nickname in time was applied to all of the Louisiana troops of Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia. The tiger symbol came from the famous Washington Artillery of New Orleans. A militia unit that traces its history back to the 1830s, the Washington Artillery had a logo that featured a snarling tiger's head. These two units first gained fame at the Battle of First Manassas on July 21, 1861. Major David French Boyd, first president of LSU after the war, had fought with the Louisiana troops in Virginia and knew the reputation of both the Tiger Rifles and Washington Artillery.
Thus when LSU football teams entered the gridiron battlefields in their fourth year of intercollegiate competition, they tagged themselves as the "Tigers."
It was the 1955 LSU "Fourth-Quarter Ball Club" that helped the moniker "Tigers" grow into the nickname, "Fighting Tigers."
Thanks to Arthur W. Bergeron, Jr., PhD., a historian at the Pamplin Historical Park, for contributing to the above information.