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PER: Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad
On-line version ISSN 1727-3781
PER vol.16 n.1 Potchefstroom Apr. 2013
The Child Justice Act: procedural sentencing issues*
SS Terblanche
Stephan S Terblanche. BIur (PU for CHE), LLD (Unisa). Professor, Department of Criminal and Procedural Law, Unisa, South Africa. Email: email@example.com
In this contribution a number of procedural issues related to the sentencing of child offenders and emanating from the Chiild Justice Act 75 of 2008 are considered in some detail. As a general rule, the Act requires pre-sentence reports to be obtained from probation officers before sentencing any child offender, with only a limited number of exceptions. The article argues that the peremptory nature of the Act means that a probation report is always required, even if reports by other experts are also available. The exceptions are limited to instances other than those where the child offender is sentenced to any form of imprisonment or to residence in a care centre. The article addresses the question of whether or not the reference to imprisonment includes alternative imprisonment which is imposed only as an alternative to a fine. It suggests that alternative imprisonment should, generally, not be imposed on child offenders. When an exception is not prevented because of the sentence, a pre-sentence report may be dispensed with only when the offence is a schedule-1 offence (the least serious class of offences) or when obtaining a report would prejudice the child. It is argued that these exceptions are likely to occur rather rarely. A final aspect of the Act's provisions on pre-sentence reports is the requirement that reasons be given for a departure from the recommendations in a pre-sentence report. This requirement merely confirms the status quo.
The Act permits the prosecutor to provide the court with a victim impact statement. Such a statement is defined in the Act. It is a sworn statement by a victim or someone authorised by the victim explaining the consequences to the victim of thecommission of the crime. The article also addresses the issue of whether or not the child justice court might mero motu obtain a victim impact statement when the prosecution does not do so.
Finally, the article addresses appeals against and reviews of the trial courts' sentences. It notes that appeal by the child offender is made somewhat easier, as some child offenders need not obtain leave to appeal. These include children under the age of 16, or older children sentenced to imprisonment. Again, the meaning of "imprisonment" is at least somewhat ambiguous. The provisions on automatic review have attracted considerable judicial attention already. The majority of these judgments confirmed the apparently clear wording of the Act, in terms of which the cases of all child offenders under the age of 16 should be reviewed regardless of whether they were legally represented or of the sentence imposed. In the case of child offenders aged 16 or 17, only custodial sentences are reviewable. The judgments which found this to be an incorrect interpretation are dealt with in some detail, with the conclusion that they were incorrectly decided.
Keywords: child justice; pre-sentence report; victim impact statement; review of child justice proceedings; appeal against sentence; juvenile justice - South Africa; juvenile justice - sentences.
1 Introduction
The Child Justice Act 75 of 2008 (hereafter referred to as "the Act") has not only changed the kind of sentences that may be imposed on a child offender and the principles in terms of which the appropriate sentence should be established,1 but has also amended or clarified several procedural issues closely associated with sentencing.
In this contribution a number of these procedural issues are considered in some detail. These procedures are related to pre-sentence reports, to victim impact statements and also to the review of and appeals against decisions by child justice courts. In each instance the aim is to establish as precisely as possible whether the Act has changed the status quo, whether it does so effectively and, if it has, the extent to which it now requires a different approach.
2 Pre-sentence reports
2.1 Obtaining pre-sentence reports
Whether or not a pre-sentence report should be obtained before a child offender is sentenced has been hotly debated for many years.2 Advocates for child justice have generally supported an absolute requirement, but others were quick to point out the practical problems, such as a lack of resources.3 The availability and quality of probation services for children remains a thorny issue and judicial officers often find fault with probation reports.4 However, it has been noted that probation services have been greatly expanded in recent years, following increased official interest in diversion.5
Whether pre-sentence reports are necessary or not is now governed by section 71 of the Act. In short, pre-sentence reports are required in most instances, although section 71 appears to allow for exceptions. This is considered in what follows.
2.2 Pre-sentence reports are generally required
The general principle is stated in section 71(1)(a), which reads as follows:
A child justice court imposing a sentence must, subject to paragraph (b),6 request a pre-sentence report prepared by a probation officer prior to the imposition of sentence.
Although the section reads that a court "imposing a sentence must" request a report, this is clearly something that has to be done before the sentence can be imposed. Another legislative quirk is the indication that the report should be "requested", whereas such a request should probably be seen as a court order, which cannot be refused. In fact, section 71(2) imposes the duty on the probation officer to complete the report "as soon as possible", but not later than within six weeks after the "request".7
The responsibility for requesting the pre-sentence report rests with the court and not, for example, with the prosecutor.8 The court has to address the "request" to a probation officer. A "probation officer" is defined in the Act9 as "any person who has been appointed as a probation officer under section 2 of the Probation Services Act" 116 of 1991.10 In terms of this provision a probation officer is appointed by the Minister of Social Development.11 A person may be appointed as a probation officer only if-
... he or she is a social worker in the employ of the State, a welfare organisation or a non-profit organisation and is registered as a social worker with the South African Council for Social Service Professions.12
Therefore, registration as a social worker at the Council, and employment at one of the above-mentioned institutions, is essential for appointment as a probation officer.
A probation officer who has been appointed as such by the Minister becomes an officer of every magistrate's court.13 The phrase "an officer of the court" does not have a specific definition in terms of our law14 and it is not frequently used, except to describe the role of prosecutors, attorneys and advocates.15 The phrase generally indicates that the "officer" is expected to serve the court and not the interests of one of the parties,16 and that the court can regulate the manner in which such "officers" perform their duties and functions.17 In the case of probation officers it is submitted that, as they are described as officers of the court, they are expected to be independent in expressing their opinions, but that they should also subject themselves to the regulation of the court.
Section 71(1) is couched in what appear to be peremptory terms.18 Why this should be so is not easily established. Experts such as forensic criminologists, psychologists or psychiatrists have in the past provided courts with pre-sentence reports19 and there are no obvious reasons why they should now be excluded from doing so. However, in view of the peremptory wording20 it is submitted that it would generally be advisable for the child justice court to comply with section 71(1) and to request a pre-sentence report from a probation officer. Such an approach would not prevent these other experts from also providing the court with a report on sentencing. Of course, such reports could also be obtained when the specific case falls within one of the exceptions permitted by section 71.
It only remains to note here that in terms of the Probation Services Act the "powers and duties" of probation officers specifically include
... the investigation of the circumstances of a convicted person, the compiling of a pre-sentencing report, the recommendation of an appropriate sentence and the giving of evidence before the court.21
2.3 The exceptions: When a pre-sentence report is not required
2.3.1 Two exceptions are provided for
The exceptions to the general principle that pre-sentence reports must always be obtained are to be found in section 71(1)(b) of the Act, which reads as follows:
A child justice court may dispense with a pre-sentence report where a child22 is convicted of an offence referred to in Schedule 1 or where requiring the report would cause undue delay in the conclusion of the case, to the prejudice of the child, but no child justice court sentencing a child may impose a sentence involving compulsory residence in a child and youth care centre... or imprisonment, unless a pre-sentence report has first been obtained.23
The italicised part substantially qualifies the exceptions created by this provision. Its effect is clear: A child justice court must always obtain a pre-sentence report if the offender is sentenced to imprisonment or compulsory residence in a child and youth care centre,24 whether such a sentence is suspended or not.25 Otherwise, a pre-sentence report can be dispensed with in one of two situations, namely:
a) if the offence falls within the least serious group of offences covered in the Act (being contained in schedule 126), or
b) when it will cause unnecessary delay, "to the prejudice of the child ...",27 to get a report. The test is whether the offender will be prejudiced by the delay, and not whether the state, prosecution or the administration of justice will suffer prejudice.
It is difficult to think of examples in which a delay caused by obtaining a pre-sentence report would prejudice the child. Examples could include the following:
a) a sufficiently thorough pre-sentence report by an expert other than a probation officer is available to the court;
b) the court considers a fine to be an appropriate sentence and the child offender has the means to pay the fine immediately.28
Neither of these examples is likely to present itself on a regular basis.
2.3.2 Imprisonment?
As noted before, when imprisonment or compulsory residence in a care centre is imposed, these exceptions are not available. However, the reference to imprisonment is not as simple as it might appear at first, as there are at least six different forms of imprisonment under South African law.29 The Act expressly permits two of these forms of imprisonment to be imposed on a child offender, namely "ordinary" (or determinate) imprisonment30 and imprisonment in terms of section 276(1) (i) of the Criminal Procedure Act?31 Both these sentences will certainly require a pre-sentence report.
Imprisonment may also be imposed as an alternative to a fine, and in this case the position is not clear. The Criminal Procedure Act permits ordinary criminal courts to impose a fine and to add alternative imprisonment at the same time.32 However, the Child Justice Act is silent in this regard. The only connection with imprisonment in the Act, as far as fines are concerned, is that it requires of a child justice court, before it imposes a fine, to consider whether or not the failure to pay a fine is likely to result in the child offender being imprisoned.33 It also requires the court to warn the offender that failure to pay the fine "will result in the child being brought back before the child justice court for an inquiry to be held in terms of section 79."34 Section 79 provides for the procedure that is to be followed when any of the noncustodial sentences fail, and permits the court to amend the imposed sentence or to replace it with another (obviously lawful) sentence. If imprisonment may be imposed for the relevant offence, the replacement sentence can be imprisonment,35 but this is not the same as alternative imprisonment. While alternative imprisonment is the standard way of enforcing the payment of fines in the case of adult offenders, it is submitted that a reading of the whole of section 74 of the Act indicates that a fine imposed by a child justice court should not be accompanied with alternative imprisonment. In section 79 the Child Justice Act has a different procedure to enforce the payment of fines, which is not available in the case of adult offenders: if the fine is not paid, that sentence should be reconsidered in accordance with section 79. Such an interpretation is supported by the general principles established by the Act, such as that imprisonment should always be the last resort,36 and that the Act aims to provide measures specifically tailored for child offenders.37
2.3.3 The exceptions: closing comments
The practical effect of section 71 is that a pre-sentence report is compulsory in virtually every case.38 Even though a community-based sentence does not require a pre-sentence report in the case of schedule-1 offences, it will be difficult for the presiding officer to find an appropriate combination of conditions and someone to monitor compliance without the assistance of a probation officer. The same situation applies, roughly, in the case of correctional supervision.39 As far as other sentences are concerned, it is only when a court imposes a fine that is within the immediate means of the child offender to pay that the report could be dispensed with, and then usually only in the case of a schedule-1 offence. These instances are further limited by the ideal that the vast majority of schedule-1 offences should be diverted.40
It is worth noting here that a pre-sentence report should not require much effort from the probation officer, as a child offender reaching the sentencing stage would already have been assessed by a probation officer earlier on in the child justice process.41
2.4 Deviating from the recommendation in the pre-sentence report
Section 71(4) of the Act reads as follows:42
A child justice court may impose a sentence other than that recommended in the pre-sentence report and must, in that event, enter the reasons for the imposition of a different sentence on the record of the proceedings.
In effect this provision simply confirms the status quo. It should stand to reason that a court is not bound by the recommendation in a pre-sentence report. Imposing a sentence is a judicial function,43 which cannot be "abdicated" to another authority.44 It is a further general requirement that a court must give reasons for its decisions, including the sentencing decision.45 In other words, even if the recommendation of the pre-sentence report is followed, in terms of the current legal position the presiding officer is expected to give reasons for the court's sentence. It is common sense then that there would be an even greater duty on the court to explain the sentence when it differs from what has been suggested in the pre-sentence report.46
3 Victim impact statements
In terms of section 70(2) of the Act the prosecutor may provide the child justice court with a victim impact statement,47 in consideration of "the interests of a victim of the offence and the impact of the crime on the victim".
A victim impact statement is defined in section 70(1), which reads as follows:
For purposes of this section, a victim impact statement means a sworn statement by the victim or someone authorised by the victim to make a statement on behalf of the victim which reflects the physical, psychological, social, financial or any other consequences of the offence for the victim.
The definition consists of three main elements:
a) First, it is a "sworn statement". This means that it would typically be a written statement in the form of an affidavit.48 However, it might be necessary for the victim to read the statement in court during the trial while under oath. This position is implicitly confirmed by section 70(3), in that it permits a victim impact statement to be produced as evidence if "the contents are not disputed". If the victim is unwilling to testify about a disputed victim impact statement, it should be the victim's decision whether or not to withdraw the statement.49
b) The statement must be made by the victim or "someone authorised by the victim". The provision does not indicate whether the term "victim" should be given a wide or narrow interpretation. Even the narrow dictionary meaning of victim is "a person harmed, injured, or killed as a result of a crime...".50 Some form of harm to the person is, therefore, the least that is needed before that person could be called a victim.51 A dependant of someone who has been killed or incapacitated because of a crime is certainly harmed by that crime and, in terms of the dictionary meaning, also a victim. Based on this definition, and read with the government's co-called Victim's Charter,52 Van der Merwe concludes that victims include the "victim's family, dependants, and eyewitnesses to the crime".53
c) The third element of the definition limits the contents of the statement. This "limitation" is as important for what it includes as for what it does not include. The phrase "physical, psychological, social, financial or any other consequences of the offence" appears to include every conceivable consequence of the crime but, by being limited to consequences of the crime, it contains an important limitation: it does not leave room for the victim to give an opinion about the character of the criminal or about what an appropriate sentence (punishment) would be. It is "an opportunity for victims to express the impact the criminal event had on their lives and the families' lives".54
Although the judiciary in South Africa appears to be increasingly comfortable with the idea of victim impact statements, it is true that substantial criticism and unease remain.55 Some of the concerns of opponents of victim impact statements include that the victim might want to prescribe to the court what an appropriate sentence would be; the statement might include evidence rejected by the court; and the statement might include irrelevant information which might result in an unfair trial for the offender.56 However, it is submitted that most of these concerns should be addressed by the limitation to the consequences of the crime for the victim.
Prosecutors are encouraged in terms of the National Director of Public Prosecution's (NDPP) directives57 to get a victim impact statement and are reminded that an undisputed statement is admissible "upon mere production". However, prosecutors should note the research findings that victims are easily disappointed when their expectations with respect to their participation are not met.58 On the other hand, victims' greatest need is often no more than to participate by explaining to the court how the crime influenced their life and their families' lives,59 and to know that the criminal justice system has dealt with the case fairly and carefully.60
What should the position be if the prosecutor elects not to present a victim impact statement? In other words, would the child justice court be entitled to act unilaterally to obtain a victim impact statement? On the face of it section 70 appears to entrust only the prosecution with this entitlement. In some respects, the position could be said to be analogous to the prosecutor's discretion to prove previous convictions against the offender. This discretion is provided for in section 271(1) of the Criminal Procedure Act, of which the relevant part reads as follows: "The prosecution may ... produce to the court for admission or denial by the accused a record of previous convictions alleged against the accused."
Several cases have stressed that the discretion to prove previous convictions belongs to the prosecutor.61 In most of these cases the conclusion was reached that it is irregular for the court to interfere with this discretion and to determine by itself if the offender has previous convictions. The wording in section 70(2) of the Act is virtually identical, and reads as follows: "The prosecutor may . where practicable, furnish the child justice court with a victim impact statement . ."
It is submitted that there is no meaningful difference between these provisions. The presence or absence of previous convictions is one of the most important determinants of an appropriate sentence.62 The same cannot be said of the information in a victim impact statement. Therefore, based on the analogy of section 271(1), a child justice court will need very convincing reasons before any mero motu action to obtain a victim impact statement could be justified.
4 Appeal and review
4.1 Appeal against sentence
The same procedures regarding appeals against conviction and sentence that apply in the case of adult offenders generally also apply in the case of offenders tried and cases noted in Terblanche Guide to Sentencing 80 fn 12. sentenced in terms of the Act. The Act makes it somewhat easier for some child offenders to appeal, as not all children need to apply for leave to appeal when such leave is required by the Criminal Procedure Act.63 In terms of section 84(1) of the Act, these children who need not apply for leave to appeal are-
a) children who were under 16 years old when they committed the offence, regardless of the sentence; or
b) children who were 16 years or older when they committed the offence, who were sentenced to "any form of imprisonment that was not wholly suspended.64
As discussed above,65 the meaning of "imprisonment" is not necessarily clear. Not every form of imprisonment mentioned in the Criminal Procedure Act is available to a child justice court. Although section 84(1) refers to "any form" of imprisonment, only determinate imprisonment and imprisonment imposed in terms of section 276(1)(i) of the Criminal Procedure Act can be imposed by child justice courts. Not even alternative imprisonment may be imposed.
The second proviso to section 84(1) reads as follows:
Provided further that the provisions of section 302(1)(b) of [the Criminal Procedure] Act apply in respect of a child who duly notes an appeal against a conviction, sentence or order as provided for in section 302(1)(a) of that Act.
This simply means that the automatic review of proceedings, which is provided for in section 302 of the Criminal Procedure Act, is suspended when an appeal is duly noted by the child offender.66 The relevant provisions are discussed below.
4.2 Automatic review in certain cases
4.2.1 The provisions of section 85
In terms of section 85(1) of the Act the provisions of the Criminal Procedure Act with respect to automatic review67 also apply in the case of child offenders sentenced in a child justice court. It is appropriate to quote section 85(1) in full and then to consider each of its individual parts:
The provisions of Chapter 30 of the Criminal Procedure Act dealing with the review of criminal proceedings in the lower courts apply in respect of all children convicted in terms of this Act: Provided that if a child was, at the time of the commission of the alleged68 offence-
(a) under the age of 16 years; or
(b) 16 years or older but under the age of 18 years, and has been sentenced to any form of imprisonment that was not wholly suspended, or any sentence of compulsory residence in a child and youth care centre providing a programme provided for in section 191(2)(j) of the Children's
Act, the sentence is subject to review in terms of section 304 of the Criminal Procedure Act by a judge of the High Court having jurisdiction, irrespective of the duration of the sentence.
4.2.2 Chapter 30 of the Criminal Procedure Act
The words "[t]he provisions of Chapter 30 of the Criminal Procedure Act dealing with the review of criminal proceedings in the lower courts ..." refer to the procedure of automatic review of certain sentences. As noted in S v CS69 it is essential to separate the powers contained in section 85 of the Act from the procedures in chapter 30 of the Criminal Procedure Act. It is important to read the quoted part of section 85(1) as a single idea. The only kind of review of criminal proceedings dealt with by chapter 30 is that of proceedings in magistrates' courts that are ordinarily (or automatically) reviewable. Proceedings in regional courts are not reviewable, as section 302 of the Criminal Procedure Act is explicitly limited to magistrates' courts.70 However, this does not mean that criminal proceedings in a regional court are not reviewable when it functions as a child justice court.
4.2.3 All children convicted in terms of the Act
The words "in respect of all children convicted in terms of this Act" means that there are no exceptions, except for the following two: (a) in the case of children of 16 and 17 only custodial sentences are reviewable,71 and (b) no case is reviewable when the offender notes an appeal against the decision of the child justice court.72 Apart from these exceptions, the cases of all children convicted in and then sentenced by a child justice court have to be submitted for automatic review.73 As this affects "all children", there is no reason why child justice proceedings in a regional court should be excluded from such review.74
It also does not matter whether or not the child has been legally represented during the proceedings in the child justice court.75 There have been conflicting judgments in this respect, which are discussed below.76 One of the most important reasons why it should make no difference, apart from the wording of the Act, is that the assistance of a legal advisor is not a guarantee that the child offender will suffer no prejudice.77
4.2.4 Different sentences for different ages
The words "[p]rovided that if a child was, at the time of the commission of the alleged offence . " indicate that specific provisions apply, depending on the age of the child at the time of the commission of the offence.78 If the child was under 16 years old at that time, then all matters have to be reviewed, regardless of the sentence.79 If the child was 16 or 17 years old at the time of the offence, then only certain sentences are reviewable.80
4.2.5 Wholly suspended imprisonment
With respect to the phrase "has been sentenced to any form of imprisonment that was not wholly suspended", the discussion of this phrase under "appeals" above applies here as well.81 In essence this means any complete or partial suspension of any form of imprisonment provided for in section 77 of the Act, in contrast to any conceivable form of imprisonment.
4.2.6 Compulsory residence in a care centre
The words "or any sentence of compulsory residence in a child and youth care centre providing a programme provided for in section 191(2)() of the Children's Act" simply refer to the sentence of residence in a child and youth care centre provided for in section 76 of the Act.82
4.2.7 Section 304 of the Criminal Procedure Act
The words "subject to review in terms of section 304 of the Criminal Procedure Act" simply refer to the ordinary procedure that has to be followed during an automatic review.83
4.2.8 The duration of the sentence no longer of any relevance
The phrase "irrespective of the duration of the sentence" has been included into section 85, as the provisions of section 302 of the Criminal Procedure Act are directly related to the duration of the sentences imposed on adult offenders. As a result the duration of the sentence has no effect on the automatic reviewability of any matter dealt with by a child justice court.84 Another consequence of this phrase is that the experience of the presiding officer is no longer of any relevance,85 except perhaps when it comes to the imposition of fines. In this respect it has been held that, in order for child offenders aged 16 or 17 at the time of the offence not to be afforded less protection than adult offenders, the amounts of the fines referred to in section 302(1) must also be applied to such child offenders.86
4.2.9 Case law taking an opposite view
In S v Nakedi87 the court took a different view to that discussed above, specifically with respect to the question of whether or not proceedings in a child justice court are reviewable when the offender had been legally represented. The court noted that section 85(1) makes chapter 30 of the Criminal Procedure Act expressly applicable to proceedings involving children,88 but that the rest of section 85(1) raises the question of whether or not all sentences imposed on children are reviewable.89 The court then held as follows:90
This problem is solved by a reference to Item (p) of Schedule 4 read with Section 99(1) of the CJA, which in essence substitutes Section 302(1)(a)(i) of the CPA. The amendment is indicative of the fact that the remaining provisions of Section 302 are applicable, which includes referral for automatic review where the accused is not assisted by a legal adviser.
The court also held that a finding that cases of children who have been legally represented are automatically reviewable is inconsistent with the Act and the Criminal Procedure Act.91 This view is supported in S v Sekoere?92 where it was held that the Act amends only section 302(1)(a)(i) of the Criminal Procedure Act, "and does not impact on other provisions of section 302."
The main problem with this is that it fails to take into account the actual function of section 99, read with schedule 4 of the Act. When the different items in the schedule are considered one by one, this function is clear in almost every instance, namely to remove other legislation provisions that would result in technical inconsistencies with the Act. For example, the Act changes the law by repealing sections 290 and 291 of the Criminal Procedure Act,93 which used to contain the special sentencing options for juvenile offenders, including committal to a reform school.94 This repeal required a technical change to section 302(1)(a)(i), in order to replace the reference to a reform school with a reference to a child and youth care centre. Any amendment beyond this technical substitution could have affected the review proceedings for adult offenders, in terms of the Criminal Procedure Act, which is not the function of the Act. If these amendments are adjudged to result in inconsistencies between section 85 of the Act and section 302 of the Criminal Procedure Act,95 then clearly, in the case of child justice proceedings, preference should be given to the provisions of the Act.96
Another problem with the judgment in Nakedi is that, although it apparently takes note of the paramountcy of the child's best interests,97 it gives no inkling as to how its conclusion would benefit child offenders. Further, it does not explain why a conclusion that automatic review is compulsory also in cases where there was legal representation is inconsistent with the provisions of the Act. The court in S v Sekoere98 attended to this problem and eventually decided that, if the legislature wanted to exclude "minors" from the working of section 302, it would have done so explicitly.99
It is submitted that the judgments finding in favour of the automatic review of most cases involving child offenders, as discussed above, have interpreted the Act correctly. Not only have they interpreted the Act as a whole,100 instead of only focusing on section 99 thereof, but they have also indicated convincingly how their conclusion is in accordance with statements in the Preamble to the Act that children "in conflict with the law" should be afforded "special protection", at the same time taking account of the child's age.101 It is also inescapable that sections 82 and 83 of the Act will have the effect that "a child appearing before a child justice court will in effect never be without legal representation",102 a situation which would render the whole of section 85(1) meaningless if the cases of children who are legally represented are not automatically reviewable.
5 Closing comments
It was explained in the introduction that it was the aim of this contribution to consider the provisions of the Child Justice Act in connection with pre-sentence reports and victim impact statements, as well as the review of, and appeals against, sentence decisions by child justice courts. The intention with each of these topics was to establish whether the Act has changed the law effectively and whether it now requires a different approach.
With respect to pre-sentence reports, the conclusion is that the Act requires a pre-sentence report by a probation officer in every case, before sentence may be imposed in terms of the Act. Under the former position, judicial officers fairly regularly sentenced child offenders without the advantage of such a report, a situation that will clearly now be unacceptable. This conclusion does not mean that every report will be to the satisfaction of the sentencer, or that there will not be any delays in the finalisation of pre-sentence reports.
The Act has certainly changed, quite substantially, the law in connection with the submission of victim impact statements. The court does not appear to have any discretion over whether or not to receive such a statement when the prosecutor wishes to present it. Whether this change will provide any real relief to victims of crime or not remains to be seen.
The Act makes it somewhat easier for child offenders to appeal against the decisions of child justice courts, and its provisions in connection with the review "in the ordinary course" has created quite a stir in the high courts, with conflicting findings in several provincial divisions. Although I support the view that all cases should be reviewable in the case of child offenders under 16 years of age, and that it should make no difference to the question of reviewability whether or not the offender was legally represented or not, a final judgment in this respect from the Supreme Court of Appeal or the Constitutional Court would no doubt be welcome.
As long as judicial officers consider the Act as a whole when they interpret individual provisions, the Act should consistently improve the protection afforded to child offenders in our child justice system.
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Sloth-Nielsen "'A Short History of Time': Charting the Contribution of Social Development Service Delivery to Enhance Child Justice 1996-2006" in Gallinetti J, Kassan D and Ehlers L Child Justice in South Africa: Children's Rights under Construction (Open Society Foundation for South Africa Bellville 2006) 17-27 [ Links ]
Snyman HF "The Victim Impact Statement as a Means of Addressing the Victim's Needs for Rights" 1995 Acta Criminologica 30-34 [ Links ]
Terblanche SS A Guide to Sentencing in South Africa 2nd ed (LexisNexis Butterworths Durban 2007) [ Links ]
Terblanche SS Research on the Sentencing Framework Bill (Open Society Foundation Claremont 2008 [ Links ]
Terblanche SS "The Child Justice Act: A Detailed Consideration of Section 68 as Point of Departure with Respect to the Sentencing of Young Offenders" 2012 PELJ 435-475 [ Links ]
Tladi R "A Reflection on Child Justice Legislation, Policy and Practice" in Gallinetti J, Kassan D and Ehlers L Child Justice in South Africa: Children's Rights under Construction (Open Society Foundation for South Africa Bellville 2006) 29-35 [ Links ]
Van der Merwe A "Addressing Victims' Harm: The Role of Impact Reports" 2007-2008 T Jefferson L Rev 391-406 [ Links ]
Register of cases
Centre for Child Law v Minister of Justice and Constitutional Development 2009 2 SACR 477 (CC)
Commissioner for Inland Revenue v Friedman 1993 1 SA 353 (A)
Gilbert v Bekker 1984 3 SA 774 (W)
Natal Law Society v N 1985 4 SA 115 (N)
Receiver of Revenue, Port Elizabeth v Jeeva 1996 2 SA 573 (A)
Rondel v W 1966 1 All ER 467 (QB)
S v Alam 2011 2 SACR 533 (WCC)
S v Cloete 2003 2 SACR 490 (O)
S v CS 2012 1 SACR 595 (ECP)
S v Dodo 2001 1 SACR 594 (CC)
S v Dzukuda 2000 2 SACR 443 (CC)
S v Fortuin [2011] ZANCHC 28 (11 Nov 2011)
S v Gagu 2006 1 SACR 547 (SCA)
S v Govender 1995 2 SACR 458 (N)
S v Khambule 1991 2 SACR 277 (W)
S v Khuzwayo [2012] ZAGPJHC 113 (31 May 2012)
S v Kwalase 2000 2 SACR 135 (C)
S v Lewis 1986 2 PH H96 (A)
S v Maake 2011 1 SACR 263 (SCA)
S v Manka 2003 2 SACR 515 (O)
S v Martin 1996 2 SACR 378 (W)
S v Nakedi [2012] ZANWHC 5 (2 Jan 2012)
S v Ndaba 1993 1 SACR 637 (A)
S v Njikaza 2002 2 SACR 481 (C)
S v Peterson 2001 1 SACR 16 (SCA)
S v Phulwane 2003 1 SACR 631 (T)
S v R 1993 1 SACR 209 (A)
S v RO 2010 2 SACR 248 (SCA)
S v RS 2012 2 SACR 160 (WCC)
S v Ruiter [2011] ZAWCHC 265 (14 Jun 2011)
S v Sekoere [2012] ZAFSHC 114 (14 Jun 2012)
S v S/abbert 1998 1 SACR 646 (SCA)
S v Stanley 1996 2 SACR 570 (A)
S v Van der Westhuizen 1995 1 SACR 601 (A)
S v Xaba 2011 1 SACR 1 (KZP)
S v Z 2004 1 SACR 400 (ECD)
Sibiya v Director of Public Prosecutions, Johannesburg 2006 1 SACR 220 (CC)
Society of Advocates of SA (Witwaatersrand Division) v Fischer 1966 1 SA 133 (T)
Weiner v Broekhuysen 2001 2 SA 716 (C)
Register of legislation
Child Justice Act 75 of 2008
Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996
Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1977
Probation Services Act 116 of 1991
Social Assistance Act 13 of 2004
Supreme Court Act 59 of 1959
Register of government publications
Minister of Police National Instruction 2 of 2010: Children in Conflict with the Law: For General Information (GN 759 in GG 33508 of 2 September 2010)
National Director of Public Prosecutions Directives in terms of section 97(4) of the Child Justice Act 75 of2008 (GN R252 in GG 33067 of 31 March 2010)
Regulations under the Probation Services Act 116 of 1991 (GN 1364 in GG 15895 of 5 August 1994, as amended by GN R66 in GG 34983 of 3 February 2012)
Uniform Rules of Court to the Supreme Court Act 59 of 1959 (originally published under GN R48 of 12 January 1965)
Register of international agreements
Beijing Rules United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice (29 November 1985) General Assembly Resolution 40/33
Register of internet sources
Victim's Charter Department of Justice and Constitutional Development 2004 The Service Charter for Victims of Crime in South Africa http://bit.ly/ZAEEHC [date of use 8 Aug 2012]
List of abbreviations
CJA Child Justice Act
NDPP National Director of Public Prosecutions
SACJ South African Journal of Criminal Justice
SAJHR South African Journal of Human Rights
SALRC South African Law Reform Commission
THRHR Tydskrif vir Hedendaagse Romeins-Hollandse Reg
T Jefferson L Rev Thomas Jefferson Law Review
Tilburg Foreign L Rev Tilburg Foreign Law Review
* Unisa provided funding for research visits, and the Max Planck Institute for Foreign and International Criminal Law, Freiburg, Germany made available its research facilities. I want to express my gratitude to both institutions
1 For a discussion of the international and constitutional background to the Act, with a specific focus on sentencing, see Terblanche 2012 PELJ 435-475. Some foundational issues that are addressed in some detail in that contribution include the role of s 28 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, the theory of the best interests of the child as a paramount consideration, and some of the challenges that need to be overcome in interpreting the Act.
2 Before the Act came into operation, courts increasingly required pre-sentence reports for all young offenders (Terblanche Guide to Sentencing 320; S v Peterson 2001 1 SACR 16 (SCA) para 20; S v Gagu 2006 1 SACR 547 (SCA) para 13; S v Kwa/ase 2000 2 SACR 135 (C) 137e-f S v Phulwane 2003 1 SACR 631 (T) para 9. However, there were some exceptions, such as S v Manka 2003 2 SACR 515 (O) 521 (the full bench of the Free State High Court decided that, when the crime is so serious that a long prison sentence is required for the protection of society, a pre-sentence report is of little use); S v Cloete 2003 2 SACR 490 (O). See also Prinsloo 2005 Acta Criminologica 1-3; Skelton "Decade of Case Law" 69-70.
3 See Gxubane 2008 SA Crime Quarterly 14; Kassan "First Baseline Study" 96 (pointing towards inconsistent practices); Badenhorst Implementation of the Child Justice Act 15-18, 37; Terblanche Guide to Sentencing 19.
4 See Gxubane 2008 SA Crime Quarterly 13; Prinsloo 2005 Acta Criminologica 14.
5 Gallinetti "Child Justice in South Africa" 642; Sloth-Nielsen "Short History of Time" 25.
6 Para (b) involves the exceptions to the basic principle: see 2.3 below.
7 There is no sanction for late submission of the report, but a court might be able to fall back on the general principles that apply when a functionary fails to comply with a court order. In S v Z 2004 1 SACR 400 (EC) paras 12, 13 the court ordered two departments in the Eastern Cape government to report on the transfer of young offenders who had been committed to reform schools, but not yet transferred. Subsequently, the Eastern Cape High Court ordered many of these children to be released from custody. This order was based on the powers in s 173 of the Constitution, which permit the higher courts to "protect and regulate their own process ... in the interests of justice", and the common law powers of review (paras 27-28; see also s 24 of the Supreme Court Act 59 of 1959). Although magistrates' courts do not have these powers, they could send a case on review to the high court in terms of s 304 of the Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1977 (hereafter the Criminal Procedure Act).
8 See also the NDPP Directives para Q.4.
9 Section 1.
10 See Terblanche Guide to Sentencing 338 fn 9. See also Minister of Police National Instruction 2 of 2010, where "probation officer" is defined in the same terms as in the Act.
11 See Ehlers Child Justice 29. The Act refers to "the Minister" (s 2(1)). The relevant Minister is assigned by the President under s 17(1) of the Probation Services Act 116 of 1991. The last such assignment which could be found was in Proc No R80, 1994 where the functions of the "Minister for National Health and Welfare" were assigned to the "Administrators of the various provinces with effect from 29 April 1994." However, it is submitted that s 33(3) of the Social Assistance Act 13 of 2004 is sufficiently wide so that it can be assumed that all functions associated with social development (including all welfare services) have been transferred to the Minister of Social Development.
12 Regulation 2 of the Regulations under the Probation Services Act as amended. See also Gxubane 2008 SA Crime Quarterly 13.
13 Section 2(2).
14 See Cilliers and Luiz 1995 THRHR 607, 612; Gilbert v Bekker 1984 3 SA 774 (W) 780 (a "nebulous concept"); Weiner v Broekhuysen 2001 2 SA 716 (C) 725.
15 The most frequent application of the phrase in our courts is in connection with attorneys and advocates: see, eg, Receiver of Revenue, Port Elizabeth v Jeeva 1996 2 SA 573 (A) 579D; Gilbert v Bekker 1984 3 SA 774 (W) 780. See also rule 39(21) of the Uniform Rules of Court to the Supreme Court Act 59 of 1959, originally published under GN R48 of 12 January 1965, as amended, in terms of which stenographers are deemed to be officers of the court.
16 See Natal Law Society v N1985 4 SA 115 (N) 121-122, quoting from Rondel v W1966 1 All ER 467 (QB) 479 ("... helping the Judge to do justice ...") and Society of Advocates of SA (Wttwatersrand Division) v Fischer 1966 1 SA 133 (T) 137C (it is the duty of an advocate "to further the administration of justice to the best of his ability"). One of the duties of an attorney as an "officer of the court" is to refer the court to case law adverse to his own case - Cilliers and Luiz 1995 THRHR 608.
17 See, eg, Commissioner for In/and Revenue v Friedman 1993 1 SA 353 (A) 372I ("answerable to the court for his conduct and administration"); Gilbert v Bekker 1984 3 SA 774 (W) 777B; Cilliers and Luiz 1995 THRHR 612.
18 See S v RS 2012 2 SACR 160 (WCC) para 28 ("[s]ection 71 makes it obligatory for the child justice court to request a presentence report prepared by a probation officer before it imposes any sentence").
19 With respect to the role of such experts on sentencing, see Terblanche Guide to Sentencnng 2122, 104.
20 See Gxubane 2008 SA Crime Quarterly 13, noting that an earlier version of the Child Justice Bill did make provision for other people to provide pre-sentence reports.
21 Section 4(1)(k) of the Probation Services Act 116 of 1991.
22 Reference to "child" in this section should, of course, be interpreted in terms of the definition of "child" in s 1. This definition results in a fairly complicated situation, but as a general rule it includes all children when the criminal proceedings were instituted while they were under the age of 18 years old, but also a limited number of child offenders where the cases were instituted later but in accordance with the relevant NDPP directive. Pre-sentence reports might therefore have to be obtained for offenders who are 18 years old or older when the report is actually compiled.
23 Emphasis added.
24 Gallinetti Gettnng to Know the Chidd Justice Act 54. This requirement is in accordance with the requirements set in international instruments, eg rule 16.1 of the Untted Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenle Justice (the "Beijing Rules"; requiring "social inquiry reports" in all but minor cases): See SALRC Juvenile Justice 253. See also Badenhorst Implementation of the Child Justice Act 6; Prinsloo 2005 Acta Criminologica 6.
25 This is the case because suspension does not change the nature of the sentence that is suspended (See S vSaabbert 1998 1 SACR 646 (SCA) 648; Terblanche Guide to Sentencing 350351; Du Toit et al Commentary 28-48D).
26 Some examples include the following: theft involving property of an amount not exceeding R2 500; fraud not exceeding an amount of R1 500; unlawful possession of certain drugs; consensual "statutory rape"; common assault, etc.
27 Emphasis added.
28 A court using this option will have to take into account several complicating factors, including that the offence will be fairly serious (sch 2 or 3 offences only); and that reintegration of the child offender into society remains a major objective of the child justice system.
29 See s 276 of the Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1977; Terblanche Guide to Sentencing 217.
30 Section 77 of the Act.
31 Section 75(a) of the Act. It has been held, repeatedly, that this sentence amounts to nothing other than imprisonment, and that it is only different in the sense that the prisoner might qualify for release at an earlier stage than if sentenced to ordinary imprisonment (see, e g, S v Slabbert 1998 1 SACR 646 (SCA) 647h-i S v Staneey 1996 2 SACR 570 (A) 575f-g S v Van der Westhuzzen 1995 1 SACR 601 (A) 603-J).
32 Section 287(1) Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1977. See Terblanche Guide to Sentencing 270-273; Du Toit et al Commentary 28-25 to 28-26A.
33 Section 74(1)(b).
34 Section 74(3)(b).
35 Section 74(1)(b).
36 See the Preamble to the Act, as well as s 3(i), read with s 28 of the Constitution.
37 As part of the guiding principles in s 3 of the Act, such as subs 3(a) (consequences should be proportionate); subs 3(b) (children are not to be treated more severely than adults).
38 S v RS 2012 2 SACR 160 (WCC) para 28; Gallinetti "Child Justice in South Africa" 660. See also NDPP Directives para Q.4.
39 A report by a correctional official or probation officer is required before a sentence of correctional supervision may be imposed (s 276(1)(h) read with s 276A(1) of the Criminal Procedure Act, as amended by item (l) of sch 4 of the Child Justice Act). Although correctional supervision may not be imposed without a prior report by a correctional official or probation officer (s 276A(1) of the Criminal Procedure Act), this is not exactly the same kind of report as envisaged by the Child Justice Act, and it would technically be possible to dispense with the pre-sentence report required by s 71 if the report required by the Criminal Procedure Act were provided.
40 See, in general, Gallinetti Getting to Know the Child Justice Act 43-46. See also the general tenor of NDPP Directives para G.
41 This is required by s 34(1) of the Act (See Tladi "Child Justice Legislation" 33; Skelton and Tshehla Child Justice 39, 62; Badenhorst Implementation of the Child Justice Act 27). Although s 41(3) provides for such assessment to be dispensed with if it is in the child's best interests to do so, this really should not happen with a child who is referred for trial and a possible sentence in a child justice court.
42 See also S v RS 2012 2 SACR 160 (WCC) para 28.
43 See Centre for Child Law v Mnnister of Justice and Constitutional Development 2009 2 SACR 477 (CC) para 85 ("... sentencing is a judicial function and ... this function will be performed by the courts and only the courts"); Sibiya v Director of Public Prosecutions, Johannesburg 2006 1 SACR 220 (CC) para 41; S v Dodo 2001 1 SACR 594 (CC); S v Dzukuda 2000 2 SACR 443 (CC); S v RO 2010 2 SACR 248 (SCA) para 30.
44 See S v R 1993 1 SACR 209 (A) 221 c-d, S v Ndaba 1993 1 SACR 637 (A) 642a-c S v Govender 1995 2 SACR 458 (N) 461 d-j.
45 Terblanche Guide to Sentencing 110. See also S v Maake 2011 1 SACR 263 (SCA) paras 19-22 (giving "reasons to substantiate conclusions" is not only salutary, but indeed obligatory).
46 For earlier indications that reasons should be given when there is a big difference between the proposed sentence and the one imposed, see for instance S v Martin 1996 2 SACR 378 (W) 381i-j S vLewis 1986 2 PH H96 (A).
47 For some of the earlier references to victim impact statements in South African research, see Snyman 1995 Acta Criminologica 30-34; SALRC Restorative Justice paras 2.29-2.32.
48 See SA Law Commission Discussion paper: Sentencing para 3.7.21.
49 Müller and Van der Merwe 2006 SAJHR 660.
50 Rhodes University Oxford South African Concise Dictionary, vide "victim".
51 See Müller and Van der Merwe 2006 SAJHR 655-656 for a comparative discussion on the meaning of "harm" in the context of victims.
52 Department of Justice and Constitutional Development The Service Charter for Victims of Crime in South Africa (2004) (Victim's Charter).
53 Van der Merwe 2007-2008 T Jefferson L Rev 394. See also Müller and Van der Merwe 2006 SAJHR 650-651 (with respect to an eyewitness as victim); Makiwane 2010 Obiter 611-612 (primary and secondary victims).
54 Van der Merwe 2007-2008 T Jefferson L Rev 394; Clarke, Davies and Booyens 2003 Acta Crim'inolog'ica 44-46. It should also be noted that the Victim's Charter (para 2 item 3) promises victims no more than that they "can participate ... by attending the ... sentencing proceedings ..." (emphasis added).
55 See Van der Merwe 2007-2008 T Jefferson L Rev395-397; Makiwane 2010 Obiter 613-615.
56 See Terblanche Research on the Sentencing Framework Bill 25-26; Clarke, Davies and Booyens 2003 Acta Criminologica 53-54. At the beginning of the victim impact statement movement victims were often allowed to express an opinion about the sentence (See Meintjes-van der Walt 1998-1999 Tibburg Foreign L Rev 154; Moolman 1997 SACJ 276, 279), but this practice is now widely disapproved of (see Pemberton 2009 Acta Crim'inolog'ica 12). Müller and Van der Merwe 2006 SAJHR 656-657 notes this "thorny issue" and notes the following objections against such practice, namely (1) that criminal cases are not private matters, but engaged in in the name of the state; (2) victims might be distressed if their suggestions are not followed; and (3) victims are not (legally) qualified to recommend any specific sentence. The most powerful argument, in my view, against this practice is that the victim cannot be expected to have a balanced view of the crime and the criminal. Victims are bound to be biased, which is why the victim would not be permitted to try the criminal in the first place.
57 NDPP Directives para Q.3; see also Frank Review of Victim Policy 21.
58 For a summary of such findings, see Englebrecht Victim Impact Statement 219-228. See also Meintjes-van der Walt 1998-1999 Tibburg Foreign L Rev 154.
59 See Frank Review of Victim Policy 11-13. With respect to the rationale for the acceptance of victim impact statements see also Müller and Van der Merwe 2006 SAJHR 651-654. The advantages of victim impact statements are summarised by Clarke, Davies and Booyens 2003 Acta Criminologica 54-55.
60 McCoy and McManimon "Victim Satisfaction with Sentences" 214-215.
61 See S v Khambule 1991 2 SACR 277 (W) 283c; S v Njikaza 2002 2 SACR 481 (C) and the other
62 Terbla nche Guide to Sentencnng 81.
63 See ss 309B and 316 of the Criminal Procedure Act. See also Skelton and Tshehla Child Justice 61; Du Toit et al Commentary 30-22. The court in S v Fortunn [2011] ZANCHC 28 (11 Nov 2011) para 11 noted that this provision broadens the right of appeal to these offenders. S v Alam 2011 2 SACR 533 (WCC) para 9 indicates that these are the only offenders who need not apply for leave to appeal.
64 See Du Toit et al Commentary 30-22.
65 See 2.3.2 above.
66 See Joubert Criminal Procedure Handbook 364.
67 The use of the phrase "automatic review" is somewhat controversial (see, eg, Joubert Criminal Procedure Handbook 362; Du Toit et al Commentary 30-6), but it is used here in accordance with general practice.
68 The use of the phrase "alleged offence" probably derives from legislative over-cautiousness, as by this stage a child justice court would inevitably have determined that the offender had actually committed "the alleged offence".
69 S v CS 2012 1 SACR 595 (ECP) para 15.
70 The definition of a "magistrates' courts" expressly excludes regional courts: s 1 of the Criminal Procedure Act. See also Kriegler and Kruger Hiemstra: Suid-Afrikaanse Strafproses 5, 786; Joubert Criminal Procedure Handbook 33, 365.
71 See 4.2.4 below.
72 Section 85(2) of the Act.
73 The italicisation is intended to indicate that it is actually the sentencing that will cause the proceedings to be reviewable, despite the apparent focus of s 85(1) on the conviction. The conviction is an essential step on the way to the sentence, but ch 30 of the Criminal Procedure Act applies only after a sentence has been imposed.
74 See Joubert Criminal Procedure Handbook 365; also S v CS 2012 1 SACR 595 (ECP) para 26.
75 In the case of adult offenders, the proceedings would not be reviewable when the offenders have been assisted by a legal representative (s 302(3)(a) of the Criminal Procedure Act).
76 Most judgments held that legal representation does not affect reviewability: see S v Ruiter [2011] ZAWCHC 265 (14 Jun 2011) 265 para 3 (because the high court "is the upper guardian of all minors within its jurisdictional area"); S v Fortunn [2011] ZANCHC 28 (11 Nov 2011) 28 paras 49-52; S v CS 2012 1 SACR 595 (ECP) para 31; S v Khuzwayo [2012] ZAGPJHC 113 (31 May 2012) 113 (presumably). Contra S v Nakedi [2012] ZANWHC 5 (2 Jan 2012) para 12; S v Sekoere [2012] ZAFSHC 114 (14 Jun 2012) para 18 - see discussion at 4.2.9 below.
77 See S vXaba 2011 1 SACR 1 (KZP) para 7; S v Sekoere [2012] ZAFSHC 114 (14 Jun 2012) 114 para 16 (a court appointed legal representative might not be able to get instructions from the child offender).
78 S v Fortuin [2011] ZANCHC 28 (11 Nov 2011) para 18 notes that this wording qualifies the general application of ch 30, even though in this case the qualification amounts to the protection being expanded and not limited.
79 Para (a). See S v Fortuin [2011] ZANCHC 28 (11 Nov 2011) paras 13-17; Skelton and Tshehla Child Justice 61-62; Du Toit et al Commentary 30-6A. S v Fortuin [2011] ZANCHC 28 (11 Nov 2011) 28 para 7 notes that such a distinction is in accordance with statements in the Preamble that children "in conflict with the law" should be afforded "special protection", at the same time taking account of the child's age. Contra S v Sekoere [2012] ZAFSHC 114 (14 Jun 2012) para 10.1 (only sentences of imprisonment and residence in a care centre are involved, a view not further elucidated). There is room for an argument that it could not have been the intention of the legislature that a sentence such as a small fine which is paid immediately should be subject to automatic review, since the phrase "irrespective of the duration of the sentence" could not be applied to sentences that would not literally involve any element of duration. However, our courts have not yet considered this argument.
80 Para (b).
81 See 4.1 above.
82 The Act includes the phrase "providing a programme provided for in s 191(2)() of the Children's Act" whenever mention is made of this sentence, and it has no special meaning.
83 S v CS 2012 1 SACR 595 (ECP) para 9.
84 S v Fortunn [2011] ZANCHC 28 (11 Nov 2011) para 13; S v CS2012 1 SACR 595 (ECP) para 5; Sv Sekoere [2012] ZAFSHC 114 (14 Jun 2012) para 9. Also Skelton and Tshehla Child Justice 61-62.
85 Different sentence durations result in automatic reviewability in the case of magistrates with more than seven years experience than for those with up to seven years' experience: see Kruger Hiemstra's Criminal Procedure 30-16 to 30-17 for the detail.
86 See S v Fortunn [2011] ZANCHC 28 (11 Nov 2011) para 8. S v Sekoere [2012] ZAFSHC 114 (14 Jun 2012) para 13 agrees that fines below these amounts are not reviewable.
87 S v Nakedi [2012] ZANWHC 5 (2 Jan 2012).
88 Paragraph 10.
89 Paragraph 11.
90 Paragraph 12.
91 Paragraph 16.
92 S v Sekoere [2012] ZAFSHC 114 (14 Jun 2012) para 11.
93 Items (m) and (n) under "Criminal Procedure Act".
94 SeeTerblanche Guide to Sentencing 322-333.
95 See S v CS 2012 1 SACR 595 (ECP) para 20.
96 The Act specifically provides for the incorporation of some of the provisions of the Criminal Procedure Act, but also for the predominance of its own provisions, in s 4(3)(a) (The "Criminal Procedure Act applies with the necessary changes" to child justice proceedings, "except in so far as this Act provides for amended, additional or different provisions or procedures . " and s 63(1)(b).
97 Paragraph 14.
98 S v Sekoere [2012] ZAFSHC 114 (14 Jun 2012) 16-18.
99 Note S v CS 2012 1 SACR 595 (ECP) para 27: If the legislature wanted to exclude cases where there is legal representation, it would have done so explicitly.
100 See S v CS 2012 1 SACR 595 (ECP) para 12.
101 See S v Fortunn [2011] ZANCHC 28 (11 Nov 2011) para 7; S v CS 2012 1 SACR 595 (ECP) para 14.
102 S v Fortunn [2011] ZANCHC 28 (11 Nov 2011) para 49, with the complete argument at paras 32 to 53; S v CS 2012 1 SACR 595 (ECP) para 10.


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text:
Australian Rugby
ESPN Staff
October 25, 2012
Flanker David Pocock is back in the Wallabies' mix © PA Photos
Australia have called on David Pocock, Berrick Barnes and Stephen Moore ahead of their northern hemisphere tour.
Pocock has been sidelined with a knee injury which kept him out of five of Australia's Rugby Championship matches while Moore damaged his hamstring against New Zealand in August. Barnes missed the final two matches of the Rugby Championship with a lung problem.
And coach Robbie Deans, who will be under pressure to return from their matches against France, England, Italy and Wales with a win due to their mixed fortunes during the Rugby Championship, will ease Pocock back into action.
Deans said: "Poey has done very well... he's still got a bit to do in terms of being available to be selected but he's clearly going to be available and hence he's coming with us."
One notable omission is Scott Higginbotham who was hit with a two-match ban following his incident with Richie McCaw.
"To have included Scott within the 30 would have created an additional challenge in terms of selection for the opening two matches, which would have compromised the group," Deans said. "Scott was aware once he was suspended that this was a possibility."
Australia squad:
Forwards: Benn Robinson, James Slipper, Sekope Kepu, Ben Alexander, Paddy Ryan, Tatafu Polota-Nau, Stephen Moore, James Hanson, Nathan Sharpe (capt), Sitaleki Timani, Kane Douglas, Rob Simmons, Dave Dennis, David Pocock, Michael Hooper, Liam Gill, Wycliff Palu, Radike Samo
Backs: Nick Phipps, Brett Sheehan, Kurtley Beale, Berrick Barnes, Pat McCabe, Anthony Faingaa, Ben Tapuai, Adam Ashley-Cooper, Digby Ioane, Nick Cummins, Drew Mitchell, Mike Harris
© ESPN Sports Media Ltd.
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text:
Lamar University recruits eight for ASCENT program
Lamar University has recruited eight scholars for its 2014 ASCENT program. The ASCENT program is funded by the National Science Foundation and provides students with full tuition and other support. ASCENT, headed by Dr. Kumer Das, director of the program, targets students currently enrolled at Lamar with two years left in their math or computer science degree, as well as transfer students who have graduated from a community college entering Lamar's math or computer science programs. ASCENT is part of an initiative to improve the six-year graduation rate among math and computer science majors at Lamar. An orientation session took place on May 19.
(Pictured from left to right) are Das, Nicole Felix, Timothy Marburger, Jeremy Marks, John Johnson, Jonathan Hodges, Timothy Holcombe, Sean Smith and Dr. Stefan Andrei, co-PI of ASCENT.


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text:
Filed Under (Harley Davidson) by admin on 07-02-2011
REMOVAL To prevent accidental vehicle start-up, which could cause death or serious injury, disconnect battery cables (negative (-) cable first) before proceeding. (00307a) Disconnect negative (-) battery cable first. If positive (+) cable should contact ground with negative (-) cable connected, the resulting sparks can cause a battery explosion, which could result in death or serious injury. (00049a) 1. Refer to the service manual and follow the instructions to remove the seat and disconnect the battery cables, negative (-) cable first. Retain all seat mounting hardware. Gasoline can drain from the carburetor fuel line when disconnected from fuel valve fitting. Gasoline is extremely flammable and highly explosive, which could result in death or serious injury. Wipe up spilled fuel immediately and dispose of rags in a suitable manner. (00256a) NOTES Installing this kit requires removal and installation of the cam support plate. Refer to the service manual for instructions with the following exception pertaining to cam compartment compo- nents: The crank and primary cam sprocket flange bolts are specially hardened, and the flat washers are of a special diameter and have ground surfaces. Use ONLY the parts provided in the Drive Gear Retention Kit (H-D Part Number 25533-99A, sold separately) when installing this kit. -J04804 1 of 7
The cr ank sprocket flange bolts and pr imary cam sproc ket flange bolts ARE NOT interchangeable. 2. Refer to the service manual to remove and discard the crank sprocket flange bolts and primary cam sprocket flange bolts and washers. 3. For 1999 models only: Refer to the service manual to remove and discard the currently installed cam drive sprocket. 4. Refer to the service manual to remove and disassemble the cams from the support plate and oil pump. Discard the support plate and oil pump. 5. For 1999 – 2000 Dyna, 2000 Softail, 1999 – 2000 Touring, and 2001 EFI Touring models only: Inspect the cams, chain, sprockets and chain tensioners for wear, and replace as needed. Refer to the service manual for inspection and replacement procedures. For 2001 – 2005 Dyna, 2001 – 2006 Softail, 2002 – 2006 Touring, and 2001 carbureted Touring models only: Inspect the cams and secondary cam chain for wear, and replace as needed. Refer to the service manual for inspection and replacement procedures. The primary cam chain, primary sprockets and both tensioners will be replaced by new components from the kit. For ALL models and years: Discard the guide, as it will not be used. INSTALLATION 1. ALL models: See Figure 1. Obtain the new Rear Cam Roller Bearing Kit (H-D Part Number 8983) from inside the Cam Service Kit (H-D Part Number 17045-99C, purchased separately), and install as indicated in Step 2. NOTE See Figure 2. If not enough of the splined shaft is exposed to install the sprocket, omit the spacer (4) and proceed to Step 2e. When the bearing inner race is started onto the machined area, remove the flange bolt (5), flat washer (6) and sprocket, then assemble using the spacer (4). Repeat Step 2e to fully install bearing inner race. To center thrust washer, be sure o-ring is installed in relief groove. Damage to bearing cage and engine can occur if thrust washer is not centered. (00473b) 2. See Figure 1. Install the O-ring (5), thrust washer (4) and bearing inner race (3) onto the rear camshaft as follows: a. See Figure 2. To properly locate the thrust washer (2), install the O-ring (3) in the grinding relief groove on the splined end of the rear camshaft between the machined area and the secondary cam sprocket.


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MILPITAS, Calif.,September 4, 2012-SanDisk Corporation (NASDAQ: SNDK), a global leader in flash memory storage solutions, today announced an affordable, easy-to-install SSD caching solution that lets consumers significantly improve their desktop computer's performance. The SanDisk ReadyCache™ solution can boost a desktop computer's boot, shutdown and application launch times, allowing consumers to enjoy a more responsive computing experience, while utilizing their existing hard drive's storage.
Easy Upgrade Breathes New Life Into Desktop Computers
The SanDisk ReadyCache product is a performance enhancing caching solution that combines a 32 gigabyte (GB)1 2.5-inch SSD that resides alongside a desktop computer's hard drive with ExpressCache™ software by Condusiv™ Technologies. The software, sold exclusively by SanDisk, is easily downloaded from the SanDisk website and can be installed on any desktop PC running Windows® 7 operating system. After installing the SSD and software, the SanDisk ReadyCache solution's advanced caching algorithms automatically manage data by caching frequently used files to improve overall performance2.
"The SanDisk ReadyCache is an easy, affordable way to turbocharge a desktop computer," said Kent Perry, director, product marketing, SanDisk. "Our new SSD caching solution lets consumers enjoy the performance benefits of frequently used data coming from an SSD while retaining the storage capacity of their hard drive. It is an ideal combination of the benefits of an SSD and hard drive."
Availability and Pricing
The SanDisk ReadyCache solution is available now at www.amazon.com and www.newegg.com, and carries a three-year warranty and an MSRP of $59.99.
SanDisk Solid State Drives
SanDisk offers a full portfolio of SSD products for the retail, OEM andenterprise channels.
In the retail channel, along with the SanDisk ReadyCache solution, SanDisk offers the SanDisk Extreme® SSD, which features maximum performance for gamers and other heavy computer users.
OEM products include the U100 SSD for cost-effective performance and customizable form factors, the X100 SSD featuring the utmost in performance and storage capacity for desktop and notebook PC manufacturers, and the SanDiskiSSD™ integrated storage device for an embedded SSD SATA form factor. All models are available as standalone SSDs or dual drive caching solutions.
For the enterprise channel, Lightning® SSDs provide the industry's widest array of flexible cloud and data center system design solutions. The drives deliver dramatic I/O performance, predictable performance and reliability4.
About SanDisk
SanDisk Corporation (NASDAQ: SNDK) is a global leader in flash memory storage solutions, from research and development, product design and manufacturing to branding and distribution for OEM and retail channels. Since 1988, SanDisk's innovations in flash memory and storage system technologies have provided customers with new and transformational digital experiences. SanDisk's diverse product portfolio includes flash memory cards and embedded solutions used in smart phones, tablets, digital cameras, camcorders, digital media players and other consumer electronic devices, as well as USB flash drives and solid-state drives (SSD) for the computing market. SanDisk's products are used by consumers and enterprise customers around the world.
SanDisk is a Silicon Valley-based S&P 500 and Fortune 500 company, with more than half its sales outside the United States. For more information, visit www.sandisk.com.
1 1 gigabyte = 1 billion bytes.Some capacity not available for data storage.
2 Windows 7 OS and software download required. Terms and Conditions apply.
3 As compared to 7200 RPM SATA 2.5" hard drive. Based on published specifications and internal benchmarking tests.
4 Mean Time Between Failures based on parts stress analysis.
SanDisk and SanDisk Extreme are trademarks of SanDisk Corporation, registered in the United States and other countries. SanDisk ReadyCache and SanDisk iSSD are trademarks of SanDisk Corporation. Lightning is a U.S. registered trademark of SanDisk Corporation and/or its subsidiaries. ExpressCache and Condusiv are trademarks of Condusiv Technologies Corporation. Windows is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and other countries.
This press release contains certain forward-looking statements, including expectations for new products, applications, features, markets, and customers that are based on our current expectations and involve numerous risks and uncertainties that may cause these forward-looking statements to be inaccurate. Risks that may cause these forward-looking statements to be inaccurate include among others: the market demand for our products may grow more slowly than our expectations,our products may not perform as expected, or our products may not be available in the geographies or the capacities or the prices that we anticipate, and the other risks detailed from time-to-time in our Securities and Exchange Commission filings and reports, including, but not limited to, our annual report on Form 10-K and our quarterly reports on Form 10-Q. We do not intend to update the information contained in this press release.
|Media Contact:
|Alex Bradley
|SanDisk Corporation


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Worship is the heart and soul of what The Salvation Army Royal Oak Church is all about. Our Sunday celebration is designed to energize, encourage, and inspire people to live as Jesus would in the community where we live, work and play.
"Be filled with the spirit, speaking to one another with psalms, hymns and spiritual songs. Sing and make music from your heart to the Lord, always giving thanks for everything, in the name of our Lord Jesus Christ."
We are people connected to God. Through Prayer, the Study of God's Word and Service, we claim God's promises and lift up Jesus so all are drawn to Him.


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Our Community Media Lab went to the dogs last week.
The Pottstown Bark for Life planning committee became the first community group to take us up on the offer to use our space in The Mercury for a meeting. The meeting involved about 20 people, but the talk was all about the dogs -- and the plans for next spring's Bark for Life event that raises money for the American Cancer Society Relay for Life.
The group took advantage of our central location in town, our welcoming space, and free Wi-Fi for an organized committee meeting.
Their meeting was the first example of uses we hope to see in our newly created space at 24 N. Hanover St. in Pottstown.
Other news from our lab is that we're changing our hours to promote after-school use by students as a quiet study spot. Currently, the lab has been attracting area residents who use the computers to look for jobs or learn about blogging from community engagement editor Diane Hoffman.
A recent field trip visit from Pottstown High School students reminded us that the mid-day hours are not as practical now that school has started. The local students told us our room looks like a good study spot if open after school.
As a result, we'll be changing in the next two weeks to open the room from 3 to 6 p.m. on Wednesdays and Thursdays and keep our mid-day hours on Mondays and Tuesdays.
There's more ...
Town Square bloggers and anyone else who wants to come out and learn about blogging, the media or just view our exhibit of Mercury news photos.
The goal of the meeting is to embark on a literacy project.
What form will that project take?
Well, that's up to you and those attending the meeting.
Our goal is to help people embrace reading and help those struggling with illiteracy learn how to read.
We might sponsor tutoring sessions in our lab, or conduct a book drive for children's books, or build a lending shelf of books for adult new readers.
We've invited the literacy volunteers from the Pottstown YWCA Adult Literacy Center as guests Tuesday night and are hoping to brainstorm ideas and come up with a project and plan to get Pottstown reading.
Promoting literacy promotes education, helps people find jobs, helps employers fulfill workforce needs, and thus, combats homelessness, poverty and hunger.
Promoting literacy helps people and helps our towns.
Come out Tuesday night to visit our Community Media Lab, learn what our community engagement outreach is all about, learn about blogging and join the conversation to build literacy.
We're meeting at 6:30 p.m. at the Community Media Lab entrance of The Mercury on Hanover Street. See you there.


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SASKATOON - Canada is one of six countries to sign the new Food Assistance Convention, an international treaty in which each country promises to provide at least $250 million a year to help developing countries.
Julian Fantino, minister of International Cooperation, made the announcement Tuesday while speaking at Saskatoon's Global Food Security Forum.
He won't say exactly how much Canada will be pledging but says it's important to make sure certain countries have food during a crisis.
The program will allow people to use vouchers to buy food in local markets and use seeds and tools "to help restart livelihoods following emergencies."
Japan, Denmark, the European Union, Switzerland and the United States will join Canada in meeting for the first time this month for the Food Assistance Convention.
Fantino encouraged those attending the forum to look overseas for new partnerships that would help the world's less fortunate while benefiting their own country.
"Seven billion people is a lot of mouths to feed, and by 2050 it will be nine billion," he said.
"So when we ask the question 'how do we feed a hungry world' I believe that we can do it through a collaborative approach between governmental, development partners and the private sector."
Also on HuffPost


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Mt Canobolas Collection
With time and experience Printhie has been able to identify the varieties that excel in the Orange region.
We have sourced fruit from individual vineyards where there is a perfect match of site and variety. The wines are very personal expressions of vineyard and variety.
This is Printhie's reserve range. Regionally distinctive fruit flavours are complemented by extra degrees of complexity introduced during the making of the wine. This produces wines that are outstanding due not only to their aromas and flavours but their textures and structures. These wines are produced in limited volumes.


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Employer Wage Incentive - Workforce Expansion
Post-Secondary Education, Training and Labour
The Employer Wage Incentive component of the Workforce Expansion Program is a collaborative effort to bring our clients, unemployed New Brunswickers, together with employers. The program builds employer/employee relationships which promote the development of our unemployed by gaining skills that ultimately result in long-term sustainable full-time employment. The component also aims at encouraging the hiring of individuals from select groups.
- Must be unemployed.
- Must be eligible for Employment Insurance (EI) (with the exception of members of a priority group or a Recent Post-secondary Graduate).
- Must be residing in New Brunswick or be willing to establish residency in New Brunswick.
- Must be legally entitled to work in Canada.
- Must not be an immediate family member of the employer (spouse, child, parent, brother, sister), nor can they be an officer or a director of the organization or a member of their immediate families.
- Priority will be given to Aboriginals, Social Assistance Recipients, Persons with Disabilities, Visible Minorities, Newcomers, Older Workers, and recent Post-secondary Graduates.
- The employer must be a private sector company, non-profit organization or First Nation.
- Employer must be prepared to provide training.
Note: Public sector positions are not eligible for funding.
- Jobs are for a minimum of 30 hours per week. A minimum of 15 hours per week will be considered for recently established small businesses creating a part-time position which will eventually develop into a full-time position.
- Jobs are incremental (with flexibility for Priority Groups).
- Jobs are not paid strictly on a commission basis or piece work basis, or by the kilometer.
- Jobs are not already publicly funded.
- Jobs do not displace permanent employees on layoff, vacation, parental or sick leave.
- Jobs will lead to permanent full time or extended/recurring seasonal positions.
- Jobs within First Nations are eligible except for those which are related to the band's management.
- Jobs cannot start prior to approval.
Employer Wage Incentive utilizes temporary wage reimbursements to help establish permanent employment or annually recurring seasonal jobs.
A wage incentive is available to an employer at a rate and duration that depend on the type of employment that is created and individual employed:
Permanent Employment:
- Unemployed individual who is EI eligible: 50 per cent of the hourly wage to a maximum of $8.00 per hour. Duration is 12-24 weeks, depending on the National Occupation Code (NOC) of the job.
- Unemployed individual from a Priority Group (Aboriginals / Social Assistance Recipients / Persons with a Disability / Visible Minorities / Newcomers / Older Workers): 70 per cent of the hourly wage to a maximum of $8.00 per hour. Duration is 12-24 weeks, depending on the National Occupational Code (NOC) of the job, or 24 weeks for a disabled individual.
Annually Recurring Seasonal Job:
- Unemployed individual who is EI eligible: 50 per cent of the hourly wage to a maximum of $8.00 per hour. Employment must be for a period of at least 14 weeks in duration. Funding is for half the employment period (a minimum of 7 to a maximum of 10 weeks).
Recent Post-secondary Graduates:
If the hourly wage paid by the employer is $14.00 or more per hour see: Wage Incentive – One-Job Pledge in the Related Links section.
Participating employers will pay the employees hired under this program and will subsequently submit wage claim forms to the Department for reimbursement. Employers must not withhold wages while waiting to be reimbursed by the Department.
Employers interested in participating in the Workforce Expansion Program can submit an application (see section 'Forms') to the appropriate departmental office.
|Contact Information


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A day before Frankenstorm, one could practically see the mainstream media rubbing its fingers together in delight. "At last!" they cried in chorus, "Something to distract us from the electoral snooze-fest permeating the airwaves!" And thusly began 24/7 coverage of issues both related and tangential, like damage, cost, and "HOW WILL OHIO COPE???".
The anticipation was so feverish that, despite this being one of the worst natural disasters ever to hit the country, poor Sandy still couldn't live up to expectations (for this one to live up to expectations, Sandy would have needed to produce a hurricane, a snowstorm, an alien invasion and a resurrected Osama Bin Laden).
Well, if it's any consolation, the mainstream media set impossible expectations long before cable news networks had 24 hours of programming to fill. One well-known writer produces the evidence.
E.B. White, known to many of you as "the guy who wrote that book about the pig becoming friends with a spider", was a prolific essayist, contributing regularly to The New Yorker and Harper's Monthly. I bought his book of essays after reading some particularly profound words about NYC (Here is New York) at a time when I still sought my place within this urban Wonderland.
In "The Eye of Edna", 1954, he documents one reporter's abject disappointment at the fact that Hurricane Edna did little more than moisten Long Island:
It became evident to me after a few fast rounds with the radio that the broadcasters had opened up on Edna awfully far in advance, before she had come out of her corner, and were spending themselves at a reckless rate. During the morning hours, they were having a tough time keeping Edna going at the velocity demanded of emergency broadcasting. I heard one fellow from, I think, Riverhead, Long Island, interviewing his out-of-doors man, who had been sent abroad in a car to look over conditions on the eastern end of the island.
'How wet would you say the roads were?' asked the tense voice.
'They were wet,' replied the reporter, who seemed to be in a sulk.
'Would you say the spray from the puddles was dashing up around the mudguards?' inquired the desperate radioman.
'Yeah,' replied the reporter.
It was one of those confused moments, emotionally, when the listener could not be quite sure what position radio was taking — for hurricanes or against them.
A few minutes later, I heard another baffling snatch of dialogue on the air, from another sector — I think it was Martha's Vineyard.
'Is it raining hard there?' asked an eager voice.
'Yes, it is.'
'Fine!' exclaimed the first voice, well pleased at having got a correct response…..


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In Search of the Novel:Ten Novelists
Charles Dickens
Charles Dickens was an English novelist who was born in Portsmouth in 1812 and became one of the giants of literature. He wrote from his own experiences, especially those from his childhood when his father was imprisoned for debt and he was forced to work in a blacking warehouse. Among his most famous books are A Christmas Carol, A Tale of Two Cities, Great Expectations, and David Copperfield. Dickens started out in 1833 by writing sketches of London life for periodicals that were later published as Sketches by Boz. He went on to write burlesque sporting sketches that gave him early fame. Dickens's novels appeared first in monthly installments and were later made into books. His imagination led to the creation of characters such as Mr. Pickwick, Uriah Heep, Miss Havisham, and Ebenezer Scrooge, all of whom have become household words. Charles Dickens married in 1836 and fathered ten children. He died in 1870, leaving a legacy of work that depicts the sights, sounds, and smells of London and the customs of his day.
Web Sites
- The Dickens Project
Devoted to promoting the study and enjoyment of the life, times, and work of Charles Dickens.
- Charles Dickens
Resource page for Dickens information and works online.
- David Perdue's Charles Dickens Page
Includes a discussion of Victorian London, a timeline, and a list of Dickens's major works. http://www.fidnet.com/~dap1955/dickens


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2019-02-01 10:30:00
BHGE - Baker Hughes, a GE company Announces Fourth Quarter and Total Year 2018 Results
Baker Hughes, a GE company (NYSE: BHGE) ("BHGE" or the "Company") announced results today for the fourth quarter and total year 2018.
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2019, July, 12, 07:55:00BRITAIN'S CLIMATE AMBITION
The UK government must show it is serious about its legal obligations to tackle and prepare for climate change, the independent Committee on Climate Change (CCC) said today as it published its Reducing UK emissions - 2019 Progress Report to Parliament.
2019, July, 12, 07:50:00SAUDI ARAMCO, MCDERMOTT CONTRACT $4.5 BLN
McDermott has won two engineering, procurement, construction and installation (EPCI) contracts from Saudi Aramco worth more than $4.5bn for the Marjan Increment Programme.
2019, July, 12, 07:45:00SAUDI ARAMCO, SAIPEM CONTRACT $3.5 BLN
As part of its larger increment programmes for Marjan and Berri, Saudi Aramco has awarded Saipem two EPCI contracts worth more than $3.5bn.
2019, July, 12, 07:40:00LNG PRICE: NEAR $4.5
Spot prices for August delivery to Northeast Asia are estimated to be about $4.40 per million British thermal units (mmBtu), up 10 cents from last week, trade sources said.
2019, July, 10, 12:55:00OIL PRICE: NEAR $65 AGAIN
WTI had climbed 93 cents, or 1.6%, to $58.76, having earlier risen to $58.84. Brent was up 70 cents, or 1.1%, at $64.86, after earlier touching $64.95.
2019, July, 10, 12:50:00OIL PRICES 2019-20: $67 ANEW
The Energy Information Administration (EIA) forecasts Brent spot prices will average $67/b in the second half of 2019 and remain at that level in 2020. EIA expects West Texas Intermediate (WTI) crude oil prices will average $62/b in the second half of 2019 and $63/b in 2020.
2019, July, 10, 12:45:00IRREVERSIBLE CLIMATE CHANGE
"The clock is ticking on irreversible climate change," Adam Matthews, co-chair of the Transition Pathway Initiative (TPI) and the director of ethics and engagement at the Church of England Pensions Board, said in a statement.


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Each May, a week is set aside to say thanks to teachers in our community.
Buford education legend Corbett Carnes, who has been retired some 38 years, still draws plenty of praise even though his days in the classroom have long been completed.
Fittingly enough, Carnes, who died earlier this month, is well-remembered for the impact he had on education in the eastern Lancaster County community.
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