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Education and Educational Psychology: Secondary Education
Education and Educational Psychology: Secondary Education
Dr. Catherine O'Callaghan, Chair
WS 250, Westside Classroom Building
(203) 837-3267
(203) 837-8413 (fax)
Ana Cangialosi, Department Secretary
WS 249, Westside Classroom Building
(203) 837-8510
(203) 837-8413 (fax)
|C. O'Callaghan, Chair
|J. Burke
|K. Campbell
|T. Canada
|J. Caruso
|N. DeRonck
|M. Daria
|M. Delcourt
|J. Jaslow
|S. Kuhn
|G. Lomas
|P. Michael
|D. Shaw
|T. Stewart
|M. Wilson
Education Department Mission Statement
The School of Professional Studies and the Education & Educational Psychology (E&EPY) Department are recognized by the Connecticut Department of Education (CSDE) as the principal units for the university with regard to teacher education preparation, serving to coordinate all the university's teacher education degree and related programs.
The mission of the department is to prepare candidates for careers in teaching. We believe in initiating and maintaining professional relationships with the broader educational community and are committed to the continuous support and development of cooperative projects and services with area schools and community agencies. We embrace the broader mission of WCSU to empower students to "attain the highest standards of academic achievement, personal development, and ethical conduct."
PROGRAM DISCLAIMER: Please note that Connecticut teacher certification regulations are subject to change due to legislative proposals and mandates; the information in the catalog may not reflect the most recent modifications in the WCSU Education program. Therefore, it is imperative that students check often with their advisors and attend Education Department information sessions for updates and new requirements.
Important note for all Music Education and Health Education majors: Only the Secondary Education degree program is detailed in this part of the WCSU Undergraduate Catalog.
- For students seeking a Bachelor of Science degree in Health Education (B.S., PK-12): Information for this education degree is listed in this catalog in the Health Promotion and Exercise Sciences section.
- For students seeking a Bachelor of Science degree in Music Education (B.S., PK-12): Information for this education degree is listed in this catalog in the Department of Music section.
Transfer Students
- Before meeting with Admissions or an advisor, transfer students should download, print and read the Education section from the online undergraduate catalog available on the WCSU website. Bring your program sheet to every meeting with an advisor.
- It may take more time for transfer students to complete the Secondary Education program at WCSU because some electives taken at other colleges/community colleges may not transfer into the Education major. Because of the demanding coursework in the Secondary Education program at WCSU, the number of courses taken as free electives is restricted. (Please consult Secondary Education program sheets for information related to free electives.)
- Grades from previous colleges or universities will be calculated when determining the cumulative 3.0 GPA or higher (subject to change based on state mandates) for admission to and retention in the Education program. However, in order to graduate as an Education major from WCSU, students must maintain a 3.0 GPA (subject to change) which is calculated solely on grades earned at WCSU.
Bachelor of Science in Secondary Education (B.S.) (Grades 7–12)
Learning Outcomes
Candidates in the Secondary Education program must demonstrate achievement of the following learner outcomes:
- Demonstrate academic competence in their selected fields;
- Know the historical, social, economic, political, comparative and philosophical foundations of education;
- Understand the variety of patterns of human growth and development;
- Value and infuse cultural diversity;
- Demonstrate proficiency in and working knowledge of the Common Core State Standards that will establish what Connecticut's public school students should know and be able to do as they progress through Grades K-12. The following links will guide secondary education majors to a clear understanding of the standards that shape the professional role of the Connecticut teacher:
a) 2014 Common Core of Teaching (CCT)
b) Connecticut Code of Professional Responsibility and
c) 2014 Common Core of Teaching: Foundational Skills
- Demonstrate a spirit of inquiry, the use of critical thinking skills, and the habits of the reflective practitioner;
- Demonstrate the ability to incorporate appropriately the use of technology in instructional practices;
- Possess the knowledge and skills to successfully plan, implement, and evaluate classroom differentiated instruction to effectively maximize students' learning potentials, including the use of instructional technology and literacy;
- Demonstrate comprehensive knowledge and skills for effectively assessing all school children's learning in the classroom;
- Conduct themselves at all times in a professional and ethical manner as students, classroom teachers and as school leaders, and will embrace the professional values and commitments according to the Connecticut Code of Professional Responsibility;
- Possess classroom management skills that will assist students to take responsibility for their own behavior while maintaining a classroom that is conducive to learning;
- Continually improve their professional growth through the practice of inquiry and reflection as a classroom teacher and leader.
Program Summary
Secondary Education students will become dual majors: they will major in Education AND they will major in a content area offered within the School of Arts and Sciences; students must select an academic major in arts and sciences in addition to completing their professional education courses. Students must select one of the following academic majors.
Secondary Education (grades 7-12) with Arts and Sciences Majors in:
Earth Science
History (with Minor option in Social Studies)
Secondary Education Content Area courses—See specific content area program sheets listed in online undergraduate program sheets on the WCSU website.
For content area specific questions, students should contact one the following Arts & Sciences Department Chairs:
Pat Boily, Chair
Science Building 243, Midtown campus
(203) 837-8569
Paula Secondo, Co-chair
Science Building 339, Midtown campus
(203) 837-8795
Earth Science (Physics, Astronomy, Meteorology)
James Boyle, Chair
Science Building 273, Midtown campus
(203) 837-8856
Shouhua Qi, Chair
Berkshire Hall 210F, Midtown campus
(203) 837-9048
Michael Nolan, Associate Chair
Warner Hall 223, Midtown campus
(203) 837-8483
Stavros Christofi, Chair
Higgins Hall 102G, Midtown campus
(203) 837-9351
Spanish (World Languages & Literature)
Galina Bakhtiarova, Chair
Berkshire Hall 215D, Midtown campus
(203) 837-8734
Exams: Required for Eligibility for State Teacher's Certification
In addition to all the coursework required by the Education Department as well as the content area major, the following two exams are required:
PRAXIS Core
Candidates must take a Connecticut state mandated basic skills examination (PRAXIS Core) in mathematics, reading and writing, or must obtain a waiver from the E &E PY Department by presenting a combined SAT score of 1,100 or more with no less than 450 on either the verbal or math subtest. The SAT may be used in lieu of the Praxis Core to demonstrate proficiency in basic skills.
If the SAT was administered prior to March 31, 1995, the candidate must present a combined score of 1,000 with at least a score of 400 on both the verbal and the math sections. It is the student's responsibility to apply for this waiver. Information concerning the PRAXIS Core exam is available in the Office of the Dean of Professional Studies, Midtown campus, 123 White Hall, (203-837-8575) or in the Office of E&EPY in Westside 129.
PRAXIS Subject Assessment
- Although not a graduation requirement, passing scores on appropriate PRAXIS Subject Assessment exams are necessary for program completion and subsequent recommendation for certification. The exam tests the essential subject area knowledge unique to each certification teaching area.
- Secondary Education students must pass PRAXIS Subject Assessment before being admitted to the Professional Development Semester (PDS).
- Students will not be recommended by WCSU for state teacher's certification until passing scores are received and filed with the university's teacher education certification officer, the Assistant Dean of the School of Professional Studies, who is located in White Hall 003C. Detailed information on PRAXIS II testing is available in the Office of E&EP in Westside 249. Additional information is available online from the Educational Testing Service.
- Once a student has completed all his/her bachelor's degree teacher certification requirements and passed PRAXIS Subject Assessment, the university's teacher certification officer will file with the Connecticut State Department of Education (CDE) the necessary documents for the student's receipt of CDE teacher certification.
Declaring an Education Major/Acceptance into the Program
At the end of the freshman year, students may apply to enter the Education Department. All freshman students who wish to become Education majors must demonstrate a cumulative grade point average (GPA) of 3.0 or higher (subject to change based on state mandates) upon completing 30 credits.
Students who fail to meet this GPA requirement will not be eligible to declare an Education major. Once accepted as Education majors, students must continue to maintain a cumulative GPA of 3.0 or higher (subject to change based on state mandates) in order to remain in the Education program. Admission into the professional development and student teaching semesters during the senior year is also contingent on the 3.0 GPA or higher standard (subject to change based on state mandates).
Criteria for Professional Development Semester (PDS) Acceptance
The Secondary Education program at WCSU is rigorous and not all candidates applying for PDS admission are accepted. Students seeking admission to WCSU's Professional Development Semester must have completed and met the following criteria:
- Pass a Connecticut state mandated basic skills examination (PRAXIS I). (See the detailed requirements for this exam in a previous section.)
- Pass a Connecticut State Department of Education mandated subject area examination (PRAXIS II). (See the detailed requirements for this exam in a previous section.)
- Present at least a 3.0 cumulative average (subject to change based on state mandates) for undergraduate courses taken prior to professional program acceptance (approximately 90 credits and reflecting courses in progress). All work done both at WCSU and other colleges will be considered in the computation of the cumulative grade point average. Note: Students with less than a cumulative 3.0 GPA (subject to change based on state mandates) will not be admitted to or retained in the program.
- Complete the university's general education requirements (42 semester-hour minimum) in communication, humanities, social and behavioral sciences, natural sciences and mathematics/computer science, and exercise science, as well as complete a writing intensive course. Students should refer to their concentration area program sheet for a list of specific courses that meet individual degree program criteria.
- Pass the courses below with a minimum grade of "B." If a student receives grades in these three courses that are lower than a "B," the student will be blocked from PDS and student teaching, with likely suspension and possible dismissal from the Education program.
- HPX 215 Health Issues in the Schools (Grades PK-12)
- ED 206 Introduction to Education
- ED 212 Educational Psychology: Children and Adolescents II
After all these criteria have been met, then students must fulfill these additional requirements:
- Present at least two letters of recommendation from persons outside the university who are able to testify to the candidate's suitability as a prospective teacher.
- Participate in an interview by a teacher education faculty team, which will assess candidate's personal attributes and perceived teaching dispositions.
Submission Deadline Dates Applying for Professional Developmental Semester Acceptance
- Secondary education candidates may only apply in the spring semester of their junior year for the fall semester PDS.
- Students must have all of their materials submitted to content area advisor and/or Arts and Sciences Department Chair. It is the student's responsibility to insure that all materials are submitted by the deadline date of April 1. Once materials are received, students are contacted for an interview. Only complete files are reviewed for PDS.
Reapplication Process if Denied PDS Acceptance
If the interview team recommends that a student not be admitted to the teacher education program, the student may reapply for admission one semester after the notification of denial. Students have the right to review a copy of the completed interview form.
The Secondary Education program is demanding, so it is important for students to adhere to the suggested course sequence in order to complete the program in four years. Note that some of these courses have minimum grade requirements. (See courses with asterisks.) **These courses must be completed with a minimum grade of "B."
Freshman Year
General Education and Content Area requirements — SEE CONTENT AREA PROGRAM SHEET FOR SPECIFIC DETAILS
Sophomore Year
**ED 206 Introduction to Education
**ED 212 Educational Psychology: Children and Adolescents II
**HPX 215 Health Issues in Schools
General Education and Content Area requirements — SEE CONTENT AREA PROGRAM SHEET FOR SPECIFIC DETAILS
Junior Year
General Education and Content Area requirements — SEE CONTENT AREA PROGRAM SHEET FOR SPECIFIC DETAILS
Fall Semester of Senior Year (Professional Development Semester)**
ED/BIO/CHE/ENG/ES/HIS/MAT/SPA/SSS 385 Methods of Teaching in the Secondary Schools
ED/BIO/CHE/ENG/ES/HIS/MAT/SPA/SSS 386 Secondary Education Professional Development School Experience
** EPY 405 Introduction To Special Education
** ED 440 Integrating Language
** ED/HIS/SS 441 Teaching History and Social Studies in Secondary Schools or
** ED/BIO/CHE/ES 442 Teaching Science in Secondary Schools or
** ED/ENG 447 Teaching English in Secondary Schools or
** ED/SPA 448 Teaching Spanish in Secondary Schools or
** ED/MAT 449 Teaching Mathematics in Secondary Schools
Spring Semester of Senior Year (Student Teaching Semester)
ED/MED 340 Assessment of Teaching Strategies
ED 342 Student Teaching for Secondary Education Majors–Pass/Fail Grade Only
Note: Field experience components require that students provide their own transportation to and from their assigned schools.
Student Teaching Process (see Student Teaching Handbook.)
- Students are not eligible for student teaching course work unless they have received professional program acceptance.
- During their last year, students enter the student teaching phase of the program. In order to register for student teaching, which is offered only during the spring semester, secondary education majors must present at least a 3.0 cumulative GPA (subject to change due to state mandates) for all courses taken in their academic and professional education course work. The student teaching requirement for secondary education majors consists of one full semester (70 contact days) of supervised teaching.
- Secondary Student Teaching (ED 342) is offered only in the spring semester. Applications must be approved by the Arts & Sciences content area advisor and the Chair of the E&EPY department.
- Applications must be filed in the Office of E&EPY by November 1 (available in Education Office, WS 249)
- During the student teaching semester, students must concurrently register for ED 342 (Student Teaching) and ED 340 (Assessment of Teaching Strategies); students should not register for any other courses during the student teaching semester; students are also advised not to work during this semester due to the high time commitment required of planning lessons and grading student work after official school hours.
- Students are responsible for providing their own transportation to and from the school to which they are assigned for student teaching.
Student Teaching Grading Policy
Students earning less than a "P" grade in student teaching may be required to complete additional student teaching and/or course work before receiving a recommendation for graduation and certification.
Dismissal from Student Teaching or Professional Semester
On occasion, difficulties may arise during the PDS Clinical Experience or during the Student Teaching semester. In these instances, the Secondary Education Coordinator, PDS liaison, or Student Teacher Supervisor works with the student and other school or university stakeholders to resolve these situations.
Every effort is made to assess the situation quickly and to establish a plan of action. Based upon the specifics of the situation, the student may: (1) be reassigned to a different PDS or student teaching placement; (2) be removed from the clinical school experience by the Chair of the department. Students will be informed in writing of decisions regarding their status and may appeal these decisions to the Dean of the School of Professional Studies.
Superintendents, school district TEAM facilitators, cooperating teachers, principals, university supervisors and faculty members of the E&EPY department, in consultation with the appropriate arts and sciences, health education, or music education faculty members, reserve the right to remove a student teacher from any student teaching/clinical experience. (For specific details, see Student Teaching Handbook.)
See the Student Teaching Handbook for specific details.
Student Teacher Dismissal Appeal Process
The student teacher has the right to submit a written appeal within seven days of a notification of dismissal, to the Chair of the E&EP department, the coordinator of student teaching, and the university supervisor. The affected student also has the right — within two weeks of the hearing date — to appeal, in writing, his/her dismissal to the Dean of Professional Studies.
Dismissal from the Professional Teacher Education Program
Strict guidelines for admission to, and retention in, the teacher education certification programs are part of academic excellence. Students who fail to meet or maintain established admission and retention criteria will be suspended from the program. Students may be given one year according to the school's academic calendar to retake a course and regain good standing for consideration of readmission with the exception of ethical issues, felonies and violations of the professional code. At the end of one year, students will be dismissed if their GPA has not met the 3.0 minimum standard (subject to change based on state mandates), which includes all WCSU and transfer credits.
- Dismissal from the Education department program by the E&EP department chair may occur when a student fails to maintain the academic standards of the university and department (see this catalog, "Good Standing: WCSU Student Handbook, "Student Rights and Responsibilities," WCSU Student Teacher Handbook); and/or when a student in class or the field is considered inappropriate for the teaching profession, based on behavior which is not consistent with the standards of ethical conduct and professional behavior prescribed by the Connecticut Code of Professional Responsibility.
- In such cases, discussions take place among the student, faculty involved, and department chair. The Chair may call a meeting of the Student Academic Review Committee to decide the case. The Chair has the authority to make final decisions. Decisions reached are communicated in writing by the Chair to the student in a timely fashion.
- The student may appeal these decisions to the Dean of the School of Professional Studies or employ the university process for appeal. The university maintains guidelines for student rights and responsibilities and judicial procedures which can be found in the WCSU Student Rights and Responsibilities Handbook. The department adheres to these guidelines in all such matters and may establish additional responsibilities based upon professional training criteria.
Professional Education Fees
- LiveText. Each student in the Education Program is required to obtain a LiveText license. LiveText is a comprehensive data management system used to collect, store, and analyze the results of selected assessments. These data are used to improve the degree and certificate programs in education and to provide evidence to external accrediting bodies that accreditation standards have been met.
- Fingerprinting and Background Check. Effective July 1, 2010 the state of Connecticut stipulates that local or regional boards of education must fingerprint individuals seeking placement in the district for the purpose of completing educator preparation requirements in nonpaid, noncertified positions (e.g., student teachers, interns, observations, etc). A criminal history background check is also required in accordance with chapter 166, sec 29-12a. Courses with clinical experiences that require proof of fingerprinting and background check include: ED 206, ED 212, ED 342. Contact the Regional Education Service Center, Education Connection, at (203)791-1904 or (860)567-0863. There is a fingerprinting/background check fee payable to EdAdvance.


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Research report global Vegetable Oil market extracts the most crucial facet of the Vegetable Oil market and represents them in the form of an extensive and cohesive document. The Vegetable Oil report findings have been procured through an equitable mix of primary and secondary both research. Global Vegetable Oil market C-level managers interviews form a lump of the qualitative study involved in Vegetable Oil report.
The report begins with introducing the global Vegetable Oil market and segmentation analysis such as depend on the most significant dynamics containing drivers of Vegetable Oil, constraints, risks, opportunities, current trending factors, PEST and PROTER'S Five Forces survey, applications, topographical region Vegetable Oil markets, and competitive landscape. Macroeconomic and microeconomic features that currently overcome and also those that are witnessed to appear are involved in Vegetable Oil report.
To Get Sample Copy of Report visit @ https://marketresearch.biz/report/vegetable-oil-market/request-sample
With an intent to intensify the scope of the study, the Vegetable Oil report also covers milestone advancements and settlement that have structured the global Vegetable Oil market. To guide the readers to adequately plan their Vegetable Oil business future strategies, the Vegetable Oil report offered a set of expert suggestion/judgments. The Vegetable Oil research analysts working on the Vegetable Oil report have strongly analyzed expected changes in policy, industry news and expansions, and Vegetable Oil opportunities and trends – this information can be utilized by companies to extend their Vegetable Oil market existence.
Furthermore, other vital facets that have been assiduously considered in the global Vegetable Oil market report are supply/demand scenario, Vegetable Oil export-import outlook, Vegetable Oil industry technique and price structures, and primary R&D activities.
The report also contained Vegetable Oil leading players'/companies profiles with their revenue, financials, Vegetable Oil products, main segments, outlook, Vegetable Oil collaborations and acquisitions, strategies, latest developments, R&D initiatives, new product launching, SWOT as well as PESTEL Analysis.
Leading Vendors of Vegetable Oil market are:
ACH Food Companies Inc
Total S.A.
Archer Daniels Midland Co Bunge North America Inc
Richardson Oilseed Ltd
Carapelli Firenzi S.P.A,
CHS Inc
Fuji Oil Company
Savola Group
Cargill Agricola S.A.
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From all of this Vegetable Oil information, the report serves guidance and strategies to the following Vegetable Oil market players: New players, stakeholders, marketing unit, administrative authorities and Vegetable Oil distributors/manufacturers. The global Vegetable Oil market research analysis has been structured using vital data from Vegetable Oil industry expertize. Further, the comprehensive primary and secondary Vegetable Oil research information with which the Vegetable Oil report has been prepared helps provide the key statistic forecasts data, in both terms revenue and volume. In addition to this, the Vegetable Oil analysis of latest trends and current revenue of the region-wise Vegetable Oil market in comparison to the global Vegetable Oil market has been included in this report. This will provide a clear view of the Vegetable Oil readers that how Vegetable Oil market will progress globally over the forecast period 2017-2026.
Table of Contents:
1. Overview of the Vegetable Oil Industry
2. Global Vegetable Oil Market Competitive aspects
3. A share of Global Vegetable Oil Market
4. Vegetable Oil Supply Chain Study
5. Leading Vegetable Oil Company Profiles
6. Vegetable Oil Globalization & Trade
7. Vegetable Oil Suppliers and Buyers
8. Import/Export scenario, Consumption by Vegetable Oil Major Countries
9. Global Vegetable Oil Industry Forecast to 2026
10. Key Growth factors and Vegetable Oil Market Outlook
Conclusion, Vegetable Oil report serves strategies, advancement policies, Vegetable Oil rules and regulations, and activities accepted by the Vegetable Oil governments and regulatory bodies across the leading regions are studied deeply to evaluate its challenges of the global Vegetable Oil market.

subset: commoncrawl


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- What Is Echinacea?
- How Is Echinacea Used?
- What Are the Benefits of Echinacea?
- Why Do People With HIV Use Echinacea?
- What Are the Side Effects?
- How Does It Interact With Other Therapies?
- The Bottom Line
What Is Echinacea?
Echinacea is a flowering plant. It is sometimes called Purple Coneflower. It grows mainly in Europe and North America. There are several closely related species: Echinacea purpurea, angustifolia, and pallida. They have slightly different medicinal properties. Echinacea purpurea seems more active in the test tube. Echinacea angustifolia appears more effective in people.
Echinacea was the main medicinal herb used by Native Americans in the Great Plains region. Since the late 1930s, German researchers have studied echinacea and its effects on the immune system. Echinacea is one of the most frequently sold herbs in the United States.
The German government has approved Echinacea pallida root and Echinacea purpurea leaf for use against colds, flu, and chronic respiratory or urinary infections. Many studies support its use. However, a U.S. study in 2006 found no benefits from one particular preparation.
How Is Echinacea Used?
Advocates of Echinacea suggest drinking it from small batches made from herbs less than one year old. Echinacea is available in capsules containing a powder of the dried plant or root, and also as a tincture (an alcohol-based preparation). In some cases, people drink pressed juice from fresh plants. For treating skin conditions, special preparations containing pressed juice are used.
The suggested dosage of echinacea depends on which species and which parts of the plant were used. In general, it should not be used for more than 1-2 weeks at a time.
What Are the Benefits of Echinacea?
The major use of echinacea is to treat colds and flu. It is also used for urinary tract infections, skin wounds that aren't healing well, and skin conditions such as psoriasis and eczema.
Echinacea stimulates the immune system. It promotes CD4 cell activation and increases the activity of the immune system. It helps white blood cells attack germs. These effects may decrease if people take echinacea for more than a few weeks.
Echinacea is generally not recommended for use by people with diseases of the immune system such as HIV, multiple sclerosis, or tuberculosis. The German government recommends against using echinacea if you have these conditions. Some researchers believe that echinacea could actually worsen these immune system problems.
Why Do People With HIV Use Echinacea?
Many people with HIV have used echinacea because it stimulates the immune system, or for short-term treatment of colds and the flu. The use of echinacea for people with HIV is controversial.
Some doctors believe that it is not a good idea to stimulate the immune system in people who have some type of immune disorder. Increasing the activation of CD4 cells could give HIV more "target cells" to infect. Other doctors believe that some parts of the immune system are already overactive, causing damage to healthy cells and tissues.
They are also concerned about an animal study showing that echinacea increased levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), a substance produced by the immune system to kill unhealthy cells. High levels of TNF-alpha have been linked to the progression of HIV disease.
Unfortunately, as with most herbal products, there is no careful research in people with HIV. There is no published research to document any dangerous results from the use of echinacea by people with HIV. There is no research on the use of echinacea by pregnant women. They should be careful with tinctures due to their high alcohol content.
Some researchers believe that short-term use of echinacea (up to two weeks) to treat colds or flu does not present any serious risks to people with HIV. However, both AIDS researchers and herbalists warn against long-term use of echinacea.
What Are the Side Effects?
There are no known side effects from internal or external use of echinacea. The warnings about negative effects of echinacea use in people with immune disorders are based on laboratory studies. There are no human studies that document these side effects.
How Does It Interact With Other Therapies?
Most interactions between herbs and medications have not been carefully studied. Echinacea has been shown to reduce blood levels of some antiretroviral medications. However, none of these interactions appear to be significant or to require dose adjustments. Tell your doctor if you are using herbal supplements.
The Bottom Line
Echinacea (purple coneflower) is a flowering plant used for respiratory problems and to stimulate the immune system. It is a very popular herb in the United States. There are hundreds of published research studies on echinacea, mostly done in Europe. These studies document echinacea's effects on the immune system and its benefits for treating colds and flu.
Some researchers believe that echinacea's effects on the immune system might cause problems for people with HIV. However, there are no published studies showing any harmful effects from echinacea. There may be no risk from using echinacea for less than two weeks.


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Premarin cream and the risk for ovarian cancer
Dear OncoLink "Ask The Experts,"
My wife is 58 and experienced menopause 5 years ago. Her GYN suggested that she use Premarin Cream to relieve a dry vagina problem and help when we have intercourse. I have heard of a link between Premarin and ovarian cancer. I am afraid for my wife to use the cream. Is my fear justified? Is there a "safe" cream that she can use?
Christina S. Chu, MD, Assistant Professor of the Division of Gynecologic Oncology at the University of Pennsylvania Health System, responds:
The studies concerning estrogen replacement therapy and the risk for ovarian cancer are mixed. Some studies show no increase in risk, and others show an increase in risk for long-time users of estrogen alone (not estrogen given with progesterone). The most recent large study published in 2002 in the Journal of the American Medical Association showed approximately 60% increased risk. The authors did note that many women received doses of estrogen that were higher than are in use today, and while the type of estrogen replacement therapy was not defined, in general, usage refers to oral pills, or use of an estrogen patch. The risks of using vaginal Premarin cream are minimal, since it is not needed daily, and is only absorbed into the circulation in small amounts. In the right circumstances, estrogen cream can provide patients with much needed relief from their symptoms. Sometimes, estrogen is the only medication that can effectively treat atrophy (dry, itchy, painful, thin skin) of the vagina. If your wife is only having discomfort during intercourse and she would still like to avoid estrogen cream, instead of Premarin cream, she could try any of the over the counter water-based vaginal lubricants such as KY Jelly or Astroglide.


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Two men died and another was hospitalized after a fire Saturday night in a West Baltimore row home.
Firefighters were called to a two-story home in the 1900 block of N. Pulaski Street at about 11:30 p.m. The fire was quickly brought under control, but it claimed the life of one of four men inside.
Two others were taken to University of Maryland Shock Trauma suffering from burns and smoke inhalation, and one died there of his injuries.
The second man remained hospitalized. A fourth man was able to evacuate the house and declined treatment.
The identities of the victims were not released. The cause of the fire is under investigation.


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MSDN troubleshooting and support
Search for help
There are many different types of help, including documentation, Microsoft Knowledge Base (KB) articles, and forums: all are provided at no cost.
|Developer documentation is a good initial place to start so you can determine if a specific question or issue has already been addressed.
|The KB provides detailed help on specific topics from Microsoft that were created in response to specific developer issues.
|The forums contain thousands of existing questions and responses to developer issues, supplied by both Microsoft and the community.
Ask a question in the forums
Use the forums to get help from the community at no cost. Because the forums are monitored and maintained by the general community, the time it takes to get a response to your question is unknown. If timeliness of response to your questions isn't critical, posting to a forum is a good approach.
Contact Microsoft for additional help
With this option, you can talk directly to a support engineer. This option is good if you or your company needs a fast response, or if you are blocked from making progress. There is a cost associated with this option, but you get to see the costs and the time-to-respond before placing the request. MSDN Subscribers may be eligible to up to four free support engineer calls each year, based on the level of your subscription.
MSDN Subscriptions
Did you know that MSDN Subscribers get priority support in MSDN Forums? They also get Technical Support and many other benefits.
Microsoft Connect


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ABERDEEN, S.D. - Georgia College & State University men's basketball graduate assistant coach Dan Magrino has been named assistant coach at Northern State University (S.D.), Magrino's alma mater.
He spent one season under GCSU head coach Terry Sellers working primarily with post players, his position for NSU from 2003-2008. Magrino also assisted with the Bobcat recruiting efforts.
"My time working with coach Sellers and coach (Mark) Gainous has taught me a lot about running a successful program," said Magrino. "They've also taught me about player and personal development. I hope to use these lessons to help contribute to successes at my alma mater."
Magrino was on the staff for a 22-7 season in 2008-2009. GCSU made a trip back to the NCAA Tournament for the first time since 2006 and had its third 20-win season in the past four. The Bobcats lose a trio of seniors including Shaun Keaton (2006-09) who was named All-Peach Belt Conference (PBC) First Team and first team National Association of Basketball Coaches (NABC)/NCAA All-Southeast Region in his senior season.
Magrino returns to NSU to work under 37-year coaching veteran Don Meyer. The all-time winningest coach in NCAA men's basketball history, he has tallied 910 career victories.
Visit www.GCSUBobcats.com to nominate your favorite former Bobcats and Colonials to the GCSU Athletics Hall of Fame. The GCSU Department of Athletics sponsors 10 varsity athletic programs at the NCAA Division II level. As a Division II program, GCSU prides itself on balancing the life of the student-athlete, evidenced by the Bobcats' multiple appearances in post-season competition as well as documented academic success and community-service involvement. Sign up at Twitter.com username GCSUSID for up-to-the-minute reports.


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Britney Spears is on the cusp of signing on to join Simon Cowell and Antonio 'L.A.' Reid as a judge on America's The X Factor, according to U.S. reports.
A source tells The Hollywood Reporter that Spears' fiance and agent Jason Trawick is negotiating a deal, which could be signed as early as next week.
Janet Jackson was also in the running as a potential judge, but reportedly bowed out citing previous commitments.
Cowell and producers of the talent show axed judges Nicole Scherzinger and Paula Abdul and host Steve Jones at the end of the first season of the show and have been looking for replacements since the beginning of the year.
Spears' camp has yet to comment on the report and a representative for The X Factor has refused to confirm the news.


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Celebrate National Trails Day at Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore
Hike the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore for free on June 5th and June 6th as part of National Trails Day. Before you hit the 100+ miles of designated trails within the Sleeping Bear Dunes, grab a map at the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore Visitors Center in Empire and pack water, snacks and sunblock. Here's a rundown of some of the best spots to discover the diversity of the spectacular Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore.
Bay View Trail: Those ready to lace up their boots and trek a more strenuous route should check out this 8-mile trail, a mostly hilly track that leads through beech-maple stands, pine plantations, wildflower fields, historic farmsteads and panoramic views of Lake Michigan. Find the trailhead on Thoreson about 3 miles north of Glen Arbor.
The Dunes: If you are going to expend all your energy in one place, this would be the spot to do it. While the round-trip hike up the sandy steeps to Lake Michigan and back is easily a half-day workout, the views from the top are unbeatable—as is the workout. Access this trail from the Sleeping Bear Dune Climb on M-109 between Empire and Glen Arbor.
Cottonwood: A short 1.4-miles may feel like a 10-mile hike, up loose sand and strenuous dune lands. The payoff is well worth it, however, with dune and Lake Michigan views that will take your breath away (even more). Cottonwood Trail is off of the Pierce Stocking Scenic Drive off of M-109 between Empire and Glen Arbor.
It's About the View
Windy Moraine: A short but rolling 1.5-mile trail will lead you to views of even more water, this time in the form of Glen Lake. Find this trail off of M-109 between Empire and Glen Arbor.
Empire Bluff: Another 1.5-mile trail, this bluff-top trek has hikers head up with the promise of a sweet reward in the form of a dramatic overlook. Find it on the south end of the town of Empire.
Pyramid Point: Looking for a little longer trail? The 2.7 miles of hills that make up Pyramid Point offer yet another chance to soak up the sun atop a spot that offers jaw-dropping views of the big lake. Take M-22 north out of Glen Arbor about 3 miles, left on Port Oneida Road, follow it until it becomes dirt and turns into Basch Road (at Camp Leelanau), the trailhead is just up the road.
Flip Flop Feet
Sleeping Bear Point: the 2.8-mile trail still offers a taste of rolling dunes, loose sand and scrub grasses. It is the perfect path to take if your end goal is the beach: lake access is available here. Find the trailhead just west of Glen Haven. Take M-209 until it ends at Lake Michigan, turn right, continue on the dirt road, past the Sleeping Bear Point Maritime Museum, until the road ends.
Duneside Accessible: Not quite a mile long, this flat walk is also handicap accessible. From the trail, take in the dunes above, as well as beech, maple and white cedar stands. Find this trail at the Sleeping Bear Dune Climb on M-109 between Empire and Glen Arbor.
Good Harbor Bay: Explore an entirely different ecosystem along this 2.8-mile wooded trail at the north end of the park. With a sprinkling of dunes, this flat wetland includes a boardwalk over a creek. From M-22 north out of Glen Arbor, turn left on C-669 and follow it to Lake Michigan.
For more information contact the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore: 231-326-5134, nps.gov/slbe.
Lots More About the Sleeping Bear Dunes
- 10 Insider Picks for the Sleeping Bear Dunes
- Video: Don't Miss Sleeping Bear Dunes' Pierce Stocking Drive
- Otter Creek Hike in Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore
- Secret Sleeping Bear: Hike Alligator Hill
- Video: Sleeping Bear Dunes
- Snowy Get-Away at Sleeping Bear
- Manitou's Magic
- Good Harbor Beach Day
Bring the beauty of Northern Michigan's Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore to life with the Beautiful Sleeping Bear Dunes Book and DVD Package, produced by MyNorth Media. Click here to order yours today!


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Danieal Manning won't have to wait long to make his first free-agent visit.
The safety will visit the Cincinnati Bengals on Tuesday, NFL Media Insider Ian Rapoport reported, according to a source informed of the player's plans. The Houston Chronicle first reported the news, and Manning later told SiriusXM NFL Radio that he also will meet with the Kansas City Chiefs on Thursday.
Manning was cut by the Houston Texans on Monday.
The writing was on the wall for Manning in Houston, after the team signed safety Chris Clemons last week.
Manning will see a familiar face in Cincinnati. His former defensive backs coach with the Texans, Vance Joseph, holds the same job on the Bengals' coaching staff. The familiarity should provide a solid voice for Manning and a comfort level in knowing the secondary scheme.
In Cincinnati, Manning likely would compete for the third safety spot behind Reggie Nelson, George Iloka and the re-signed Taylor Mays.
Manning, 31, missed 10 games in 2013 with a fractured right fibula.
In the latest edition of the "Around The League Podcast" the guys do the news, open the mailbag and play "Win Wess' Toaster."


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|Our History
|In 1923, two UCLA Students Named John McManus and Elder Morgan got together and decided to open a store. Over the years, this store sold art supplies, offered book-binding services and stocked an incredible array of handmade paper. This legendary downtown treasure, has stocked every type of paper, envelope and invitation accessory imaginable.
|Cut to today....
|Some 80 years later, McManus and Morgan is still the place to find intriguing and aesthetically pleasing parchments. An unusual selection of hand-marbled papers hang alongside dark colored sheets made from the pith of the papyrus plant. There is hand-pounded bark from central Mexico and a range of Nepalese offerings hewn from rice, straw silk and grass. Additional offerings include handmade envelopes, stationary and journals.
|Variety ° Reasonable Prices ° Friendly Service
|If unusual and artistic paper & envelopes are your desires, no one matches our quality, variety, reasonable prices and friendly service. Visit our showroom and get lost in a world of custom and hand-made paper products that are works of art in and of themselves. Or call us at 213-387-4433 to see if we have what you're looking for. You can also fax us at 213-387-3454.
Monday through Friday
2506 W. 7th Street
Los Angeles, CA 90057
1 mile west of Downtown LA
1 block south of Wilshire Blvd.
between Hoover & Alvarado


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Evergreen girls tennis coach Radka Lacjak had a good feeling about her three singles players heading into last weekend's regional tournament.
When the dust settled, all three had punched a ticket to the Class 4A state tournament in Pueblo and the Cougars had a second-place finish in the team standings.
The aftermath of the regional tournament also uncovered a couple of surprises for Lacjak and the Cougars - most notably the No. 2 doubles team of Roz Amirfazli and Megan McKenna.
If you currently subscribe or have subscribed in the past to the Canyon Courier, then simply find your account number on your mailing label and enter it below.
Click the question mark below to see where your account ID appears on your mailing label.
|ZIP Code:


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Tubtrugs are one of the most useful gardening and household tools ever. These flexible, lightweight polyethylene tubs are washable, bendable, crushable and nearly indestructible. We use the small, 3-1/2 gallon trug for moistening potting soil, harvesting veggies for dinner and holding mittens in the mudroom. With several Tubtrugs already hard at work at home and in the garden, we keep finding uses for a few more!
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More than 20,000 delegates from around the world have gathered in Washington, D.C., for the XIX International AIDS Conference, which focuses on mobilizing governments and communities to achieve the vision of zero new HIV infections, zero discrimination and zero AIDS-related deaths.
"This conference will stand as a historic milestone on our journey to end this epidemic," the Executive Director of the Joint UN Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), Michel Sidibé, said as the conference opened in Washington, D.C. yesterday. "We are entering a new era in the AIDS response."
The Conference's theme, 'Turning the tide together,' reflects what is considered to be a unique moment in the history of the HIV epidemic, according to UNAIDS.
It is believed that by acting decisively on recent scientific advances in HIV treatment and biomedical prevention, building momentum for an HIV cure, and harnessing the evidence of the ability to scale-up key interventions in the most-needed settings, an end to the epidemic is now within reach.
On the eve of the opening of the conference, a stellar cast of artists, political leaders, and community activists came to Washington, D.C. to mark more than three decades of the global response to the HIV epidemic.
The event, held at the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, united some of the leading voices in the global effort to achieve an AIDS-free generation. Participants included Bill Gates, Alicia Keys, Annie Lennox, Joan Osborne, Patti Austin, Herbie Hancock, bipartisan members of Congress, and prominent AIDS advocates from the worlds of business, science, and civil society.
Uniting for an AIDS-free generation—the theme of the event—took the audience on a historical journey through the history of AIDS, highlighting the early days of the epidemic and key milestones in the world's response to the disease. Through music and personal anecdotes, guests shared experiences of how HIV has shaped society and brought forward a global movement never before witnessed for a disease.
Additional links:
The Brussels based United Nations Regional Information Centre for Western Europe - UNRIC provides information on UN activities to the countries of the region. It also provides liaison with institutions of the European Union in the field of information. Its outreach activities extend to all segments of society and joint campaigns, projects and events are organized with partners including the EU, governments, the media, NGOs, schools and local authorities.
United Nations Regional Information Centre for Western Europe (UNRIC Brussels)
Residence Palace, Rue de la Loi/Wetstraat 155, Block C2,7th and 8th floor, Brussels 1040, Belgium
Tel.: +32 2 788 8484 / Fax: 32 2 788 8485


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Patrick McCrann
Active.com Running & Triathlon Expert
As coach of Marathon Nation, 14-time Ironman finisher Patrick McCrann has helped runners and endurance athletes of all ability levels to improve their performance through his online communities, books and speaking engagements.
Bio |Blog Posts |Articles |
Elite endurance coach Patrick McCrann manages two online communities of more than 800 athletes: Endurance Nation and Marathon Nation. He specializes in creating training plans for runners, resources and multimedia guidance for runners and age-group triathletes. Over the last decade his clients have raced on every continent in competitions ranging from Ironman triathlons to Ultrarunning, from adventure racing to mountain biking.
Patrick is also an author, regular contributing columnist and has been quoted and/or featured in several endurance publications as well as mainstream media including New York Times. His low-volume, high-intensity approach and focus on race execution are radically different than the coaching status quo.
As a runner, 14-time Ironman athlete (including three Kona qualifications), and stay-at-home dad, Patrick brings a bigger picture focus to training. More than 25,000 athletes read his insights weekly for guidance on how to negotiating life and work while building fitness, fostering a competitive spirit, and building an endurance lifestyle. Learn more about Patrick on his personal blog: www.patrickjohnmccrann.com. You can also follow Patrick on twitter: @pmccrann.


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List of DLL Vulnerability Windows Apps Grows
The initial shock of the remote DLL attack problem in Windows has passed, but the problem itself slowly continues to escalate. Don't expect it to get better. We will likely experience a long string of application exploits in the coming months and years. Expect business networks to be the primary targets.
Let's summarize the problem once again: When a Windows program loads a DLL(dynamic link library), assuming it doesn't give the specific DLL location, Windows will follow a set of rules for where to look for the file. Way down the list is the current working directory. Recent research has that an attacker on a network share, by inducing a user to open a data file in a vulnerable application, trigger the application to load a particular DLL. If the attacker provides a malicious DLL in the same directory as the data file, which will have been set as the current working directory by Windows, and the DLL is not in any of the higher-priority locations, then the app will load the malicious DLL.
The consensus on the issue is that it's not a Windows bug per se, but sloppy programming in the applications, since Windows gives developers plenty of ways to avoid this problem. On the other hand, it's hard to come up with a good reason to load a DLL from the current working directory, seeing as that is a subjective concept from the programmer's point of view.
Microsoft released a patch which creates a new registry key Windows checks before loading a DLL. Administrators can set this key to prevent the current working directory from being used. But Microsoft won't make this setting themselves through Windows Update.
When the story broke it was first reported that "40 applications" were vulnerable to this issue, but it quickly became clear the number was larger. Peter Van Eeckhoutte is maintaining an unofficial list of vulnerable apps and, as I look at it now, the count is 85. It's clear that this is a common error for programmers to make, and the list includes 22 Microsoft programs, some of them developed under the SDL (Security Development Lifecycle).
I asked Microsoft how much trouble would really be caused by changing the default setting in Windows to prevent the loading of DLLs from the current directory. Their reply:"Making a system-wide setting may prevent some applications from working properly. Microsoft recommends that customers test these settings against the applications in use in their environments before deploying broadly." This means there will be no systemic solution to this problem. It's up to administrators to apply the patch, and set the keys, and that has to mean that vulnerability to the problem will remain widespread.
It seems to me that this is likely to be a business network issue rather than one which will affect consumers. The network share with the malicious files can be either a conventional SMB share or an Internet server through WebDAV, but firewalls always block the necessary ports to stop the WebDAV attack. There won't be much to gain from using this as an external attack. The "right" way to use this attack is first to gain a beach head inside a corporate network using some other means and then to use the malicious DLL attack to spread within the network. It sounds to me like a tool for targeted attacks, which is where the real action is anyway.
I'm still disappointed in Microsoft and I think they dropped the ball on this, but they did so many years ago. The first reports of this vulnerability came 10 years ago from famed researcher Georgi Guninski and Microsoft addressed them by putting many alternatives ahead of the current directory in the DLL search order. They didn't eliminate it for the same reason they won't eliminate it now, because too many customers will be adversely affected.
So about 4 years ago when they (rightly) made a lot of design decisions for Windows Vista which caused incompatibility with existing code, they should have included this one. Developers and administrators would be on notice that the change was being made, and they were already being inconvenienced by all the other changes. Now the existing bad decision is incorporated into Vista and Windows 7 and it's going to be up to developers to fix the problem with less pressure on them. Not good.


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The Macondo well blowout on the floor of the Gulf of Mexico lays bare just how little scientists know about that great expanse of saltwater and its creatures, but in fishing communities from Florida to Louisiana, some people have vital questions of their own.
Could hydrocarbons from the 2010 Deepwater Horizon explosion be building up in people through the seafood they commonly eat - brown shrimp, white shrimp, oysters, blue crab, redfish, speckled trout and mackerel - and what does it mean if they are?
''Right now, all we have is the FDA recommendation of two 3-ounce servings a week. But these are fishing communities,'' says Sharon Petronella Croisant, an epidemiologist at the University of Texas Medical Branch and director of the Community-Based Research Facility affiliated with the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences.
At a research consortium centered in Galveston, scientists, together with a colleague in Philadelphia, are recruiting 100 people each from three especially seafood-dependent Gulf Coast communities in Mississippi and Louisiana, and another 100 from Galveston. Those in the study will be asked to give blood and urine samples. Scientists also hope to add 10 pregnant women each year who will give breast milk and umbilical cord blood once they deliver.
The researchers are looking for the family of compounds called polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which dissolve in fat and have the potential to be stored in human fat, sometimes with harmful consequences.
Fishing crews helping
If anything good can be said to have come from the ruin of the well blowout, it's that to a degree unmatched in the past, serious money has flowed into answering questions about nature in the Gulf. Even now, universities continue sending scientists and graduate students out on research vessels.
In a close collaboration that's still rare but becoming more common, fisher folk in Galveston, Gulfport and Biloxi in Mississippi, Bayou La Batre in Alabama and the United Houma Nation in Louisiana have been pulling fin and shellfish from the Gulf and handing them to researchers from UTMB, Texas A&M University at Galveston, Louisiana State University and the University of Pennsylvania. The scientists are probing for petroleum fingerprints that tell the story of where the sea life has been.
''We're hoping to find nothing, but we've already found some things,'' said John Sullivan, director of public forums at the UTMB Center in Environmental Toxicology. Initial measurements show ''modestly more'' contamination in oysters and crabs from Alabama and Louisiana than in Texas, which is generally regarded as beyond the reach of the oil disaster.
They have not firmly fingerprinted this contamination as emanating from the Macondo well.
Now the research moves from fish and shellfish to humans.
Toxicity questions
Chemicals that store away in fat merit scrutiny in part because when women's bodies make breast milk, they make it from fat, and what's in their fat gets mobilized into milk.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons also have the ability to cross the placenta. But it's too early to say whether anything from the Deepwater Horizon is actually making its way into people's bodies, much less into their babies.
That's because until now, most research on this family of hydrocarbons has focused on those that are generated from burning petroleum. But the oil that gushed into the Gulf when the Deepwater Horizon collapsed mostly never burned.
This study breaks new ground, says UTMB's Petronella Croisant, because it looks at these ''petrogenic'' or unburned polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
''The question is, are they similarly toxic?'' asks Cornelis Elferink, a researcher and professor in the UTMB Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology.
Some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are known to be carcinogenic.
''But it is very clear polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons have a host of health effects other than cancer,'' says Trevor Penning, professor of pharmacology, biochemistry and biophysics at the University of Pennsylvania. ''We know they can be immuno-suppressive, which means they make someone more prone to infection over time.
''That's a very important component. We also know there can be endocrine-disrupting properties. We know they can cross the placenta, and there are reproductive hazards.''
Cells to be tested
But as sobering as that sounds, the researchers say they may discover that the human body successfully defends itself against these crude oil hydrocarbons when they turn up in seafood.
Elferink points out that in order to be dangerous, the compounds first have to be available in a way the body recognizes, and they have to cause a response. If they don't cause a response and are excreted, you have a substance that is nontoxic.
The good news is scientists believe they have a good test for this. It's a cell test in the lab. If certain specially engineered cells light up brightly in response to the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, Elferink says, the scientists know they probably are looking at a petroleum compound that could cause harm to people. And they can calculate how much seafood a person would have to consume to see that effect.
''We don't have to wait 20-25 years for the cancer to appear,'' said the University of Pennsylvania's Penning.
In fact, the communities in Mississippi and Louisiana are asking the scientists for a briefing on the seafood part of the study as soon as possible. And scientists say they've committed to sharing the findings with them first.
Studies take deeper look at seafood safety after oil spill
The Macondo well blowout on the floor of the Gulf of Mexico lays bare just how little scientists know about that great expanse of saltwater and its creatures, but in fishing communities from Florida to Louisiana, some people have vital questions of their own.


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Level 7 - I Can Breathe UnderwaterBy: National Geographic
Language: Arabic-English
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|By: National Geographic
Language: Arabic-English
Format: Softcover
Pages: 8 English + 8 Arabic pp
Publisher: Arab Scientific Publishers, Beirut
Product Dimensions: 16 x 24 cm
Topic: Children's Book
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ProMelt electric radiant snow melting cables are the most versatile and lowest cost option for snow melting installation any size, any shape - quickly providing electrically heated walkways and driveways. Cables are ideal for steps, curved or angled areas. Cables can be used for simple rectangular areas too, but mats install faster and easier in those situations.
Environmentally friendly snow and ice removal in the worst conditions is possible without using salt or hazardous chemicals. ProMelt provides energy efficiency and easy installation.
ProMelt heated snow melting cables are manufactured by SunTouch Watts Radiant (pioneers of indoor radiant heat). You choose your configuration and secure to rebar/mesh or using our Cable Strap on a base surface; maintaining the proper and consistent spacing of cables is your job. Larger spacing means less heat but more coverage per cable.
Cables cost 10-15% less than mats and give you layout and heat output options since you control the spacing and determine the layout. Consider ProMelt Mats for a quicker and easier installation (the spacing is already done for you) for just a few dollars more. (See Specifications)
ProMelt is an effective, reliable and invisible snow melting system that will serve you for many years. Projects of 350 SF or less require cables and a snow sensor-controller and are very affordable and convenient.
ProMelt Snow Melting Benefits:
ANSI/NFPA 70 especially Article 426. Plus any local code requirements
Promelt SC50240055 55 Sq Ft 240V Snow Melting Cable Installation Manual
285°F (140°C) Short-term max. for asphalt covering
30 or 50 Amps @ 240v, depending on controls chosen
70 A Breaker.
Attach ProMelt over cooled asphalt base layer- Cover with hand shoveled final asphalt layer min 1.5 inch thick-DO NOT DRIVE machines on exposed ProMelt. Roll with small roller or compactor. - See Installation Manual
Use Chairs/dobies so rebar/Mesh ProMelt is attached to is in top 2" of slab - See Installation Manual.
Minimum 1.5 inches sand over cables, max paver thickness of 2.50 inches - See Installation Manual
Maximum 2.50" total thickness over cables - See Installation Manual
Every 24" using cable ties (no metal)
See Installation Manual and TCNA guidelines; 1.25 inch minimum
1.50" inches below top of heated surface-completely covered : See Installation Manual
Minimum 6" from edge of slab or 12" for asphalt without a curb
|Ohms Reading (resistance value)
|18 - 23 ohms
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|Power Lead Length
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|Armored, NEC color code, Single point connection at 1 corner of mat. No return wire like inferior products
|Cable Length
|Cable Length (inches)
|Cable Length (meters)
|66.06 m
|Watts Per SF 1
|Watts Per SF 2
|Watts Per SF 3
|Heated SF 1
|Heated SF 2
|Heated SF 3
|BTUs/SF/Hr 1
|BTUs/SF/Hr 2
|BTUs/SF/Hr 3
|Spacing between runs 1
|Spacing between runs 2
|Spacing between runs 3
|Wattage per SF
|Spacing of Heating Wire
|3" - 3.5" - 4" on center
|Watts Radiant
|Heating Power Output per Hour (BTU)
|170 BTU per Sq Ft/Hour
|Heating Power Output Total
|9350 BTU total
|EMF (Electro Magnetic Field)
|Yes. Verified by Independent Testing Laboratory as ultra low.
|Canadian Electric Code reference
|Section 62 (CEC) Part I. Plus any local code requirements
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|ETL Listed for U.S. and Canada under UL (Underwriters Laboratory) 515, IEEE 515.1, and CAN/USA C22.2 No. 130-03 : Listing file number: 3151992
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|10 year warranty backed by USA Manufacturer since 1873
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ProMelt Cables provide the most flexible and low cost installation than any snow melting system in 3 easy steps once you have read all instructions, planned the electrical details, and prepared your jobsite:
The ProMelt radiant heating cables are built tough for Permanent installation within virtually any surface to provide efficient melting of snow and ice automatically. They must be completely embedded and at least 1.25 inches below the top of the new layer.
|Amp Draw


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"Multiparticipant chat analysis: A survey", Artificial Intelligence, vol. 199-200, pp. 106 - 121, 2013. Download PDF (433.18 KB),
"The radical interactionism conceptual commitment", Journal of Artificial General Intelligence, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 31-36, 2013. Download PDF (286.45 KB),
"The Role of Familiarity, Priming and Perception in Similarity Judgments", in Proceedings of the 35th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, Berlin, Germany, 2013. Download PDF (367.05 KB),
"Situation Awareness Recovery", Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 2013. Download PDF (901.07 KB),
"Spontaneous analogy by piggybacking on a perceptual system", in Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, Berlin, Germany, 2013. Download PDF (258.32 KB),
"Towards applying goal autonomy for vehicle control", in Goal Reasoning: Papers from the ACS Workshop, College Park MD, 2013. Download PDF (343.76 KB),
"Ubuntu Internet Relay Chat Archives for Multiparticipant Chat Analysis", in AAAI Spring Symposium on Analyzing Microtext, Stanford, CA, 2013. Download PDF (99.29 KB),
"Uncertainty can increase explanatory credibility", Proceedings of the 35th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Cognitive Science Society, Austin, Texas, pp. 2692-2697, 2013. Download PDF (779.38 KB),
"Unposed Object Recognition using an Active Approach", International Conference on Computer VIsion Theory and Applications. Barcelona, Spain, pp. 309-314, 2013. Download PDF (1.82 MB),
"User authentication from Web browsing behavior", in Florida Artificial Intelligence Research Society Conference, St. Pete Beach, FL, 2013. Download PDF (225.22 KB),
"Using cortically-inspired algorithms for analogical learning and reasoning", Biologically Inspired Cognitive Architectures, 2013. Download PDF (2.06 MB),
"Visualization of Decision Processes Using a Cognitive Architecture", in SPIE Visualization and Data Analysis, Burlingame, VA, 2013. Download PDF (3.91 MB),
"An ACT-R Process Model of the Signal Duration Phenomenon of Vigilance", Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, vol. 58, 1 vol. pp. 909-913, 2014. Download PDF (132.87 KB),
"Adapting autonomous behavior based on an estimate of an operator's trust", in AAAI Fall Symposium, Arlington, VA, 2014. Download PDF (425.37 KB),
"Adapting autonomous behavior using an inverse trust estimation", Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Conference on Computational Science and its Applications. Springer, Guimarães, Portgual, pp. 728-742, 2014. Download PDF (526.67 KB),
"Application of grazing-inspired guidance laws to autonomous information gathering", Proceedings of the IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems. IEEE Press, Chicago, IL, pp. 3828-3833, 2014. Download PDF (532.45 KB),
"Bounded expectations for discrepancy detection in goal-driven autonomy", AAAI, Quebec City, Canada, WS-01-14, 2014. Download PDF (680.04 KB),
"Case-based behavior adaptation using an inverse trust metric", in AI and Robotics: Papers from the AAAI Workshop (Technical Report WS-01-14), Quebec City, 2014. Download PDF (454.83 KB),
"Case-based behavior recognition to facilitate planning in unmanned air vehicles", Case-Based Agents: Papers from the ICCBR Workshop. University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, 2014. Download PDF (169.88 KB),
"Case-Based Parameter Selection for Plans: Coordinating Autonomous Vehicle Teams", Proceedings of the Twenty-Second International Conference on Case-Based Reasoning. Springer, Cork, Ireland, pp. 32-47, 2014. Download PDF (1.9 MB),
"Case-Based Plan Recognition Using Action Sequence Graphs", Proceedings of the Twenty-Second International Conference on Case-Based Reasoning. Springer, Cork, Ireland, pp. 495-510, 2014. Download PDF (920.46 KB),
"Causal Reasoning with Mental Models", Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, vol. 8, pp. 1-15, 2014. Download PDF (460.71 KB),
"Central Pattern Generator Based Omnidirectional Locomotion for Quadrupedal Robotics", Proceedings of the IROS 2014 Workshop: Real-time Motion Generation & Control - Constraint-based Robot Programming. Chicago, IL, 2014. Download PDF (165.86 KB),
"Comparison of object detection algorithms on maritime vessels", Naval Research Laboratory, Navy Center for Applied Research in Artificial Intelligence, AIC-14-041, 2014. Download PDF (401.63 KB),
"Dynamic Operator Overload: A model for predicting workload during supervisory control", IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 30-40, 2014. Download PDF (413.22 KB),


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Hut Hut Hike! Make a Holiday Touchdown with College Sports Christmas Decor
The holidays are a time for family and friends to gather 'round, celebrate the season, relax together and, of course, cheer on their favorite college teams! And at The Bradford Exchange Online, you'll find the perfect Christmas decorations to do just that. Meet our full roster of college sports ornaments, all officially licensed and geared up for those holiday game days, friendly family rivalries, and spirited get-togethers.
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2. Work on yourself. Grow and evolve to be able to give and receive energy
and love. These things are learned. If you do not have the psychological
tools for this, it's worth the investment for counseling and classes.
3. Communicate your feelings clearly. If you disagree, learn how to 'fair
fight.' Listen and respond rather than react. Explore your feelings and then
4. Do not say things out of anger (attempting to hurt your loved one
emotionally) when you feel vulnerable or victimized. That can continue the
hurtful feelings and cause a separation. Aren't we always looking for
healing and unity? "Un-tie is not the same as Unite." Argisle
5. Appreciate the little things and pay special attention to the important
issues. Be respectful and acknowledge/commend each other. Dreaming together
is part of love and staying aligned. Do you share a complementary path with
your partner?
6. Nurture one another. Enjoy flowers, laughter, beauty, massage, and good
food. Take care of your health, for you and your loved ones.
7. Shift roles occasionally so that you can experience your partner's life.
Be open to change patterns. Both men and women can work and still care for
family and children, or they can be primarily at home yet find ways to
create and interact in the world.
8. Create family support and extended family, especially if you have
children. Otherwise, life as parents can be quite challenging and stressful
on personal relationships. Find time in the relationship for special
9. Keep the magic alive. Surprise one another. Avoid feeling "whelmed" in
your world so you're unable to tune into others. Be present in the precious
gift of life.
10. Maintain an emotional and spiritual connection as well as mental and
physical ones. The more we share with one another, the deeper the love
10 Steps For Restoring Relationship Satisfaction
1. Connect with the Spring and your life force. Feel the new and fresh
energy from the winds and rains; it's so cleansing and presents an
opportunity to begin again. Take a deep breath and an inner look at where
you are and feel what you no longer need in your personal life--what no
longer serves who you want to be. This is the season to plan your new year,
for the new YOU. Evaluate your RELATIONSHIPS. Love and enthusiasm are key
words for Spring, as are new beginnings. We are naturally creative beings,
and this applies to our minds and attitudes, as well as our relationships.
Do we need a relationship to not be starved for touch and connection, often
confusing us into believing we are "in love" with another just to meet our
basic human needs. There are other ways to find the nurturing and love that
we all need—from self, animals, friends, family, massage, and Nature
2. Commit to YOUR LIFE, your relationships, and your home. It takes work and
play to keep a meaningful relationship successful. Be aware of your cycles
and biorhythms. This is a fascinating endeavor. How do you flow and grow
together? This takes care and presence with each other. Try this brief
questionnaire about relating: Does your mate smell good to you, or feel
right? Does he/she bring forth feelings of happiness in you, or what? Are
you aware of personal changes with the light, the moon, and the seasons? Is
a pet your favorite relationship? Of what about food; is it your best
friend? Has an appliance become your main squeeze? Is your closest family on
the tellie, or can you truly connect with live people? What is your ideal
relationship; three qualities pleeze? Mine are respect, nurturing, and a
playful presence.


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Ever since its initial release, the Street Fighter IV series has remained the most popular competitive fighting game franchise on the planet and continues to smash records in terms of tournament attendance and stream viewers. Now, the series evolves to a whole new level with Ultra Street Fighter IV for PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, and PC. Continuing the tradition of excellence the series is known for, five new characters and six new stages have been added for even more fighting mayhem, with rebalanced gameplay and original modes topping off this ultimate offering.
If you are a fan of the Street Fighter franchise, check out all of the latest Street Fighter V games and accessories available now for PlayStation 4.
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CAMBRIDGE, Mass. – Wellesley College kept MIT's bats at bay in a doubleheader sweep of the Engineers in New England Women's and Men's Athletic Conference (NEWMAC) softball action on Friday afternoon at Briggs Field. The Blue took the opener, 10-2, in five innings before winning the nightcap, 6-1. With the wins Wellesley improves to 4-2 in conference play and 12-4 overall while MIT falls to 4-10 and 0-4 in the NEWMAC.
In the first game, Wellesley put up eight runs in the third and fourth innings to open up a one-run game, before winning 10-2 in five. Alex Warren and Sinta Cebrian combined to go six-for-seven with five runs scored and five RBI while Megan Wood limited the Engineers to just two runs to earn her third win of the season. Tech pushed across two runs and had the bases loaded in the home half of the last but Wood induced a fly out to end the threat and secure the win in the abbreviated game.
Wood reached on an error with one out in the third and was driven home by Cebrian's second triple of the day. Warren would plate Cebrian with a double and scored on an errant throw by leftfielder Jessica Iacobucci.
The Blue picked up where they left off in the top of the fourth, recording four straight hits and knocking MIT starter, Anna Teruya, from the game. Lauren Goldfarb reached on a one-out single and came home on Wood's RBI double. After Jessica Oleinik replaced Teruya, Cebrian reached base for the third time with an RBI base-hit, scoring Wood. Warren doubled home Cebrian and moved up to third on the throw home. Oleinik then got Samantha Spiga to strike out but she was able to reach base on a passed ball and Warren snuck home on the throw down to third.
Hoping to continue the game in the bottom of the fifth, Anna Christensen hit a leadoff double to right, followed by a slap hit by Lily Keung and a single by Oleinik. With the bases loaded, Keri Dixon finally put Tech on the board with a bloop-hit over the second baseman's head, which plated Christensen. Keung then came home on Trinity Leonard's base hit before Li flied out to end the game.
Wellesley wasted no time putting runs up in the second game as Jessie Haladyna led off with a double, moved over on Ilana Orloff's sacrifice and scored on an RBI triple by Wood. Wood then came home on Warren's base hit through the left side.
The Blue would add runs in the second, fifth, sixth and seventh innings while MIT could only manage a single tally in its half of the fourth. With runners on first and second and two outs, Anna Teruya's line drive glanced off Haladyna's glove at short, allowing Oleinik to score and continuing the inning. Leonard loaded the bases with a base hit but Li struck out, stopping the rally.
Warren went four-for-four in game two to finish the day seven-for-eight with three runs and five RBI total. Goldfarb earned the win in the second game with a two-hitter, striking out six. Iacobucci took the loss for Tech, her fifth of the season.
MIT will travel to Springfield College for two games tomorrow, April 3 beginning at 12:00 p.m. Wellesley hosts WPI for a doubleheader on Saturday at noon.


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Olympic sponsor Samsung has partnered with Touchnote to make its mobile postcard service free for the duration of the summer.
For those unfamiliar with Touchnote, the service enables you to take a photo with your smartphone or tablet device and send it as a physical postcard to friends and family. The usual cost of this is £1.49.
However, up until 31 August Touchnote will be free to use on smartphone and tablet devices, as well as through the Samsung and Touchnote collaborated website and a Facebook app.
"In today's world of sharing photos digitally on Facebook and email, it is easy to forget how special it is to receive something in the post," said Raam Thakrar, co-founder of Touchnote.
"A real postcard adds a personal touch and can really make someone's day."
The free offer is open to any Android-enabled smartphone and tablet, though Samsung Galaxy Note users will have the added benefit of being able to use the S-pen to scribble their messages as handwritten.
Do you use Touchnote? What do you think of the service? Tell us below.


text: 2 Thai Snake Photos Laotian Wolf Snake (dead on road) Orange snake (no idea what kind – must try to find it today online) Author: Vern I'm an American expat living in Thailand. I like to write informative pieces about life in, living in Thailand, including topics like: Thai People, Thai Culture, Nightlife, Technology, and I have published a lot of photographs, videos, and even books on Thailand that you can find at ThailandeBooks.com. There are many photographs of Thailand here - feel free to share with attribution (a link back to the home page). All written content on this site by Vern Lovic. Contact me at Google+. View all posts by Vern


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ENTRIES TAGGED "steve jobs"
Publishing News: Betting on the Nobel Prize
Putting odds on the Nobel Prize, Jobs' biography to release early, and what a free Kindle could do.
The betting line on the Nobel Prize for Literature had an odd contender: Bob Dylan. Also, Steve Jobs' biography was moved up, and Mathew Ingram looked at the possible effects of a free Kindle.


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Social work, whether voluntary or paid, rests on an assumption that people with problems can be helped by outsiders who provide services that facilitate solutions. Hands predominate in icons used on social-work websites: holding hands, piles of hands, hands of different shapes and colours. I suppose these are meant to signify working together – mutuality – non-hierarchy – equality. But how many social-work situations involving a sex worker reflect those values? Take this news item from Los Angeles:
Getting tough on underage prostitution
LA County calls on legislators to toughen laws, while those who work with young prostitutes grapple with how to get them off the streets. "Children cannot give consent by definition," said Supervisor Mark Ridley-Thomas. McSweeney said there are times when deputies pick up an underage girl and take her to county social services. Often, he said, that girl will end up in a group home, flee the next day, and be back on the street that night. It's a revolving door, he said, and the system could use some tweaking.
Rejection of help is widely known amongst people who sell sex of all ages, yet to question ideas about helping is frowned upon. It is said people who are at least trying to do good deserve credit. Do they have to be perfect? At any rate, they are not employed as soldiers or bankers, they are socially involved, at least they care. But for most social workers, the job is just a job. They don't imagine themselves to be saints but do appreciate the security and respect associated with it. They would probably prefer to think their work is relevant and appreciated. Consider a news item from Texas:
Child sex trafficking seminar in Paris educates first responders
"You would think that if you ran across a child that was being used for sex trafficking that they would stand up and say help me and that's not the case," said Paris Regional Medical Emergency Director Doug LaMendola. "They are so mentally reprogrammed into submissiveness that they won't speak up."
It must be frustrating when help is rejected, but inventing psychological reasons is a dodge to avoid wondering if the projects could be improved. Some psy excuses used with women who sell sex are brainwashing, Stockholm Syndrome and acting out. Now consider a news item from Chicago:
Who's A Victim Of Human Sex Trafficking?
One recent Friday morning in a stuffy, crowded classroom at the Cook County jail in Chicago, a few women shared stories at a meeting of a group called Prostitution Anonymous. If they agree to get help, the women usually are not charged with prostitution in Cook County, though they may face other charges, from drug use to disorderly conduct.
Coercing people to participate in programmes is where social work touches bottom.
The idea that it's impossible to change the lives of those in need unless they want them changed reveals a key assumption: that those in helping positions by definition already know what everyone needs. What happens if the person to be helped doesn't accede to the helper's proposition? Help fails, as it so often does in the oldest and commonest attempts worldwide to help women who sell sex, known as Exit Strategies, Diversion Programs and Rehabilitation. Consider recent news from Oklahoma:
Teen prostitute leaves shelter to return to street life
"She was in protective custody and doesn't want any help," he said. "There is no indication of a drug history. That's the life she preferred. There is no telling how much money she was making."
Woodward said the teenager comes from a rough family in the Tulsa area. "She doesn't like her family, and she didn't want us to contact her family," he said.
Most women and young people who sell sex are simply not attracted by the alternative occupations or 'homes' offered that provide no flexibility, no autonomy, no street life, no way to have fun and pitiful money. Social workers can always point to people they know who appreciated some such project, but mainstream media provide examples of failure every week. The significant refusal here is on the social-work side, where not believing what people say they need guarantees that the situation for sex workers stays the same, despite endless hand-wringing and rhetoric about the need to help them.
–Laura Agustín, the Naked Anthropologist


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Rochester offers a bounty of special events from May through September, and this week's RBJ Daily Report Snap Poll asked readers to name their favorite. The plurality of respondents (by a wide margin) to this week's poll chose the Xerox Rochester International Jazz Festival.
The Jazz Festival, a nine-day event that wraps up June 29 this year, was selected by 30 percent of respondents. The annual event launched in 2002 attracts nearly 200,000 attendees and pumps more than $10 million into the Rochester economy each year, organizers say.
The 115th Lilac Festival at Highland Park, which drew an estimated 500,000 people during a 10-day stretch that ended May 19, was selected by 10 percent of respondents.
Ten percent also picked the Corn Hill Arts Festival, which this year is July 13 and 14 and features hundreds of artists, four stages of continuous live music and the Emerging Artists Expo.
Eight percent said their favorite is the Park Ave. Summer Art Fest, slated for Aug. 3 and 4 this year.
Of those who responded, some 43 percent said they go to three to five special events each summer. Twenty percent attend more than five, up from 2010 when in a similar Snap Poll 15 percent reported attending that many.
The Jazz Festival continues to grow in favor with poll respondents. In 2010, when the same question was asked, it was selected by 27 percent of readers, followed by the Lilac Festival with 14 percent. Park Ave. Summer Art Fest and Corn Hill Arts Festival were each selected in May 2010 by 10 percent of respondents.
In an August 2008 poll, some 19 percent selected Jazz Fest as their favorite. In that poll, 15 percent chose the Lilac Festival and 13 percent picked the Park Ave. Summer Art Fest.
Roughly 510 readers participated in this week's poll, which was conducted June 24 and 25.
What is your favorite summertime special event in the Rochester area?
Xerox Rochester International Jazz Festival: 30%
Lilac Festival: 10%
Corn Hill Arts Festival: 10%
Park Ave. Summer Art Fest: 8%
Fairport Canal Days: 6%
Wegmans LPGA Championship: 5%
M&T Bank Clothesline Festival: 4%
Imagine RIT: Innovation & Creativity Festival: 3%
Rochester Fringe Festival: 3%
Sterling Renaissance Festival: 3%
Waterfront Art Festival in Canandaigua: 3%
East End Festival: 2%
Finger Lakes Wine Festival: 2%
July 4th downtown fireworks: 2%
Big Rib Bar-B-Que and Blues Fest: 1%
Greentopia Festival: 1%
Festival of Food 1%
Other: 7%
How many Rochester-area special events do you typically attend each summer?
More than 5: 20%
3-5: 43%
1-2: 35%
None: 2%
Rochester may have more festivals per capita than any other comparably sized or bigger city. I think it's a fairly safe bet if another city has as many, the quality of Rochester's offerings stands above. Jazz Festival, Lilac Festival, Greentopia, Fringe Festival and more. A number are betting VisitRochester president and CEO (Don Jeffries) and VisitRochester will learn how to better-capitalize on our sum mass, our embarrassment of festival riches, and catapult our area into a true tourism-bonanza that will increasingly drive our economy. And then, there's Eastman School of Music's 800-plus concerts, annually.
—Ned Corman, Rochester
The Jazz Festival is the best, by far. The organization, scheduling and logistics are seamless and impressive. The music is exceptional, the crowds aren't rowdy or obnoxious like other festivals. Instead, they're enthusiastic and energetic. Plus, everyone is in a cheerful, happy mood. That's the perfect recipe for a good time.
—Rich Calabrese Jr., Rochester
There's no shortage of occasions to be proud to be a Rochesterian, but it is never more apparent than during the endless stream of summer festivals. While my personal favorite is the Corn Hill Festival, it's hard to go wrong with sunshine, music and food at any festival. Rochester summers may be short, but we make the most of them!
—Andrew T. Brady, Irondequoit
The Lilac Festival is lovely, historic, internationally known and just plain beautiful. It is also endangered. It should once again be elevated to a botanical event on par with the Philadelphia Flower Show. The entire carnival atmosphere should be replaced with gardening talks, quality nursery stock for sale, tours of the entire arboretum, stylish tea parties for children and adult women, a tribute to mothers on Mother's Day at the pansy bed and a number of other high quality, informative, educational programs for lovers of nature and culture. Oh, and let's have music that compliments the lilacs and flowers. This would draw a garden-obsessed crowd from around the county and the world instead of gangs who are looking for a place to show off vicious dogs and stage drug/alcohol-fueled fights. Bring back the world-famous Lilac Festival to all its glory.
—Eve Elzenga, Eve Elzenga Interior Design and Highland Park resident
(Greentopia) is the most unique and only "green" festival in Rochester. An abundance of information on living green. Awesome films, fashion show, vendors, food and music. For adults, children and families. You will not be disappointed!
—Chrisann Philipson
You forgot to list the free weekly Wednesday night concerts at Ontario Beach Park sponsored by the Ontario Beach Planning Committee. Those are a great free family event!
—Christine Ridarsky
Running this poll during the Jazz Festival probably skews the results.
—Ken Maher
For more comments, go to rbjdaily.com. To participate in the weekly RBJ Snap Poll, sign up for the Daily Report at staging.rbj.net/dailyreport.
6/28/13 (c) 2013 Rochester Business Journal. To obtain permission to reprint this article, call 585-546-8303 or email firstname.lastname@example.com.


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The Oakland Hills Country Club, South Course (ranked #25 in the world), was originally designed by Donald Ross in 1918. Walter Hagen was the first head pro at Oakland Hills. The South Course has played host to the U.S. Open six times: 1924, 1937, 1951, 1961, 1985 and 1996. It also hosted the 2004 Ryder Cup and the PGA Championship in 1972, 1979 and again this year.
Oakland Hills represents my 75th course played out of the top 100, only 25 to go!
Near the first tee of the South Course are plaques of all the players who have won championships at Oakland Hills. The most famous, of course, was Ben Hogan's victory in the 1951 U.S. Open when he famously said, "I am glad I brought this course, this monster, to its knees." He also said that it was "the greatest test of golf I have ever played and the toughest course." Oakland Hills was an early example of a real estate development linked to the building of golf course. When originally conceived in the early nineteen-teens lots were laid out for sale encircling the golf course.
Robert Trent Jones made significant changes to the course prior to the '51 Open and is credited with making the course a lot more strenuous. The sixth hole, seen below, is representative of what makes it a difficult course: its well placed bunkering, along with its length and tough greens. This hole also has a two-tiered green. As you would expect at a championship course of this calibre, the greens are very fast and have many challenging pin placements.
There is no respite once you get to this two-tiered green. The green is highly elevated from the fairway and slopes back to front. A less-than-ideal shot will roll back perhaps fifty or sixty yards to the bottom of the fairway.
Ross used the natural contours of the land here to create two fantastic back-to-back holes that announce to the golfer that the back nine is going to beat you up if you don't bring your 'A' game.
Similar to Valderrama's 17th hole, the 16th at Oakland Hills features a shaved area near the green that feeds shots hit short into the water.
Oakland Hills doesn't feel like a Ross design in the same way Pinehurst #2 or Seminole does, probably attributable to Jones' changes. The course has a more wide open feel to it than some of the other PGA courses I have played such as Oak Hill or Winged Foot, which I like, since I'm not a fan of tight tree-lined fairways.
As Robert Trent Jones wrote after his redesign of the course and the 1951 Open, "the field was thrown into utter confusion. Golfers of reputation staggered home with rounds high in the 70's and occasionally in the 80's." After playing the course, it is not hard to see why. Hogan aptly called it "A Monster." Although a man of few words he comment to Jones' wife after the 1951 Open that, "if your husband had to play the courses he designed for a living, I'm afraid you'd be in a breadline." Touche!


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