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Good morning, Mr. Chairman, and members of the subcommittee. Thank you for inviting the General Services Administration (GSA) to appear before you today to describe our security program for GSA-controlled Federal workspace.
We have no more important duty than to assure the physical safety and peace of mind of the Federal employees who work in, and the members of the public who visit, the space that we own or lease on behalf of the Federal Government. The job is monumental: nearly one million Federal workers and uncounted millions of visitors, thousands of children and their day-care providers, not to mention passers-by, depend on us to keep them safe from harm and to make sure that the work of the government goes on peacefully. We operate more than 1,800 government-owned buildings and more than 6,200 leased locations spread throughout the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and Guam.
Within days after a terrorist bomb destroyed GSAs Murrah Federal Building and took 168 lives in Oklahoma City, on April 19, 1995, we embarked upon a program that has significantly upgraded security in the facilities under our control. Since that awful day, we have:
Supervised the placement of nearly 8,000 security countermeasures recommended by lay committees in Federal buildings;
Nearly doubled the size of our uniformed Federal Protective Service Officers, from 376 officers to a planned strength of 724 (with all but 52 actually on board);
More than doubled the number of contracted guards in Federal work locations, from 2,300 to more than 5,000;
Enhanced intelligence-sharing with other Federal law enforcement agencies; and,
Revised our policies to provide more protected sites for many new buildings and to discourage co-locating low-risk agencies with higher-risk ones.
We have redirected training and duties of our security force and issued revised design criteria for new and renovated Federal buildings.
All this comes at a cost, of course. The BSC countermeasures, which include large numbers of security screening and surveillance devices and additional personnel to monitor them, have come at a capital cost of 148 million, and with additional operating costs totaling $249 million, for a cost of $397 million since 1995. Virtually all of this cost has been funded through the Federal Buildings Fund, except for a small supplemental appropriation in fiscal year 1995.
While no one wants to put a price on preventing violence, we do note that when and where we have requested our tenants to pay for the additional security measures, their demand for the measures drops significantly.
Additionally, the task is complicated by the fact that the vast majority of our facilities exist to provide services to the American public. They must be open and readily accessible to Americansand foreigners, toowith legitimate business to conduct in the facilities. We pay some price for maintaining our buildings as a face of democracy in their communities, but we are the Public Buildings Service, and intend to remain so.
Measuring Success
Before describing the progress we have made delivering the specifics of our security program, I would like to talk about measuring results. As you know, I have been trying to manage PBS by the numbers by establishing outcome-oriented performance measures. Security is no exception. We are struggling to develop meaningful performance measures. Other security organizations, both public and private, are trying to do the same thing. Until we settle on those measures over the next few months, we can report the following results.
Criminal activity reported in our buildings has declined steadily since 1995. During 1997, the number of crimes against persons decreased by 6 percent and the number of crimes against property decreased by 3 percent.
We have had a 31 percent increase in the number of weapons violations that we have caught. During 1997, we recorded 612 offenses.
We also know that our security measures have made our tenants feel more safe. Results of recent customer surveys conducted by the International Facility Management Association (IFMA) indicate high levels of satisfaction with our security measures.
Security Upgrades in Federal Facilities
President Clinton ordered an interagency review, headed by the U.S. Marshals Service, which produced findings and recommendations that were published on June 28, 1995, in a Department of Justice (DOJ) report entitled "Vulnerability Assessment of Federal Facilities." The report recommended that GSA carry out recommended security improvements for existing facilities and for new construction through consultation with building-level security committees and security experts.
The DOJ report recommended that each Federal facility be enhanced with a minimum set of security standards based on its specific needs. The standards focused on four primary areas: perimeter security; entry security for access of people, packages, and mail into a building; interior security for prevention of criminal or terrorist activities inside the facility; and security planning. Using DOJ report criteria, we categorized GSA-controlled facilities into four security levels with Level I buildings requiring the least security measures and Level IV the most.
We also established more than 6,500 Building Security Committees (BSCs) -- made up of tenant agency representatives, building employees, and union representatives and conducted building-by-building reviews of Federal facilities under our control. The building surveys looked at many items, including occupancy, construction, location of child care centers, public access, on-site parking, and security screening at entrances.
Based on their reviews, the BSCs recommended and GSA approved some 8,000 security upgrades. These recommendations included hiring more contract security guards, limiting access to entry points in facilities, restricting parking, installing closed-circuit television cameras and monitors, installing x-ray machines and magnetometers, and instituting closer scrutiny of employee and visitor identification.
We undertook an enormous task under tight time and financial constraints to improve security in Federal facilities under our control, and we have made significant progress.
Security Program Overview
Since 1995, we have increased the size of our uniformed force of police officers from 376 to 672 and we are recruiting an additional 52. In addition, the Federal Protective Service has some 500 other personnel: physical security specialists, criminal investigators, and support. The Service directs over 5,000 privately contracted security guards, up from 2,300 in 1995, who provide access and egress control, visitor and employee identification, security equipment monitoring, and foot patrols on building perimeters.
Increasing security has been an expensive endeavor, as we noted before. Funding for upgrades has come from the Federal Buildings Fund the rental income from our customer agencies that provides for the operation, maintenance, and repair of GSA-owned space, and payments to lessors. Beginning in FY 1999, we will charge our customers for the actual operating costs associated with the BSC security enhancement. As our customers begin to understand the cost of heightened security, they are beginning to take another look at their security requirements.
Of the nearly 8,000 security upgrades identified in building-by-building reviews of our facilities, we have completed over 90 percent. In many cases, the remaining improvements are more difficult: they require building redesigns or renovations with a longer lead time. Our goal is to complete them by the end of fiscal year 1998. As the Building Security Committees continue the ongoing process of reviewing security and making additional recommendations, we have received 162 new recommendations and have implemented 32 percent of them.
The delivery of the security countermeasure program has been an enormous task and has not gone without some hitches. In December 1997, the GSA Inspector General (IG) issued a report on the implementation of security countermeasures in the National Capital Region. The IG identified a number of countermeasures which were inaccurately reported as complete. I immediately asked the IG to expand his review to other regions. The IG has issued additional reports for Regions 1, 4, and 7. I directed all of our regions to review and either validate or complete all of the countermeasures recorded as completed in our tracking system.
We have reviewed and reconciled 75 percent of the countermeasures recorded in our tracking system. Our goal remains to complete implementation of all countermeasures by the end of fiscal year 1998 and, at the same time, continue work on the new recommendations that we have received from the BSCs.
We have learned much from our work and the IGs review. We found some problems. We developed an inflexible countermeasure tracking system that does not allow us to deal with changing security requirements and led to data inaccuracies. We need to work more closely with Building Security Committees. We also may have found a handful of instances of false reporting. We are investigating those vigorously.
Remember that immediately after the Murrah building bombing, GSA was trying to develop management systems at the same time that we were establishing 6,000 Building Security Committees, reviewing and approving 8,000 security upgrades, and shifting funds in order to deliver the security program. At this point though, I will not be satisfied until we are 100 percent complete and we have systems in place to ensure that new requirements are identified, tracked, and completed in the most expeditious manner.
Leadership of the Interagency Security Committee
In addition to our work with our own inventory, GSA has a critical governmentwide role. On October 19, 1995, the President issued Executive Order 12977 to improve governmentwide coordination of security initiatives. The order created an Interagency Security Committee (ISC), chaired by the Administrator of General Services, and tasked the committee to develop and evaluate security standards for Federal facilities. The ISC is responsible for establishing policies for the security and protection of Federal facilities and is overseeing the implementation of security measures in Federal facilities. The ISC established a number of working groups to address specific security issues.
Accomplishments of these groups include a study of minimum security standards for all non-GSA controlled facilities, recommendations for sharing security intelligence, a memorandum of agreement for court security, and draft security design criteria for new construction and modernization projects. I would like to provide a couple of examples of the ISCs work and GSAs implementation of ISC recommendations.
Changes in Design and Construction Criteria
Following the issuance of the DOJ report, GSA convened a Construction Standards Working Group of the Interagency Security Committee to develop a strategy for implementing the design and construction aspects of physical security in construction and renovation programs. This working group began its discussions, and its subsequent meetings with experts, with the premise that Federal buildings are facilities that must be both secure and accessible for Federal employees and public visitors. The primary goal of the ISC/GSA security design criteria is to prevent death and injury and, secondarily, to protect assets. In the event of a major terrorist or criminal act, our structural, mechanical, electrical, and life-safety criteria are aimed at facilitating safe evacuation and rescue.
GSA has adopted the working groups security design and construction criteria for its own new construction projects and major renovation projects. We conduct a security risk assessment at the earliest stages of project programming. We have also used the security design criteria to make design changes in our construction projects where possible.
I should mention one other activity falling under the Construction Standards Working Group that has received a lot of attention -- the use of polymer film to make windows shatter-proof. The force of the blast at the Murrah building caused the windows to shatter into tiny shards, which killed or injured many victims. Before beginning a wholesale program to retrofit existing windows in all Federal facilities, the ISC Construction Standards Working Group recommended further study of the performance of polymer film.
In 1996, we asked the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to evaluate the shatter protection performance of polymer film. NIST found no evidence that polymer film measurably reduces the possibility of damage caused by flying glass from explosive blasts. Given this analysis, we asked the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to conduct blast tests to determine the performance of polymer film and other glazing configurations. The strength of the glazing units was primarily related to the thickness of the glass. The test results focused our attention on the importance not just of the capacity of the window glazing material itself, but also the supporting structural walls, the anchorage (bite retention), and the window framing in order to maximize total window system strength.
GSA uses the ISC draft security design criteria for new construction and for retrofitting windows in our existing buildings. As the Corps blast tests suggest, we determine the most appropriate retrofit solution (e.g., polymer film, laminates, blast curtains, or polycarbonate panels) by examining each individual building, using security risk assessments, engineering recommendations, cost benefit analyses, and, of course, the recommendations of our tenant agencies. To make a cost-effective decision, we consider the life cycle of the building, the life cycle of the alternative glazing solutions, and their life-cycle costs.
Security Costs
Construction Costs.
Employing security design criteria developed by the ISC Construction Standards Working Group has added 3 to 4 percent to the cost of constructing courthouse facilities, primarily for enhancements to the structural system, exterior envelope, and perimeter security systems to mitigate blasts.
Security Charges.
Since the establishment of the Federal Buildings Fund, GSA has assessed a charge for security in Federal buildings and in leased buildings. After the fund had been in operation for several years, it became clear that some agencies, because of their mission requirements, needed a different level of security. For those buildings, which numbered about 1000 in 1995, GSA provided additional security, usually through the use of alarm systems and security guards. The cost of this added service was added to the benefiting agencies Rent bills, pro rata among the agencies occupying the building.
After the bombing of the Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City and the resultant decision that the Federal government should improve security in many locations, GSA funded, from the authority given to GSA, principally in the appropriations acts for fiscal years 1996 and 1997, nearly a quarter of a billion dollars in new security devices and installations. The operating costs associated with these improvements, most commonly associated with screening entrants to the buildings through the use of guards, magnetometers, and x-ray machines, have also been paid for by GSA, beginning in fiscal year 1996 through the present. In fiscal year 1999, these added operating costs (approximately $120 million per year) will be included in agencies Rent bills. Agencies received notice of these costs, with the details down to the building level, as a part of the annual estimate GSA sends its customers for budgeting purposes, in June 1997.
Delivering Excellent Security Programs:
People and Organization
Federal Protective Service Officers
In response to recommendations in the DOJ report, the President directed GSA to review its security program requirements and to identify resources needed to enhance and expedite security countermeasures. In response, GSA developed a resource allocation model to determine new workload requirements for the Federal Protective Service (FPS) officers. The study, which was conducted for GSA by Booz, Allen and Hamilton and issued in September 1995, recommended increasing the size of GSAs uniformed force of police officers from 376 to 724. As of April 1998, the Federal Protective Police Officer strength stood at 672.
In January 1996, we revised the position description of our journeyman non-supervisory Federal Protective Service police officers to include additional investigative duties. We reclassified their positions and upgraded their grade level from GS-06 to GS-08. The Office of Personnel Management (OPM) subsequently conducted a position management review in regions we selected and found that most officers were not performing the more complex, higher-graded investigative work. As a result, in July 1997, OPM officials prohibited further hiring and promoting of officers to the GS-08 journeyman level.
Our primary concern is our ability to recruit and retain the best possible FPS officers in order to ensure the safety of employees and visitors in our facilities.
New Directions
In April 1998, the Federal Protective Service held a 3-day charrette an architectural term for an intensive group planning process to consider how we might better perform the functions of the Service and match its security and law enforcement expertise with the needs of the tenant community. Participants in the "Achieving Excellence in Public Buildings Security" workshop included GSA managers and union representatives, as well as representatives of the Departments of Justice and Interior, Social Security Administration, and the American Society for Industrial Security.
The working group developed recommendations, integrating both ongoing and new initiatives, for improving our responsiveness to tenant agencies; for strengthening our investigative, criminal intelligence, and physical security training; and for increasing the integration of security functions with building design, location, and operations activities.
We are already upgrading training for our Federal Protective Service officers, adding a 2-week course tailored to their mission at the end of the eight week long basic training course all FPS officer recruits take at the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center in Glynco, Georgia. We are expanding training requirements for our physical security specialists and giving intelligence analysis training to all our criminal investigators. We have armed all our officers with the 9 mm semiautomatic handgun.
We are reviewing the statutory jurisdictional authority of our officers. For example, we are concerned that jurisdiction currently is restricted to Federal property, except in hot pursuit of a person suspected of committing a felony on GSA-controlled property. We believe that some limited area surrounding Federally-controlled space should be included in the routine patrol jurisdiction. There are other aspects of jurisdiction that may need some revision.
However, we strongly oppose suggestions that have been made to divorce the Federal Protective Service from the Public Buildings Service and make it an independent service within GSA. Security needs to be tightly integrated into the location, design and operation of federal buildings. Our security is financed out of revenues collected by the Public Buildings Service. Making the FPS "independent" of PBS will seriously harm our efforts to provide tight and seamless security.
The focus of GSAs security program is to protect people while in our buildings. It is a challenging, costly, and ongoing task. We are committed to ensuring Federal employees and visitors safe, secure access to our Federal facilities.
This concludes my prepared statement. I would be pleased to answer any questions you may have.


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subset: commoncrawl


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History Writing Resources Center
Before making your appointment, please note:
- We offer 50-minute appointments that start at the beginning of the hour.
- Please schedule only one appointment at a time; follow-up consultations can be made after the initial meeting.
- Be sure to bring a hard copy of your work so far.
- If possible, please bring a copy of the prompt or instructions for your assignment.
- If you experience any technical difficulties in scheduling an online appointment, please [[write1,email us]].
Book an appointment online:
Book here
50-minute appointments are available Monday through Friday at 10:00, 11:00, 1:00, 2:00, 3:00, and 4:00
About Us
The History Writing Resource Center, located in 347 James Blair Hall, is the history department's dedicated consultation center for all student research and writing assignments. We work with history students at all levels, from those new to writing about history to advanced students working on their honors thesis.
The HWRC is staffed by Ph.D. students from the department. We have extensive experience in writing, researching, editing, and grading all types of history papers. We have all taught our own history courses at William & Mary, and have worked with undergraduate students in the history department for years.
Our center provides consultations for history department writing assignments, or for courses cross-listed with the history department. If your paper does not meet these criteria, or if you are looking for ESL assistance, we encourage you to schedule an appointment with the Writing Resources Center at Swem Library.
Excellence in writing is hard work, but it is crucial to your success at William & Mary and in the future. We look forward to working with you.
Contact Us
347 James Blair Hall | [[write1]] | 757- 221-3756


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Components purporting to belong to the forthcoming iPad mini have leaked online. If genuine, they suggest that Apple may be borrowing some design cues from the new iPhone 5.
The pictures come courtesy of a Ukranian blog (appropriately titled UkranianiPhone), and seem to show the final rear panel component of a smaller iPad device – dubbed the iPad mini. Previously we've only seen mock-ups.
While the form factor revealed by these components is nothing new, they do reveal that Apple is using the same black anodised aluminium finish as can be found on the iPhone 5. You know, the one that's been chipping off all over the place.
The leaked rear panel component also appears to confirm that the iPad mini will indeed have a rear-facing camera – something its chief rivals the Amazon Kindle Fire HD and the Google Nexus 7 do not have.
Unlike the iPhone 5, the headphone socket for the iPad mini will be on the top of the device.
We reported yesterday that invites for an iPad mini launch event were rumoured to be going out on October 10, with an October 17 launch event in view. This would likely lead to a November 2 release date, if Apple were to stick to its launch habits.
It's widely believed that the iPad mini will feature a 7.85-inch display and an ultra-thin body in order to compete with two tablets that have finally managed to take the fight to the full-size iPad. The aforementioned 7-inch Nexus 7 and the original Kindle Fire have proved to be big successes.
A large part of that success has been down to price, with both rival tablets retailing for less that £200. It's perhaps unsurprising to hear reports that the iPad mini will possibly retail for a similar price. We could be in for one heck of a scrap this Christmas.
More Tablet News >


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Watch Live: President Obama Signs Farm Bill at MSU
President Obama landed at the Capital Region International Airport Friday and is expected to sign the Farm Bill recently passed by the US Senate. He will be speaking at MSU's McPhail Equine Performance Center and will be standing with Senator Debbie Stabenow.
Visit the following links for more on the president's visit to East Lansing.
- MSU Ready to Welcome Obama
- Protestors in Place for Obama Visit to MSU
- Obama to Meet with Detroit's Mayor
You can watch the president speak and sign the bill at around 2:00pm in the embedded video player below.


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NEW YORK (MarketWatch) — Stocks on Wall Street rose on Friday, posting gains for a third consecutive week after strong earnings from General Electric Co. and encouraging news about the U.S. debt ceiling.
The S&P 500 Index SPX, -0.25% climbed 5.04 points, or 0.3%, to end at 1,485.98, its highest close since December 2007, leaving it up 1% for the week. The benchmark had broken out to the upside on Thursday, with 1,475 now seen as a support level. Read more on technical factors affecting stocks
The industrial sector led gains and technology was the only laggard among the S&P 500's 10 major industry groups.
"The picture is much brighter than it's been, probably since 2007," said Carol Pepper, chief executive of Pepper International. Read about payroll-tax hurdle confronting U.S. stock market.
News from Washington provided a jolt of optimism. House Majority Leader Eric Cantor said Friday that the House of Representatives will vote next week to authorize a three-month increase in the debt ceiling in order to give Congress time to pass a budget. Read: Republicans seek a three-month debt-ceiling increase.
Unless Congress raises the debt ceiling, the U.S. government will run out of money to pay its bills. A short-term extension of the debt limit would be positive, though it will not provide a long-term solution to the U.S. deficit. Sooner or later, Congress and President Obama must agree how to reduce the deficit and avoid another downgrade of the U.S. credit rating. Read a commentary piece on calling the debt-ceiling bluff.
On Wall Street, the Dow Jones Industrial Average DJIA, -0.17% gained 53.68 points, or 0.4%, to end at 13,649.70; it rose 1.2% for the week.
Leading gains on the Dow, General Electric shares GE, -0.27% climbed 3.5% after its earnings beat estimates.
Shares of Intel INTC, -0.27% slumped 6.3%, the worst on the blue-chip average, a day after the semiconductor maker said it was bracing for a third consecutive quarter of declining sales, illustrating the global move to mobile devices and away from personal computers. Santa Clara, Calif.-based Intel said it would invest about $13 billion in equipment this year, with the spending topping what analysts had projected. Read more: Intel spending plan raises more worries.
While the Street hammered Intel's stock due to its spending plan, such a "massive capex-spending plan is good for the economy," said Pepper.
"Today folks are selling Intel because of their capital-expenditure announcement, yet the market appears like it is going higher on China," said Art Hogan, market strategist at Lazard Capital Markets. "GE called out China as a positive influence on the quarter." Read: GE touts China profit role after Asia stocks post strong gains.
Back to 1987
for stocks?
Our Trading Deck has been home to a spirited debate over whether we're in for a crash.
• L.A. Little: Don't worry | Michael Gayed: Worry
• The warning signs of a 1987-style crash
• Hulbert: Stocks as overvalued as at 2007 high
In addition to earnings, investors contended with mixed economic news, including a positive report on Chinese growth and downbeat data on U.S. consumer confidence. China's economy expanded 7.9% in the fourth quarter compared with a year earlier, beating expectations. Read: China's economy grows more than expected.
In the U.S., however, the University of Michigan-Thomson Reuters reported its initial read on consumer sentiment fell to 71.3 in January from 72.9 in December. Read: Consumer sentiment declined in January.
While analysts had projected sentiment to rise, Pepper and Hogan played down the index's preliminary decline.
"The fact that you're seeing retail sales coming in much better than what was expected for the fourth quarter is a better indicator of consumer sentiment," according to Pepper. "That really happened."
"The Grinch didn't steal Christmas," observed Hogan at Lazard.
Among individual stock movers on Friday, Capital One Financial Corp. COF, -0.40% shares fell 7.5% after the credit-card lender's fourth-quarter results missed expectations.
Shares of another credit-card issuer, American Express Co. AXP, -0.32%, dropped 1.6% after the firm reported a slump in quarterly earnings.
Also in the financial sector, S&P 500 component Morgan Stanley MS, -0.57% rallied nearly 8% after the brokerage's earnings topped estimates and its revenue got a lift from its institutional-securities business. Read more on Morgan Stanley.
Bucking the positive trend on Friday, the Nasdaq Composite Index COMP, -0.30% slipped 1.30 points, or 0.04%, to 3,134.71. Still, the index gained 0.3% for the week.
Apple Inc. AAPL, +0.62% fell 0.5% to end at $500. Apple, which is due to report quarterly results on Wednesday, has seen its shares slump 3.9% this week following concerns that demand for the iPhone 5 has been weak. Read blog on how investors may be overlooking Apple's opportunity in emerging markets.
More than 1 billion shares traded on the New York Stock Exchange. Composite volume topped 3.79 billion.
While many investors tend to focus on the short-term outlook, it is worth considering where the stock market will be four years from now, according to Mark Hulbert. Read why Hulbert forecasts below-average returns in that time frame.


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What a joke lol. Might as well have the fastest NFL players race against Olympic track stars. McGregor dabbles in boxing as part of a wide range of dozens of techniques he has to master for the UFC ring. He's 28, meaning he's spent around 1/15th (Really, really rough guess but fair enough) of his training time over his 10 year career working on boxing, and practicing those skills against others who work on boxing even less. He's had very little pure boxing practice.
Vs a 40 year old with 22 years of experience with purely boxing, who has practiced nothing but boxing, against nothing but the worlds best boxers, who has never been defeated in 49 matches vs those boxers. By the numbers, Mayweather has boxed around 200x more than McGregor over their lives, and McGregors experience is limited to training and really weak boxing opponents in the UFC ring.
Everyone hyping the fight keeps talking about the "punchers chance" McGregor has and its so disrespectful to Mayweather and the sport of boxing in general. He has no punchers chance, he has no hope of landing anything meaningful on history's best defensive fighter. McGregor will punch himself out of energy within 5 rounds and Mayweather will laugh his way to an easy decision.


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Piotr Mochniej
Born in Poland in 1953, in times of deep, gloomy socialism.
The graduate of several upper schools where the only acceptable design was the one based on the ideas of le Corbusier, where the only material to work on was a simple panel of fibreboard.
He has always been fascinated by wooden constructions, cabinetmaking and interior design.
His début in 1973: "3 x yes" - multifunctional solid wood furniture produced for forestry workers.
In 1978 he concentrated on design projects and the production of "Generation 60", a range of generously-sized solid wood furniture.
He then set up 'Pamex Team' to work on his own innovative, visionary ideas. This group was forced to close down several years later following accusations that it was promulgating pro-capitalist ideas.
After the fall of Communism he began a collaboration with German architects for the company Gbe in Frankfurt.
During the 1990s he founded his own company, 'Lupus 73', making solid wood furniture and experimenting with other materials.
2000: collaboration with Phenix Team and the German company Kontrast; new projects; worked on the 'p-3' collection.
2005: collaboration with Ligne Roset.


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Pixim's Orca-E digital imager
Pixim whose Digital Pixel System technology revolutionizes how security cameras capture and process images, announces a new member of its popular Orca'Ñ¢ chipset family. The Orca-E digital imager significantly improves low-light performance, retaining superb Orca image quality and color fidelity, even in variable and high-contrast lighting conditions. The enhanced Orca-E sensor design and new exposure modes yield a dramatic 16dB (2.5 f-stops) of additional sensitivity while maintaining pin compatibility with earlier Orca chipsets.
Visit www.pixim.com
ISC West Booth No. 3109
Product Category:


text:
Hotel de Ville, originally uploaded by still awake.
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Find great stuff to read in Google Reader
Have you ever clicked the "Reader" link at the top of your Gmail inbox and ended up in Google Reader, kind of unsure about what to do next?
We realize this happens from time to time, so to help people get started with Reader, we asked a bunch of prominent journalists, techies, fashion critics, and foodies for their lists of favorite sites and blogs. We compiled their reading lists and made them accessible to everyone at google.com/powerreaders, where you can explore and subscribe to lists from Thomas Friedman, Arianna Huffington, Paul Krugman, the editors of Lifehacker, Boing Boing, Kottke.org, and many more.
Whether you're new to Google Reader or already have an extensive reading list, we hope this will be a good place to find great stuff to read. And if you want to create your own reading list to share with others, you can do that too.


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Notes from The Gambia
(Editor's note: The people and places in this essay have been disguised to protect their identities.)
When The Gambia, the smallest country on the African continent, is written about in the Western press, it is often described as a sunshine-drenched tourist haven, a cheap beach party, a quick flight from colder climes.
On the coast, near the airport and the tourist hotels, the roads are paved and usually well lit. Normally there is clean water. There is often electricity. Sometimes there are usable sanitation facilities. Leaving the tourist areas and entering rural Gambia, however, the roads are so bad that vehicles have to crawl around the potholes and skirt the edges of the eroded shoulders. It takes half a day to travel 100 kilometers. The accessible clean water and electricity and sanitation facilities disappear. Moving upcountry into rural areas, it becomes clear why the UN Development Programme, in the most recent Human Development Report, ranked The Gambia 155 out of 177 countries. Yes, it is green and inviting and warm, but here in rural Gambia life is poor and difficult and often precarious.
In the rainy-season world, many diseases are common. Sneezing and coughing punctuate every sentence. Scratches fester and swell with pus. Pregnant and lactating women lose weight. The children suffer from malnutrition, adults from type 2 diabetes. Pneumonia is common, as is malaria, especially among pregnant women; they are at increased risk because they are bitten by mosquitoes twice as frequently as non-pregnant women.


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Map of the Internet 2.0 Poster
Designer Martin Vargic has released an updated version of his Map of the Internet 2.0 that creates what looks like a vintage-style map. However, this version plots out the major websites and technology companies, with related sites grouped together on the same continent. The sizes of the websites on the map are scaled relative to their number of visitors, so bigger sites show as bigger geographic regions.
Second version of our flagship project, the Map of the Internet.
This conceptual work of cartography treats major internet sites and enterprises such as Google, Yahoo, Microsoft, HP, and Apple like sovereign states, on a classic map of the world. To explain the dominance and relationships of these entities, they were all given a visual hierarchy that gives prominent treatment to companies with the most users (or sites with the most visitors), surrounding them with smaller countries representing related websites and services.
This poster includes one full map of the internet, 4 minimaps showcasing NSA surveillance, most used social networks, most used internet browser, and worldwide internet penetration, list of Alexa Top 500 websites, quick timeline of the Internet History, top software companies and much more!
The map includes more than 250 separate websites/enterprises as sovereign states, and more than 2000 separate labels.
A high-resolution version is available online, and you can also order 24" x 36" printed posters on Zazzle.
This what I call a 2nd level design, which means it's a highly detailed design that is meant to present a ton of information to the audience. This type of design isn't trying to communicate a key message in a few seconds, but is intended for readers to zoom-in and explore.
Found on Business Insider
on 2014-05-17 16:14 by Randy
Martin has started an Indiegogo project to fund a fully interactive version of the Map of the Internet: https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/interactive-map-of-the-internet/
After a major media boom about my map of the internet, I decided to bring the project into the whole new level. I want to create a fully-interactive zoomable version of the Internet Map, updated according to approximate real-time online stats, and with a wide multitude of clickable interactive elements. It is going to be be available for everyone, both for educational and entertainment use, and will be released both as an android&iOs app, and in the form of an online interactive website.


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Whether it's the multitude of digital media or the traditional press and broadcast media, audiences now have more choice than ever before. For media and entertainment companies, integration and adaptability are becoming critical success factors.
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Award-winning musical instrument and audio equipment manufacturer Peavey Electronics® is proud to release the new MiniMax™ bass amplifier head.
Offering cutting-edge technology in a compact, lightweight package, the MiniMax delivers 400 Watts of powerful, rich low end. With DDT™ speaker protection and Peavey's exclusive psycho-acoustic low end enhancement that adds bass without overburdening speakers, the MiniMax contains an impressive set of features and is available at a price accessible to today's working bassist.
The MiniMax is capable of a huge array of tones and is adaptable to any live or studio setting. A 3-band EQ with Punch, Mid-shift and Bright controls provides a multitude of tone-shaping options, while the built-in chromatic tuner allows for easy tuning on the fly. In addition, the MiniMax pre-gain control with TransTube® gain boost adds a tube-like crunch to the sound.
Featuring the rock-solid construction for which Peavey is known, the MiniMax can withstand years of rigorous touring use, and the convenient back panel of the MiniMax has all the connectivity necessary to patch in effects or connect to a sound reinforcement system. The MiniMax can be paired with Peavey's Headliner™ series of bass enclosures to complete a reliable, ultra lightweight professional bass system.
• 400 Watts (rms) into 4 ohms
• DDT™ speaker protection
• Pre-gain control with TransTube® gain boost
• 3-band EQ with Punch, Mid-shift and Bright controls
• Psychoacoustic low end bass enhancement
• Built-in direct output with ground lift and pre/post switch
• 1/8" aux input
• 1/8" phones output
• Chromatic tuner with speaker and DI mute
• Two twist-lock combo 1/4" outputs
• Built-in effects loop
• Active & Passive inputs
• Weight: 5.00 lbs
• Measurements: L= 10.750" W = 6.625" H = 2.800"


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Update 7/15: We've talked with some distributors and the retail price of the Nomiku will be $359. This is the last chance to get the Nomiku with the Kickstarter discount!
Press for Nomiku:
MAKE - Our true maker story!
Engadget - "It's dead simple to use, and is about the same size as a hand blender, so most folks won't have a problem finding a place for it in their kitchen."
CNET - "Certainly in the case of the Nomiku, the capability to use it with existing kitchen accessories is a positive, not only because it is a space-saver, but it makes it affordable too."
Wired Gadget Lab - "By making any pot in the house a sous vide with a portable device that can be stored in cabinet, the Nomiku could be a great addition to a foodie kitchen."
LA Weekly's Squid Ink - "Want to make a cheap cut of steak or bunch of carrots melt like butter? Throw them in a thermal immersion circulator for a half-day and revel in the results."
Serious Eats - "I really dig the styling of the prototype, the seemingly easy-to-use controls, the large control face, and its versatility."
Food 52 - "Everyone should be able to bring a little sous vide to their kitchen. Here's to the end of overcooked meat, everywhere."
Let's cook better.
Hello, we are Q, Abe, and Bam. We created an immersion circulator for sous vide cooking called the Nomiku. It is beautiful and scientifically accurate enough for the professional chef, but made for the home cook.
Sous vide is a simple process that uses precise heat to create perfect dishes. Just put your desired ingredients into a bag, give it an airtight seal, and then rest it in a Nomiku controlled water bath. The resulting food is tender, moist, and other-worldly delicious.
Sadly, sous vide machines in the past have been too expensive ($1000+!) and complicated (six buttons?) for the home cook. Happily, the Nomiku has one knob that you turn to adjust the temperature and a screen that displays the temperature. You press the screen to turn the Nomiku on and off. The Nomiku clips on to any pot you already own and can be stored away after use; it is the most compact immersion circulator in the world. Other home sous vide machines like the Sous Vide Supreme don't circulate water.
Throughout our sous vide adventure we have always been active members of the maker community and voracious eaters. We wanted to share sous vide with the world so we created BagSoakEat.com for sous vide recipes and made a DIY kit for hackers from our little Lower East Kitchen. It became quite clear to us that if we really wanted to get everyone sous viding it would take more than a kit--- we'd have to make a consumer appliance.
While we taught classes bi-coastally to spread the good DIY cheer, we were also gearing up for a 111 day hardware accelerator (the first of its kind) called Haxlr8r in ShenZhen, China. Through the program we created a working prototype of the Nomiku and developed solid relationships with ethical facilities. Now, we just need the cash to press the go button on production. Our Nomiku prototype floored everyone at Q and Abe's wedding by making perfectly cooked steaks. The chefs at Brooklyn Botanic Garden's Palm House are now converts to the sous vide method. :-)
Our machine has been vetted by some of the best people in the appliance industry and they stand behind our design and technology. Dr. Abe Fetterman, co-founder and plasma physicist, worked closely with Dragon Innovation engineers who made the Roomba to make the guts of the Nomiku. Bam, co-founder and industrial designer, closely aligned the design ideas from our mentors at IDEO to make a beautiful and accessible appliance. He's also worked with Zoku in the past. Q, co-founder, is not a top chef, but she is a pretty good cook. She's tested over 100 sous vide recipes using our prototypes since the beginning of the fun a year ago (and we've made a lot of friends along the way).
With your help, we can all start eating and sharing great food.
Here's what your contribution towards the $200,000 will go towards:
- Component costs.
- Tooling and mechanical costs.
- Assembly and testing costs.
- Final engineering to get UL and CE approval.
Building a kitchen appliance takes more than just hardware. We need to rigorously test each Nomiku so it accurately and safely makes amazing dishes.
It is only with your support that we can bring the Nomiku into production. We'd be honored to have you on board and grow with us. At the $299 mark you can get your very own Nomiku! Do we have some recipes we want to share with you!!
Here are some specs to get you better acquainted with the Nomiku:
- Heater output: 750 Watts.
- Circulation rate: 10 L/min.
- Temperature accuracy: 0.2° C.
- Temperature stability: 0.1 C.
- Display: 1.3" full color OLED.
- Minimum water height: 4 inches.
- Live switching between Celsius and Fahrenheit.
- Separate 120V (US + Canada) and 220V versions (the 220V version will work with 220V-240V, and will ship in March)
Our goal is to create the best immersion circulator for home cooks so everyone can have sous vide in their kitchen arsenal. Eating and sharing perfect food shouldn't be out of your reach.
We are deeply humbled and inspired by your interest in our project and hope you'll share it with your friends and family members that love food.
Soundtrack by Drexler, Ball Point Pen. Licensed through withetiquette.com
Update 6/30: Thanks for helping us reach our goal in only 11 days! We've introduced new reach goals with rewards for everyone pledging at $299 or higher:
At $300,000, we will include a physical copy of our booklet and recipe cards with all of the pledged Kickstarter Nomikus.
At $400,000, we will open up the parties in NYC, SF and Chicago to everyone who pledged for a Nomiku.
Update 7/15: Wow! We reached all of these goals! You guys are amazing! We've decided to add events in two cities to be voted on at the close, and will add another city for every $25k over $400k!


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While no longer in production the KP-101s are still owned and listened to by Klipsch fans around the world. To connect with other people who are passionate about audio and interested in Klipsch products visit our open forum bulletin board.
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festival preview / savings / coupons
Holiday Edison / nj
November 15, 16, 17, 2019
buying tickets when you get to the show?
print this coupon for $1 off admission!*
*coupon must be printed
Festival Layout
Take a glimpse into the upcoming Sugarloaf Crafts Festival with a preview of some of the best-selling Sugarloaf artists. From sparkling fine jewelry designs to delicate ceramics to fine art photography, and everything in-between. You'll find stunning examples of Sugarloaf exhibitor work here, perfect to help you plan your trip!
Looking for a specific artist? Search or browse Fall Edison Artists, or contact us with any questions.


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Even if your crew has taken all the necessary precautions in paying out cable and handling the reels, a cable pull can still go sour if you damage the cable's outer insulation during the process. However, with the help of a few calculations and a working knowledge of arithmetic, you can prevent problems in recently energized feeders by calculating the maximum allowable pulling tension for any installation — and you don't even need to know calculus.
Mathematical proficiency aside, you do have to know the following installation parameters:
- Raceway size
- Cable configuration
- Correction factor for cable weight
- Jamming potential
- Conductor clearance
- Sidewall bearing pressure
Now, let's see how these factors apply in a sample pulling tension calculation.
Fig. 1. Diagram of proposed 15kV feeder installation.
Sample power feeder installation
Suppose you're involved in a design/build project for a paper mill and your client needs a 400A, 15kV feeder to run as shown in Fig. 1 (right). The client has required all feeders on the site to be pull-in-pull-out type in galvanized rigid steel (GRS) conduit. The client has also stipulated you use 90°C, single-conductor, grounded neutral, MV cables with tape shielding; XLPE insulation; and an overall PVC jacket. After referring to NEC Table 310.73, size the feeder at 500kcmil. With these requirements in hand, check with the cable manufacturer and you'll find the MV cable you need has an outer diameter (d) of 1.60 in. and a weight of 2.2 lb/ft.
Now it's time to size the conduit. Table 1 in Chapter 9 of the NEC, states the allowable percentage of conductor fill is 40%. You can calculate the total area of the three MV cables using the following equation:
Area = 3 x (pi ÷ 4) x d2
Area = 3 x .785 x 1.602
Area = 6.03 sq. in.
In this situation, Table 4 (Rigid Metal Conduit) in Chapter 9 of the NEC calls for a 5-in. conduit. This conduit size will allow you to slip under the allowable percentage of conductor fill by 10%.
Fig. 2. The number of single-conductor cables of equal weight and diameter and the ratio of the raceway inside diameter to the conductor outside diameter will determine the geometric positions in which the cables sit.
Position makes a difference
It may not seem important, but each cable's geometric position (Fig. 2 right) has a unique effect on the amount of frictional force, or drag, the conductors endure during the pull. In addition, the positioning affects the weight factor. By using the ratio of the raceway's inside diameter (D) to the conductor's outside diameter (d), you can find what geometric position you can expect to see.
Although the position of one cable is easy to predict (see option A in Fig. 2), other positions are not as obvious:
- Triangular (option B in Fig. 2): This occurs when you pull three individual conductors from three separate reels, and their D/d ratio is less than 2.5. If you pull individual triplexed conductors from a single reel, they also will sit in this position.
- Cradle (option C in Fig. 2): This position may occur when you pull three individual conductors from three separate reels, and their D/d ratio is between 2.5 and 3.0. This position is the least favorable because it yields the worst-case scenario of drag during the pull.
- Diamond (option D in Fig. 2): This position occurs when you pull four individual conductors from four separate reels, and their D/d ratio is less than 3.0. If you pull quadruplexed individual conductors from a single reel, the multiconductor cable will also sit in this position.
To determine how the conductors will sit in the conduit, refer to Table 4 for the inside diameter (D) of the 5-in. GRS conduit, which is 5.07 in. Use the ratio of the conduit's inside diameter (D) to the cable's outside diameter (d) to find how the single conductors will sit in the conduit. In this case, this ratio is:
D ÷ d
5.07in. ÷ 1.60 in.
= 3.17
Because this ratio results in a number greater than 3.0, the individual conductors will sit in a cradle configuration in the conduit.
Conductors "weigh" more than you think
Now that you know the cable positioning, it's necessary to determine how the conductors' weight will affect the pull.
Weight correction factor is important because when you pull two or more conductors in a raceway, the sum of the forces developed between the conductors and the raceway is always greater than the sum of the individual conductor weights.
Table 1. Weight correction factor equations.
The equations in Table 1 (right) for determining weight correction factor for specific installations are based on the inside diameter of the raceway and the outside diameter of the conductor.
When you have three single conductors of equal diameter and weight (which is the most common scenario), you can expect a higher weight factor for the cradle position than the triangular position. What does this mean to you? It means you should assume the conductors would sit in the cradle position (unless you are pulling triplexed individual conductors from a single reel), because this will yield a higher and more conservative pulling tension calculation. Use the following equation to find the weight correction factor:
W = 1 + {(4 ÷ 3) x [d ÷ (D-d)2}
W = 1 + {(4 ÷ 3) x [160 ÷ (3.47)2}
Don't jam those cables
When sizing your raceway system, you should always consider the possibility of cables jamming or wedging. This usually occurs when you have three or more individual conductors lying side by side in a single plane. As you pull the conductors through a bend, the curvature of the bend tends to squeeze the conductors together.
However, if you're pulling one or two conductor cables, a multiconductor cable with an overall jacket, or a nonjacketed multiconductor cable made of a triplexed or quadruplexed conductor assembly, you probably don't have to worry about jamming.
Use the following formula to determine the likelihood of jamming. Use the inside diameter of the raceway and the outside diameter of the individual conductor:
1.05 x (D ÷ d)
The constant 1.05 factor is a reflection of the fact that bends are actually oval in the sectional view.
- If the value is less than 2.5, you will not have a jamming problem.
- If the value is less than 3.0 but greater than 2.8, jamming is very possible.
- If the value is greater than 3.0, you won't have a jamming problem.
Note: Keep away from jam ratios of 2.8 to 3.2 for Type MV extruded dielectric power cables.
Using the values for inside diameter of the raceway and the outside diameter of the individual conductor from the example, you get the following value:
1.05 x (D ÷ d)
1.05 x (5.07 in. ÷ 1.60 in.)
= 3.33
Because this calculation results in a number greater than 3.0, you probably won't have a jamming problem.
Conductors need headroom, too
Don't forget you must also have adequate clearance between the uppermost conductor and the top of the raceway to ensure a safe and easy pull. For straight pulls, you can have a clearance as small as ¼ in. and still be safe. For more complex pulls, you should have between ½ in. and 1 in.
Table 2. Clearance equations.
Use the equations in Table 2 (right) on page 42 (which are based on worst-case scenarios) to find the clearance distance for a given raceway and cable sitting position. Note that these equations include a 5% increase (a factor 1.05) to compensate for variations in cable and raceway diameters and the oval shape of the raceway sections at bends. However, because the conductors in the current example will sit in the cradle position, you will not need to check for clearance.
Table 3. Coefficients of friction of raceway/cable configurations.
Calculating the pulling tension
Now that you've checked most of the factors that affect cable pulling, it's time to start calculating the pulling tension, using the following equation:
T = L x w x f x W
where T is the total pulling tension (lb), L is the length (ft) of cable feeder you're pulling, w is the total weight (lb/ft) of the conductors, f is the coefficient of friction (usually 0.5 for well-lubricated conditions), and W is the weight correction factor. (See Table 3 for coefficients of friction of various raceway/cable configurations.)
Table 4. Tension multipliers for various bending radii. Note: These multipliers are based on a coefficient of friction of 0.5. If the coefficient of friction is 1.0, you must square the multiplier. If the coefficient of friction is 0.75, you must raise the multipier to the 1 1/2 power.
Assuming you're pulling from Point A to Point H, you should begin the calculation in incremental parts. Refer to Table 4 for bend multiplier values:
Step 1: TA-B = 10 ft x 6.6 lb/ft x 0.5 x 1.28
TA-B = 42 lb
Step 2: TA-C = TA-B 90° bend multiplier
TA-C = 42 lb x 2.2
TA-C = 92 lb
Step 3: TC-D = 75 ft x 6.6 lb/ft x 0.5 x 1.28
TC-D = 317 lb
Step 4: TA-D = TA-C + TC-D
TA-D = 92 lb + 317 lb
TA-D = 409 lb
Step 5: TA-E = TA-D x 90° bend multiplier
TA-E = 409 lb x 2.2
TA-E = 900 lb
Step 6: TE-F = 635 ft x 6.6 lb/ft x 0.5 x 1.28
TE-F = 2,682 lb
Step 7: TA-F = TA-E + TE-F
TA-F = 900 lb + 2,682 lb
TA-F = 3,582 lb
Step 8: TA-G = TA-F x 90° bend multiplier
TA-G = 3,582 lb x 2.2
TA-G = 7,880 lb
Step 9: TG-H = 30 ft x 6.6 lb/ft x 0.5 x 1.28
TG-H = 127 lb
Step 10: TA-H = 7,880 lb + 127 lb
TA-H = 8,007 lb
Based on the proper calculations, you'll need approximately 8,000 lb of pulling tension to pull the 15kV conductors, but you're not done yet.
Cables are sensitive to pressure on their walls
The final step in the cable-pulling process is determining whether the pulling tension will compromise the conductor's sidewall bearing pressure limit. When you pull a cable or individual conductors through a raceway bend or around a sheave, sidewall bearing pressure (SWBP) develops between the cable or conductor wall and the bend or sheave.
This pressure has a very dramatic effect on power feeder raceway system design because it relates directly to the radii of bends, pulling tension, and the cable or conductors' weight. Most of the time, you can omit this weight factor from your SWBP calculation because it's relatively small in comparison to pulling tension.
Table 5. Sidewall bearing pressure (SWBP) equations.
Usually, SWBP is expressed in terms of tension out of the bend (lb), divided by the bend radius (ft). The calculated result is a unit of force-per-unit-length. Use the equations in Table 5 (right) to find the SWBP for various cable/raceway configurations and specific radius bends. If you're pulling a multiconductor cable, use the single-conductor equation. Looking at Table 5, you can see that as you increase the bend radius, the SWBP decreases. In addition, each equation defines the specific conductor in each conductor position that will experience the maximum crushing force:
- Cradle position: center conductor.
- Diamond position: bottommost conductor.
- Triangular position: bottom two conductors.
Triangular position: bottom two conductors.
Refer to Table 6 (right) for recommended SWBP limits for various cable types and constructions. You can use these limits in your raceway system design efforts. For example, if the design calls for pulling three single-conductor 600V XLPE conductors around a bend and your pulling tension calculation yields a value of 3,600 lbs, then the minimum bend radius would be 3,600 lbs divided by 1,200 lbs/ft, or 3 ft. Verify the three 90° bends have a sufficient radius to limit the SWBP on the conductors to 750 lb.
Because tension TA-C (92 lb) is relatively small, you can use standard elbows and not worry about exceeding the 750-lb SWBP limit. Tension TA-G, however, is another matter — it is imperative that you don't exceed the 750-lb SWBP limit.
Use the SWBP equation for a cradled position and solve for radius (R):
SWBP = [(3W - 2) x T] ÷ 3R
750 = {[(3 x 1.28) - 2] x 7,880} ÷ 3R
R = 14,499 ÷ 2,250 = 6.44 ft
This means you need to bend a 10-ft length of conduit into a large-radius sweep. (You'll need the extra length to compensate for the bend.)
Pulling cable is hard enough if you know what you're doing, so failing to follow the proper procedure can make the job that much more arduous, not to mention pointless if your feeders fail shortly after the pull. Because even the slightest oversights in determining maximum allowable pulling tension can cause problems in new feeders, it's crucial that you implement the correct calculations to get the job done right the first time.


text:
Large Bel Air Estate Lists for $65 Million
Also, Dodgers Co-owner Bobby Patton Buys New Mexico Ranch
Liongate, a Los Angeles estate once owned by country singer Kenny Rogers, will be listed for $65 million with Hilton & Hyland, the brokerage said.
With two concrete lions at the front gate, the hillside estate is being enlarged to around 24,000 square feet from 9,359 square feet, according to listing agent Mia Trudeau. The renovation project has taken three years and is now virtually completed, she said.


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teat(redirected from teat angulation)
Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Encyclopedia.
1. the pigmented projection at the tip of each breast; it is smaller in men than women. In women it gives outlet to the lactiferous ducts. Called also mammary papilla, mammilla, and teat.
2. any structure shaped like the nipple of the breast; see papilla.
The nipples are located slightly to the side rather than in the middle of the breasts. Usually, the size of the nipple is in proportion to the size of the breast, but large nipples may be found on small breasts and vice versa.
Surrounding the nipple is a pigmented area called the areola. The color of the areola varies with the complexion. In childless women, it is usually reddish. During pregnancy it increases in size and darkens in color, becoming almost black in brunettes. The color fades after the milk-producing period ends. The tip of the female nipple contains tiny depressions that are openings of the lactiferous ducts. During pregnancy special care should be given the nipples. Any secretion that accumulates should be gently washed off. If the nipples are tender, the physician will advise the use of cold cream, cocoa butter, lanolin, or another emollient to increase their pliability.
The nipples are located slightly to the side rather than in the middle of the breasts. Usually, the size of the nipple is in proportion to the size of the breast, but large nipples may be found on small breasts and vice versa.
Surrounding the nipple is a pigmented area called the areola. The color of the areola varies with the complexion. In childless women, it is usually reddish. During pregnancy it increases in size and darkens in color, becoming almost black in brunettes. The color fades after the milk-producing period ends. The tip of the female nipple contains tiny depressions that are openings of the lactiferous ducts. During pregnancy special care should be given the nipples. Any secretion that accumulates should be gently washed off. If the nipples are tender, the physician will advise the use of cold cream, cocoa butter, lanolin, or another emollient to increase their pliability.
nip·ple(nip'ĕl), [TA]
A bulblike or buttonlike projection at the apex of the breast on the surface of which the lactiferous ducts open; it is surrounded by a circular pigmented area, the areola.
Synonym(s): papilla mammae [TA], mammilla (2) , papilla of breast, teat (1) , thele, thelium (3)
[dim. of A.S. neb, beak, nose (?)]
teat(tēt) nipple (1).
teat(tēt, tĭt)
A nipple of the mammary gland; a mamilla.
teat′ed adj.
nip·ple(nip'ĕl) [TA]
A blunt conic projection at the apex of the breast on the surface of which the lactiferous ducts open; it is surrounded by a circular pigmented area, the areola.
Synonym(s): mammilla (2) , teat (1) , thelium (3) .
Synonym(s): mammilla (2) , teat (1) , thelium (3) .
[dim. of A.S. neb, beak]
1. The pectoral surface of the thorax.
2. The organ of milk secretion; one of two hemispheric projections situated in the subcutaneous tissue anterior to the pectoralis major muscle on either side of the thorax or chest of the mature female; it is rudimentary in the male.
Synonym(s): mamma [TA] , teat (2) .
Synonym(s): mamma [TA] , teat (2) .
[A.S. breōst]
pa·pil·la, pl. papillae (pă-pil'ă, -ē) [TA]
Any small, nipplelike process.
See also: dental papilla
Synonym(s): teat (3) .
See also: dental papilla
Synonym(s): teat (3) .
[L. a nipple, dim. of papula, a pimple]
nipple, especially the large nipples of ruminants; the cistern of the mammary gland opens into the teat cistern (lactiferous sinus) which communicates with the exterior through the teat canal(s) or lactiferous duct(s), of which there may be one (cow), two (mare), or several (sow, bitch). The openings of these ducts are kept closed by a sphincter muscle. When the lactating female is stimulated to let down her milk the teat cistern fills with milk under pressure. At other times the teat is limp. See also teat cup, teat cup liner, teat dip, teat sinus.
accessory teat
a supernumerary teat, especially a small one; very common in cows; may be attached to secreting mammary tissue; may have separate ductal systems or be offshoots from an existing, major duct.
teat angulation
teats which stick out at an angle instead of straight down are an inconvenience in a modern milking parlor especially if automatic cup placers are in use. Considered to be an inherited defect.
teat blackpox
see black spot (1).
blind teat
characterized by the obvious presence of milk in the mammary gland but no milk can be gained through the teat orifice, nor can a teat cannula or sound be passed into the mammary gland cistern. The defect may be congenital with all or any part of the teat cistern and canal not present, or the defect may be at the junction of the teat and gland cisterns. Acquired permanent blockage of the duct system is usually due to trauma, occasionally infection, and can similarly be at any point in the teat cistern or duct. See also blind quarter.
bottle teat
a cow's teat with a very distended base tapering down to a narrow neck at the tip; resembles an inverted bottle. They are a defect because of the difficulty in putting on the teat cups.
teat calculus
mineralized concretions in the mammary ductal system; called also lactolith, milk stone.
teat cannula
short, narrow, 1 inch diameter round-pointed metal or plastic tube used to pass from the exterior, through the teat canal and into the teat cistern. Used to relieve pressure in the gland when the teat canal is obstructed. Well-designed ones have a bulge followed by a constriction near the hub so that the tube is self-retaining. Called also teat tube.
teat chap
superficial erythema, soreness due usually to continued wetting; a sequel to use of a too concentrated or otherwise irritant teat dip.
teat cistern
the cavity inside the teat. Called also teat sinus.
congenital teat defect
includes supernumerary teats, fused teats, absence of the mammary gland and teat, absence of a teat canal or cistern, imperforate udder cistern orifice, teat angulation in cows; in sows insufficient teats, teats too far posteriorly, inverted or vestigial teats.
teat dipping
the dipping of teats of dairy cows in a long-acting disinfectant at the end of each milking. It is an essential part of the NIRD mastitis control program. See also teat dip.
teat fibroma
rare tumor of heifer teats.
teat fibrosarcoma
rare tumor of heifer teats or udder.
teat fistula
laceration of the teat wall in a lactating cow results in a permanent leaker so that milk drains out continuously and the quarter is at great risk from infection.
teat flora
considered to be normal, i.e. without pathogenetic significance, in dairy cows-Staphylococcus hyicus, S. epidermidis, Corynebacterium bovis, coagulase negative staphylococci.
fused teat's
two teats joined together along their length, with a common teat cistern.
imperforate teat
a congenitally obstructed teat due to failure of formation of the teat canal (lactiferous duct).
insufficient teat's
12 is minimal in sows.
teat inversion
the tip of the teat is inverted so that the meatus of the teat canal is in a hollow. The end of the teat may close over the sphincter and obstruct it during sucking; an inherited defect in sows.
teat leak
see teat fistula (above).
teat lesions
common site for lesions caused by epitheliotropic viruses, e.g. cowpox, mammillitis; trauma common cause, tread lesions in housed cows, barbed wire cuts in cows at pasture; infections, e.g. udder acne transmitted by teat cup liners or milker's hands.
milking machine teat injuries
see black spot.
misplaced teat
e.g. too far back in sows so that piglets cannot get access when the sow is lying down.
teat necrosis
in piglets born onto rough, abrasive floors; may not be apparent until mature.
teat occlusion
due usually to tread trauma; rarely a congenital defect in which case all teats are usually affected.
teat orifice
the opening to the papillary duct; normally held closed by the sphincter muscle in the wall of the teat and elastic tissue around the orifice. Invasion through the orifice is the primary route in the causation of most cases of mastitis.
teat papillomas
are better described as fibropapillomas of the bovine teat. May be long tag-like structures, or white sessile nodules 0.5 inch diameter or ricegrain nodules all caused by different strains of a papovavirus.
teat photosensitive dermatitis
part of a generalized dermatitis (except in poisoning by corticosteroid); characterized by localization of inflammation to lateral teat surface.
teat polyp
in teat cistern causes intermittent obstruction requiring surgical removal.
rudimentary teat
standard equipment in males; inherited defect in cows.
teat sanitization
cleaning and disinfection before milking; most farmers reduce this to a wash with running cold water followed, in meticulous parlors, by drying with a paper towel.
teat sealers, teat sealant
are materials used to aid in bovine mastitis control.
1. a polyvinylpyrrolidone preparation used to put on teat skin to seal milk orifice and protect skin against infection for long periods.
2. an inert preparation to be infused into the teat at drying off to protect against new infections during the dry period.
teat siphon
see teat tube (below).
teat slitter
a surgical instrument in the form of 2 mm diameter tube containing a sharp cutting blade concealed in its tip. The slitter is introduced into the teat cistern in the closed position, opened so that the blade protrudes and then withdrawn so as to slit the stenosed sphincter.
teat slough
as part of gangrene of the gland.
teat sphincter
the muscle in the teat wall around the external orifice of the teat; its relaxation is necessary for the rapid expulsion of milk during 'let-down'.
teat sphincter contracted
due usually to injury; milking is uneven with much milk left in the affected quarter; requires surgical dilation.
teat spider
membranous obstruction of the teat canal.
teat stenosis
partial obstruction of the teat canal or cistern as a result of injury or inflammation.
teat stripping
removing the last of the milk in the teat after machine milking by occluding the teat at the top between the thumb and forefinger and then pulling downwards so as to express all the milk from the teat. See also machine stripping, hand stripping, handmilking.
supernumerary teat
see supernumerary teats; see also accessory teat (above).
teat tube
a 1.5 mm diameter metal or plastic tube with a tapered end for insertion in the external orifice of the cow's teat. Exit from the lumen is via holes in the side wall of the tube. Vary in length from 1.5 to 4 inches depending on purpose. Used mostly for the infusion of medicament into the teat and udder, but also for clearing the teat canal and cistern of debris and for evacuating milk from a quarter with a blocked teat. Called also teat siphon, teat cannula.
teat tuberculoid granulomas
granulomas in the teat wall and lower udder contain Mycobacterium terrae. See also enzootic nodular thelitis.
teat ulcerative dermatitis
deep ulcers in cows bedded on infected straw.
vestigial teat
rudimentary non-functional teats.
teat wart
see teat papillomatosis.
Patient discussion about teat
Q. how do i teat my no sperm count? i do not have a live sperm,how can i treat and have live sperm count
A. The treatment is done only at specialist centers, and consists first of evaluation of the reason for this condition (called azoospermia). If an anatomical malformation is found, it may be corrected, as well as medical conditions, and in some cases, direct extraction of sperms from the testes (called MESA) enables in-vitro fertilization.More discussions about teat
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