text:
E-cigs vs. T-cigs
Electronic cigarettes may be less harmful in the UK than cigarettes but may still be dangerous. Under which circumstances should a person use ecigs? Will they fill your body with plastic?
Electronic cigarettes can contain propylene glycol or vegetable glycerine with nicotine (and in at least two cases polyethylene glycol 400) to form a solution that when heated by an atomizer, produces a visible vapour that provides nicotine to the bloodstream via the lungs when inhaled.
Electronic cigarettes have not been studied enough by scientists in laboratories to form conclusive evidence that their use is either beneficial or harmful to humans. However, some are concerned that unknown side-effects could occur with continuous, consistent use of electronic cigarettes, including cancer.
Behaviour surrounding their use is worrisome because e-cigs are being used habitually by a percentage of non-smokers who otherwise would not use nicotine, they may seem attractive to children, they are not closely regulated, and their use makes it very easy to overdose on nicotine even for experienced smokers.
UK Electronic Cigarettes and E-Liquid
Disassembled parts of a first generation e-cigarette. A. LED light cover B. battery (also houses circuitry) C. atomizer (heating element) D. cartridge (mouthpiece) Parts of a second generation e-cigarette. An electronic cigarette is a battery-powered vaporizer.[1] The primary parts that make up an e-cigarette are a mouthpiece, a cartridge (tank), a heating element/atomizer, a microprocessor, a battery, and possibly a LED light on the end.[2] An atomizer comprises a small heating element that vaporizes e-liquid and wicking material that draws liquid onto the coil.[3] When the user pushes a button,[4] or (in some variations) activates a pressure sensor by inhaling, the heating element then atomizes the liquid solution[5] The e-liquid reaches a temperature of roughly 100-250 °C within a chamber to create an aerosolized vapor.[6] The user inhales the aerosol, commonly called vapor, rather than cigarette smoke.[7] The aerosol provides a flavor and feel similar to tobacco smoking.[1] There are three main types of e-cigarettes: cigalikes, looking like cigarettes; eGos, bigger than cigalikes with refillable liquid tanks; and mods, assembled from basic parts or by altering existing products.[8] As the e-cigarette industry continues to evolve, new products are quickly developed and brought to market.[9] First generation e-cigarettes tend to look like tobacco cigarettes and so are called "cigalikes".[10] Most cigalikes look like cigarettes but there is some variation in size.[11] Second generation devices are larger overall and look less like tobacco cigarettes.[12] Third generation devices include mechanical mods and variable voltage devices.[10] The fourth generation includes Sub ohm tanks and temperature control devices.[13] The power source is the biggest component of an e-cigarette,[14] which is frequently a rechargeable lithium-ion battery.[15] A later-generation box mod e-cigarette. Image courtesy of Ecigclick An e-cigarette is a handheld battery-powered vaporizer that simulates smoking, but without tobacco combustion.[1] Once the user inhales, the airflow activates the pressure sensor, and then the heating element atomizes the liquid solution.[5] Most devices have a manual push-button switch to turn them on or off.[16] E-cigarettes do not turn on by trying to "light" the device with a flame.[4] The e-liquid reaches a temperature of roughly 100-250 °C within a chamber to create an aerosolized vapor.[6] However, variable voltage devices can raise the temperature.[17] A glycerin-only liquid vaporizes at a higher temperature than a propylene glycol-glycerin liquid.[17] Rather than cigarette smoke, the user inhales an aerosol, commonly but inaccurately called vapor.[7] E-cigarettes do not create vapor between puffs.[18] Vaping is different than tobacco smoking, but there are some similarities with their behavioral habits, including the hand-to-mouth action and a vapor that looks like cigarette smoke.[1] E-cigarettes provide a flavor and feel similar to smoking.[1] A noticeable difference between the traditional cigarette and the e-cigarette is sense of touch.[1] A traditional cigarette is smooth and light but an e-cigarette is rigid, cold and slightly heavier.[1] Since e-cigarettes are more complex than traditional cigarettes, a learning curve is needed to use them correctly.[19] Compared to traditional cigarettes, the general e-cigarette puff time is much longer, and requires a more forceful suction than a regular cigarette.[20] The volume of vapor created by e-cigarette devices in 2012 declined with vaping.[1] Thus, to create the same volume of vapor increasing puff force is needed.[1] Later-generation e-cigarettes with concentrated nicotine liquids may deliver nicotine at levels similar to traditional cigarettes.[21] Many e-cigarette versions include a voltage potentiometer to adjust the volume of vapor created.[4] The amount of vapor produced is controlled by the power from the battery, which has led some users to adjust their devices to increase battery power.[6] An ordinary cigarette compared to a "cigalike" e-cigarette E-cigarettes are usually approximately cylindrical, with many variations: pen-styles, tank-styles etc.[22] Some e-cigarettes look like traditional cigarettes, but others do not.[19] There are three main types of e-cigarettes: cigalikes, looking like cigarettes; eGos, bigger than cigalikes with refillable liquid tanks; and mods, assembled from basic parts or by altering existing products.[8] The primary parts that make up an e-cigarette are a mouthpiece, a cartridge (tank), a heating element/atomizer, a microprocessor, a battery, and possibly a LED light on the end.[2] The only exception to this are mechanical e-cigarettes (mods) which contain no electronics and the circuit is closed by using a mechanical action switch.[23] E-cigarettes are sold in disposable or reusable variants.[8] Disposable e-cigarettes are discarded once the liquid in the cartridge is used up, while rechargeable e-cigarettes may be used indefinitely.[24] A disposable e-cigarette lasts to around 400 puffs.[25] Reusable e-cigarettes are refilled by hand or exchanged for pre-filled cartridges, and general cleaning is required.[4] A wide range of disposable and reusable e-cigarettes exist.[26] Disposable e-cigarettes are offered for a few dollars, and higher-priced reusable e-cigarettes involve an up-front investment for a starter kit.[19] Some e-cigarettes have a LED at the tip to resemble the glow of burning tobacco.[21] The LED may also indicate the battery status.[1] The LED is not generally used in personal vaporizers or mods.[2] First-generation e-cigarettes usually simulated smoking implements, such as cigarettes or cigars, in their use and appearance.[10] Later-generation e-cigarettes often called mods, PVs (personal vaporizer) or APVs (advanced personal vaporizer) have an increased nicotine-dispersal performance,[10] house higher capacity batteries, and come in various shapes such as metal tubes and boxes.[27] They contain silver, steel, metals, ceramics, plastics, fibers, aluminum, rubber and spume, and lithium batteries.[28] A growing subclass of vapers called cloud-chasers configure their atomizers to produce large amounts of vapor by using low-resistance heating coils.[29] This practice is known as cloud-chasing.[30] Many e-cigarettes are made of standardized replaceable parts that are interchangeable between brands.[31] A wide array of component combinations exists.[32] Many e-cigarettes are sold with a USB charger.[33] E-cigarettes that resemble pens or USB memory sticks are also sold for those who may want to use the device unobtrusively.[34] As the e-cigarette industry continues to evolve, new products are quickly developed and brought to market.[9] Various types of e-cigarettes. First-generation e-cigarettes tend to look like tobacco cigarettes and so are called "cigalikes".[10] The three parts of a cigalike e-cigarette initially were a cartridge, an atomizer, and a battery.[35] A cigalike e-cigarette currently contains a cartomizer (cartridge atomizer), which is connected to a battery.[35] Most cigalikes look like cigarettes but there is some variation in size.[35] They may be a single unit comprising a battery, coil and filling saturated with e-juice in a single tube to be used and discarded after the battery or e-liquid is depleted.[10] They may also be a reusable device with a battery and cartridge called a cartomizer.[12] The cartomizer cartridge can be separated from the battery so the battery can be charged and the empty cartomizer replaced when the e-juice runs out.[10] The battery section may contain an electronic airflow sensor triggered by drawing breath through the device.[12] Other models use a power button that must be held during operation.[12] An LED in the power button or on the end of the device may also show when the device is vaporizing.[36] Charging is commonly accomplished with a USB charger that attaches to the battery.[37] Some manufacturers also have a cigarette pack-shaped portable charging case (PCC), which contains a larger battery capable of recharging the individual e-cigarette batteries.[38] Reusable devices can come in a kit that contains a battery, a charger, and at least one cartridge.[38] Varying nicotine concentrations are available and nicotine delivery to the user also varies based on different cartomizers, e-juice mixtures, and power supplied by the battery.[22] These manufacturing differences affect the way e-cigarettes convert the liquid solution to an aerosol, and thus the levels of ingredients, that are delivered to the user and the surrounding air for any given liquid.[22] First-generation e-cigarettes use lower voltages, around 3.7 V.[39] Second-generation PV. Second generation devices tend to be used by people with more experience.[12] They are larger overall and look less like tobacco cigarettes.[12] They usually consist of two sections, basically a tank and a separate battery. Their batteries have higher capacity, and are not removable.[10] Being rechargeable, they use a USB charger that attaches to the battery with a threaded connector. Some batteries have a "passthrough" feature so they can be used even while they are charging.[40][41] Second-generation e-cigarettes commonly use a tank or a "clearomizer".[12] Clearomizer tanks are meant to be refilled with e-juice, while cartomizers are not.[10] Because they're refillable and the battery is rechargeable, their cost of operation is lower.[10] Hovever, they can also use cartomizers, which are pre-filled only.[10] Some cheaper battery sections use a microphone that detects the turbulence of the air passing through to activate the device when the user inhales.[42] Other batteries like the eGo style can use an integrated circuit, as well as a button for manual activation. The LED shows battery status.[42] The power button can also switch off the battery so it is not activated accidentally.[43] Second generation e-cigarettes may have lower voltages, around 3.7 V.[39] However, adjustable-voltage devices can be set between 3 V and 6 V.[44] Third-generation PV. The third-generation includes mechanical mods and variable voltage devices.[45][46] Battery sections are commonly called "mods," referencing their past when user modification was common.[10] Mechanical mods do not contain integrated circuits.[46] They are commonly cylindrical or box-shaped, and typical housing materials are wood, aluminium, stainless steel, or brass.[47] A larger "box mod" can hold bigger and sometimes multiple batteries.[47] Mechanical mods and variable devices use larger batteries than those found in previous generations.[48] Common battery sizes used are 18350, 18490, 18500 and 18650.[49] The battery is often removable,[46] so it can be changed when depleted. The battery must be removed and charged externally.[46] Variable devices permit setting wattage, voltage, or both.[40][46] These often have a USB connector for recharging; some can be used while charging, called a "passthrough" feature.[40][50] Mechanical mods do not contain integrated circuits.[46] The power section may include additional options such as screen readout, support for a wide range of internal batteries, and compatibility with different types of atomizers.[12] Third-generation devices can have rebuildable atomizers with different wicking materials.[10][12] These rebuildables use handmade coils that can be installed in the atomizer to increase vapor production.[48] Hardware in this generation is sometimes modified to increase power or flavor.[51] The larger battery sections used also allow larger tanks to be attached that can hold more e-liquid.[47] Recent devices can go up to 8 V, which can heat the e-liquid significantly more than earlier generations.[39] A fourth-generation e-cigarette became available in the U.S. in 2014.[21] Fourth-generation e-cigarettes can be made from stainless steel and pyrex glass, and contain very little plastics.[13] Included in the fourth-generation are Sub ohm tanks and temperature control devices.[13] An e-cigarette atomizer with the coil (heating element) in view. An atomizer comprises a small heating element that vaporizes e-liquid and a wicking material that draws liquid onto the coil.[3] Along with a battery and e-liquid the atomizer is the main component of every personal vaporizer.[12] A small length of resistance wire is coiled around the wicking material and connected to the integrated circuit, or in the case of mechanical devices, the atomizer is connected directly to the battery through either a 510, 808, or ego threaded connector.[52] 510 being the most common.[52] When activated, the resistance wire coil heats up and vaporizes the liquid, which is then inhaled by the user.[53] The electrical resistance of the coil, the voltage output of the device, the airflow of the atomizer and the efficiency of the wick all affect the vapor coming from the atomizer.[54] They also affect the vapor quantity or volume yielded.[54] Atomizer coils made of kanthal usually have resistances that vary from 0.4Ω (ohms) to 2.8Ω.[54] Coils of lower ohms have increased vapor production but could risk fire and dangerous battery failures if the user is not knowledgeable enough about electrical principles and how they relate to battery safety.[55] Wicking materials vary from one atomizer to another.[56] "Rebuildable" or "do it yourself" atomizers can use silica, cotton, rayon, porous ceramic, hemp, bamboo yarn, oxidized stainless steel mesh and even wire rope cables as wicking materials.[56] A 45mm length, extra-long cartomizer. The cartomizer was invented in 2007, integrating the heating coil into the liquid chamber.[57] A "cartomizer" (a portmanteau of cartridge and atomizer.[58]) or "carto" consists of an atomizer surrounded by a liquid-soaked poly-foam that acts as an e-liquid holder.[3] They can have up to 3 coils and each coil will increase vapor production.[3] The cartomizer is usually discarded when the e-liquid starts to taste burnt, which usually happens when the e-cigarette is activated with a dry coil or when the cartomizer gets consistently flooded (gurgling) because of sedimentation of the wick.[3] Most cartomizers are refillable even if not advertised as such.[3][59] Cartomizers can be used on their own or in conjunction with a tank that allows more e-liquid capacity.[3] The portmanteau word "cartotank" has been coined for this.[60] When used in a tank, the cartomizer is inserted in a plastic, glass or metal tube and holes or slots have to be punched on the sides of the cartomizer so liquid can reach the coil.[3] eGo style e-cigarette with a top-coil clearomizer. Silica fibers are hanging down freely inside of the tank, drawing e-liquid by capillary action to the coil that is located directly under the mouthpiece. The clearomizer was invented in 2009 that originated from the cartomizer design.[57] It contained the wicking material, an e-liquid chamber, and an atomizer coil within a single clear component.[57] This allows the user to monitor the liquid level in the device.[57] Clearomizers or "clearos", are like cartotanks, in that an atomizer is inserted into the tank.[61] There are different wicking systems used inside clearomizers.[3] Some rely on gravity to bring the e-liquid to the wick and coil assembly (bottom coil clearomizers for example) and others rely on capillary action or to some degree the user agitating the e-liquid while handling the clearomizer (top coil clearomizers).[3][62] The coil and wicks are typically inside a prefabricated assembly or "head" that is replaceable by the user.[63] Clearomizers are made with adjustable air flow control.[64] Tanks can be plastic or borosilicate glass.[65] Some flavors of e-juice have been known to damage plastic clearomizer tanks.[65] Box mod e-cigarette fitted with a rebuildable dripping atomizer (RDA). A view of the RDA deck showing the wicks and coils, juice is dripped into a hopper where the wicks rest as well as atop the coil assembly. A rebuildable atomizer or an RBA is an atomizer that allows the user to assemble or "build" the wick and coil themselves instead of replacing them with off-the-shelf atomizer "heads".[10] They are generally considered advanced devices.[66] They also allow the user to build atomizers at any desired electrical resistance.[10] These atomizers are divided into two main categories; rebuildable tank atomizers (RTAs) and rebuildable dripping atomizers (RDAs).[67] Rebuildable tank atomizers (RTAs) have a tank to hold liquid that is absorbed by the wick.[68] They can hold up to 4ml of e-liquid.[69] The tank can be either plastic, glass, or metal.[65] One form of tank atomizers was the Genesis style atomizers.[68] They can use ceramic wicks, stainless steel mesh or rope for wicking material.[68] The steel wick must be oxidized to prevent arcing of the coil.[68] Another type is the Sub ohm tank.[69] These tanks have rebuildabe or RBA kits.[69] They can also use coilheads of 0.2ohm 0.4hom and 0.5ohm.[69] These coilheads can have stainless steel coils.[70] Rebuildable dripping atomizers (RDAs) are atomizers where the e-juice is dripped directly onto the coil and wick.[71] The common nicotine strength of e-liquids used in RDA's is 3 mg and 6 mg.[71] Liquids used in RDA's tend to have more vegetable glycerin.[71] They typically consist only of an atomizer "building deck", commonly with three posts with holes drilled in them, which can accept one or more coils.[51] The user needs to manually keep the atomizer wet by dripping liquid on the bare wick and coil assembly, hence their name.[71] Kanthal wire is commonly used in both RDA's and RTA's.[71] They can also use nickel wire or titanium wire for temperature control.[71] Variable devices are variable wattage, variable voltage or both.[40][46] Variable power and/or variable voltage have a electronic chip allowing the user to adjust the power applied to the heating element.[12][46] The amount of power applied to the coil affects the heat produced, thus changing the vapor output.[12][32] Greater heat from the coil increases vapor production.[32] Variable power devices monitor the coil's resistance and automatically adjust the voltage to apply the user-specified level of power to the coil.[72] Recent devices can go up to 8 V.[39] They are often rectangular but can also be cylindrical.[47] They usually have a screen to show information such as voltage, power, and resistance of the coil.[73] To adjust the settings, the user presses buttons or rotates a dial to turn the power up or down.[32] Some of these devices include additional settings through their menu system such as: atomizer resistance meter, remaining battery voltage, puff counter, and power-off or lock.[74] The power source is the biggest component of an e-cigarette,[14] which is frequently a rechargeable lithium-ion battery.[4] Smaller devices contain smaller batteries and are easier to carry but typically require more repeated recharging.[4] Some e-cigarettes use a long lasting rechargeable battery, a non-rechargeable battery or a replaceable battery that is either rechargeable or non-rechargeable for power.[26] Some companies offer portable chargeable cases to recharge e-cigarettes.[26] Nickel-cadmium (NiCad), nickel metal-hydride (NiMh), lithium ion (Li-ion), alkaline and lithium polymer (Li-poly), and lithium manganese (LiMn) batteries have been used for the e-cigarettes power source.[26] PV with variable and regulated power offering battery protection. Temperature control devices allow the user to set the temperature.[71] There is a predictable change to the resistance of a coil when it is heated.[75] The resistance changes are different for different types of wires, and must have a high temperature coefficient of resistance.[75] Temperature control is done by detecting that resistance change to estimate the temperature and adjusting the voltage to the coil to match that estimate.[76] Nickel, titanium, NiFe alloys, and certain grades of stainless steel are common materials used for wire in temperature control.[71] The most common wire used, kanthal, cannot be used because it has a stable resistance regardless of the coil temperature.[75] Nickel was the first wire used because of it has the highest coefficient of the common metals.[75] Mechanical PV with a rebuildable atomizer. The temperature can be adjusted in Celsius or Fahrenheit.[77] The DNA40 and SX350J are common control boards used in temperature control devices.[78] Temperature control can stop dry wicks from burning, or e-liquid overheating.[78] Mechanical PVs or mechanical "mods", often called "mechs", are devices without integrated circuits, electronic battery protection, or voltage regulation.[46] They are activated by a switch.[71] They rely on the natural voltage output of the battery and the metal that the mod is made of often is used as part of the circuit itself.[79] The term "mod" was originally used instead of "modification".[10] Users would modify existing hardware to get better performance, and as an alternative to the e-cigarettes that looked like traditional cigarettes.[32] Users would also modify other unrelated items like flashlights as battery compartments to power atomizers.[32][47] The word mod is often used to describe most personal vaporizers.[3] Mechanical PVs have no power regulation and are unprotected.[71] Because of this ensuring that the battery does not over-discharge and that the resistance of the atomizer requires amperage within the safety limits of the battery is the responsibility of the user.[79]
(Redirected from E-liquid) Aerosol (vapor) exhaled by an e-cigarette user.
Construction of electronic cigarettes UK
The aerosol of electronic cigarettes is generated when the e-liquid reaches a temperature of roughly 100–250 °C within a chamber.[1] The user inhales the aerosol, commonly called vapor, rather than cigarette smoke.[2] The aerosol provides a flavor and feel similar to tobacco smoking.[3] In physics, a vapor is a substance in the gas phase whereas an aerosol is a suspension of tiny particles of liquid, solid or both within a gas.[2] Vapor from an electronic cigarette simulates tobacco smoke, but the process of burning tobacco does not occur.[3] The aerosol is made-up of liquid sub-micron particles of condensed vapor,[4] which mostly consist of propylene glycol, glycerol, water, flavorings, nicotine, and other chemicals.[5] The various chemicals in the aerosol give rise to many issues concerning the safety of electronic cigarettes that have been much discussed.[2][5][6] After a puff, inhalation of the aerosol travels from the device into the mouth and lungs.[2] A 2014 review found that the particles emitted by e-cigarettes are comparable in size and number to particles in cigarette smoke, with the majority of them in the ultrafine range. The particles are of the ultrafine size which can go deep in the lungs and then into the systemic circulation. A 2014 review said local pulmonary toxicity may occur because metal nanoparticles can deposit in the lungs.[6] Others show that the quantities of metals emitted are minimal and permissible by medicinal standards.[5][7][8]Various bottles of e-liquid.
After the aerosol is inhaled, it is exhaled.[2] Emissions from electronic cigarettes are not comparable to environmental pollution or cigarette smoke as their nature and chemical composition are completely different.[5] The particles are larger, with the mean size being 600 nm in inhaled aerosol and 300 nm in exhaled vapor.[9] Bystanders are exposed to these particles from exhaled e-cigarette vapor.[6] There is a concern that some of the mainstream vapor exhaled by e-cigarette users can be inhaled by bystanders, particularly indoors, and have significant adverse effects.[10][11][12] Since e-cigarettes involve an aerosolization process, it is suggested that no meaningful amounts of carbon monoxide are emitted.[13] Thus, cardiocirculatory effects caused by carbon monoxide are not likely.[13] E-cigarette use by an expectant parent might lead to inadvertent health risks to offspring.[14] E-cigarettes pose many safety concerns to children.[14] For example, indoor surfaces can accumulate nicotine where e-cigarettes were used, which may be inhaled by children, particularly youngsters, long after they were used.[14]
E-liquid is the mixture used in vapor products such as electronic cigarettes.[15] The main ingredients in the e-liquid usually are propylene glycol, glycerin, nicotine, and flavorings.[16] However, there are e-liquids sold without propylene glycol, nicotine, or flavors.[15][17][18] The liquid typically contains 95% propylene glycol and glycerin.[19] Propylene glycol and glycerine are used to produce the vapor while the flavoring provides the taste and aroma.[20] The flavorings may be natural or artificial.[9] About 8,000 flavors exist as of 2014.[21] There are many e-liquids manufacturers in the USA and worldwide.[22] While there are currently no US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) manufacturing standards for e-liquid, the FDA has proposed regulations that were expected to be finalized in late 2015.[23] Industry standards have been created and published by the American E-liquid Manufacturing Standards Association (AEMSA).[24]
The vapor can contain nicotine and usually contains vegetable glycerin, propylene glycol, flavors and aroma transporters.[8] The nicotine levels in the vapor varies either from puff-to-puff or among products of the same company.[2] A 2015 report commissioned by Public Health England concluded that e-cigarettes "release negligible levels of nicotine into ambient air".[25] E-cigarettes without nicotine are also available.[26] The vapor may also contain tiny amounts of toxicants, carcinogens, and heavy metals.[6][8] Contamination with various chemicals has been identified.[9] E-cigarette makers do not fully disclose information on the chemicals that can be released or synthesized during use.[2] The metals have been found in trace amounts in the vapor, some of them at higher amounts than in cigarette smoke.[5] The peak concentration of nicotine delivered by e-cigarette use is comparable to that produced by conventional cigarette smoking.[27]An example of a commercial e-liquid and an advanced personal vaporizer.
E-liquid,[28] e-fluid, or e-juice[29] is the mixture used in vapor products including e-cigarettes.[15] E-Liquids come in many variations, including different nicotine strengths and many different flavors.[30] The main ingredients are propylene glycol, glycerine, and flavorings; and most often, nicotine in liquid form.[16] The liquid typically contains 95% propylene glycol and glycerin, and the remaining 5% being flavorings and nicotine.[19] E-liquid can be made with or without nicotine, with >90% of e-liquids containing some level of nicotine.[31] The most regularly used base carrier chemical is propylene glycol with or without glycerin.[6] E-liquid containing glycerin and water made without propylene glycol are also sold.[15] Unless clearly stated, it is uncertain whether the nicotine used in e-liquid is manufactured using a United States Pharmacopeia (USP) grade nicotine, a tobacco plant extract, tobacco dust or a synthetic nicotine.[32] Most e-cigarette liquids contain nicotine, but the level of nicotine varies depending on user-preference and manufacturers.[26] Although some e-juice is nicotine-free, surveys demonstrate that 97% of responders use products that contain nicotine.[17] A 2015 review suggests that 1% of users use liquid without nicotine.[33]
The primary parts that make up an e-cigarette are a mouthpiece, a cartridge (tank), a heating element/atomizer, a microprocessor, a battery, and possibly a LED light on the end.[34] An atomizer comprises a small heating element that vaporizes e-liquid and wicking material that draws liquid onto the coil.[35] When the user pushes a button.[36] or inhales a pressure sensor activates the heating element that atomizes the liquid solution;[37] The e-liquid reaches a temperature of roughly 100–250 °C within a chamber to create an aerosolized vapor.[1] The user inhales the aerosol, commonly called vapor, rather than cigarette smoke.[2] The aerosol provides a flavor and feel similar to tobacco smoking.[3] However, variable voltage devices can raise the temperature where the user adjusts the vapor.[9] The vapor contains similar chemicals to the e-liquid which vary in composition and concentration across and within manufacturers.[2]
E-cigarettes produce particles, in the form of an aerosol.[2][38] In physics, a vapor is a substance in the gas phase whereas an aerosol is a suspension of tiny particles of liquid, solid or both within a gas.[2] The aerosol is made-up of liquid sub-micron particles of condensed vapor,[38] which mostly consist of propylene glycol, glycerol, water, flavorings, nicotine, and other chemicals.[5] This aerosol that is produces resembles cigarette smoke.[2] After a puff, inhalation of the aerosol travels from the device into the mouth and lungs.[2]
A 2014 review found that the particles emitted by e-cigarettes are comparable in size and number to particles in cigarette smoke, with the majority of them in the ultrafine range. The ultrafine particles can go deep in the lungs and then into the systemic circulation. Pulmonary toxicity may occur because metal nanoparticles can deposit in the lungs.[6] The review also found that fine particles can be chemically intricate and not uniform, and what a particle is made of, the exact harmful elements, and the importance of the size of the particle is mostly unknown. They found that because these things are uncertain, it is not clear whether the ultrafine particles in e-cigarette vapor have health effects similar to those produced by traditional cigarettes.[6]
A 2014 WHO report found e-cigarettes release a lower level of particles than traditional cigarettes.[39] Comparable to a traditional cigarette, e-cigarette particles are tiny enough to enter the alveoli, enabling nicotine absorption.[29] E-cigarettes companies assert that the particulates produced by an e-cigarette are too tiny to be deposited in the alveoli.[40] Exactly what comprises the vapor varies in composition and concentration across and within manufacturers.[2] Different devices generate different particle sizes and cause different depositions in the respiratory tract, even from the same nicotine liquid.[41] Reports in the literature have shown respiratory and cardiovascular effects by these smaller size particles, suggesting a possible health concern.[42]
After the aerosol is inhaled, it is exhaled.[2] Emissions from electronic cigarettes are not comparable to environmental pollution or cigarette smoke as their nature and chemical composition are completely different.[5] The particles are larger, with the mean size being 600 nm in inhaled aerosol and 300 nm in exhaled vapor.[9] The exhaled aerosol particle concentration is 5 times lower from an e-cigarette than from a combustible tobacco cigarette.[43] The density of particles in the vapor is lower than in cigarette smoke by a factor of between 6 and 880 times lower.[5]
For particulate matter emissions, e-cigarettes slightly exceeded the WHO guidelines, but emissions were 15 times less than traditional cigarette use.[44] In January 2014, the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease stated "Adverse health effects for exposed third parties (second-hand exposure) cannot be excluded because the use of electronic cigarettes leads to emission of fine and ultrafine inhalable liquid particles, nicotine and cancer-causing substances into indoor air."[45] The dense vapor consists of liquid sub-micron droplets.[38][dead link]
Since e-cigarettes have not been widely used long enough for evaluation, the long-term health effects from the second-hand vapor are not known.[6] There is insufficient data to determine the impact on public health from e-cigarettes.[46] The potential harm to bystanders from e-cigarettes is unknown.[47] This is because no long-term data is available.[8]
Since e-cigarettes do not burn (or contain) tobacco, no side-stream smoke or any cigarette smoke is produced.[6] Only what is exhaled by e-cigarettes users enters the surrounding air.[8] Exhaled vapor consists of nicotine and some other particles, primarily consisting of flavors, aroma transporters, glycerin and propylene glycol.[8] Bystanders are exposed to these particles from exhaled e-cigarette vapor.[6] A mixture of harmful substances, particularly nicotine, ultrafine particles, and volatile organic compounds can be exhaled into the air.[48] The liquid particles condenses into a viewable fog.[9] The vapor is in the air for a short time, with a half-life of about 10 seconds; traditional cigarette smoke is in the air 100 times longer.[9] This is because of fast revaporization at room temperature.[9]
There is a concern that some of the mainstream vapor exhaled by e-cigarette users can be inhaled by bystanders, particularly indoors, and have significant adverse effects.[10][12] Since e-cigarettes involve an aerosolization process, it is suggested that no meaningful amounts of carbon monoxide are emitted.[13] Thus, cardiocirculatory effects caused by carbon monoxide are not likely.[13] However, in an experimental study, e-cigarettes increased levels of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the surrounding air.[13]
E-cigarettes used in indoor environments can put at risk nonsmokers to elevated levels of nicotine and aerosol emissions.[43] Nonsmokers exposed to e-cigarette aerosol produced by a machine and pumped into a room were found to have detectable levels of the nicotine metabolite cotinine in their blood. The same study stated that 80% of nicotine is normally absorbed by the user, so these results may be higher than in actual second hand exposure.[6] In 2015 a report commissioned by Public Health England concluded that e-cigarettes "release negligible levels of nicotine into ambient air with no identified health risks to bystanders".[25]
A 2014 review of limited data concluded this vapor can cause indoor air pollution and is not just water vapor as is frequently stated in the advertising of e-cigarettes.[6] A 2014 practice guideline by NPS MedicineWise states, "Although data on health effects of passive vapour are currently lacking, the risks are argued to be small, but claims that e-cigarettes emit only water vapour are nevertheless incorrect. Serum cotinine levels (a metabolite of nicotine) have been found to be similar in bystanders exposed to either e-cigarette vapour or cigarette smoke."[49][50] The 2015 California Department of Public Health has reported that "Mainstream and second hand e-cigarette aerosol has been found to contain at least ten chemicals that are on California's Proposition 65 list of chemicals known to cause cancer, birth defects, or other reproductive harm."[51] However, it has been demonstrated that e-cigarettes causes nonusers to be exposed to nicotine but not to tobacco-related combustion toxicants.[10]A no smoking or vaping sign from the US.
A white paper published in 2014 by the American Industrial Hygiene Association concluded e-cigarettes emit airborne contaminants that may be inhaled by the user and those nearby.[42] They urged indoors restrictions similar to smoking bans, until research has shown the aerosol has no risk of harm.[42] A 2014 review indicated that the levels of inhaled contaminants from the e-cigarette vapor are not of significant health concern for human exposures by the standards used in workplaces to ensure safety.[26] The use of e-cigarettes in a smoke-free area could expose non-users to toxins.[52] The effect on bystanders would likely be much less harmful than traditional cigarettes.[8]
2014 WHO report stated passive exposure was as a concern, indicating that current evidence is insufficient to determine whether the levels of exhaled vapor are safe to involuntarily exposed bystanders.[39] The report stated that "it is unknown if the increased exposure to toxicants and particles in exhaled aerosol will lead to an increased risk of disease and death among bystanders."[39] The British Medical Association (BMA) reported in 2013 that there are "concerns that the use of e-cigarettes could threaten the norm of not smoking in public places and workplaces."[53]
As of 2013[update], the only clinical study currently published evaluating the respiratory effects of passive vaping found no adverse effects were detected.[5] A 2014 review found it is safe to infer that their effects on bystanders are minimal in comparison to traditional cigarettes.[5] A E-cigarette vapor has notably fewer toxicants than cigarette smoke and is likely to pose less harm to users or bystanders.[6]
E-cigarette use by a parent might lead to inadvertent health risks to offspring.[14] E-cigarettes pose many safety concerns to children.[14] For example, indoor surfaces can accumulate nicotine where e-cigarettes were used, which may be inhaled by children, particularly youngsters, long after they were used.[14] A policy statement by the American Association for Cancer Research and the American Society of Clinical Oncology has reported that "Third-hand exposure occurs when nicotine and other chemicals from second-hand aerosol deposit on surfaces, exposing people through touch, ingestion, and inhalation".[17] Public health England, looking at the available research said the amount of nicotine deposited was low and that an infant would have to lick 30 square meters to be exposed to 1 mg of nicotine.[25] The statement noted there are no published studies of third hand exposure from e-cigarettes, however initial data suggests that nicotine from e-cigarettes may stick to surfaces and would be hard to remove.[17]
The e-liquid is sold in bottles or pre-filled disposable cartridges, or as a kit for consumers to make their own e-juices.[54] Some vendors of e-liquids, offer options to change the amounts of flavorings or nicotine strengths, and build each bottle customized for the purchaser.[54] E-liquids are made with various tobacco, fruit, and other flavors,[6] as well as variable nicotine concentrations (including nicotine-free versions).[16] The standard notation "mg/ml" is often used on labels to denote nicotine concentration, and is sometimes shortened to "mg".[55] In surveys of regular e-cigarette users, the most popular e-liquids have a nicotine content of 18 mg/ml, and the preferred flavors were largely tobacco, mint and fruit.[8] A cartridge may contain 0 to 20 mg of nicotine.[48] EU regulations cap the concentration of nicotine in e-liquid at a maximum of 20 mg/mL.[29] A refill bottle can contain up to 1 g of nicotine.[48] Refill liquids are often sold in the size range from 15 to 30 mL.[56] One cartridge may typically last as long as one pack of cigarettes.[57] Some liquids without flavoring is also sold.[18] The flavorings may be natural or artificial.[9] There is even certified organic liquid.[58] About 8,000 flavors exist as of 2014.[21] A user does not normally consume a whole cartridge in a single session.[59] Most e-liquids are produced by a few manufacturers in China, the US and Europe.[8] An e-cigarette user will usually obtain 300 to 500 puffs per mL of liquid.[56]
The two most common e-liquid bases are propylene glycol (PG) and vegetable glycerin (VG).[60] Propylene glycol is tasteless and odorless, and therefore it doesn't affect the flavor of the e-liquid. It is known, however, to cause allergic reactions in some users, and in such case it is advised to stop the use immediately. Vegetable glycerin, on the other hand, is a lot thicker in consistency, and it doesn't cause allergic reactions. It also produces significantly more vapor, which has a slight sweet taste.[61][unreliable source?]
E-liquids are manufactured by many producers, both in the US and across the world.[22] First tier manufacturers use lab suits, gloves, hair covers, inside of certified clean rooms with air filtration similar to pharmaceutical-grade production areas.[22]
Standards for e-liquid manufacturing have been created by American E-liquid Manufacturing Standards Association (AEMSA), which is trade association dedicated to creating responsible and sustainable standards for the safe manufacturing of e-liquids used in vapor products.[62] AEMSA has published a comprehensive list standards and best known methods, which are openly available for use by any manufacturer of e-Liquids. The AEMSA standards cover nicotine, ingredients, sanitary manufacturing rooms, safety packaging, age restrictions, and labeling.[24]
There are no current governmental or US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) manufacturing standards for e-liquid. The FDA has sought to regulate e-liquid through use of the Tobacco Control Act, passed into law in 2009. In April 2014, the FDA issued its "Deeming" proposals for public comment, which would cover e-liquids manufacturing. The Final Rule, (in final form) giving the FDA authority to regulate e-liquids was released on May 5th 2016.[63]


text:
Listen free for 30 days
A Gentleman's Wager
When young, 18th-century lady Bella Rushdale finds herself fiercely attracted to handsome landowner Lucerne Marlinscar, she does not expect the rival for her affections to be another man. However, the handsome and decadent Marquis Pennerley has desired Lucerne for years, and when they are brought together at the remote Lauwine Hall for a country party on the Yorkshire Moors, he intends to claim him. This leads to a passionate struggle for dominance, at the risk of scandal, between the highly sexed Bella and the debauched aristocrat. Ultimately it will be Lucerne who will choose the outcome, and his decision will be bound to upset somebody's plans.
Click here to see all the titles in our Black Lace & Nexus collection.
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- eutest112
- London, United Kingdom
- 28-02-11
Good one
A good book; well narrated. Thanks to Audible for having this in store. I really enjoyed it.
2 of 2 people found this review helpful
- Bhavna
- Landon, United Kingdom
- 10-02-11
Very Very Hot throughout. Great story great characters, great period piece, and Very hot from start to finish with no dull moments
2 of 2 people found this review helpful
- Caz in Maspalomas
- Playa del Ingles, Gran Canaria, Spain
- 18-11-14
If this book wasn't for you, who do you think might enjoy it more?
Schoolkids, reading behind the cycle shed
What was most disappointing about Madelynne Ellis's story?
Without the detailed sex there's nothing left
You didn't love this book--but did it have any redeeming qualities?
Any additional comments?
Waste of my money
- S Hanson
- 29-06-07
Risque Period Romance
This book was absolutely delightful! For anyone looking for a delicate romance with ocean deep volumes of tender meaningful conversation and tender lovemaking, this is NOT the book for you. Ellis has a fantastically ribald sense of humor and creates a delicious tangled web of relationships between her characters.
Like a sexually charged Jane Austin novel, Ellis managed to create a period sexual drama that kept me interested until the very end. This is not the book for the faint of heart when it comes to sexuality, be prepared for wild trysts that cross genders. Bella was a wonderful main character (I hesitate to call her a heroine), she was beautiful, naughty and shortsighted but her realistic short comings made her such an endearing and enjoyable character. Vaughan was hands down my favorite, a fantastic character. Totally devilish. Honestly I'd love to read a follow-up book to this one following more of their escapades.
Ms. Gardener, the narrator, did a brilliant job with this book, though at times it seemed she spoke too quickly. Her accent added to the atmosphere of the book and the way she portrayed Vaughan was incredible. She managed to convey all of Vaughan's wicked aloof humor. I'm definitely going to listen to this again. This book will not be for everyone but it managed to exceed my expectations in a romance novel. Thank you so much Ms. Ellis! I look forward to reading more of your books!
18 of 18 people found this review helpful
- Wanda
- 07-09-07
an enjoyable book
This is not a Georgette Heyer by any means. But the character Vaughan, my absolute favorite, reminded me of a younger Lord Alistar from These Old Shades. One thing I liked was how all the characters developed over the course of the book. M. Ellis did a nice job in the variety of conflicts facing all her characters. This book is not for the unadventurous in terms of sexuality. But it exceeded my expectations. I will definitely look for more from this author.
And the narrator, Betsy Garden, added so much to the enjoyment of this book. She gave all the different characters their own personalities, especially Vaughan. This is one that I will be listening to again. And I'm going to look for other books Ms. Garden has narrated as well. She is just so good.
15 of 15 people found this review helpful
- Stacey
- 03-01-09
Graphic but loved the book
Black Lace books are erotic fiction, there are some that will go into this thinking it's a romance with a more sex than normal. A Gentleman's Wager is an erotic tale. It relates around Lady Bella Rushdale who finds her sex exploits becoming blase after discovering the new owner of her favorite tristing spot sunbathing naked. From her perch she observes him amusing himself & decides she wants to seduce him. She finds herself attracted to the new landowner Lucerne Marlinscar. She is invited for a stay with other guests at his newly renovated property. Bella decides will be the perfect time to put her plan into place with Lucerne. Only to discover among the many guests a darkly handsome man Marquis (Vaughan) Pennerley among the guests & with eyes for Lucerne as well. Bella suspects something between the two men but wants to prove to Vaughan that Lucerne will choose her.
A great battle of wills between Vaughan & Bella begins for the affections of Lucerne. The tale is well written & you don't know who is good or bad in the triangle.
Also, Louisa, Bella's friend who isn't experienced & isn't sure about the attentions being thrown her way by Vaughan as well as the man she's infatuated with Wakefield. The story is wrought with intrigue & deception with many twists & turns. The love scenes/sex is graphic, but also emotional & you feel uncertainty/pain/pleasure/vulnerability of the cast of characters.
Just thinking of this as an Erotica is an understatement, there is an underlying story of forbidden/unrequited love & the lengths people will go to have their desires for another come true. You could easily remove the graphic scenes from the book & still have a very interesting book. I found myself concerned for the characters & how the story would play out. I enjoyed this book & am glad now that I bought it. She turned what could be a bodice ripper into an intriguing erotic story that was worth the read.
11 of 11 people found this review helpful
- leslie
- 10-09-08
Great! I'll look for more from this author.
I thought it was a great listen, highly erotic, and very well read and written. Judging by the outrage from other readers, they must have been expecting something more conventionally romantic- which this is decidedly NOT. You say 'pornography'- I say "erotica". I hope the detractors don't have an undue influence on audible's buyers. I really liked this book, as well as the erotica of Kristina Lloyd. I'd like to hear more from both of these writers.
9 of 9 people found this review helpful
- Madeleine
- 29-03-09
Smart, spicy and sexy
A Gentleman's Wager begins like a rompy piece of Victorian erotica, but evolves into something quite well crafted. The characters are richer and more complicated than the publisher's blurb would lead you to believe. That being said, the character of the heroine might have benefited by a little more socio-historical accuracy, or at least a back-story that adequately explains her remarkable lack of inhibition, considering the period in which the novel is set.
Nonetheless, considering the lack of narrative prowess that marks most erotica, this rises above the rest considerably and, in places, really is both smart and very sexy.
The reader is excellent - especially for this genre.
6 of 6 people found this review helpful
- Michelle
- 10-12-08
The book was o.k. A lot of sex - female/male, male/male, & three-some. Which was fine but some was out of place. Will definately get you hot.
4 of 4 people found this review helpful
- Imagine Otherworlds
- 11-10-10
I was looking for a steamy novel. Got that and more. Best I've read in this genre.
3 of 3 people found this review helpful
- Amazon Customer
- 04-02-10
Sizzling Hot!!!
If I was a novelist, this is what I would have wrote. Love this book, loads of explicit sex, deviate characters and just a great debauched time had by all. A must read, but use your headphones!!!!
3 of 3 people found this review helpful
- Kc
- 29-04-08
A Gentleman's Wager
Nicely Erotic
3 of 3 people found this review helpful
- mary
- 26-02-12
Everything Erotica
What did you love best about A Gentleman's Wager?
I enjoyed this listen, I love a good story besides a good erotic book. This book had a good story and make no mistake it is not for the light erotic reader. It is worth mentioning that the narrator was perfectly suited for this book. I looked for additional titles from this author~ nothing~ I hope there is a work in process.
What about Betsy Garden's performance did you like?
Perfect use of her vocal gifts. Perfect inflection of each characters distinct persona through her vocal tone. I am going to see what else Besty narrorated.
Was this a book you wanted to listen to all in one sitting?
I began and had to discontinue my listen for
2 of 2 people found this review helpful

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Athlete's Foot Clinical Trials Enrolling Now
Clinical trials are at the heart of all medical advances; they look at new ways to prevent, detect, or treat disease. Clinical trials for Athlete's Foot offer new drugs, new combinations of drugs, or new ways to use existing treatments, and can also look at other aspects of care, such as improving the quality of life for people with Athlete's Foot.
Patients who meet eligibility requirements for Athlete's Foot clinical trials may receive:
- Doctor visits, medical tests, and study medication at no cost.
- Compensation for their time and travel.
No insurance or payment is required and patients are under no obligation to participate or continue participation in a clinical trial.
Athlete's Foot Clinical Trial Safety
Clinical trials for Athlete's Foot are conducted under the FDA's Investigational New Drug process, and each trial is also approved by an independent review board to ensure that any risks are outweighed by potential benefits.
If you are interested in a clinical trial for Athlete's Foot, contact our local Study Information Specialists using the form below, or call toll-free: 1-833-33-TRIALS (833-338-7425) Mon-Fri 7a-5p ET.


text:
Release Date: 2013 |
Album Rating: 4.0Shortish review for a shortish album. I barely review grindcore so it's kinda hard, feedback would be appreciated
Album Rating: 3.5Great band name
At this point why would have a babe vocalist be gimmicky in the hardcore/grindcore/screamo spectrum? I mean sure, women can't BM like dudes can but they've proven themselves in other heavy genres.
Digging: Eremit - Carrier of Weight
Album Rating: 3.5Honestly you can barely tell it's a chick anyway, the vocals are just furious and manic
Album Rating: 3.5Good review btw, pos and I'm digging this
Album Rating: 3.0the cover looks like shit. good review btw
Album Rating: 3.5Yeah it's pretty messy, and the low resolution on image doesn't help much
Album Rating: 4.0Thanks guys (: I just think it can be gimmicky sometimes - how many times have you heard Punch being referred to as "that powerviolence band with a chick vocalist"?
Album Rating: 5.0great fucking record. don't think you needed to allude to that as a "gimmick" at all... this is 2013, right, we accept that gender shouldn't restrict music
agree with the rest tho :-)
I actually met a few members of this band due to their residence in the next town over. Powerful act and they are all very fun people. Old Soul is another band to check out if you are into Cloud Rat.
these guys have a dope debut album
"Vigil" is so devastating.
Digging: Apparatus - Yonder Yawns the Universe
new album wallops
Digging: Sufjan Stevens - Illinois
Bands: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z


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- Spring 2017 Getting Started
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- Domains of Life; Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells
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- Transcription and RNA Processing
- Translation
- The Nucleus and its Functional Domains
- Mutations
- Nucleo-Cytoplasmic Exchange
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- Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Domains of Life; Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells
Are all the prokaryotes unicellular, or can they be multicellular? Are all the eukaryotes multicellular, or can they be unicellular also?
Your second question is easier to answer than your first. There are lots of unicellular eukaryotes, including amoebas, paramecium, yeast, and so on. As to whether there are multicellular prokaryotes, the standard answer is No, but there is a lot of evidence that some bacterial species can aggregate together and divide labor so that the "colony" is working more efficiently. This is characteristic of any traditional multicellular organism, but there's still a lot of resistance to the idea of calling these prokaryotes "multicellular."
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Hundreds of who gathered in Galax this summer to play the most mandolins at once will be included in the Guinness Book of World Records.
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This wedding invitation is letterpress printed in two colors on Crane's Lettra Pearl White paper. This suite can be customized to fit your personal ink color preferences and font choices.
Also suitable for: bat mitzvah invitations, wedding shower invitations or social event invitations
As shown:
Invitation Size: 5″ x 7″ (A7)
Paper: Crane's Lettra Pearl White 110#
Ink Colors: Various


text:
Formative Experiences
The Interaction of Caregiving, Culture, and Developmental Psychobiology
- Editors:
- Carol M. Worthman, Emory University, Atlanta
- Paul M. Plotsky, Emory University, Atlanta
- Daniel S. Schechter, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève
- Constance A. Cummings, Foundation for Psychocultural Research, California
- Date Published: April 2010
- availability: In stock
- format: Hardback
- isbn: 9780521895033
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Paperback, eBook
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This interdisciplinary book offers a unique exploration of the formative effects of children's early life experiences, with an emphasis on interactions among neurodevelopmental, behavioral, and cultural dynamics. The authors draw on insights from psychobiological, clinical, and cross-cultural comparative research that maps the robustness of these developmental dynamics across species and societies. Multidisciplinary case studies focus on specific periods of development, or windows of susceptibility, during which caregiving and other cultural practices potentially have a long-lasting impact on brain and behavior. Chapters describe in detail: how social experience interacts with neurodevelopmental disorders; how epigenetic mechanisms mediate the effects of early environment; the interaction of temperament and environmental influences; the implications of early life stress or trauma for mental health and well-being; and the cultural shaping of sexual development and gender identity. The authors also explore key aspects of and common experiences associated with modern childhood, including teasing, bullying, the function of social play, emotional regulation, and management of attention disorders. The final section translates insights from this work into a fresh appraisal of child-rearing practices, clinical interventions, and global public health policy that affect the mental health and well-being of children around the world.Read more
- Interdisciplinarity: the book presents developmental psychobiological, clinical and cultural perspectives, allowing readers to sample cutting edge research and scholarship being conducted within and outside their own disciplines
- Multi-level analysis: the book focuses on formative experiences in the child in different social and cultural contexts and at many different levels, including genetic and epigenetic, neurobiological, behavioral, clinical, cultural, political, historical and social dimensions
- International in scope: chapters and case studies cover development in Indonesia, central Africa, South Africa and the Arctic Circle, as well as North America
Reviews & endorsements
"A wonderful book for all professionals whose work touches the lives of children and their caregivers, and others in allied fields!"
– T. Berry Brazelton, Brazelton Touchpoints Center and Harvard Medical School
See more reviews
"A rich and highly diverse collection of papers that illuminate some of the complex puzzles lying at the interface of development, experience, and biology. Scholars interested in the new evidence on epigenetic processes, Williams syndrome, and cultural influences should profit from this volume."
– Jerome Kagan, Harvard University
"Formative Experiences is a marvelous collection on the frontier of knowledge about the role of the environment in social and emotional development. Its range of contributions – from the developmental psychobiology laboratory to the exotic cross-cultural field study and the clinical challenges of psychological suffering – make it unique, and the distinction of its authors make it indispensable. It sets a new standard for multilevel analysis in this rich and exciting realm of science."
– Melvin Konner, author of The Evolution of Childhood: Relationships, Emotion, Mind
"Interdisciplinary cross-cultural research on the formative impact of experiences in childhood, including bullying and other stresses."
–Chronicle of Higher Education
"...The multidisciplinary approach encourages a transactional view of developmental plasticity and variation and includes both animal and ethnographic studies. Excellent commentaries follow many of the chapters and provide undergraduates with excellent models of critiques and discussions... Highly recommended..."
--J. Mercer, emerita, Richard Stockton College, CHOICE
"....Formative Experiences is a must-have for scholars interested in the biology of child development in cross-cultural context. It does a remarkable job of capturing the key points of what must have been a fascinating conference.... Formative Experiences would be an excellent catalyst for an interdisciplinary seminar on child development.... provide a broad playing field for graduate students in anthropology, developmental psychology, human biology, genetics, medicine, neurobiology, and related disciplines....."
--Mark V. Flinn, University of Missouri, American Journal of Human Biology
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Product details
- Date Published: April 2010
- format: Hardback
- isbn: 9780521895033
- length: 624 pages
- dimensions: 235 x 163 x 44 mm
- weight: 0.98kg
- contains: 50 b/w illus. 11 tables
- availability: In stock
Table of Contents
Introduction Carol M. Worthman and Constance A. Cummings
Part I. Historical, Cross-Cultural, and Developmental Science Perspectives:
1. Plasticity and variation: cultural influences on parenting and early child development within and across populations Robert A. LeVine
2. From measurement to meaning in caregiving and culture Marc Bornstein
Part II. How Experience Interacts with Biological Development:
3. Epigenetics and the social environment Moshe Szyf, Patrick O. McGowan, Gustavo Turecki and Michael Meaney
4. Sensitive periods in the early development of mammals Christoph Wiedenmayer
5. Confluence of individual and caregiver influences on socioemotional development in typical and atypical populations Matilda E. Nowakowski, Louis A. Schmidt and Geoff Hall
6. We are social - therefore we are: the interplay of mind, culture, and genetics in Williams Syndrome Carol Zitzer-Comfort, Judith Reilly, Julie R. Korenberg and Ursula Bellugi
Part III. Formative Relationships Within and Across Generations:
7. Ethnographic case study: Bofi foragers and farmers: case studies on the determinants of parenting behavior and early childhood experiences Hillary N. Fouts
Commentary Myron A. Hofer
Commentary Klaus K. Minde
8. Clinical case study: good expectations: a case study of perinatal child-parent psychotherapy to prevent the intergenerational transmission of trauma Amy L. Busch and Alicia F. Lieberman
Commentary Jill E. Korbin
Commentary Emeran A. Mayer and Stefan Brunnhuber
9. Ethological case study: infant abuse in Rhesus Macaques M. Mar Sánchez, Kai M. McCormack and Dario Maestripieri
Commentary Dante Cicchetti
Commentary Ronald G. Barr
10. Clinical case study: multigenerational ataques de nervios in a Dominican-American family: a form of intergenerational transmission of violent trauma? Daniel S. Schechter
Commentary Thomas S. Weisner
Commentary Urs M. Nater and Christine M. Heim
Part IV. Social and Cultural Contexts of Childhood Development: Normative Settings, Practices, and Consequences:
11. Ethnographic case study: Inuit morality play and the Danish medical officer Jean Briggs
Commentary Vivette Glover
Commentary Karla Jessen Williamson and Laurence Kirmayer
12. Ontogenetic perspectives on the neurobiological basis of psychopathology following abuse and neglect Sally B. Seraphin, Martin H. Teicher, Keren Rabi, Yi-Shin Sheu, Susan L. Andersen, Carl M. Anderson, Jeewook Choi and Akemi Tomoda
13. Ethnographic case study: Maria: cultural change and post-traumatic stress in the life of a Belizean adolescent girl Eileen Anderson-Fye
Commentary Frank W. Putnam
Commentary Anne E. Becker
14. Sex-gender, culture, and development: issues in the emergence of puberty and attraction Gilbert Herdt
Part V. Fear, Fun, and the Boundaries of Social Experience:
15. Ethnographic case study: Anak PKI: a longitudinal case study of the effects of social ostracism, violence and bullying on an adolescent Javanese boy Robert Lemelson, Ninik Supartini and Emily Ng
Commentary Jaap M. Koolhaas
Commentary Michael D. De Bellis
16. The evolution of social play Sergio Pellis, Vivien C. Pellis and Christine J. Reinhart
17. Ethological case study: social stress as a formative experience: neurobiology of conditioned defeat Kim L. Huhman
Commentary Jonathan Hill
Commentary Aaron Jasnow and Kerry Ressler
Commentary James Wilce
18. The basic affective circuits of mammalian brains: implications for healthy human development and the cultural landscapes of ADHD Jaak Panksepp
Part VI. Public Health, Education, and Policy Implications:
19. Translations from human development to public policy Neal Halfon, Emily S. Barrett and Alice Kuo
20. Global perspectives on the wellbeing of children Linda Richter
21. Global perspectives on the wellbeing of children: a response Jennifer Harris Requejo and Flavia Bustreo.
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text:
Benches clear in Nationals-Marlins game
MIAMI (AP) Washington Nationals shortstop Ian Desmond and Miami Marlins catcher Jarrod Saltalamacchia got into a heated, nose-to-nose conversation at home plate, prompting both benches to clear during the fourth inning.
With the Nationals trailing 6-0 Tuesday night, Desmond became annoyed when he barely avoided being hit by an inside pitch from Tom Koehler. Desmond hollered at Koehler and spat toward the mound. Saltalamacchia then said something to the hitter, and their testy exchange began.
Umpire Marty Foster stepped between them. Both benches and bullpens emptied, but the confrontation didn't escalate. Foster issued a warning to both teams.
Desmond popped out, and when he returned to the dugout he threw his helmet against the wall.
There were no further incidents in the game, which the Marlins won 11-2 to break an eight-game losing streak.


text:
LOVE IS THE POSSIBILITY OF POSSIBILITIES. Its farthest reach is beyond us, no matter how long we love or how much. It will always remain the mute mystery to whose ecstasy and ache we can only surrender with a yes. There is something cheerful and plucky in us that lets us risk a journey into the labyrinth of love, no matter how hazardous. However, all the love in the world will not bring us happiness or make a relationship work. That requires skill, and this skill is quite attainable. Practice can make us nimble enough to dance together with grace, however bashful we may be at the beginning.
Love is experienced differently by each of us, but for most of us five aspects of love stand out. We feel loved when we receive attention, acceptance, appreciation, and affection, and when we are allowed the freedom to live in accord with our own deepest needs and wishes. These "five A's" meet us in different guises throughout life's journey. In childhood, we need these five A's to develop self-esteem and a healthy ego.
To have loved alone will not suffice
Unless we also have been wise
And have our loves enjoyed.
They are building blocks of identity, of a coherent human personality. Human experience has a striking and reliable harmony: What we need for the building of a self is also precisely what we need for happiness in our adult love relationships. Intimacy, at its best, means giving and receiving the five A's, the joys and wealth of relationship. These five elements or aspects of love also describe our destiny of service to the world as mature spiritual beings. Great spiritual exemplars such as Jesus or Buddha can be seen as beings who offer this fivefold love to all of us.
Through our spiritual practice we come to know a power greater than our ego, and that power nourishes us by granting us the graces of attention, acceptance, appreciation, affection, and allowing.
This is a touching and encouraging svnchronicity built into our very' being. The five A's are simultaneously the fulfillment of our earliest needs, the requirements of adult intimacy and of universal compassion, and the essential qualities of mindfulness practice. In the splendid economy of human and spiritual development, the same keys open all our evolutionary doors.
Thus, the five A's come to us as gifts in childhood. They are then bestowed by us as gifts to others. They are not the result of effort but are the automatic overflow of love we receive. We do not have to try; we simply notice that we are attentive, appreciative, etc., toward those we love. The same applies to compassion. It is a spiritual gift, a grace bestowed on us as a result of mindfulness practice. It is not a task. We notice that compassion happens in and through us as we become more mindfully present in the world. This compassion is shown by the five A's that are now five graces we receive and give.
Is there a way to increase our capacity to give and receive these essential elements of love? Yes, we can do it through mindfulness, an alert witnessing of reality without judgment, attachment, fear, expectation, defensiveness, bias, or control. Through compassionate mindfulness we become adept at granting the essential components of love to everyone—even to ourselves—and in the pages that follow I will keep returning to mindfulness as a fast track to successful love.
This book discusses each of the five A's and how they' apply to childhood, relationships, and spiritual maturity. It also suggests practices that can help you in resolving childhood issues, in creating happier relationships, and in becoming more spiritually conscious and compassionate. Indeed, the practices are stirred by a spiritual ambition with higher stakes: a more loving you, with the world as your beneficiary.
All this entails taking a journey together—a heroic one because it involves pain and forces you to shift from a focus on ego to a focus on facing the risks of life together. This book walks you along that path, providing the kind of gear you will need to camp out together safely and enjoy'ably. We will use both Western psychological tools and Eastern and Western spiritual practices, not graduating from one to the other but employing them simultaneously.
The main psychological tools are working through personal and childhood conundrums with a commitment to identify, process, and resolve issues so that you may change and grow. The spiritual tools are letting go of ego, increasing mindfulness, and cultivating an ethic of compassion. We achieve mindfulness when reality takes precedence over our ego. That is why mindfulness leads to intimacy, the mutual egoless gift of love. Couples with a spiritual practice have a greater serenity in their life together and increase their chances for happiness and longevity in their relationships.
A relationship can force us to revisit even.' feeling and memory in the legend of ourselves. In our psychological work of addressing, processing, and resolving emotional blocks and problems, we pay attention to feelings, explore their implications, and hold them until they change or reveal a path that leads deeper into ourselves. In our spiritual practice of mindfulness, something very different occurs.
We let feelings or thoughts arise and let go of them. We do not process them, nor do we hold them. Each of these approaches has its proper time, and we need both of them. Paving attention and letting go are the twin tools that will be presented throughout these pages. Therapy without mindfulness takes us only to the point of resolving our predicament. Mindfulness with therapy helps us to dissolve the ego that got us into it in the first place.
The heroic journey is a metaphor for the yearning in the human soul for something that can repair and restore what has been broken or lost in our limited world. The journey of the hero or heroine involves first a leaving of the familiar, then a passage through struggle to a new place, and finally a return home with the gift of higher consciousness that is available to all who want it. Two people find each other in romance and oppose each another in conflict, only to engage finally in a life commitment to one another. It seems we cannot love maturely unless we go through the full itinerary of just such a risky expedition. But this Western metaphor is incomplete without mindfulness.
In short, we need to get up and go, but we also need to sit and stay. By taking a journey without meditation and silence, we might fall prey to a restricting and extroverted activism. By practicing meditation without a sense that we are on a journey, we might fall prey to an introverted quietism. The Eastern voice tells us we are already here.
The Western voice calls us to go out in order to get here fully. We arrive nowhere and are nowhere without that combination. Buddha did not sit forever but went out into the world to spread the word. Jesus did not preach and heal every day but sometimes sat in the desert alone.
The human heart holds much more love than it can ever disburse in one lifetime. This book suggests a program for activating that abundant potential. Intimate love is enigmatic and demanding; many of us fear it while still craving it. Thus, it definitely requires an extensive manual. This book explores the tender and scary territories of our psyche and blazes a path through them. It is not too late or too long for any of us.
I am writing as a psychotherapist on a Buddhist path and as a man with a checkered relationship history. I have met with many problems but have found some ways to deal with them. I have discovered that they are not bottomless pits but portals to a richer life. My accent in this book is necessarily on how we get stuck and how things go wrong. But you can also trust me to show ways to make things work better and ways the whole experience can make us better people and create a better world.
Enlightenment can only be embodied in the world by people who love one another. So relationships are not about how two people can survive each other but about how the whole world becomes more capable of love, with all its dim anguish and glowing rapture. The work and practice I recommend here are not aimed at making your life together smoother but at helping you relate to its inevitable roughness with humor, ease, and generosity. An untamed ego cannot pull that off. Only an awakened heart can do it. Then intimacy is best approached on a spiritual path. As a bonus, our limited personal work can heal the wider world.
I hope this book will pose poignant questions like these and help you answer them:
• What will it take for me to find the happiness I always wanted?
• Will I feel loved the way I always wanted to be loved?
• What will it take for me to let go of the past?
• Will I learn to protect my own boundaries, insist that others honor them, and honor those of others?
• Will I ever let go of the need to control?
• Will I ever dare to love with all my heart?
This whole book is a letter from me to you. I am eager to share with you what I have learned from clients, friends, and my own life. At the same time, the book will elicit information/rom you, not just give information to you. The truths of love and how it works are deeply and enduringly known by you and every person. My part has only been to type into this Apple the wisdom that came to me from Eden and its exiles.
How to Be an Adult in Relationships: The Five Keys to Mindful Loving pdf by DAVID RICHO – 1st ed.


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Single Papasan cushion (polyester filling - 48", fits the standard size 46" single papasan frame). All prices include shipping within continental USA.
Standard Duck, Microsuede or Tapestry $85.00
Standard Outdoor, Twill, Jacquard Chenille $95.00
Go to Fabrics to place your order.
Papasans Unlimited offers three types of single papasan cushions suitable for the standard 46" single papasan frame. Theres the Tufted 48" style as detailed on this page, the Tufted 52" style, and the Deluxe 50" Style. Whilst we have two categories of fabrics, these tufted cushions are only available in the Standard range of fabrics.
About our Tufted Single Papasan cushions
The Tufted papasan cushion does not have covered buttons (like our Deluxe style) but has 21 circle tufts instead to give the cushion the tufted/dimpled look. Cushion measures 48 inches in diameter, and are designed to fit the 46" single papasan frame.
Tufted papasan cushions are only available in fabrics from our Standard range.
The filling inside your papasan cushion is compression resistent polyester. It is light weight, and an excellent product for papasan cushions.
Our papasan cushions are reversible ie. can be turned over.
Price includes the filled cushion being delivered to you with either UPS or FedEx, within continental USA. We e-mail you with tracking details once items are dispatched - within 15 working days of receiving your order. If ordering frame with cushion, then cushion and frame will be delivered together, by general carrier - tracking information is e-mailed to you upon dispatch (within 15 working days), and driver is always instructed to make contact at least one day in advance to arrange a mutually suitable drop off time.
If wishing to purchase papasan cushion AND papasan frame, then view or single papasan frames.


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i've been meaning to ask this for a while, but what is patrick doing in the group icon?
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i've been meaning to ask this for a while, but what is patrick doing in the group icon?
I'm looking for some sheet music for a talent show in my school if anyone could make some songs?? We had an idea of Don't Stop Believin', Or Livin' on a Prayer with..
1 piano
2 violins
2 violas
2 cellos
2 bass (strings)
If anyone could help with this that would be amazing
Bass Guitar
French Horn
This is one of my first scores, so any and all feedback would be great (although preferably constructive criticism). Thank you!
Some folks have wanted to know, "who is chinadoll?" These one or two folks are musescore members with an abundance of free time and curiosity about trivial issues that have nothing to do with music composition. That said (written), let us (me, this is confusing) be clear, they are very nice people and chinadoll is deeply touched (in the head, most likely) by their interest. So here goes.
Chinadoll has beautiful glossy golden brown hair, large soft eyes, a very quiet shy disposition along with an exceptionally sweet and gentle nature. Chinadoll loves loves fresh fruit (especially bananas) and vegetables. Yes, chinadoll is a Syrian Hamster with a bit of a talent for composing music. Late at night when everyone is asleep, chinadoll will tap out the notes on the home computer using her little paws. She loves attention and lots of gentle petting (especially if you give her a treat).
himynameiscubbybubby01howareyoudoingyoumightbewonderingwhyi'mnotusingany spacesorpunctuationidon'tknowwhyit'sjustsomethingformetodosoiwouldn'tgetbored
like best friends brother, make it shine or shut up and dance
and if you think other wise go jump in a river
spam (cuz y not?)
ima stop for now, practicing trombone
check out my scores plz [spam]
Original piece. Feedback needed. Thanks!
idk y my titles are always 'd'


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A biker had been injured in an accident and was hospitalized. Several nurses each had the opportunity to give him a sponge bath and were commenting on his genitals. They all had noticed a tattoo of the word ''Little." So they drew straws to see who would find out what the whole tattoo said. The nurse with the shortest straw went into the guy's room while the others waited in the hall. Suddenly, they heard a commotion, then moans of passion and a piercing scream. Finally, she came out of the room with her skirt up around her waist, her panties around one ankle and a contented smile on her face. The others ask her what she found out.
"It says 'Little Rock Arkansas, Big Dick Champion, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997 and 1998!'''


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Celebrating 40 Years
Worldwatch Institute founded by Lester Brown
January 1984
First State of the World Report
January/February 1988
First World Watch Magazine
October 1992
Vital Signs was launched
Worldwatch Institute commemorated the 20-year anniversary of James Hansen's testimony
|Latest Publications
State of the World 2014: Governing for Sustainability
April 2014
July 2013
|We Want to Hear From You!
|Let us know how our research has affected you over the years. Please email us at firstname.lastname@example.com with your impressions of our work or your history as one of our readers.
March marks a special time for Worldwatch: on March 28, we celebrate the Institute's 40th Anniversary as well as the 80th birthday of Worldwatch's founder, Lester Brown.
For 40 years, we have focused on informing policymakers, journalists, and the public about the urgent need to build environmentally sustainable societies that meet human needs. Thanks to various supporters, we have been able to leverage our vital research to inspire positive action and help accelerate the transition to a sustainable world that meets human needs over the years.
Current and former Worldwatchers at a recent union.
State of the World, Worldwatch's flagship annual report remains the most authoritative "go-to" resource for those who understand the importance of nurturing a safe, just, and healthy global environment through policy and action. First published in 1984 as a compendium of issues, State of the World now covers selected sustainability topics annually, including urban development, climate change, global security, consumerism, and agricultural innovation.
You have read our work, but now we want to hear from YOU! Let us know how our research has impacted you over the years. Please email us at firstname.lastname@example.com with your impressions of our work or your history as one of our readers. Your story is our story, because without your support and readership, we wouldn't be able to help the world transition to happier and healthier societies.
And if you're in the Washington, D.C. area, we hope that you'll join us for the launch of State of the World 2014: Governing for Sustainability on April 29. Click here to RSVP today.
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Snapshots: Jean Barnard
Jean Barnard's grandfather was an oil painter. He sat in a room — one-legged after losing a bout with diabetes — and painted. His daughter Flora inherited his artistic tendencies and at the age of 17 she was employed by a designer to lurk in the corners of the Waldorf Astoria Hotel and Madison Square Garden, recording the latest Paris fashions. Then, with the designs freshly in her head, Flora ran back to the office to sketch the details, from the neckline to the hem, of the dresses she had just seen. The sketches were then turned into cheaper and more accessible versions of the 19th century Paris couture.Jean, now 91, and a New Haven resident, inherited the artistic talent that's run in her family for three generations. Born in Brooklyn in 1918, Jean grew up in Hasbrouck Heights, N.J., a bustling town not far from the George Washington Bridge. Flora developed rheumatoid arthritis and was bed-ridden for two years, while Jean, the oldest of four children, took over her mother's domestic duties. Each summer, the family looked forward to leaving the suburbs and taking the train to Vermont to stay on an obliging farmer's homestead. Jean particularly loved the horses on the farms and once, she and a friend mustered enough courage to hitch a farmer's horse to a buggy after watching him do it with ease. And as the pair began to trot down the road, farmers and wives ran out of their houses "like a hive of bees" to stop the children from going any further. The horse bolted with the girls in tow across and intersection and into a wall."We were put in our room the rest of the day and punished," remembered Jean.In her 10th summer in Vermont, Jean and her father walked to Lake Hortonia where her father bought a parcel of land. Here she helped her father clear brush to make way for the cottage that would house many memories. Today, a painting of the snow-covered cottage hangs inside her doorway in her house in New Haven. These days, Jean is sketching her latest piece from a picture of her husband Bill on horseback in Colorado. She said she finds that horses have snuck into her paintings more often than not. She and Bill recently came back from their fourth trip riding in the Colorado hills at Deer Valley Ranch. On their 50th anniversary, Jean begged Bill to go on a cattle drive. He told her, "My boy scout days are over." Jean met Bill in high school in New York. According to Jean, Bill "wouldn't give [her] a tumble! He wouldn't even acknowledge that [she] existed."She played basketball in school and once Bill came to watch her."The one time Bill came to see me I got tripped up five times by that forward on the other team and I was flat on my face, I was so embarrassed," she said.Moving on from her embarrassing show on the basketball court, Jean graduated from high school. She attended a teachers' college but ultimately decided to leave school, and began working in New York City for the McCall Corporation, a publishing company that printed popular magazines at the time. Here she created patterns for dresses for $12 a week and eventually left for a job at The Book of the Month Club, which was a mail-order business that paid $17 a week.At 19, Jean saved enough money to go back to school and after a year at the University of Maryland, she decided she wanted to join the war effort and become a nurse in World War II. So, Jean returned to the Methodist Hospital in Brooklyn where she was born and completed a three-year nursing program. At the end of her training, a head nurse checked the beds all the nurses had made. When she got to Jean's bed, she ripped it apart and exclaimed, "Ms. Ackerly, you will never be a good nurse!"Jean made it her mission from that point on to be the valedictorian of the class, to show up that crotchety nurse. But to her dismay, Jean graduated as salutatorian. "I was crushed. I cried for half a day."During this time, Bill started to finally show interest in Jean, and when he came home from college they began to date. "And he thought I was ready waiting for him," she said. "But I played hard to get." Just before she enlisted in the army, Bill finally put a ring on her finger, and the couple celebrated a June wedding. After a week of honeymooning, Jean returned to Fort Jay on Governor's Island in New York where she was stationed. The chief officer, who Jean described as an "old maid," was envious of Jean's recent marriage and assigned her to night duty that very day. She didn't see Bill for three weeks — he worked days as an engineer, she worked nights. Here she took care of wounded soldiers fresh off the boat from the European theater of war. Often times, they arrived in 50-ambulance convoys, the last few of which carted the quadruple amputees. The morning Jean came off night duty, the chief officer asked her into her office. She handed Jean a paper. "These are your orders," she said. "Be off the base by two o' clock."The chief officer was sending Jean to Camp Kilmer in New Jersey where she would soon be shipped to Saipan. This was a nightmare. Jean had 24 hours to pack and rest before she left for New Jersey, where she was supposed to spend the next four months preparing to go to the Japanese theater of war.But, "it was little Bill Jr. that kept me from that terrible war," she said, and with her pregnancy, Jean was dismissed from her duty in Saipan in the nick of time. Jean and her new family returned in the summers to the cottage on Lake Hortonia. She and Bill dreamed of moving to Vermont permanently and she spent weekends perusing the real estate sections of The Rutland Herald, which was mailed to her house in New York. There was a farmhouse in Hubberton Jean and Bill loved. They talked about buying it for two years. But old Saint John, he wasn't about to sell, said Jean.The best Jean could do was to capture the house in her first painting. She started to take adult education courses in 1971. On a large canvas, Jean painted a fall scene, the Hubbardton farmhouse and red barns standing out against a crisp blue sky — brushing the picture of a house she longed to own but never did. After her father's death, Jean and Bill bought the cottage on Hortonia Lake from her mother. She raised six children in the cottage. And though her childhood memories warmed its walls, Jean looks back on her time in the cottage with bittersweet memories. Her six-year-old son Craig and his older brother were playing on a pile of logs down the street at a nearby sawmill. But the rain made the logs slippery, causing them to roll apart, catching Craig on their way down. The accident killed the little boy instantly.After her son's death, Jean decided to write a tract, 3 million copies of which the American Tract Society published, that spoke of her tragedy and how she overcame it."I just wanted to write something that others could read about who had lost little children and it might bring them a little peace," said Jean.In her retelling of her son's death, Jean wrote: "'A tragedy,' they called it, when our six-year-old son was killed! I can still hear the screaming voice of his older brother, as he approached our camp. 'Mother! Mother! Hurry! Craig's hurt, he's hurt bad!' I ran faster and faster following the lad back to the sawmill, where I found Craig underneath a pile of logs. Being a nurse, I knew immediately that he was critically injured. I asked the country doctor, who had been summoned from the nearby camp, if we shouldn't get him to the hospital. Standing up, and speaking with a slow Vermont accent he replied, 'A hospital's not going to do him any good; might better take him to a morgue.' It was then that I realized as I knelt beside his broken, bleeding body, that Craig had 'gone Home.'" Her faith, said Jean, helped her get through the loss of her young son. "I just knew that everything was going to be alright, that he had gone home to Glory and that we would see him again some day."The Lake Hortonia cottage where so many joyful and painful memories had originated still remains in the family. "Hopefully it will always stay in the Barnard family and never be sold," said Jean. "It has precious memories."The picture of the cottage still hangs amongst countless other paintings in her home in New Haven. After 88 summers in Vermont (29 years as a resident), 65 years of marriage, six children, 23 operations including open-heart surgery, four spinal surgeries and two knee replacements, Jean has managed to churn out 86 paintings."I keep going and I just love life," she said laughing.Her paintings are mostly from photographs she has taken. She begins with a sketch and then fills the rest of the canvas with oil paint. Jean's favorite thing about painting in her studio is the light."When I moved to this house, the first thing I had Bill do was to get a carpenter in and break through the window in his office and the window in my office because I wanted light," said Jean.The light in Jean's studio is bright and streams in over a box of her grandfather's paint open next to the easel. Her mother's sketch of a woman in smart Paris fashion hangs close to her bed. In Jean's newest painting, Bill is a faceless man riding alone on a faded pony — it's a work in progress, Jean said, but she'll get it done.


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DR mashoor gulati
Updated On: March 23, 2017 | Published on March 23, 2017 6:33 pm
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The Associated Press
BATON ROUGE, La.� Charles Carmouche scored a season-high 26 points, and LSU held on for a 65-60 victory over Arkansas after nearly squandering a 22-point lead Wednesday night.
Carmouche was 9-of-11 shooting, including 3 of 5 from 3-point range. The senior has now surpassed 20 points in three of four games, all three of them victories for LSU (17-9, 8-7 Southeastern Conference), which has won eight of its last 11 league games to go over .500 in the SEC for the first time this season.
Marshawn Powell had 17 points for Arkansas (17-11, 8-7), which dropped to 1-8 on the road and 1-10 outside Arkansas, including two neutral-site losses. Mardracus Wade added 15 points for the Razorbacks, including a 3 that cut it to 62-60 with 1:42 left.
Johnny O'Bryant III and Carmouche then combined to make three of six free throws in the final 1:07 for the final margin.
Anthony Hickey had 10 points for the Tigers, all in the first half, but took a critical charge from BJ Young in the final 30 seconds to force an Arkansas turnover with LSU up by only three.
In the first half, LSU was in complete control for all but the opening and closing minutes.
After falling behind 4-0, the Tigers went on a 23-4 run starting with Andrew Del Piero's inside basket and Hickey's 3. Carmouche, who was 6-of-7 shooting for 15 points in the opening 20 minutes, hit three 3s during the surge and capped the run by snagging a turnover in the back court and hitting a short jumper as he was fouled.
After the Tigers' lead hovered around 10 for several minutes, Shavon Coleman hit four straight free throws, marking the beginning of 13-0 LSU run, which included Carmouche's fast-break layup and a transition 3 by Andre Stringer that made it 44-23.
Arkansas called timeout and managed to stem LSU's momentum, closing out the final two minutes of the period with a 9-0 run during which Young hit a fast-break layup as he was fouled, but missed the free throw, only to have Powell snag the offensive rebound for a putback. Wade then added a 3, cutting LSU's lead to 45-32 at halftime.
Arkansas methodically trimmed its deficit into single digits in large part because of the play of Powell. He scored while being fouled, then rebounded his own missed free throw and scored again, igniting a 9-0 run that included Wade's 3 and Qualls' layup, which made it 49-42.
Carmouche stemmed the run with three-point play on a tough floater off the glass to make it 52-42, but LSU was unable to keep the lead in double-digits for long and had to come up with shutout defense over the last, tense minute-and-a-half to wrap up the victory.


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How to Use
The Lincoln family, like many others, steadily migrated west with each new generation. Between 1637 and 1816, they settled in Massachusetts, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Kentucky and Indiana. What lured most of them were new opportunities and land. When Thomas Lincoln moved his family north of the Ohio River into the newly formed state of Indiana in 1816, he was continuing a family tradition that had begun several generations before.
The northern part of the state was unorganized at this time.
1. Using Map 1, examine the migration patterns of the Lincoln family. In which direction did they continue to move? Why do you think the Lincoln family kept moving that direction? What are some reasons why families might move to a different part of the country today?
2. Using Map 2, what natural feature determined Indiana's southern boundary? What might have been some reasons frontier families located near this feature?
3. Locate the Lincoln farm. How would you describe its location within the state of Indiana?
4. In what part of the state were most of the towns located at this time? Can you think of any reasons why that might have been?
* The maps on this screen have a resolution of 72 dots per inch (dpi), and therefore will print poorly. You can obtain a larger version of Map 1 and Map 2, but be aware that each file may take as much as 60 seconds to load with a 28.8K modem.