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Sibling squabbles
Disposing of a family estate equitably can be a source of enduring conflict between brothers and sisters.
Assuming control of an elderly parent's financial affairs can be time consuming and emotionally draining - and a true acid test of sibling relations.
In some families, selling the parents' home, making investment decisions and taking charge of day-to-day money matters are worked through collaboratively and amicably.
In others, deciding what is in mum and dad's best interests can spark mistrust, ill will and estrangement among adult children.
For 48-year-old Sharon Thompson*, taking charge of her parents' affairs has soured an already lukewarm relationship with her three older brothers.
Sharon is carer and business manager for her increasingly frail parents, now aged in their mid-80s.
A signatory to one of her father's accounts, Sharon pays some of their bills on her credit card and withdraws money to reimburse herself and cover her parents' daily expenses.
She leaves a clear audit trail, storing the funds in a separate wallet, keeping receipts and recording all transactions in an account book.
''I don't want my brothers coming back and saying, 'You spent all of mum and dad's money,''' Sharon says.
''We're seriously covering ourselves … it's money, and where family is involved, you have to be careful.''
The parents live in a granny flat purpose-built by Sharon and her husband two years ago. According to Sharon, at the time one brother accused her of championing the flat to funnel a chunk of the inheritance into improving the value of her home.
But Sharon says she and her husband ''put ourselves in debt to pay for it, as well as protecting the inheritance from paying a bond at a nursing home.''
Her brothers also prevented Sharon from being appointed enduring power of attorney (POA), which would have allowed her to make financial and property decisions on her parents' behalf if they became incapacitated.
This remains a sore point for Sharon, who believes her father would have been willing to sign a POA if his children were united.
''Our family doesn't discuss things very much,'' Sharon says.
''Dad can't cope with thinking about things very much. He gets stressed very quickly. He said, 'Don't worry about that at the moment.' My brother said, 'You don't have it because he doesn't want you to have it.'
''But I'm the one that's here doing things. My brothers have no clue about how bad mum and dad are and how much help they need.''
POA holders have a fiduciary duty to act in the best interests of the individual and ensure they and their assets are protected.
While financial planners and lawyers say POA agreements are a must-have for ageing parents and their family, deciding who gets the guernsey can create conflict.
One child might be a more gifted administrator or better equipped to handle POA duties than his or her siblings but this is not always acknowledged by the others, says a senior adviser with financial-planning firm Future Assist Financial Services, Sean McNeill. McNeill says those left out of the decision-making process can feel ''unimportant, unloved and every other human emotion that is invoked when dealing with family.''
Some parents try to circumvent this issue by appointing all their children to act under POA, with decisions to be made unanimously or by majority. But management by committee can be impractical if siblings are geographically dispersed, says a succession lawyer at McCullough Robertson, Ashleigh Poole.
Determining whether the family home should be sold to fund a nursing home accommodation bond is the most common source of conflict, Poole says.
While POA holders may make the call, Poole says ensuring other siblings aren't left in the dark should be a priority. ''Communication is very important. The POA needs to keep the other siblings up to date and seek their views.''
Taking financial and legal advice as soon as the POA is invoked is also wise, says a financial adviser at PSK, James Gerrard. Specialists can provide advice on maximising Centrelink entitlements, whether to rent or sell the family home, and assisting the POA holder to understand their duties and ensure their actions are perceived as reasonable.
Being given POA for her 83-year-old mother has thrown Sarah Murphy* into the bad-cop role in her large family.
After her mother suffered a stroke last year, Sarah and her older brother arranged the sale of her mother's house and car, the dispersal of possessions and the mother's shift into a nursing home.
Sarah says she has also spent ''weekends and weekends'' sifting through paperwork in an attempt to unravel and recoup undocumented loans to two other brothers.
Some amounts have been partially repaid while others had purportedly been forgiven, the brothers say.
Sarah says her inquiries have resulted in ill feeling between her and the two brothers. One sister has also told her to ''let it go''.
But Sarah believes their mother would not have wanted to see the other children disadvantaged.
And she says the brothers' attitude rankles, given the vigilance she has shown for their mother's affairs.
''If people are in debt, those not in debt can feel very resentful … for some people, this kind of financial disregard can cut very deep.''
Tales such as those of Sharon and Sarah are far from uncommon, says a senior psychologist at Psychology Melbourne, Darryl Hodgson.
Taking over a parent's affairs is a flashpoint in many families and serious differences can mean that when mum or dad passes away, so do the ties that bind.
''I've seen some dreadful situations, estrangements for years and years, where there's been disenchantment with the way one of the siblings is handling affairs,'' Hodgson says.
''A family of several siblings can find themselves without a family after a badly organised estate.''
*Not her real name.
Top tips for families
1. Forward planning can mean fewer problems later. Encourage parents to have a power of attorney in place and to make their plans and wishes known to all children, not just the one who has been put in charge.
2. If you're acting under power of attorney, consult regularly with other siblings. Backbiting and resentment are less likely if decisions are made collaboratively.
3. Keep clear records of all dealings on the parents' behalf and be prepared to share them.
4. Seek legal and financial advice early if significant property transactions or nursing homes are involved - mistakes are better avoided than rectified.
5. The parents' best interests come first. If push comes to shove, their well-being should take precedence over sibling harmony.


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What's happening in Historic Perryville?
Bookmark us to keep up with what's going on in Perryville, Kentucky.
Posts Tagged 'Kentucky'
Ghost tours start this weekend in historic Perryville
By DAVID BROCK
PERRYVILLE — A town with Perryville's history is bound to have its share of things that go bump in the night. Starting Friday, people can try to get in touch with the spooky side of the little city on the Chaplin River.
Terry Goode is starting Haunted Perryville, a tour that combines history with ghost stories about a town that has plenty of both.
"I have had this in mind for a great while and have really been thinking hard about it for the last two years," Goode said. "It didn't seem possible until I just decided to go ahead and do it. I want to give people a lot of Read more…
The Civil War Preservation Trust, a nonprofit battlefield preservation organization, has donated 54 acres associated with the October 1862 battle of Perryville to the state of Kentucky for the Perryville Battlefield State Historic Site.
"The gift of this land will provide an enriched experience for Read more…
Final design plans from UK Architectural Dept coming in. Now, this is getting exciting. We'll know something soon – stay tuned!
Click here for more info – http://www.preservationkentucky.org/
Celebrate Ky.'s valuable role in the Civil War
By David Trimble
Published: Thursday, March 18, 2010 6:13 AM EDTI have received the great honor, to me at least, of being appointed, along with Georgetown College professor Dr. James Klotter, as a Commissioner to serve on the Commonwealth of Kentucky Civil War Sesquicentennial Commission. The twenty-four members of the Commission are tasked to Read more…
The tea-he's More men are savouring brew by the cup March 15, 2010
The 10 men bantered about their wives' cooking, boxing greats and suits that fit too snugly.
This, however, was no sports bar meet-up or barbershop chat. Two hours earlier, Howard James, a co-proprietor of Tea Country in Philadelphia, had called the group to order by taking requests for a beverage steeped in centuries of Read more…
PERRYVILLE, Ky., via BARDSTOWN, Oct. 10, 1862. To Maj-Gen. Hallack, General-in-Chief:
I have already advised you of the movements of the army under my command from Louisville. More or less skirmishing has occurred daily with the enemy's cavalry. Since then it was supposed the enemy would give battle at Bardstown. My troops reached that point on the 4th inst., driving out the enemy's rear guard of cavalry and artillery. The main body retired toward Springfield, whither the pursuit was continued.
The centre corps, under Gen. GILBERT, moved on the direct road from Springfield to Perryville, and arrived on the 7th instant within two miles of the town, where the enemy was found to be Read more…
The 10 men bantered about their wives' cooking, boxing greats, and suits that fit too snugly.
This, however, was no sports bar meet-up or barbershop chat. Two hours earlier, Howard James, a co-proprietor of Read more…

subset: commoncrawl


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Two of the most overused words in our modern vernacular might be the words, war and warrior. Why is it that we are attached to these words? What is it about these words that cause us to engage in a way that either inspires or elicits so much emotional energy?
Two of the most overused words in our modern vernacular might be the words, war and warrior. Why is it that we are attached to these words? What is it about these words that cause us to engage in a way that either inspires or elicits so much emotional energy?
In today's world, why would anyone want to Unleash the Warrior Within?
Here is a fact: Our collective human history is permeated with the context of war.
It would be easy to point at some location on a world map and say that is the reason war is on our brains. But that is not the truth. The truth is that we have been using the word war so much and for so long that its meaning is so much deeper. It is because we are so familiar with the word that we rarely, if ever, explore its meaning or how often it is used to talk about persevering through unthinkable odds.
When we talk about the war on drugs, what are we really talking about? We're talking about our wish to end the dangers of illegal drugs. When we talk about the war on poverty, we're talking about our desire to end poverty. When we talk about the war on AIDS, we're talking about controlling and ending the deaths caused by HIV and AIDS.
Now what about the war on war? We want to end war. But to end war we must understand war. And the starting point for all war comes from within each of us.
True warriors understand this; this is why we need more warriors. Being a warrior is not about the act of fighting. It's about the ability, courage, and commitment to end the war within oneself and not quit until the job is done. Whether it's ending war within your home, your relationships, your neighborhood, your business, your country, or your world, warriors understand that they have to start from within themselves and build outward. They know that by mastering the war within themselves, they can make the greatest difference in their world.
What is this war within? It is the battle that takes place within our own minds. Just like in real war, we have conflicting ideas that fight against one another. This conflict is internal and begins when that tiny voice within us tells us we're not capable—that we shouldn't bother striving to overcome the challenges placed before us. We may call them dreams, goals, or objectives, but in the end it is the accomplishment of that which we desire. With every desire we have we must come face to face with our core beliefs about whether or not the desire can be made a reality.
On one level, we believe we're capable of great things. We see ourselves as heroic figures. But at the first sign of stress, fatigue, and fear that diminishing voice creeps in. Our mind begins to work against us. That tiny voice grows in intensity and volume. We hesitate. We begin to doubt our abilities. Now that internal voice is so loud that we can barely make any sense of it. We second-guess ourselves. We believe there is an inherent scarcity with regards to what might be possible. It is in that moment that the inner war is raging.
The internal conversation suggests that somehow there is something intrinsically wrong with us and that we're just not enough. Struggling against this voice feels, in a relative sense, like we're going through an epic battle every time we face a challenge that may seem too great for us to overcome.
This is the critical moment that you must Unleash the Warrior Within.
Why? Because, in a relative sense, conflict is combat, and no one is more prepared to handle that dynamic than the warrior.
Combat is an incredibly intense microcosm of life. In the space of a few minutes you can run the entire gamut of emotions—from fear to hate, from loss to triumph. It is an extremely powerful metaphor. Combat requires the ability to focus like nothing else. In combat, action has to be simple and it has to stay simple. Under the life-or-death pressure of an attack, even the slightest complexity will lead to confusion, and confusion can get you killed. Success in combat is about thinking and acting decisively, cutting through fear and achieving clarity in rapidly changing circumstances. These are the core elements of warriorship; this book brings them into the arena of life.
If you wish to adopt a warrior's path, you must work to win that war within yourself. It is in fact the one single area you can completely control. It is the one place where you can make the biggest difference in your life. This work is an ongoing practice that will require persistent awareness and effort. But it is one of the most worthwhile tasks you will ever undertake.
The warrior is a concept that speaks to us deeply. Look at all of the references around us in today's culture. Great athletes are called warriors. Successful business people are called warriors. Even great philanthropists are called warriors. Whether we're talking about medicine, education, or those tireless individuals working for the benefit of humankind, we hear the word warrior used to describe women and men who show up, give their very best, and refuse to quit until the goal is reached. These people work past fatigue, pain, and injury to accomplish things that everyone, perhaps even they, considered impossible.
We love the warrior. Secretly we all aspire to be the warrior. We all want to be the one who will show up when the odds are against us. We love that indomitable spirit. We love the individual who musters the courage to step boldly into and beyond fear, for that is the person we all want to be. But being a warrior doesn't happen by accident. You must choose that path, have courage, and commit completely…this is way of the warrior.
Warriors are not bystanders. Warriors have options. Warriors can create favorable conditions for themselves. They can act responsibly in their own best interests and in the interests of others. They can protect themselves and their loved ones. They can show up when it matters most. Most importantly, they know that they exist purely to serve. In serving others, they get their greatest rewards.
These ideas may seem lofty for a book that is about helping you achieve what you want most out of life. But, here is a fact: someday you will die. What will you do with this incredible gift that is your life? Do you want to get to the end of the road and wish you had strived more, accomplished more, and loved more? To do these things you will have to take chances, demonstrate courage, and commit in a way that allows you to be flexible but never allows you to quit on yourself.
Our existence is a wonderful thing. Anything we wish to accomplish is available to us. All we have to do is focus on the moments we place ourselves in, bring our very best to those moments, and not quit until we make them a reality. While it may sound simple, it is definitely not easy. There are all kinds of distractions, naysayers, and statistical odds that seem to work against us at all times.
I know personally what it is like to be told that you are too scrawny, too stupid, too young, too old, too unrealistic, and too unreasonable. I even understand what it is like to buy into these useless, diminishing beliefs or internal conversations. More importantly, I have put them aside to accomplish whatever I want. I don't say this to brag in any way. I say this because if a guy like me—who was kicked out of a public elementary school system for being too unruly, sent to a place where the state sends juvenile delinquents, was assigned a special education classification when I later returned to the public school system, had a teacher tell one of my parents I would never amount to anything—can put aside all the mental baggage that comes with that kind of a journey, then so can you.
But, it is not easy. In fact it is very challenging and often feels as if I am at war with myself. I must combat and hold off the doubts, the stress, and the fear that creeps in whenever I stretch to accomplish a task beyond my comfort level.
This is reality: Rarely, if ever, will you be attacked, and, most likely, you will never see combat in the literal sense, but the principles that make for effectiveness in battle are just as relevant in the daily challenges you face. Unleash the Warrior Within is going to give you weapons that will allow you to think and act decisively.
Think of Unleash the Warrior Within as your own personal armory of weapons. Some of the weapons in it may be useful all the time, some may only be useful for specific situations, and some may be of no use to you at all, but they are there for others to use as they like. In the end, these weapons exist only to help you focus on the most important things at the most important times.
What is focus? My humble attempt at a definition of the word focus is this: when clarity, concentration, and action converge to create a specific result in the present.
Whatever you want out of life comes down to your ability to focus. No one really ever teaches us how to focus other than just to say "focus." We are supposed to understand exactly what that means and, maybe for the most part, we get the gist of what is means. But, the challenge is that focus is like a laser beam: move a little to the left or right or add a little fog or some distance, and the laser either misses the target completely or diffuses to such an extent that it acts like a poor flashlight.
If focus is where our mind, body, and spirit converge to create specific action in the present, then doubt, second-guessing, hesitation, the unknown, stress, pain, and fear are the obstacles that diminish the quality of our laser-like focus.
During the stress of combat, nothing is ever close to perfect. Combat demands a mix of incredible flexibility, focused intensity, and a clearly defined purpose. Unleash the Warrior Within is designed to help you perform in this environment. It is through this extreme metaphor of combat, when lives are literally on the line, that we will explore the dynamics of fear, doubt, hesitation, and the numerous other obstacles that diminish who you are and who you are capable of being.
What will you get from this book? You will get the challenges and the opportunities only a warrior would take on. You are capable of more than you ever thought. You have within you the power to alter your universe, not in a mystical, hokey sense, but in the concrete application of proven principles that will unleash within you a warrior who cannot be stopped. This book is part psychology, part strategy and tactics, part drive, but most importantly, it's about having heart. Unleash the Warrior Within is a gateway to the noble virtues of wisdom, courage, determination, generosity, honor, and wellbeing.
This is what a true warrior stands for and it is what you are capable of being, if you so choose. This philosophy of performance is a proven path for accomplishment. I have used it to accomplish everything I have done. It has now been published in four languages and has served tens of thousands in accomplishing what they want. Based on the many responses I've had from readers through letters and email, I've received further confirmation that it works. It will serve you. In this new edition, besides this new preface, I've added a small amount of additional material to nearly every chapter. My intention: To add just a handful of new ingredients, very sparingly, to help make my principles and message even clearer and even more effective.
I extend to you an invitation to meet your true self within these pages and explore the adventure that is your life. There are challenges within these pages, but for the warrior, they are opportunities to see how far you can go and what you are absolutely capable of being.
- Mack
Excerpted from Unleash the Warrior Within by Richard "Mack" Machowicz, by arrangement with Da Capo Press. Copyright © 2002. Buy it here.


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This fall is a prime time to get your production game plan underway for next year.
Agronomic experts hope farmers tap into that same confident optimism as they plan for next year. The following recommendations are ideas for your consideration as you create your production game plan for 2013.
Evaluate soil fertility.
Farmers who fertilized their fields to achieve 200-bushel per acre corn yields but harvested only 50 bushels per acre are likely to have large amounts of nutrients still sitting in their fields--if those fields are still dry.
"Be aware that soil sampling in dry conditions can lead to erroneous results, so delay the process until soil moisture is renewed or perhaps until next year," says Bob Nielsen, Purdue University Extension corn specialist.
Taking several soil samples at varying depths in each field can minimize that problem, according to Darren Hefty, who co-owns Hefty Seed Company, Baltic, S.D., with his brother, Brian.
"Take four samples from 0-6 inches, 6-12 inches, 12-18 inches and the fourth at 18-24," Hefty recommends. "Deep samples don't have as much nutrient variability in them as shallow ones," he adds.
Yield data from this year can also help you determine fields or parts of fields that will need additional nutrients for the 2013 corn crop, says Justin Welch, DuPont Pioneer agronomist for Illinois and Indiana. He notes that yield data from this season will also be invaluable for farmers who want to establish management zones.
"This is the most important year for yield data in the past 10 to 15 years, because it will show us soil ranges like we've never seen before. That will be useful for operations using variable rate nitrogen and seeding practices," Welch explains.
Mike Kavanaugh, AgriGold agronomy manager, says he saw definite production benefits in corn that was spoon-fed nitrogen this year, and he recommends growers adopt that practice.
"Where we used starter fertilizer, front loaded nitrogen, side dressed ammonia or stabilized urea, corn seemed to weather the drought better," he recalls. Root restriction was common throughout the whole Corn Belt this year; due to compaction of many kinds, ammonia injury, hot dry soils, or even Corn Rootworm. Corn plants that have nutrients within reach always have a better chance of getting through extreme environments."
In those fields where carryover fertility levels are high going into 2013, Hefty recommends that farmers consider planting corn on corn and soybeans on soybeans.
In addition, Hefty says that practice can help farmers avoid herbicide carryover problems.
"I know that certain chemical labels will say four, six or 9 months for a rotational restriction, but in a drought year all that goes out the window," he contends, explaining that herbicides stay in soils longer when drought occurs. "Use common sense. Talk to a couple of good agronomists, and don't take chances with herbicide carryover," he adds.
Evaluate fall tillage.
Terry Basol, Iowa State University Extension field agronomist, recommends that farmers use a light touch if they opt to use tillage this fall, in order to preserve moisture and reduce soil erosion.
"If tillage will be conducted, protect the hill tops and leave at least 50% residue or more on the high sloped areas of the field," he advises.
The Hefty brothers recommend that farmers in the upper Midwest do fall tillage to address hard soils and potentially make a second pass as well to break up clumps of soil. Like Basol, the brothers caution against using aggressive tillage practices as that can contribute to moisture loss.
On the other hand, AgriGold's Kavanaugh says he believes fall tillage may be useful in corn fields that haven't been ripped in a couple of years.
"We didn't get much freezing and thawing last winter, and a lot of these soils have gotten tight, even through this dry period. When they're dry you can get more shatter and do some good with fall tillage that's not necessarily so with spring tillage," he says. "To raise high, consistent yields, compaction layers must be eliminated."
Plant a cover crop.
While it is almost late fall, you may still have time to plant a cover crop. A cover crop blend can help reduce erosion, fix nitrogen for next year and reduce compaction, according to Ken Ferrie, Farm Journal field agronomist. Order your cover crop seed now, though, as tight supplies may be the norm this year as farmers across the country are looking to boost cover crop acres.


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Liberal groups strike back at Facebook
Progressive and environmental groups are declaring open warfare against Facebook, escalating their frustration over pro-oil, anti-Obamacare ads being sponsored by Mark Zuckerberg's immigration reform campaign.
A coalition of activist organizations — including MoveOn.org, the Sierra Club, the League of Conservation Voters and Progressives United — said Tuesday they will suspend their paid Facebook advertising for at least two weeks.
Story Continued Below
"Leaders in the technology community have every right to talk about how immigration reform will benefit their businesses," former Sen. Russ Feingold (D-Wis.), who founded Progressives United, said in a statement. "But instead, FWD.us has chosen a strategy that's condescending to voters and counterproductive to the cause of reform."
( Also on POLITICO: Heritage: Immigration will cost $6.3T)
Each organization has committed to pulling their existing ads or holding off on the purchase of new ads for at least two weeks, and some groups are considering doing so for longer, Progressives United spokesman Josh Orton said.
The temporary ad boycott is the latest widening in an already ugly rift between Zuckerberg's advocacy group, FWD.us, and liberal organizations that share the same goal of reforming U.S. immigration policy.
The dispute blew up last month after two subsidiaries of FWD.us — one GOP-leaning, one Democratic — began running television ads that tout the conservative credentials of Sens. Lindsey Graham and Mark Begich.
The ads praised Begich (D-Alaska) for trying to open the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge to drilling and included clips from Graham criticizing President Barack Obama's health care law and his handling of the Keystone XL pipeline. Graham (R-S.C.) is a key member of the Senate Gang of Eight, which is trying to reach an immigration deal.
( Also on POLITICO: Tech firms sweat immigration plan)
A FWD.us official said the ads in question had been scheduled to be on television for only one week. After running for the full week, they are no longer on the air. But the ads remain on the websites of the FWD.us subsidiaries, which stand by the ads.
A Facebook spokeswoman declined to comment.
FWD.us has previously said the ads are meant to show support for lawmakers who take the politically risky step of backing changes to immigration laws.
"FWD.us is committed to showing support for elected officials who promote the policy changes needed to build the knowledge economy," FWD.us spokeswoman Kate Hansen said in a statement last week.
"Maintaining two separate entities, Americans for a Conservative Direction & the Council for American Job Growth, to support elected officials across the political spectrum — separately — means that we can more effectively communicate with targeted audiences of their constituents."
It's unclear how much the boycott will hurt Facebook, which reported last week that it had $1.46 billion in quarterly revenue, up 38 percent from the same quarter last year. The company has 1.1 billion users, vastly more than the Sierra Club's 1.4 million members.
( Also on POLITICO: Biden: Gun control to wait for immigration)
Orton declined to offer an estimate for the amount of money the groups spend on advertising.


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Puzzle Levels
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Hoppers Jr.
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|Level 5 - Easy
|Strategy - Logical, Puzzle Games, Games - Children
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Maker: Thinkfun
Young kids can now enjoy their own version of our popular Hoppers Peg Solitaire game as they help Red Frog Freddy win the leaping contest by being the last one on the pond. Players choose a challenge and place the frogs on the playing board to match the picture shown. To win, players hop all of their frogs around the pond until only the Red Frog remains. The 40 challenges, ranging from Easy to Super Hard, will keep kids' minds busy, they will need to use smart moves to win the title of "King of the Lilies"!
Ages: 5 to 7, Single Player
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In 1991, the Spare the Air program was established by the Bay Area Air Quality Management District to reduce air pollution and provide advance notice when air quality is forecast to be unhealthy.
Because most air pollution is preventable, Spare the Air is focused on educating the public and promoting changes in behavior that will help prevent unhealthy air quality. The program reaches out to several audiences:
A Spare the Air Alert is called when air quality is forecast to be unhealthy. A Spare the Air Alert is issued the day before unhealthy air is forecast. In the summer, Bay Area residents are asked to reduce their driving to help minimize pollution, and people who are sensitive to unhealthy air are advised to limit their time outdoors, particularly in the afternoon hours.
Because ozone is a preventable pollutant, doing things like cutting back on driving and the use of other gasoline powered equipment can make a substantial difference in the amount of pollution that occurs.
When a Spare the Air Alert is called in the winter, between November and February, the use of wood-burning devices is prohibited indoors and outdoors.
In the Bay Area, the summer Spare the Air season generally runs from April through October. During this period, vehicle exhaust and hot temperatures combine to form smog.
In the winter, cold temperatures and still air trap smoke close to the ground to create unhealthy air quality. When air quality is forecast to be unhealthy between November and February, a Winter Spare the Air Alert is called and the use of all wood-burning devices is prohibited both indoors and outdoors.
For those who sign up for e-mail AirAlerts, these will be issued the day before Spare the Air Alerts go into effect.
Spare the Air Alerts are also shown prominently on the www.baaqmd.gov and www.sparetheair.org websites.
Many television and radio stations also announce Spare the Air Alerts. Several Bay Area newspapers carry the air quality forecast, usually on the weather page of the papers.
Residents can also check the daily forecasts on the home page of this Spare the Air website, or call the Air District's toll-free line at 1-800-HELP AIR. In the winter, residents can also call 1-877-4NO-BURN.
Air pollution can be both natural - such as fires or volcanic eruptions - and man-made. Most of the air pollution in the Bay Area is man-made, and results from industrial processes and everyday activities like driving, boating, using household products or lawn and garden equipment, burning wood, painting, barbecuing, etc.
In the summertime, ground-level ozone causes the most serious air quality problems. Commonly referred to as "smog", ozone is a gas formed when sunlight reacts with oxides of nitrogen and volatile organic compounds emitted by cars, buses, trucks, construction equipment, gas stations, refineries, and many other sources.
While some ozone is produced every day, cooler temperatures and steady winds normally keep it from accumulating to unhealthy concentrations. However, on long, hot, stagnant days, ozone can build up to levels that violate federal and state health-based standards.
In the wintertime, especially between the months of November and February, particulate matter, or soot, is the major air quality concern. Tiny particles, either solid or liquid, can be produced by a variety of natural and man-made sources. Particles less than 10 micrometers in diameter can cause significant health problems, with those under 2.5 micrometers, known as "fine" particles, considered to be the most dangerous. These latter are produced by any kind of combustion (motor vehicles, wood burning, power plants, etc.) and some industrial processes.
Ozone can be good or bad, depending on where it is.
Ozone is a molecule that is similar to oxygen (O2), except that it consists of three oxygen atoms (O3) and tends to be unstable. It is found in both the upper and lower atmosphere.
Stratospheric or "good" ozone occurs naturally, high in the atmosphere from about 15 to 35 miles above the earth's surface. Here, it protects us by absorbing the sun's damaging rays and is essential for human, plant, and animal life on earth.
Ground level or "bad" ozone is a pollutant that damages human health, crops, and the environment. Ground-level ozone develops from chemical reactions that occur between sunlight and the emissions from some human activities. For example, exhaust from cars, lawn mowers, leaf blowers, and other gas-powered engines, as well as emissions from power plants, dry cleaners, paints, and even some common household products all react with the sun and create bad ozone.
No, ozone is a colorless gas. However, on days with high levels of ground-level zone, there is usually poor visibility. This is caused by two factors:
Not always. Small particles of water vapor can cause light to be scattered so thoroughly that the blue of the sky does not come through. This phenomenon is common in the South Bay during warm weather.
Many residents experience some kind of air pollution-related symptoms such as watery eyes, coughing, or wheezing. Even for healthy people, polluted air can cause respiratory irritation or breathing difficulties during exercise or outdoor activities. Your actual risk depends on your current health status, the pollutant type and concentration, and the length of exposure to polluted air.
The people most susceptible to severe health problems from air pollution are:
High air pollution levels can cause immediate health problems, such as:
Long-term exposure to polluted air can have permanent health effects, including:
During a Spare the Air Alert in the summer, it is usually safest to exercise in the morning because ground-level ozone generally doesn't build up to unhealthy levels until the afternoon.
Winter pollution patterns are somewhat inconsistent, but in general fine particle pollution peaks when temperature inversions are strongest in the evening and overnight through the early morning hours. On many winter days when a Winter Spare the Air Alert is in effect, the warmer middle part of the day is often safest for exercising.
Ground-level ozone also causes damage to plants and crops.
Scientists believe the effects of ground-level ozone on long-lived species, such as trees, add up over many years, so that whole forests or ecosystems can be affected.
Overall, mobile sources - particularly cars and light duty trucks - are the biggest source of Bay Area air pollution, contributing 75 percent of the emission inventory.
There's a lot you can do, probably much more than you realize. Taking any of the actions listed below will help, and the more you do, the more air pollution you will help prevent.
The biggest action you can take is to drive less. Here are a few ideas to consider:
If you must drive:
Things to do at home:
Yes, if there is a Spare the Air Alert in effect.
Air is almost always on the move, and pollution created in one area can drift to another where it can "cook" into smog later in the day. If the forecast for your area is good, you don't have to worry about your health, but what you do that day can make a big difference in the lives of others. This is particularly true in the Bay Area where winds tend to blow pollution from San Francisco and other urban areas into neighboring valleys in the East and South Bay.
Ozone Movies use real-time air monitoring data to show ozone air pollution levels throughout the region, by animating ozone concentrations as they build up on a map of the Bay Area.
What are the harmful health effects of ozone?
Ground-level ozone can cause several types of short-term health effects:
Scientists suspect that ozone may have other effects on people's health, as well. Ozone may aggravate chronic lung diseases, such as emphysema and bronchitis. Also, studies in animals suggest that ozone may reduce the immune system's ability to fight off bacterial infections in the respiratory system.
Most of these effects are considered short-term because they eventually cease once ozone levels subside. However, there is concern that repeated short-term damage from ozone exposure may permanently injure the lung. For example, repeated ozone impacts on the developing lungs of children may lead to reduced lung function as adults.
Who is most at risk for experiencing the health effects of ozone?
On cold, still winter days and nights, about one-third of the particulate pollution comes from wood smoke.
No. The rule prohibits burning any solid fuel, including pellets and manufactured logs.
Air District inspectors do a visual inspection of a home or business that is suspected to be burning during a Winter Spare the Air Alert . If they are found to be in violation of the Wood Burning Rule, inspectors document the violation and send the information to headquarters for verification. After the violation is verified, first-time violators will be issued a Notice of Violation, but will have an opportunity to take the Air District's Wood Smoke Awareness School online or by mail in lieu of paying a fine. Those who are found in violation a second time are issued a NOV citation and are subject to a $500 fine. Repeat violators who subsequently continue to burn in violation of the regulation will face increasing financial penalties.
No, air quality inspectors do not knock on doors of those found to be burning during a Winter Spare the Air Alert.
The Air District has 70 inspectors throughout the Bay Area.
From November through February, the Air District issues a Winter Spare the Air Alert when air quality is anticipated to reach unhealthy levels and exceed the federal 24-hour average standard for PM2.5, which is 35 micrograms per cubic meter and corresponds to 100 on the AQI scale.
On average, there are 15-20 Winter Spare the Air Alerts each winter.


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Big 'Buy' here: But Crutchfield has no fear
If you build it, will they come? Alex Howe will. "Best Buy has everything a guy could want," says the fourth year UVA student.
Howe and other gadget fanatics haven't yet learned Best Buy's opening date, but several City officials say they've been hearing a target of November 7. A company spokesperson will neither confirm nor deny– other than to say there will be an impending announcement.
Located on Emmet Street between Angus Road and the Route 250 bypass, the consumer electronics retailer occupies an 8.3-acre parcel purchased in late April for $7.7 million that was most recently the site of the Mount Vernon motor lodge and Aunt Sarah's pancake house.
In what must rank as one of the fastest mammoth construction jobs in local history, the 45,000 square-foot store rose from demolition to opening day in just over five months.
The only whiff of controversy surrounds a new traffic signal in front of the store on traffic-choked Emmet Street. Already installed on an existing pole, the new light has received a "green light" by the City but awaits VDOT approval.
A City-funded review of Best Buy's own traffic study confirms that traffic will move "better" with the new light than without it, according to City planning director Jim Tolbert.
"They've done a great job in complying with everything we asked," says Tolbert, noting that the site's zoning puts no limits– other than parking requirements– on the structure's size. The store could conceivably expand by 20,000 square feet (about the size of the Charlottesville Ice Park).
That's a lot of room for digital cameras, high definition televisions, and dishwashers.
"We welcome the competition," says Kurt Goodwin, an executive with Crutchfield Corporation, the national audio/visual catalogue with a showroom at Rio Hill Shopping Center.
"Quite frankly," says Goodwin, "when Circuit City opened several years ago in Albemarle Square, we were very worried about its impact on our Rio Hill store. For the first few months, our store sales did suffer slightly. However, sales rebounded and have continued to grow since then."
Home-grown Crutchfield has made its fame by offering gobs of info including self-made installation guides, highly informed staffers, and such novel niceties as lifetime technical support.
Beat that, Best Buy!
–with additional reporting by Elizabeth Stanek
45,000 square feet of commerce at Emmet and bypass.
Mount Vernon was mostly gone, and Aunt Sarah's had mere days to live in this May 26 photo.


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This domain name has recently been transferred to Karen Millen Fashions Limited (KMFL) following a complaint filed by KMFL against the previous owner of this domain name. Goods sold from this site were counterfeit goods and KMFL operates a zero tolerance policy to counterfeiting. Read more about our Anti-Counterfeit Programme.
The only legitimate sources of KAREN MILLEN product available online are:
Official Karen Millen eBay Outlet http://stores.ebay.co.uk/karenmillenofficial
We want to protect you and our brand. If you find a site which you
believe to be suspicious, we'd be grateful if you could report it to us
by emailing firstname.lastname@example.com.
Thank You.


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The team behind Ilkley Literature Festival is one of the organisations behind a literary competition for black and Asian women.
Supported by Arts Council England, the Soroptimist International Leeds Literary Prize, for unpublished fiction by women aged 18 and over, is run in partnership with Ilkley Literature Festival and independent publishers Peepal Tree Press.
Entries will be accepted online until March 31, at sileedsliteraryprize.word press.com.
Jane Steele, a former writer-in-residence at Bradford Playhouse, came third in the 2012 literary prize with her novel Storybank: The Milkfarm Years.


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Whether we like it or not, working is a fact of life for most of us. As the saying goes, "A happy employee is a productive employee." And more productivity leads to higher profits. So we asked Millennials, Generation Xers and Baby Boomers around the world to think about their jobs and tell us how satisfied they are with everything from compensation and workplace comradery to job loyalty. Across a sample of respondents from 60 countries who said they are currently employed, satisfaction levels highlight workplace trends worth paying attention to.
In this fourth of a five-part series about the differences between how generations live, eat, play and save, we focus on how consumers work.
Among 10 job-satisfaction factors, more than half of global Millennials, Generation X and Baby Boomer respondents are satisfied with their occupations, work environment, co-workers, work/life balance and boss—and sentiment mostly increases with age. On the flip side, and perhaps not surprisingly, less than half are satisfied with income and other medical, retirement and savings-plan benefits—and sentiment largely declines with age.
How can employers help create a better balance between work and compensation perceptions? A little praise can go a long way. And rewards and compensation do not always need to be monetary. Creating a workplace environment of mutual respect and recognition helps employees feel valued.
The days of employees spending their entire career with one employer are likely over. That sentiment rings especially true with younger respondents, as Millennials are roughly two times more likely to leave a job after two years, 1.5 times more likely after five years, and half as likely to stay after 10 years , compared with Gen X and Baby Boomer respondents.
From recruitment and job training costs, employee loyalty is vital for successful business operations. Build a sense of job ownership with employees by making them an integral part of team decisions. Diverse thinking and attitudes leads to better—and usually more creative–ideas.
Other findings from the Global Generational Lifestyle Report include:
The Nielsen Global Generational Lifestyles Survey polled 30,000 online respondents in 60 countries to better understand how global consumer sentiment differs across life stage. For the purposes of this study, respondents are segmented into five life-stage classifications: Generation Z (age 15-20), Millennials (21-34), Generation X (35-49), Baby Boomers (50-64) and Silent Generation (65 and older).
For more detail and insight, download Nielsen's Generational Lifestyles Report.
The Nielsen Global Survey of Generational Attitudes was conducted Feb. 23-March 13, 2015, and polled more than 30,000 online consumers in 60 countries throughout Asia-Pacific, Europe, Latin America, the Middle East/Africa and North America. The sample includes Internet users who agreed to participate in this survey and has quotas based on age and sex for each country. It is weighted to be representative of Internet consumers by country. Because the sample is based on those who agreed to participate, no estimates of theoretical sampling error can be calculated. However, a probability sample of equivalent size would have a margin of error of ±0.6% at the global level. This Nielsen survey is based only on the behavior of respondents with online access. Internet penetration rates vary by country. Nielsen uses a minimum reporting standard of 60% Internet penetration or an online population of 10 million for survey inclusion.


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|Date Picker Settings
In some cases you'll need the min and max dates to change dynamically. A classic example is when you book a plane ticket and set your departure and return dates. When you select a departure date then select a return date, the return date can't be before the departure date. Dates before the departure date are usually greyed out. Using APEX you could try to implement this example by doing the following:
- Create a Date Item, P1_DEPT_DATE. Set the Maxium Date to be &P1_RETURN_DATE.
- Create a Date Item, P1_RETURN_DATE. Set the Mininum Date to be &P1_DEPT_DATE.
Run the page and select a date for the Departure Date (in this example 24-Nov-11). Next, select a Return Date. You'll notice that the calendar picker does not prevent you from selecting a return date before 24-Nov-2011.
Note: If you submit the page now it'll raise an exception since the Min and Max attributes requires the date to be in YYYYMMDDHH24MI format.
So how do you have the min and max date restrictions change based on the user input? Excellent question. My next post introduces a plugin that resolves this issue.


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Arts Academy Welcomes New Faculty for 2014-15 Year
June 2, 2014
Four new teachers will join the faculty at Interlochen Arts Academy in the 2014-15 academic year.
How Grinchy Met The Who
December 3, 2013
Interlochen faculty bring an incredible piece of Christmas to life by way of The Grinch, The Who, and more!
The Biomechanics of Healthy Performance
November 16, 2009
After a year-long sabbatical, Hal Grossman, instructor of violin at Interlochen Arts Academy, is prepared to blend science with art to help his students learn skills that will help them play violin in a healthy way.


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In the March 15 Baltimore Sun, Steve Kilar wrote a brief article entitled, "St. Ambrose School in Park Heights is closing." He quoted a statement from the Archdiocese of Baltimore, which said that "due to the low enrollment, St. Ambrose has been unable to meet financial obligations ... without assistance from the Archdiocese." St. Ambrose will close at the end of the school year in June.
Apostolic AdministratorEdwin O'Brienis not very popular with many Catholic parishioners of the diocese. A good part of the unpopularity stems from decisions like refusing to sell the empty St. Anthony's School to the Baltimore International Academy for use as a charter school; his decision to close 13 Catholic elementary schools, which were predominantly located in West Baltimore's poorer neighborhoods; his decision in 2010 to close Cardinal Gibbons; and his abrupt decision in 2009 to close Towson Catholic High School even before he received the final report and recommendations of the Blue Ribbon Committee he himself had established. The archdiocese has now closed another school, St. Ambrose, which was presumably not mentioned for closure in the Blue Ribbon Committee report.
It is my understanding that approximately 60 percent of students from the closed schools are now enrolled in other Catholic schools. What has happened to the 40 percent lost in the process? I believe, for the good of the city and its many school systems, Cardinal Edwin O'Brien should declare "Mission Accomplished" and immediately begin his new assignment from Pope Benedict XVI.
Our mission as Christians has just begun — to find and educate the 40 percent of students who have not enrolled in other Catholic schools as a result of the cardinal's "consolidation."
Richard Herbig, Jarrettsville


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Podcasts in the intelligent design controversy
Scientocracy RulesWell, all I can say is, first, I write the Deprogram column for that mag (not usually on line), and second, that the mag is one of the few that is not dedicated to simply fronting an establishment consensus about Darwinism.
Welcome to the Scientocracy, where unless you fully accede to the consensus view, then your opinion not only doesn't matter, it might even be dangerous. On this episode of ID the Future Casey Luskin shows how a recent move to redefine scientific literacy from an understanding of science into wholesale capitulation to the "consensus" damages true scientific literacy - including the right to debate and dissent.
Go here to listen.
Luskin's article appeared in Salvo Magazine's Winter 2009 issue. For more information on Salvo, go here.
2. Okay, also,
Why Consensus Doesn't CountGo here to listen.
Darwinists often point out that Darwin's theory is supported by a majority of scientists and so only the evidence that supports the theory should be presented to students. On this episode of ID The Future, CSC's John West explains that when it comes to setting public policy, dissenting views on science can be critically important and should be encouraged.
Basically, consensus is for herding sheep. When you want to hear evidence for the value of consensus, always ask a sheep.
3. Plus
200 Years After Darwin -- What Didn't Darwin Know?Well, of course. Go here to listen.
This special video episode of ID the Future celebrates Darwin Day with a look back at the man and his theory by three scientists and scholars who join in the scientific dissent from evolution.
Biologist Jonathan Wells, author and M.D. Geoffrey Simmons, and molecular biologist Douglas Axe shed light on the problems with Darwin's theory as they share what led each of them to their skepticism.
Jonathan Wells first became skeptical of Darwin's mechanism of natural selection, but it was in his studies in embryology that he became skeptical of common ancestry. Dr. Wells takes a historical look at the impact of Darwin's theory and discusses how unnecessary it is for modern science.
Geoffrey Simmons, M.D., explains how he became a Darwin skeptic after looking at the evidence and finding the evidence for evolution lacking.
And molecular biologist Douglas Axe from Biologic Institute explains the problems genetic mutations pose for Darwin's theory.
Listen in to their stories and appreciate again the scientific evidence against Darwin's theory.
It's far easier to think of evidence against the Darwin nonsense than to explain its hold on the public. Oh, wait ... Darwinism is both tax-supported and a get-out–of-jail-free card. (Like, it's not you who did it, it is your selfish genes and/or your ancestral ape heritage.)
Labels: podcasts


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No matter your financial situation, we're here to help you get a title loan in Henderson, NV—we give you cash right when you need it. Apply by phone at 844-831-4198, fill out the online application form, or visit your local CASH 1 store to get started. We look forward to helping you.
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text: March 7, 2018, 10:58 am demo_03 0 Shares Written by Michelle This here is a therapeutic electronic diary. facebook linkedin twitter youtube Leave a Reply Cancel reply Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *Comment Name * Email * Website Sign me up for the newsletter! Notify me of new posts by email.


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HURLBURT FIELD � Construction began this week on U.S. Highway 98 to prepare for the temporary opening of the Hurlburt Field gate at Kerwood Road.
HURLBURT FIELD � Construction began this week on U.S. Highway 98 to prepare for the temporary opening of the Hurlburt Field gate at Kerwood Road.
The gate will be opened to relieve congestion during construction of the overpass on U.S. 98 at the base�s main gate, which is set to begin this summer.
The Kerwood Road gate is located east of the main gate.
Westbound motorists coming from Fort Walton Beach and Destin, which account for about a quarter of the base�s traffic, will be able to enter Hurlburt at Kerwood before they even reach the construction area, said Lt. Col. David Novy, commander of the Air Force�s 1st Special Operations Civil Engineering Squadron, at a groundbreaking ceremony for the overpass project last month.
The $429,849 project includes construction of left- and right-hand turn lanes off U.S. 98 to Kerwood Road and installation of a temporary traffic signal at the intersection that will become operational as construction on the overpass increases, according to the state Department of Transportation.
View a map of the location of the temporary gate.
There will be no daytime lane closures in association with the Kerwood Road project, said Tanya Branton, a spokesperson for the transportation department. Any necessary closures will be conducted between 7 p.m. and 5 a.m.
The Kerwood Road project is set to be complete by mid-June but is subject to weather delays.
The overpass project is designed to reduce traffic congestion on U.S. 98 at the main Cody Avenue entrance to Hurlburt Field, which has been a growing concern for years.
The $13.9 million project will raise a 1.1-mile section of U.S. 98 over Cody Avenue using two two-lane bridges. The overpass is slated for completion by the end of 2014.
While Hurlburt will be opening the additional gate access at Kerwood Road during construction, the main gate will remain open throughout, according to the 1st Special Operations Wing public affairs office.
In an effort to further reduce congestion, the base is also preparing to reroute all commercial traffic from the main gate to the back entrance off Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard. The change should pull about 300 to 400 vehicles from the U.S. 98 and Cody Avenue intersection each day, Novy said.
Contact Daily News Staff Writer Lauren Sage Reinlie at 850-315-4443 or firstname.lastname@example.com. Follow her on Twitter @LaurenRnwfdn.


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In order to encourage outstanding UMass Lowell undergraduate degree students to continue their studies towards an advanced degree, qualified students may apply for the Bachelor's to Master's Degree Option (Bachelor's to Master's programs include the Fast Track to Teaching and Plus 1 programs.)
This option carries distinct benefits. Graduate Record Examination (GRE) scores are not required (except in the Graduate School of Education), GMAT is waived for applicants for the Masters in Business Administration (MBA) with a 3.2 or higher GPA and the application fee is waived. In addition, many departments offer course credit benefits. (For detailed information regarding specific course credit benefits, please see the Graduate Coordinator in the respective master's degree granting department.)
Any UMass Lowell undergraduate junior or senior with a grade point average of 3.0 or better may apply to a Master's degree program at UMass Lowell under the Accelerated Bachelor's to Master's Degree Option. However, to be accepted into this option the following minimum conditions must be met (individual departments may have more stringent requirements):
The graduate degree granting department may allow course credit benefits; however, the following requirements apply:
Applicants are requested to fill out the Online Application and submit requisite materials to the Office of Graduate Admissions (Cumnock Hall - North Campus), normally in the second semester of their third year as an undergraduate (up until the last day of classes in their final semester before graduation). Application forms and details on applying may also be obtained by contacting the Graduate Admissions Office at 978-934-2390.


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VIC Tourism welcomes to Accommodation Globe Derby Park Australia, we offer superb holiday accommodation with our professional team, locate your provider today from our extensive range of listings below.
Address: 160 Hillier Rd, Hillier SA 5116
Address: 77 Gibson Street, Bowden SA 5007
copyright © 2019 VIC Tourism. All rights reserved.


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I need to program computer agents that interact with each other (for example they play a computer game with each other). Sometimes it happens that two agents are interacting with each other. I need to find a word to describe who they are to each other. I have the following options:
- opponent
- companion
- partner
My main requirement is that the word should be neutral (since the interaction can be of different kinds: cooperation, competition, fight). I am afraid that opponent is a bit "negative" (in the sense that it assumes that two agents are enemies, that they are fighting). Partner, in contrast, seems to be positive to me (assuming that agents cooperate with each other). What about companion? Or may be you can propose other words?


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Tama Sumo Shows
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Featured Articles
Watch Gov't Mule welcome drummer Jerry Marotta on "What Is Hip?" during their show at the Palace Theatre in Albany, New York.
In an interview with Trigger Hippy's Steve Gorman and Nick Govrik, the pair discuss getting the band back together with new members and new music.
Drummer/percussionist/songwriter Yonrico Scott has died at age 63.
Episode 46 of The JamBase Podcast features "The Art Of The Sit-In" with Jennifer Hartswick of the Trey Anastasio Band and "The Rundown" of recent news items.
Eric Krasno, Duane Trucks, Todd Sheaffer and Jason Crosby are among the additions to the lineup for the upcoming "There's A Reward: A Celebration Of The Life & Music Of Neal Casal" benefit concert in honor of the late Neal Casal.


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Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
School of Medicine > Biochemistry and Molecular Biology > Faculty > James P. Calvet, Ph.D.
James P. Calvet, Ph.D.
University Distinguished Professor
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, Ph.D., 1975
Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology, Shrewsbury, MA (American Cancer Society Postdoctoral Fellow and Senior Research Associate)
Publications: Click here
Research Areas of Interest
Signal transduction
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is characterized by the growth of numerous, large epithelial-lined cysts from the nephrons and collecting ducts of affected kidneys. It is one of the most common lethal genetic diseases in the U.S. and worldwide. Cyst formation is initiated early in fetal kidneys, suggesting that the disease is caused by an abnormality in the differentiation of renal tubules. Most cases of human PKD are known to be caused by mutations in two unlinked genes, PKD1 and PKD2, with mutations in the PKD1 gene being associated with ~85% of PKD cases. The PKD1 protein product, polycystin-1, is a very large, membrane-associated glycoprotein. The N-terminal, extracellular region is ~3,000 amino acids in length, the membrane-spanning region (including 11 transmembrane domains) is ~1,000 amino acids in length, and the C-terminal, cytosolic domain is ~200 amino acids in length.
A number of protein motifs have been identified in the N-terminal, extracellular region and in the C-terminal, cytosolic region that suggest that polycystin-1 may function as a plasma membrane receptor, possibly to regulate cell differentiation as a ciliary mechanosenor. The PKD2 protein product, polycystin-2, is a calcium channel that directly interacts with polycystin-1. Thus, polycystin-1 may regulate polycystin-2 channel activity. The proposed role of polycystin-1 as a membrane receptor is supported by evidence from other labs and by our own work showing that expression of polycystin-1 fusion proteins in transiently transfected cells activates a number of cellular signaling pathways, including activation of the AP-1 and NFAT transcription factors (Parnell et al., 2002; Puri et al. 2004). Much of our current work is based on our evidence that polycystin-1 functions as a heterotrimeric G protein coupled receptor (Parnell et al., 1998; 2002).
To test this, we carried out in vitro protein binding assays using bacterially expressed polycystin-1 fusion constructs, which showed that the C-terminal cytosolic domain can stably bind G proteins. The binding domain was found to be within an evolutionarily conserved region of polycystin-1, and to contain a 20-amino acid peptide sequence that can activate purified G proteins in vitro. These results were the first to demonstrate that polycystin-1 may function by initiating heterotrimeric G protein coupled signal transduction.
Polycystin-1 mediated calcium and cAMP signaling
Several key observations made over the past several years have suggested that cAMP is central to the pathogenesis of PKD. First, cAMP has been shown to be the driving force in the activation of the Ras/MAPK pathway and in the resulting cell proliferation that is required for cyst formation and cyst growth. Second, cAMP activation of CFTR has been shown to be the driving force for the fluid secretion required for cyst enlargement after cysts pinch off from the nephron. The central role of cAMP has recently been further confirmed by a series of experiments in which animal models of PKD were successfully treated with a vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist, presumably because the antagonist lowered renal cAMP levels.
However, while these experiments support the view that cAMP is important, it is not known how a defect in the polycystins can cause misregulation of cAMP-mediated mechanisms associated with increased cell proliferation and fluid secretion, both integral to cyst growth and enlargement. The polycystins are thought to regulate intracellular calcium mobilization in response to some yet-to-be-determined ligand-mediated or mechanosensory stimulus. As stated above, polycystin-2 has been shown to be a calcium-regulated non-specific cation channel, and polycystin-1 is thought to regulate polycystin-2 activity. Recently, we showed that polycystin-1 alone is capable of elevating intracellular calcium through a heterotrimeric G protein-coupled mechanism. Both polycystin-1 and polycystin-2 have been shown to be required for ciliary mechanosensory increases in intracellular calcium; however, it is not known how these calcium fluxes are linked to cAMP signaling or to cell proliferation.
Recently, we showed, using three cell culture model systems, that PKD-like cell proliferation is dependent on cAMP-mediated activation of the Ras/B-Raf/ERK pathway (Sutters et al., 2001; Yamaguchi et al., 2004). This was shown in primary cultures of ADPKD cyst epithelial cells, in M-1 cells stably transfected with a dominant-negative polycystin-1 construct, and in M-1 cells treated with calcium channel blockers. All three systems displayed the same phenotypic switch from cAMP-inhibited to cAMP-stimulated cell proliferation. Yet, despite these common observations, it is not clear whether and how the polycystins may be involved.
As such, we are determining if the PKD-like cAMP-stimulated phenotype is a characteristic of Pkd1 deficient mouse cells. For these studies, we are using the Pkd1(m1bei) mouse, which has a single amino acid missense mutation that causes a PKD phenotype, and we are generating two new mouse models that will carry, single amino acid (aa) mutations in the heterotrimeric G protein binding region of polycystin-1 (to mimic known human mutations), and a 52 aa frameshift mutation in the heterotrimeric G protein binding region of polycystin-1. We are also utilizing metanephric kidney cultures from these mice to determine whether the PKD-like phenotypic switch occurs in embryonic kidney cells at a time when cysts begin to grow in human PKD (Magenheimer et al., in preparation). Finally, we are testing polycystin-1 mediated signaling activity under conditions of fluid flow mediated ciliary bending to determine if polycystin-1 can generate a calcium signal that can lead to altered calcium-regulated gene expression.
Regulation of PKD1 gene expression
Another project in the lab is looking into the regulation of PKD1 gene expression by analyzing 5' proximal promoter elements that function to up- or down-regulate PKD1 mRNA levels. We were the first to isolate and analyze the PKD1 promoter, showing that it is a target of the beta-catenin pathway (Rodova et al., 2002). More recent work has shown regulation of PKD1 promoter activity by Ets factors (Puri et al. in press) and by retinoic acid (Islam et al., in preparation). We have also determined that the last intron of the PKD1 gene (intron 45) has exceptionally high sequence conservation (Rodova et al., 2003). Pairwise comparisons for intron 45 showed 91% identity (human vs. dog) to 100% identity (mouse vs. rat) for an average for all four species of 94% identity. In contrast, introns 43 and 44 of the PKD1 gene had average pairwise identities of 57% and 54%, and exons 43, 44, and 45 and the coding region of exon 46 had average pairwise identities of only 80-84%.
Intron 45 is 90 to 95 bp in length, with the major region of sequence divergence being in a central 4-bp to 9-bp variable region. RNA secondary structure analysis of intron 45 predicts a branching stem-loop structure in which the central variable region lies in one loop and the putative branch point sequence lies in another loop, suggesting that the intron adopts a specific stem-loop structure that may be important for its removal. Although intron 45 appears to conform to the class of small, G-triplet–containing introns that are spliced by a mechanism utilizing intron definition, its high sequence conservation may be a reflection of constraints imposed by a unique mechanism that coordinates splicing of this last PKD1 intron with polyadenylation.


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Oyster, the e-book subscription service, has launched a new version of its app that is available for Android devices as well as Amazon Kindle Fire and Barnes & Noble Nook tablets.
The New York City startup has often been described as the Netflix or Spotify of e-books. It launched late last year offering iPhone customers access to more than 100,000 e-books for a $9.95 monthly subscription. Since then, Oyster's catalog has grown to more than 500,000 titles and it is now available on the iPad as well as the platforms announced today.
Android and Nook users can head to the Google Play digital store to download the app while Kindle Fire users can get Oyster by going to oysterbooks.com/kindlefire.
CEO Eric Stromberg said Oyster's launch on Android, Kindle Fire and Nook is a big step for the company, which hopes to expand its service to even more devices in the next few months.
"The goal is to make the service available on as many platforms as possible so that any Oyster reader can read their books whenever and wherever they want," Stromberg said.
Oyster is not the first e-book subscription service to launch on Android. Rival Scribd has been available for both Android and Apple iOS devices for some time now. Scribd costs $8.99 per month and has a catalog of more than 300,000 e-books.
Neither service has disclosed how many subscribers they have, so it's hard to gauge the impact they've had, if any, on e-book retail giants like Apple, Amazon and Barnes & Noble. However, subscription services have proved effective for other types of media.
With movies and TV shows, Netflix has more than 46 million customer who pay for its online streaming subscription service while music-streaming service Spotify recently announced that it now has more than 10 million customers who pay a monthly subscription.
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Housing & Residential Living
Intruders and Theft
The College is not responsible for the personal belongings of students. Students are advised to lock their room doors and the outside doors of the houses. Do not let anyone "tailgate" or enter an outside entrance without a College OneCard. It is recommended that valuables, such as computers, be insured and the serial numbers recorded. The Office of Residential Life provides information on how to obtain personal property insurance through a national insurance carrier.
Approved on July 31, 2007.


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ORLANDO, Fla., April 16 (UPI) -- Ryan Anderson's 26 points and 16 rebounds helped the Orlando Magic overcome an injury-riddled frontcourt to post a 113-100 win over Philadelphia Monday.
Orlando -- missing starters Dwight Howard and Glen Davis -- got 16 points and 13 assists from Jameer Nelson.
Earl Clark, also filling in for the injured stars, registered career highs of 14 points and 11 rebounds.
The Magic, who clinched a playoff berth Sunday, shot 53 percent from the field.
Philadelphia fell to 2-6 in April.
Jrue Holiday scored 18 points and dished off eight assists for the Sixers, who are tied with New York for the seventh seed in the Eastern Conference.