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On November 30, the Fed announced in a press release that it was cutting the cost of temporary dollar liquidity swaps almost in half. The rate was slashed from about one percent to slightly over 0.5 percent, making it much cheaper for foreign central banks and the financial institutions they fund to borrow a practically unlimited supply of newly created U.S. dollars.
The news was met with outrage by Congressman Ron Paul, whose subcommittee deals with monetary policy and the central bank. Paul is once again calling for, among other measures, an audit of the Fed and the eventual restoration of honest money.
"The Fed's latest actions in cooperating with foreign central banks to undertake liquidity swaps of dollars for foreign currencies is another reason why Congress needs enhanced power to oversee and audit the Fed," said Rep. Ron Paul (R-Texas), the Chairman of the House Domestic Monetary Policy and Technology Subcommittee. "Under current law Congress cannot examine these types of agreements."
President Obama promised this week that Americans were "ready to do our part" in dealing with the euro crisis. And so, according to Rep. Paul, the most recent bailout announced two days later shows the fallacy of arguments that auditing the Fed or its secret deals with foreign central banks would somehow harm the "independence" of monetary-policy bosses.
"Congress should not permit this type of open-ended commitment on the part of the Fed, a commitment which could easily run into the trillions of dollars," Rep. Paul said in a statement. "These dollar swaps are purely inflationary and will harm American consumers as much as any form of quantitative easing."
According to Paul, who predicted many of the economic problems plaguing the world today years before they became obvious, the Fed's announcement illustrates how scared governments have become of the European financial crisis. But the new schemes will not solve the looming meltdown — they will simply delay the inevitable and make it worse.
"Central banks are grasping at straws, hoping that flooding the world with money created out of thin air will somehow resolve a crisis caused by uncontrolled government spending and irresponsible debt issuance," the Texas Congressman said. "The Fed is behaving much as it did during the 2008 financial crisis, only this time instead of bailing out politically well-connected too-big-to-fail firms it is bailing out profligate government spending."
The solution, Paul said, is simple: Restoring sound money. It would help prevent wild government spending, unsustainable debt, and widespread economic manipulation by central bankers — all key causes of the current crisis.
"Citizens the world over deserve better than this. They deserve sound money that cannot be manipulated and created out of thin air by central planners who promise printed prosperity," explained Paul, a GOP presidential hopeful and long-time critic of the privately owned Federal Reserve System.
In fact, central banks and their power to create unlimited paper debt-money out of thin air are at the root of the problem. "Fiat money caused this European crisis and the financial crisis before it. More fiat money is not the cure," Paul explained. "The global fiat currency system has proven itself a failure, we need real monetary reform. We need sound money."
While Paul used to be an isolated voice criticizing the monetary system, more lawmakers have jumped on the bandwagon in recent years as the failure of central banking became increasingly obvious — and devastating. And the newest Fed bailout of European governments has other Congressmen up in arms, too.
"We should be under no illusion about today's action by the Federal Reserve," said Rep. Dan Burton (R-Ind.) in a statement. "The Federal Reserve's decision to allow European banks to borrow American dollars cheaply, combined with the Administration's action earlier in the week to double the United States financial contribution to the International Monetary fund is nothing more or less than a U.S. taxpayer bailout of Europe."
Rep. Burton said that even though markets may have reacted positively to the newest bailout announcement, the long-term consequences will be devastating. "This boondoggle will only serve to further devalue our currency, increase inflation pressures, worsen our ability to rebound from the likely failure of the Euro, and make it that much harder to solve America's own crushing financial problems," he noted.
Like the American government, Burton said, European authorities do not have a revenue problem, they have a spending problem. And throwing American taxpayer money at the crisis will not solve the problem anymore than President Obama's failed "stimulus" plan solved America's woes, he concluded.
The coordinated central-bank easing policy, of course, will cause a depreciation in the value of all existing money. And it won't even come close to solving the underlying problems, according to analysts.
The Fed insisted it was necessary to "ease strains in financial markets" and boost economic activity. Critics, however, are not buying it.
"That's a bit like a bunch of doctors agreeing that the solution to the pain in a patient's eye is to push the ice pick further into his eye," noted Thomas Eddlem in a piece for The New American. "Yes, markets received a sense of security from the central banks' action. But it is a false sense of security before the looming debt crisis breaks."
The new coordinated central bank policy is not the first time Americans have been forced to bail out Europe in recent years. The Fed has been exposed secretly pumping trillions of dollars into European banks throughout the crisis.
And as the largest single contingent of contributors, U.S. taxpayers have long been partially financing all of the so-called "rescue" packages floated by the IMF. Lawmakers were furious back then, too.
"The bailout of Greece set a dangerous precedent of using American tax dollars for other European bailouts," complained Rep. Mike Pence (R-Ind.) in a statement in May 2010. "Now Americans are waking up to the harsh reality that they may be on the hook to keep the Euro afloat as well."
But the bailouts continue. In fact, on November 22, the IMF announced the creation of yet another obscure "credit facility" to pump American cash into bloated and insolvent European governments. And some financial insiders are even calling for the Fed to buy up bonds from the struggling regimes.
Euro Pacific Capital chief Peter Schiff, who has forecasted economic events of recent years with uncanny accuracy, said this week that the Fed would likely continue to debase the dollar for as long as possible. "This is not about economic growth, its about propping up insolvent financial institutions by creating inflation," Schiff said, telling investors to stock up on precious metals now.
It remains unclear why key U.S. policy makers feel the need to try to save the failing European single currency and the continent's bloated regimes by seizing wealth from already-struggling Americans. But according to experts, in addition to failing miserably while further damaging the U.S. economy, the scheme will continue to build pressure for real monetary reform around the world.
Photo: AP Images
Related articles:
Federal Reserve to Bail Out European Banks (Again!)
Fed Showered Money On Foreign Banks
Fed Audit: Trillions For Foreign Banks, Conflicts of Interest
Fed Manipulations in the Crosshairs
Fed, National Banks Decide on More Global Inflation
Another Secret Federal Reserve Bailout, $7.7 Trillion This Time


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Everybody wants to live in cozy, spacious houses. But do you know that studios and small apartments can be spacious as well? Treetopia shows you how you can open up space even in the tiniest of homes with these clever tricks:
1. Use a Room for Two Purposes Instead of One
One of the best ways to make the most out of a limited space is to use it for more than one purpose. Some people, for instance, set up their home office in the living room, while others have their workout space in the bedroom.
Tables can serve many purposes. To make the most of them, at the same time maximizing space, hold both the dining area and the library in a single room. Not only is this combination practical, it looks charming too!

subset: commoncrawl


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"ASICS Tiger VOICE" features people who continue to express themselves with the ASICS Tiger™ brand, describing the past, present and future of the brand from their unique perspectives.
In this seventh issue, we have Ms. Sarah Andelman, the creative director of Colette, one of the most famous select shops in Paris. We wanted to hear how she envisioned the future of the ASICS Tiger™ brand, having seen all things premium and first-class.
—What do you base your brand and item selections on?
We're a multi-brand store on three levels with fashion for men and women, streetwear, beauty, high-tech products, art gallery, a water-bar. We like brands with a history and high quality products. Brands who are able to keep their « savoir-faire » and adapt them to the modern exigence. The ASICS Tiger™ brands is a good example!
To be honest my first feeling of the ASICS Tiger™ brand was a good brand for performance and training, but I realized very quickly that it was also very good for lifestyle.
—What is your favorite model among the ASICS Tiger™ brand?
The one we launched last October, GEL-LYTE V « Yukata », both in blue or white. A friend who saw me wear them asked "Hey, where can I find them?", and the reply: "At Colette of course! "
The strong originality of the ASICS Tiger™ brand is in the incredible collection of models and colors. It seems they're not afraid to take risks and that's why there are so many options, collaborations, ideas.
—Tell us about the sneaker trends in Paris.
There are more and more interesting shops, more and more well-informed clients, more and more cool sneakers to release every week! While the Japan sneaker market may have calmed down after the fad phase, popularity for sneakers in Paris is stronger and stronger. That is why the brands have to be especially careful to not repeat themselves, to not do "too much". The ASICS Tiger™ brand knows how to do that well.
—What do you think the heritage of The ASICS Tiger™ brand is?
I think the ASICS brand was born out of the respect and love for the runners, and the same spirit is intended for the "life-stylers" seeking for The ASICS Tiger™ brand. The brand's technic, style, and comfort tells it all.
I would love it if people can feel such heritage of the ASICS brand, through our shoes made in collaboration with the ASICS Tiger™ brand. I hope the heads liking The ASICS Tiger™ brand will sense the love we've dedicated to the products.
The ASICS Tiger™ brand already is and shall always remain authentic even in times to come.
Confirmo que he leído y entiendo la Política de privacidad.


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- A housewife in Alexandria set herself on fire yesterday at the same time we were busy with Abdel Manam Hamda in Cairo , I do no know what happened to her.
- Today another citizen tired to set himself on fire in front of the parliament in Cairo again in less than 48 hours after Hamda. 50 years old Mohamed Farouk , a divorced lawyer set himself on fire but the parliament guards managed to saved him quickly and transfer him to the Monira hospital. The MOH has not published any statement about his condition , I think it is worse than Hamda's then !! The only thing we know about him according to Mainstream media is that he was objecting his daughter's behavior !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
- Another citizen tried to set himself on fire in Alexandria and this time it is unemployed 25 years old Ahmed Hasham El-Siyad who is suffering from 3rd degree burns and is currently between life and death !!!
- The security of the parliament has stopped another citizen from setting himself on fire from couple of hours ago and currently there is a fire engine and ambulance in front of the parliament just in case !! No one has tried yet the Oroba palace despite it is the real decision making center in the country !!
- The Egyptian stock market index is down again.
Updated :
- The MOH issued an update about Mr. Mohamed Farouk , his burns are only 5% of his body and he will leave the hospital in the next 48 hours !!
- Radio Horytna published photos for the location where Farouk set himself on fire.
- Masrawy siad that a third person tried to commit suicide by setting himself on fire in front of the parliament again today !! According to eye witnesses the young man was saved and currently transferred to Al Mounira hospital. He is reportedly has burns in his legs !!
- The Young man in Alexandria Ahmed Hasham has passed away as there were burns in 95% of his body!!
- The foreign investors are selling their stocks in the Egyptian stock market , they are so scared.They have sold so far stocks with the value of LE 250 Million !!
- The MOI has gave its orders to oil and gasoline stations not to sell oil in jerry cans !!
Technorati Tags: Citizen Journalism,Egypt,Democracy,Human rights,Egyptian Life,Society,Media,Economy,Cairo,Alexandria,Parliament,Mideast,MENA,health


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Thomas Peters at American Papist (on our blogroll) has started a new web-based Catholic news report. He's bagged a great interview for his first show - Denver Archbishop Charles Chaput.
Here's what Thomas says about the new project:
"This week I sat down for an interview with Archbishop Charles Chaput of the Archdiocese of Denver to discuss his NYT bestseller Render Unto Caesar as well as Catholic voting in this election as part of my new collaborative project AMP NEWS.
Regular AmP readers will know that Archbishop Chaput has been one of the most (if not the most) vocal bishop defenders of the unborn in the American public scene of late, despite some criticism. God bless him for it.
Archbishop Chaput, I am thrilled to say, gave me frank answers to the tough questions that are facing American Catholics this election, and it is my hope my that many people will have a chance to see this interview before they vote on Tuesday.
Embedded below are the four segments of AMP NEWS Episode One. You may also watch the entire episode as a whole right here on YouTube. We hope to continue providing quality Catholic news, interviews, and offbeat programming to you in the future!"
So go there now!
Monday, November 3, 2008
New Media Catholic News
Posted byJack Smithat6:27 PM


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I am interested in the random recurrence relation of the form $x_{n+1}=\alpha x_n \pm \beta x_{n-1}$ where $\alpha$, $\beta$ are known constants and the $\pm$ sign is chosen with equal probability.
In particular I would like to investigate the limit of $|x_n|^{1/n}$ as $n\rightarrow\infty$. (i.e the exponential growth rate)
I was considering the problem of finding $\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}|x_n|^{\frac{1}{n}}$ where $x_n$ is the solution to $x_{n+1}=2x_n \pm x_{n-1}$, $x_0=x_1=1$. All numerical evidence suggests that $\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}|x_n|^{\frac{1}{n}}\approx 1.91$ almost surely but I am having difficulty even proving that the sequence almost surely convergences.
The solution to the recurrence relation of the from $x_{n+1}=x_n \pm \beta x_{n-1}$ has been show to have expontential growth almost surely. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embree%E2%80%93Trefethen_constant
Also there has been work on the random fibonacci sequence $x_{n+1}=x_n \pm x_{n-1}$ for example Viswanath(2000), "Random Fibonacci sequences and the number 1.13198824"


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STL Lock-In 2011 from brandon carter on Vimeo.
Thanks for the great camera work, Brandon!
STL Lock-In 2011 from brandon carter on Vimeo.
Thanks for the great camera work, Brandon!
I can't wait for more pics!ReplyDelete
so so great. thanks brandon!
i want people to talk about the polo that was played too...i thought there were some great match-ups/performances/improvement of players.
opinions, anybody?
oh, i'll start.
STLjake and nookie rick took the cake for top players allllll night long.
roller skating rocked my socks off, same with the stellar soul train line.
lightning lembo's impressive bloodflow made me blush a bit.
i'm just gonna say it- i think the ATX players played hard and played well.
and gad bless the boys of bike polo- especially the ones who stripped to their skivvys. heaven help me, i chose the right sport.
i seriously played one of the most enjoyable games of polo i've ever had. don't remember who it was with or who we played aside from brian turner, but damn it was fun... for the team i was on anyway.ReplyDelete


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New 2018 Jeep, Chrysler, Dodge & Ram Vehicles for Sale Near Athens, Tyler, Corsicana & East Texas
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Give your look a personal edge with this "Chloe" nameplate necklace in an italic font. Created in luxurious 12 carat rose gold plated silver, this necklace is the perfect sweet accessory to compliment any style. This nameplate pendant is set on a 16" chain with a 2" adjustable clasp.
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Dr. D. Mike Hardin Jr. is a member of Care4Texans. Care4Texans has partnered with Ascension Providence to create a clinically integrated network of healthcare providers, facilities and post-acute care services that act as a team to stay cost effective while improving the patient experience and patient health outcomes.
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Nonrestorative sleep (NRS) is defined as the subjective feeling that sleep has been insufficiently refreshing, often despite the appearance of physiologically normal sleep. While NRS has been shown to be associated with a variety of cognitive, affective, and medical complaints, there is currently no valid, reliable instrument available in the public domain for its assessment. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate the Nonrestorative Sleep Scale (NRSS).
The scale was administered to a sample of 226 (age: 46.7 ± 14.9 years; gender: 48% female) consecutive sleep clinic patients and to 30 control participants (age: 36.9 ± 12.5; gender: 53% female).
Data screening led to a final instrument of 12 items, and factor analysis resulted in 4 factors accounting for 73.2% of total variance. The scale demonstrated excellent internal reliability (α = 0.88) and good test-retest reliability (r = 0.72). Preliminary evaluations of construct validity found that certain subscales correlated reasonably well with previously validated sleep, alertness, and affective scales. Comparisons between global NRSS scores and objective polysomnographic variables revealed a few very small but significant correlations.
Based on these findings, the NRSS was confirmed to be a valid and reliable tool for the assessment of nonrestorative sleep.
Wilkinson K; Shapiro C. Development and validation of the Nonrestorative Sleep Scale (NRSS). J Clin Sleep Med 2013;9(9):929-937.
Nonrestorative sleep (NRS) is defined as the subjective experience that sleep has not been sufficiently refreshing or restorative.1,2 NRS is conventionally recognized as a peripheral symptom of insomnia or as a feature of medical conditions like fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome.3,4 However, it has increasingly gained attention as a diagnostic entity in its own right, with recent studies investigating both its prevalence and presentation in the absence of other disorders, as well as its interactions with comorbid conditions.5–8
Preliminary findings from these investigations suggest that reports of frequent NRS are related to deficits in cognitive and physical functioning, as well as affective symptoms, sleepiness, and fatigue.7,9 Other studies have indicated a high degree of psychiatric comorbidity, with NRS occurring more frequently in individuals with mood disorder, anxiety, and substance abuse disorder.10,11 Unfortunately, attempts to identify objective physiological correlates have not been successful. One recent polysomnographic study found overnight sleep results for individuals with NRS to be similar to those collected for healthy controls.5 Given its continued diagnostic and definitional elusiveness, some have suggested a new paradigm for the evaluation of NRS—one that characterizes it both as a symptom of various medical and psychiatric conditions and as a disorder in its own right.2 This would be akin to current approaches to insomnia, which treat the complaint both as a symptom of a number of illnesses and as a diagnostic category in its own right.
Despite growing evidence of its clinical relevance, the assessment of NRS has yet to be standardized. Though Stone and colleagues have suggested several criteria for the application of the label "NRS," these criteria have yet to be universally adopted and methods chosen for the evaluation of NRS vary.1 In a recent review of 26 questionnaires selected for their relevancy to NRS as a symptom of insomnia, Vernon and colleagues found that almost all of the scales evaluated contained only one or two items relating to unrefreshing sleep, and none were considered adequate for assessing symptom severity or treatment response, leading researchers to conclude that there is currently no satisfactory public domain questionnaire available for the assessment of NRS.12 Further, reviewers focused exclusively on questionnaires relating to NRS as a symptom of insomnia. If, as some have suggested, NRS should be investigated for its potential as a unique diagnostic entity, a valid questionnaire specifically designed for this purpose is necessary.
Current Knowledge/Study Rationale: With the imminent publication of the DSM-V poised to grant more importance than ever to subjective sleep quality, appropriate tools for evaluating and tracking the associated symptoms of nonrestorative sleep have become vital. This study was initiated to address the current paucity of public-domain self-assessment instruments validated for the measurement of nonrestorative sleep.
Study Impact: As a reliable and valid tool for the assessment of nonrestorative sleep, the NRSS will enable clinicians to identify and track experiences of nonrestorative in their patients. Further, given a burgeoning debate regarding the nature of nonrestorative sleep as both a symptom and a unique diagnostic entity, the NRSS will provide researchers with a standardized evaluative tool for investigating the relevance of nonrestorative sleep and its position within the clinical picture.
This study was undertaken to meet the demand for such a standardized instrument. This article describes the development and validation of the Nonrestorative Sleep Scale (NRSS) and offers some preliminary findings regarding its relationship to several PSG variables.
The original pool of 34 items (see Appendix 1) was developed by a team of sleep and psychiatric experts. Items were derived from clinical experience, a comprehensive review of the literature regarding NRS, and an evaluation of instruments previously identified as relevant to the construct. The resulting 34 questions were then evaluated by two focus groups as part of a qualitative analysis of their face validity. Focus groups were recruited from two sources: from a support group for patients with narcolepsy and from an obesity therapy group. A total of 17 participants were recruited to respond to two issues: (1) whether the contents of the questionnaire were considered representative of their experiences with sleep, and (2) whether the scale adequately addressed the issues they identified as most relevant to the experience of NRS. As a result of the item-screening and focus group feedback phase, 22 items were marked for removal due to word choice, lack of relevance, and other issues (in the original item pool given in Appendix 1, those marked with an asterisk were used in the final scale). One of these 22 items was retained as a potential screening item (discussed below).
Over the course of a 12-month study period, the NRSS was administered to a consecutive sample of 226 patients (118 males, 108 females; mean age 46.7 years, range 18-85) who attended two Ontario sleep clinics for overnight assessment of their sleep problems. The study was approved by an institutional review board, and informed consent was obtained from all participants. Patients received the questionnaire at the time of their first consultation with the sleep specialist. Participants were also asked to complete an additional battery of questionnaires that included the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Toronto Hospital Alertness Test (THAT), Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), and Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS).
Of those in the patient group, 43 consecutive participants were approached again on the night of their sleep study to complete the NRSS for a second time. This second administration was used to assess the test-retest reliability of the scale. An additional 30 questionnaires were also administered to normal control participants (14 male, 16 female; mean age 36.9 years) who were recruited with a posted flyer. Control participants were screened on the basis of their response to two questions: (1) Have you ever been diagnosed with a sleep disorder? (2) Have you ever thought you might have a sleep disorder? Those who responded "no" to both questions were included in the study.
At the completion of their sleep study analysis, patient charts were consulted and overnight polysomnographic (PSG) data were collected for 215 individuals. Eleven patients were not included in this sample due to the unavailability of charts or because overnight studies were markedly unusual (e.g. patients who did not sleep during the overnight assessment).
All statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS Statistics Version 19. During the item-screening phase, a correlation matrix was created to identify items that correlated too highly with one another (r > 0.9) or items that correlated with very few other variables. Several questions were also targeted for elimination based on factors that included redundancy, lack of clarity, and frequent skipping during response. In combination with the focus group feedback stage, this step resulted in the removal of 22 items (in Appendix 1, those that are not marked with an asterisk). One item was retained in the final scale as a potential screening question, but was not included in the analysis. Following the data-screening phase, principal component analysis was conducted on the remaining 12 items (see Appendix 2). The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure of sampling adequacy was calculated and the Bartlett test of sphericity was completed to ensure that a factor model was appropriate. A KMO value > 0.5 and a significance of p < 0.005 on the Bartlett test were considered adequate. Using a scree test, eigenvalues for each factor were plotted and a visual break between factors was identified, as per Kaiser's recommendation cited in Field and an approach previously described by Zwick and Velicer.13,14 It was also specified that a minimum of 70% of the cumulative variance should be explained by the retained factors.
Though the precise connection between factors remains unclear (e.g., the possible bi-directional relationship between affective symptoms and NRS), a promax (oblique) rotation was selected for principal component analysis based on the assumption that different scale factors were likely to be related. Both structure and pattern matrices were consulted when interpreting rotated results, with pattern loadings > 0.40 considered during analysis of the conceptual meaning of different factors.
This phase of analysis was conducted on the final 12-item version of the NRSS developed during data screening. Internal reliability of the overall scale was evaluated using Cronbach α statistic, and corrected inter-item correlations were calculated for each factor to ensure that items within these groups related well. To assess test-retest reliability, Spearman correlations were used to compare factor and global scores on the first and second administrations of the scale. Sample size for test-retest reliability was chosen based on a method described by Walter, Eliasziw, and Donner.15 Minimal acceptable reliability was set at 0.6, with n = 2 repeats of testing, and power values were set such that p values that differ by a value of 0.2 would be detected. Sensitivity and specificity of the scale were assessed using a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve as in the approach described by Hanley and McNeil.16 As the questionnaire was designed to distinguish between individuals with and without unrefreshing sleep—a complaint that is not necessarily present in all the sleep referral participants—the presence or absence of NRS was defined instead by response to a screening question. Individuals who reported experiencing unrefreshing or nonrestorative sleep three times per week or more were placed in the NRS group. This cutoff was chosen based on recommendations made in a previous review of the literature on NRS and on criteria employed repeatedly by Ohayon and Roth in a number of recent studies regarding the complaint of unrefreshing sleep.7,10,17
The construct validity of the scale was evaluated by calculating correlations between several previously validated instruments and scores on the different factors of the NRSS to ensure that it assessed a construct that is unique from those evaluated by the various sleep- and mood-related questionnaires administered during the initial data collection stage. However, the selection of specific subscales of instruments for validity analysis was performed post hoc following the identification of the scale's factors. All validity analysis was performed on the basis of guidelines published previously by McIntire and Miller.18
Finally, overnight sleep study data was collected and a preliminary comparison between the NRSS and objective sleep data was conducted. PSG variables included sleep onset latency, total sleep time, sleep efficiency, percentages of stages 1 through 4 sleep, percent wake, and arousal index. As part of the sleep report, level of alpha-EEG sleep was scored by 1 of 3 scoring technicians on a scale ranging from 1 through 5 (with 5 representing the highest levels of alpha intrusion). This scaled score was also collected for analysis.
Factor analysis was conducted using the entire sample, including both the control and the patient group. A KMO value of 0.88 was observed and the Bartlett test of sphericity was found to be significant (p < 0.001), suggesting that a factor model should be applied. To determine the number of factors best supported by the scale, an approach evaluating eigenvalues > 1 was initially consulted, resulting in the extraction of three factors explaining 67.0% of the total variance. This did not meet the previously specified minimum of 70%; therefore, a visual inspection of the scree plot was also conducted. This approach led to the selection of a four-factor solution, which provided the best comprehensibility, allowed for at least two items within each factor, and explained 73.2% of the total variance. The rotated pattern matrix is reported in Table 1.
Rotated structure matrix for the NRSS
(more ...)
All items were shown to load above 0.40 on their extracted factor. Factor one consisted of three items relating to quality of sleep and feelings of being restored or refreshed after sleep, so this factor was labeled "refreshment from sleep." The second factor included four items querying physical symptoms of poor sleep such as body pain and frequent illness and it also incorporated questions relating to medical problems and anxiety. This factor was labeled "physical/medical symptoms of NRS." The third factor queried three issues related to daytime function: cognitive abilities, energy, and alertness. This factor was labeled "daytime functioning." The final factor included two items relating to feelings of depression or irritability that follow from unrefreshing sleep and so it was labeled "affective symptoms of NRS." Correlation coefficients between the different factors ranged from 0.38 to 0.83 (Table 2).
Correlations between factor scores on the NRSS
The NRSS demonstrated a high internal consistency, with a Cronbach α of 0.88. In terms of the reliability of specific items within their particular subscales, corrected item-total correlations ranged from 0.65 to 0.81 for the refreshment from sleep factor with a Cronbach α of 0.85; from 0.44 to 0.59 for the physical/medical symptoms factor with an α of 0.74; and from 0.66 to 0.80 for the daytime functioning factor with an α of 0.85. The two affective symptoms items demonstrated a coefficient of 0.48 and an α of 0.64.
The average interval between first and second administration of the NRSS was 6.8 days (range 2 to 31 days; average 5.1 days). A Spearman correlation coefficient of 0.72 was observed for global scores on the scale. Correlation coefficients for the subscales were 0.76 for the refreshment from sleep factor, 0.77 for the medical/ physical symptoms factor, 0.69 for the daytime dysfunction factor, and 0.27 for the affective symptoms factor. Paired samples t-tests performed for each item confirmed that there were no significant differences in means between the first and second administration.
ROC analysis revealed an area under the curve of 0.90, suggesting that the NRSS has excellent diagnostic accuracy in terms of its ability to distinguish between individuals who report NRS frequently (≥ 3 times per week) from those who do not. A cutoff point of 46 was selected, as it appeared to maximize both sensitivity and specificity, giving values of 0.91 and 0.75, respectively.
To assess the value of individual factors of the NRSS, scores on those subscales were compared to existing subjective measures designed to evaluate similar constructs. See Table 3 for a summary of these relationships. Factor 3, the daytime functioning subscale, showed its highest correlation with the THAT (r = 0.68, p < 0.001), while the affective symptoms factor demonstrated its strongest relationship with the CES-D (r = 0.66, p < 0.001). The physical/medical symptoms factor showed moderate correlations with three of the scales—the AIS, FSS, and CES-D. The refreshment from sleep factor demonstrated similarly moderate correlations with all scales, with a slightly stronger relationship seen for the AIS (r = 0.61, p < 0.001).
Correlations between NRSS scores and global scores on other subjective scales
Due to the relatively small sample size and lack of a priori selection of participants based on existing diagnoses or confirmed medical status, detailed analysis relating to comorbid conditions, medication use, and other clinical features was not possible. However, as participant demographic information is likely to be relevant to NRSS validation, they are summarized in Table 4. The largest diagnostic category was the sleep disordered breathing (SDB) group, with 112 participants, while the three next largest groups included those with primary insomnia, periodic leg movement syndrome (PLMS), and sleep disturbance due to psychiatric illness. Though a number of individuals were found to have comorbid psychiatric conditions, this label encompasses those patients whose overnight sleep studies were characterized primarily by sleep markers of depression, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and other psychiatric illness. The remaining groups represented diagnostic categories such as circadian rhythm disturbances, parasomnia, narcolepsy, fibromyalgia, and nonspecific disturbances to sleep architecture that do not fall into a diagnostic category. These were factors identified in the sleep report as "fragmented sleep" or "poor sleep quality."
Demographic characteristics of patient and control groups
In terms of PSG analysis, a few very small but significant correlations emerged when controlling for participant age and total sleep time. Scores on the refreshment factor of the scale possessed a significant negative association with levels of alpha EEG sleep (r = -0.16, p = 0.027). Scores on the daytime functioning factor (r = -0.15, p = 0.042) and the affective symptoms factor were also significantly, negatively associated with alpha EEG level (r = -0.16, p = 0.033). Finally, global scores demonstrated a significant negative association with alpha EEG level (r = -0.16, p = 0.026).
Associations also emerged between several other variables and the affective symptoms domain. This factor was significantly, negatively correlated with sleep efficiency (r = -0.15, p = 0.042), REM latency (r = -0.15, p = 0.047), and percentage of stage 2 sleep (r = -0.19, p = 0.010), and positively correlated with wake after sleep onset (r = 0.17, p = 0.025). In contrast, global scores on the CES-D were positively correlated only with level of alpha EEG (r = 0.18, p = 0.026), and global scores on the PSQI shared no significant correlations with any of the overnight PSG variables measured. THAT global scores, however, were significantly, negatively correlated with level of alpha EEG sleep (r = -0.17, p = 0.042) and positively correlated with percentage of stage 4 sleep (r = 0.16, p = 0.045). No other associations were found between subjective sleep measures and objective PSG data.
The current study provides strong evidence for the validity and reliability of the NRSS. The scale consists of 12 items evaluating four factors: refreshment from sleep, physical/medical symptoms, daytime functioning, and affective symptoms. Of the scale's twelve items, ten employ Likert scales with values ranging from one to ten, while an additional two items offer five options. Some items are worded positively (with ten indicating very good sleep quality), while others are worded negatively (where ten refers to very poor sleep quality). The scale's scoring system was designed such that all items are given a weighted score from one to five. Though this complicates scoring, it ensures that all questions are weighted equally. Negatively worded items are reversed before scoring, meaning that higher scores on the scale indicate less NRS. Global scores can range from 12 to 60.
Similar to the diagnostic guidelines employed for insomnia, recent approaches to NRS have suggested that, in order for the construct to be applied, a patient should demonstrate the symptom at least three nights per week.1,10,17 However, we have previously questioned the arbitrary distinction between these different frequency cohorts.2 For this reason, we have excluded this particular item from the scale proper until its suitability for the Likert-type format is better understood. Currently, frequency may be assessed using an additional screening item that can be included or altered at the researcher's discretion (see Appendix 2).
A rotated structure matrix revealed that each item loaded at a value of 0.46 or higher on its specific factor and below 0.40 on all others. Though previous recommendations by Zwick and Velicer have suggested that individual factors should not contain fewer than three items, the affective symptoms factor consists of only two.14 It was decided that the factor would remain, given that preliminary studies suggest that NRS is significantly related to affective and mood complaints.7,9 In future studies, it may be necessary to evaluate new items for addition to this factor.
The overall NRSS possesses a strong internal consistency (α = 0.88) and good test-retest reliability (r = 0.72, p = 0.01). Reliabilities for each of the subscales were also satisfactory, with the lowest value found between the two items of the affective symptoms factor (r = 0.48), suggesting that items related well to one another and supporting their inclusion in particular factors. Unfortunately, due to the location of collection in the clinical setting, the time range between administrations (from 2 to 31 days) was somewhat large. While the majority of respondents (n = 36) received their second questionnaire within the span of one week, there were 7 individuals who fell outside of that range, skewing the sample. As demonstrated previously by Backhaus and colleagues, an extended period between administrations is likely to result in different findings for test-retest reliability.19 Future studies may need to replicate this testing in order to confirm these results.
The sensitivity and specificity of the scale remain more difficult to quantify. Given that definitions of NRS itself are still in flux, there is currently no gold standard for assessing its presence or absence. However, the majority of recent studies have employed criteria stating that unrefreshing sleep should be reported at least three times per week for a minimum of one month—general criteria that have been applied in almost all studies evaluating the presence, prevalence, and associated comorbidities of NRS.1,5,9,11 The current study was guided by this relative consensus, and those who reported a symptom frequency of three or more times per week were placed in the NRS group. According to this approach, a cutoff score of 46 or less was found to maximize sensitivity (0.91) while still providing satisfactory specificity (0.75).
The questionnaires used to assess construct validity were selected on a post hoc basis. Therefore, only two measures administered as part of the questionnaire battery appeared immediately relevant to specific subscales of the NRSS. These were the THAT and the CES-D. Scores on the THAT were found to be moderately correlated with the daytime functioning subscale (r = 0.68, p < 0.001), while only mildly correlated with other subscales. Similarly, the CES-D was moderately correlated with the affective symptoms factor (r = 0.66, p < 0.001), with mild correlations to other factor scores.
No other scale appeared to correlate well with the refreshment from sleep factor—unsurprising since it represents a unique construct. In their review of 26 instruments found to contain content relating to NRS as a symptom of insomnia, Vernon and colleagues concluded that there exists no reliable or valid questionnaire in the public domain to comprehensively assess the construct of NRS.13 They found that the majority of instruments identified for this purpose contained only one or two items relating to NRS, and none offered satisfactory methods for evaluating symptom severity or treatment response. Furthermore, these questionnaires were developed from a perspective that views NRS as a peripheral symptom of other disorders. The NRSS represents the first such instrument developed with the potential to evaluate the concept of NRS as an entity in its own right. Despite these considerations, in future studies it may be of interest to compare scores on the NRSS to several of those measures previously identified as being relevant to NRS.
In terms of construct validity of the physical/medical symptoms subscale, only mild correlations were found. Additional validation studies should be conducted with the inclusion of a scale to assess physiological complaints in order to confirm that the physical/medical symptoms factor evaluates an appropriate construct. As the constructs of NRS, mood, alertness, insomnia, and physical symptoms of fatigue or sleepiness remain conceptually entangled, the task of separating each into distinct components remains a challenge. Indeed, while the clinical picture of NRS is still relatively undefined, it appears likely that it reflects some element of each of these factors—a suggestion supported by the mild to moderate correlations found here between the NRSS and other previously validated measures.
Finally, a comparison between PSG variables and scores on the NRSS revealed several very small correlations. Of all the objective variables evaluated, level of alpha EEG was negatively associated with the greatest number of subscales, suggesting that lower scores on the scale are related to greater levels of alpha intrusion. This finding may offer some preliminary support of previous studies that have observed connections between alpha EEG NREM sleep and the experience of unrefreshing or nonrestorative sleep.20,21 However, this relationship has proven to be complex and is still not well understood, with several studies contradicting the existence of a connection.22,23 Further, in the current study, none of the correlations found between alpha EEG and the NRSS were larger than 0.19 in magnitude, meaning objective sleep quality values explained less than 4% of the variability in NRSS scores. Additionally, in many cases, significance levels were only slightly below 0.05. As a Bonferroni correction was not conducted in consideration of multiple comparisons, it is possible that these correlations represent false positives. It may also be relevant for future evaluations of the NRSS to examine correlations with stage N3 sleep, the most recent method for assessing slow wave sleep recommended by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine.24 In this particular study, we felt that the distinction between the two levels of slow wave sleep and the potential interaction with the NRSS could provide a more detailed picture of the influence of varying degrees of deep sleep—a suggestion supported by our observation of significant correlations between scale factors and stage 4 but not stage 3 sleep. However, evaluations of these two stages combined in the future may prove to be clinically relevant and should not be ruled out.
While the presence of very small correlations between the NRSS and various physiological measures is unfortunate from the perspective of those seeking potential biomarkers for poor subjective sleep, this observation is supported by previous research. In one of the only PSG evaluations conducted to date on patients with NRS, researchers found that the majority of objective variables were similar between NRS participants and normal controls.5 The NRS group spent somewhat less time in stages 3 and 4 sleep, and less time in REM sleep, but distinctions were minimal. This further underlines the necessity of a tool for the assessment of NRS. If the construct is one that can only be observed through subjective report, then there is demand for an instrument that satisfactorily assesses its presence and severity.
One of the greatest limitations of the current study involves its subject pool of consecutive sleep clinical patients. While this participant group allowed for validation of the NRSS in a highly diverse group of individuals representing the range of complaints typically observed in the sleep clinic, this diversity prevented detailed analysis of the relationship between issues such as physical or psychological comorbidities, job status, and medication use, as attempts to partition on these bases resulted in groups that were two small to be analyzed. Future studies will need to evaluate the use of the NRSS in specific populations chosen on an a priori basis.
In conclusion, the NRSS was created using both qualitative and quantitative approaches to the construct of nonrestorative sleep. Through focus group analysis and item screening, an initial item pool was reduced to twelve questions, and factor analysis revealed four factors relating to NRS and its components. Future validation studies are necessary to address the construct validity of all subscales. For example, it may become clear through subsequent studies of NRS that it is more suitably conceived of as a symptom of other disorders—in which case, the physiological and affective symptom subscales may become subsumed under the umbrella of these other diagnostic categories. However, while NRS remains relatively opaque as a construct, the NRSS may serve as a valuable, standardized tool for use in a variety of research and clinical capacities.
This was not an industry supported study. The authors have indicated no financial conflicts of interest.
This research was supported by a graduate student award from CIHR and the Youthdale Foundation Sleep Programme.
Stone K, Taylor D, McCrae C, Kalsekar A, Lichstein K, authors. Nonrestorative sleep. Sleep Med. 2008;12:275–88.
Wilkinson K, Shapiro C, authors. Nonrestorative sleep: symptom or unique diagnostic entity? Sleep Med. 2012;13:561–9. [PubMed]
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 2000. 4th ed. Washington: American Psychiatric Association.
Cesta A, Moldofsky H, Sammut C, authors. The sensitivity and specificity of the Sleep Assessment Questionnaire (SAQ) as a measure of nonrestorative sleep. Sleep. 1999;22:S14.
Roth T, Zammit G, Lankford A, et al., authors. Nonrestorative sleep as a distinct component of insomnia. Sleep. 2010;33:449–58. [PubMed Central][PubMed]
Ohayon M, Roth T, authors. What are the contributing factors for insomnia in the general population? J Psychosom Res. 2001;51:745–55. [PubMed]
Ohayon M, Riemann D, Morin C, Reynolds C, authors. Hierarchy of insomnia criteria based on daytime consequences. Sleep Med. 2012;13:52–7. [PubMed Central][PubMed]
Léger D, Partinen M, Hirshkowitz M, Chokroverty S, Hedner J, authors. Characteristics of insomnia in a primary care setting: EQUINOX survey of 5293 insomniacs from 10 countries. Sleep Med. 2010;11:987–98. [PubMed]
Sarsour K, Van Brunt D, Johnston J, Foley K, Morin C, Walsh J, authors. Associations with nonrestorative sleep with insomnia, depression, and daytime function. Sleep Med. 2010;11:965–72. [PubMed]
Roth T, Jaeger S, Jin R, Kalsekar S, Stang P, Kessler R, authors. Sleep problems, comorbid mental disorders, and role functioning in the National Comorbidity Replication Survey. Biol Psychiatry. 2006;60:1364–71. [PubMed Central][PubMed]
Ohayon M, author. Prevalence and correlates of nonrestorative sleep complaints. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165:35–41. [PubMed]
Vernon M, Dugar A, Revicki D, Treglia M, Buysse D, authors. Measurement of nonrestorative sleep in insomnia: a review of the literature. Sleep Med Rev. 2010;14:205–12. [PubMed]
Field AP, author. Discovering statistics using SPSS. 2005. 2nd edition. London: Sage.
Zwick WR, Velicer WF, authors. Comparison of five rules for determining the number of components retain. Psychol Bull. 1986;99:432–42.
Walter SD, Eliasziw M, Donner A, authors. Sample size and optimal designs for reliability studies. Stat Med. 1998;17:101–10. [PubMed]
Hanley JA, McNeil BJ, authors. The meaning and use of the area under a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Radiology. 1982;143:29–36. [PubMed]
Ohayon M, Bader G, authors. Prevalence and correlates of insomnia in the Swedish population aged 19-75 years. Sleep Med. 2010;11:980–6. [PubMed]
McIntire SA, Miller LA, authors. Foundations of psychological testing. 2005. 2nd ed. Sage Publishing Co.
Backhaus J, Junghanns K, Broocks A, Riemann D, Hohagen F, authors. Test-retest reliability and validity of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index in primary insomnia. J Psychosomatic Res. 2001;53:737–40.
Roizenblatt S, Moldofsky H, Benedito-Sylva A, Tufik S, authors. Alpha sleep characteristics in fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum. 2001;44:222–30. [PubMed]
Van Hoof E, De Becker P, Lapp C, Cluydts R, De Meirleir K, authors. Defining the occurrence and influence of alpha-delta sleep in chronic fatigue syndrome. Am J Med Sci. 2007;333:78–84. [PubMed]
Terzano M, Parrino L, Smerieri A, et al., authors. Atlas, rules and recording techniques for the scoring of cyclic alternating pattern (CAP) in human sleep. Sleep Med. 2002;3:187–99. [PubMed]
Iber C, Ancoli-Israel S, Chesson A, Quan SF, authors. The AASM manual for the scoring of sleep and associated events: rules, terminology and technical specifications. 2007. Westchester, IL: American Academy of Sleep Medicine.
Those marked with an asterisk were retained.
How would you rate the quantity of your sleep?
How would you rate the quality of your sleep?*
Usually, what percentage of time in bed do you actually sleep?
Do you usually feel alert during the daytime?*
Usually, do you think your sleep is restoring or refreshing?*
Do you feel depressed or down if you didn't sleep well the night before?*
How tired did you feel one hour before going to sleep yesterday?
How tired did you feel one hour after you woke up today?
How tired did you feel two hours after you woke up today?
How often have you felt irritable or gotten the "blahs" if you didn't sleep well the night before?*
How often have you felt really refreshed upon awakening in the morning?*
What is your usual level of daytime energy?*
Does your energy level improve (or would you energy level improve) if you've had a really good night's sleep?
Do you feel more refreshed or rested (or would you feel more refreshed or rested) if you've had a really good night's sleep?
How is your memory and concentration during the daytime?*
Do you think your memory and concentration improve (or would improve) after you've had a very good night's sleep?
What is your energy level on an average day?
Do you think your energy level improves (or would improve) after you've had a very good night's sleep?
Have you felt rested if you've slept for your usual amount of time?*
Do you think you would feel more rested if you got an extra hour of sleep on most days?
Do you feel that having unrefreshing sleep has led you to perform poorly at work or school?
Have you ever had an accident (in the car, at work, or at home) because your sleep is not refreshing?
How often do you nap during the daytime?
Do you feel that napping allows (or would allow) you to catch up on missed sleep?
Do you feel that napping allows (or would allow) you to feel more refreshed or restored?
Do you think your ability to do well on tasks varies across the day?
In the past month, how often do you have one or more of the following: headaches, body pain, numbness or tingling in parts of your body, nausea, racing heart/palpitations, sore throat, frequent cough?*
Do you feel that physical or medical problems are dragging you down?*
Have you had physical sensations or unusual feelings in your body that you couldn't identify?*
Do you ever have problems knowing or identifying exactly which emotions you are feeling?
Do you think you are an optimistic person (i.e. you tend to take a hopeful and positive view of what will happen in the future)?
Do you ever expect that the worst is going to happen to you no matter what you do?
Do you ever have a sense of panic, or physical symptoms of panic such as heart racing, for no apparent reason?*
Do you think that you are easily influenced by others?
Scoring: All items are given a weighted score from 1 to 5 (i.e. for scales ranging from 1-10, responses 1 and 2 are scored as 1, responses 3 and 4 are scored as 2, etc.). Negatively worded items are reversed before scoring (those marked with *), meaning that higher scores on the scale indicate less severe NRS.
The Nonrestorative Sleep Scale (NRSS)Scoring: All items are given a weighted score from 1 to 5 (i.e. for scales ranging from 1-10, responses 1 and 2 are scored as 1, responses 3 and 4 are scored as 2, etc.). Negatively worded items are reversed before scoring (those marked with *),...


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Robert A. Dohm Sr.
Died July 9, 2000
TRAVERSE CITY - Robert A. Dohm Sr., 71, of Traverse City and Manistique, died Sunday in Manistique as a result of an allergic reaction to a bee sting. Robert was born May 24, 1929, in Traverse City to Anthony and Alta (Widdis) Dohm. On June 7, 1941, on the Old Mission Peninsula, he married the former Corene Sheldon who survives.
Robert, along with his father, owned and operated Tony Dohm and Sons garage on Old Mission Peninsula before going to work for J.I. Case as a district representative. He worked for J.I. Case for 25 years and retired in 1984. He then became co-owner and president of Northern Michigan Equipment of Traverse City, retiring in 1996.
Robert served in the Korean War as a paratrooper with the 11th Airborne Division. He was a member of the Traverse City Elks Lodge No. 323, the American Legion Post No. 4007 and was a member of the Harley Owners Group. He enjoyed hunting, fishing and riding his Harleys.
Besides his wife, Corene of Traverse City and Manistique, Robert is survived by a daughter, Toni (Cecil) Nye of Kingsley; two sons, Jeffrey (Kathe) Dohm and Ronald (Peggy) Dohm Sr. - both of Traverse City; six grandchildren, Kevin (Jennifer) Dohm of Lake Ann, and Zachary (Crista) Ligon, Dijon Dohm, Kaili Dohm, Kaatje Dohm, and Ronald Dohm Jr. - all of Traverse City; and three great-grandchildren, Madison Dohm of Lake Ann and Paige and Alexa Ligon of Traverse City. He was preceded in death by a son, Robert A. Dohm Jr., in 1981, and his parents.
Visitation will be from 6 to 8 p.m. today at the Traverse City Chapel of Covell Funeral Homes.
A 'Celebration of Life' service will be held at 3:30 p.m. Wednesday at the funeral home; the Rev. Jack Steenbergh will officiate. Interment will be in Grand Traverse Memorial Gardens with full military honors under the auspices of Veterans of Foreign Wars Cherryland Post No. 2780. Memorials may be directed to the Peninsula Township Volunteer Fire Department.
Sunday, July 26, 2009
Robert A. Dohm Sr. 2000
Posted by Brenda at 1:29 PM
Labels: Robert A. Dohm Sr. 2000


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The Hybrid Course Development Institute (HCDI) is a 6-week faculty professional development institute for University of Washington Bothell faculty in which a cohort of participants learn the theory and methods for teaching hybrid courses at the UW Bothell. First offered in Autumn of 2010, the Institute is designed in the hybrid format to give faculty participants a student's experience of a hybrid course; that is, the Institute cohort meets once per week during the 6 weeks, and the rest of the activites are done online through the Institute's course site. In 2012-13, we offered an HCDI during fall and winter quarter. We are hoping to offer more HCDIs next year (2013-14), depending on funding.
6 face-to-face one hour meetings
2 hours online work weekly
The HCDI faculty team is drawn from Learning Technologies, Nursing and Health Studies, the Campus Library, and the Teaching and Learning Center.
Create a peer-reviewed, new or redeveloped course syllabus for a hybrid format class
Learn to effectively use technology in course design
Develop effective assessment strategies for the hybrid format
Learn to effectively use the Community of Inquiry model to discern what course elements work best online, which ones work best face-to-face and how those elements relate to each other
Experience the hybrid course from a student perspective so as to better create learning experiences that meet the needs of students
Intro to hybrid learning
Discussion on discussion
Lecture capture and flipped classroom
Focus on group work
Hybrid class design using the course design worksheet
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If you would like more information about the HCDI or to get contact referrals to past Institute cohort members to hear about their experiences, contact UWB Learning Technologies at email@example.com.


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Be A Responsible Rider: All parents need to consider their youngsters' age, size, ability and maturity before allowing them to ride. Obtain a copy of "Off-Road Safety Tips" from your local Honda Dealer.
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It's not every day that one has a discussion about a spate of recent Common Raven Corvus corax sightings in one's home borough. It is even less common for such a conversation to lead to one of the participants claiming that not only are ravens common in his neighborhood but that they even nested there last year. But that is the conversation I found myself in on Monday night at the New York City Butterfly Club meeting; it was a naturalist named Johnny Lawrenson who claimed the ravens were nesting near his house. He gave exact directions and I decided I would check the location the next day. I didn't really have much hope of the birds being ravens, after all, North America's largest corvid has never been recorded nesting anywhere in New York City or Long Island.
Tuesday was a bright and sunny day and I convinced Daisy that the best thing to do in the afternoon would be to take Desi for a walk to the purported nest site. I left my camera home because I doubted there would be anything worth taking pictures of but I did bring my binoculars, you know, just in case. It was a gorgeous day for a walk and we enjoyed our stroll in the sunshine. We arrived at the given location and I had just leaned over the stroller to adjust Desi's hat when Daisy said, "That's a raven!"
Sure enough, the large black bird flying over was a raven, and, as if to confirm its identity, it uttered some deep, guttural croaks, a sound that crows never make. A second raven then flew to the nest and landed and stayed put as if it were incubating. Holy cow, a raven's nest in Queens! And my camera was home!
No worries. Daisy let me out of the house again this morning and, after a detour to Forest Park to fill the feeders I headed back to the nest site where a raven was again on the nest.
But wait, you say, that could be any kind of black bird. How do we know it is not a crow? Well, first off, don't you trust me? Of course not, and you have every right to be skeptical. After all, an extraordinary claim, like a raven's nest in Queens, requires extraordinary evidence. And, just as I was taking my camera off of my scope to get some wide shots, the second raven flew in making a croaking noise unlike any I had ever heard a raven make before. Before it even landed the bird on the nest took off and the second raven landed next to the nest.
That image is cropped in an attempt to keep the location of the nest site relatively hidden. And, of course, I quickly put the camera back on the scope to get better shots of the bird, just to remove any possible doubts as to what species is on the nest.
The bird did some arranging with its beak, almost as if it was maybe turning over eggs (?) but quickly settled in and sat. It did not leave the spot for the fifteen minutes I stayed and watched.
I can't wait to see if the nesting is successful: be sure to check back here for updates!
That's exciting! I wonder if Ravens have bred anywhere else in New York City.
That's a nice Life Bird for Desi!
This story illustrates how important it is to talk to EVERYONE about birds. You never know who has seen what. Three cheers for Urban Wild Life. And, another three cheers for Queens!
This is awesome.
One of my favorite birds. Hope you Queens peeps take care of them.
Cool. It is all part of my favourite birds quest for world domination. Woe be to those who have scorned them, when they take over.
Yikes! And I moved out of The City last week…
Whilst birding in the Alps and coming across a flying Raven, I have noticed one amazing thing about these birds:
They characterize amazing landscape.
Seriously: whereever they roam, you can bet the land is filled with natural wonders. whenever you see a Raven, you know you've come to the right place.
Oh, possibly the most important bit of information almost went unnoticed:
"…when Daisy said, "That's a raven!""
Daisy can tell a Raven from a Crow??!??
Does she realize she's a birder?
Jochen, totally agree about Ravens and amazing landscapes. One of my favorite birding memories took place in SW Utah in a breathtakingly beautiful, little known place called Snow Canyon. As I was exploring a smaller canyon within, the only human being around, a deep guttaral sound started echoing and bouncing around the canyon. Raven, of course.
What a thrill. Ravens in the city. Incredible.
I am pretty sure that there is a raven's nest outside my east village window. There is a tree and a nest and currently a big raven sitting in the tree. I am cameraless at the moment but if the bird is still there when I leave I will try and take a photo. I guess there are more ravens…
I love ravens! One time when I was a kid, my mom put a big, raw pork liver on the table in our apt's balcony ( it was winter, really cold and she needed it do it for a minute as she was preparing dinner). A huge raven came (not crow!) and stole it! She/he was so big and so black and lustrous it looked almost blue! I never held the grudge…:)
Ravens are incredible birds! Thanks for sharing these pics…
My daughter and I just saw three ravens in the Auburbdale section of Flushing yesterday. There was no nest there – it looked like they were just flying by. They were so incredibly large that there was no way they were crows. We watched one sit in a tree for a while… it looked like a linebacker. then 2 more flew by and the tree sitter joined them. I was so upset that I left my phone home. a picture would have been great. Just this year we are starting to see birds we've never seen before. We have a Woodpecker nest in the neighbors tree, and I saw a second species of Woodpecker a few weeks ago. And of course the red tailed hawks are great.
Yesterday i saw what i believe was a raven in Astoria ditmars. He was huge. A woman was walking by and i pointrd it out to her and she gasped. When he flew he darkened the sky. He did not caw as crows always do. I am positve this was a raven
Just spotted a raven being mobbed by crows at the Casey st angel bus depot by citifield. I have pictures and a small video.
There are 2 ravens in Uniondale NY. They are often in the field at Turtle Hook Jr HS. I have a fear of birds and I had to look these up because of their size.
Through most of June and July 2019 I watched a group of ravens hanging out for a few hours every day on rooftops and water towers in the Lower East Side; Usually three to four of them, at least two of them juveniles (unmistakeable shriek/scream, and occasionally an adult croak, so some mix of adult and juvenile). Don't know if they nested nearby, or if they were one of the established groups from Chelsea or Red Hook. Over August they've show up less often, and when they did they weren't nearly as vocal. By late August they are rarely around. Hoping they'll be back next year!
© 2013 10,000 Birds. All words, images, and opinions are the property of their respective authors unless stated otherwise.


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As you may have noticed, I have been concentrating on my Piggot(t) line. I am trying to piece together the family of my 4th great-grandparents George and Sarah Hull Piggot in the hopes it will lead me to more clues and/or proof that George really was the son of Lord William Pickett.
I have found quite a bit of info regarding Samuel Piggot who is one of their sons. Samuel was a jeweler in New York City. The above image is his mark that I found on the website Silversmiths and Related Craftsman.
According to some news articles I have found, my poor 3rd great-granduncle had quite a few misfortunes.
The following article is from the New York Tribune dated July 31, 1862.
To the Editor of The N. Y. Tribune.
Allow me to state briefly the case of an old friend and fellow citizen, Mr. Samuel Piggot, who kept a jeweler's store in Hudson street, this city, for over 20 years. Some 10 years he gathered his little all together and emigrated to Virginia, where he purchased a farm. When the rebellion broke out, Mr. Piggot was too loyal to live among Rebels who drove off his cattle, threatened his life, and burned all his buildings. He came back to this city, and by the aid of friends began business at No. 643 Eighth avenue, and it is to be hoped the loyal people of New York will give him a lift by leaving their watches and jewelry with him for repairs. He needs help.
New York, July 26, 1862
There is an article in the New York Tribune dated February 7, 1862 that goes into detail in his own words about the terrible treatment Samuel and his wife endured in Virginia. It's a bit lengthy so I haven't transcribed it yet.
I sure hope he got some extra business after this article. I wonder who wrote the letter to the editor. He must have been a swell guy.
Leslie Ann


text:
Product Description
Lisbona Line is a young and modern furnishing solution in terms of aesthetics and functionality, which can add a touch of luxury and elegance to any bathroom. The line is composed of six series, whose differing single units can be combined according to various needs and requirements, allowing you to create your very own bespoke bathroom furniture. Each series consists of 3 units: 1 wall mirror, 1 wall hung cabinet and 1 basin.
Lisbona Series 2 - Features:
- Wall hung cabinet with 2 soft-close drawers (L900mm x D480 x H500mm)
- Cabinet material: Chipboard with a PVC shock absorbent frame
- Handles with a glazed aluminium finish
- Wood framed rectangular mirror (L900mm x D20mm x H600mm)
- Cultured marble white basin with epoxy resin coating (L900mm x D480mm x H100mm)
- Please note: Tap and waste not included
- Two-year warranty
- Cabinet finishes: Grey oak effect
Wall hung Storage Unit Column with 1 door and 3 glass shelves not included in the price. To be purchased separately.
Additional Information
Additional Information
|Data Arrivo
|Instructions Manual


text:
Just a reminder about the Yet Another Perl Conference, North America Call For Venue...
Entries can be submitted now through June 1st 2010 to the TPF conferences group: tpf-conferences (at) perl (dot) org. We hope to announce the winners at this year's YAPC::NA in Columbus, Ohio.
Are you ready to get started? First off, you will want to review the bidding details at yapc.org. While there, you'll also find links to the venue requirements and the review criteria that the committee uses to judge bids. Previous bids and announcements can be found with the yapc tag at The Perl Foundation blog.
When making your proposal, in addition to venue information and possible dates, please make sure to include details on airport locations, local public transit (as well as transit to the venue from the airport!), local cultural attractions, and accommodation information. The more information you provide, within reason, the better. Also, please include contact information for the members of your team.
With a June 1st deadline, you hopefully will have time to get your bid completed and submitted to the Conferences Committee early so that we can provide some feedback and allow you to make changes if needed.
Hosting YAPC is a rewarding experience and provides a great opportunity to give back to the Perl community. Good luck and we look forward to receiving your bid!
Send any questions and completed bids to the TPF conferences group: tpf-conferences (at) perl (dot) org


text:
John Lennon (and Bob Dylan) audition for "The Voice."
Greg Mitchell on media, politics, film, music, TV, comedy and more. "Not here, not here the darkness, in this twittering world." -- T.S. Eliot
Thursday, December 3, 2015
Posted by Greg Mitchell at 8:00:00 AM
is author of a dozen books (click on covers at right), including the new "THE TUNNELS: Escapes Under the Berlin Wall and the Historic Films the JFK White House Tried to Kill." He was the longtime editor of Editor & Publisher. Email: firstname.lastname@example.com. Twitter: @GregMitch
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text:
CHARLOTTETOWN - Saskatchewan Premier Brad Wall says he doesn't know how long any level of government can ignore something like the murder of a 15-year-old aboriginal girl before looking at ways to prevent such deaths.
Tina Fontaine was found wrapped in a bag and dumped in the Red River in Winnipeg. Her death has prompted renewed calls for a public inquiry into the high number of missing and murdered aboriginal women.
Wall says provinces and aboriginal leaders back that call, even if the federal government isn't on board.
"I think when the provinces are united as we are, together with the national aboriginal leadership, I think there is momentum," Wall said Monday in a telephone interview with The Canadian Press.
"I think the RCMP have agreed in principle with the importance of an inquiry and I think there is momentum picking up.
"And then you have the absolute tragedy that has been ... highlighted ... in Manitoba. I don't know how long you ignore those kinds of things at any particular level of government before you want to ask every single question that you can possibly ask to make sure that it doesn't happen again."
In May, the RCMP issued a detailed statistical breakdown of 1,181 cases since 1980. It said aboriginal women make up 4.3 per cent of the Canadian population, but account for 16 per cent of female homicides and 11.3 per cent of missing women.
The force said the next phase is to have a broader conversation and make recommendations.
Sgt. Greg Cox, an RCMP media relations officer in Ottawa, said Monday that it is not the place for police to weigh in on the question of a public inquiry.
The Canadian Association of Chiefs of Police said it has not been asked to endorse one into missing and murdered aboriginal women. Association president, Vancouver police Chief Const. Jim Chu, said the group has no position on the issue, but its aboriginal policing committee will reach out to organizations such as the Native Women's Association of Canada to find out more.
The Canadian Human Rights Commission said in May that it believes a national inquiry is needed.
And on a visit to Canada last fall, James Anaya, the United Nations special rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples, also said the federal government should set up a national inquiry into murdered and missing aboriginal women in Canada.
The federal government has firmly rejected an inquiry, saying it prefers aboriginal justice programs and a national DNA missing person's index.
Prime Minister Stephen Harper has said most cases such as Fontaine's are addressed and solved by the police. He added that it was important to keep in mind that the girl's death was a crime and not a "sociological phenomenon.''
The issue will be on the agenda when premiers and aboriginal leaders hold their annual meeting this week in Prince Edward Island.
"There will be a call for an inquiry and it looks like the federal government is just saying "no," so I'm not sure there will be progress there, but the discussions are always helpful," Wall said.
"The aboriginal leadership of the country puts these issues on the table and immediately I think premiers, provinces and territories start to look at ... what are we doing to respond to these things. It's (been) helpful to me in the past to come out of the meetings and talk to officials and say 'Where are we at?'
"We're making progress on some of the issues, but you know I think more can be done."


text:
|Barra d'eines:
The Installer is used to copy Haiku onto another volume.
Upon launch it displays a start window with important information. It's not a mindless EULA you're used to click away in the blink of an eye, it states:
This is alpha-quality software. Make backups or suffer the consequences!
The Installer needs a prepared partition. You may have to use a GParted LiveCD or a similar tool until Haiku's DriveSetup is mature enough to handle this task.
- Haiku can be added manually to the bootmanager GRUB. How that is done exactly is available as an online guide.
Once you acknowledged with, you're presented with the main window:
In the first pop-up menu you choose the source for the installation. It can be a currently installed Haiku or can come from an install CD or USB drive, etc.
The second pop-up menu specifies the target for the installation. This target partition/volume will be completely overwritten and has to be set aside beforehand by a partitioning tool like GParted.
Clicking the little expander widget will Show optional packages, if available, that you can choose to install in addition to the basic Haiku.
You should do a last check if you really picked the right target before starting the installation process. Click on DriveSetup and have a look at the naming and layout of the available volumes and partitions.to open
/home/ and /system/ folder onto the target volume and makes it bootable.starts the installation procedure, which basically copies the
At the end of the installation procedure, the partition is automatically made bootable. However, it can happen that some other operating system or partitioning tool (accidentally) overwrites the boot sector of your Haiku volume. In this case, boot your installation CD and start the Installer. Select your Haiku boot partition from themenu and select from the menu to make it bootable again.
The other item in the BootManager for more information.
You don't need to run the BootManager if you already use a bootmanager like GRUB, in which case you have to add Haiku manually (see above), or Haiku runs exclusively on your machine.


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The black and white Holstein awnings
is the hint that Cow Cafe isn't your ordinary eatery.
Nestled deep in the cow country of New Bern, North Carolina (or
Moo Bern in cow language), we serve a full line of sandwiches,
wraps, salads, plates and, of course, HOMEMADE ICE CREAM!
learn more about us | view photo gallery
Chicken Cowsadilla --
Shredded Chicken, cheddar, provolone, and more Cheddar cheese wrapped in a lightly buttered tortilla and grilled to melted perfection. Served with salsa
Homemade Chicken Taco Soup -
Stop in and let this spice up your day!
[Only Friday, Saturday & Sunday]
Homemade Pumpkin Pie Ice Cream -
You'll love this Halloween Treat!
Deep Dish Caramel Walnut Apple Pie Ala
Moo --
Our freshly baked caramel walnut pie topped with a scoop of moonilla ice cream and drizzled with caramel sauce. It's moolicious!
Isla Lee Bennett
Miss Isla, as we call her, celebrated her 99th birthday on June 16. She is a Pamlico County native and still lives in her home there, with a little help from family and friends. She gets out and about frequently to get a new "do", visit a few of the doctors that she has
not outlived, go to church or dine at the Cow Café. She is a regular and her favorites are our Gobbling Cow sandwich and our homemade Milk Chocowlate ice cream. A few weeks ago, knowing that she played basketball at her high school back in 1928, we asked her if she remembered any of her basketball team fight song. She sang the whole thing without missing a word! She is an amazing lady with a quick wit, fantastic memory and we love having her visit. She is already looking forward to celebrating number 100 at the Cow Café and we hope she celebrates her 110th with us. She also wants everyone to know that Cow Café is not just a place for kids, but is for everyone who is young at heart.
home | organization | about us | location | catering/delivery | shop cow cafe | related links | contact us
© 2010. The Cow Cafe. All rights reserved.


text:
tick(redirected from tick toxicosis)
Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Legal, Financial, Encyclopedia.
a blood-sucking parasitic arachnid; there are two types, hard and soft. Hard ticks (family Ixodidae) have a smooth, hard cover that shields the entire back of the male but only the anterior portion of the back in the female. Soft ticks (family Argasidae) lack this shield. Ticks are visible to the human eye. A hard tick can be seen on the skin, where it burrows into the outer layer with its knifelike tongue; it must be removed from the skin with care. Soft ticks do not bore into the skin. The two varieties carry different diseases but both thrive in the spring and early summer and inhabit wooded areas, brush, or grass.
Ticks serve as vectors for viruses causing colorado tick fever and some forms of encephalitis and for rickettsiae that cause such diseases as rocky mountain spotted fever and boutonneuse fever. A progressive ascending flaccid paralysis called tick paralysis may follow the bite of certain species, usually Dermacentor andersoni.
Ticks serve as vectors for viruses causing colorado tick fever and some forms of encephalitis and for rickettsiae that cause such diseases as rocky mountain spotted fever and boutonneuse fever. A progressive ascending flaccid paralysis called tick paralysis may follow the bite of certain species, usually Dermacentor andersoni.
Removal of Hard Ticks. If hard ticks are extracted from the skin immediately, before they begin to suck blood, the chances of their transmitting disease are lessened; probably the only damage done will be an irritating itch at the site. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that ticks be removed intact with fine-tip tweezers. Once the head and body are removed, the tick should not be squeezed or crushed with the bare hands. The site should be washed with soap and water.
tick fever any of various infectious diseases transmitted by the bite of a tick. The causative parasite may be a rickettsia, as in rocky mountain spotted fever; a bacterium such as Babesia or Borrelia; or a virus, such as that of colorado tick fever.
tick(tik), Do not confuse this word with tic.
An acarine of the families Ixodidae (hard ticks) or Argasidae (soft ticks), which contain many bloodsucking species that are important pests of humans and domestic birds and mammals, and that probably exceed all other arthropods in the number and variety of disease agents that they transmit. Ticks are differentiated from the much smaller true mites by possession of an armed hypostome and a pair of tracheal spiracular openings located behind the basal segment of the third or fourth pair of walking legs; the larva (seed tick) has six legs, and after molting appears as an eight-limbed nymph. Some important ticks are Amblyomma americanum (Lone Star tick) and A. hebraeum (South African bont tick); Argas persicus (adobe, fowl, or Persian tick) and A. reflexus (pigeon tick); Boophilus (cattle ticks); Dermacentor albopictus (horse or winter tick), D. andersoni (Rocky Mountain spotted fever or wood tick), D. nitens (tropic horse tick), D. occidentalis (Pacific or wood tick), and D. variabilis (American dog tick); Haemaphysalis chordeilis (bird tick) and H. laporis-palustris (rabbit tick); Ixodes pacificus (California black-legged tick), I. pilosus (paralysis tick), I. ricinus (castor bean tick), and I. scapularis (black-legged or shoulder tick); Ornithodoros coriaceus (pajaroello tick) and O. moubata (African relapsing fever or tampan tick); and Rhipicephalus everti (African red tick), R. sanguineus (brown dog tick), and R. simus (black-pitted tick).
tick(tik) a bloodsucking acarid parasite of the superfamily Ixodoidea, divided into soft-bodied ticks and hard-bodied ticks. Some ticks are vectors and reservoirs of disease-causing agents.
1. Any of various small bloodsucking arachnids of the order Ixodida that are parasitic on terrestrial vertebrates. Many species transmit diseases, such as Rocky Mountain spotted fever and Lyme disease.
2. Any of various usually wingless insects that resemble a tick, such as a sheep ked.
TICKAbbreviation for:
teamwork, integrity, courage, knowledge
tickMedical entomology A hematophagous ectoparasitic arthropod of the superfamily Ixodoidea, which is either a hard tick–family Ixodidae or a soft tick–family Argasidae; ticks may be vectors of bacterial and viral infections. See Colorado tick fever, Deer tick, Lone Star tick, Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever.
Ticks of interest
Dermacentor andersoni, the North America vector, Rocky Mountain spotted fever–RMSF, Colorado tick fever–CTF, tularemia and tick paralysis
D marginatus Asian vector–Russian spring-summer fever virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, possibly also Congo-Crimean hemorrhagic fever virus and Babesia reservoir for Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus
D occidentalis West coast North America–presumed vector for RMSF, CTF
D parumapertus Southwestern US–vector for RMSF, CTF
D variabilis Eastern US–vector for RMSF, tularemia, CTF, and tick paralysis; Asian and African ticks, vectors of Rickettsialpox
Ixodes dammini Northern deer tick–vector, Babesia microti, Lyme disease agent
Any of a variety of small, bloodsucking arachnids that may have either hard (i.e., Ixodid ticks) or soft (i.e., Argasid ticks) shells. Ticks normally feed on wild birds, mammals, or reptiles, and transmit disease by feeding on an infected host (the reservoir host), then later feeding on a domestic animal or human. Ticks have a three-stage life cycle: larva, nymph (eight-legged), and adult (eight-legged), and require a blood meal at each stage before molting into the next stage or, in the case of the adult, before mating and laying eggs. Some common tick-borne diseases are babesiosis: the black-legged and Western black-legged ticks. Colorado tick fever: Rocky Mountain wood tick. Ehrlichiosis (HGE and HME): Lone Star tick and black-legged tick. Lyme disease: black-legged tick and Western black-legged tick. The "deer tick" was once thought by scientists at Yale University to be a separate species, and was named Ixodes dammini. It has since been proven to be the same species as the black-legged tick, Ixodes scapularis. Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF): American dog tick, Rocky Mountain wood tick, and Pacific Coast tick. Tick-borne relapsing fever: soft ticks (Ornithodoros hermsi, O. turicata). Tick paralysis: American dog and Rocky Mountain wood tick. Tularemia (rabbit fever): Lone Star tick, Rocky Mountain tick, Pacific Coast tick, American dog tick, black-legged tick.
a blood-sucking arachnid parasite. There are two types, hard and soft. Includes American dog (dermacentorvariabilis), argasid tick, bont (amblyommahebraeum), British dog (ixodescanisuga), brown dog (rhipicephalussanguineus), brown ear (rhipicephalusappendiculatus), brown winter (dermacentornigrolineatus), castor bean (ricinus communis), cayenne (amblyommacajennense), Gulf Coast (amblyommamaculatum), ixodid, lone star (amblyommaamericanum), pajaroello (ornithodoruscoriaceus), red-legged (rhipicephalusevertsi), Rocky Mountain wood (dermacentorandersoni), shingle (syn. moose, dermacentoralbipictus), spinose ear (otobiusmegnini), tropical bont (amblyommavariegatum), yellow dog (haemaphysalisleachi leachi) tick.
canine tick typhus
see canine ehrlichiosis.
tick collar
a neck collar made of a PVC resin which releases particles of insecticide over a period of several months and aids in the control of tick infestations in companion animals.
tick fever
see babesiosis, anaplasmosis.
hard tick
ticks of the family Ixodidae and members of Ixodes, Boophilus, Margaropus, Hyalomma, Rhipicephalus, Haemaphysalis, Aponomma, Dermacentor, Amblyomma, Rhipicentor spp. They have a hard chitinous shield on the dorsal surface of the body, on the entire back of the male but only the anterior portion of the female.
tick paralysis
the female of several species of ticks but most commonly Ixodes or Dermacentor spp. elaborates a neurotoxin that typically causes an ascending flaccid paralysis in many animal species and humans but particularly in companion animals and young food animals. Affected dogs first develop weakness and paralysis of the hindlimbs, then forelimbs and ultimately respiratory paralysis unless the tick is removed and, in some cases, treatment with hyperimmune serum is given.
tick pyemia
an infection of lambs caused by Staphylococcus aureus and transmitted by the bites of ticks. Newborn lambs die of septicemia or develop signs of arthritis, meningitis or dermatitis. Called also staphylococcal pyemia.
seed tick
see seed tick.
soft tick
ticks of the family Argasidae including Argas, Otobius, Ornithodorus spp. These ticks have no dorsal protective shield.
said of wool or fleece that is heavily discolored by the feces of sheep ked (Melophagus ovinus).
tick toxicosis
see sweating sickness.
tick vectors
ticks act as vectors of protozoa, bacteria, viruses, rickettsia.
tick worry
an all-embracing term to describe the debilitating effects of heavy tick infestations. Includes anemia, irritation by the ticks, local infection as a result of bites, secondary blowfly and screw-worm infestation.
Patient discussion about tick
Q. How do people get ticks?
A. when i stayed in the Peruvian jungle for 3 weeks - ticks were the most common parisite we encountered. we finished every day with a set of pincers and a flashlight :) they just stand on the plants waiting for something to pass near. be that a man, a monkey or an ant eater. they don't care, as long as they have blood. the same in cities, they just wait in strategic points until you'll pass along and they'll just jump on you. be sure to use pincers to plunk them, catch their sucking tube and plunk. if not they might leave it in your body and it'll get infected.
Q. I had a tick to bite me a few days ago now I have a headache on and off and feel nauseous and diarrhea My friend had a stomach virus last week is my symptoms coming from the tick or is it a coincidence
A. It sounds like the tick bite is just a coincidence. You probably caught a virus, not necessarily from your friend who was sick, but that's also a possibility. However, if the bad feeling doesn't go away, or your suddenly experience fever spikes, you should see a doctor, because you might have a bacterial infection that will need antibiotics.More discussions about tick