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The Cañon City School District is in the process of filling the second of two administrative vacancies in as many months.
School Board President Honey Moschetti on Monday announced Ty Valentine will be vacating his position as director of Human Resources, effective Friday. Valentine said he accepted the same position in the Fountain-Fort Carson District.
"Your presence will be missed," Moschetti said during the regular school board meeting. "Mr. Valentine's move to another school district, to me, indicative of the importance of our mill levy override and bond issue because it speaks to the loss of a tremendous individual and human being."
Valentine said his family will continue to live in Cañon City while he commutes to his new job. He has been with the district for nine years, four years as Harrison School principal and the last five years in his current position.
"This is a great district, and I've built some wonderful relationships," he said. "I wouldn't trade the last nine years for anywhere else in the world — it's been wonderful."
Superintendent Dr. Robin Gooldy said a committee to review applications for the position is under way, and a successor likely is to be named after final interviews are completed July 8.
The district recently filled the vacancy left by former Director of Nutrition Services Paula Buser, who accepted the same position in the Littleton Public School District. Buser was with the Cañon City district for 11 years.
The board Monday canceled the July 8 regular school board and instead scheduled a work session for noon July 9 to discuss the proposed $1.35 million mill levy override package and the proposed $5.45 million bond package that would provide funding for school safety, technology, curriculum, recruiting and retaining quality teachers and staff and more.
The board will discuss input from a recent community mail-in survey and a phone survey that will go out to about 250 residents this week. A decision is expected to be made whether or not to place the measures on the November ballot in late July or August.
Also during Monday's meeting, board member Mike Near applauded the district for allowing the corporate staff of the Royal Gorge Bridge and Park to use the vacant Garden Park Learning Center for office space because of the destruction from the recent Royal Gorge Fire.
"Their offices and facilities are destroyed," Near said. "It's just another example of how the school district is trying to work with the community and help in times of need."
Gooldy said bridge and park managers set up office just days following the beginning of the fire that ignited June 11.
"I think it's a reflection of the community spirit," he said. "As a school district, we are part of the community and when we can help others, we need to step up and do that because there will be times when we want the community to step up and help us."


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subset: commoncrawl


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Journal Article
© Jan 2008 Volume 5 Issue 4, Editor: Charles Despres, pp347 - 550
Look inside Download PDF (free)
As an interdisciplinary research field emerging recently, Knowledge Management (KM) has been given many different definitions. This paper introduces two studies we carried out to provide a holistic and better understanding of KM. By applying the methodology of domain analysis to investigate leading peer‑reviewed journals regarding KM, the first study explores six fundamental issues regarding KM, which are: why is KM necessary; what enables the birth of KM and triggers actions on KM; what does KM deal with; how to implement KM; how to support KM by information technology; and where has KM been applied. By building an ontology structure of research topics within the community of the Graduate School of Knowledge Science at Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST), the second study examines KM within a more general disciplinary called Knowledge Science, which gives a description of how KM is related to other research topics.
Keywords: knowledge management, domain analysis, ontology
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40 comments
Beatufull girl who does everything to look ugly?
She did not manage to look ugly but she went close.
This is an interesting example of someone being stylish and eccentric without necessarily trying to be alluring. She's like a piece of painted sculpture.
I wouldn't call the effect attractive (at least in a conventional way — this isn't about her trying to be sexy), but it's striking.
those pants are gangstalicious!
Pretty bad. What's with the white hair? Her face is so young as is her clothing choices, why leave out the hair? She obviously thinks about about her style, A LOT. I find it interesting that someone who pays this much attention to the way they look breaks a cardinal rule.
Bad baaaaaaaaad
A cross between MC Lyte back in the day and what Gwen Stefani aspires to every now and again.
If Harry Potter and Pooh from "The World According to Garp" movie had a baby, it would be this woman.
You know, mainly I come across shots here that make me think about the clothes the person is wearing. But sometimes there are those that just make me really want to get to know the person. This is definitely one of them.
Harold Lloyd glasses!
I still don't get the white tennis shoes.
This look simultaneously confuses and intrigues me. My first reaction is, "WHAT?" and the fact that I don't immediately "get it" makes the look way more interesting. Somewhat like a work of art that draws you in via disorientation.
Also, I love it when people dress for anti-beauty. That takes guts and is very difficult to pull off.
the only person i've seen pull of sporty wedges
Is that Karin Dreijer of The Knife???
so pretentious. and she looks annoyed she is being photographed, even though her outfit is begging for attention. this is the attitude that gives style a bad name. enjoy the creativity and be happy about it! don't pretend you are too cool to care.
I love it. So good after the wave of skinny jeans that has swept the inner cities.
there are those glasses again. i definitely smell a trend.
harry potter, andy warhol, and mc hammer? not particularly flattering or aesthetically appealing, but interesting at the very least.
the person is a finnish fashion stylist. she's got great personal style, but is usually much more conventional. i had to check the face to make sure it really was her with all that…
a bit overdone and, yes, she looks snotty which she isn't in real life.
dries van noten shoes?
Isn't she the Finnish stylist Minttu Vesala?
Love the Jacket!
I like looking at someone dressed outrageously or different in ways but I'm always glad it's not me. She looks like if she had a makeover, she may be gorgeous underneath that all too much!
AW-FUL. Ridiculous.
I liked your jacket, shinyyyyy :P
she looks FIERCE,FIERCE,FIERCE!
Loves it!!
i love "anne's" point! isn't it boring to only dress to be attractive to a conventional sort of man? why not dress (as this woman seems to) to interest herself, other creative people; to appear intriguing, multi-dimensional and intelligent rather than just purely "sexy"?! i love this more intellectual and individual approach to clothing. thanks for the inspiration!
It is interesting how her clothing creates a wavy mirror trick like at the state fair. I stared at this image and tried to decide if you had used a tricky lens. Very unusual look…almost dizzying, other worldly. Thanks for the image.
´hello, i´m in the season.´ too much.
This picture looks really weird.Everything in it looks spooky.The girl looks very frightened.This surely doesn´t look effortless.
I think she looks sexy! I have no idea if she's trying to or not, but she does. Why would there necessarily be a contradiction between 'interesting' and 'sexy'?
The thing is, women are expected to dress to convey 'femininely sexy' first and everything else second or not at all: femininely sexy and creative, femininely sexy and intelligent, femininely sexy and powerful…There's very little space for women to express something other than 'femininely sexy', and there's no space in heteronormative culture for women to be considered sexy because they're creative, or powerful, or intelligent. A man in an oddball outfit which spoke of power or intellect or wit might get away with it, because men are read as desireable and valuable through what they can do; women only through how they appear.
Which is, of course, stupid and demoralizing. I like this outfit. It's clever (I don't like the shoes, though…too nowish; they should be regular flat white trainers) There's a sort of famous picture of Malcolm McLaren dressed rather like this in the early eighties, although his jacket is much less appealing. And I love her hair.
It's a witty outfit. And while I don't think that the whole end of woman is to be sexy, I do think that wit is sexy.
That is not an attractive look. A little bit scary actually.
I like it. She's like an exclamation mark drawn by a graffiti artist.
I love the variety in this blog!
the look ages her.
melusine: You are too right. Funny that the comment just beneath yours even says the woman looks scary.. I suppose women who don't aim to please (in a cnventional way, that is) are a little scary in our culture. And yes, wit is sexy! In women as well as in men, at least in a perfect world.
Sorry !!! Pin head and huge pants and shoes. The proportion is badly off. It is only captivating in its oddness.
This is why I hate living in Stockholm…
everything she's wearing could look very nice, but just not all in one.
Anyway.. I really want to know where the shoes come from =(
She looks great! Like a real person instead of a mannequin. I wish I were so honest and self-expressive in my clothing choices.
I have the same glasses, and people allways wonder why would anyone adopt the Harry Potter look but i feel it is right for me.
I really like that rebel anti beauty excentric look
IT IS Kronobergsgatan
Kungsholmen not SODERMALM.
it looks lik shes wearing the L-R-G jacket. its like 2 grand, but hers is a bit more chic.


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The Ohio arts council may:
(A) Within the limits of available funds, employ and fix the compensation of a staff director and such other personnel as will facilitate the work of the council. The staff director shall serve at the pleasure of the council, and other employees shall serve at the pleasure of the director.
(B) Establish and appoint members to advisory committees to advise and assist it in the performance of its functions, and it may, within the limits of available funds, contract with such consultants as may facilitate its work.
(C) Adopt such rules as are necessary for administration of Chapter 3379. of the Revised Code.
(D) Award and administer grants to carry out the purposes of this chapter.
Effective Date: 07-30-1979.


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21st January 2012, 06:32 #1
Advertising/Trading cricket products
Hi all,
It has come to our attention recently that there has been a bit of advertising happening on this forum. CoverDrive has done a wonderful job in moderating this forum and I am sure you'll agree that it is a great addition to PakPassion. Let's not ruin it for everyone else.
If you are interested in advertising any of your products or are selling something privately, please contact Saj directly by PM and we may be able to help, but it has to be done through the proper channels. This forum is for all equipment enthusiasts to discuss their favourite subject! That's what should be discussed.
The rules that we expect people to follow in the cricket forum, also apply in this forum. If posters are found to be publishing email addresses, websites, or any other promotion of their business/product, they face a ban.
Let's not ruin it for everyone else. Thanks


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Think back to childhood. What comes to mind? Many of the memories are likely of "firsts": your first snowfall, your first ballgame . . . even your first bubble. It was something special, wasn't it? Something you created, with the wave of a wand or a simple exhalation of breath—something that shimmered with color and somehow, incredibly, floated right before your eyes? The photographs here, made by LIFE's Gjon Mili, distill so many aspects of childhood: the wonder, the innocence, the simplicity.
When LIFE shared these photographs with its readers in 1941, the magazine wrote:
Far from merely evoking nostalgia for childhood, Mili's pictures evoke an earlier time, before the Digital Age, when most children played with the most rudimentary of toys, or fashioned playthings from household objects and their imaginations. Today, when toddlers can manipulate smart phones and tablets before they're able to utter coherent sentences—a reality that, we admit, says an awful lot about the powerfully intuitive design of some digital devices—Celestine's unfeigned delight is a reminder that, sometimes, the simplest joys are the most profound, and enduring.
Katie Yee is a native New Yorker, an undergraduate studying Literature and Psychology at Bennington College, and an editorial assistant at Tweed's Magazine of Literature & Art.


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2348 Innovation Drive
Lexington, KY 40511 US
- Visit Company Website
- 877-244-3267
- Contact
As Seen In Modern Machine Shop
3D Printing Prototypes: Iterate and Validate
3D printing is a common tool in product development, but for this fan manufacturer, it occupies two distinct steps in the process.
Three Examples of Additive Manufacturing in Production
Is additive manufacturing (AM) ready for production scale? The latest issue of Additive Manufacturing magazine highlights manufacturers who are succeeding with 3D printing for production right now.
Portable Fan Offers Quiet Operation
The Black Jack portable fan from Big Ass Fans is designed for versatility, with a 6.5-ft (2-m) frame that fits through interior doorways.
LED Fixture Combats Environmental Factors
Big Ass Fans offers an LED fixture said to address concerns about vulnerability to dust and after-effects of processes such as welding and fabricating.
Ceiling Fan Equipped with LED
Big Ass Fan's Powerfoil X industrial ceiling fan is equipped with LED lighting that provides as much light as a 400-W metal halide light.
Ceiling Fan Provides Year-Round Comfort
Installing large-diameter fans helped one manufacturer create a more comfortable working environment and save energy costs.
iPad App Controller for Convenient Fan Operation
Big Ass Fans now offers the BAFWorks control system, an iPad application (app) for controlling the company's large-diameter fans from a single location.
Big Ass Fans Portable Fans Available with Misting Systems
Big Ass Fans' AirGo and Yellow Jacket portable fans are available with high-pressure, filtered misting systems designed to produce a cooling effect equivalent to 22 and 11 tons, respectively, of air conditioning.
Powerfoil X2.0 From Big Ass Fans Features Improved Airfoil System and Winglet
Big Ass Fans' Powerfoil X2.0 is a total remodel of the Powerfoil X.
"Smashingly Durable" Portable Fan
Big Ass Fans' Yellow Jacket portable fan is designed to take abuse and stay in use.
Interesting Quality Test
Is your industrial fan this tough?
Fan Designed to be Durable
Big Ass Fan's Yellow Jacket portable fans are designed to be flexible, quiet and durable.
Year-Round Temperature Control
Big Ass Fans says its SmartSense365 is engineered to maximize both energy savings and comfort through year-round fan control with the push of a button.
Pivot™180 - the Oscillation Sensation!
(Sponsored Content) Pivot 180 generates airflow 100 feet out, enveloping a 180 degree arc from side to side – a coverage area of an impressive 12,000 square feet. Pivot 180 installs on a column or other vertical structure proving the perfect air movement solution for areas with ceiling obstructions or tight spaces.
Vertically Mounted Oscillation Fan
Big Ass Fans' Pivot 180 is designed to be installed on a column or other vertical structure in areas within manufacturing, distribution and service centers where overhead space is limited.
Manufacturer Keeps Employees Comfortable All Year
These high-volume fans have diameters that range from 8 to 24 feet and operate at low speeds to produce high cooling results.


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Mimi Harvey
Sample Syllabi: CMST& 101.pdf | CMST 203.pdf
Professor of Communication Studies
Sample Syllabi: CMST& 101 | CMST 203
Office: Rm 5321 (Foss)
Hours: Usually 8:30 to 9:20 or by appointment.
(Depending on the quarter, these times could change. Always check).
Phone: (206) 546-4796
Email: email@example.com
B.A. Chinese Language and Pacific and Asian Studies; University of Victoria, B.C., Canada
M.A. Communication and Social Foundations; University of Victoria, B.C., Canada
PhD. Communication Studies; University of Iowa
My life has included long stretches of living, working, traveling, studying and research outside of the U.S. where I was born. These stretches have included time in Spain and Northern Africa, China, Japan, Indonesia, South Korea, and Canada. All these experiences have fueled my fascination with the process of communicating across cultures and difference. I was drawn to Shoreline Community College, in part, because of the wonderful opportunities there are to work with students and colleagues from diverse backgrounds and places. I believe strongly that learning should be interactive and experiential so my classes include stimulating discussions, fun learning activities, and a variety of media experiences.
My life experiences have informed both my learning and my teaching. My studies have always centered on border crossing people, whether those borders are linguistic, cultural, national or economic. My graduate work focussed on ethnographic studies of speech communities as varied as South Korean immigrants in an Iowa town, ESL teachers working abroad, migrant laborers in South Korea, and women students of a distance education university in Indonesia.
I have taught at universities in Iowa, Canada, South Korea, Indonesia and Ohio before coming to Shoreline Community College. I have also worked on government-funded educational projects in Indonesia and the People's Republic of China. Recently, I am pursuing professional development in Nonviolent Communication, multicultural understanding, and service-learning.
Outside of teaching, I love reading, biking, kayaking, rock climbing, creating and traveling with my husband (and, of course, my kids and grandkids).


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COLUMBUS More than 167,000 people were working in Ohios growing shale oil and gas industry as of late last year, according to a new report released this week by the state.
The Ohio Department of Job and Family services also noted that those workers are earning average salaries between $59,000 and $74,000, according the first issue of Ohio Shale: Quarterly Economic Trends for Ohio Gas and Oil Industries (online at ohiolmi.com/OhioShale/OhioShale.htm).
The growing oil and gas industry holds great economic potential for Ohio, ODJFS Director Michael Colbert said in a released statement. This report provides individuals, businesses and community leaders with important information that can help guide economic development decisions and career choices.
The first report provides a snapshot of Ohios oil and gas industry as of November.
Among the statistics included:
Employment was up 1,066 (17 percent) in pipeline construction and well drilling, 4,809 (3.1 percent) in trucking, environmental consulting and other ancillary industries; and 90,435 (1.9 percent) in other related positions.
The number of shale-related businesses rose to 13,412. According to the report, Between the first quarter of 2011 and the first quarter of 2012, 16 oil and gas well-drilling operations, six natural gas liquid extraction operations, five oil and gas pipeline construction businesses, and nine businesses offering oil and gas industry support services opened in Ohio.
Carroll County led the state in terms of number of wells drilled, with more than 50. Columbiana County was second, with 21-50. Jefferson, Harrison and Noble counties had 11-20. Stark, Guernsey and Belmont had 6-10. More than 10 others, including Mahoning, Portage, Wayne, Ashland and Holmes, had up to five.


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Injuries can occur at any moment in sports, whether it's the big play that wins a game or a simple drill the first day of practice.
In the past, Vandalia Community High School's on-site medical staff has been somewhat limited. There's always an ambulance and EMT staff at football games, but for every day at practice or at volleyball or tennis matches, the only medical staff is the coach or maybe a parent helping out.
However, this school year, VCHS will have a full-time athletic trainer at every football practice and game, as well as at a majority of other home events and practices.
Nathan Schwartzkopf, an athletic trainer at Greenville Regional Hospital, will be on campus to treat, prevent and diagnose chronic and acute injuries, and hopefully save families some money and help in the recovery of injured student-athletes.
"I think it's tremendous," Vandalia athletic director Kevin Jackson said. "I know our coaches are excited about it."
For a number of years, Greenville Hospital has provided athletic trainers to Greenville College and Greenville High School. This year, they reached out to Vandalia, and the offer was too good to pass up.
"It comes at no cost to the district, as far as providing a trainer," Jackson said. "Schwartzkopf will be here on a daily basis, at a central location. Primarily, he'll be at football practice. Obviously, it's the largest contact sport we have, but he will be here in the fall for all the other sports as well."
Schwartzkopf will also travel with the basketball team in the winter.
"If we have an individual here, families don't have to go to the doctor," Jackson said. "An athletic trainer is an athletic trainer. He's here to help kids play, so that if we do have an injury, we're not sitting out for weeks at a time."
Jackson feels that having an athletic trainer on-site is what is best for the athletes. He said the school is not trying to take business away from Vandalia, it's just trying to do right by the student-athletes and their families.
"We're just trying to provide a service to our athletes and families, and take care of them as well as we can," Jackson said.
Should an athlete suffer an injury that requires a visit to the hospital, they are not required to go to Greenville Hospital for treatment.
Greenville Hospital will be sending out an informational packet to athletes and their families, explaining the roles of athletic trainers and what they can provide.
Athletes and their parents will need to sign a release form stating that the ATC (athletic trainer) can provide treatment. The ATC will also have a medical emergency information sheet on each athlete that will provide the trainer with any health-related issues the athlete my already have (allergies to medicine, previous injuries, etc.).
If an athlete is injured in practice or a game, a sheet will be sent home explaining the injury, recommending follow-up care and/or making a referral to a physician, if needed.
Schwartzkopf is a 2010 graduate of Illinois State University and a 2005 graduate of Hillsboro High School. He played football, baseball and basketball at Hillsboro, and played football for two years at Blackburn College before transferring to ISU.
Last month, Schwartzkopf worked at a number of football camps, so he is more than ready heading into the season.
VCHS has set up a treatment room for him in one of the unused locker rooms in the high school.
For more information about Schwartzkopf and what his role as the athletic trainer will be, athletes and parents should be on the lookout for the informational packet from Greenville Regional Hospital.
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"Native speaker" True to the name or a misconception?
"Native speaker" True to the name or a misconception?
There are so many misconceptions around these two words.
Many people understand their second language better than their own.
They are more careful, more accurate and they pay more attention when they use their other languages.
What would you choose for your purposes?
1. A 19-33 year old average native speaker
2. Someone who has had the interest to learn since an early age. Someone who has read more, someone who has fostered and nurtured his or her language willfully to go beyond average.
Think about it. What is more important?
Actual skills and knowledge or being a "native speaker"?
Would I doubt a Spanish native claiming to be as fluent in Portuguese as he or she is in Spanish? No. Note how I chose not to write "...as she or he is in his or her own language." The right to call a language your own does not depend on others.
Is it possible for someone from the EU to know Chinese better than a native? YES!! (I am not talking about myself here. I don't speak Chinese)
Schools, private students and people using forums such as this have to restore their beliefs in the capacity of the individual rather than clinging to the plastic-wrapped misunderstood concept described with the words "Native speaker".
What does being a native speaker entail? What are the discrepancies between the preconceptions of what a native speaker is and what he or she really is?
What can a non-native speaker offer that a native speaker cannot?
What things can a native speaker offer that a non-native speaker cannot?
Are we too lazy to find talented people among non-native speakers and do we choose what we think we know too readily?
Please discuss!!
Küss! Öptum! Puss! Kisses! キッス!heart.jpg
Re: "Native speaker" True to the name or a misconception?
If I were aiming at learning a language, I would definitely choose the 19-33 years old natives category.( A native speaker is the master and commander of his mother tongue). They are young, so up to date (good for me). No stress, zero weirdness. Besides, they use Slang the crux, the heart, the essence of any language. Now that might chock, I know. A lot consider Slang as the language killer. This is not how I see things.
Let me put it that way, I'm a witch (a kind one) I'm going to gift you with fluency and a total master of Academic English, would you call yourself a native speaker then? Now, let's imagine that with all your language powers, you find yourself in one of CT streets, and you meet somebody that will tell you: "hey dude! You're gonna adopt a tree !" what will you do then? How will English serve you ? I f you do not understand natives, if you do not talk like them, you are not a native.
Let's Take Merriam Webster Dictionary. Do you have any idea how editors add new words in a dictionary? well in different ways, one of them is to go down the streets and spot a word( yeah word + street = slang ) in its environment then add it to their entries ( as explained in this footages).
Another factor to reach the level of a native speaker is the accent. Let's say that the witch is back gifting you this time with Slang + idioms + academic English and the "whole package" , then because you're let's say Algerian Berber like myself and you answer natives, you'll be immediately spotted.


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Miss You Like Hell
La Jolla Playhouse 2910 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, California 92109
When a whip-smart, deeply imaginative teenager agrees to take a road trip with her free-spirited Latina mother, neither can imagine where it will take them. Chance encounters with a medley of characters along the way brings them closer to understanding what sets them apart — and what connects them forever. Featuring compelling original songs that are every bit as diverse and eclectic as America, this new musical exudes the joy, love and frustration of being a family in a changing country.
Created by Pulitzer Prize-winning, Tony-nominated Quiara Alegria Hudes and accomplished singer/songwriter Erin McKeown. It will feature seasoned veterans of both Broadway and San Diego stages.
Price: $20–$79.
La Jolla Playhouse 2910 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, California 92109 View Map


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Atlanta's feminist bookstore, Charis Books and More, founded in November 1974, remains a central fixture of Atlanta's Little Five Points, a revitalized inner-city business district that spills over into the residential neighborhoods of Candler Park, Inman Park, and Lake Claire. Charis is now one of the oldest feminist bookstores in the country, and its history is intertwined with the histories not only of the feminist and lesbian feminist movements, but also of its place and its people—those who have worked there as partners or staff, those who have shopped there, and those who have given their time to support the store. The first decade of Charis's existence provides a clear example of how politics and people, brought together in a particular place and time, can both affect and be affected by one another—or as the feminist saying goes, "the personal is political"—and vice versa.1
|Photographer unknown, Charis Books and More, Atlanta, Georgia, 2006.
During the 1970s, members of a lesbian-feminist community centered in Little Five Points/Candler Park patronized Charis because, as one respondent put it, "it was in the neighborhood, and women ran it."2 The "woman-identified" philosophy that this statement describes, along with the importance of written texts to the lesbian-feminist movement, led Atlanta's lesbian feminists to visit Charis often to shop and to talk to the store's owners, and eventually to work there as volunteers.3 Charis's owners, as we will see, welcomed this type of involvement. Over time the store itself, founded as a community bookstore with an emphasis on theology, women's fiction, and a large selection of nonsexist and nonracist children's books, was absorbed into the local lesbian-feminist community and developed into a feminist bookstore featuring lesbian-feminist books and run predominantly by lesbians. The store-community relationship was reciprocal and dialectical, with each entity both supporting and being supported by the other.
"Little Five Points Was Just Crawling with Lesbians"
Atlanta's 1970s lesbian-feminist community was both a physical place—the Little Five Points neighborhood, ten minutes from downtown Atlanta—and a group of people who shared a set of values and a way of life: primarily young, white, middle-class lesbians.4 This group was in many ways remarkably similar to lesbian-feminist communities in other parts of the United States; its emergence can be traced to at least as early as 1971, and its politics and lifestyle owed as much to 1960s-style radical political and countercultural influences as to feminist and lesbian-feminist ideology.5 Members concentrated their time and commitment on political causes rather than on jobs (much less careers), were downwardly mobile, lived communally, and formed businesses and organizations with collective or cooperative, rather than hierarchical structures. The Little Five Points neighborhood accommodated this style of living: the "white flight" phenomenon of the 1960s in Atlanta had left it, like many in-town neighborhoods, in transition, and there were few established businesses, mainstream organizations or tradition-minded civic leaders around. There were, however, plenty of cheap rental properties available and an "anything is possible" view of the future.6
First one, then two, and eventually close to a dozen communal households of lesbians formed in Little Five Points, each consisting of five to seven residents and a stream of more or less transitory friends, lovers, and guests. Jane, a lesbian-feminist activist in Little Five Points during this period, recalled her mid-1970s lifestyle: "Most of [us] were young and jobless or just lived hand-to-mouth, so [we] had no ties to any establishment . . . . In every women's household there were different women who did different activities and then reported on them to the rest of the household members . . . . Everyone always went to any kind of demonstration".7 The rapid development of this community parallels the growth of the lesbian feminist movement nationwide, as women who found the gay liberation movement too sexist and the women's liberation movement too homophobic began to define themselves as lesbians and feminists.
In Atlanta, this story began with the founding of Atlanta's Gay Liberation Front (GLF) [in 1971] and then the emergence of all-lesbian communal households in Little Five Points. Gay men and lesbians became public and even political figures for the first time in Atlanta's history.8 This new visibility, along with political activities sponsored by the GLF and other organizations, soon captured the attention of young activists such as Anne, a Cuban-born woman living in Little Five Points, who describes how she first became involved in lesbian-feminist activities:
I was a student at Georgia State University in 1972, where I become involved in antiwar activity and hung out with people who were sort of hippie-politicos . . . . At the same time I was dealing with this sexuality thing . . . . A friend who'd been in a Venceremos Brigade introduced me to some gay people and I ended up going to [a] gay march . . . and there I met a woman who really excited me. It turned out she lived in a women's commune in Little Five Points. . . . I had heard that Little Five Points was just crawling with lesbians and there was a lesbian press there and everything. So this woman invited me to her house and there I met all these women.9
The "gay march" Anne remembers was the 1972 Gay Pride march. Although lesbians obviously participated in this march, many of them were fed up with the male domination of the GLF, symbolized by the omission of the word lesbian from the name of the group and the celebration. That year, a group of women including, according to Anne, "lesbians from Atlanta's Women's Liberation and Gay Liberation [GLF], and some women who were middle-class lesbians who were interested, and some from the Socialist Workers' Party" met and decided to form a new, specifically lesbian-feminist organization: the Atlanta Lesbian Feminist Alliance, or ALFA. ALFA eventually rented a house on McLendon Avenue in Little Five Points that served as the base of its operations and those of a number of other groups and activities.10 Once the basic institutions of ALFA and the communal households were in place, lesbians not only from Atlanta but from other parts of the Southeast and elsewhere in the United States moved into the area or began to participate in some of the wide range of activities happening there. For the first time in the history of the US South, there were social spaces outside the bars where lesbians could meet other lesbians. There were public activities in which they could participate as open lesbians, without fear of persecution by police and with the knowledge that if they did encounter harassment or persecution from anyone, they had a community of strong, activist women to support and defend them.
|Lorraine Fontana (photographer), ALFA members marching in the Atlanta Gay Pride Parade, Atlanta, Georgia, 1973
Early History of Charis Books and More: 1974–1981
|Photographer unknown, former owner Sherry Emory, founder Linda Bryant, and volunteer Liz Hill, Atlanta, Georgia, 1979.
Interestingly, the women who opened Charis Books on November 4, 1974, Linda Bryant and Barbara Borgman, initially did not identify the store as part of the feminist movement. Yet by 1979, and perhaps as early as 1977, it can be argued that Charis had an explicit lesbian-feminist ideology. Like many women who started feminist bookstores, Linda and Barbara were activists involved in a social-change movement, but at the time they opened the store, their social-change work was focused on community work through a radical enclave of the nondenominational Christian youth group called Young Life.11 Although Barbara remembers thinking of the store as a "radical social alternative bookstore," Linda remembers envisioning a store with a focus on women's books as well as children's books (Barbara's expertise) and radical theology books.12 In a 1977 column in the Atlanta Journal and Constitution, local writer Carol Ashkinaze describes Linda's and Barbara's memories of the store's beginnings after it had been operating for almost three years: "[Linda and Barbara] envisioned a bookshop that would offer a full complement of Christian and Eastern religious literature, 'non-stereotypical, non-racist, non-sexist' children's books, books by and about women, books by local authors, plus a community bulletin board and a toy-laden loft/playpen to keep toddlers amused while their parents browsed. It would be a store where a woman with a budding interest in feminism or theology could drop by for advice on what to read first."
The name of the store, Charis (pronounced KA-riss), comes from Greek and means "grace" or "gift." Both women felt the name fit their philosophy of wanting the store to be a gift to the local community, as well as acknowledging that their ability to open the store was a gift to them—a friend of Linda's from Young Life had donated the funds to open the store. Barbara explains that they also "picked the name because it [Charis] was a feminine aspect of God."13 At first Charis Books was set up as a nonprofit organization under the umbrella of an inner-city education project, Exodus, which involved many former Young Life staff members.14 The decision to organize as a nonprofit was motivated, in part, by Linda's friend's desire to donate rather than lend money for the project.15 Barbara and Linda followed people's advice and set aside some of the donated money to live on while their friends helped them renovate the space they had rented for the store. When they opened the store, the shelves were stocked with approximately two thousand dollars' worth of books. Linda worked full time and Barbara worked part time. As she made decisions about the everyday operation of the store, Linda drew on her experience with her consciousness-raising group, while both women drew on their experience doing "contact work." Linda explains that to do "contact work" means to "be around, be available to the community you are interested in working with, and when they're ready they'll talk to you. That's what we started doing in Little Five Points. . . . We wanted to create an atmosphere of openness that would be healing. The books were just part of that."
|Photographer unknown, Charis sign at 419 Moreland Avenue store, Atlanta, Georgia, 1980–1994.
Gradually, as residents of Little Five Points/Candler Park began to frequent Charis, their interests and needs began to affect the store's focus and the books it offered for sale. Linda and Barbara's politics of inclusiveness, as well as their backgrounds as activists working in education and social justice causes, gave them common ground with other neighborhood residents, including the local lesbian feminists. Barbara Borgman describes their approach: "we'd say, 'Welcome. We want to meet you, we want you to come in here and sit down and have a cup of coffee, talk, and have a neighborhood meeting place. . . . What kind of books are you interested in?' . . . So it became quickly a place where people talked books and talked ideas."16 For instance, Barbara remembers two gay men coming to the store and asking if Charis could carry particular gay-themed books. "Well, Linda had not come out as a lesbian at that time . . . this must have been 1975. . . .But we looked at each other and I can remember saying, 'We've gotta do this. This goes with it.' We were unanimous on it. . . . We got quite a bit of conversation from [our] conservative friends [for stocking these books]. 'What in the world are you doing? Do you know what you're doing?'"17 Barbara felt they knew exactly what they were doing: they were providing books for people who wanted to be treated with dignity. Ultimately, however, the lesbian feminists in the neighborhood affected the store's overall direction more significantly than did any other group.
Former members of ALFA all recalled being aware of the store from the time it opened. Jane and Anne, who were already living in Little Five Points, remember going to the store's opening "very cautiously. We were excited that there was a place where there were women's books . . . but then we got there and there were religious books . . . But . . . it was something that was in the community, something that had potential. . . . The women in there seemed very subdued . . . not at all like the women we had been around. But on the other side we felt it was nice to be giving money to women."18 Jo Hartsoe remembers Charis before it had a women's section as "kind of a peace-and-happiness bookstore where you could get things like about antiwar stuff. . . . My memory is there was a lot of religious stuff too."19 Anne remembers the first book she bought there, Toni Morrison's The Bluest Eye, and the second, Margaret Randall's Women in Cuba. "We had a lot of study groups then, and we did a lot of reading," she said. "Charis was a good supplier of the material we wanted, and they weren't shocked when you came in and asked for material, whether it was lesbian or leftist or whatever. . . . Also if they didn't have a book you wanted, they'd order it and then they'd stock it."20 All these women, when asked what they remember reading during the 1970s, said they read virtually anything and everything that had to do with feminism and lesbianism—in fact, they remembered being "hungry" for this material. Chris Carroll said she thinks this was because woman- and lesbian-oriented writings were "sort of a reflection of ourselves that was very concrete . . . like to just get beyond the denial that's everywhere else . . . like we don't exist and we have no reality . . . and also there was a lot of testing of new ideas in these books, and we were interested in that."21
When Charis first opened, neither Linda nor Barbara knew about ALFA or the lesbian-feminist communal households in the Little Five Points area. Neither woman had been formally involved in the feminist movement in the early 1970s, although they were acquainted with feminist ideas through their studies in feminist theology and the influence of women's consciousness-raising groups. Linda said in a 1990 interview, "When the idea of the bookstore came to me I knew already that I wanted to be involved in women's literature. I had been in my first women's group in 1971 [with wives of other Young Life staff members]. . . . We met every week for four years—met for three to four hours every time we met—and that was going on during the whole Young Life time and my teaching school time, that I was in this women's group and sorting things out and becoming a feminist really."22 Soon after the store opened, Linda and Barbara began meeting the lesbians in the area. Linda remembers Chris Carroll and Karen Gold as the first self-identified lesbians from the Little Five Points area that she met; Chris was distributing Olivia Records, and Charis began selling women's music early on. Linda also fondly recalls going to the favorite bar of the Little Five Points lesbians, the Tower, around 1975 to hear Olivia recording artists Cris Williamson and June Millington. Even though she identified as heterosexual at the time, she was thrilled by the experience. Around the time of this concert, Linda remembers becoming aware of ALFA. Meanwhile, the lesbian feminists who frequented Charis in the early years found the store a welcoming place, even though they had little money to spend. Charis soon began to be a place where women could find out about ALFA-related activities, from softball games to poetry readings—people posted flyers there for all the different events. Charis also sold tickets to Lucina's Music concerts; they kept a list of apartments or houses for rent in the neighborhood; and then, of course, people would run into one another there.
In 1977, Maya Smith put capital into the store and joined as a partner. Maya identified as bisexual, and brought to Charis an expertise in lesbian-feminist literature. In 1979, Julia Strong began working at Charis and became the first woman who was out as a lesbian when she joined the staff. (At that time, Linda had been out for about a year.) Julia had come out in 1977, during her first job after college in rural Tennessee, and had moved to Little Five Points after coming to Atlanta in 1978 to attend the Third Annual Southeastern Conference of Gay Men and Lesbians.23 Maya Smith was a close friend of Julia's lover, and through her, Julia heard that the collective of three at Charis had decided to expand. Julia describes Charis in those days as a place where women "were trying to create alternatives to the mainstream." She describes her relationship to Charis and the store's relationship to neighborhood-based activism:
Charis was my major community activity. . . . It was [a] hub of communication for so many individuals and groups. People would come in and say, "I have this idea for something and can I talk to you about it?" And Linda or one of us would spend two and a half hours helping someone think through whether this business or this idea that they had was a good thing for them to go ahead and pursue. So I think that we played a lot of different roles—providing published material was just another facet of that. Lots of intangible interaction and support [was] going on there too.24
Lesbian Feminism and Evolution of the Store's Identity
The history and dynamics of the staff as they negotiated the day-to-day operation of Charis Books and More reveals the realities—and difficulties—of trying to put feminist ideas into practice, especially how to function effectively as a collective. At first, with only Linda and Barbara running the store, decisions were made with relative ease. However, as women were added to the staff and as the identity of the store began to evolve, it became more difficult for the staff to come to a consensus on the direction of the store.25 The individual women on the staff in this early period, from 1974 to 1981, though all white and college educated, did represent a range of other differences—some had children and some did not; some were straight, others were bisexual, and others were lesbian. These differences among the women, along with their differing individual understandings of how a collective should function, produced both strengths and conflicts.
The structure of decision making at the store shifted as the staff changed and grew. Overall, however, in keeping with feminist values, hierarchy was avoided, choice assignments or responsibilities were rotated, and decisions were made by consensus. After Maya Smith joined as a partner and more women worked at the store, an advisory board, which functioned much like a collective, was formed. Initially, only the women working at the store constituted the board. By 1980, however, the membership of the advisory board/collective, who made decisions about store policy, included women who were no longer working at the store on a regular basis. This created an imbalance of power that Maya reported they had previously avoided, between new employees and "veterans."26 In theory, members of a collective have equal say in decisions, but inevitably, some members are more articulate and therefore more persuasive than others, and some may have more knowledge or abilities pertaining to the matter at hand. Among other things, a balance of power and commitment among members is necessary for the collective to work. The women of Charis worked to deal with issues of power and allocate responsibility fairly. However, making collective decisions was never easy or straightforward. Ongoing conflicts intensified, and a new one emerged when Linda's lover, Kay Hagan, applied to work at the store. Several in the collective opposed her hiring on the grounds that the dynamics of lovers working together would be disruptive. Although the collective ultimately did hire Kay, not long afterward another conflict erupted over the mission and identity of the store, resulting in the 1981 resignation of two collective members, Maya Smith and Julia Strong.
The conflicts at Charis resulted in part from the influence of lesbian feminism, particularly on Linda Bryant. As Charis evolved more as a women's bookstore and was integrated into the ALFA community, it became a place where lesbians could work without trying to hide their identities as lesbians. In this type of setting, however, as Kathleen Weston and Lisa Rofel point out, the public and private sphere merge more than in a typical work setting.27 Although this merging is positive in that it allows for the expression of lesbian (or bisexual) identities, it also makes it difficult to distinguish between personal decisions and business decisions. As a result, romantic and sexual involvements can have a complicating effect on work relationships, particularly in terms of expectations and roles.28 In their excitement at being able to work with other women who share their ideals or at being able to be out at work, many women may not think through the consequences of conflict within in such an environment. As the boundaries between public (work) and private (personal life) become blurred, conflicts that appear in one area also closely affect the other area, complicating possible solutions.
This proved to be the case with Charis. Shortly after Kay was hired over the objections of some women, the collective began to struggle over the store's evolving identity. At this time, the workforce of the bookstore included four regular workers, two of whom were lovers. As might be expected in a bookstore, lesbian-feminist ideas and literature figured prominently in the struggle over the identity of the store. For example, although there is no clear cause-and-effect relationship, Linda and Kay had been seriously reading and discussing Mary Daly's Gyn/Ecology around the time the advisory board/collective began to draw up bylaws and a mission statement for the store. Maya remembers that Linda constantly quoted Mary Daly to her, and at the time she was put off by Linda's fervor. Perhaps tensions were still high from the debate about whether lovers would be allowed to be hired. In hindsight, Maya said she felt this was Linda's radicalizing period. It also seems possible that Maya felt her position as the store "expert" on lesbian feminism was being challenged as Linda developed a stronger lesbian-feminist stance. In part as a result of this conflict among the collective, the store was evolving from a women's bookstore into a specifically feminist and lesbian-feminist one.
After several difficult meetings of the board/collective, facilitated by a therapist to maintain the goal of collective decision making, the group reluctantly (in Linda's opinion) agreed that feminism was a concept informing the values of the store.29 Upset with the collective's hesitancy to define the store as feminist, Linda wrote them a letter in which she articulated her idea of the store's driving principles. In her letter she makes a case for giving more power to the women who actually worked there, making it clear that these women (Linda, Judy, and Kay) agreed to strong feminist principles and a feminist identity for their workplace:
We spent hours at the last meeting articulating our values. . . . When I walked away, I realized that we had only reluctantly agreed on a concept—feminism—as the informing voice of our values, and then could not/would not use that word. What I need to agree on with people with whom I work intimately—and the bookstore is, we've learned, intimate work—is the basic underlying frame/purpose/direction/focus of values.
My focus is clear to me. I am committed to a definite, recognizable stance over against the patriarchy. My form of that stance, specifically, is keeping alive and en-couraging independent feminist voices. For me, that extends to writers, publishers, booksellers, and readers, customers, myself. I want to expedite the flow of cash among these people so that the support is tangible enough to realize the aim of not only survival, but also the infusion of courage. I want these independent feminist voices to speak/write and be heard and spoken again in many fields besides specifically-designated feminist thought or fiction by women. I want to en-courage the men who want to free themselves from the patriarchy. I want to offer an open path to out children, I want us to approach the earth and healing and systems holistically—and in all these fields (and more) I want to keep alive the voices that are not in submission to the white male system; voices that continually ask questions and un-think assumptions.30
Struggles at the store were a working-out of feminist principles: The women were strongly committed to a collective model and, perhaps more important, to creating a workspace that was woman-centered and open to lesbians. Although such a space blurred public and private boundaries and increased the potential for conflict, it provided an unprecedented opportunity for lesbian-feminist ideas to be circulated and further developed. The various conflicts at Charis (as in other feminist organizations) helped the store owners/workers develop new ways of running a feminist business as they put feminist theory into practice.
|Photographer unknown, bell hooks and Byllye Avery at Charis, Atlanta, Georgia, circa 1985.
After Maya and Julia left, the women of Charis rethought the structure of the store's ownership and the makeup of the advisory board. Although and advisory board/collective structure was retained, the board's membership henceforth had to be active in the work of the store. A partnership model of ownership emerged again, and a series of documents were written to define more clearly the responsibilities of board members. Also at this time, Exodus decided Charis should no longer be under their nonprofit umbrella, and the board/collective began tackling the logistics of becoming a for-profit enterprise. During the next period of Charis's history, not only did the store become for-profit, but it also took on the projects of sponsoring multi-media feminist artist Judy Chicago's "The Dinner Party" exhibit in Atlanta and opening a temporary branch store next to the location of the exhibit. Charis's identity as a feminist and lesbian-feminist bookstore became increasingly known throughout the Southeast. By 1981, Charis, having survived a series of conflicts and struggles, emerged as a specifically feminist bookstore, operated by lesbian feminists and enjoying a mutually supportive relationship with Little Five Points's lesbian-feminist community.
Charis Books still occupies a central place in the lives and activities of feminists, lesbians, and lesbian feminists in Atlanta. Whereas the long-standing lesbian-feminist organization in the community, ALFA (Atlanta Lesbian Feminist Alliance), disbanded in 1994, Charis bought a house, renovated it, and, despite threats from chain store competition, has continued to thrive.31 When ALFA closed her doors in 1994, she donated a significant portion of her money (from the sale of the house and archives) to Charis Books. With this act, ALFA women acknowledged Charis's importance as a sister lesbian-feminist organization in the community and continued to support the store as they had when Linda and Barbara first opened in 1974.
|Photographer unknown, Charis's "new" building at 1189 Euclid Avenue, Atlanta, Georgia, 1994.
Charis has changed as much, if not more, in the years since the publication of "Women Ran it" than it did in its first twenty years, 1974–1994. Gable and Chesnut wrote this essay shortly after the apex of the North American feminist bookstore movement. In 1995 there were more than 120 feminist bookstores in the United States and Canada;32 in 2009 there are approximately fourteen remaining.33 Charis Books and More is one of the oldest and largest continuously operating feminist bookstores in North America. The reasons behind both the dramatic loss of feminist bookstores nationally, and Charis's longevity are inevitably intertwined.
"Feminism" as a word and as a concept has shifted dramatically in the thirty-five years since Charis began: moving from an understanding of feminism as men's oppression of women as articulated by a mostly white, middle class, female group of activists and scholars to an understanding that there are, in fact, many feminisms articulated by people of all genders, races, and bodies. Charis Books, as a feminist institution has come to understand that any monolithic, singular definition of "feminism" is inherently exclusionary. Whereas the women of ALFA and other lesbian-feminists originally patronized Charis because it was an explicitly women's space, customers now patronize Charis because it is a space which operates out of a feminist belief system that seeks to free all people from an oppressive and patriarchal gender binary.
Little Five Points, the neighborhood which Linda Bryant chose because it was so under-resourced, remains an eclectic and artistic business district.34 However, today the neighborhood is far different. Due to massive gentrification of the surrounding residential areas, Little Five Points has become a quirky, yet innocuous, tourist destination. The demographic shift of the neighborhood has not affected the store's clientele as much as one might immediately think. Instead of losing lesbian customers as the rest of the city became more hospitable to a visible gay and lesbian presence in other neighborhoods, Charis became more of a "destination store," one to which people would be willing to drive if they sought lesbian fiction, queer theory, anti-racist and anti-sexist children's books, and other store specialties. It also became an important destination for participants in weekly programs on topics ranging from the prison industrial complex to lesbian cinema.
Two factors, one geographic, the other technological, brought some of the largest challenges to Charis's success from the mid-1990s to the present. The first was the opening in 1993 of Atlanta's first exclusively lesbian and gay bookstore, Outwrite.35 Outwrite, originally located in a tiny space in the Midtown Promenade shopping center, moved in 1996 to a refurbished disco on the corner of Piedmont Road and 10th Street at the heart of what was rapidly becoming Atlanta's "gay ghetto." Outwrite quickly attracted gay men who had previously bought gay literature at Charis, both because of the new store's focus on men, as well as for its proximity to Piedmont Park and other gay nightlife. Outwrite's coffee shop and prime location also made it a popular spot for lesbians looking for a place to meet other women. Over time Charis and Outwrite have evolved in separate, but friendly directions, with Outwrite hosting many celebrity and men's events and Charis hosting more queer and social justice-related programming.
|Photographer unknown, Members of Charis's Young Writers group with founder Linda Bryant (back row left), publisher and Charis Circle co-director Kelley Alexander (back row second from left), and writer Merrill Mushroom (back row second from right), Atlanta, Georgia, 2003.
The second major agent of change was the increased popularity of the Internet as both a social tool and as a bookselling venue. Prior to the mid-1990s, Charis was one of the only places in Atlanta for queer women to meet outside of the bar scene. With the creation and widespread adoption of LGBT-themed message boards and chat rooms, lesbians suddenly had opportunities to meet other women without even leaving their homes. The role of Charis as a place to meet, or even simply see, other queer women was somewhat diminished. Online booksellers like Amazon.com changed the marketplace for all booksellers, but especially for independent and feminist booksellers such as Charis. While it is empowering that marginalized people in all parts of the country now have access to books that reflect their experiences and lives, that very accessibility of previously difficult to find feminist and LGBT books endangered Charis and other independents.
Interestingly, "big box" bookstores and the online book boom have made Charis and other independents even more politically relevant. As the major bookstore chains like Barnes and Noble, Borders, and Amazon.com and, increasingly, major retail outlets in general, like Wal-Mart and Target, compete for their share of the market, they order books in larger and larger quantities to allow for deeper and deeper discounts. This market strategy means that it is not cost effective to buy books in low quantities from small or independent presses. It also means that even major publishers are increasingly unwilling to take a chance on new writers or different voices when they know they can bank on Amazon and Barnes and Noble to make a select few commercial titles into blockbusters. The economics behind these choices mean that now the major commercial outlets are dictating not only which books make it to their own store's shelves, but also which books make it to any reader's shelf at all. Independent bookstores like Charis are the correction to this dangerous shift in the way books are chosen for publication, marketed, and consumed, because independents order in small quantities, allowing them to support small presses and self-published authors whose books might not otherwise ever see the light of day. A big part of how Charis continues to live its feminism is through the books it carries, seeking to bring the marginalized or forgotten voices to the center and to places of prominence on its shelves.
Despite the challenges of a changing marketplace and increased competition, Charis remains a vital part of the Atlanta and southeastern feminist, queer, progressive, and radical communities. In the mid-1990s Charis again entertained the idea of becoming a nonprofit like so many other feminist bookstores. In 1996, after much discussion with Charis constituents, Charis Books and More created Charis Circle, a 501c3 nonprofit which took fiscal and programmatic responsibility for all of the events, readings, and workshops that occurred at for-profit Charis Books. These "sister" organizations live and work symbiotically, with Charis Circle hosting book groups, writing groups, and author readings, as well as an ever-increasing number of social justice programs focusing on topics as wide-ranging as trans-health, lesbians and aging, urban farming, disability activism, queer parenting, "stories for free children" story hour, anti-racist discussion groups and much more. Charis Circle's mission, "to foster sustainable feminist communities, to work for social justice, and to encourage the expression of diverse and marginalized voices," reflects an appreciation of many of the founding principles of Charis Books and More, rearticulated for current and future generations.
|Photographer unknown, Charis Circle board meeting, Atlanta, Georgia, mid 1990s.
- 1. This essay is adapted from Saralyn Chesnut and Amanda C. Gable's "'Women Ran It': Charis Books and More and Atlanta's Lesbian-Feminist Community, 1971–1981" in John Howard, (ed.) Carryin' On in the Lesbian and Gay South (New York: New York University Press, 1997): 241–284. Elizabeth Anderson contributed the epilogue to this updated version.
- 2. Jane and Anne [pseud.], interviewed by Saralyn Chesnut, tape recording, Atlanta, GA, March 22, 1990.
- 3. The term is taken from what is arguably the most-cited manifesto of lesbian feminism, "Women Identified Woman," written by the Radicalesbians, first distributed as a "position paper" at the second Congress to Unite Women in May 1970, and first published in the Ladder 11/12 (August/September 1970).
- 4. A few members of this community were women of color or women from non-middle-class backgrounds. However, as Faderman notes with regard to young lesbians of this period who had been born into poor or working-class families, "the democratization of higher education in the 1960s meant that they might get an education (and the verbal and analytical skills that went with it) such as only women of middle-class backgrounds might have had earlier" (Lillian Faderman, Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers: A History of Lesbian Life in Twentieth Century America [New York: Columbia University Press, 1991]: 197). This was the case in the Little Five Points lesbian-feminist community; most of the young women who were part of it, even if they had been raised poor or working-class, had been to college by the time they joined the community. Some were students at the time, most at nearby Emory University or Georgia State University.
We might note also here the sense in which we use the term community: Susan Krieger notes that "some lesbian communities are geographically specific . . . ; some exist within institutions (e.g., prisons); some exist only in spirit; some are ideological (e.g., lesbian feminist); some primarily social. All are groups in which an individual may share her distinctively lesbian way of being with other lesbians" (Susan Krieger, "Review Essay: Lesbian Identity and Community: Recent Social Science Literature" in Estelle B. Freedman, Barbara C. Gelpi, Susan L. Johnson, and Kathleen M. Weston, (eds.) The Lesbian Issue: Essays from Signs [Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985]: 224.) Using Krieger's typology, Atlanta's Little Five Points lesbian community was, during the 1970s, at once geographical, ideological, and social.
- 5. Information about other communities is to be found in Alice Echols, Daring to be Bad: Radical Feminism in America 1967–1975 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1989); Lillian Faderman, Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers: A History of Lesbian Life in Twentieth Century America (New York: Columbia University Press, 1991); and Becki Ross, The House That Jill Built: A Lesbian Nation in Formation (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1995). Informal communications with lesbians who later moved to Atlanta from other parts of the country confirm these written sources with regard to the dates of emergence and the political and lifestyle characteristics of lesbian-feminist communities in other urban centers in the United States. It is worth noting that this information contradicts received wisdom about the South, which holds that "things happen later" here than in other parts of the country and often differ markedly in character.
- 6. According to Tina McElroy Ansa, Little Five Points's decline had been caused by a combination of factors, including "the city's growth and suburban flight" as well as the "razing" of a number of houses "to prepare for expressways in that part of east Atlanta" (Tina McElroy Ansa, "Reborn: Shops and Businesses Popping Up" Atlanta Journal and Constitution, August 23, 1978, B1, B4.)
- 7. Jane and Anne [pseud.], interviewed by Saralyn Chesnut, tape recording, Atlanta, GA, March 22, 1990.
- 8. Atlanta's first Gay Pride march was held in June 1970, even before the GLF was founded; 125 people, mostly gay men, marched, and the Atlanta Journal and Constitution refused to cover the event. The GLF did organize 1971's Gay Pride celebration.
- 9. Jane and Anne [pseud.], interviewed by Saralyn Chesnut, tape recording, Atlanta, GA, March 22, 1990.
- 10. Information about ALFA and related groups and activities is based on the ALFA Newsletter, renamed the Atalanta (ALFA Newsletter/Atalanta, newsletter of the Atlanta Lesbian Feminist Alliance, vols. 1–8, Durham, NC: Duke University Library Special Collection, 1973–1980.), as well as on interviews with Anne, Jane, Chris Carroll, Lorraine Fontana, Jo Angela Hartsoe, Sonya Jones, and Elizabeth Knowlton. Jane and Anne [pseud.], interviewed by Saralyn Chesnut, tape recording, Atlanta, GA, March, 22 1990; Chris Carroll, interviewed by Saralyn Chesnut and Amanda Gable, tape recording, Atlanta, GA, May 24, 1990; Lorraine Fontana, interviewed by Saralyn Chesnut, tape recording, Atlanta, GA, January 10, 1995; Jo Angela Hartsoe, interviewed by Amanda Gable, tape recording, Atlanta, GA, May 10, 1990; Sonya Jones, interviewed by Saralyn Chesnut and Amanda Gable, tape recording, Atlanta, GA, March 22, 1996; Elizabeth Knowlton, interview by Saralyn Chesnut, tape recording, Atlanta, GA, January 14, 1995. The personal recollections of one of the authors, Saralyn Chesnut, also figure into this account. See also Vicki Gabriner and Susan Wells, "Nurturing a Lesbian Organization" in Ginny Vida, ed., Our Right to Love: A Lesbian Resource Book (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1978): 134–39. At its height ALFA had about 125 members; women who never joined the organization but participated in its activities and attended lesbian-feminist events numbered an additional two hundred to three hundred.
- 11. Mev Miller, A Labor of Love: A Tribute to Twenty-five Years of Feminist and Lesbian Publishers and Bookstores, radio documentary (Minneapolis: Radio Studios of KFAI-FM, 1995). Although at first we found Charis's initial ties to a religious group surprising, it makes sense historically: religious groups and churches have often played important roles in social movements in the United States, perhaps more so in the South than in other regions. As Sara Evans documents (1979), the roots of women's liberation and New Left movements were in the civil rights movement, and the civil rights movement, for both blacks and whites, had deep roots in the southern church. Looked at in this light, Charis provides an unexpected but crucial continuity among social movements in the South—from civil rights to feminism to lesbian/gay/bisexual rights. For instance, Evans points out that white southern Protestantism provided a space for a radical critique of segregation in the 1950s and that in her interviews and research, every white southern women who joined the civil rights movement did so through her involvement I the church (Sara Evans,Personal Politics: The Roots of Women's Liberation in the Civil Rights Movement and the New Left [New York: Vintage Books, 1979]: 29–35). Linda's life fits this paradigm: She gained an analysis of racial oppression from a high school Young Life leader in Gainesville, Florida; was introduced to feminism through a Young Life feminist theology class; and became part of a consciousness-raising group started by her Young Life woman friends in Atlanta. Later, she came out as a lesbian. Barbara Borgman's life has also combined religion and social activism. In 1995, when we interviewed her, she had recently returned to the United States from teaching in Africa with her husband and children and was living in the Jubilee Partners community, a Christian-based community in Comer, Georgia, that in part helps refugees from countries such as Bosnia enter the United States, learn English, and find work (Barbara Borgman, interviewed by Amanda Gable and Saralyn Chesnut, tape recording, Comer, GA, February 2, 1995.)
- 12. Linda remembers carrying Charis Clarence Jordan's Cotton Patch Gospels and books by Thomas Merton as well as women's novels by Toni Morrison, Alice Walker, Tillie Olsen, and Rosellen Brown.
- 13. Later, in 1979, when Womanspirit Rising (edited by Carol P. Christ and Judith Plaskow) was published, Linda and Barbara were pleased to discover that Charis was an early designation of the mother goddess recognized by the Gnostics.
- 14. Barbara's husband worked with an arm of this group, Project Propinquity.
- 15. The relationship with Exodus and the store's nonprofit status remained until 1980/81, when Exodus decided it was too difficult (even unwieldy) to maintain the necessary financial records for Charis's separate operation.
- 16. Barbara Borgman, interviewed by Amanda Gable and Saralyn Chesnut, tape recording, Comer, GA, February 2, 1995.
- 17. Ibid. Barbara couldn't remember the titles of the two gay books they stocked after the men requested them. She added in the interview that at that time that she didn't know very much about what to order for gay men or lesbians.
- 18. Jane and Anne [pseud.], interviewed by Saralyn Chesnut, tape recording, Atlanta, GA, March 22, 1990.
- 19. Jo Angela Hartsoe, interviewed by Amanda Gable, tape recording, Atlanta, GA, May 10, 1990
- 20. Jane and Anne [pseud.], interviewed by Saralyn Chesnut, tape recording, Atlanta, GA, March 22, 1990.
- 21. Chris Carroll, interviewed by Saralyn Chesnut and Amanda Gable, tape recording, Atlanta, GA, May 24, 1990
- 22. Linda Bryant, interviewed by Saralyn Chesnut and Amanda Gable, tape recording, Atlanta, GA, May 10, 1990.
- 23. ALFA members were among the primary organizers of this conference. See Third Annual Southeastern Conference of Gay Men and Lesbians program, in possession of the authors.
- 24. Julia Strong, interviewed by Amanda Gable and Saralyn Chesnut, tape recording, Atlanta, GA, June 22, 1995.
- 25. Obviously, conflict is inevitable in all groups, although in hierarchical groups, those in authority typically decide how the conflict will be settled and enforce their views on the others involved. In a nonhierarchical group, the process to resolve a conflict can often be more creative but also more exhausting.
- 26. In Lynette Eastland's 1991 study of a Utah feminist bookstore, serious conflict was created by the fact that women in the collective worked differing numbers of hours but retained equal say in the operation of the store (Lynette Eastland, Communication, Organization, and Change Within a Feminist Context: An Observation of a Feminist Collective [Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press, 1991].)
- 27. Kathleen M. Weston and Lisa B. Rofel, "Sexuality, Class and Conflict in a Lesbian Workplace," in Estelle B. Freedman, Barbara C. Gelpi, Susan L. Johnson, and Kathleen M. Weston, eds., The Lesbian Issue: Essays from Signs (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984): 199–222.
- 28. Carol Seajay (founder, with her lover Paula Wallace, of Old Wives' Tales bookstore in San Francisco) commented at the 1993 Outwrite Conferece that someone should study how attractions and relationships have affected feminist projects.
- 29. The collective consisted of Linda Bryant, Barbara Borgman, Julia Strong, Maya Smith, and Judy Sanderson.
- 30. Linda Bryant, letter to the advisory board/collective of Charis Books and More, July 4, 1981, from store records in Linda Bryant's possession.
- 31. When ALFA closed her doors in 1994, she was the oldest continuously operating lesbian organization in the country.
- 32. This information comes from the Feminist Bookstore Network Newsletter.
- 33. This is from Elizabeth Anderson's recent research, calling and emailing booksellers.
- 34. Though she remains involved in numerous ways, Linda Bryant sold her share of Charis in 2006. The current owners are Sara Look and Angela Gabriel.
- 35. Another small upstart gay bookstore, Christopher's Kind, opened, but it closed after a relatively short period of time.


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Wednesday, October 26, 2011
Duck and Cover 10.26.11
Our thanks to "Duck & Cover" and creator Storey Clayton.
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text: 1- Ultraportable Size, Big Performance Coming in around 3 pounds and 1" thin, this notebook is big on performance, beginning with an 11.6" HD LED-backlit display for you to see more of your movies, photos, documents and web pages with less scrolling. Enjoy quick, reliable everyday performance for creating documents, playing media and managing daily tasks with an Intel Celeron Processor. The new Windows 7 Home Premium is designed to be more reliable, more responsive and to make the things you do every day easier - the best entertainment experience on your PC. Breeze through task after task with 2GB DDR2 memory (upgradeable to 4GB) and quickly retrieve and store files on the large 160GB hard drive. 2- Stay Connected to the Internet and Friends With advanced Intel 802.11a/b/g/Draft-N wireless and Gigabit Ethernet LAN connectivity you will always have a way to jump on the Internet and access email, browse the web, connect to your social networks and more! Acer Crystal Eye webcam and digital microphone deliver smooth video and superior voice quality so you can maintain in contact wherever you are by means of real-time video streaming, video chat and conference calling. Stay mobile longer when not connected to an AC outlet with the 6-cell battery providing up to 6-hours of battery life. 3- Stylish and Compact Design with Great Features The extremely thin and streamlined Notebook design comes in Diamond Black, Sapphire Blue or Ruby Red finishes to suit your style. Intel Graphics Media Accelerator 4500MHD delivers smooth video playback, sharp images and precise color control. With Dolby Headphone support, blast realistic surround sound from any set of headphones. Pinch, flick and swirl your fingers on the Multi-Gesture Touchpad for an intuitive navigation to view web pages, photos, spreadsheets and more. Maximize device connectivity with HDMI, VGA and USB ports. Conveniently transfer files from your digital devices using the built-in Digital Media Card Reader.. Features :


text:
World Series of Poker comes to Black Hawk with first WSOP Circuit event in Colorado
Poker fans, rejoice (and check your bankroll).
The World Series of Poker will make a stop in Colorado for the first time ever this month.
The Lodge Casino in Black Hawk will host a WSOP Circuit stop from March 14 to March 25. The Lodge's WSOP stop will include 12 official ring events and plenty of side action. The casino is expecting about 1,500 players to show up during the 12-day event.
In addition to cash prizes, players earn points for participating in WSOP Circuit events. The points will help determine the 100 players who will be able to compete for a WSOP bracelet and more than $1 million at the Southern Comfort 100 Proof World Series of Poker National Championship, scheduled for May 21 to May 23 in New Orleans. Read more…


text:
In the garden
Photo: Horticopia
As plants go into their dormant season, they need a deep watering only every third or fourth week.
Cut asparagus plants to ground level and top with 4 to 6 inches of compost. Water the bed once a month until spears appear.
Plant cool-season annuals such as alyssum, snapdragons, pansies, violas, calendula and cyclamen.
As pumpkins in fall decorations deteriorate, move them to the compost pile.
David Rodriguez, horticulturist, Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service


text:
Michael Cook is a professor of Near Eastern Studies at Princeton University. He studied history and Oriental Studies at King's College, in Cambridge, England, and completed his postgraduate studies at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) at the University of London, where he taught and researched Islamic history until 1986.
Cook's research interests are largely concerned with "the formation of Islamic civilization, and the role played by religious values in that process," particularly the strict value systems of Islam and the subsequent adherence to "al-amr bi`l-ma`ruf – roughly, the duty of each and every Muslim to tell people off for violating God's law."
His latest book, Ancient Religions, Modern Politics: The Islamic Case in Comparative Perspective (Princeton) was published in April 2014. Cook is also the recipient of the 2014 Holberg Prize. He continues to supervise graduate dissertations and contributes regularly to corresponding publications in his field of study.
Now, on to the questions!
PUP: What inspired you to get into your field?
Michael Cook: A dim awareness – I must have been only 18 at the time – that the study of Islamic history was vastly underdeveloped compared to the study of Western history. I figured that I'd get a higher yield on my limited abilities if I went into Islamic history – and I did.
What do you think is the book's most important contribution?
It asks a big, obvious question about Islamic and politics that academics tend to avoid, and it makes a good-faith effort to come up with an answer.
What was the best piece of advice you ever received?
Mr. Unwin, my high school math teacher, once told me that as a mathematician, I was "OK – but nothing special." The next day I became a historian.
What are you reading right now?
A book about the archaeological record of early Christianity. I'm curious how much we would know about the religion if Christianity had perished in the early fourth century.
Experiment till you've found what works for you.
Describe your writing process. How long did it take you to finish your book? Where do you write?
I have an idea at the back of my mind, so I start mulling it over and making random notes on scraps of paper. Then I sit down at home and write out a draft in one sitting. After that, I check the scraps of paper for anything I've forgotten. Finally, having set the draft aside for at least a few days, I come back to it and spend a lot of time tinkering with it. But you ask about a whole book – well, this one took me ten years.
PUP: Do you have advice for other authors?
Experiment till you've found what works for you. And if nothing works for you, find something else to do with your life – brick walls are not the best place to beat heads. If you're interested in technique, pay attention to what other writers get up to, and not just writers in your chosen genre. I once learned a lot from reading an analysis of the craft of writers of crime fiction of the "hard-boiled dick" variety.
Michael is the author of:
|Ancient Religions, Modern Politics: The Islamic Case in Comparative Perspective by Michael Cook
Hardcover | 2014 | $39.50 / £27.95 | ISBN: 9780691144900
568 pp. | 6 x 9 |eBook | ISBN: 9781400850273 |Reviews Table of Contents Introduction[PDF]


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Liquid Daffodil, the developer behind many popular apps available across the Windows ecosystem, has announced that all apps now support the Klingon text effect. Bing originally unveiled that the service will be 'translating' Klingon. For those of you who aren't too sure what Klingon is, it's a fictional warrior race in the Star Trek universe.
As shown in the above screenshot, Liquid Daffodil apps will now enable the user to transform entered text into Klingon. It's a rather humorous and pointless exercise, but many are doing it and it's noted that the change has been well received. In other news, should you utilise the Twitter clients for Windows 8, you'll be pleased to learn that full support for streaming has been implemented for all clients on the desktop platform.
We're sure many will find it handy to have timeline, mentions and retweets displayed in snapped view, while focusing on another app / desktop mode.


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