text:
Is the name of James Thurber, once a byword for humor, slowly slipping from the national consciousness? Only half a dozen years ago, the Library of America published a thousand-page volume of his work, edited by Garrison Keillor, and very recently a massive collection of his letters has appeared. But, despite all this official appreciation, a doubt arises: Is Thurber still being widely read and enjoyed? The nod from the Library of America was meant as a coronation, but nobody can be funny for a thousand pages, and Thurber's writing—occasional by definition—resists so exhaustive and formal an act of exhumation and canonization.
As for the new collection of his letters, your pleasure in it will probably depend on how much of the Thurber literature you've been exposed to—I mean the literature about him, not the literature by him. If this is your first dip, you're likely to be both fascinated and disturbed. But if you've been exposed to Harrison Kinney's twelve-hundred-page biography, or Burton Bernstein's five-hundred-page biography, or even Neil A. Grauer's derivative two-hundred-page biography, to say nothing of Brendan Gill's rancid portrait of Thurber in "Here at The New Yorker" and a previous collection of letters co-edited by Thurber's second wife, Helen, you're in familiar territory. Because the structure of the new book is chronological, it reads like a highly selective and unsatisfactory autobiography, and because the Kinney and Bernstein biographies made such heavy use of the letters, it can't help echoing them. Still, although "The Thurber Letters"—edited by Mr. Kinney "with Rosemary A. Thurber," Thurber's daughter (Simon & Schuster; $40)—doesn't add much to the over-all story, it does add to our understanding of this complicated and tormented man.
Thurber's letters aren't crafted, ornamented, polished. They're completely natural—as relaxed as conversation. They're the overflow of a professional writer to whom writing is so basic, so easy, and so necessary that he can't stop just because he's not being paid for it. Any experience or idea that comes to him is instantly down on paper and in the mail. One starts to get the impression that nothing was real for Thurber until he had written it out, and that the writing was more important to him than whatever it was he was writing about. Even when his sight was almost entirely gone, he was scrawling away, a few words to a page. "There is no substitute for the delight of writing," he wrote to a friend. And he told Harold Ross, "If I couldn't write, I couldn't breathe."
The letters don't stint; they rush forward headlong, especially when he's writing to people he cares about, like E. B. White, to whom, at least in the early years, he burbles on and on, throwing in anything and everything that's happened to him. In a letter written from Paris in 1937, for instance, he informs White that "what we need is writers who deal with the individual plight and who at the same time do not believe in [Walter] Lippmann"; that "David Garnett has come out with the quiet announcement that I am the most original writer living"; that his brother William is "losing one of his testicles at 43"; that he has figured out a way to bring Helen fresh orange juice every morning from the Café de Flore; that he hasn't had a common cold "since [Colonel] House and [Woodrow] Wilson were friends"; that he's arranged it so "that when the bombs start to fall Helen will lean out the window and say, 'Cut that out! My husband is trying to write a letter!' "; that H. G. Wells "has got the idea that he is three or four writers"; that "the sheep tick knows what he is doing"; that he's been told that Rosemary "looks like me now, poor child, but then it's possible for a girl to look like Ross or [Joel] Sayre and still be lovely. This is one of God's great dispensations." And he adds—as if we hadn't noticed—that "this letter has not held together in any way." Yet it does hold together, through its high spirits and sureness of touch. Even at top speed and at his most offhand, Thurber can hardly put a word wrong.
His need to communicate by letter revealed itself from the start. Through his early and mid-twenties, he was pouring out his heart to his closest friend, Elliott Nugent, who had rescued him from failure and oblivion at Ohio State University. Nugent—who went on to become a successful actor, director, and playwright (he and Thurber were to co-write the hit play "The Male Animal")—was by far the more worldly of the two young men, and it's painful to imagine what he made of Thurber's endless callow effusions about his sadly ineffectual love life, torn between two women with neither of whom he had more than a fantasy relationship. "I once wrote this wonderful girl a letter, 7 years after we parted back in the grammar grades, —or three years ago. I was lifted aloft to places where cherubim twitters by a 12 page answer from Colorado Springs asking me to write again which I did in a way that set me back 8 cents for postage of the Rellum, addressed, as she requested, care of her sister 203 Underwood St., Zanesville, Ohio. No response. And, quite like the lackadaisical Thurber, I let it ride from thence to nownce." By the time he's twenty-four and working in Paris as a code clerk in the American Embassy, his style has detumesced somewhat, he's grown marginally more sophisticated, and, around the time of his twenty-fifth birthday, he finally loses his virginity—to a girl from the Folies-Bergère. (Sex, for him, meant Bad Girls; Good Girls were for worship.)
We're not spared the embarrassment of reading his missives—poems and all—to one of his early flames, Eva Prout; it's unimaginable that a twenty-five-year-old man today could commit such sentimental stuff to paper. But then Thurber was a compulsive correspondent as well as a sentimental one, churning out streams of letters not only to Eva but to his family and his friends, even to comparative strangers. (The Kinney collection includes a four-thousand-word letter full of jokes and high jinks to three American Red Cross girls he knew casually in Paris who in 1919 were off travelling in "Roumania.") And by now it's evident that straightforward statement of fact is not what really interests him: anecdotes, impressions, feelings are amplified, dramatized—automatically turned into stories meant to amuse. Even the reporting he was doing for the Paris Tribune was often embellished when not totally invented.
But though Thurber may by temperament have been more fabulist than reporter, the years he put in as a journalist in both Europe and America had provided him with a reporter's skills, so that by 1927, the year he hooked up with the fledgling New Yorker—he was already in his thirties—he had everything he needed to succeed there: rampant humor, the power of close observation, and a limitless capacity to turn out copy. And as someone who had always depended on strong mentors—Nugent, teachers, newspaper editors—he was fortunate to find at the magazine two men who would help shape and direct his obvious talents: his young office mate, E. B. White, already a fixture, and Harold Ross, the Editor, who would drive him nuts while demanding, and getting, the best he had to offer.
The New Yorker was the turning point, the crucial element, in Thurber's life, just as he was a crucial element in the magazine's development. But at the start no one knew quite what to do with him. Ross, as always, was in search of an administrative editor who could, through some arcane magic, make sense of the chaos that he thrived on, hiring a procession of young men ill-equipped to fill this slot—"Hell, I hire anybody"—then quickly dumping them. Given his anarchic spirit, Thurber was undoubtedly the least plausible of these luckless candidates. Besides, he knew that he was first, last, and always a writer. Ross persisted, though, and Thurber was kept busy rewriting and processing other writers' copy, being paid a small salary without extra compensation for any pieces of his own that found their way into the magazine.
From the beginning, his model as a writer—and Ross's—was White, for the clarity, precision, and intelligence of his prose. And Andy White went from being a colleague (who told him frostily "I always eat alone") to a pal to a friend to (almost) a soul mate. It was White who literally picked up Thurber's discarded drawings of men, women, and dogs (and the famous seal) from the floor and forced them down the collective throat of the art department. But though Thurber and White wrote a book together—the successful "Is Sex Necessary?," in 1929—they were very unalike. Thurber was gregarious, a prankster (Ross invariably fell for his fake phone calls in bizarre accents), almost a rowdy; White was cautious, dispassionate. As one contemporary friend put it, "Andy was fearful of life. Jim was warm and involved with life." Nevertheless, they made a formidable, and happy, team. These early years of The New Yorker, when the course of the magazine was being set by the Founding Fathers (the two young men, together with Ross and Wolcott Gibbs and a few others) plus the Founding Mother (Katharine Angell, who was to marry White), became for Thurber, in retrospect, a golden age.
At first, he was writing Talk of the Town as well as humor—he wrote hundreds of Talk pieces in all, industriously making more out of less, and not unfrequently something out of nothing. (Typical starts to his Talk pieces from the late twenties: "The new Reptile Hall was officially opened a few days ago in the Museum of Natural History and we visited it amidst a group of youngsters who kept crying 'Good night!' and their mothers who kept murmuring 'Mercy!' " And "Older residents around Gramercy Park were astonished to find one night in April no lights in Allaire's. A padlock hung on the hospitable doors of the famous old bierhalle.") He went on turning out this kind of thing until the mid-thirties, but by then the two main preoccupations of his writing career had emerged: the relations between men and women, and the remembrance of his past.
In 1922, Thurber had married Althea Adams, a strong-minded young woman he had met the year before, when she was still an undergraduate at Ohio State. Althea knew exactly how she wanted to live. It was at her persuasion that he abandoned his not very exciting journalism career in his home town, Columbus, Ohio, and went back to Europe for a year or so, and it was at her urging that the couple eventually moved to Connecticut, so that she could raise dogs. "She always scared me," he confessed, and Helen Thurber, wife No. 2, said, "Jamie in that period needed somebody strong to steer him, and Althea was strong." (Not that Helen was a pussycat.) More and more, Jamie and Althea lived apart, perhaps not surprisingly in light of Althea's blurted-out confidence to Joel Sayre in 1926: "I've been married four years and I'm still a virgin." ("I worried about their marriage after that," Sayre remarked.) There was talk of permanent separation, but in 1931 Althea gave birth to Rosemary, providing Thurber with one of the great consolations of his life, and stitching the marriage back together for a while—they didn't divorce for another four years. Then he quickly married Helen Wismer, one of several girls he had been seeing for a while, but not the girl. That was Ann Honeycutt, with whom he carried on a passionate but unconsummated love affair for years.
Honeycutt was a Southern firecracker, a pal to many of the New Yorker gang (for a short while, she was married to St. Clair McKelway, a prominent contributor), and she probably understood Thurber as well as anyone ever did. Their relationship was one of clashes and frustration, and he finally and in anguish grasped that it was never going to work out. Definitively breaking with her in May, 1935, he wrote, "I suppose I should get married and that you should never get married. . . . I wouldn't try to conceal from you the fact that the final realization that you didn't want me was the hardest thing I have ever had to bear." A month later, he married Helen, and the marriage stuck.
To a great extent, Helen took over his life, particularly his financial life, becoming a dragon about fees, copyrights, contracts. But she also tended him, dealt gently with his family back in Columbus, was an unwicked stepmother to Rosemary, and—most important—shepherded him through the physical world when his eyesight finally gave out. When he was seven, his older brother, William, had accidentally shot him in the left eye with an arrow; he not only lost that eye but was left with only forty per cent of his normal vision in the other—until, despite a series of drastic operations, that was gone, too, and he was blind. "My seeing-eye wife," he called Helen.
The Thurber woman is generally thought of as bossy, angry, unreasonable, whether encountered in his stories—most famously "The Secret Life of Walter Mitty" and "The Catbird Seat"—or in cartoons, like the one that shows a meek little husband approaching a house that is morphing into a huge, threatening wife. But his treatment of women is more nuanced than one might suppose. There's an early series of stories about a Mr. and Mrs. Monroe, clearly based on his life with Althea, which depict the husband as feckless and impossible, as often as not justifying his wife's impatience with him. And there's "The Case of Dimity Ann," in which a drunken writer husband, late at night, torments his wife with an account of having once tied up a cat in the cord of his dressing gown. "I hid in a closet," he tells her, grinning, "and then I came creeping out on all fours, calling, 'Kitty, kitty, kitty, kitty, kitty, kitty, kitty, kitty, kitty—' " "Scat!" his put-upon wife cries suddenly, "as much to her own surprise as to his." And then, realizing that for once she's had the last word, "she ran up the stairs as lightly and swiftly as a girl, restraining a new and unexpected impulse to clasp her hands above her head and wave them, in triumphant greeting to the invisible wives of all the writers in the world." Thurber knew very well just how nasty he could be.
When it comes to his past, however—to his family, his childhood, his life in Columbus—he's never nasty. This is the material that seems closest to his heart, and he returns to it lovingly again and again. The pieces everybody knows—the most famous being "The Night the Bed Fell," "The Day the Dam Broke," "The Dog That Bit People," "The Night the Ghost Got In"—appeared in 1933 as "My Life and Hard Times," and Thurber doesn't bother to disguise that he is exaggerating the humor of what really went on. And why not? This was comedy, not autobiography. His father got it exactly right when he remarked about these stories, "But pshaw! Jamie is a great hand to enlarge on those little things that used to happen when he was a kid."
Trouble arose, however, in the early fifties, when he returned to the family in the New Yorker material that became "The Thurber Album." This time, the writing was straightforward, and his brother Robert, in particular, took violent exception to a lot of what was said, especially to the way their father was portrayed. The senior Thurber had been a good-natured, hardworking man who barely made a go of it in Ohio's political world; no one could have called him a ball of fire. The ball of fire was Mame, the mother, who had wanted to be an actress and remained a life-lover, a git-up-and-goer, and, like her celebrated son, a brilliant and daring practical joker. Both brothers, William and Robert, inherited their father's lack of galvanic energy, and essentially did very little with their lives—Jamie helped support them (as well as his parents) until his death. His letters to them all are kind and attentive, and his visits to Columbus were fairly regular, if not frequent, but the family reaction to "The Thurber Album" suggests that a dynamic of anger and resentment had always underlain the amiable surface. Robert's criticisms may seem petty and pointless—Jamie hadn't, for instance, praised their father's beautiful penmanship!—but the rift was deep. To placate Robert and the others, Thurber modified certain aspects of the New Yorker pieces for the book, but it would be a long time before the family was reconciled.
Luckily, Mame Thurber, the member of the family who meant most to Jamie, quickly regained her composure. She had always enjoyed her son's celebrity, making happy visits to New York to see him, and she was always concerned about his well-being. In 1940, in an attempt to be useful, she wrote to his eye surgeon, not only offering one of her own eyes in case a graft might be possible (she was seventy-four) but providing the "ideal" astrological moment for an upcoming operation—and enclosing a stamp for a return letter. Harold Ross, Thurber tells us in "The Years with Ross," thought Mame was wonderful, while Mame worried about Ross's health: "You see, he's Scorpio, and with his moon where it is, his weak spot will always be his chest." Besides, the two of them shared a deep interest in the magazine True Detective.
Thurber's preoccupation with his past, and with the past, goes beyond mining his childhood for his work. His pieces about those closest to him radiate out into memories and reveries of their connections. In one of his most heartfelt and touching reconstructions, "Daguerreotype of a Lady," he restores to life "Aunt Margery" Albright, a warmhearted, fiercely protective woman who nurtured him throughout his childhood. Not only does he recall the objects that populated her house—"the card table, bought for a dollar or two before the Civil War," "the two brown plaster-of-Paris spaniels that stood on either end of the mantel," "the green tobacco tin that Aunt Margery used for a button box"—but he remembers "all the tenants of the front room upstairs, who came and went: Vernie, who clerked in a store; the fabulous Doc Marlowe, who made and sold Sioux Liniment and wore a ten-gallon hat with kitchen matches stuck in the band; the blonde and mysterious Mrs. Lane, of the strong perfume and the elegant dresses; Mr. Richardson, a guard at the penitentiary, who kept a gun in his room." He even memorializes visitors to Aunt Margery's house: "Mrs. Straub, who babbled of her children—her Clement and her Minna; Joe Chickalilli, a Mexican rope thrower . . . and the Gammadingers and their brood, who lived on a farm in the Hocking Valley." He's not just revisiting people from the past; he's rescuing them—rescuing Clement and Minna and Joe Chickalilli and the Gammadingers from oblivion.
But even as Thurber was engaged in this act of retrieval and homage, his daily life was rapidly deteriorating. By the early fifties, he could not see to draw or read or write; various ailments—Graves' disease, a burst appendix, pneumonia—were buffeting him (at one point, he estimated that Helen and he had endured fourteen operations since they were married); and 1951 brought the calamity of Ross's death. Even before that, though, he had felt that the magazine was changing, and for the worse. Since marrying Helen, he had been complaining about the inequities of the payment system; and in 1949 he had written to Ross that "the curse of our formula editing is that uniformity tends toward desiccation, coldness, and lack of vitality and blood. . . . We are afraid of warmth, as we are afraid of sex and human functions." The attacks on "the now crippled magazine" grew angrier and more intemperate. To William Shawn, Ross's successor, in 1954: "I realize as well as anyone our consternation at anything not monstrously clear to the fourteen-year-old girl for whom some dog said the magazine is written." To Newsweek in 1955: "It's a synthetic magazine today." To Katharine White in 1957: "You have made of the New Yorker editorial judgment a rigid thing and you have developed a certain sense of false infallibility." To Roger Angell in 1961: "The magazine has become more and more like a university English department, run by lecturers and instructors, rather than a publication conducted by editors."
In person, he was even more outspoken. The one time I met him (I had inherited responsibility for him at Simon & Schuster when, in 1957, my boss, Jack Goodman, one of the few publishers Thurber actually admitted liking, suddenly died), he was incoherent with rage against the magazine in general and Shawn in particular. Thurber and S. J. Perelman had been my heroes in my mid-teens, the immensely successful anthology "The Thurber Carnival" practically my favorite book. Faced now at dinner with a drunken, abusive Thurber—and his somewhat less drunk but equally abusive wife—I was totally thrown; whatever I had expected, it wasn't King Lear in the Italian Pavilion spouting invective about a publication and an editor I so admired. (Perelman, I was to discover, had many of the same complaints about The New Yorker's retreat from humor, though he expressed them far more judiciously.)
What stung Thurber most was that so much of his writing was being rejected by the magazine, and by what he was determined to interpret as the dismissive attitude of the new regime. He certainly never established a warm or personal relationship with Shawn, who acknowledged to Harrison Kinney that "Thurber and I were never close. We had very few professional lunches together. . . . We made office space available for Thurber and the Whites whenever they wanted it. They're among the founders of the organization. That fact was never lost on me, whatever Thurber's charges. My response was to turn the other cheek."
The key word here, it seems to me, is "organization"—a word one can't imagine occurring to Harold Ross. What happened at The New Yorker is what inevitably happens when a highly personal ma-and-pa operation grows in size and importance until it changes in nature and—because it must—turns into an institution. I observed this same phenomenon at New York City Ballet, at Simon & Schuster, at Random House. There are old-timers who not only ride out the transformation but approve of it and benefit from it; sadly for him, Thurber—like Wolcott Gibbs, like John O'Hara—couldn't bear it. The hugely successful post-Ross New Yorker was fortunate in having Shawn to provide the kind of leadership and management it needed to maintain itself at that level, but "management" wasn't a word you could apply to the locomotive that was Ross; he was simply the Boss. And Thurber didn't want organization or management; he wanted the magazine to be the place it had been in the twenties and thirties—his home.
An already ugly situation worsened when, in 1957, Thurber began publishing "The Years with Ross," in The Atlantic Monthly. He had written to his editor there that it was "now a great big valentine. . . . Let somebody else write 'The Tears with Ross,' " and to the Whites that it would emerge "toujours gai," with the magazine's weaknesses mostly "smoothed over, left out, but not prettified." Nevertheless, many people connected to the magazine felt that it diminished Ross by making him look foolish, and they resented the place Thurber assigned himself, front and center, during the magazine's formative years. He was especially distressed at the increasingly disapproving attitude of the Whites—particularly Katharine—as the Atlantic installments appeared. This disapproval was to cloud their relationship for the few remaining years of Thurber's life, eliciting, in a letter to a friend, almost the only negative remark about White I came upon in reading more than thirty years of correspondence: "I have just got a wintry letter from Andy White who, when he is in one of his self-bound phases, is the most selfful of men."
While it's true that "The Years with Ross" gets grumpy at times, and perhaps exaggerates Thurber's contribution to the magazine's early days, it is also a savvy, generous, funny, and loving tribute to his boss, the Gee Whiz Guy. "H. W. Ross," he sums up, "had a world and wealth of warming and wonderful things to look back upon as he lay dying. He had been a great success, he had made hundreds of friends and thousands of admirers, he had contributed something that had not happened before in his country, or anywhere else, to literature, comedy, and journalism, and he was leaving behind him an imposing monument. He had got his frail weekly off the rocky shoals of 1925 and piloted it into safe harbor through Depression and Recession, World War II, and the even greater perils of the McCarthy era. His good ship stood up all the way. He sometimes threatened to quit, and he was at least twice threatened with being fired, but he kept on going like a bullet-torn flag, and nobody captured his colors and nobody silenced his drums." This may be a touch fancy, but it certainly isn't diminishing. Even so, Andy White saw in "The Years with Ross" "a sly exercise in denigration, beautifully concealed in words of sweetness and love."
By this period of Thurber's life, he had become a notoriously unbearable companion and colleague, given to alcoholic tirades, dominating and wrecking social situations. From the beginning, he had on occasion indulged himself in insults and violence, smashing up furniture and friendships. White had said about the younger Thurber, "Jim was good until his third drink and then sometimes he became a madman, tempestuous and foul-mouthed. . . . He was probably slightly insane. But there never was a kinder, nicer friend—when he was sober." Now that kinder friend was rarely in evidence. An English acquaintance found him to be, at least intermittently, "a storming, raging, vituperative madman." His most loyal friend, Jap Gude, acknowledged that "he was totally irrational and abusive." Helen Thurber told Burton Bernstein, "He was, I suppose, paranoid, feuding with the people he loved most. . . . It is very hard to understand somebody—even your own husband—when he's sick in the brain."
It emerged that he had, indeed, been sick in the brain. He suffered from a toxic thyroid, and immediately before his death, in 1961, it was discovered that he had a large hematoma; there had also been arteriosclerosis and strokes. But while his senescence may help explain his abnormal behavior, his rage also reflected a fundamentally despairing view of life that burst out of him at times. "I can't hide any more behind the mask of comedy that I've used all my life," he told Elliott Nugent. "People are not funny; they are vicious and horrible—and so is life."
Rereading Thurber, I find his mask of comedy less comic than I did years ago. A good deal of his output comes across as conventional New Yorker material, skillfully handled but dated; the comparison that people were always making to Mark Twain no longer seems justifiable. "My Life and Hard Times," however, retains its charm, and there are a number of welcome surprises in the vast body of his work: several powerful stories revealing a state of depression that readers at the time seemed to ignore; hilarious one-offs like "If Grant Had Been Drinking at Appomattox," "The Macbeth Murder Mystery," "File and Forget," "The Pet Department," and a score of others. The straight reporting—accounts of famous crimes, a five-part series, "Soapland," on radio soap opera—is oddly dry. The "Fables for Our Time" and the children's books—"The 13 Clocks," "The Wonderful O," et al.—tend to be too studied and moralistic. (Perversely, Andy White claimed that his favorite Thurber work was "The Last Flower," a maudlin antiwar parable in words and pictures.) Even the parodies of Henry James, the writer to whom Thurber was most strongly drawn throughout his life, lack the easy perfection of Max Beerbohm's "The Mote in the Middle Distance."
The unquestionable achievement remains the amazing, outlandish cartoons and drawings, with their surreal captions: "I come from haunts of coot and hern," "With you I have known peace, Lida, and now you say you're going crazy," "That's my first wife up there, and this is the present Mrs. Harris," "She has the true Emily Dickinson spirit except that she gets fed up occasionally," "What have you done with Dr. Millmoss?," and, of course, "All right, have it your way—you heard a seal bark." These unique works of art still startle and amuse. And who would want to do without the goofy "Famous Poems Illustrated," from "Excelsior" and "Barbara Frietchie" to "Curfew Must Not Ring Tonight"?
And then there is Thurber's best-known creation, Walter Mitty. For countless people who haven't read "The Secret Life . . ." or seen the execrable Goldwyn film starring Danny Kaye, the concept of Mitty, the henpecked fantasist of heroism, is standard cultural coin. He gives his name to an essential human type for which we didn't have a name before. Captain Ahab, Huck Finn, Sister Carrie, Babbitt, Gatsby, Scarlett O'Hara, Holden Caulfield are characters we recognize; Mitty is someone we are.
The character of Thurber himself remains elusive, which may be why the value of his letters lies less in their brilliance or their perceptions than in the way they reveal his contrasting qualities. He could be open and sincere, as in most of the letters to Andy White. He could be argumentative, rude, moving, witty. To one old friend he described a lunch, in 1946, at which someone "turned up with the Dowager Mrs. Cornelius Vanderbilt, who told me she had a funny mind, and proved it by urging us all to join hands and make the Russians like us. She then related how she had called, all alone, on the Gromykos to tell them about her dear friends, the late Czar and Czarina, and their nice charming circle. The ten days that shook Mrs. Vanderbilt." His letters to his daughter are tender and concerned. His letters to Ross are provocative, even taunting. He's at his nicest in his letters to his favorite younger couple, Ronnie and Janey Williams, with whom he and Helen spent many vacations in Bermuda. To his brother William, in 1927, he could erupt about marriage: "It's for life. All the tinsel and the glamour and the glory, and soon it all becomes one smelly substance." To his brother Robert, a year later, he could sympathize: "I live in the hopes that the adventure of death is something equal to the adventure of life which is pretty colorful and interesting even if hard. It would seem strange to me if God made such a complicated world and such complicated people and then had no more to offer than blankness at the end"—this in response to the death of Muggs, Robert's beloved dog! (All his letters of condolence, actually, are beautiful, unmannered, and must surely have given comfort.) It's for incidental fascinations like these that we read on and on through the seven hundred and sixty-two pages of "The Thurber Letters."
Unfortunately, the book has not been helpfully edited. There's no apparent guiding principle as to what has been included and what has been left out. There's both too much and too little—many letters repeat each other or make no point, yet letters of considerable interest which appeared in the long-out-of-print Helen Thurber collection or are quoted in the biographies are pointedly omitted. Whole correspondences are ignored. Letters are edited differently from the way they were handled in the earlier books—at least one appears in four different versions, two in the biographies, two in the collections. The running editorial commentary is minimal and bland, with one odd exception: twice, Thurber's feeling for Janey Williams is referred to as "infatuation." But the loving letters to the Williamses, as reprinted by Helen, are habitually addressed to "Dear Children," "Dearest Children," "Dearest Family"—to no one else does he write this way, and it is not the way of infatuation. What agenda, conscious or unconscious, on the part of the editors does this uncharacteristic barb imply? And why are so many of the letters to the Whites excluded, particularly those which reflect trouble in paradise? And why is Helen Thurber's collection barely acknowledged? None of this suggests total editorial disinterestedness.
Thurber wasn't unaware of the possibility that his letters might be published. As early as 1920, when he was in his mid-twenties, he wrote to Nugent, "If anyone should ever want to compile my letters after I am famously dead . . . I fear you would have to censor and expurgate with a free wrist movement." And Helen Thurber prefaces her collection with a prophetic piece by her husband called "The Letters of James Thurber." "The effect of Thurber's letters on his generation," Thurber wrote with his customary rueful acuity, "was about the same as the effect of anybody's letters on any generation; that is to say, nil. It is only when a man's letters are published after his death that they have any effect and this effect is usually on literary critics. Nobody else ever reads a volume of letters and anybody who says he does is a liar." ♦


text:
Arnhem1618Paper PadsbySpeedball
BlickPencil Case
10% Off Orders of $45 or More + Free Shipping
Available Offers
Today's Deal
Free Shipping
On Orders of $35 or More**
10% Off
Orders of $45 or More*
Use Code: CEWY *Exclusions apply**After discounts taken
On Orders of $45 or More**
**After discounts taken
Browse more:
Utrecht has been carefully handcrafting Utrecht Artists' Acrylic Colors in its Brooklyn, New York, mill since 1959. These fine paints are prized by professional artists for their remarkable brilliance, rich texture, outstanding lightfastness, and excellent longevity.
Color Swatches created using heavy application/medium application/50% tint and were applied on acrylic primed canvas (7 oz) material.
organic, naphthol AS
Pigment PR170 is a bright deep red with bluish undertones. It has an average drying time. It has two crystaline forms that differ significantly in opacity. The more transparent form (F5RK) tends to be more bluish and is less lightfast.
The lightfastness and weatherfastness of Pigment PR170 varies, depending on the application and the crystaline form. The opaque form (F3RK) has very good lightfastness, and is more weather resistant. The transparent form (F5RK) has lightfastness that is considered acceptable in pure applications, but it fades more in tints. Neither form is considered suitable for exterior use.
Naphthol Reds are not considered toxic. They may cause eye, skin, or respiratory irritation. Contact with dry pigment should be avoided.
Naphthol pigments are actually dyes that are "laked" to form pigments. First developed by the German chemical company Hoechst A.G. before World War I, their use in artist paints began in the 1920s. Pigment Red PR170 is a Naphthol AS pigment, chemically related to the diarylide yellow pigments. The Naphthol AS pigments comprise a range of reds. They are used in plastics, textiles, and printing inks.
Naphthal, Naphthol Bordeaux, Naphthol Carbamide, Naphthol Carmine, Permanent Carmine, Naphthol Crimson, Permanent Red, Permanent Red F3RK (more opaque), Permanent Red F5RK (more transparent).
Your cart is currently empty.
Your cart currently contains N item.
® Utrecht is a registered trademark.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Paula Garcia: Acequias Return to the Land
As executive director of the New Mexico Acequia Association (NMAA), Paula Garcia advocates for the protection of acequias—traditional irrigation systems in the Southwest maintained by community associations. This method of water management has been used for 400 years but is under threat from industrial agriculture's buying and selling of water rights.
Garcia began working toward strengthening acequia governance after studying at the University of New Mexico. Her leadership of NMAA over the years has led to legislation that protects the rights of acequias to control irrigation water in their communities.
Recently, the NMAA was awarded $900,000 in federal stimulus money for water restoration projects. "Agriculture is our past, but it is also our future," said Garcia when she received the award. "These investments are also part of a cultural renewal in our communities. Acequias are getting stronger over time because of our return to the land."
After enduring years of toxic dumping and rising cancer rates, indigenous Ecuadorians took oil giant Chevron to court to fight for the life of the rainforest—and its people.
Dams and drills can't create new water. Time to start working with nature.
Bill McKibben: It's time for each of us to get involved in the full-on fight between misinformation and truth.


text:
Product temporarily unavaible
Material: dark pink (fuchsia) cotton suede imitation, ver nice in touch durable fabric, conventionally used in furniture design.Lining inside: polyester in black color, nice and durable fabric.Handles: synthetic leather in light black color, strongly fixed.Strap: synthetic leather in black color.Closing: zipper.
A handy, comfortable carrying TOTE bag for everyday use, work or school, will also be useful for shopping. It holds A4 size and much more. Due to its capacity you can use it as a weekend travel bag - perfect for travel. The bag is packed and durable - its optimal load is 3 kg (for long-term use). Occasionally, a load of 5-6 kg can be worn. 30 ° C washing recomended, no spinning.
The bag is available in two sizes:XL size:Top edge width - 50 cmBottom edge width - 33 cmHeight - 42 cmBottom width - 16 cmHandles lenght - 65 cmStrap length - adjustable up to 120 cm
Size L:Top edge width - 42 cmBottom edge width - 25 cmHeight - 36 cmBottom width - 13 cmHandles lenght - 55 cmStrap length - adjustable up to 120 cm
If you wish to customize this product, we can embroider any tekst you wish. Your name, initials, any sentence up to 3 words.
Customized products are not refundablecan not be returned.
Production time: 6 - 10 working days, because each piece is sewn specially for you.
Delivery time: 2-5 working days.
Delivery forms:
* DHL EXPRESS SHIPPING - 13 EUR - 2-5 business days *
* FOREIGN SHIPPING POLAND - 8-20 EUR - 7-14 business days
You have the right to withdraw from this contract within 14 days without giving any reason. The expiry date shall expire 14 days after the date on which you came into possession of the item or a third party other than the carrier and indicated by you has entered into possession of the item. To exercise your right of withdrawal, you must inform Mana Mana Customer Service, e-mail: email@example.com, phone; (+48) 698 615 162, of its decision to withdraw from this distance contract by a unequivocal statement (for example, a letter sent by post by mail or by e-mail). You may use the model of a remote withdrawal form, however this is not mandatory. A remote withdrawal form.
To keep a withdrawal date, you only need to send information on the exercise of your right of withdrawal prior to the expiration of the withdrawal period.
Payment method
Transfers 24
Traditional Bank Transfer
Butique & Office Address:
3 Maja 20, 81-363 Gdynia
MANA MANA Marcelina Rozmus-Prinz
3 Maja 20
81-363 Gdynia
Account no.: 78 1160 2202 0000 0002 8566 6146
(Millennium Bank)
Helpline: (+48) 698 615 162
Available in: 8 AM - 6 PM
© 2016 manamanabags.com
Dołącz do nas! Najlepsze rabaty zawsze w newsletterze.
I've already got an account.
I don't have an account.
We use cookies on our website. If you continue we assume that you consent to receive all cookies on our websites. More information in Privacy & Cookies policy. You can change cookie settings in your browser


text:
Recognize the verse? We know it today as a verse from the popular hymn "Amazing Grace," written (mostly) by English poet and clergyman John Newton (b. 1725, d. 1807).When we,v been there ten thousand years,
Bright shining as the sun,
We,v no less days to sing Gods praise,
Than when we first begun,
Amazing Grace, how sweet the sound,
That saved a wretch like me....
I once was lost but now am found,
Was blind, but now, I see.
T'was Grace that taught...
my heart to fear.
And Grace, my fears relieved.
How precious did that Grace appear...
the hour I first believed.
Through many dangers, toils and snares...
we have already come.
T'was Grace that brought us safe thus far...
and Grace will lead us home.
The Lord has promised good to me...
His word my hope secures.
He will my shield and portion be...
as long as life endures.
When we've been here ten thousand years...
bright shining as the sun.
We've no less days to sing God's praise...
then when we've first begun.
Amazing Grace, how sweet the sound,
That saved a wretch like me....
I once was lost but now am found,
Was blind, but now, I see.
There is more to the story of this epitaph: John Newton did not write it! It did not appear in print as a verse of "Amazing Grace" until Tom sang it in Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin, which was not published until 1852.
According to Jonathan Aitken writing in John Newton: From Disgrace to Amazing Grace (2007):
The four lines beginning "When we've been here ten thousand years" had been orally around in Afro-American worship for at least half a century, for they were from a verse in a hymn often sung in Virginia known as "Jerusalem, My Happy Home." This verse was established as the new conclusion of "Amazing Grace" by Edwin Othello Excell (b. 1851, d. 1921).An early manuscript of "Jerusalem, My Happy Home" is in the British Museum today. That manuscript dates to the late 16th or early 17th century.
Williamsville Cemetery, Delaware County, Ohio


text:
The news follows one of the worst years in its history and comes ahead of financial results expected to show a loss running to hundreds of millions of pounds.
Doubts over the bank's financial health emerged last April when the Co-op abandoned its planned acquisition of part of Lloyds Banking Group and in June it was announced the bank needed a £1.5bn bailout.
In December the bank was separated from the Co-operative Group as a result of a hedge fund-led rescue package that reduced the group's shareholding in the bank to 30 per cent.
The hiring of Hunt in the new role of director of communications is part of efforts to build up a communications function in the wake of the separation.
This week the bank illustrated that it has yet to put its troubles behind it when it announced it needed to raise another £400m of capital to cover charges relating to conduct and legal documentation issues.
Its CEO Niall Booker said the development meant that ambitions to embark on an IPO this year were now "some way off".
Hunt, who joined earlier this month, told PRWeek she was planning to hire more communications staff to work alongside those who have transferred over from the Co-operative Group.
She has responsibility for media and government relations, corporate affairs and internal communications.
Lansons has been advising the bank's management team on communications since last spring, with a team led by joint MD Laura Hastings and change and employee engagement head Scott McKenzie.
Following the separation Lansons has taken over responsibility for the bank's external communications brief from Tulchan, which still works for the Co-operative Group. The Lansons external team is led by its CEO Tony Langham.
Hunt was previously CEO of a charity called Join In, which was set up to sustain the nation's interest in volunteering in the wake of the Olympics, and before that was director of communications for Pearson International.
Her stint at Join In only lasted a few months. She said she was brought in to write the charity's three-year business plan and secure funding and she secured £4.15m over three years.
"Having done this I decided I wanted to come back to comms and coincidentally got the call about the Co-op job," she added.
Of her new role she said: "There's been a huge amount of change over the six months and making sure stakeholders understand that is particularly important."


text:
There are plenty of people now who think the cable companies are nothing but a cabal of greedy assholes. But you know who hated the cable companies more? Movie theaters and broadcast networks in the 1970s.
Boing Boing's Rob Beschizza writes that the Film and TV power players were paranoid about cable eating away at their profits, so they ran a campaign in movie theaters suggesting that "R-rated" shouldn't be allowed in homes. Obviously that paranoia was completely unfounded, as movie theaters are now bigger and as cash-hungry as ever, but you can't say they didn't know how to make an awesome piece of propaganda. [J-Walk via BoingBoing]


text:
Well, we had a good run. I tried my hardest to keep the club going in the face of much adversity. Sadly, there just has been no activity at this new board. As of today, we are closing for good. I am keeping the older forums online as read-only archives for a while. Thanks to those who have helped me with the club over the years. - Mitch
Thanks again to all of you who believed in EC over the years!


text:
The cutest clear rain boots with laces that cinch the top of the boot. Sustainably made in Spain by Bobo Choses.
Material: 100% PVC
Each purchase comes with a petit collectable book that tells the story behind the collection.
Story Behind the Collection:
"What would we do if bees were to disappear? These little insects provide the food we all
eat one way or another. But honey bees are disappearing globally at an alarming rate.
Looking after the bees means looking after ourselves. And the best way to do it is by
planting a garden. It doesn't matter how small it is. e bees will make sure it grows."
Bobo Chose's new Spring Summer 2019 collection To Make a Garden, is a call for saving the bees by planting gardens everywhere, every time. Countryside inspired loose shapes and carefully selected colors go along with fun prints: apples and pears; smiling cherries; Paul McCartney's dog; Mr Pomme de Terre, colorful poppy prairies and many more! Make the bees happy. Never stop planting. Have fun!
Picture a family that travels around the world planting gardens to make the bees happy.
They look on the map for the cities with no green and they go there. Any place is good
for a garden… The illustrated book To Make a Garden is Bobo Chose's eighth release, and it was the source of inspiration and starting point for Spring Summer '19.
Bobo Choses is one of the fashion brands participating in ECAP (European Clothing Action Brand), a project that focuses on the clothing supply chain specifically to reduce waste and to bring about effective waste recovery. They cooperate with Made by, the label of sustainably produced fashion, on our way towards achieving the collective environmental reduction targets.


text:
Two airplane mechanics named Bob and Tim work at Atlanta airport. Atlanta gets fogged in one night and nothing can take off or land so Bob and Tim have nothing to do. After work Bob and Tim usally have a drink on their way home, so Bob says to Tim, I heard that you can get a buzz off drinking jet fuel. Since they have nothing better to do, they try it. Finally, their shift is over and they get to go home. Next morning Bob calls Tim and says, How are you feeling? Tim says he's fine, never felt better. Bob asks, Do you have a hangover? Tim says no. Then Tim says, Wow this is great! We can drink all we want and not get a hangover. Then Bob says, Well, there is one side effect, Tim. Have you farted yet? Tim says, No, why?
Bob says, I'm calling you from Detroit!


text:
This Is Why You Gotta Learn To Leave Nature Alone: Trainer Stephan Miller Killed By A Grizzly Bear!
rip to the trainer
Please click the "Report" button below if the video on this page is not working properly.
Comments will only be displayed by verified emails. No Spamming or Racism.


text:
Libraries as Social Networks - Lee Rainie, Director, Pew Internet Project.
Good morning. For those of you that are now joining us my name is Tamara. So, we have invited Karen to introduce our keynote speaker. Karen is the director of library at Holy Names University in Oakland. You may know her from blog "free range librarian."
Karen: Welcome. I am of course patting myself on the back for my excellent work as Nicole's manager. Close race, it is really my great pleasure to introduce Lee Rainie, Founding Director of Pew Internet & American Life Project founded in 1999. He is also coauthor for "up for grabs" and before Pew project he was the managing editor of U.S. News & World Report and after a period of covering politics he coauthored a book for MIT press about technology and the title is "Networking." Here is a few more things I found out about him. There are academic searches. There was 22 references, 385 Pew internet academic search. Sorry. Twitter followers, 222 friends on facebook. If you Google Lee Rainie plus zombie you get 226 thousand entries. Vampire, 2 thousand. With librarian 19,600 surpassed by Lee Rainie kittens. I found out also that his first name is Harrison. I found a 1986 article that showed he has a lot in common with librarians. We are proud of our history of fighting for free speech and the right to read and we have modeled, who went to Yale rather than turn over public records during the Chicago trial. So, it is my great pleasure to introduce Lee and to be able to sit and tweet through this session to what I know will be a wonderful entertaining informative talk. Thanks very much.
Lee Rainie: I keep warning people about digital footprints and here I am. I remember the first time I met Karen in 2002 on a snowy day. When a whole idea of blogging, actually 2003, and, at Harvard assembled a bunch of really smart guys mostly, and, she kept saying such wonderful smart things that I remember at least taking mental note if not written note, "radical", which is a term of affection for me with a lot of common sense. And I have been a follower of her blog ever since then. I was thrilled that she was here and going to be introducing me and I learned things about me that I didn't even know.
One thing, my little gig at Pew Internet Project is described in our literature as being a fact tank. It is not that Pew. My funding comes from the Pew trust based in Philadelphia with a business presence in Washington. They fund us to do work that is primary research. We do a bunch of national surveys asking people how they use technology and then we write reports on our findings but we don't have any agenda. No 10 Pew fix-it plan or policy. There is no Pew position on Comcast NBC merger. But we hope that by producing useful data with an argument based on what we find in the data we will be interesting to folks like you. This is the biggest stakeholder cohort for all of our work. It is a big win for us and Pew Internet. Thank Karen for being nice to me. There is another thing that I got to get out of the way at the beginning of every take I do west of the Mississippi. I am a child of the two most challenging speaking cultures in the United States. I grew up in New York so I speak really, really fast and moved halfway through my life to Washington so I speak for long periods of time. I am sorry about that. I have been told about this and tried to get coaching and I can't do it. A librarian came up to me after my talk in Pennsylvania, "I know what your next job could be," I said I am the age of a baby boomer. "You can be a disclaimer reader on drug adds." So, I'm sorry I can't help myself. Really, cut me off if I am going too fast. I will advocate it, please don't twitter me. Transitive verb covered by the conical of higher education warning academics who appear in conferences that there was occurring that in the audience people were saying snotty things on twitter to the speaker. These were some of the actual tweets covered in the article. "We need T-shirt." "I survived keynote disaster." There was sales forms on the breakfast table the next day for that, that T-shirt. Often I don't want to turn away from the scent because I might see a severed head: Too bad they took my utensils away. My staff follows me and I never hear the end of it. So be kind.
I will talk about libraries as social networks because it fits into a bigger social story, but has been put on steroids in the era of the internet mobile conductivity and technological social networks story of the rise of network individuals. I wish that I had been smart enough to think of the concept myself. My coauthor is Barry. A long time network analyst and he talks about people now moving into, from a world of small groups and bureaucracies, into a world where networks matter both in personal and social sense but also in commercial senses. And that is the world that we are writing about in our book and the world that technology is implicated in. Big thing that is happening, bunch of things happening, first thing is librarians are well served by thinking of institutions as networks and thinking of them in the same capacity and friends in meta-works play in their lives. Librarians have always played those roles but don't have that model of being a network. I encourage you to think more that way because the word is a network word now. We still have our cluster of really tight friends who are a lot of family members and close friends but a lot of our business is done with more extensive and diverse ranging networks. They are more influential than they have ever been because it is a coping mechanism for the stresses and strains that we are going through as a culture. More and more information more and more casualty more and more material is flying at us. So, one thing that people do in that environment is to turn to their networks for cues about what is most important or interesting or relevant for assessments about what is credible or not what is meaningful and what is not. Also just as an audience, people have a sense that they are actors in networks and can broadcast or publish. They think of networks as a forum for their own content creation that is important for them as they participate in the world. They are differently composed now than they used to be. Networks are bigger, more segmented and diverse than our parents and grandparents had. We can access more people and you can maintain relationship. It is easier because we have electronic means to publish without having to talk to them all one on one. We have set of tools that allow us to have a wider expanse of people we interact with that we know and call upon when we want to make a decision and have something we are going through or just trying to navigate a communicated world. And social networks are more vivid. This word is just coming into being, social networks have been studied for generations but we have a much more vivid sense because they are displayed in front of us by their technology. We are more conscious about how our friends fit together and who knows each other and the big part of the story, biggest part that the internet introduced to light is that we can create content for them. That information sharing content, creating media creation is a very intimate and important part of network building. Librarians are already in this world. You make contact and understand contact and make reference recommendations but it is a networking activity that it didn't used to be. It felt like one on one. Now it is networking activity that librarians are well served in honoring. Other thing that has changed is communities themselves. They are very different now. I want to make sure networks, in as many ways as you possibly can, a big part of the story is explosion of niches. Many more kinds of groups, communities, bonds, and social capital that exist now. There is you name it and there is a group for it or a group against it and it is narrowly defined by passions, by demographics and sometimes by lifestyle. Host of things are now entering that picture. It is exploding in this era. One of the fun things that we have all seen is the rise of social posses. People who grab a cause or interest and pursue it. Sometimes there is something wrong that has happened and people go out for a hunt on the wrong door and what the evidence has done and bringing it to justice. You can think of anything related to politics. Anything. People run down stuff in new and interesting ways because they can call on their networks to help them and their networks propagate in ways that crowds will help them solve problems and learn things. Another brand new group, but it is certainly more powerful and abundant is what my friend calls, "just in time, just like me communities." Particularly evident in the medical world where people look for others who have gone through the exact same disease or care giving set of circumstances that they are in. Not that they are interested in finding people at the same stage of life or disease or kind of community they have been in the same kind of network. Easy now to assemble networks on the fly of people who are very, very much mapping with you and your circumstances or the person that you care about and their circumstances. Is it is a new way to think about the assembly and contribution of networks. I cannot think of any other group that is so competent in doing this. You know how to call on people to get help and resources and know how to figure out and solve problems and plug into people's lives when they can for help. Content creation piece is interesting because now-a-days they are of a different breed. They are content creators in industrial media age. Remember back to the French. they are talking clergy, nobility, and peasants. In the 19th century British and other developing countries talked about a 4th estate which was mass media or newspapers who, they were called 4th estate because they had a different relationship to space than those other 3 estates. They had different mission and narrative form and different calling so they were a distinct class of actors. Well, Bill, who is kind of like me but smarter and has a wonderful job at Oxford Institute talked about this being a fitness state where people who create blogs who do social networking who make youtube video or contribute to the online environment they have different sensibilities and are more personal and partisan and passionate and more particular in a way they see the world. They are not like mass media reporters in the way they tell stories and react to things. This is bringing a new media culture to the exhibits that you have seen out there. It is coming from a crazy bunch of amateurs that are blogging. A New kind of group. Librarians, early on, were appreciative of what the value of content creation was. You took it upon yourself probably to be the most abundant for yourself in original forms but to be teachers of it. I saw lots of libraries around 2005 or 6 beginning to have programs built around social media to help patrons be bloggers or set up facebook page and things like that so you understand that this is a new kind of community form that is well suited to the things that you have already learned and understood in your training. That is the world of network individualism at a grand level. Can we stop right there? Again being conscious that I talk too fast and long. Let's do questions and answers throughout. If you have questions arising from things that I have already said or if you agree with something or think I need to elaborate raise your hand right away and let's talk about it. This seems a particularly good moment for a filibuster break. Any questions so far?
>>>>>: Would you be discussing social networks in teens?
LEE: Yes, I will now that you said so. It is a special case in a way from a research perspective. The most interesting edge of the story isn't the teenager, it is over 50 age. Fastest growing class of social network arrives is people over age 50. From a research perspective it is an absolutely hysterically great thing to see is the tension in families when mom wants to friend junior to learn all about the parties they are posting pictures on facebook. Awesome to watch these new norms being created with females on the fly. I will make sure to talk about that.
>>>>>: I was interested in the fact you called librarians content creators. I see us as content aggregators.
Lee: I don't see it either or. Librarians have been aggregators and there are interesting ways to be thinking about that. How many people are tweeting? How people have a blog? How many people have social network pages? Just in the way we think about it that are content creators in the sense they are sharing their stuff with at least some other people. They have set privacy settings. We still consider it to be content creation. You don't show everybody in your network your diary. Like notes you are passing around in class. This feels like a different quality of public engagement. That is what I mean by that. This is an important distinction.
>>>>>: How, as well as the fact that people are engaged in these communities and finding these very unique collections of people and so forth, it seems to me there is also frustration created when you can't find those kinds of things too. Have you ever, have you researched or would you comment about that? Those times when you are trying to find something and you can't.
Lee: Yeah, there is that, two versions of that. I'm sorry, I should repeat the questions. What about, have we looked at people who are frustrated by people not being able to find things? We looked at one version of that. Which is a good news story if you are into community building, which is, I am not going to remember the data right, but we asked people what did you do when you couldn't find a community that fit the issue that you cared about? Whatever. If you went out looking for friends and didn't find them what would you do? the vast majority said, I set up a group and content page and started pinging people that I thought would help me. Personal spontaneity that is possible in this age is a lot more readily accessible when people had these tools. There is another version of not finding what you want which is kissing cousin of information overload. People who kind of suspect that what they want is out there but can't get to it. Research results are too great to wade through or not clearly on point. Again, what I think happened in networks and I don't have hard data to prove this, people ping network and say, "I have this need. Help me out." In many cases network will come through for them and it is not necessarily the first order people, first tier of friends. But if somebody is motived they will ping their friends. There are some times when we feel the survey and know a subject is important or know that there is certain important series of questions to ask around to impact technology. When you are not immersed in the field, it will take too long or it will not be enlightening in important ways so we will just tweet it and facebook it and ping our best friends in the community. Karen has gotten a bunch from me. What should we ask? How should we go after it? People who don't know us and total strangers they follow us or heard about us second or third hand send in stuff. Some is crazy and mean spirited but the vast majority is well-meaning and helpful. So that is more the experience that we hear about than people just saying, my gosh. I am so unique there is no one like me or nobody that can share what I want to say. Act of expressing that need almost always brings back something. And that is what people want, too. They are not necessarily fully satisfied but happier for the engagement.
>>>>>: Will you talk about the difference between state format media than the information that they provide is for us to govern ourselves better in a democracy.
Lee: Question is more a difference between the 4th and 5th estate. 4th estate, I am refugee from the world of mass media, it has a surprising number of narratives and framings and approach to the world that is different from the 5th estate. It is very focused on political and civic life. Very focused on public events of the traditional kind. Things that happen in public or meant to drive public narratives. It is fact check edited ahead of time before it is published. Institution is more important to readers than the actual bi-line that is on the story. It is institutionally based. Quite expensive to gather. Professionals are doing it and it is built around a core set of the narratives. In the 5th estate, more free-for-all. People are not feeling what the mayor or president said yesterday. It is, "hear is my reaction to what that crazy person said or here is how it doesn't work with my life." Here is how I think about this. So starts being personal and almost in civic conversations starts with partisanship. Most engaged people are partisan. Notion we have people saying, they want to know all of the facts make more decisions about who would vote for. People are partisan and come through this through a variety of ways. But they are the ones who want to comment on public life. Blog is pretty nice and red and blue cohort. Shades in between and shades on the side. But it is more partisan that way. In many cases quirky and personal. Journalists can't comment on whether the breath of a candidate stinks or not. The norms of the 4th estate are pretty well established. There are certain places you don't go and certain stories you don't tell and for 5th estate those boundaries aren't well defined and personally defined. Does that make sense to you? They use different tools too. Okay. Well, one more question.
>>>>>: Could you explain I guess network and social (inaudible) some of it sounds the same. I guess people with an axe to grind.
Lee: Some of that. Question is, about little more detail about what I mean by social posses. They come in a variety of flavors. I am sure people will help me do these stories as we crowd-source my talk. Quite famous technology person from the valley area who was lost over the desert. Do you remember this person couple years ago, help me out. Flying a plane. Quite famous person lost over the desert. All of his friends and friends of their friend began using on line tools to help in the formal search trying to locate where he was to get more details about the plane he was flying. The route he was likely to fly and tail number. People assembled to try to help find a comrade. There is a story of a simple sort that I ran across where an Acura, special piece of some sort of part outside of the car was stolen, and, there was the guy whose car was stolen from, got hold of the security film of it and saw the license plate of the person that he thinks stole it, posted the license plate of that person and a little bit of description and a stranger said, "mine got stolen too." Here is where he works here is where his mother lives. Remember the cub's fan who caught the ball? Social posse that rages out of control that people within an hour of him knocking the ball out of the hands of the left fielder posted his name, address, employer mother's name, commented about 7 languages about what he had done. What I mean is, people assembling to do jobs. Great example of social posse about a book "here comes everybody" talking about a stolen cell phone and people again assemble to help a person track down a person who stole the cell phone. I am giving bad examples of people that don't network to save a life. There are rare diseases where you can, they tell you what the literature and clinical trial says and what the best hospitals are treating the disease and all of a sudden strangers come together to save a life. That is what I mean. Okay.
>>>>>: Could you comment briefly on your definition of 4th estate and 5th estate. I consider Fox News partisan.
Lee: More clarity? There is blurring. When Karen and I were at Harvard a row was half, divided in half. Half from mainstream media and half from blogging. It was a pretty clear-cut distinction. People, the people in the room, bloggers were amateurs. Media, they were pros. Since everybody is bloggers there is a blurring of that line and no longer any contempt of the kind that there used to be by professional paid reporters for news organization against bloggers because they all do it themselves and they understand, how they can be amplified. Read your morning newspaper someday soon just seeing how many sources that paper came from on line. Reporters find their sources of people who have blogged smartly about it. Worlds have merged. I am talking about sensibility of publishing. There are narratives and norms that are elevating as opposed to others in the content creation world of social media there is a lot more stuff and a lot more ways with more narratives with that personal partisan quirky sensibility to it. Project that I have been working with has been doing research for 11 years. We watched things change the way we look at things. I thought that I would go through those. Internet and broadband. Very first survey in March of 2000 we found 46 percent of adults were using internet. It was already sort of well along in the adoption curve. We weren't new to the party. But, we, it was still less than half of the population. Now it is 79 percent. There are age differences that show up on this chart. Adults over 65 still not quite 50 percent of them are yet on-line. Very different picture from the now 93 percent of teenagers who are on-line. Important part of this story is internet user population. For us, that becoming internet user when you answer question to either of these questions. Do you use the internet and email? If you say yes, most people do both, we realize that early on, some users didn't think they were using the internet. We want to make sure we counted them. And, by saying yes to those questions we watched population grow up until 2006. Then it stopped. If you used it at work or neighbors house or libraries you say yes. This is a broad picture of the on-line population. It stopped growing around 2006 in the adult world. Other question we started asking was broadband connections. We don't ask specific up-load or down-load just if you have a high speed connection. Most people know at least that. We now see that 2/3 of Americans have broadband at home. Fascinating to watch the world change from mostly dial-up population to mostly broadband population because as people made that migration they became really different internet users. Use it more deeply into the rhythms of their life and became the default things for what they wanted to look for. Sports or finances or whatever. Internet as they got broadband connection it became the first place to look at rather than the paper in the pre-broadband age. Better outcomes. More easily find things they wanted. And, they were content creators. Relatively high speed connection encouraged people to participate. Not hard to do. Tools got better and so, broadband was a big change but again its growth has slowed down, too. Particularly in the rural parts of this country which are much less connected to high speed connections than urban areas. by educational attainment older people are the single strongest. If you are over 70 you are much less likely to be a user. Disability is still a prediction of non-user use. When we do surveys we get someone on the phone. We ask them do you want this in English or Spanish. If they choose Spanish they are less likely to be using internet. That takes care of socioeconomic differences. Still shows up as dependent prediction. For broadband being African, apart from the socioeconomic status, it is weak and shows up in the data. Consequence for the information are profound. We are getting more stuff and more information and it comes at us more rapidly. The velocity picture I am showing here is interesting because it is not so much that people are getting the big stories in the world coming at them faster in the TV and radio age. What is special about this is people finding out stuff they care about and this relates to the relevance. People are setting up their "daily me". Filters, alerts and other things in this challenging environment so they can bring to them information that matters most to them rather than the gate keepers and the traditional mass media thought they would be interested in. Which is another difference between the 4th estate and 5th estate. I wish I was smart enough to talk about the "daily me", but term that came in the mid 1990 from a book called "digital nation", I think. Somebody like that. He headed MIT media lab. Point is one that librarians have understood a lot better than most people the media environments they are just more immersing now. More fun to be in and getting better and better all of the time as pixels crowd more together and we get more broadband. Bunch of activities into bringing teenagers into their communities. They understand games and make games available. I hear good things about what happened in libraries as they build games into these. Tech companies that think of game-like structures as the most effective way to do training. You get skill. You master it and get a pat on the back and move up to the next level. That is, you know, a ton of work now in the military and tech companies built around teaching these methods. You can't see how much longer the educational establishment may hold out from this. There is serious gaming movement now. It is an important thing and tends to be centered in upper higher education. But it will begin to filter down. It works. Worlds eventually understand this. Big thing is content creation piece. This is how we measure it at Pew. We don't we get rough measures of these things and don't tend to ask these all in the same questionnaires. Easy to say about 2/3 of American adults and 3/4 of content creators of the sort of kind that I described here. Social networks is first. Because people share opinions and lives. Photo sharing piece is really interesting because if it isolates people who share photos from non-photo shares they are different beasts together. They do more and have more social capital and they are reporting greater levels of satisfaction with their lives. Something about sharing photos on-line that turns people on and freaks out parents. Stuff like that. Comments and ratings that people built in there. Still bloggers are 14 percent. And from a phone researcher perspective it is harder to talk to people about blogging. Some people define bloggers, that is easy to say, I am a blogger. But people who tell their life story and it do it on their facebook wall, that is what I call blogging. They don't. The function that we used to think of discrete function called blogging is more morphing into a bunch of different capacities for stuff. Harder to talk to people about reading blogs. Software is so cool it makes it look like high end media site and this merger of professional and amateur classes every reporter working for a news organization as a blogger, there isn't that pro amateur differential that has much meaning. We struggle with twitter and finally said we will ask this straight up. We tend to not want to privilege a particular application, but we confuse people too much with previous language. Twitter, the number has grown, but not exploded like social networks did a couple years ago. Won't ever attain that height that social networking did. You can see, we don't know how to ask yet about locate-based services. We get answers ranging from 4 percent to 17 percent. We are trying to refine it. It is coming. A bunch of people on 4 square using the social location services in twitter and in facebook and Google services, but it is hard to get people to think about that when so many location applications that they are using are not necessarily known to them. Map is tracking your location. So we are going to try to refine the questions to capture this. Big story is that now in the internet era location tended to be an irrelevant variable to people. When they sent off email they didn't care where the recipient was. Time mattered less. Now it is coming more dramatically back into the story, especially when pocket devices are registering it. So a new layer about us and identity and our way of engaging the world is coming back into the story in a really interesting way and content creation of a sort. You guys experienced internet and broadband was enormous as the world moved from atoms to bits. So it is a challenge to your collections to figure out how to deliver to the people who always prized the traditional things you have done plus the new constituents who demand new stuff in new ways. Good news from a social networking perspective, libraries have a unique and special jobs in solving problems. Starting with access. Wonderful work done by the University of Washington about how people use technology at libraries and they were particularly focused on those who live below the poverty line. They found there was a lot of activity from low income folks centered in library technology use that wouldn't have been done anywhere else. Your capacity to apply computers and internet computers was essential to people who needed it, ranging from teens to senior citizens who wanted health care and altruism's. They are using this to do stuff for other people. A lot of altruism gets missed in a lot of ways but libraries are at the center of that. You also, as I say, are becoming more involved with helping people participate. Teaching them skills, models for them, good ways to participate and again through University of Washington study showed that there is a lot of people using library technologies for social activities for job and economic related and educational and skills upgrade and community engagement. Part of the story about libraries being social networks you are serving people who would not be able to participate in this world and it is that is social act. In case you didn't think of this that way. I will argue there is more that libraries can do. I am not sure to what degree this is an issue. Around the country it is. People who don't use internet and people who don't think about broadband have a variety of issues about why they don't do it. For some people it is clearly about the money. They don't have the resources but that is fine. That is not the majority of non-user. 1/5 of non-users price is the single greatest deterrent to getting on line. Other people say, I don't want it or need it or see why it would be useful to me. They like old familiar media sources. But, in focus groups we have done with them often what really they are telling you is I am worried about my skills. I am embarrassed that I am not with the program in the digital age and don't want my children to see that I can't do the things the way that they can do them and they don't know what is out there. It is striking to hear they are pretty good about covering things that get media attention. Well schooled on the idea internet is full of predators and stalkers and people that steal identities and take your money but they don't know high quality health information is on line or the best breaking news is on line or have a sense that they are interact with government on line. That in many cases government services that benefit are easy to use on line. There is a tremendous move to put a lot of stuff over to the web so that people can interact and people don't necessarily know that. So, there is a, what I argue here libraries can be thinking about educational functions that says here is what it is as well as here it how to do it. People need support and hand-holding but also learning where the good stuff is. That is what you learn how to do. I would say there are opportunities here. Again, I am not sure in this area if there are many people who think that way. Clearly the case that there are some people inhibited because they just don't know. That is internet broadband part of it. Any questions about this.
>>>>>: I am surprised you find disability is connected to not using internet so much. I find a lot of the people I know, disability including myself, couldn't do without it.
Lee: Exactly. Question is, she was surprised
that disability is a particular non-internet use
when her experience is that the people who are
disabled are at it and users of the internet and it
helps them. Problem is, that well, issue is, that
for all people who are in cohorts that are thought
not to be internet users you tend to be avid in the
stream if you are a user. In the early days people
over age 65 they were in a small minority of
cohort. When they were on it, they loved it. When
skype came in they loved interaction and in many
respects the internet users in those cohorts were
more frequent and adoring in their use of internet
but cohort showed otherwise. Vast majority didn't
look like them and act like them. Same case with
disabled. We see, particularly people who are
disabled, that really affects some major act of
daily living or chronic disease. If they are on
line they are more likely to do more stuff. They
are in a cohort where more people don't do it than
do it.
Wireless revolution.
Do you know what, we are getting close to the end here. Wireless revolution was really important. I will do a little bit of that to give you our data and tell you how. 57 percent, doggone it, 37 percent of Americans now connect to the internet wires if you do it with a smart phone. 85 percent of Americans have cell phones. 40 plus percent of those 80 percent connect to the internet one way shape or form with a hand held device. Almost everybody with laptop connected wirelessly on the go. You get counted in the wireless population more than half of the population now connected wirelessly. They have a very different sense of well let me show you this. They have a very different sense of place and presence and being with people. You may be aware of this new book that makes the argument, MIT, doing book called "Alone Together" people would rather engage networks on this than talk to the person that is 3 feet away. She worries about social implications and norm and people not being present when they are physically somewhere and being engaged with people who are distant from them. There are other things that show it the supplements and doesn't take away engagement from other people. We will argue with the meaning of that for a long time. We are in the field of new survey with applications. 35 percent have applications on the phone and 24 percent actually use them. People buy phones with these loaded and in some cases Ipads frequently loaded don't have any idea how to use them. A lot of them don't like texting either. So the applications, the world is tremendously exciting in this part of the world. Ton of energy in the technology community. Librarians will be at the center of the argument in long-term. Wire magazine did a cover story that provoked conversation. Cover line, "web is dead, long live the internet." Talked about how the wide web browser was going to give way to the application world where people could do more directly to the things that matter from them from trusted sources that matter to them. Companies are trying to get the applications so they can begin charging. Now they have to give them away for free on the internet. I don't think "wired" implication of the wired cover will play out. People will segregate lives and certain things will be great in the web world. If you are sick you don't want to confine yourself to a handful of sources you want the feast. If you want a feast from a trusted source on something that matters to you the application world will be your friend and more I think there will be segregation that takes place and different kinds of searches will be done in different kinds of media environments. Now, this of course is the places where you work, got sort of rearranged. Used to be libraries were places that housed things that people came too. It was cool you stored and made things readily available. Now a lot of this stuff goes out to people without having to visit the building. That is an enormous disruption. Your relevance of the library is something for you guys to decide. But, I argue that the wireless environment can make even more appealing some of the things that in the social sense and collaborative sense and learning sense and in a quiet sense. Libraries are still great for solitude and concentrating on one thing or another. Huge debate that did Google make you stupid. There is brain research showing people who in the life of perpetual user internet, this is a challenging environment where librarians can help people navigate and give them time to be solitaire and at peace if they want to be and also collaborative spaces for crowds learning and sharing and participating and finding the balance and finding needs of people is challenging.
>>>>>: I don't believe quiet space is really accurate any more. Part of that is because of all of the media that people use which makes them less conscious of how they affect others with the noise level. They are much less quiet now.
Lee: I hear that all of the time. But figuring out where that sort of place of peace and quiet and retreat and solitude is maybe librarians think about that or maybe that is not appropriate any more.
>>>>>: Other side, my branch reopened in a wealthy neighborhood, Presidio Heights, in San Francisco. How we are being used as a quite place, that is what I notice; they are using us as a beautiful place to sit and work. it is quieter than Starbucks and you don't have to buy anything.
Lee: We have done a number of tours of higher education libraries most common thing we see now is zoning where there are areas for being more active and areas for contemplation and strategically designed buildings around different types of behaviors in the same facility.
>>>>>: That is a big move in the architecture communities.
>>>>>: We hear about how the Japanese when they get on the train envelope themselves and say, I am focused on this thing. You see that regardless of the level of the noise. I work in a very busy library. We see 2500 a day. People create their spaces. Put their headphones on.
Lee: I will run through social networking quickly to give you the data. 48 percent of Americans are social networking now. The fastest growing cohort is older folks. What is most interesting from a social research perspective about teenage use of social networking is dashboard. Absolutely, for many kids there facebook page is their home page that is what they check first in the morning and what they check last at night and carry cell phones to bed with them to see if any new wall postings or texts come in as they sleep. They set alarms loud enough to wake up at 3 am to make sure -- there was wonderful term that I became aware of at the east south west conference. Fomo -- fear of missing out. Sort of this dark side of perpetualness. Something will happen somewhere. If you are the last to know you are a loser. That is one goal for people to be perpetually connected. But the problem is they are perpetually connected. They can never take quiet time to surround themselves with solitude and dosing themselves with social contact and not comfortable being alone. So, there is, world where the classic double proposition of technology is very much in evidence. Things that you get out of it that are way cool and things that it does to your life that rearranges molecules that aren't cool. There is more stuff about videos. Big shift you guys have had to adjust to in the advent of social networks, particularly, share the stage with amateurs. You know all of this stuff and know what is best and assess whether something is right or wrong or got an institutional around it that makes sense or not or whether timely or topic or the most recent thing. All of a sudden everybody is in the act. This he are saying things that aren't true or posting things that are wrong. It is an uncomfortable space. There is an upside to this. Bill Fisher at Harvard says this is the golden age of amateur experts. Cool that you can go to school on any subject you care about without getting the credential. We see it all of the time in health care work. You get diagnoses and didn't know anything about the diagnoses. 3 days after they are schooled as the most well-trained specialist. They read the medical literature and clinical trials. But it is disorienting to have the old structures of authority and sort of expertise now challenged by the 5th estate. So, librarians can help people be in different attention and media zones. I will cut to this. I have 5 questions that I, that are practical questions. I don't want to do that. Okay.
These are 5 questions that this age of metaphysical questions about the nature of knowledge and thinking and public technology and nature of public spaces. That is what I was going to talk about for 10 minutes. Here are the practical questions that are worth pondering. Couple years ago I briefed NBC News about how people get news now. David who was president said, that is highlights of the big question of our life. What is commodity? What is the cluster of things ABC News can do better than anybody else? We should lavish attention on them. What if people expect from us which a lot of other actors do as well as we do. But, we owe it to our patrons to give us the best version as cheaply and efficiently as possible. Do we have a White House correspondent. Staffing it, for network where you have got crew to go along with, that is a big money proposition. Is it really day-to-day make abc news better than the ap? Reading the wire service. It was a big struggle for him because he knew that if abc or any news organization pulled a corespondent to cover Washington there would be hell to pay. Everybody would say, You are a sissy. This is a big show at the white house. It is a hard question for librarians too. Patrons want it all from you. Traditional stuff, new stuff, they want you to do it all. New users are making new demands on you. Answer this question. What is uniquely well positioned to do for the world and essentially for our community? And what is the other stuff that patrons expect of us that we can deliver with more efficiency and cost than we do now? There is a wonderful chapter title in Jeff Jarvis's book, "what would Google do?" Talked about how companies, traditional companies, think more like Google in the way they approach the world. One chapter was do what you do best and link to the rest. Somebody else is doing pretty well. Some of the things that you guys are doing pretty well. Maybe there is a new reallocation of resources where it becomes their major responsibility to do it and you point people to that. And say you trust us to give you good information and advice. They are the ones doing it. We don't necessarily have to do touch on all basis. That was a cool way with social networking play. I love that you guys are sort of institutionally thinking about alliances to strike. There is a way to be thinking now about other institutions in your communities are trying to do some of the same stuff you are doing. Providing good education. Remember there are ways that you can make common cause with local university and school system and local nonprofit's groups whatever that you care about. And, essentially expand your mission but also leverage the other kinds of institutions that are available to you that are trying to do the same thing you are. Obviously, thinking about yourself, and individual people or individual communities, networks is a great thing to do. Because it is networking world but there are other ways to think about who else can we form alliances with in our community. What is the mobile plan? I don't actually have great ideas about what this is to librarians. Desire to get real-time and assess it and make meaning out of it make decisions on it is growing and will grow even more. Libraries tended to be oriented around linear information that had been developed over time. Real-time information is hard to sort through and make meaning of and I wonder whether librarians, in asking this question, could come up with wonderful ways to help people tie in to the most meaningful real-time information to help them navigate their lives. 4th question what is the gift economy plays? There is a lot of, good high quality scholarship now suggests there is a parallel culture rising up in the age of the internet where people aren't necessarily looking for financial rewards but being content creators. There are other motives that are driving them that are social. Looking at raising their status or looking to be helpful to people and looking to be a recipient that doesn't involve exchange of money. In many respects people use social network to audition, to look for jobs or hire them in one way shape or form that isn't directly related to what people are talking about now. Librarians are doing things to be helpful, helpful to learn about new things and so I argue that inviting patrons to be co-creators of the library experience you can ask for feedback. People who love you and will be happy to respond to your questions. When you got decisions to make the burden doesn't always fall on you entirely to know what patrons want to anticipate needs. Ask them. They may tell you and you will have to sort through stuff and awkward exchange potentially. But thinking there are people willing to give you feedback and answer questions and respond to the things that you are mulling. Where do we spend our next investment dollar and staff dollar and how do we furnish collections? They will help you sort through that stuff. And, then finally, this is a world where the imperfections of the metric that used to exist can be improved. There are ways to measure things better than we used to but the challenge for particularly for nonprofit institutions or public institutions is to figure out what to measure and how to measure it. You can measure audience size and measure awareness. That is okay too, you can begin to measure engagement. Somebody who tweets you or friends the library or responds to question about we are thinking about buying so many E-books of this type. Those are people who are engaged and I argue they are more valuable to you than somebody who is aware of you and what you are doing. Thinking about how to define success and who you serve and how you serve them that is having fundamental conversations about how you measure that especially not so much outcomes, you are wanting to measure out. You are not measuring outputs but the volume of traffic is important but there are new refinements you can do on that and I'm sure you can measure that. I am sure of that because librarians are smart and care about their world and communities that many other people do. I talk to a lot of groups and library groups and i now say with a level of serious data collections, librarians care more about being good social networkers and being engaged than anybody else I know. As a happy patron of libraries I want to thank you for that and tell you it is a world that is a bit shaky but you don't have to be afraid, if you approach it with a right frame of mind and right level of creativity. Thanks very much.
One or two questions if you want. If people want to leave that is cool.
>>>>>: Can you share some of the stuff we had to gloss over.
>>>>>: It will be on web site. I will leave them here.
Lee Rainie - BayNet Event Lecture, May 6th, 2011, Koret Auditorium
71:01 min


text:
This door knob is versatile and will add elegance and sparkle to any room. Also available in antique brass, chrome, satin chrome and satin stainless steel finishing.
Generally used for exterior applications. It is operated with a key from the exterior of the home and a push button or turn knob from the interior.
Generally used on bathroom or bedroom door. It provides a push button or turn knob on the inside and comes with an emergency release on the outside that allows the door to be unlocked by inserting an emergency release tool.
Generally used on closets or other rooms that do not require locking.
Generally used on storage room that the outside knob is fixed and entrance by key only. The knob will lock itself everytime the door is closed and cannot be left unlocked. The inside knob always remain unlocked providing emergency exit.
Does not operate and is often used as a door pull or for aesthetic purposes only.
Keyed Alike
Keyed alike means key coded to the same key number. This option provides "same key" convenience and eliminates the needs for multiple keys where numerious locks and access is needed.
Keyed Different
Keyed different means that locks are keyed differently. Different set of keys are required to unlock each lock.
Master Keyed
In master keyed system, master key can open all locks in the system although each lockset has its own unique key. Master keyed lockset are ideal for permitting supervisory, contractors or emergency access.
Protect-a-lock featured door lockset allows the contractor's access to the house during construction, repair or sale until such time that the home owner/occupant takes possession of property. Use of the home owner key will permanently lock out the contractor key.
- Keyed Alike
- Keyed Differently
- Master Keyed
U.L. is an abbreviation for Underwriters Laboratories. U.L. is a testing and regulation organization that is generally associated with products designed to meet fire codes.
The Americans with Disabilities Act was established to provide equal opportunities for individuals with disabilities throughout all aspects of life. A major part of this Act's requirements is accessibility to public accommodations. To simplify this, as related to locks, it specifies hardware that does not require tight grasping, tight pinching or twisting of the wrist to operate or open a door. Many of the leversets that we offer will provide for ease of use as established by the A.D.A. Guidelines.
California State Reference Code
(Formerly Title 19, California State Fire Marshal Standard) Levers returning to within 1/2" (12.7mm) of door surface.
Grade 2 & Grade 3
These are certification standards ratings developed for the U.S. that provide an easy reference to the strength, security, and durability of a lock. Lock rated as Grade 3 is not as strong as a lock rated at Grade 2. For a lock to pass Grade 3 standards it must endure 200,000 cycles of opening and closing, whereas a Grade 2 lock must pass 400,000 cycles. The lock's strength is also tested in increased severity as applied to forced entry through a door.
- Grade 3 Equivalent
Parts Included
- 2-9/16" Diameter
- 2-3/8" or 2-3/4" Backset Adjustable
- 1/2" Throw
- 2 Keys / Lock
- 1 Master Key / Order (Master Keyed Lock Only)
- Mounting Screw(s)
- Installation Instruction and Template