text:
Theory and models
Societal implications
Disability is the consequence of an impairment that may be physical, cognitive, mental, sensory, emotional, developmental, or some combination of these. A disability may be present from birth, or occur during a person's lifetime.
Disabilities is an umbrella term, covering impairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions. An impairment is a problem in body function or structure; an activity limitation is a difficulty encountered by an individual in executing a task or action; while a participation restriction is a problem experienced by an individual in involvement in life situations. Thus, disability is a complex phenomenon, reflecting an interaction between features of a person's body and features of the society in which he or she lives.— World Health Organization, Disabilities[1]
Individuals may also qualify as disabled if they have had an impairment in the past or are seen as disabled based on a personal or group standard or norm. Such impairments may include physical, sensory, and cognitive or developmental disabilities. Mental disorders (also known as psychiatric or psychosocial disability) and various types of chronic disease may also qualify as disabilities.
Some advocates object to describing certain conditions (notably deafness and autism) as "disabilities", arguing that it is more appropriate to consider them developmental differences that have been unfairly stigmatized by society.[2][3] Others argue that disability is a result of exclusion from mainstream society and not because of impairment.[4][5]
- 1 Types of disability
- 1.1 Physical disability
- 1.2 Sensory disability
- 1.3 Intellectual disability
- 1.4 Mental health and emotional disabilities
- 1.5 Pervasive developmental disorders
- 1.6 Developmental disability
- 1.7 Nonvisible disabilities
- 2 Sociology of disability
- 3 Theory
- 4 Management
- 5 Discrimination, government policies, and support
- 6 Demographics
- 7 Political issues
- 8 See also
- 9 References
- 10 Sources
- 11 External links
Types of disability
The term "disability" broadly describes an impairment in a person's ability to function, caused by changes in various subsystems of the body, or to mental health. The degree of disability may range from mild to moderate, severe, or profound.[6] A person may also have multiple disabilities. Disability can be measured objectively (observed) or subjectively (self-report).
Conditions causing disability are classified by the medical community as:[7]
- inherited (genetically transmitted);
- congenital, meaning caused by a mother's infection or other disease during pregnancy, embryonic or fetal developmental irregularities, or by injury during or soon after birth;
- acquired, such as conditions caused by illness or injury;
- of unknown origin.
Types of disability may also be categorized in the following way:
Physical disability
Any impairment which limits the physical function of limbs, fine bones, or gross motor ability is a physical impairment, not necessarily a physical disability. The social model of disability defines physical disability as manifest when an impairment meets a non-universal design or program, e.g. a person who cannot climb stairs may have a physical impairment of the knees when putting stress on them from an elevated position such as with climbing or descending stairs. If an elevator were provided, or a building had services on the first floor, this impairment would not become a disability. Other physical disabilities include impairments which limit other activities of daily living, such as severe sleep disorders.
Sensory disability
Sensory disability is impairment of one of the senses. The term is used primarily to refer to vision and hearing impairment, but other senses can be impaired.
Vision impairment
Vision impairment (or "visual impairment") is vision loss of a person to such a degree as to qualify as an additional support need through a significant limitation of visual capability resulting from either disease, trauma, or congenital or degenerative conditions that cannot be corrected by conventional means, such as refractive correction, medication, or surgery.[8][9][10] This functional loss of vision is typically defined to manifest with
- best corrected visual acuity of less than 20/60, or significant central field defect,
- significant peripheral field defect including homonymous or heteronymous bilateral visual, field defect or generalized contraction or constriction of field, or
- reduced peak contrast sensitivity with either of the above conditions.[8][11]
Hearing impairment
Hearing impairment or hard of hearing or deafness refers to conditions in which individuals are fully or partially unable to detect or perceive at least some frequencies of sound which can typically be heard by most people. Mild hearing loss may sometimes not be considered a disability.
Olfactory and gustatory impairment
Impairment of the sense of smell and taste are commonly associated with aging but can also occur in younger people due to a wide variety of causes.
There are various olfactory disorders:
- Anosmia – inability to smell
- Dysosmia – things do not smell as they "should"
- Hyperosmia – an abnormally acute sense of smell
- Hyposmia – decreased ability to smell
- Olfactory Reference Syndrome – psychological disorder which causes patients to imagine they have strong body odor
- Parosmia – things smell worse than they should
- Phantosmia – "hallucinated smell", often unpleasant in nature
Complete loss of the sense of taste is known as ageusia, while dysgeusia is persistent abnormal sense of taste,
Somatosensory impairment
Insensitivity to stimuli such as touch, heat, cold, and pain are often an adjunct to a more general physical impairment involving neural pathways and is very commonly associated with paralysis (in which the motor neural circuits are also affected).
Balance disorder
A balance disorder is a disturbance that causes an individual to feel unsteady, for example when standing or walking. It may be accompanied by symptoms of being giddy, woozy, or have a sensation of movement, spinning, or floating. Balance is the result of several body systems working together. The eyes (visual system), ears (vestibular system) and the body's sense of where it is in space (proprioception) need to be intact. The brain, which compiles this information, needs to be functioning effectively.
Intellectual disability
Intellectual disability is a broad concept that ranges from mental retardation to cognitive deficits too mild or too specific (as in specific learning disability) to qualify as mental retardation. Intellectual disabilities may appear at any age. Mental retardation is a subtype of intellectual disability, and the term intellectual disability is now preferred by many advocates in most English-speaking countries.
Mental health and emotional disabilities
A mental disorder or mental illness is a psychological or behavioral pattern generally associated with subjective distress or disability that occurs in an individual, and perceived by the majority of society as being outside of normal development or cultural expectations. The recognition and understanding of mental health conditions has changed over time and across cultures, and there are still variations in the definition, assessment, and classification of mental disorders, although standard guideline criteria are widely accepted.
Pervasive developmental disorders
The diagnostic category of pervasive developmental disorders refers to a group of five developmental disabilities characterized by differences in the development of multiple basic functions including socialization and communication. The DSM-IV-TR listed the pervasive developmental disorders as autistic disorder, Asperger syndrome, Rett syndrome, childhood disintegrative disorder, and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS).[12][13][14] The DSM-5 does not describe individual diagnosis of any of the pervasive developmental disorders, replacing all of them with a unified diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder.[15] The ICD-10 also includes the diagnosis of overactive disorder associated with mental retardation and stereotyped movements.[16]
Developmental disability
Developmental disability is any disability that results in problems with growth and development. Although the term is often used as a synonym or euphemism for intellectual disability, the term also encompasses many congenital medical conditions that have no mental or intellectual components, for example spina bifida.
Nonvisible disabilities
Several chronic disorders, such as diabetes, asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, epilepsy, narcolepsy, fibromyalgia, and some sleep disorders may be counted as nonvisible disabilities, as opposed to disabilities which are clearly visible, such as those requiring the use of a wheelchair.
Sociology of disability
Different terms have been used for people with disabilities in different times and places. The euphemism treadmill and changing fashions have caused terms to rise or fall in popularity.
At this time, disability or impairment are commonly used, as are more specific terms, such as blind (to describe having no vision at all) or visually impaired (to describe having limited vision).
Handicap has been disparaged as a result of false folk etymology that says it is a reference to begging. It is actually derived from an old game, Hand-i'-cap, in which two players trade possessions and a third, neutral person judges the difference of value between the possessions.[17] The concept of a neutral person evening up the odds was extended to handicap racing in the mid-18th century. In handicap racing, horses carry different weights based on the umpire's estimation of what would make them run equally. The use of the term to describe a person with a disability—by extension from handicap racing, a person carrying a heavier burden than normal—appeared in the early 20th century.[18]
Handicap replaced terms that are now considered insulting, such as crippled.
People-first language
Many people would rather be referred to as a person with a disability instead of handicapped. "Cerebral Palsy: A Guide for Care" at the University of Delaware offers the following guidelines:[19]
Impairment is the correct term to use to define a deviation from normal, such as not being able to make a muscle move or not being able to control an unwanted movement. Disability is the term used to define a restriction in the ability to perform a normal activity of daily living which someone of the same age is able to perform. For example, a three-year-old child who is not able to walk has a disability because a normal three-year-old can walk independently. Handicap is the term used to describe a child or adult who, because of the disability, is unable to achieve the normal role in society commensurate with his age and socio-cultural milieu. As an example, a sixteen-year-old who is unable to prepare his own meal or care for his own toileting or hygiene needs is handicapped. On the other hand, a sixteen-year-old who can walk only with the assistance of crutches but who attends a regular school and is fully independent in activities of daily living is disabled but not handicapped. All disabled people are impaired, and all handicapped people are disabled, but a person can be impaired and not necessarily be disabled, and a person can be disabled without being handicapped.
The American Psychological Association style guide states that, when identifying a person with an impairment, the person's name or pronoun should come first, and descriptions of the impairment/disability should be used so that the impairment is identified, but is not modifying the person. Improper examples are "a borderline", "an obsessive-compulsive man," or "a mentally ill person"; more acceptable terminology includes "a woman with Down syndrome" or "a man who has schizophrenia". It also states that a person's adaptive equipment should be described functionally as something that assists a person, not as something that limits a person, for example, "a woman who uses a wheelchair" rather than "a woman in/confined to a wheelchair."
A similar kind of "people-first" terminology is also used in the UK, but more often in the form "people with impairments" (such as "people with visual impairments"). However, in the UK, the term "disabled people" is generally preferred to "people with disabilities". It is argued under the social model that while someone's impairment (for example, having a spinal cord injury) is an individual property, "disability" is something created by external societal factors such as a lack of wheelchair access to the workplace.[20] This distinction between the individual property of impairment and the social property of disability is central to the social model. The term "disabled people" as a political construction is also widely used by international organisations of disabled people, such as Disabled Peoples' International (DPI).
The use of "people-first" terminology has given rise to the use of the acronym PWD to refer to person(s) (or people) with disabilities (or disability).[21][22][23] The acronym is frequently used by people with disabilities and advocacy organizations.[24][25][not in citation given]
According to author Daniel J. Wilson, the characteristics of masculinity include strength, activeness, speed, endurance, and courage. These characteristics are often challenged when faced with a disability and the boy or man must reshape what it means to be masculine. For example, rather than define "being a man" through what one can physically do, one must re-define it by how one faces the world with a disability and all the obstacles and stereotypes that come with the disability.[26]
In Leonard Kriegel's book, Flying Solo, he describes his fight with poliomyelitis and the process of accepting his disability in a world that values able-bodiedness. He writes, "I had to learn to be my own hero, my own role model – which is another way of saying that I had to learn to live with neither heroes nor role models".[27]
Some note that women who are disabled face what is called a "double disability", meaning they must not only deal with the stereotypes and challenges posed by femininity, but they must also deal with those posed by being disabled. Culture also tends to view women as fragile and weaker than men, stereotypes which are only heightened when a woman has a disability.[26]
According to the "Survey of Income and Program Participation", as described in the 2005 book Gendering Disability, 74 percent of women participants and 90 percent of men participants without disabilities were employed. In comparison, of those with a form of disability, 41 percent of women and 51 percent of men were employed. Furthermore, the nondisabled women participants were paid approximately four US dollars less per hour than the nondisabled men participants. With a disability, women were paid approximately $1.00 less than the nondisabled women participants and the men were paid approximately $2.00 less than the nondisabled men participants. As these results suggest, women without disabilities face societal hardships as compared to men; disability added to the equation increases the hardships.[26]
Disability and poverty
There is a global correlation between disability and poverty, produced by a variety of factors. Disability and poverty may form a vicious circle, in which physical barriers make it more difficult to get income, which in turn diminishes access to health care and other necessities for a healthy life.[28] The World report on disability indicates that half of all disabled people cannot afford health care, compared to a third of non-disabled people.[29] In countries without public services for adults with disabilities, their families may be impoverished.[30]
Disability and disasters
There is limited research knowledge, but many anecdotal reports, on what happens when disasters impact people with disabilities.[31][32] Individuals with disabilities are greatly affected by disasters.[31][33] Those with physical disabilities can be at risk when evacuating if assistance is not available. Individuals with cognitive impairments may struggle with understanding instructions that must be followed in the event a disaster occurs.[33][34][35] Those who are blind, hearing impaired, etc. may have difficulty communicating during the emergency. All of these factors can increase the degree of variation of risk in disaster situations with disabled individuals.[36]
Research studies have consistently found discrimination against individuals with disabilities during all phases of the disaster cycle.[31] The most common limitation is that people cannot physically access buildings or transportation, as well as access disaster-related services.[31] The exclusion of these individuals is caused in part by the lack of disability-related training provided to emergency planners and disaster relief personnel.[37]
The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), produced by the World Health Organization, distinguishes between body functions (physiological or psychological, such as vision) and body structures (anatomical parts, such as the eye and related structures). Impairment in bodily structure or function is defined as involving an anomaly, defect, loss or other significant deviation from certain generally accepted population standards, which may fluctuate over time. Activity is defined as the execution of a task or action. The ICF lists 9 broad domains of functioning which can be affected:
- Learning and applying knowledge
- General tasks and demands
- Communication
- Basic physical mobility, Domestic life, and Self-care (for example, activities of daily living)
- Interpersonal interactions and relationships
- Community, social and civic life, including employment
- Other major life areas
In concert with disability scholars, the introduction to the ICF states that a variety of conceptual models has been proposed to understand and explain disability and functioning, which it seeks to integrate. These models include the following:
The medical model
The medical model views disability as a problem of the person, directly caused by disease, trauma, or other health conditions which therefore requires sustained medical care in the form of individual treatment by professionals. In the medical model, management of the disability is aimed at a "cure," or the individual's adjustment and behavioral change that would lead to an "almost-cure" or effective cure. In the medical model, medical care is viewed as the main issue, and at the political level, the principal response is that of modifying or reforming healthcare policy.[38][39]
The social model of disability sees the issue of "disability" as a socially created problem and a matter of the full integration of individuals into society. In this model, disability is not an attribute of an individual, but rather a complex collection of conditions, many of which are created by the social environment. Hence, the management of the problem requires social action and it is the collective responsibility of society at large to make the environmental modifications necessary for the full participation of people with disabilities in all areas of social life. The issue is both cultural and ideological, requiring individual, community, and large-scale social change. From this perspective, equal access for someone with an impairment/disability is a human rights issue of major concern.[40][39] Some says that Medical humanities is a fruitful field where the gap between the medical and the social model of disability might be bridged.[41] Recently, the social model of disability has come under criticism. While recognizing the importance played by the social model in stressing the responsibility of society, many scholars, especially Tom Shakespeare, point out the many limits of the model, and urge the need for a new model that will overcome the "medical vs. social" dichotomy.[42]
Other models
- The spectrum model refers to the range of visibility, audibility and sensibility under which people function. The model asserts that disability does not necessarily mean reduced spectrum of operations. Rather, disability is often defined according to thresholds set on a continuum of disability.[43]
- The moral model refers to the attitude that people are morally responsible for their own disability.[44] For example, disability may be seen as a result of bad actions of parents if congenital, or as a result of practicing witchcraft if not.[45] Echoes of this can be seen in the doctrine of karma in Indian religions. It also includes notions that a disability gives a person "special abilities to perceive, reflect, transcend, be spiritual".[46]
- The expert/professional model has provided a traditional response to disability issues and can be seen as an offshoot of the medical model. Within its framework, professionals follow a process of identifying the impairment and its limitations (using the medical model), and taking the necessary action to improve the position of the disabled person. This has tended to produce a system in which an authoritarian, over-active service provider prescribes and acts for a passive client.[47]
- The tragedy/charity model depicts disabled people as victims of circumstance who are deserving of pity. This, along with the medical model, are the models most used by non-disabled people to define and explain disability.[48]
- The legitimacy model views disability as a value-based determination about which explanations for the atypical are legitimate for membership in the disability category. This viewpoint allows for multiple explanations and models to be considered as purposive and viable.[49]
- The social adapted model states although a person's disability poses some limitations in an able-bodied society, often the surrounding society and environment are more limiting than the disability itself.[50]
- The economic model defines disability in terms of reduced ability to work, the related loss of productivity and economic effects on the individual, employer and society in general.[51] This model is directly related to the charity/tragedy model.[citation needed]
- The empowering model (also, customer model) allows for the person with a disability and his/her family to decide the course of their treatment and what services they wish to benefit from. This, in turn, turns the professional into a service provider whose role is to offer guidance and carry out the client's decisions. This model "empowers" the individual to pursue his/her own goals.[50]
- The market model of disability is minority rights and consumerist model of disability that recognizing people with disabilities and their stakeholders as representing a large group of consumers, employees and voters. This model looks to personal identity to define disability and empowers people to chart their own destiny in everyday life, with a particular focus on economic empowerment. By this model, based on US Census data, there are 1.2 billion people in the world who consider themselves to have a disability. An additional two billion people are considered stakeholders in disability (family/friends/employers), and when combined to the number of people without disabilities, represents 53% of the population.[citation needed] "This model states that, due to the size of the demographic, companies and governments will serve the desires, pushed by demand as the message becomes prevalent in the cultural mainstream."[39]
- The consumer model of disability is based upon the "rights-based" model and claims that people with disabilities should have equal rights and access to products, goods and services offered by businesses. The consumer model extends the rights-based model by proposing that businesses, not only accommodate customers with disabilities under the requirements of legislation, but that businesses actively seek, market to, welcome and fully engage people with disabilities in all aspects of business service activities. The model suggests that all business operations, for example websites, policies and procedures, mission statements, emergency plans, programs and services, should integrate access and inclusion practices. Furthermore, these access and inclusion practices should be based on established customer service access and inclusion standards that embrace and support the active engagement of people of all abilities in business offerings.[52]
Assistive technology
Assistive Technology is a generic term for devices and modifications (for a person or within a society) that help overcome or remove a disability. The first recorded example of the use of a prosthesis dates to at least 1800 BC.[53] The wheelchair dates from the 17th century.[54] The curb cut is a related structural innovation. Other examples are standing frames, text telephones, accessible keyboards, large print, Braille, & speech recognition software. People with disabilities often develop personal or community adaptations, such as strategies to suppress tics in public (for example in Tourette's syndrome), or sign language in deaf communities.
As the personal computer has become more ubiquitous, various organizations have formed to develop software and hardware to make computers more accessible for people with disabilities. Some software and hardware, such as Voice Finger, Freedom Scientific's JAWS, the Free and Open Source alternative Orca etc. have been specifically designed for people with disabilities while other software and hardware, such as Nuance's Dragon NaturallySpeaking, were not developed specifically for people with disabilities, but can be used to increase accessibility.[55] The LOMAK keyboard was designed in New Zealand specifically for persons with disabilities.[56] The World Wide Web consortium recognised a need for International Standards for Web Accessibility for persons with disabilities and created the Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI).[57] As at Dec 2012 the standard is WCAG 2.0 (WCAG = Web Content Accessibility Guidelines).[58]
Adapted sports
The Paralympic Games (meaning "alongside the Olympics") are held after the (Summer and Winter) Olympics. The Paralympic Games include athletes with a wide range of physical disabilities. In member countries organizations exist to organize competition in the Paralympic sports on levels ranging from recreational to elite (for example, Disabled Sports USA and BlazeSports America in the United States).
The Paralympics developed from a rehabilitation programme for British war veterans with spinal injuries. In 1948, Sir Ludwig Guttman, a neurologist working with World War II veterans with spinal injuries at Stoke Mandeville Hospital in Aylesbury in the UK, began using sport as part of the rehabilitation programmes of his patients.
In 2006, the Extremity Games was formed for people with physical disabilities, specifically limb loss or limb difference, to be able to compete in extreme sports.[59]
Discrimination, government policies, and support
On December 13, 2006, the United Nations formally agreed on the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, the first human rights treaty of the 21st century, to protect and enhance the rights and opportunities of the world's estimated 650 million disabled people. As of April 2011, 99 of the 147 signatories had ratified the Convention.[60] Countries that sign the convention are required to adopt national laws, and remove old ones, so that persons with disabilities will, for example, have equal rights to education, employment, and cultural life; to the right to own and inherit property; to not be discriminated against in marriage, etc.; to not be unwilling subjects in medical experiments.
In 1976, the United Nations launched its International Year for Disabled Persons (1981), later renamed the International Year of Disabled Persons. The UN Decade of Disabled Persons (1983–1993) featured a World Programme of Action Concerning Disabled Persons. In 1979, Frank Bowe was the only person with a disability representing any country in the planning of IYDP-1981. Today, many countries have named representatives who are themselves individuals with disabilities. The decade was closed in an address before the General Assembly by Robert Davila. Both Bowe and Davila are deaf. In 1984, UNESCO accepted sign language for use in education of deaf children and youth.
In the United States, the Department of Labor's new (2014) rules for federal contractors, defined as companies that make more than $50,000/year from the federal government, require them to have as a goal that 7% of their workforce must be people with disabilities.[61]
Estimates worldwide
Estimates of worldwide and country-wide numbers of individuals with disabilities are problematic. The varying approaches taken to defining disability notwithstanding, demographers agree that the world population of individuals with disabilities is very large. For example, in 2012, the World Health Organization estimated a world population of 6.5 billion people. Of those, nearly 650 million people, or 10%, were estimated to be moderately or severely disabled.[62]
In the United States, Americans with disabilities constitutes the largest and most inclusive minority. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, as of 2010, there were some 56.7 million disabled people, or 19% (by comparison, African Americans are the largest racial minority in the U.S., but only constitute 12.6% of the U.S. population).[63]
There is widespread agreement among experts[who?] in the field that disability is more common in developing than in developed nations. The connection between disability and poverty is thought to be part of a "vicious cycle" in which these constructs are mutually reinforcing.[64]
Nearly 8 million European men were permanently disabled in World War I.[65] About 150,000 Vietnam veterans came home wounded, and at least 21,000 were permanently disabled.[66] As of 2008, there were 2.9 million disabled veterans in the United States, an increase of 25 percent over 2001.[67]
After years of war in Afghanistan, there are more than 1 million disabled people.[68] Afghanistan has one of the highest incidences of people with disabilities in the world.[69] An estimated 80,000 Afghans are missing limbs, usually from landmine explosions.[70]
In Australia, 18.5% of the population reported having a disability in a 2009 survey.[71][better source needed]
Political issues
Political rights, social inclusion and citizenship have come to the fore in developed and some developing countries. The debate has moved beyond a concern about the perceived cost of maintaining dependent people with disabilities to finding effective ways to ensure that people with disabilities can participate in and contribute to society in all spheres of life.
In developing nations, where the vast bulk of the estimated 650 million people with disabilities reside, a great deal of work is needed to address concerns ranging from accessibility and education to self-empowerment, self-supporting employment, and beyond.
In the past few years, disability rights activists have focused on obtaining full citizenship for the disabled.
There are obstacles in some countries in getting full employment; public perception of disabled people may vary.
Disability abuse
Disability abuse is when people are abused physically, financially, verbally or mentally due to the person having a disability. As many disabilities are not visible (for example, asthma, learning disabilities) some abusers cannot rationalise the non-physical disability with a need for understanding, support, and so on.
As the prevalence of disability and the cost of supporting disability increases with medical advancement and longevity in general, this aspect of society becomes of greater political importance. How political parties treat their disabled constituents may become a measure of a political party's understanding of disability, particularly in the "social" measure of disability.[72]
Disability rights movement
The disability rights movement aims to secure equal opportunities and equal rights for people with disabilities. The specific goals and demands of the movement are accessibility and safety in transportation, architecture, and the physical environment, equal opportunities in independent living, employment, education, and housing, and freedom from abuse, neglect, and violations of patients' rights.[73] Effective civil rights legislation is sought to secure these opportunities and rights.[73][74]
Disability insurance
Disability benefit, or disability pension, is a major kind of disability insurance that is provided by government agencies to people who are temporarily or permanently unable to work due to a disability. In the U.S., disability benefit is provided in the category of Supplemental Security Income. In Canada, it is within the Canada Pension Plan. In other countries, disability benefit may be provided under social security systems.
Costs of disability pensions are steadily growing in Western countries, mainly European and the United States. It was reported that, in the UK, expenditure on disability pensions accounted for 0.9% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 1980; two decades later it had reached 2.6% of GDP.[75][76] Several studies have reported a link between increased absence from work due to sickness and elevated risk of future disability pension.[77]
A study by researchers in Denmark suggests that information on self-reported days of absence due to sickness can be used to effectively identify future potential groups for disability pension.[76] These studies may provide useful information for policy makers, case managing authorities, employers, and physicians.
Private, for-profit disability insurance plays a role in providing incomes to disabled people, but the nationalized programs are the safety net that catch most claimants.
See also
- Accessibility
- Disability abuse
- Disability discrimination act
- Disability etiquette
- Disability in Northern Ireland
- Disability studies
- Disability robot
- Ergonomy
- Future planning
- Human variability
- Inclusive recreation
- Invisible disability
- List of disability rights organizations
- List of physically disabled politicians
- Orthopedics
- Disability culture
- Passing
- Psychophobia
- Sexuality and disability
- Special education
- Ugly law
- Youth and disability
- ↑ "Disabilities". World Health Organization. Retrieved 11 August 2012.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Ladd, Paddy (2003). Understanding Deaf Culture: In Search of Deafhood. Multilingual Matters. p. 502. ISBN 1-85359-545-4.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Solomon, Andrew. "The New Wave of Autism Rights Activists". New York Magazine. Retrieved October 30, 2011.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "Welcome to the Autistic Community!" (PDF). Autistic Self Advocacy Network. Retrieved July 24, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Langtree, Ian. "Definitions of The Models of Disability". Disabled World. Retrieved July 24, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Funnell, Rita and Gabby Koutoukidis, Karen Lawrence (2008). Tabbner's Nursing Care: Theory and Practice. Elsevier Australia. p. 894. ISBN 9780729538572. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Funnell, Rita and Gabby Koutoukidis, Karen Lawrence (2008). Tabbner's Nursing Care: Theory and Practice. Elsevier Australia. p. 893. ISBN 9780729538572. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Arditi & Rosenthal 1998.
- ↑ "Medicare Vision Rehabilitation Services Act of 2003 HR 1902 IH". Library of Congress. May 1, 2003. Retrieved August 11, 2012.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "Defining the Boundaries of Low Vision Patients". ssdiqualify.org. Retrieved Jan 22, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "Visual Impairment, Visual Disability and Legal Blindness". SSDisabilityApplication.com. Retrieved January 22, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ National Dissemination Center for Children with Disabilities (NICHCY) (October 2003) Disability Info: Pervasive Developmental Disorders (FS20). Fact Sheet 20 (FS20)
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 47: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 47: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).
- ↑ "A Guide to DSM-5: Autism Spectrum Disorders". Medscape.com. Retrieved 2013-05-26.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Overactive disorder associated with mental retardation and stereotyped movements, World Health Organization
- ↑ "Definition of handicap in Oxford Dictionaries (British & World English)". Retrieved April 12, 2013.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "Online Etymology Dictionary". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved April 12, 2013.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "Cerebral Palsy: a Guide for Care". The Nemours Foundation. Retrieved July 29, 2007.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Glascow Centre for Inclusive Living: The Social Model of Disability
- ↑ Meyers, Stephen (2014). "Chapter 23. The past dividing the present". In Mitchell, David; Karr, Valerie. Crises, Conflict and Disability: Ensuring Equality. Routledge. p. 195.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "Groups and individuals honored at PWD Day". The Manila Times. May 20, 2014. Retrieved July 15, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Department for International Development. "Recognising & Implementing Housing Rights CSCF449". Retrieved July 15, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Wafer, Mark (March 20, 2013). "Building Capacity the Wrong Way". Retrieved July 16, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Hoskins, Mike (January 2013). "Do Diabetes Companies Have a Blind Spot?". Braille Monitor. 56 (1). Retrieved July 15, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 Gendering Disability, Bonnie G. Smith and Beth Hutchison, ed., (New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 2005). ISBN 0-8135-3373-2
- ↑ Flying Solo, Kriegel, Leonard. (Boston: Beacon Press, 1998). (pg. 40) ISBN 0-8070-7230-3
- ↑ Yeo 2005.
- ↑ World Health Organization, World report on disability, 2011.
- ↑ http://centrodiba.org
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 "Children With Disabilities in the Context of Disaster: A Social Vulnerability Perspective" (PDF). Child Development. Retrieved January 31, 2013.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "Disaster Case Management and Individuals With Disabilities" (PDF). Retrieved January 31, 2013.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ 33.0 33.1 Stough 2009.
- ↑ Ducy, Stough & Clark 2012.
- ↑ "Exploring the support role of special education teachers after Hurricane Ike: Children with significant disabilities". July 29, 2011. Retrieved February 1, 2013.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "Effective Emergency Management: Making Improvements for Communities and People with Disabilities: National Council on Disability". Ncd.gov. Retrieved January 29, 2013.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "UN Enable – Disability, natural disasters and emergency situations". Un.org. May 31, 2011. Retrieved January 29, 2013.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Nikora et al. 2004, p. 5.
- ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 Donovan 2012, p. 12.
- ↑ Nikora et al. 2004, p. 6–7.
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 47: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 47: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).
- ↑ "Bites August 2011 - International organisations report on disability". Disabled Persons Assembly New Zealand. Retrieved March 6, 2013.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Kaplan, Deborah. "Disability Model". World Institute on Disability. Retrieved October 30, 2011.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Lum, Doman (2010). Culturally Competent Practice: A Framework for Understanding Diverse Groups and Justice Issues. Cengage Learning. p. 449. ISBN 9780840034434.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Olkin, Rhoda (2012). What Psychotherapists Should Know About Disability. Guilford Press. p. 26. ISBN 9781462506132.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Nikora et al. 2004, p. 5–6.
- ↑ Nikora et al. 2004, p. 6.
- ↑ DePoy & Gilson 2004.
- ↑ 50.0 50.1 Nikora et al. 2004, p. 7.
- ↑ "Economic Model of Disability". Michigan Disability Rights Coalition. Retrieved August 11, 2012.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Smith, T.B. (2012). A New and Emerging Model of Disability: The Consumer Model. White Paper. The Pennsylvania State University
- ↑ "Disability Social History Project – Timeline". Disabilityhistory.org. Retrieved August 11, 2012.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Cooper, Rory A; Hisaichi Ohnabe; Douglas A. Hobson (2006). An Introduction to Rehabilitation Engineering. CRC Press. p. 131. ISBN 9781420012491. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Dragon Naturally Speaking
- ↑ Sobh, Tarek (2007). Innovations and Advanced Techniques in Computer and Information Sciences and Engineering. Springer. p. 176. ISBN 9781402062681.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) - home page". W3.org. Retrieved January 29, 2013.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0". W3.org. Retrieved January 29, 2013.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "First Extremity Games was first class success". oandp.com. Retrieved March 6, 2013.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "UN Enable – Promoting the Rights of Persons with Disabilities". United Nations. Retrieved August 11, 2012.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs". United States Department of Labor. Retrieved 14 September 2015.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "Disability World Report 2011". [1]. World Health Organization. 2011. Retrieved January 8, 2015. External link in
|work=(help)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "American FactFinder". Factfinder.census.gov. Retrieved August 11, 2012.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Yeo, R. & Moore, K. (2003). Including disabled people in poverty reduction work: "Nothing about us, without us". World Development 31, 571-590.
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 47: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).
- ↑ "The War's Costs". Digital History.
- ↑ "VA: Number of Disabled Veterans Rising". FOXNews.com. May 11, 2008.
- ↑ "Homes for disabled in Afghanistan". BBC News. May 29, 2009.
- ↑ "Afghanistan: People living with disabilities call for integration". IRIN Asia. December 2, 2004.
- ↑ Norton-Taylor, Richard (February 13, 2008). "Afghanistan's refugee crisis 'ignored'". London: The Guardian. Retrieved August 11, 2012.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Australian Bureau of Statistics 2009, Disability, Ageing and Carers, Australia: Summary of Findings, cat. no. 4430.0, ABS, Canberra.
- ↑ Hough, Andrew (October 23, 2012). "'Disability hate crimes' rise by a quarter in a year". Telegraph. Retrieved January 29, 2013.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ 73.0 73.1 "Disability Rights Wisconsin". Disabilityrightswi.org. Retrieved August 11, 2012.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Bagenstos, Samuel (2009). Law and the Contradictions of the Disability Rights Movement. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-12449-1.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ OECD. Transforming disability into ability: Policies to promote work and income security for disabled people. Paris: OECD Publication Offices. 2003
- ↑ 76.0 76.1 Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 47: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 47: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).
- Arditi, A.; Rosenthal, B. (1998). Developing an objective definition of visual impairment. Vision '96: Proceedings of the International Low Vision Conference. Madrid, Spain: ONCE. pp. 331–334.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Burkhauser, Richard V.; Schmeiser, Maximilian D.; Weathers II, Robert R. (Jan 2012). "The Importance of Anti-Discrimination and Workers' Compensation Laws on the Provision of Workplace Accommodations Following the Onset of a Disability". Industrial & Labor Relations Review. 65 (1).<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Darling, Peter (Aug 2007). "Disabilities and the Workplace". Business NH Magazine. 24 (8).<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- DePoy, Elizabeth; Gilson, Stephen French (2004). Rethinking Disability: Principles for Professional and Social Change. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks Cole. ISBN 978-0-534-54929-9.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Donovan, Rich (March 1, 2012). "The Global Economics of Disability" (PDF). Return on Disability. Retrieved August 11, 2012.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Ducy, Elizabeth McAdams; Stough, Laura M.; Clark, M. Carolyn (2012). "Choosing Agency in the Midst of Vulnerability: Using Critical Disability Theory to Examine a Disaster Narrative". In Steinberg, Shirley R.; Cannella, Gaile S. Critical Qualitative Research Reader. New York: Peter Lang. ISBN 978-1-4331-0688-0.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Miles, Albert S (1994). "Brown v. Board of Education and the American with Disabilities Act: Vistas of equal educational opportunities for African Americans". Journal of Negro Education. 63 (3).<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Nikora, Linda Waimari; Karapu, Rolinda; Hickey, Huhana; Te Awekotuku, Ngahuia (2004). "Disabled Maori and Disability Support Options" (PDF). Maori & Psychology Research Unit, University of Waikato. Retrieved August 11, 2012.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Stough, Laura M. (2009). "The Effects of Disaster on the Mental Health of Individuals With Disabilities". In Neria, Yuval; Galea, Sandro; Norris, Fran H. Mental Health and Disasters. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-41282-8.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
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- Glenn, Eddie (1995). "African American Women with Disabilities: An Overview". In Walker, S.; Turner, K. A.; Haile-Michael, M.; Vincent, A.; Miles, M. D. Disability and diversity: New leadership for a new era. Washington, DC: President's Committee on Employment of People with Disabilities and Howard University Research and Training Center for Access to Rehabilitation and Economic Opportunity. External link in
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text:
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
India loves tamashas and Delhi loves political gossip, and both forms of entertainment have been in full supply over the past couple of weeks when the reputations of top politicians and others have been publicly attacked, mostly by Arvind Kejriwal (below), a politically ambitious anti-corruption campaigner. This flood of allegations – and the prospect of more to come – has widespread ramifications because it seems to be open season to reveal the suspected wrongdoings of the rich, famous, and powerful, using right to information laws.
A vast proportion of those who run the country's government at all levels down to villages, plus people in business, are assumed to have done illicit deals during their careers, which they have successfully kept hidden – so far.
The main thread running through many of the allegations involves powerful people acquiring land far below market value, often for government projects, and then reaping large profits when the land is sold to private developers that are often involved in corrupt irrigation, real estate and other deals
The main target has been Robert Vadra, a brass ornaments trader who 15 years ago became the son-in-law of Sonia Gandhi, leader of the Congress Party and India's governing coalition. Vadra has accumulated surprising wealth through land deals in the state of Haryana and elsewhere, often with DLF, a leading well-connected real estate developer.
Other targets include Salman Khurshid (two photos down), the Law Minister, whose usually urbane style collapsed under pressure when his wife's charity for the disabled was accused, following a sting operation mounted by an India Today group television channel, of misusing Rs1.31 crore ($250,000, £150,000) funds. Kejriwal took up the allegations, and Khurshid said he would fight with "blood", appearing to threaten him with physical harm and even death. A Congress spokesman advised those involved to be "careful in the use of language".
Sharad Pawar, a veteran Maharashtra-based politician and government minister who is famed for using his wealth as a big investor in real estate and other business projects, has been accused along with his daughter and other relations, who are also in politics, of various land and irrigation scandals including Lavasa (bottom photo), a controversial countryside township project developed by the Hindustan Construction group.
Accusations of fraud and crony links, some involving Pawar, have also been made against businesses (including a string of apparently fake companies) associated with Nitin Gadkari, the president of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), who comes from Maharashtra.
Even Rahul Gandhi, Sonia's son and heir apparent, was dragged into one of his brother-in-law Vadra's (left) land deals, where it was alleged he too had benefited from under-valued land.
The media has not escaped. Naveen Jindal, an MP and leading steel industry businessman, who has been accused of corruption over coal mining licences, staged a sting on an extortion-seeking television channel, Zee TV. The channel was allegedly offering to abandon a damaging news report if Jindal bought Rs100 crore (approx $20m, £11.5m) of advertisements – a widely practised form of corruption in the Indian media.
Ispat Industries, a company that was owned by a brother of Lakshmi Mittal, the world's biggest steel maker and has now been taken over by another branch of the Jindal family empire, has been accused by the Hindu newspaper of bribing Virbhadra Singh, a former steel minister who is also accused of falsifying his apple orchard accounts with unsourced income.
The media has leaped with glee on the accusations, accelerating the development of stories and escalating the sense of crisis with continuous coverage on 24-hour tv channels. Many of the stories have already been known about, or suspected, but the media has never had the nerve to publicise them – though the Vadra allegations did appear once in The Economic Times in March last year.
India's Outlook news weekly magazine ran the Vadra story a week after The Economic Times and mentioned a point that has become headlines in the past few days – that leaders of the Congress Party and the BJP seem to have an understanding that they will not attack the personal affairs, including corruption, of each others' leaders and their families.
Outlook wondered whether the BJP had not taken up the Vadra story because it did not want a counter-punch based on the widely gossiped business dealings of Ranjan Bhattacharya, who is married to the daughter of a close woman friend of Atal Bihari Vajpayee, a former BJP prime minister, and is recognised as his foster son in law. Bhattacharya grew from working as a hotel manager to an owner of hotels and other real estate between 1998 and 2004 when the BJP was in power.
Such an understanding not to attack each other has now been confirmed by Digvijay Singh, a senior Congress Party general secretary, who said on India's CNN-IBN tv channel that Congress had evidence of corruption against Vajpayee, and against his L.K.Advani who was then Home Minister, but would "never use this".
Currently, Congress leaders have refrained so far from attacking Gadkari outright over his company fraud allegations, though the government's ministry of corporate affairs has started a "discreet inquiry". The risk for Congress is a BJP counter-attack on the far more sensitive Vadra accusations.
One significant aspect of the Kejriwal revelations is that he has been prepared to challenge the Gandhi dynasty in public, albeit mainly with an attack on a not-very-respected son-in-law. Since she entered politics at the end of the 1990s, Sonia Gandhi has drawn a much tighter cloak of secrecy and silence around her and her family than earlier members of the dynasty ever managed. She has been criticised publicly, as has her son Rahul who has yet to prove himself as a potential leader, but this has generally been focussed on their political performance, not any suspected corruption.
Dipankar Gupta, a sociologist, has suggested in an article that the Vadra attack indicated the collapse of a "taboo" in Indian politics, though he only used "R for Robert" to indicate what he was writing about and did not use the words Vadra, Priyanka (his wife), Sonia or Gandhi dynasty, choosing instead rather curiously to refer obliquely to a "particular family".
'Code of silence'
Yogendra Yadav, a political pollster and pundit and member of Kejriwal's India Against Corruption organisation, praised the revelations because they had "violated a code of silence observed in Delhi's corridors of power".
It remains to be seen however whether taboos and codes have indeed been broken. If they have, the dynasty could face trouble, and Congress's defeat at the general election due by 2014 would become a certainty compared with the near-certainty that it is now.
Leading Congress government ministers including Palaniappan Chidambaram, the finance minister, and Salman Khurshid leapt to Vadra's defence on television when the accusations were first made, but they backed off as details emerged of land and property deals that he had struck with loans and other help from DLF. Their silence since then is perhaps more indicative of the dynasty's attitude to Vadra's dealings than their early attempts at defence, which they presumably thought sycophantically would please Sonia Gandhi.
Kejriwal has been involved in civic and social campaigns for about 12 years, initially with an ngo called Parivartan focusing on local issues such as governance in a poorer part of Delhi, and on the right to information which eventually became law in 2005. By 2010 he became involved in anti-corruption campaigns and was one of the top activists with Anna Hazare, the Mahatma Gandhi look alike, who lead demonstrations that dominated politics last year Kejriwal has now split from Hazare and is planning to set up a political party.
The second and broader issue is what will happen next and what the revelations are doing to the fabric of India's government and society, given the pervasive depth and breadth of corruption across government at all levels and the public and private sectors.
It seems unlikely however that these events will change the extortion, fraud, and crony-capitalism that has fuelled India's economic and commercial success in recent decades, though it might make those involved more cautious. Many of Kejriwal's leaks and accusations do not stem from any concerted attempt to seek truth and justice. Frequently they come from family or company rivalries or upsets – a family that tires of one of its members, an ex-mistress who feels snubbed, a revenge-seeking sacked employee, or a disgruntled ex bureaucrat are among rumours (not all correct) on the current disclosures.
Shoma Chaudhury, editor of Tehelka, a campaigning weekly magazine, suggests that the accusations against Vadra and leading politicians mean that a moat has been breached and that "something is shifting in Indian democracy".
Kejriwal's campaign is certainly significant if it is seen as a second and more focussed stage of last year's Hazare anti-corruption campaign that drew massive support from India's angry middle class and was primarily aimed at creation of a Lok Pal (corruption ombudsman), which has not yet happened. Much of last year's fervour however has been dissipated, and many people are uneasy about Kejriwal's guerrilla tactics, fearing maybe that their own secrets might be revealed.
Corruption is however now a major topic that cannot be swept away as individual scandals have in the past. But it will take years to introduce the changes that might significantly reduce it. A revamped judiciary (often itself corrupt) is needed so that cases are cleared quickly instead of taking 20 years or more.
Nandan Nilekani a former head of the Infosys information technology company who is introducing a biometric data base for the government, has produced a list of things to be done using technology plus regulatory and institutional reform to change the way government relates with the private sector as a buyer (defence and other equipment and services), seller (such as licences for natural resources) and regulator (telecoms and other industries).
That will be a very long haul.


text:
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We've done extensive research to provide you with the best options for health insurance.
All you need to do is choose the option that suits you best.
Archive for the 'health care reform' category
Four more states consider mandating health insurance coverage for autism therapies amid debate over who should cover treatment costs
As a complex brain disorder, the cause of autism is not yet known. Despite theories ranging from childhood vaccines to environmental toxins, scientists have yet to pinpoint how... Read more
The most recently hyped graphic novel isn't about the exploits of some caped crusader. Instead, it is about the mysterious and complex world of - wait for it - health reform!... Read more
What if you had a medical problem that could be treated inexpensively but you chose not to? What if your failure to manage your health condition resulted in more serious health... Read more
In a society that glorifies youth, we seem to fear aging more than anything else. Botox, teeth whitening, and tummy tucks are among many procedures that reflect our obsession... Read more
It isn't Valentine's Day yet, but two Massachusetts health insurance companies are already talking about getting hitched. Harvard Pilgrim and Tufts Health Plan have signed an... Read more
It appears that health care consumers are not the only ones looking to save a little money. The federal government collected $4 billion through health care fraud prevention and... Read more
When it comes to the discussion on health reform, the spotlight has been firmly planted on the health insurance mandate scheduled for 2014. While the mandate may be considered... Read more
Health reform seems to be a political hot potato that simply won't go away. After a passionate public debate that dominated the 2008 presidential election, the Obama... Read more
Joining in the battle over women's health care, California has begun prohibiting health insurance companies from using gender to determine individual health insurance policy... Read more
With a $1.17 trillion federal deficit and a public anxious to eliminate $14 trillion in national debt, Congress has signaled willingness to cut some programs that were... Read more


text:
Smallest City Hosts Big Fun!
Omer Sucker Festival 2011
Nets were lowered into the Rifle River starting at 12 a.m. Firday, April 1 to kick off Omer's annual Sucker Festival. Locals and fisherman from around Michigan gathered throughout the weekend to catch sucker fish.
"They're real bony, but they taste good," said Shad Garner of Hortonville as he cleaned and prepared some of his catch by the river.
This year's event showed a shift toward more family friendly activities, with a new children's fishing contest and age appropriate prizes for each of the four age categories.
In the end, said Sue Oliver of Omer, who helped organize the event, "we just hope everyone who came out had a good time."
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What is E15?
E15 is a blend of 15% ethanol and 85% gasoline. Ethanol is a renewable fuel produced from agricultural and cellulosic feed-stocks.
Can I use it?
E15 can be used in cars, trucks and SUVs that are 2001 and newer. If you do not know what year of vehicle you are driving, simply look at the vehicle's registration or insurance card.


text:
Big Sis Paula's Suzy Homemaker Birthday Card - XOXO
My sister's birthday is this coming week. She's a real Suzy Homemaker and outstanding in every aspect of it...even while working a full time (plus) job, but her love is her family and home. I'd seen a picture of a plain apron card long ago and thought that would be perfect for her! But, I can't seem to do anything plain and simple... :) so here's what I designed for her! My camera is junk so the pics aren't great and the colors are bizarre, but you get the idea and all the directions are there so you can make one too!
I wanted the card to fit in a standard 3.5 x 6.5" envelope, so I took a scrap of typing paper (always recycling) and traced the envelope, subtracted a margin so it would slip in easily and went from there. Here are the pieces and dimensions. And here's the finished card - voila! I hope you enjoyed this and I'd love to see what you make.I liked it so much that I've made another one for my oldest daughter who is also a stellar Suzy Homemaker!! Hmmm...thinking I might just have to make one for my younger daughter too! Oh poor me! :) Both of them also collect aprons - and use them! How perfect! Ok, tomorrow I make one more! Will you? Actually now that I've got the templates made, they don't take hardly any time to make and I think they're sooooo cute!
Today I'm giving away my set of templates to make paper roses. I have been giving this away for 2-3 days now, but in case you missed it, here's another chance. I just love those little flowers!
If you like it well enough to download, please leave me a comment at the bottom of this post as I have disabled 4shared comments. Please support this blog by shopping my PayPal store. God bless you!Download here for 24 hours, then available in my store. If you can't find it, e-mail me. Check out my TERMS OF USE here.The password is jesuschristislord.Digifree CraftCrave CraftCrave


text:
It's not Obamacare, it's business
Insurance companies are ready to unleash an expensive PR blitz to get 7 million new customers once HealthCare.gov is fixed.
But don't expect them to sell "Obamacare."
Story Continued Below
Big insurers and the stock analysts that track them say that once the White House is sure its enrollment website is working, the companies will barrage the airwaves with messages encouraging people to join new health insurance exchanges, either by signing up directly with insurers or by giving the website another shot.
The strategy makes sense: "Obamacare" polls terribly with Americans, but the idea of affordable insurance is a hit. And for the insurance industry, the new health care law isn't about politics — it's business.
( Also on POLITICO: Full health care policy coverage)
Already Kaiser Permanente has sent a letter to potential customers in the Washington area, touting the availability of federal subsidies and mentioning specific benefits and coverage options for "hassle-free coverage that won't let you down."
But the letter makes no mention of Obamacare, the Affordable Care Act or President Barack Obama. "If you need help paying for health care, you may qualify for federal financial assistance when you enroll in a plan offered in the marketplace," it says, giving a toll-free number.
WellPoint, the largest insurer within the Blue Cross Blue Shield Association, has earmarked $150 million for "exchange-related activities" that include marketing to customers, a company spokeswoman said. The timetable for spending will depend on "the pace of overall exchange readiness — and tenor of consumer sentiment," she said.
( PHOTOS: 12 Democrats criticizing the Obamacare rollout)
The health care website is supposed to be working "smoothly" for most people by this weekend, White House officials say.
The insurance companies could be critical in getting people to log on.
"They're not necessarily unbiased. They have a lot of skin in the game. They can help convince people that it's working," said former Senate Majority Leader Tom Daschle, a longtime champion of national health reform who now, as an adviser at DLA Piper, has close ties to insurers.
White House ally Enroll America, which has Kaiser Permanente and Blue Shield of California on its board, says it's preparing an early December "chase program" to re-engage people who were stymied early on by the flawed website. The "chase" will get under way only if HealthCare.gov is working by then.
( IN 90 SECONDS: Republicans coordinate message on Obamacare)
"Right now, there's about 50,000 people that we're going to be reaching back to at the door, on the phone, by email," said Enroll spokesman Justin Nisly. "We'll be following back up and pushing them toward the website. Hopefully the website will be working."
Nisly added that the effort is meant to ramp up enrollment until insurers step in and provide PR "air cover" early next year.
But they have to be confident that HealthCare.gov is really working and that people have faith that they can get on and get results other than error messages and crashes.
"What you don't want to do is direct people to a nonworking website. That is not good business practice," said Sheryl Skolnick, managing director of investment analysis firm CRT Capital. "I think that it's fair to say that once it's established that you can go from typing in the words HealthCare.gov to getting a confirming email saying 'you're covered' with reasonable ease, then I think you're going to see a huge marketing boost to get people enrolled."
( Also on POLITICO: As deadline nears, ticking clock on Democratic patience)
An industry ad campaign could be a wild card in the Obama administration's effort to get the president's health program back on track — including drawing a robust number of young, healthy people into the new market. The calamitous rollout depressed enrollment in the first months and has led some analysts to predict far fewer sign-ups than the White House is seeking.
"Even if those issues are resolved quickly, you still probably are not going to get as much enrollment," said Matthew Borsch, vice president of Goldman Sachs, who predicted 5 million people would become covered in the first year.


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Musical Stories of Triumph
Hearing a song can instantly brighten your day and move you emotionally. It isn't as often that the story of a musician's rise to stardom can inspire those same feelings. From blindness to poverty, these 8 musicians have faced it all and come out on top.
Photo Courtesy of Cliff1066


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The report starts with giving brief country profile for Japan, including general information and main economic indicators.
Further, the report provides in-depth analyses sulphates market in the country. It identifies key market players, including major producers, wholesalers and distributing companies. The third chapter is fully devoted to Japan's sulphates market foreign trade. It evaluates volumes and dynamics of imports and exports within the sector in the recent years.
The last chapter lists all major Japanese consumers of sulphates, as well as provides downstream markets characteristics.
The aim of this study is to provide a tool which will assist strategy group and the management team specialists in making correct decisions as how to penetrate the Japan market and how to catch the maximum commercial opportunities in dealing with business partners in this country.
The report can be further elaborated by the following materials:
1.1. Political Factors
1.2. Economic Factors
1.3. Social Factors
1.4. Technological Factors
1.5. Environmental Factors
1.6. Legal Factors
2.1. Overview of sulphates market
2.2. Producers of sulphates, including contact details and product range
2.2.1. Producers of sodium sulphates other than disodium sulphate
2.2.2. Producers of sulphates of magnesium
2.2.3. Producers of sulphates of chromium
2.2.4. Producers of sulphates of nickel
2.2.5. Producers of sulphates of copper
2.2.6. Producers of sulphates of zinc
3.1. Export and import of disodium sulphate
3.2. Export and import of sodium sulphates other than disodium sulphate
3.3. Export and import of sulphates of magnesium
3.4. Export and import of sulphates of aluminium
3.5. Export and import of sulphates of chromium
3.6. Export and import of sulphates of nickel
3.7. Export and import of sulphates of copper
3.8. Export and import of sulphates of zinc
3.9. Export and import of sulphates of barium
3.10. Export and import of other sulphates
3.11. Export and import of alums
3.12. Export and import of peroxosulphates (persulphates)
5.1. Downstream markets of Sulphates in Japan
5.2. Sulphates consumers in Japan
Please note that Sulphates Market in Japan: Business Report 2019 is a half ready publication. It only requires updating with the help of new data that are constantly retrieved from Publisher's databases and other sources. This updating process takes 3-5 business days after order is placed. Thus, our clients always obtain a revised and updated version of each report. Please also note that we do not charge for such an updating procedure. BAC Reports has information for more than 25,000 different products available but it is impossible to have all reports updated immediately. That is why it takes 3-5 days to update a report after an order is received.
The report can be further expanded by the following materials:
- Japan: Country Business Profile 2019
Date: Jan, 2019 | Pages: 50 | Price: $300
This report is a comprehensive research about the conditions of doing business in Japan.
The first chapter of the report contains general information on Japan, including its geopolitical situation, administrative structure, political system and level of economic development. Special attention is delivered to peculiarities of negotiations conduct in Japan.
The second part of the report focuses on macroeconomic indexes of Japan: GDP scope and dynamics, industrial production volume, foreign trade analysis, investment climate in the country etc.
If you do not find a market report you would be interested in, please contact a member of our sales team - email@example.com


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Browse by Medical Category
Friday, December 18, 2009
Understanding the New Guidelines
Marcela del Carmen
The new cervical cancer screening guidelines will no doubt be confusing for many. "For years we as physicians have urged women to have annual Pap smears, and now, apparently suddenly, we have reversed course. But in truth, the new guidelines are not all that different from those that have been out for a while, and are based on good data," says Dr. Elizabeth Roth of the Women's Health Associates at Mass General. "Think of them more as a refinement of what we have been recommending for the last few years."
We have outlined the most recent guidelines below, but bear in mind that you can always discuss your particular situation with your doctor. No set of guidelines covers every situation, and certainly there are women who should continue to get more frequent Pap smears. What is important to remember is that these guidelines in no way say that women do not need Pap smears, as worldwide cervical cancer continues to claim far too many lives from a disease that is treatable in the early stages. Screening can detect pre-cancerous changes in the cervix, and can also find cervical cancer early when it is most curable (5 year survival 92%).
How often is cervical cancer diagnosed?
The estimated yearly worldwide incidence of cervical cancer is almost 500,000 cases, with 250,000 deaths every year. In the United States, we have seen a marked decline in deaths from cervical cancer since screening with Pap smears was instituted in 1941. Cervical cancer was once a leading cause of cancer death in American women, but according to American Cancer Society data the death rate dropped 74% between 1955 and 1992 and continues to decline. Let's not reverse that trend.
In this country, even with screening programs in place, there are an estimated 11,070 new cases of cervical cancer and almost 4,000 deaths from this cancer annually. In the U.S., cervical cancer in Hispanic women occurs at a rate that is more than twice that of non-Hispanic white women. African-American women develop this malignancy about 50% more often than non-Hispanic white women.
HPV vaccine
There is hope that the relatively new Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine will have a significant effect on cervical abnormalities, and thus on the development of cervical cancer. This is because HPV is the most common cause of cervical cancer. However, until more data are available, even women who have been vaccinated against HPV should continue to receive regular screening based on the recommendations below.
New guidelines
What follows is a summary of the latest guidelines released November 20, 2009 by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) for cervical cancer screening:
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Homey, wholesome and hearty, this pork posole – a soulful Mexican soup – is perfect for a winter dinner.
Chock full of pork, veggies, herbs and spices, it's as flavorful as it is filling – a cold-weather pick-me-up the whole family will love.
See step-by-step photos of Geoffry's recipe plus thousands more from home cooks everywhere at www.justapinch.com/posole.
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Lehigh Valley Animal Hospital is a flourishing six-doctor veterinary practice seeking additions to our team with the drive and passion for people and their pets to propel our hospital to new heights. We are a well-respected, privately-owned small animal veterinary practice with two locations in the picturesque and culturally abundant Lehigh Valley, Pennsylvania. After nearly 50 years of supporting and serving the human-companion animal bond in the Allentown, Bethlehem, and Easton communities and 10 consecutive years of being voted "Who's Who" for veterinarians in the Lehigh Valley, we are still growing to meet the needs of our patients and clients, including a recent upgrade to a new and more spacious facility in one of our locations.
LVAH is a full service medical and surgical practice at both locations. We utilize digital and dental radiology, ultrasound, state-of-the-art cold laser equipment, in-house and reference laboratory services, fully stocked in-house pharmacy, large surgical suites equipped for a full range of orthopedic and soft tissue procedures, and a team of certified veterinary nurses and client care staff. We also partner with a large, progressive emergency/critical care and referral practice located within minutes of our locations to ensure optimal care for our patients.
Our generous employment package offers a highly competitive salary, professional and DEA licensure, professional liability, national and local association dues, continuing education time and reimbursement, VIN membership, health insurance, retirement plan, and ample personal time. We offer one day off during the week and a rotating Saturday schedule.
A qualified full-time candidate will be eligible for a generous signing bonus.
About the Area: The Lehigh Valley boasts an exciting and ever-expanding collection of restaurants and entertainment venues including professional sports, a world-class casino, and concert/comedy arenas drawing national celebrities. There are large festivals and events scheduled throughout the year so there is never time to be bored, and there is easy access to the Pocono Mountains, Philadelphia, New York City and the sunny beaches of New Jersey.
About the Position: We are currently seeking qualified and resourceful individuals for both full-time and part-time positions to join our team of veterinary professionals and our competent, compassionate support staff. The ideal candidate is a nurturing and motivated individual with a strong desire to help drive our practice forward through both updated veterinary medical techniques and lasting relationships with our clients. This is a unique opportunity for both experienced veterinarians to work with other seasoned professionals or for recent graduates to gain personal and professional experience in a progressive environment.
Qualifications for these positions include being a graduate of an accredited veterinary college, Pennsylvania licensure, and a caring, compassionate, enthusiastic personality with strong communication skills. General practice experience in veterinary medicine, surgery, and dentistry are encouraged and special interests such as alternative medicine, fear-free practices, and cat-friendly techniques are welcome.


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How to Use
the Readings
Inquiry Question
Reading 1
Reading 2: Hoover Remembers His Iowa Childhood: 18741884
In spite of his relatively short time in Iowa, Hoover remembered those years with great fondness. "I prefer," he later wrote, "to think of Iowa as I saw it through the eyes of a ten-year-old boy. Those were eyes filled with the wonders of Iowa's streams and wood, of the mystery of growing crops."1
There also was Cook's Hill, and Hoover described it as a place "where on winters' nights, to satisfy our human craving for speed, we slid down at terrific pace with our tummies tight to homemade sleds."2 The Wapsinonoc Creek was dammed to form a swimming hole under the willow trees. In the woods along the Burlington track Hoover trapped rabbits and occasionally felled a pigeon or chicken with bows and arrows. Using willow poles as rods and worms for bait, Hoover fished for sunfish and catfish in the streams.
The Burlington railroad tracks were filled with gravel where boys searched for agate and fossil coral, polishing them on the grind stone. Hoover remembered that "Their fine points came out wonderfully when wet, and you had to lick them with your tongue before each exhibit."3
Hoover went on to recall that "Iowa in those years as in these, was filled with days of school and who does not remember with a glow some gentle woman who with infinite patience and kindness drilled into us those foundations of all we know today?"4 Hoover also regularly attended meetings of the Religious Society of Friends, a group better known as Quakers. Individual Bible reading was part of their concept of education. "Before I left Iowa," Hoover noted, "I had read the Bible in daily stints from cover to cover."5 The Quakers strongly supported education and the values of thrift and individual enterprise. They worked hard and could always be counted upon to help others in need.
Although Hoover left Iowa at the age of 11, his adult character owed much to those years. He maintained an interest in the outdoors, and he never forgot the lessons of his early religious training.
1. What kinds of amusements did Hoover enjoy as a child? How do these compare with the activities children pursue today?
2. What was Hoover's attitude toward school and school teachers when he wrote his memoirs? Do you think you will have the same attitude about school when you are an adult as you do now?
3. How do you think Hoover's religious beliefs influenced the values he held as an adult?
Reading 2 was compiled from Herbert Hoover, The Memoirs of Herbert Hoover, Years of Adventure, 1874-1920 (London: Hollis and Carter, 1952).
1Hoover, 1.
1Hoover, 1.


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Moderators: Minimalist, MichelleH
Minimalist wrote:I have to admit it seems pretty tough to fake something 40 feet down in cold water. I suppose it can be done but scientists will detect it.
The Israeli scholar, Yuval Goren, did a masterful job detecting the fraud of the "Joash Tablet" and even found where they had gotten the original block of stone to make their "relic."
At least they tried to sell that relic for a small fortune. Where is the motivation to create a forgery on the bottom of a lake?
Return to Show us your photos of archaeological sites!
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This versatile kit includes everything from a 25' tape measure to a caliper graduated in thousandths of an inch, plus helpful accessories to help you use them to their full advantage. To make the kit practical for job-site use, we selected tools that offer excellent utility yet still fit inside the portable black and yellow T-Loc® Systainer® 1 case. To protect and organize the tools, two French-fitted trays made of firm closed-cell EVA foam are included and have a contrasting inner layer to let you see at a glance if anything is missing.
The 19-piece kit includes:
An excellent value in a useful kit. The full price of the components if ordered individually is $605.00.


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The world sometimes falls asleep in August. And when it wakes in September it sorely rues the nap. Some of the most consequential events in modern Western history happened in August. Yet many people still think "not much happens" this month.
It's understandable. Most of Washington, including Congress, is on vacation in August. So is nearly all of Europe. It's tempting for the centers of power to go on autopilot. And this has sometimes proved to be ruinous.
World War I
In August 1914, people were dancing in the streets in Britain and France, rejoicing that their countries were about to go to war with the Central Powers: Germany and the Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman empires. France, Britain, and Belgium were taking on the Kaiser's army on the Western Front. In the east, Germany was invading Russia. The opening battles of World War I, the most disastrous conflict in history to that point, were fought in the eighth month of 1914.
Today, it is inconceivable that Europeans celebrated the outbreak of war. What followed was so catastrophic it reshaped the world for the rest of the century. After the 1918 truce, lasting but 27 years, the world again fell asleep at the switch in August 1939 when Adolf Hitler was mobilizing his army to invade Poland, igniting World War II.
Arguably, even with that "between the wars" truce, the guns of August 1914 did not go silent again until August 1945 when the United States detonated two atomic bombs above the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. In retrospect, it seems those 20th-century conflicts evolved into a modern version of a second Hundred Years' War.
Perhaps presidents and prime ministers should seriously consider taking their vacations in any month except August.
From Kuwait to Al Qaeda
Recall that Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait on Aug. 2, 1990, leading to the much broader Persian Gulf War. And it was on Aug. 6, 2001, that President Bush was given a memo that Al Qaeda was determined to attack inside the United States.
While the hijackers made final preparations, Mr. Bush was in Texas, on vacation for almost the entire month. His contact with then CIA Director George Tenet, who was also "on leave" for part of August, was limited at best. And no one in power connected the dots when it was reported later that month that jihadist Zacarias Moussaoui (now serving life in prison for his role in 9/11), had been trying to learn to fly a Boeing 747.
Had top officials been engaged and sharper that August, the 9/11 attacks might have been prevented, and perhaps today America wouldn't be bogged down in Southwest Asia in what is now the longest war in US history.
Soviet vacations
Former Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev surely must wish he'd never taken his vacation in August 1991.
For months, there were signs all about him that the course he set for the Soviet Union was destined to end in a train wreck for the man who, more than any other, was responsible for hastening the end of the cold war. A cabal of hard-line Communists placed one of the most dynamic leaders of the 20th century under house arrest while the Soviet Union teetered on the brink.
The attempted coup that finished Gorbachev politically left us with one of the great unanswered questions of recent times: "What would Russia look like today had Gorbachev, the reformer, been allowed to engineer a peaceful transition from the dictatorship of Stalin's Communist Party to an orderly democracy or Chinese-style capitalism?"
News executives, especially, should ban all August vacations. As a junior reporter for ABC TV in London in the early 1980s, I was delighted when more-senior correspondents took August vacations. I would get sent to Moscow on the "just in case" assignment, just in case something happened in the soporific eighth month. Happen, it did.
On Aug. 30, 1983, a Boeing 747 took off from JFK Airport in New York on a fateful flight with 269 passengers and crew. After refueling in Anchorage, Korean Airlines Flight 007 flew on through Alaskan airspace and then out over the Pacific. It strayed over the Soviet Kamchatka Peninsula before later returning to international airspace where a pursuing Soviet war plane blasted it out of the air.
To this day, I suspect that had this not occurred in August, when much of the top Soviet leadership was on vacation, a wiser, cooler head than Gen.Valery Kamenski might not have OK'd an act of mass murder.
President Reagan exploited the tragedy to excoriate the Soviet Union, which he hated, calling the incident "an act of barbarism."
It was one of the most volatile moments of the cold war. True, Moscow lied about KAL 007, but the Reagan administration shamelessly used this tragedy to reinforce the president's own virulently anti-Soviet agenda. Reagan did not need to indict 270 million Soviet citizens for what was a huge and tragic August screw-up.
Soldiers are admonished to "Stay alert, stay alive," to which we should add the phrase, "especially in August."
Walter Rodgers, a former senior international correspondent for CNN, writes a biweekly column.


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Gloria13 on Family Tree Circles
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Journals and Posts
OLIVER of Ohio
Looking for Josiah Oliver born Ohio 1861 a stonemason. Married Ruth Watson Sparrow born 1864 Indiana.
Where did James Wallis of NH come form?
James Wallis was born 1695, possible Scotland or Ireland. He was a weaver & a farmer. He married Mary Snow in1730 in Leicester, Worchester, Massachusetts. Mary was born in 1698 and her father was Eli Snow.
They had 3 children Agnes b. 1730, James b. 1733 and John b. 1736.
James died in 1746-1747 Leicester, Worcester, Massachusetts. Mary died Feb. 1769 in Colrain, Massachusetts.
James married Mary McClellan on 8 April 1756. John married a Mary on 31 Oct. 1761.
I have all their descendants and this information has been published in
FAMILY HISTORY OF LEONARD WALLACE WRITTEN By Jean Wallace Sauder in 1979. We were never able to go any farther back than this James Wallis.
Any help or ideas will be welcomed!
Looking for Sparrow of Indiana
Josiah Oliver was my great grandfather. He died 31 March 1927 in Virden, Macoupin Co., Illinois. Josiah married Ruth Watson Sparrow who was born in Vincennes, IN, 24 September 1966. She also died in Virden, Macoupin, IL 26 March 1951.Ruth and Josiah had 2 sons and 2 daughters.
Ruth's parents where William & Mary Sparrow, who were both born in IN. William & Mary Sparrow had a son, A. E. Sparrow of Warren, IN and a daughter, Georgia Hickman of Virden, Macoupin, IL.
I can't seem to go any farther back.
- Displaying 1-3 of 3 Journals
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Our Eternity range (our large cards) is one of our best selling ranges and for good reason. They are striking illustrations covering wedding, love, female and male birthday occasions. All are are 210mm x 210mm and come with a white envelope.
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A talented upperclass leads an experienced frontline for the 2011 edition of the Lipscomb men's soccer team, with three seniors and a sophomore slated to lead the offense.
Senior All-Conference honoree Garret Pettis is back after leading the Bisons in scoring last season with 21 points. His nine goals tied for the Bison lead in 2010, and he is nearing the top career marks in goals (24 entering 2011, eight behind Miguel DaSilva for first all-time), points (55, one behind Ben Page for second all-time) and shots (143, 40 behind DaSilva for second all-time).
Pettis was the lone Lipscomb player named to the preseason All-Atlantic Sun team by the conference coaches.
Joining him up front will be classmate Andrew Chamberlain, who spent much of last season out on the wing. The Nashville native has seven career goals and has started 51 of the 59 matches he's appeared in during his Lipscomb career.
Another senior expected to contribute to the offense is Evan McGee. Also expected to see time in the midfield, McGee has been a valuable asset off the bench for Lipscomb during his three years in Nashville, appearing in 40 matches.
Another McGee joins the squad this year in freshman Shea McGee. Brother of Evan and starting goalkeeper Brent, Shea was a first-team all-Olympic Conference selection three times during his career at Seneca High School in New Jersey.
Sophomore Nick Bibb also returns for the Bisons. The Hoover, Ala. native accrued eight points in his freshman season, and will most likely split time between the midfield and at forward.
The Bisons continue the preseason Wednesday, at 5 p.m. against Trevecca on the training field behind Cofer's Chapel Church before opening the regular season, Friday, against Georgia State. Check back on Lipscombsports.com all week for more previews, with the midfielders being profiled, Tuesday.