text:
- "The finest school of witchcraft and wizardry in the world."
- —Rubeus Hagrid praising Hogwarts[src]
The castle is located in the mountains near a loch. The precise location of the school could never be uncovered because it was rendered Unplottable. To Muggles the school looks like an old abandoned castle. Similarly, most wizarding schools locations are protected in order to prevent their ways of teaching being revealed, as well as protect the students and schools themselves from any harm.
Established around the 10th century, Hogwarts is considered to be one of the finest magical institutions in the wizarding world, though other notable schools included Beauxbatons Academy of Magic and the Durmstrang Institute. Children with magical abilities are enrolled at birth, and acceptance is confirmed by owl post at age eleven. However, if the child in question is a Muggle-born, a professor from the school would come and inform the child's parents.
The school's motto is Draco Dormiens Nunquam Titillandus, which, translated from Latin, means "Never tickle a sleeping dragon".
Hogwarts School is located in Hogwarts Castle, a large castle somewhere in the Highlands of Scotland. The castle has extensive grounds with sloping lawns, flowerbeds and vegetable patches, a loch (called the Black Lake), a large dense forest (called the Forbidden Forest), several greenhouses and other outbuildings, and a full-size Quidditch Pitch. There is also an owlery, which houses all the owls owned by the school and those owned by students.
The three highest towers are the Astronomy Tower, the Ravenclaw Tower, and the Gryffindor Tower. There are 142 staircases, which are known to move around in the massive castle which is set upon huge rocks above a magnificent lake. The castle is known for its many updates and changes in layout throughout the years, such as regenerating itself after the Battle of Hogwarts. It should be noted that some rooms in the school tend to "move around," and so do the steps on the grand staircase. Albus Dumbledore once noted that even he did not know all of Hogwarts' secrets. This implies that the castle has witnessed centuries and has a long history of ancient magic.
The school has numerous charms and spells on and around it that make it impossible for a Muggle to see it as the school; rather, they see only ruins and several warnings of danger. Witches and wizards cannot Apparate or Disapparate in Hogwarts grounds, except for when the Headmaster lifts the enchantment, whether only in certain areas or for the entire campus, so as to make the school less vulnerable when it serves the headmaster to allow Apparition. Electricity and electronic devices are not found at Hogwarts. Hermione Granger indicates that due to the high levels of magic, substitutes for magic used by Muggles, such as computers, radar and electricity "go haywire" around Hogwarts. Radios, however, make an exception. Rowling explains this by saying that the radios are not powered by electricity, but by magic.
Early history
- "We'll teach just those whose ancestry's purest."
- —Professor Slytherin's opinion on the running of Hogwarts[src]
Hogwarts was founded around 990 A.D. by two wizards and two witches: Godric Gryffindor, Helga Hufflepuff, Rowena Ravenclaw, and Salazar Slytherin. They each represented an aspect of personality that they wanted to bring out in new students. However, shortly after founding the school, Slytherin had a falling out with the other founders about blood purity, and wanted to admit only pure-blood students. He felt that only pure-blooded students deserved to learn magic, but the other three founders all disagreed, especially Gryffindor. Slytherin left the school, but not before secretly building the Chamber of Secrets and foretelling that only his own heir would be able to open it once he or she attended the school, and unleash a murderous basilisk living inside to purge the school of all Muggle-born students.
Middle history
About three hundred years after the school was founded, the Triwizard Tournament began between the three most prestigious magical schools in Europe: Hogwarts, Beauxbatons, and Durmstrang. This tournament was considered the best way for wizards and witches of different nationalities to meet and socialise. The tournament continued for six centuries, until the death toll became too high, and the tournament was discontinued.
Recent history
1942-1943 school year
- "The last time the Chamber of Secrets was opened, a Mudblood died."
- —Draco Malfoy discussing the first opening of the chamber[src]
The existence of the school was threatened twice when the Chamber of Secrets was opened. The first time it was opened was in 1942, when Tom Marvolo Riddle, the Heir of Slytherin and the man who would become Lord Voldemort, opened the Chamber in his fifth year. When a girl named Myrtle Warren was killed, the Ministry of Magic threatened to close the school. As Riddle spent his time away from Hogwarts in a Muggle orphanage, he did not want the school closed (and having his request to remain in school over the holidays denied due to the situation he created), so he framed Rubeus Hagrid and although Albus Dumbledore still suspected Riddle, he got away with it. However, in 1992 the Chamber was reopened again and the truth came out that Rubeus Hagrid was innocent and Riddle was guilty.
1991-1992 school year
- "But Hagrid, whatever Fluffy's guarding, Snape's trying to steal it!"
- —Harry Potter accusing Snape of wanting the Stone for Voldemort[src]
In 1991, Harry Potter started his time at Hogwarts. Already famous for being the boy who vanquished Lord Voldemort at the age of one, he soon began, with the help of his friends Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger, to unravel the secret of the Philosopher's Stone being kept at the school. Harry discovered that the Professor of Defence Against the Dark Arts, Quirinus Quirrell, was a host body for the barely alive Lord Voldemort, who wanted the Stone to restore him back to his former glory, and to grant him everlasting life.
Harry, Ron, and Hermione suffered a series of difficult challenges down in the Underground Chambers in an attempt to stop the Philosopher's Stone being stolen by Severus Snape, who they believed was trying to steal it, when in reality it was Quirrell. Harry discovered Quirrell in the chambers and he was able to defeat him, thwarting Voldemort from getting the Stone and returning to life. Harry managed this when he found out that Quirrell's skin got burnt whenever Harry touched it. According to Dumbledore's theory, Quirrell's heart and soul were so consumed by Voldemort and his own greed and hatred, that he could not bear to touch or hold something as pure as Harry.
1992-1993 school year
- "The Chamber of Secrets has been opened. Enemies of the heir... beware."
- —A message from the Heir of Slytherin[src]
In 1992, the Chamber of Secrets was re-opened by Ron's younger sister Ginny, under the influence of a diary written by Riddle. The diary allowed Riddle's memory to possess Ginny, allowing him to act through her to open the Chamber a second time. Lucius Malfoy, through the desire to further the power of the Dark Lord, had slipped the diary into her bundle of schoolbooks, without knowing it was a Horcrux. His ulterior motive was to ruin the reputations of several great wizards, including Albus Dumbledore and Arthur Weasley, the latter of whom was highly influential concerning the Muggle Protection Act. However, Harry discovered the truth and destroyed the diary and the basilisk, thus bringing an end to these dark plots.
1993-1994 school year
- "Sirius Black has escaped form Azkaban."
- —Arthur Weasley regarding the 1993 Azkaban escape[src]
In 1993, Harry's notorious godfather Sirius Black, who had been convicted for twelve years of murdering twelve Muggles and Peter Pettigrew with the Blasting Curse and betraying Harry's parents James and Lily Potter's whereabouts to Voldemort in his duty as their Secret-Keeper, escaped from Azkaban. It was believed that Black was after Harry because he believed that killing Harry would bring Voldemort back to power.
Black broke into the school twice, one time almost ripping the Fat Lady to shreds, and another time getting close to Ron Weasley's "rat," Scabbers. Harry, Ron, and Hermione met Black in the Shrieking Shack along with Remus Lupin, who had been a friend of Black during the time he attended Hogwarts as a student. Black revealed the truth to them. He was innocent, and it was Peter Pettigrew who had done the things Black had been convicted of. To blame Black, he had chopped off one of his fingers as proof, turned into an Animagus, which in his case was a rat (Scabbers), and scurried off. Black had come back to kill Pettigrew, and now that Lupin had heard his story he believed him, he was going to help. However, Harry persuaded them to give Pettigrew to the Ministry and let the Dementors have him. As they took Pettigrew back to the castle, Pettigrew escaped and returned to Voldemort to help bring him back to power. Harry and Hermione later helped Black escape on Buckbeak the Hippogriff while Ron was in the hospital wing, and saved both Black's and Buckbeak's lives.
1994-1995 school year
- "Eternal glory! That's what awaits the student who wins the Triwizard Tournament, but to do this, that student must survive three tasks. Three extremely dangerous tasks."
- —Albus Dumbledore introduces the tournament[src]
In 1994, the Triwizard Tournament recommenced with more powerful safety measures in place. However, more dark plots were being hatched. Barty Crouch Jr, disguised as Professor Alastor "Mad-Eye" Moody, managed to enter Harry in the Tournament by putting his name in the Goblet of Fire under the name of a fourth school, which ensured he would be chosen by the Goblet. Harry's involvement in this plan caused him great misery at Hogwarts, as the representatives for Beauxbatons and Durmstrang, as well as many Hogwarts students, believed he was a cheater. It was because of Crouch Jr and his influence over certain house-elves that Harry ended up at the end of the tournament with Cedric Diggory (who, under Voldemort's order, was killed by Peter Pettigrew) in a graveyard surrounded by Death Eaters. Voldemort was brought back to his physical form using Harry's blood and a dark potion.
Voldemort attempted to torture and humiliate Harry by means of the Unforgivable Curses. Harry escaped and succeeded in alerting all of Voldemort's enemies, Dumbledore in particular, that he had returned. Dumbledore restarted the Order of the Phoenix one hour after he was alerted. However, many including the Minister for Magic Cornelius Fudge, chose not to believe him.
1995-1996 school year
- "The Ministry is interfering at Hogwarts."
- —Dolores Umbridge seizes control of the school[src]
1996-1997 school year
- "The lightning-struck tower. Calamity. Disaster. Coming nearer all the time."
- —Professor Trelawney before the battle commences[src]
Through the 1996-1997 school year, the new Minister for Magic Rufus Scrimgeour ordered Aurors to guard Hogwarts for protection from Dark forces. In 1997, Hogwarts was attacked by a mob of Death Eaters. Student Draco Malfoy was forced into the service of Lord Voldemort for the fear of his and his family's lives. As a result, Headmaster Albus Dumbledore's safety was compromised, and he was killed by Severus Snape. Following this horrible tragedy, Professor Minerva McGonagall was appointed acting Headmistress, although the security of the school hung by a thread. There was no certainty that Hogwarts would remain open. The faculty agreed to follow "established procedures" and let the school governors ultimately decide.
1997-1998 school year
- "Severus Snape, long-standing Potions master at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and wizardry, was today appointed Headmaster in the most important of several staffing changes at the ancient school. Following the resignation of the previous Muggle Studies teacher, Alecto Carrow will take over the post while her brother, Amycus, fills the position of Defence Against the Dark Arts professor."
- —Lord Voldemort takes indirect control of Hogwarts[src]
Regardless of the school governors' decision, with the takeover of the Ministry by Voldemort, attendance at Hogwarts was mandatory for all eligible children. New, militaristic requirements were established, such as proof of blood status. This was so Voldemort can keep an eye on the entire wizarding world from a young age, and to weed out muggle-borns, which included eleven-year old children who have no knowledge before the forced invitation, with the possibility of never entering Hogwarts nor returning to their homes ever again.
Muggle Studies, involving mainly of how Muggles are vile things, became a required subject, while Defence Against the Dark Arts had simply become Dark Arts, teaching students illegal curses outright. Severus Snape was appointed Headmaster, and Alecto and Amycus Carrow, teachers of Muggle Studies and Dark Arts, respectively, have also been assigned as Snape's deputies. It was a time of great terror in which no one could be certain who was friend or foe.
Post 1998
- "They stood up at once, and together he, Ron, and Hermione left the Great Hall. Great chunks were missing from the marble staircase, part of the balustrade gone, and rubble and bloodstains occurred every few steps as they climbed."
- —The damage inflicted on the castle from the Battle of Hogwarts[src]
In May 1998, the Battle of Hogwarts took place. This battle ended with the death of many on both sides. Thanks to Harry Potter, Lord Voldemort was finally destroyed once and for all, and peace was restored, and Minerva McGonagall became the Headmistress of the school. Harry was celebrated as a true hero.
Hogwarts sustained extensive damage during the battle. Multiple areas of the main building and adjacent areas were set on fire or blown up, and the Quidditch pitch was largely destroyed by fire.
After the Battle, Hogwarts was repaired. Some students, such as Hermione Granger, returned to the school in 1998 to complete their education. By 2017, normal school life had resumed with McGonagall still as Headmistress and Hagrid still as Keeper of the Keys. Many descendants of previous students were now coming to Hogwarts as new pupils, and Neville Longbottom became the Professor for Herbology after retiring as an Auror.
School year
- "Now… to our new students, welcome, to our old students, welcome back! Another year full of magical education awaits you…"
- —Welcoming Feast speech[src]
Term begins on 1 September. Students usually reach Hogwarts via the Hogwarts Express, which leaves from Platform 9¾ of London's King's Cross Station at 11 a.m. sharp. There seemed to be other ways of entering the school, such as via broomsticks or Floo powder, or simply Apparating to a nearby location such as Hogsmeade. Missing the Hogwarts Express for any reason is a very serious problem, but will not cost the student points as long as they get there before the term has officially started. The Hogwarts Express brings the students to Hogsmeade Station, where the first years traditionally cross the Black Lake in boats with the gamekeeper, and go under an opening in the rocks upon which Hogwarts is built, through a curtain of ivy, and finally into an underground harbour.
Older students travel on the road in carriages pulled by Thestrals (invisible to any that hasn't witnessed death) to the castle. The Welcoming Feast takes place in the Great Hall. This feast includes the Sorting ceremony, followed by a few words from the current Headmaster or Headmistress, the banquet starts after this, including large quantities of food and drink. The feast is closed with a few more words from the Headmaster, but it also included the usual "start-of-term notices".
After dinner, students are led to their house common room by a prefect. This is a special time for new students to get comfortable with their surroundings, because the next day classes begin. The class schedules are handed out during breakfast by the Heads of House. After two weeks of classes, the Quidditch team trials and flying lessons for the first years usually occur.
Hogwarts' school year is structured in a similar way to other non-magical schools and colleges in the UK, with a three-term year punctuated by holidays at Christmas and Easter and bounded by the long summer holiday of nine weeks. Students have the option of staying at Hogwarts for the winter and spring holidays. Those who choose to stay at the castle do not have lessons and attend a feast on Christmas Day. Students also do not have classes the week of Easter, but this is much less enjoyable due to the large amount of work that the teachers assign students at this time in preparation for final exams.
Other than the breaks and weekends, students do not receive holidays. However, students third year and above may visit Hogsmeade, the local village, occasionally. There are normally four feasts per year: the start-of-term feast at the beginning of the school year, end-of-term feast at the end of the school year, and feasts at Hallowe'en and Christmas. Feasts are also called to mark special occasions, as in Goblet of Fire, when there was a feast to celebrate the beginning of the Triwizard Tournament.
Classes will proceed normally and the next notable event occurs on the evening of 31 October: the Hallowe'en feast. Decorations include giant pumpkins and flocks of hundreds of bats flying across the halls. The served foods include pumpkin treats, tarts, cakes and all sorts of magical sweets. The Quidditch season starts usually with the first Quidditch match in the first weeks of November. In the second week of December, the Deputy Head takes names of those who are staying at Hogwarts over the Christmas holidays. The first term usually ends about a week before Christmas and most of the students and some of the teachers go home by the school train.
In Triwizard Tournament years, the Yule Ball occurs on the evening of Christmas Day, ending at midnight. On 25 December, a Christmas feast is held in the Great Hall. Shortly after 6 January (Epiphany aka Twelfth Night), the Hogwarts Express returns to Hogsmeade; the second term begins. The exact dates of the beginning of the Easter holidays vary every year. During these holidays, the students may go home. The final exams are held the first week of June and the results come out on the second week. In the evening before the Hogwarts Express goes back to London, the End-of-Term Feast is held. The Hogwarts Express returns to London during the third week of June. Some staff and all students leave Hogwarts for summer holiday.
- "We must unite inside her, or we'll crumble from within."
- —The Sorting Hat[src]
|Coat of Arms
|Gryffindor is well known for bravery, daring, nerve, and chivalry. The house colours are deep red and gold, and the house is symbolised by a lion. The entrance to the common room is on the seventh floor hidden behind a portrait of the Fat Lady. In order to get into the common room, Gryffindor students must say the correct password.
|Hufflepuff is well known for loyalty, hard working, dedication, honesty, and tolerance. The house is symbolised by a badger, and the house colours are yellow and black. Its common room is near the kitchens. To get into the common room, rather than giving a password you must tap a fake barrel in the rhythm "Helga Hufflepuff." It is the only common room to have a way to keep students from other houses out (by dumping vinegar on them).
|Ravenclaw values wit, creativity, and wisdom. The house is symbolised by an eagle and the house colours are blue and bronze. The Ravenclaw common room is located in a high tower, and the interior is decorated with blue and bronze. To enter, rather than give a password, one must answer a riddle from an eagle door knocker, such as "Where do vanished objects go?" or "Which came first, the Phoenix or the flame?"
|Slytherin values ambition, cleverness, cunning, resourcefulness, and pure blood heritage. The house is symbolised by a serpent, and the house colours are green and silver. Its common room is located in the dungeons, underneath the Black Lake, and hidden behind a stone wall. The password for the 1992–1993 school year was "pure-blood". Many people believe students sorted into this house often get involved in the Dark Arts.
|Founded By
|Godric Gryffindor
|Helga Hufflepuff
|Rowena Ravenclaw
|Salazar Slytherin
|House Ghost
|Sir Nicholas de Mimsy-Porpington, also known as Nearly Headless Nick.
|Fat Friar
|Helena Ravenclaw, also known as the Grey Lady.
|The Bloody Baron
|Notable Members
|Minerva McGonagall, Alec Tate, Malia Tate
|Pomona Sprout, Carole Hudson, Alice Dunbar, Finn Hudson, Danny Māhealani, Brody Hudson, Patrick Dunbar, Scott McCall, Stiles Stilinski, Isaac Lahey, Brittany S. Pierce, Liam Dunbar, Max Russo
|Filius Flitwick, Justin Russo, Quinn Fabray, Lydia Martin
|Severus Snape, Joshua Dunbar, Jackson Whittemore, Theo Raeken, Santana Lopez, Alex Russo
House ghosts
- "A ghost, as I trust that you are all aware by now, is the imprint of a departed soul left upon the earth..."
- —Professor Severus Snape[src]
Slytherin boasts the Bloody Baron, who is covered in silver bloodstains.[4] He is well known for being extremely unsocial and many students, including those of his own House are known to be slightly afraid of him. While alive he was a hot-tempered man. The least talkative of the house ghosts is the Grey Lady, who is long-haired and beautiful.[5] She was the daughter of Rowena Ravenclaw, making her the only house ghost to be directly related to one of the four Hogwarts founders.
Hufflepuff house is haunted by the Fat Friar, who was executed because senior churchmen grew suspicious of his ability to cure the pox merely by poking peasants with a stick, and his ill-advised habit of pulling rabbits out of the communion cup.[6] Though a genial character in general, the Fat Friar still resents the fact that he was never made a cardinal.[7] He also frequently suggests that Peeves should have a second chance, whether or not he deserves it.
Gryffindor house is home to Nearly Headless Nick, who in life was Sir Nicholas de Mimsy-Porpington.[8] Something of a snob, and a less accomplished wizard than he believed, Sir Nicholas lounged around the court of Henry VII in life, until his foolish attempt to beautify a lady-in-waiting by magic caused the unfortunate woman to sprout tusks.[9] Sir Nicholas was stripped of his wand and inexpertly executed, leaving his head hanging off by a single flap of skin and sinew.[10] He retains a feeling of inadequacy with regard to truly headless ghosts.[11]
Another notable Hogwarts ghost is Moaning Myrtle, who haunts an unpopular girls' toilet.[12] Myrtle was a student at Hogwarts when she died, and she chose to return to school in perpetuity, with the short-term aim of haunting her arch-rival and bully, Olive Hornby.[13] As the decades have rolled by, Myrtle has made a name for herself as the most miserable ghost in school, usually to be found lurking inside one of the toilets and filling the tiled space with her moans and howls.[14]
School spirit
- "You will return them to their owners with your apologies... I shall know whether it has been done. And be warned: thievery is not tolerated at Hogwarts."
- —Albus Dumbledore regarding Hogwarts[src]
School song
There is an official school song, though this is only sung when the headmaster is in a particularly good mood and deems it appropriate (which is therefore why it was only known to have been commissioned once from 1991-1998). It doesn't seem to conform to the strict opinions of older headmasters and headmistresses, such as Armando Dippet. As such it may be an invention of the relaxed Albus Dumbledore and certainly sounds like it's of his invention.[15] There is no standard rhythm to the song. Everyone can sing it how they like, as such the Weasley twins prefer a slow and deep style. The lyrics are shown below:
- "Hogwarts, Hogwarts, Hoggy Warty Hogwarts,
- Teach us something please,
- Whether we be old and bald,
- Or young with scabby knees,
- Our heads could do with filling,
- With some interesting stuff,
- For now they're bare and full of air,
- Dead flies and bits of fluff,
- So teach us things worth knowing,
- Bring back what we've forgot,
- Just do your best, we'll do the rest,
- And learn until our brains all rot."
Coat of Arms
Based on its appearance in illustrations in the books, movies, and Pottermore, the blazon of the Hogwarts Coat of Arms is:
- "Quarterly, I. Gules a lion rampant to sinister Or; II. Vert a serpent erect Argent langued Gules; III. Or a badger regardant proper; IV. Azure an eagle wings displayed and elevated Or beaked Argent; and over all an escutcheon Or charged with the letter 'H' Sable. The motto, "draco dormiens nunquam titillandus" to be carried in an escroll beneath the shield."
- —Talk:Hogwarts#Coat_of_Arms_Blazon
The highest position of staff at Hogwarts is the Headmaster or Headmistress. There is also a Deputy Headmaster or Headmistress, who will take over responsibilities of the Headmaster should the circumstances demand it.
Heads of Hogwarts
Deputy Heads
|Professor Minerva McGonagall
|Professor Albus Dumbledore's tenure as Headmaster
|Professor Alecto Carrow
|Professor Severus Snape's tenure as Headmaster
|Professor Amycus Carrow
Heads of House
|Godric Gryffindor
|Helga Hufflepuff
|Rowena Ravenclaw
|Salazar Slytherin
|Albus Dumbledore (possibly)
|Silvanus Kettleburn (possibly)
|Filius Flitwick
|Horace Slughorn
|Minerva McGonagall
|Pomona Sprout
|Severus Snape
Support staff
|Argus Filch
|Apollyon Pringle
|Poppy Pomfrey
|Nurse Wainscott
|Rubeus Hagrid
|Chief Attendant of Witchcraft Provisions
|Lucinda Thomsonicle-Pocus
|Referee and Flight Instructor
|Rolanda Hooch
|Irma Pince
Subjects and teachers
- "We teachers are rather good at magic, you know."
- —Minerva McGonagall, former Professor of transfiguration[src]
Hogwarts has in its faculty an abundance of wise and talented professors. Each specialises in a specific subject. Other staff positions include that of school nurse, caretaker, librarian, and Keeper of the Keys and Grounds of Hogwarts. There are a variety of classes taught at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. These include both the core curriculum and the electives, available from third year forward. Some classes may be dropped in sixth year.
Numerous lessons are described, instructing the students in various branches of magic. Transfiguration, Defence Against the Dark Arts, Charms, Potions, Astronomy, History of Magic, and Herbology are compulsory subjects for the first five years. At the end of their second year, students are required to add at least two optional subjects to their syllabus for the start of the third year. The five choices are Arithmancy, Ancient Runes, Divination, Care of Magical Creatures, and Muggle Studies.
Transfiguration is the art of changing the form or appearance of an object, and hence this is what this class teaches. Transfiguration is a theory-based subject, including topics such as "Switching Spells" (altering only a part of some object, such as giving a human rabbit's ears); Vanishing Spells (causing an object to completely disappear); and Conjuring Spells (creating objects out of thin air). It is possible to change inanimate objects into animate ones and vice versa — Minerva McGonagall, the class's teacher, transfigures her desk into a pig. The teachers of the class have been Professor Albus Dumbledore (?-1957) and Professor Minerva McGonagall (1957-1998).
Defence Against the Dark Arts
Defence Against the Dark Arts, commonly shortened to D.A.D.A., is the class that teaches students defensive techniques to defend against the Dark Arts, and to be protected from Dark creatures.
The subject has an extraordinarily high turnover of staff members — throughout Harry Potter's time at Hogwarts, no Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher has remained at Hogwarts for more than one school year. These included Quirinus Quirrell, Gilderoy Lockhart, Remus Lupin, Bartemius Crouch Jr impersonating Alastor "Mad-Eye" Moody, Dolores Umbridge, Severus Snape, and Amycus Carrow. Hagrid suggested that "They're startin' ter think the job's jinxed. No one's lasted long for a while now." Dumbledore suggested that Voldemort cursed the position because his application for it was rejected. The position had also been coveted by Snape, but he was denied the position as well. Snape was finally appointed D.A.D.A. professor in 1996. After the end of the Second Wizarding War, the jinx on the position was lifted. Harry Potter would occasionally come to the class to give lectures on the subject.
The teachers of this class have been Professor Galatea Merrythought (c. 1895-1945), Professor Quirinus Quirrell (1991-1992), Professor Gilderoy Lockhart (1992-1993), Professor Remus Lupin (1993-1994), Barty Crouch Jr (impersonating Professor Alastor Moody) (1994-1995), Professor Dolores Umbridge (1995-1996), Professor Severus Snape (1996-1997), and Professor Amycus Carrow (Dark Arts) (1997-1998).
Charms the type of spell concerned with giving an object new and unexpected properties, and hence this class mainly consists on learning those sorts of spells. Charms classes are described as notoriously noisy and chaotic, as the lessons are largely practical. Many of the exposition sequences in the books are set in Charms classes, which are on the second floor of Hogwarts. The class is taught by Professor Flitwick (c. 1976-?, possibly before).
Potions is described as the art of creating mixtures with magical effects. It requires the correct mixing and stirring of ingredients at the right times and temperatures. Snape's lessons are depicted as unhappy, oppressing times set in a gloomy dungeon in the basement of the castle, whilst Slughorn's, who replaces Snape as Potions Master, is shown as more cheerful and even fun at times. The teachers of this class have been Professor Horace Slughorn (?-1981) (1996-?) and Professor Severus Snape (1981-1996).
Astronomy is the only field of study at Hogwarts that has a direct equivalent in the Muggle world. Astronomy classes take place in the Astronomy Tower, the tallest tower in Hogwarts, and are taught by Professor Aurora Sinistra. Lessons involve observations of the night skies with telescopes. Lessons are held every week at midnight, and first years have lessons on Wednesday. Known student homework activities include learning the names of stars, constellations and planets, and their location, movements, and environments. The only known teacher of this class is Professor Aurora Sinistra (c. 1991-?, possibly before).
Arithmancy is a branch of magic concerned with the magical properties of numbers. As neither Harry nor Ron take this class, almost nothing is known about it. It is, however, a favourite subject of Hermione. Arithmancy is reportedly difficult, as it requires memorising or working with many charts. The subject is taught by Professor Septima Vector. It is separated into normal Arithmancy and Advanced Arithmancy Studies, the latter of which is taught by an unknown teacher (possibly Professor Vector). The only known Arithmancy teacher is Professor Septima Vector (c. 1991-?, possibly before).
Study of Ancient Runes
The Study of Ancient Runes is a generally theoretical subject that studies the ancient runic scripts. Because only Hermione studies it, little else is known about this subject. It is taught by Professor Bathsheda Babbling (c. 1991-?, possibly before).
History of Magic
History of Magic is the study of magical history. Cuthbert Binns' lessons are depicted as some of the most boring at Hogwarts. They are only lectures, given without pause, about significant events in wizarding history. Topics have included goblin rebellions, giant wars, and the origins of wizarding secrecy. This is the only class at Hogwarts that is taught by a ghost, as the professor never noticed he had died and simply continued teaching as if nothing had changed. The only known teacher of this subject is Professor Cuthbert Binns (17th or 18th century-?).
Herbology is the study of magical plants and how to take care of, utilise and combat them. There are at least three greenhouses described in the books, holding a variety of magical plants of varying degrees of lethality. Herbology is also the only subject Neville Longbottom excels in. He later replaces Professor Sprout as the Herbology teacher. The known teachers of this subject are Professor Herbert Beery (?-early 20th century), Professor Pomona Sprout (early 20th century-early 21st century), and Professor Neville Longbottom (early 21st century-?).
Divination is the art of predicting the future. Various methods are described, including tea leaves, Fire-omens, Crystal balls, Palmistry, Cartomancy (including the reading of conventional playing cards and the tarot), astrology, and Dream interpretations. Divination is described by Professor McGonagall as "one of the most imprecise branches of magic". Supporters of the subject claim that it is an inexact science that requires innate gifts like the "Inner Eye". Those opposed claim that the subject is irrelevant and fraudulent. Harry is first taught Divination by Professor Trelawney, and then later by Firenze after Trelawney is sacked by Dolores Umbridge in Harry's fifth year. In the sixth (and presumably seventh) year, Firenze and Professor Trelawney teach Divination. The teachers of this class have been Professor Sybill Trelawney (1980-1995) (1996-?) and Professor Firenze (1996-?).
Care of Magical Creatures
Care of Magical Creatures is the class which instructs students on how to care for magical beasts. Classes are held outside the castle. In Harry's first two years, the class is taken by Professor Silvanus Kettleburn who then retires "in order to enjoy more time with his remaining limbs". Dumbledore then recruits the gamekeeper Rubeus Hagrid to accept a teaching position along with his gamekeeping duties. Although Hagrid is obviously very experienced and knowledgeable, he consistently misjudges the risk that the animals he uses in his lessons pose to his students, which sometimes results in chaos. When Hagrid is absent, his lessons are taken over by Professor Grubbly-Plank, a witch and acquaintance of Dumbledore's.The teachers of this class have been Professor Silvanus Kettleburn (early 20th century-1992), Professor Rubeus Hagrid (1993-?), and Professor Wilhelmina Grubbly-Plank (1995) (temporarily).
Muggle Studies
Muggle Studies is a class taught by Charity Burbage which involves the study of the Muggle (non-magical) culture "from a wizarding point of view." It also includes Muggle Art and Muggle Music. The only need for witches and wizards to learn about Muggle ways and means, is to ensure they can blend in with Muggles while needing to do so (for example, at the 1994 Quidditch World Cup). As the class is only mentioned as being taken by Hermione, and for just one year, little is known about its curriculum.
Voldemort murdered Professor Charity Burbage because she portrays Muggles in a positive light and is opposed to limiting wizardry to only people of pure-blood origins. For the rest of that academic year, Alecto Carrow, a Death Eater, teaches Muggle Studies. However, her lessons (which are made compulsory) mainly describe Muggles and Muggle-borns as subhuman and worthy of persecution. The known teachers of this subject have been Professor Quirinus Quirrell (?-1990), Male Professor (1990-1993), Professor Charity Burbage (1993-1997), and Professor Alecto Carrow (1997-1998).
Flying is the class that teaches the use of broomsticks made for the use of flying and is taught only to Hogwarts first years by Rolanda Hooch. The subject is the only one that requires physicality. The only teacher known to have taught this class is Madam Rolanda Hooch.
Ghoul Studies
A subject taught by an unknown professor. It is assumed that students learn about ghouls like poltergeists, vampires, veela, etc. and how to defend themselves from these creatures.
Alchemy is a sort of composite subject between Transfiguration, Potions and Muggle Chemistry, focused roughly on the transmutation of substances into other forms. It is an elective, only offered to NEWT level students if the demand is sufficient.
Apparition is the magical form of teleportation in the wizarding world. Lessons are optional to those in the sixth and seventh years. In the wizarding world, performing Apparition requires a licence and may only be legally performed by people over seventeen years of age. The described reason for the restriction is that Apparition is dangerous if done improperly: insufficient concentration may lead to body parts being left behind in an unfortunate side-effect known as splinching. Although, as Hermione points out innumerable times throughout the series, magical enchantments on Hogwarts castle and grounds prevent Apparition and Disapparition inside the castle, these protections are temporarily relaxed within the Great Hall for short periods to permit students to practise Apparition. Wilkie Twycross, a Ministry of Magic Apparition Instructor, offers lessons in Apparition to sixth-years.
Art is a class where students paint, draw, and otherwise depict artistic things (presumably controlling the paint and pencils with either a spell that repeats the same thing over and over or a spell that stands upright over the paper / canvas and draws in the direction that the wand moves) . It is taught by an unknown professor.
Muggle Art
Muggle Art is a class where students paint, draw, and otherwise depict artistic things. It is taught by an unknown Professor.
Music is a class in which students are taught musical instruments and possibly sing in the Frog Choir. It was taught, in the early 1990s, by a male professor.
Magical Theory
A subject taught to at least first years. It is taught in Class 67 on the fourth floor of Hogwarts Castle. It presumably covers magic from a purely theoretical view, and Magical Theory by Adalbert Waffling may be a required textbook.
Grading System
Grading on routine homework seems to be along the same lines as that for Muggle students. Hogwarts students also have difficult exams as they progress higher in the system. O.W.L.s (Ordinary Wizarding Levels) are a set of standardised tests for fifth year students which determine what courses a student may continue to study in their final years at Hogwarts. N.E.W.T.s (Nastily Exhausting Wizarding Tests) are optional levels of education for exceptional students, much like A levels for Muggle students. To progress to N.E.W.T.-level, students must receive certain high marks on O.W.L. exams. N.E.W.T tests occur at the end of the seventh year and cannot be retaken.
Ordinary Wizarding Level Grading System
- O - Outstanding (Pass, always continue to N.E.W.T.)
- E - Exceeds Expectations (Pass, usually continues to N.E.W.T.)
- A - Acceptable (Pass, rarely continues to N.E.W.T)
- P - Poor (Fail, may repeat subject)
- D - Dreadful (Fail, may not receive O.W.L. credit)
- T - Troll (Fail, with distinction. More than one T may mean refusal into other N.E.W.T.s)
This grading system is also used on W.O.M.B.A.T.s (optional tests taken outside Hogwarts) and it is most likely used on N.E.W.T.s also, making this the universal exam grading system in wizarding Britain.
- Other house-elves
Student years
A first year is a student at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry who is new to Hogwarts and in their first year of magical education. First years are typically eleven to twelve years of age. First years arrive at the castle by crossing the lake with the Keeper of the Keys in boats separate from the older students. They are not allowed to own a broomstick or be on one unless they are attending Flying class. An exception had been made for Harry Potter because he joined the Gryffindor house team. First year classes consist of Potions, Herbology, Defence Against the Dark Arts, Transfiguration, History of Magic, Astronomy, Charms, and Flying.
A second year is a student at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry who is in their second year of magical education. Second years are typically twelve to thirteen years of age, unless a student had to repeat the second form. The second year is the first year in which students are allowed, when arriving, to go with the rest of the school in the school carriages pulled by Thestrals up to the castle. Second year classes consist of Potions, Herbology, Defence Against the Dark Arts, Transfiguration, History of Magic, Astronomy, and Charms. Unlike first years, the second-years' timetable does not include Flying, although they are allowed to bring their own broomsticks. At the end of the year, second year students choose two or more classes they wish to study as electives the following year.
A third year is a student at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry who is in their third year of magical education. Third years are typically thirteen to fourteen years of age. The third year is an important one for students, as it is the first year that they are permitted to sit elective courses. Third year classes consist of Potions, Herbology, Defence Against the Dark Arts, Transfiguration, History of Magic, Astronomy, Charms, and the two or more electives the student chose the previous year. Third years are permitted to go to Hogsmeade during certain weekends if they have a signed permission form from their parent/guardian.
A fourth year is a student at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry who is in their fourth year of magical education. Fourth years are typically fourteen to fifteen years of age. The fourth form is almost identical in its structure to the third; students sit two or more elective courses in addition to the core classes, and are allowed in Hogsmeade during selected weekends. Fourth year classes consist of Potions, Herbology, Defence Against the Dark Arts, Transfiguration, History of Magic, Astronomy, Charms, and two or more electives. Although, fourth years typically get more work than third years, to prepare for their O.W.L.s.
A fifth year is a student at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry who is in their fifth year of magical education. Fifth years are typically fifteen to sixteen years of age. The fifth year is enormously important for students, due to the fact that it is the year in which they must sit their O.W.L. exams, which will determine what N.E.W.T. courses they will be permitted to take later on in their education. O.W.L.s determine what jobs they can apply for in their future careers. The fifth year is also the year in which students receive career counselling from their Heads of House. It is during this meeting that they will be advised as to what N.E.W.T.-level classes they should take in order to qualify for their desired career. Fifth year classes consist of Potions, Herbology, Defence Against the Dark Arts, Transfiguration, History of Magic, Astronomy, Charms, and two or more electives. Before the beginning of the year, one boy and one girl are selected by the Headmaster from each house to become prefects.
A sixth year is a student who is in his or her sixth year of magical education at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. Sixth years are typically sixteen to seventeen years of age, although some may be older, if they have had to repeat a year like Marcus Flint did.
The sixth year is the first year in which students sit N.E.W.T.-level classes. Based on their O.W.L. scores, and depending on the minimum requirements of the professor teaching the subject at that time, students are allowed to sit any number of classes as long as they meet said requirements. If the student doesn't meet those requirements, they cannot attend the N.E.W.T.-level classes, having to repeat the O.W.L.-level classes and the fifth-year exams. While students do have the opportunity to choose whether they wish to continue in particular subjects, those who begin studying N.E.W.T.-level subjects in their sixth year are expected to carry on with the subject into the seventh year, and sit the N.E.W.T. exam in that subject. Sixth year students are initially excited to have more free time, but this extra time is intended to help them study and do homework, as many, if not all, teachers assign more homework and give more difficult lessons in their N.E.W.T.-level classes. Sixth years may also elect to take part in Apparition lessons for a fee of twelve Galleons.
A seventh year is a student at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry who is in their seventh and final year of formal magical education. Seventh years are typically seventeen to eighteen years of age, although some may be older if they have had to repeat a year. The seventh year contains the most important exams given at Hogwarts - the N.E.W.T.s. Students conclude their N.E.W.T.-level studies in the seventh year, at the end of which they sit the N.E.W.T. exam pertaining to each of their subjects. A student in the seventh year would have the same schedule he or she had in the sixth year, and would sit only those classes in which they received O.W.L.s meeting the minimum requirement of the professor for that subject. However, not all students take N.E.W.T.s, as some occupations require only O.W.L.s.
Every year, a male and female seventh year are appointed Head Boy and Head Girl. In most cases the Headmaster selects the Head students from the seventh year prefects. However, students that have never been prefects, for example James Potter, can still be selected.
Daily routines at Hogwarts
The day begins at 7:30 a.m. with breakfast in the Great Hall. During breakfast, the mail arrives in a flurry of hundreds of owls. A bell chime signals the start of the first class at 9 a.m. The bell chimes again in one hour to signal the start of the next class.
There are four class periods before lunch (though NEWT students may have breaks during some of these), scheduled according to house. After lunch, there is another break and two more classes.[19] If there is a heavy snowstorm in between periods, certain lessons that take place outside (such as Herbology) may be cancelled, since it would be difficult for students to traverse from the castle to the outside.[17]
Dinner is served in the Great Hall toward evening, after which the students are expected to be in their house common rooms for studying and socialising.
There is an Astronomy class at night on Wednesday every week (usually midnight).
The students must be in bed or in the common rooms by a certain time, after which is called after hours. The times are different for different years (for example, fifth years are allowed to be in the halls until 9:00 p.m.)
Before school term
Each year, the Hogwarts Deputy Head sends letters to eligible witches and wizards who will be eleven years old. These letters invite the children to be students at Hogwarts. If for any reason a letter does not reach its intended recipient, owls will continue delivering letters until the person receives one (as was Harry Potter's experience when he turned eleven). The letter contains a list of needed supplies, signed by the Chief Attendant of Witchcraft Provisions, Lucinda Thomsonicle-Pocus, which includes uniform clothing, spell books, and cauldrons. Letters are also sent to existing students to inform them of the new supplies needed. Students usually obtain school supplies at Diagon Alley in London.
Letters to Muggle-born witches and wizards, such as Hermione Granger and Lily Evans (and Tom Riddle and Harry Potter, though half-bloods, who lived with Muggles and knew nothing of the wizarding world), who may not be aware of their powers and are unfamiliar with the concealed wizarding world, are delivered in person by a member of Hogwarts staff, who then explain to the parents/guardians about magical society, and reassure them regarding this news. They also assist the family in regards to buying supplies and gaining access to Diagon Alley.
Harry Potter's letter was sent via normal owl delivery, since the Headmaster, Albus Dumbledore, had presumed that the Dursleys had explained to Harry about Hogwarts and the wizarding world. When no response came from the first, several more letters, each reflecting Harry's new location, were sent. Ultimately, Rubeus Hagrid, Hogwarts' Keeper of Keys and Grounds, was dispatched to hand-deliver Harry's final letter. Once he found Harry, who was with the Dursleys in their vain attempt to keep all wizarding knowledge from Harry, Hagrid explained all about Harry's parents and what had really happened the night they died.
Students are allowed to bring a cat, an owl or a toad, but exceptions such as rats and Pygmy Puffs are made. Moreover, students do not have to pay tuition fee, because the British Ministry of Magic covers the cost of all students' magical education.[20][21]
Tryouts for house Quidditch teams happen at the very beginning of the school year. First years are usually prohibited from joining a Quidditch team because they are usually inexperienced with brooms and are forbidden to own them in the first place. However, exceptions have been made on both counts.
Students may go home for certain holidays such as Christmas and Easter. The students who choose to remain are treated to a feast along with some of the faculty.
When Christmas holidays end, classes begin again. In Harry Potter's second year, Gilderoy Lockhart organised a Valentine's Day celebration. It was not continued after he left the school. The Easter holidays are not as enjoyable as the Christmas ones, as students are overloaded with homework in preparation for their exams, which are taken at the end of the year. Students are not allowed to use magic over the summer holidays until they turn seventeen, magic is also banned in corridors.
The students at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry are required to wear a uniform. Students must wear their uniforms during all lessons, and while eating meals or studying in the Great Hall. Students are allowed to wear their own clothes after lessons in their house dormitory and during the holidays. Most students are seen still wearing their uniforms in their house dormitory, most probably because they would need to change into their pyjamas to sleep before they go to bed, so they may feel that it is troublesome to change into their own clothes, then change again into their pyjamas.
The Hogwarts uniform worn in the books consists of a black robe and a black pointed hat. The robes bear no marks to distinguish between the houses. Students wear their own socks and shoes.
The uniform portrayed in the films consists of a white collared, long sleeved shirt, a tie of their house colours (getting more sophisticated each year), a grey jumper vest, black slacks for males and a black, knee length skirt for females paired with black or grey socks. Both genders wear black comfortable shoes. Each student wears a cloak that bears their house crest on the front, right side and has lining of their house color: green for Slytherin, red for Gryffindor, blue for Ravenclaw, and yellow for Hufflepuff. During the winter months, a grey jumper replaces the jumper vest for comfort and a scarf bearing their two house colours is worn for warmth. A black pointed hat is provided, but is only worn for special occasions such as the opening ceremony, special dinners, house cup ceremony etc.
Possible etymology
J. K. Rowling speculated that she might have subconsciously produced the name Hogwarts from the Hogwort plant she saw when walking round Kew Gardens.[22] In the film Labyrinth, Sarah, acted by Jennifer Connelly, meets a goblin outside the gates of the Labyrinth who introduces himself as Hoggle. As they depart, she calls him "Hogwart" instead of his proper name, Hoggle. Also in the film Labyrinth, Jareth the Goblin King, acted by David Bowie, often calls his goblins by the wrong names and at one point he incorrectly calls Hoggle "Hogwart." It is of course possible that the name may have derived from the word "Warthog", but simply reversed.
Behind the scenes
- J. K. Rowling revealed that Hogwarts is actually a state school, and the Ministry of Magic shoulders all of the school's financial needs.[23]
- J. K. Rowling said she wanted a humorous motto for Hogwarts, since so many schools have less pragmatic ones such as "Reach for the stars".
- The school song is only sung in the first book, and partially by Hermione and Hagrid in the fourth film. However, the song is sung completely in the deleted scenes as a welcoming to the students of Beauxbatons and Durmstrang. Credited to one of the many eccentricities of Albus Dumbledore.
- A board game called Destination Hogwarts is based off the school and castle.
- In the Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone video game, a Muggle Studies Classroom is featured on the fifth floor, and an Ancient Runes Classroom is on the sixth floor.
- In Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, Dumbledore believes that Hogwarts is the place Tom Marvolo Riddle felt was his real home. Ironically, this is also how Harry Potter felt about Hogwarts which is why it was stated that Harry's stomach lurched when Dumbledore told him this.
- According to Remus Lupin, attendance at Hogwarts by British students is not mandatory; they may be home schooled by their parents, or sent to another magical school[24](this rule was changed during the 1997–1998 school year, but was presumably restored after the demise of Voldemort). It is likely this extended to Lucius Malfoy's also expressed interest in his son attending the Durmstrang Institute.[25]
- There are two Headmasters known to have held the title more than once; they were Minerva McGonagall and Albus Dumbledore.
- In an interview with J. K. Rowling, she said there are about one-thousand students attending Hogwarts at any given time. This is supported by the fact, that when Harry sees his father doing his O.W.L. (in the Pensieve in Snape's office), there are over 150 students. Secondly, during a Quidditch match, everybody was supporting Gryffindor except around 200 Slytherins supporting their own. However, if each year had the same number of students as Harry's, with five boys and five girls in each dorm, there would only be two-hundred and eighty students. This means that there are usually around 35 or 36 students per house per year (give or take, since you can't expect an equal assignment to each house each year). (Or there are more dormitories that you don't see. The only ones mentioned in the books are the ones that house the students who are actually in the book, e.g.Harry, Ron, Neville, Hermione. There are probably more than two dorms for each year.)
- It is rumoured that on the W.O.M.B.A.T. test, Rowena Ravenclaw had a dream that a warty hog was leading her to a lake and that's how Hogwarts got its name.
- J.K. Rowling has said in an interview that Hogwarts is a multi-faith school,[26] and later confirmed that every "religion/belief/non-belief system" is represented at Hogwarts other than Wicca,[27] as she felt this was a "different concept of magic" as compared to that taught at Hogwarts.[28]
- The Anti-Disapparition Jinx was lifted in 1998 as Draco Malfoy could apparate to Blaise Zabini and Gregory Goyle. OBS: This is only shown in the films, and the films are known to take liberties with the rules established in the books, often in the interest of dramatic effect or convenience.
Author's comments
"A slightly different list of school subjects appears in my earliest notes. Herbology is called 'Herbalism', Divination is compulsory from the first year, as are Alchemy and a subject called simply 'Beasts', whereas Transfiguration is called 'Transfiguration/Metamorphosis'."
External links
- The Harry Potter Lexicon's Hogwarts Atlas featuring numerous images of Hogwarts
- The Marauder's Map from the Warner Bros website
- How Many Students Are There At Hogwarts?, by Steve Vander Ark.
- The Collinsport Ghost Society A Muggle's Look of the School and Ghosts
- Hogwarts Floor Plan, most accurate from the films, by Randwulf
See also
- Hogwarts Castle
- Hogsmeade
- Hogwarts Houses
- Headmaster
- Headmaster portraits
- Secret passages at Hogwarts
- Discipline at Hogwarts
- Beauxbatons Academy of Magic
- Durmstrang Institute
- Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (First appearance)
- Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film)
- Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (video game)
- Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
- Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (film)
- Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (video game)
- Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban
- Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (film)
- Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (video game)
- Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire
- Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (film)
- Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (video game)
- Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix
- Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (film)
- Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (video game)
- Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince
- Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (film)
- Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (video game)
- Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows
- Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 1 Template:Mention
- Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 2
- Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 2 (video game)
- Harry Potter and the Cursed Child
- Harry Potter and the Cursed Child (play)
- LEGO Harry Potter: Years 1-4
- LEGO Harry Potter: Years 5-7
- Harry Potter for Kinect
- LEGO Harry Potter
- Template:TBB Template:Mention
- LEGO Harry Potter: Building the Magical World
- LEGO Harry Potter
- J.K. Rowling: A Year in the Life Template:Mention
- Pottermore
- Harry Potter: The Character Vault
- Harry Potter: The Creature Vault
- LEGO Dimensions
Notes and references
- ↑ Pottermore - Writing by J.K. Rowling: "Hogwarts Ghosts"
- ↑ Pottermore - Writing by J.K. Rowling: "Hogwarts Ghosts"
- ↑ Pottermore - Writing by J.K. Rowling: "Hogwarts Ghosts"
- ↑ Pottermore - Writing by J.K. Rowling: "Hogwarts Ghosts"
- ↑ Pottermore - Writing by J.K. Rowling: "Hogwarts Ghosts"
- ↑ Pottermore - Writing by J.K. Rowling: "Hogwarts Ghosts"
- ↑ Pottermore - Writing by J.K. Rowling: "Hogwarts Ghosts"
- ↑ Pottermore - Writing by J.K. Rowling: "Hogwarts Ghosts"
- ↑ Pottermore - Writing by J.K. Rowling: "Hogwarts Ghosts"
- ↑ Pottermore - Writing by J.K. Rowling: "Hogwarts Ghosts"
- ↑ Pottermore - Writing by J.K. Rowling: "Hogwarts Ghosts"
- ↑ Pottermore - Writing by J.K. Rowling: "Hogwarts Ghosts"
- ↑ Pottermore - Writing by J.K. Rowling: "Hogwarts Ghosts"
- ↑ Pottermore - Writing by J.K. Rowling: "Hogwarts Ghosts"
- ↑ JK's official site (text only), accessed 28/7/2011
- ↑ The Wizarding World of Harry Potter
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 In Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (Chapter 18) Remus Lupin said "I was a very small boy when I received the bite...But then Dumbledore became Headmaster, and he was sympathetic." Pottermore states he was attacked shortly before his fifth birthday which was March 1965. Dumbledore came to visit shortly before his eleventh birthday so Dumbledore succeeded Dippet as headmaster sometime between 1965 and 1971.
- ↑ Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets pages 137-182
- ↑ Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince
- ↑ @emmalineonline1 @micnews There's no tuition fee! The Ministry of Magic covers the cost of all magical education! by J.K. Rowling on Twitter
- ↑ 2001 Sydney Morning Herald article
- ↑ http://hellogiggles.com/jk-rowling-hogwarts-costs/2/
- ↑ Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows
- ↑ Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire
- ↑ http://maam-pince.blogspot.com/2007/10/jkr-hogwarts-is-a-multifaith-school.html
- ↑ J.K. Rowling (@jk_rowling) on Twitter: To everyone asking whether their religion/belief/non-belief system is represented at Hogwarts: the only people I never imagined there 1/2 are Wiccans.
- ↑ J.K. Rowling (@jk_rowling) on Twitter: .@GredxForgex Me too! But it's a different concept of magic to the one laid out in the books, so I don't really see how they can co-exist.
|Hogwarts Houses:
|Namesake Founders:
Godric Gryffindor · Helga Hufflepuff · Rowena Ravenclaw · Salazar Slytherin
|Heads of House:
Minerva McGonagall · Pomona Sprout · Whitney Houston · Severus Snape
|House Ghosts:
Nearly Headless Nick · Fat Friar · Grey Lady · Bloody Baron
|The Eleven Schools: Beauxbatons · Castelobruxo · Durmstrang · Hogwarts · Ilvermorny · Koldovstoretz · Mahoutokoro · Uagadou
|Specialised schools: Academy of Broom Flying · Charm School · Euro-Glyph School of Extraordinary Languages · Merge School of Under-Water Spellage · Wizarding Academy of Dramatic Arts
|Examinations: First year exams · Second year exams · Third year exams · Fourth year exams · Ordinary Wizarding Level · Nastily Exhausting Wizarding Test
|Core classes: Astronomy · Charms · Defence Against the Dark Arts · Herbology · History of Magic · Potions · Transfiguration
|Elective classes: Alchemy · Arithmancy · Care of Magical Creatures · Divination · Muggle Studies · Study of Ancient Runes
|Extra-curricular classes: Apparition · Advanced Arithmancy Studies · Ancient Studies · Art · Flying · Frog Choir · Ghoul Studies · Hogwarts orchestra · Magical Theory · Muggle Art · Muggle Music · Music · Xylomancy
pt:Escola de Magia e Bruxaria de Hogwarts de:Hogwarts es:Hogwarts, colegio de magia y hechicería fi:Tylypahkan noitien ja velhojen koulu fr:Collège Poudlard, école de sorcellerie nl:Zweinsteins Hogeschool voor Hekserij en Hocus-Pocus no:Galtvort høyere skole for hekseri og trolldom ru:Хогвартс pl:Hogwart uk:Гоґвартс pt-br:Escola de Magia e Bruxaria de Hogwarts


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Jazyk: Sesotho
Informácia o verzii
© 1989 Bible Society of South Africa. Used by permission. All rights reserved.
About this Title:
Some 3,6 million people in South Africa speak Southern Sotho. However, the language is also spoken in Lesotho where different spelling rules apply, i.e. SO (Standard Orthography) and LO (Lesotho Orthography).
Translation of the Bible in Southern Sotho started as far back as 1836 with the complete Bible first being published in 1878.
This text is the newest translation of the Bible and is a thought for thought translation. The translation was completed in 1989. Please visit www.biblesociety.co.za to order a printed copy of this Bible.
Copyright information:
These Scriptures have been made available in electronic format and on this website for your personal use only. Any other use including but not limited to copying or re-posting elsewhere on the internet is prohibited. This text may not be sold or otherwise offered for sale.
This Bible text may be quoted in any form (written, visual, electronic or audio), up to and inclusive of five hundred (500) verses without express written permission of the publisher, providing the verses do not amount to a complete book of the Bible nor do the verses quoted account for twenty-five percent (25%) or more of the total text of the work in which they are quoted. When these Scriptures are quoted in any work, notice of copyright must appear on the title or copyright page.
For more information on copyright or to apply for copyright use, please visit www.biblesociety.co.za.
Informácie o autorských právach
© 1989 Bible Society of South Africa. Used by permission. All rights reserved.


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Dan Black (Feat. Kid Cudi) - Symphonies Remix
"For your visual entertainment here's the music video for London-based electronica artist Dan Black's Symphonies remix with Kid Cudi. The video combines retro and futuristic visual references to give you a video with a different spin on it." - DP
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2014 West Virginia Code
§15-2B-14. Right to DNA testing.
(a) A person convicted of a felony currently serving a term of imprisonment may make a written motion before the trial court that entered the judgment of conviction for performance (DNA) testing.
(b) (1) An indigent convicted person may request appointment of counsel to prepare a motion under this section by sending a written request to the court. The request must include the person's statement that he or she was not the perpetrator of the crime and that DNA testing is relevant to his or her assertion of innocence. The request must also include the person's statement as to whether he or she previously had appointed counsel under this section.
(2) If any of the information required in subdivision (1) of this section is missing from the request, the court shall return the request to the convicted person and advise him or her that the matter cannot be considered without the missing information.
(3) (A) Upon a finding of indigency, the inclusion of information required in subdivision (1) of this section, and that counsel has not previously been appointed pursuant to this subdivision, the court shall appoint counsel. Counsel shall investigate and, if appropriate, file a motion for DNA testing under this section. Counsel represents the indigent person solely for the purpose of obtaining DNA testing under this section.
(B) Upon a finding of indigency, and that counsel has been previously appointed pursuant to this subdivision, the court may, in its discretion, appoint counsel. Counsel shall investigate and, if appropriate, file a motion for DNA testing under this section. Counsel represents the person solely for the purpose of obtaining DNA testing under this section.
(4) Nothing in this section provides for a right to the appointment of counsel in a post-conviction collateral proceeding or sets a precedent for any such right. The representation provided an indigent convicted person under this article is solely for the limited purpose of filing and litigating a motion for DNA testing pursuant to this section.
(c) (1) The motion shall be verified by the convicted person under penalty of perjury and must do the following:
(A) Explain why the identity of the perpetrator was, or should
have been, a significant issue in the case.
(B) Explain, in light of all the evidence, how the requested DNA testing would raise a reasonable probability the convicted person's verdict or sentence would be more favorable if the results
of DNA testing had been available at the time of conviction.
(C) Make every reasonable attempt to identify both the evidence that should be tested and the specific type of DNA testing sought.
(D) Reveal the results of any DNA or other biological testing previously conducted by either the prosecution or defense, if known.
(E) State whether any motion for testing under this section has been filed previously and the results of that motion, if known.
(2) Notice of the motion shall be served on the prosecuting attorney in the county of conviction and, if known, the governmental agency or laboratory holding the evidence sought to be tested. Responses, if any, shall be filed within sixty days of the date on which the prosecuting attorney is served with the motion, unless a continuance is granted for good cause.
(d) If the court finds evidence was subject to prior DNA or other forensic testing, by either the prosecution or defense, it shall order the party at whose request the testing was conducted to provide all parties and the court with access to the laboratory reports, underlying data, and laboratory notes prepared in connection with the DNA or other biological evidence testing.
(e) The court, in its discretion, may order a hearing on the
motion. The motion shall be heard by the judge who conducted the
trial or accepted the convicted person's plea, unless the presiding judge determines that judge is unavailable. Upon request of either party, the court may order, in the interest of justice, that the convicted person be present at the hearing of the motion.
(f) The court shall grant the motion for DNA testing if it determines all of the following have been established:
(1) The evidence to be tested is available and in a condition that would permit the DNA testing requested in the motion;
(2) The evidence to be tested has been subject to a chain of
custody sufficient to establish it has not been substituted, tampered with, replaced or altered in any material aspect;
(3) The identity of the perpetrator of the crime was, or should have been, a significant issue in the case;
(4) The convicted person has made a prima facie showing that the evidence sought for testing is material to the issue of the convicted person's identity as the perpetrator of or accomplice to, the crime, special circumstance, or enhancement allegation resulting in the conviction or sentence;
(5) The requested DNA testing results would raise a reasonable
probability that, in light of all the evidence, the convicted person's verdict or sentence would have been more favorable if DNA testing results had been available at the time of conviction. The court in its discretion may consider any evidence regardless of whether it was introduced at trial;
(6) The evidence sought for testing meets either of the following conditions:
(A) The evidence was not previously tested;
(B) The evidence was tested previously, but the requested DNA test would provide results that are reasonably more discriminating and probative of the identity of the perpetrator or accomplice or have a reasonable probability of contradicting prior test results;
(7) The testing requested employs a method generally accepted
within the relevant scientific community;
(8) The evidence or the presently desired method of testing DNA were not available to the defendant at the time of trial or a court has found ineffective assistance of counsel at the trial court level;
(9) The motion is not made solely for the purpose of delay.
(g) If the court grants the motion for DNA testing, the court
order shall identify the specific evidence to be tested and the DNA
technology to be used. Testing shall be conducted by a DNA forensic laboratory in this state.
(h) The result of any testing ordered under this section shall be fully disclosed to the person filing the motion and the prosecuting attorney. If requested by any party, the court shall order production of the underlying laboratory data and notes.
(i) If testing was requested by the state or the individual is an indigent, the cost of DNA testing shall be borne by the state.
(j) An order granting or denying a motion for DNA testing under this section is not to be appealable and is subject to review only through a petition for writ of mandamus or prohibition filed with the Supreme Court of Appeals by the person seeking DNA testing or the prosecuting attorney. The petition shall be filed within twenty days of the court's order granting or denying the motion for DNA testing. The court shall expedite its review of a petition for writ of mandamus or prohibition filed under this subsection.
(k) DNA testing ordered by the court pursuant to this section
shall be done as soon as practicable. However, if the court finds
that a miscarriage of justice will otherwise occur and that it is
necessary in the interests of justice to give priority to the DNA
testing, the court may require the DNA laboratory to give priority to the DNA testing ordered pursuant to this section over the laboratory's other pending casework.
(l) DNA profile information from biological samples taken from a convicted person pursuant to a motion for post-conviction DNA testing is exempt from any law requiring disclosure of information to the public.
(m) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the right to file a motion for post-conviction DNA testing provided by this section is absolute and may not be waived. This prohibition applies to, but is not limited to, a waiver that is given as part of an agreement resulting in a plea of guilty or nolo contendre.
Disclaimer: These codes may not be the most recent version. West Virginia may have more current or accurate information. We make no warranties or guarantees about the accuracy, completeness, or adequacy of the information contained on this site or the information linked to on the state site. Please check official sources.


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Historian Marcus Gottschalk will be give a discussion on why Las Vegas, from a commercial and cultural perspective, was the most important town in the American Southwest between 1858-1886.
The talk, sponsored by the End of the Trail chapter of the Santa Fe Trail Association, is at 1:30 p.m. Saturday in the Eldorado Community Center. Gottschalk, author of Pioneer Merchants of Las Vegas, will talk about the Plaza district and Railtown district pioneer merchants, such Miguel Antonio Otero, Charles Ilfeld and the Rosenwald brothers.
From the U.S. 285 exit off Interstate 25, go to the first entrance into the Eldorado subdivision and follow the road to the community center. For information, call George Donoho Bayless at 920-4123.


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Aug 31, 2011
The eternity of the element air. Soft and stylish, but the wind can erode even the hardest materials birth to distinctive forms known in the wild. Sleek and muscular Pagani Huayra merges past, present and future in a timeless interpretation of the art car.
The style of the car has been improved over the five years to find each line of the start and end. During this investigation, eight models created, and two models 1:01, each a little further development of the past in an endless quest to perfect the shape and refining of the substance.
Plants in the new unibody Huayra Pagani is a completely new carbontitanium. However, with the butterfly doors gash on the roof, the research has focused on achieving high levels of rigidity in the application of new advanced composite materials and technologies of the first test of the Zonda R. The fuel tank is located entirely within the protected zone of the monocoque, behind the driver, reinforced safety cell in different composite materials and ballistics. Front and rear sub-frame provides exceptional strength to weight CrMo to allow the suspension to work at its best, while incorporating an advanced crash structure absorbs energy, ready to protect occupants in the unlikely event of an impact .


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New Campaign Offers Consumers Exclusive Tiësto Content and Encourages Them to Capture Video of His Concerts Using Mobile Phones
Milpitas, Calif., July 20, 2010-SanDisk Corporation (NASDAQ: SNDK), the global leader in flash memory cards, today announced that it is partnering with Tiësto, the world's No.1 DJ, to create a crowd-sourced music video using mobile phone footage from concert audiences around the world1. Consumers who attend Tiësto concerts can contribute footage from the events, and customers who purchase specially marked SanDisk microSDHC™ cards can download exclusive tracks created by Tiësto for his "What's Next" virtual mix CD.
SanDisk will sponsor select Tiësto concerts throughout North America and Europe. During each event, the audience will be encouraged to record their concert experience using mobile phones while Tiësto performs a track from the exclusive mix offered to SanDisk customers. Concert-goers can upload their footage to www.wakeupyourphone.com/tiesto, and later Tiësto will select his favorite fan-generated clips for use in the track's official music video.
"Tiësto's concert audiences are going to help create a professional music video shot using mobile phones," said Bob O'Keefe, vice president, retail marketing, SanDisk. "Consumers are already taking mobile videos every day, and SanDisk is giving Tiësto's fans the opportunity to showcase the power of today's handsets."
Smartphones do more than place calls; they serve as mobile offices, music players, movie theaters, cameras and camcorders, GPS devices and gateways to the mobile Internet. These features produce large files that can quickly fill a phone's onboard storage capacity. SanDisk microSDHC cards provide consumers with maximum freedom and flexibility in how they create and distribute content, letting them enjoy their mobile phones without worrying about running out of storage.
"I love the way technology is evolving. It's amazing that SanDisk is the little memory card inside all of those phones and cameras every night," said Tiësto. "Everyone is a photographer and movie maker, and it's all happening in real time."
Download Exclusive Tiësto Content
SanDisk is also making available premium Tiësto content for download from www.wakeupyourphone.com/tiesto; Tiësto's "Whats Next" mix contains five exclusive tracks and an extended mix. SanDisk is offering the content without charge to all customers who purchase a specially marked SanDisk microSDHC card*. The cards are available now in Europe, and will be available in North America starting in the fall.
Record Tiësto's Performance at the Following SanDisk-Sponsored Concerts
|July 30
|Victoria Park
|July 31
|Dream (Tempelhof Fluhagen)
|Aug 21
|Open Air Venue
|Sep 3
|Sep 17
|Sep 21
|Scala Club
|Sep 23
|Queen Club
|Oct 1
|Abu Dhabi
|Yas Island
|Oct 30
|Los Angeles
|LA Convention Center
About SanDisk
SanDisk Corporation is the global leader in flash memory cards - from research, manufacturing and product design to consumer branding and retail distribution. SanDisk's product portfolio includes flash memory cards for mobile phones, digital cameras and camcorders; digital audio/video players; USB flash drives for consumers and the enterprise; embedded memory for mobile devices; and solid state drives for computers. SanDisk is a Silicon Valley-based S&P 500 company, with more than half its sales outside the United States.
1 Ranked #1 on DJList.com as of July 19, 2010; top-grossing DJ per Billboard mid-year 2010 Top 25 tour gross.
*Download content offer is available until 28/02/2011 in Europe and 03/31/2011 in North America.
SanDisk's product and executive images can be downloaded from
SanDisk's web site/home page address:
SanDisk and the SanDisk logo are trademarks of SanDisk Corporation, registered in the United States and other countries. Wake Up Your Phone is a trademark of SanDisk Corporation. microSDHC is a trademark of SD-3C LLC. Other brand names mentioned herein are for identification purposes only and may be the trademarks of their respective holder (s).
This press release contains certain forward-looking statements, including expectations for new applications, features, markets, promotions and customers that are based on our current expectations and involve numerous risks and uncertainties that may cause these forward-looking statements to be inaccurate. Risks that may cause these forward-looking statements to be inaccurate include among others: the market demand for our products may grow more slowly than our expectations or there may be a slower adoption rate for these products in new markets that we are targeting, our products may not perform as expected and the other risks detailed from time-to-time in our Securities and Exchange Commission filings and reports, including, but not limited to, our annual report on Form 10-K and our quarterly reports on Form 10-Q. We do not intend to update the information contained in this press release.
|Media Contact:
|Kate Sternberg
|Hill & Knowlton for SanDisk PR


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Here's a recipe for smoothie lovers & coffee lovers.
It's a great healthy breakfast by itself when you're pressed for time, serves as the perfect morning energizer or can be had just any time of the day.
2 bananas
1 cup coffee (I made it by boiling a cup of milk & adding 1/2 - 1 1/2 tsp coffee powder to it & chilling it well before making the smoothie but do adjust according to your taste.)
1 cup cold milk(this is in addition to the milk used to make the coffee)
2 Tbsp yogurt
3-4 drops vanilla essence
Sugar as needed
Combine the ingredients & blend until smooth.
Couldn't get any simpler than that now, could it?
This makes 2 servings.
Saturday, July 28, 2007
Banana Latte Smoothie
Cooked by TBC on Saturday, July 28, 2007
18 Burps:
- Asha said...
Coffee and banana is a unique combination and looks yum.Very creative ,thanks T:))
- July 29, 2007 at 8:33 AM
- SeeC said...
Though I dont take coffee this is really tempting.
May be I should try it !
Thanks for the lovely post.
- July 29, 2007 at 1:26 PM
- Roopa said...
Banana with coffee :) he he sounds great
- July 29, 2007 at 9:36 PM
- Laavanya said...
That's a very unusual combination.... how well do the bananas and coffee go together? I'm still trying to accept this combination I guess... :)
- July 29, 2007 at 11:03 PM
- Anita said...
Those Harry Potters? Ah to sit down with that smoooooothie and them books - beautiful Sunday!
And look at those recipes flow! Banana Nut Muffins are my son's favourite! The pictures are just fab, TBC!
- July 30, 2007 at 3:05 AM
- zlamushka said...
wow, this looks really cool. Coffee and bananas, great, reat combo. Did you make it up yourself? Nice, will sip that on my way to work instead....
- July 30, 2007 at 3:16 AM
- bee said...
OMG, j will love this. he's a coffee lover.
- July 30, 2007 at 9:58 AM
- TBC said...
Asha, thank you :-)
Seec, do try it, it was good!
Roopa, thanks for visiting!
They go together pretty well. Just don't add too much coffee powder while making the latte. Mine was a little bitter beacause I added 2 tsp . I then changed it in the recipe to 1 1/2 tsp. You could probably use just 1 tsp.
- July 30, 2007 at 3:17 PM
- TBC said...
Anita, you are really observant!
I borrowed the Harry Potters from my hubby for this pic. Boy, did he make a fuss or what!. He was scared that I would spill the smoothie over his precious books!Bah!Grrrrr!
- July 30, 2007 at 3:21 PM
- TBC said...
Welcome to my blog!
Yeah, I came up with it. I had 2 bananas begging to be used!
Do try it . You might want to adjust the amount of coffee in the latte though.
- July 30, 2007 at 3:27 PM
- TBC said...
Do try it out. My smooothie was just a tad bitter.I added too much coffee powder( and updated my post )as you can probably tell by the color.
- July 30, 2007 at 3:30 PM
- Kajal said...
Great combination my dear but you use milk with yogurt.....I try one day and taste it definitely. Looks great.:)
- August 2, 2007 at 6:24 AM
- TBC said...
You must try everything in life at least once, right???;-)
- August 2, 2007 at 10:56 AM
- Padma said...
I have couple of bananas in the rack...should try this soon before they turn brown
- August 10, 2007 at 2:59 PM
- TBC said...
Padma, do try it & lemme know!
- August 10, 2007 at 10:06 PM
- Latha Narasimhan said...
Must be a tasty smoothie! I love both coffee and bananas . so I'll try small amount first.
- August 23, 2007 at 7:04 AM
- TBC said...
Latha, I actually liked the taste... I know there are people who don't care for coffee & bananas in the same thing:-)
- August 24, 2007 at 10:47 AM
- Shab.. said...
wooowww....what a fantastic pic....the pic loooks really yummy, shud give it a definite try!looks like a chocolate smoothie...yum yum...
- June 26, 2008 at 9:36 AM


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Have more time than money, but want to beef up a backlink profile? It can be done. Link building, even if it's on a small budget, will help your site become far more resistant over time to algorithm changes and diversify your traffic sources to increase rankings and traffic.
Before we jump in, it's important to note that every campaign, niche, and website is different (not to mention the skills and capabilities of the person doing the work). The following four strategies tend to work globally. You'll obviously need to adjust your strategy to your core strengths and adjust to what's working best.
1. Directories
Before people get up in arms about directories let's be clear: I'm not referring to submitting your site to 200 directories (but it's only $19.99 right?). What I'm referring to is making sure you are included in a handful of quality, general directories and finding the key niche directories and getting included in those.
See "Major Search Engines and Directories" for a shortlist of general directories I tend to like. Only DMOZ is free in this list however but I promise, this is the only section of link building that will require any budget at all (which is why the title includes "on a budget" and not "free").
You'll want to build a complete list of all the directories you're considering, look at the budget you have available and allocate that by maximum benefit to you. If you pay-as-you go you'll have to stop when the budget does and may miss out on some great opportunities.
Finding Niche Directories
How do you find the best niche directories? There are a couple of quick-and-easy techniques I like to use. It will be helpful if you've installed SEOQuake.
Using the example of a real estate agent, here's how to find some decent directories:
- Search "real estate agents" on Google.
- Change your search settings to display 100 results (you can also simply add "&num=100" after the query in your address bar and, provided that you've turned off Instant predictions, you'll get 100 results).
- Use your browser "Find" function and search for the word "directory". This will take you one-by-one through all the directories that made it into Google's top 100 ordered by rank.
- If you'd like to re-order them by PageRank (or links, or indexed pages, etc.) you can simply click the question mark in the SEO Quake bar next to the metric you want, wait until the data is loaded, and reorder using the arrows.
- You'll want to visit each site and record the URL and any important points (cost, for example). Only add sites you'd want to be listed on. This isn't just about PageRank and links for search, look at the site and decide if it's actually a resource that real people would use, or just another abandoned directory, and only add those that you feel genuinely good about being associated with.
- Once that's done you can change the query to get different results. I like to start with fairly generic terms and look for directories that rank for them but at time may have to fall back on queries like "real estate directory".
- Once you've compiled your full list, look at your budget and allocate that for the best bang-for-your-buck. My general criteria when I have more possibilities than funds is to determine which stands the highest likelihood of driving real traffic (perhaps based on rankings for the generic terms) and prioritize those. The end goal of all this is traffic, so if you can get that directly, that's a win across the board and how can Google not approve of a link that is so relevant that it sends visitors.
Now you've got your directories in place but as I always say about links, "Diversity is security." So let's look at some additional methods for link building.
From this point forward we'll try to keep it free, but I should note, you may stumble on paid opportunities in the process (I don't mean paid links here, I mean opportunities that may require fees for processing, review or consideration). But we'll get to that shortly.
2. Lists
Getting your company included in top lists can be great for both link building and reputation/authority. There are three benefits to getting included on a list, but we'll get to those after covering the "how to find them".
Fortunately, most lists are easy to find and it becomes increasingly simply if they are annually or monthly produced. The perk to regularly updated lists is that you don't have to go begging to be included in one the writer may have written long ago and since forgotten about.
I'm not going to get into the methods involved in requesting being added to a pre-existing list save to say, it's an uphill battle and you need to make a case for yourself or look for something you can offer, even if it's just a note that some of the links are broken (a great opening).
Here's a simply way to find regularly produced lists:
- Search "real estate agents" adding words like "top", "best" and "list". This will give you an array of lists that may be either dated or one-offs. If you add the word "apply" to the query (or "submit", etc.) you will have a far higher likelihood of finding lists for which you can submit your company for inclusion. You'll want to play with the wording and with quotes. For example, I quickly had success with the following (quotes included with query): "best real estate agents" apply
- As with directories, some may require a payment to cover the time to review your application (this is what I was talking about above ñ there *may* be additional fees you can incur but many opportunities are free in this category). The #1 result for example has a $40 review fee, and may or may not be included. The winning sites are listed on The Wall Street Journal so provided that you feel confident that your site is up to par, it would be worth the review fee. You will want to look at previous winners to see how your company stacks up.
- Also similar to directories, you'll want to build a complete list of all the sites you can apply for inclusion with. If some require application fees you'll again want to get a thorough list of all of them to make your decision regarding where to put any budget you may have to spend, remembering that they are not guaranteed ñ the fees are simply for a review.
In some cases it won't be a matter of being able to apply. Often people simply generate lists based on what they read or reference (a top blog list for example). In this case the only route to go is to engage the publisher in advance. That means following them on social media, commenting on their blog posts (when applicable) and generally being a good visitor/contributor.
To raise awareness of your resource (now that you're working on authority in the communications) you may want to blog or write content addressing areas they are interested in and writing about. Including a brief email or comment such as:
"I read your article on xyz. A great piece and I loved your point about abc (always good to give an example to show you actually are reading and engaged). I noticed that you didn't mention (insert an area that didn't get covered) and was inspired to write about it on our blog and referenced you're article as recommended reading as it makes mine complete. I posted it at (insert URL). I'd love your feedback if you have time."
Essentially you want to raise awareness of your resources and authority. Provide this consistently and you'll stand a much better chance of making the list. Best of all, it costs time not money.
3. Ego Baiting
Speaking of lists, making Inc's Top 10 Influential Business Books of All Time is a favorite of mine, Dale Carnegie's "How to Win Friends and Influence People". If you haven't read it, it's a good and an easy read with some great advice, but that's not the purpose of me mentioning it. In the book he points out that business is essentially about making people like you and this carries over into link building.
Here are the six ways he lists to make people like you:
- Become genuinely interested in other people
- Smile
- Remember that a person's name is to that person the sweetest and most important sound in any language
- Be a good listener. Encourage others to talk about themselves
- Talk in terms of the other person's interests
- Make the other person feel important – and do it sincerely
Specifically worthwhile of note in this section on ego baiting are points 3, 4, 5 and especially 6.
The best part of ego baiting is that it works even when the person knows what you're doing. I get requests for interviews or guest blog posts and I know that the company simply wants me to push that interview out socially or mention it in our blog. Do I do it? Yes. Why? Because I'm a rather big fan of Me and I can guarantee you're a fan of You and the people you engage… they like themselves too.
Of all the methods, this one is probably the easiest. The steps are:
- Find key influencers in your sector who could add helpful content to your site
- Engage with them socially or via email and invite them to either write some helpful content on an area of interest to your visitors that you don't' cover yourself (an interview or guest blog post works in a pinch and are easy to convince people to do)
- Publish said content on your site
- Ask them to push it out socially (as will you) or write a piece about it on their blog or simply reference it from a different post they've written (for example, if you've asked for an elaboration on a point they have previously discussed)
The best part of ego baiting is that the worst case scenario is that you don't get links or direct traffic but that you've added great content to your site with generally less work that it would take to write it yourself. But it's rare for that to be the only benefit.
As an aside, if they are well-known in the industry you'll want to be sure to use the rel="author" tag and invite them to add your site to their Contributor list. Now their picture will show up (hopefully) and improve clickthroughs as well as associating your site with quality authors. Some will argue the benefits of this but in the end, it's not going to hurt so why not?
4. Create Good Content
It's a crazy notion but one of the best link building strategies is to create quality content that people want to link to.
What we need to be aware of is that people aren't going to link to your homepage as reliably as they will to content they find helpful or that they feel will be helpful to their readers. The key then is determining what type of content to write.
While the content type varies widely from industry to industry, there are a couple key universal factors that have to be dealt with. So let's look at what they are so you can head out and start creating it:
Good Content Answers a Question
Great link bait content answers a need for information. Am I prone to link to an article in our blog that simply promotes a service? Sometimes, but not often.
The most linked-to content helps users find information. So answer the question in your industry.
You can either use your favorite keyword tools to find phrases that include words like "how to" or "what does" or draw from your client emails or questions posed in social media (not including the litany of "Want to get 70 genuine Facebook Likes free?" you likely see).
If you're answering questions well, people will use it as a reference point as it's easier to link to something than explain it.
Target Non-Competitive Information
In this instance I'm not referring to targeting phrases that are high competition (though you may want to take that into account as well). What I'm referring to creating content that, if shared, will not give the person shared with access to information that the sharer would rather they didn't know.
For example, if I stumbled on a little known blog post that gave insight into an area of SEO that few knew would I share it? Likely the answer is "no" not because I'm a jerk but because I wouldn't be serving my client or myself well by enabling other SEOs to have access to something that may give me a competitive advantage. Would I share a piece that I believe properly explained the latest Google algorithm update? In this case, yes. It would save me time explaining it to people who ask and is information that my competition likely has already.
As link bait, we need to keep things to easily shareable content that doesn't make a person question whether they want others to have access to that information.
With this in mind you'll want to look at the sites that already provide answers to these questions and make sure you answer them better or in a more appealing format. Once done, you will simply push it out via social media, optimize it for question-based phrases and, if applicable, reference it in locations where a discussion about the topic is being done.
There's nothing wrong with answering a question and including a link to a well-written and on-point document provided that it adds genuine value to the conversation. A few well written sentences answering a question with a link to your detailed content adds value for the visitor and to the website itself.
Now Get Going…
And now it's time to get going. If all of these methods don't apply, take from them what you feel will help you in other areas. They key is to keep flexible, keep adding value, and keep authorities engaged.
If one strategy isn't working, think about why and if you can't adjust it, move on. You want to make sure you're constantly looking at 3 or 4 link strategies as (again) Diversity Is Security.
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