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Journal of the South African Institution of Civil Engineering
versão On-line ISSN 2309-8775
versão impressa ISSN 1021-2019
J. S. Afr. Inst. Civ. Eng. vol.54 no.2 Midrand Jan. 2012
Coastal defences on the KwaZulu-Natal coast of South Africa: a review with particular reference to geotextiles
S Corbella; D D Stretch
Modern coastal defences have to satisfy economic, environmental and sustainability criteria. The balancing of these criteria can make the implementation of coastal defences socially, environmentally and politically complicated. Durban's local authority, the eThekwini Municipality, has had experience with numerous forms of coastal defences in its attempts to balance the operations of a port and associated beach erosion problems. In March 2007 the KwaZulu-Natal coastline suffered severe damage from an extreme storm event which necessitated the installation of additional coastal defences. This paper evaluates Durban's experiences of coastal defences, and details the successes and failures to provide practical insight to those faced with similar circumstances or considering the implementation of coastal defences.
Key words: coastal defences, geotextiles, groynes, beach nourishment, KwaZulu-Natal coast
The implementation of coastal defences has historically been dependent on the value of the hinterland and the nature of the coastline. In addition, environmental and sustainability considerations have become more prevalent in the implementation of coastal defences and are often the governing factors when determining an appropriate defence (Zanuttigh et al 2005; Airoldi et al 2005; Moschella et al 2005). Consideration of these three factors often leaves municipalities and coastal engineers struggling to find a solution that optimally satisfies all the requirements.
Durban is an important port city located on the east coast of South Africa (Figure 1). The local government was faced with a challenge concerning coastal defences when an extreme event in March 2007 devastated the KwaZulu-Natal coastline. This paper reviews the defences implemented before, during and after the event and identifies their successes and failures. The description of these successes and failures is intended to aid authorities and interested and affected parties to make insightful decisions when undertaking a coastal defence. The review also identifies the importance of monitoring with respect to coastal management. Durban's beach profiles have been recorded since 1973 and have played an integral part in the municipality's coastal management.
Gilbert and Vellinga (1990) identified five alternative ways to mitigate the damage of coastal storms, namely accommodation, protection, beach nourishment, retreat and the do-nothing alternative. These solutions can be further divided into two major categories of "hard" and "soft" engineering solutions. Hard solutions typically result in permanent structures that have continual effects on the environment. Soft solutions are the environmentally preferred options and do not involve permanent structures. Durgappa (2008) defined groynes, breakwaters, seawalls, revetment, etc, as hard solutions, and only beach nourishment as a soft solution. We suggest that the soft category should include accommodation, retreat and the use of geotextile sand-filled containers (GSC). Although soft solutions are always a priority they are often difficult to implement effectively. Accommodation is essentially part of a management or planning programme to reduce risk; an example being the establishment of setback lines or designing structures to accommodate occasional flooding. Retreat is the relocation of existing structures to a less vulnerable area, and is often seen as a last resort because of its socio-economic complications (French 2001).
While the eThekwini Municipality (Durban's local government authority) did implement retreat and the do-nothing approach in the aftermath of the March 2007 event, the experiences from these solutions were trivial and did not warrant inclusion in this review. Minor public-owned structure were relocated outside of vulnerable zones following their failure, without any public objections. Private properties were not protected with public funds and many of them recovered naturally. Setback lines were successful in mitigating damage during the March 2007 event and are considered an essential part of coastal planning. This review is limited to physical defences and precludes setback lines.
The review aims to compare Durban's coastal defence experiences with international experiences in an attempt to highlight and recommend successful practices. The review commences with a brief history of Durban's beach protection and then describes Durban's coastal defence experiences with respect to: groynes, beach nourishment, loffelstein walls, geotextile sand-filled containers, geotextile tubes and geotextile wraps. The conclusion recommends coastal defences based on the Durban experience.
Durban's history of beach protection has largely revolved around efforts to effectively operate a port. There is evidence of the beaches being stable for a period of almost 100 years prior to the commencement of harbour works (Kinmont 1954; CSIR 1976).
In 1857 construction began on the north and south breakwaters of the harbour. It soon became necessary to deepen the channel to cater for vessels with larger draughts, and dredging operations commenced in 1895. Dredging operations intensified from 1897 onwards and this marked the onset of erosion (Kinmont 1954). The channel dredging remained at approximately 650 000 m3/year, which was about equal to the longshore drift estimated at that time, meaning no sand was reaching the beaches north of the harbour.
In response to the beach erosion the eThekwini Municipality started pumping sediment as beach nourishment to the south and central beaches in 1935 (Barnett 1999). What followed were a series of different schemes implemented to discharge dredged material to the beaches. These schemes included a failed fixed bypass scheme attempted between 1950 and 1953.
The so-called Paterson Groynes were built between 1954 and 1956. These two groynes were constructed to stabilise the central beaches in light of the fact that maintenance dredging was not providing the required quantities. The groynes did little to alleviate the problem.
Further effort was made to mitigate beach erosion in 1966 when construction of the underwater mound commenced. It was aimed at protecting the central and northern beaches against storm waves. The mound was never completed to its design height (Barnett 1999), and in 1977 the CSIR found it more beneficial to pump the sand available for the mound directly to the beaches.
The long-standing sediment supply problem was eventually solved by the sand bypass scheme, completed in 1982, and the new groynes were completed in 1985. These groynes, called the Bay of Plenty and North Beach Piers (Figure 2), replaced the Paterson Groynes. In 1989 a third groyne, the Dairy Beach Pier (Figure 2), was constructed (Mather et al 2003). The sand bypass scheme consisted of a concrete hopper and a series of four booster stations, each approximately 700 m apart and connected with a 400 mm diameter high-density polyethylene pipe. The hoppers could receive 5 000 m3 of fluidised sand. This sand would then be re-dredged by a fluidising and pumping mechanism at the hopper station and could then be pumped to various outlets between Vetch's (Figure 1) and Bay of Plenty beach, totalling approximately 3.5 km.
The widening of the Durban harbour in 2007 necessitated the demolition of the hopper station. A new design has been completed and the scheme is due to be operational by 2013. Until such time there is a temporary scheme, consisting of a bund in the northern breakwater and operating similarly to the original scheme.
Table 1 provides an inventory of all the physical defences that have been installed in the eThekwini Municipality, and shows the date of installation, the length of coast defended and comments on the performance of these defences. The length of the defence is only an estimation and does not include ad hoc defences that have been installed by private home owners. The eThekwini coastline is approximately 100 km and it is estimated that 11% of it is defended. Almost 90% of these defences are made up of rock revetments, loffelstein walls and geotextile sand bags. The bulk of the defences are loffelstein walls, which were installed in the Bluff, Umdloti and Umhlanga Rocks in the 1980s. These retaining walls make up 34% of all eThekwini's coastal defences. The oldest form of coastal defence is rock revetments. Almost the entire stretch of Durban's central beaches is protected by rock revetments. The rock that was installed in the 1900s is now permanently covered by sand, but makes up 29% of eThekwini's coastal defences. The first geotextile sand bags were installed in 2007, but they already make up 24% of the eThekwini coastal defences.
The March 2007 storm event refers to the storm's climax on the 19th and 20th of March 2007. Approximately 350 km of the KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) coastline was subjected to severe erosion (Breetzke et al 2008).
An extreme high tide cycle of 18.6 years and an offshore storm coincided to produce wave heights of up to 8.5 m. The combination of equinox tide level and peak storm-wave setup resulted in a water level of almost 2.7 m above chart datum (Phelps et al 2009).
What followed were a multitude of coastal defences, many implemented under emergency conditions. The remainder of this paper reviews the successes and failures of defences before and after the 2007 event.
Groynes are shoreline stabilisation structures that retard the natural flow of sediment causing accretion. They are constructed perpendicularly to the shoreline and are designed to provide a minimum beach width. Durban's groyne field was constructed between 1985 and 1989 (Figure 2). This groyne field, in conjunction with the sand bypass scheme, has been successfully maintaining a stable beach over their existence. The groynes are semi-permeable rock groynes, making the beach width dependent on the rock elevation. The rock levels are monitored annually by the eThekwini Municipality and were adjusted to their design levels in 2009 with a combination of rock and geotextile sand bags.
The piers are constructed on precast friction piles, so the elevation of the sand determines the stability of the structure. The dynamic environment necessitates monitoring, and scour levels around the piles are determined every six months.
Corrosion of reinforcing steel is a major concern for all coastal structures. Although the groynes are still in relatively good condition it is worth noting corrosion observations.
When the Bay of Plenty and North Beach Groynes were constructed in 1985 the handrail posts were reinforced with ordinary high-tensile steel bars with a concrete cover of 50 mm (a minimum cover of 25 mm was specified). The Dairy Beach Groyne was constructed four years later in 1989 with handrail posts consisting of hot-dipped galvanised high-tensile steel reinforcing bars, but with only 25 mm concrete cover. By 2010 all of the Dairy Beach handrail posts had to be replaced with polymer concrete posts as a result of severe concrete spalling. The superstructures and piles of all three piers were constructed similarly, but the galvanised Dairy Beach Pier was in a far superior condition than the two older groynes. The fact that the steel in the handrail posts was galvanised, had less concrete cover and was installed more recently implies that concrete cover cannot be neglected because the reinforcing is galvanised. A 20 mm concrete cover is inadequate to protect a galvanised bar under highly corrosive conditions (Yeomans 2004), and SANS 10100-2:1992 specifies 60 mm concrete cover in extreme environments for normal density concrete. The eThekwini Municipality Coastal Department use galvanised steel in all their coastal structures with a minimum cover of 60 mm.
Groynes are an expensive investment and are often difficult to construct. They also have the potential to intensify erosion if not designed correctly. This was the case in 1936 when a loose stone groyne was constructed.
It accentuated erosion on either side of the groyne, so it had to be removed (Kinmont 1954). A strong rip current is often induced by a groyne, which can be precarious to bathers and requires the presence of life guards. Their effective and safe functionality necessitates a fair amount of monitoring, and consequentially requires a good management structure.
The groyne field did not prevent the 2007 event from overtopping the promenade and damaging the adjacent commercial node. The wave heights also exceeded the soffit of the deck and broke numerous precast concrete slabs. With such an extreme event it is not expected that the groynes will completely prevent damage, but they did minimise the impacts by providing a beach buffer between the promenade and the ocean.
In Durban's case the groynes have been worth the expense and effort, providing not only stable beaches but a recreational attraction to the public. The groynes are currently exceeding their 20 year design life and, other than some minor concrete spalling, are still in a safe operating condition.
Beach nourishment is the supply of sand to beaches usually from offshore dredging and is an environmentally preferred method of shore protection (Belkessa et al 2008). This technique is used worldwide usually in combination with a shoreline stabilisation technique. Europe has adopted beach nourishment as central to its soft engineering strategy (Hamm et al 2002; Hanson et al 2002). The additional sediment on the beach essentially shifts the wave run-up further away from inland infrastructure, creating a buffer.
To protect dunes from erosion the dry beach has to be flat and wide enough to approximate to the Bruun-type equilibrium profile at the raised water level (Dette & Raudkivi 2002). This profile shape, and thus a nourishment volume, are difficult to estimate. The so-called equilibrium profile develops from predominant wave action, so a storm profile will be different from a calm weather profile. This is also true when widening a beach, as the wave conditions may change seaward. A way of avoiding this is to base the nourished profile on a desired historic profile. This in itself is erroneous since a beach that is being nourished is typically eroding and therefore is not at an equilibrium profile. A numerical beach response model is usually used to predict changes in the nourished profile. When attempting to reclaim beach for recreational purposes the inability to predict a fill volume can result in a failed project. The recently acquired dry beach can adjust under wave action and return the dry beach width to the pre-nourishment dry width. Although the sand is not lost, but simply moved to an unstable portion in the lower profile, the nourishment in terms of reclaiming recreational beach would have failed. The existence of a good and substantial beach profile record is needed to perform a suitable nourishment design.
Compared to other coastal protection, nourishment is cheaper, but it is still very expensive to not see a visible result. Taxpayers are often happier knowing that their contribution is in a visible seawall as opposed to thousands of cubic metres of sand sitting just offshore. It is therefore extremely important to not undernourish a beach.
The 2007 storm event had left the beaches in a similar state as in 1982, but the hopper was no longer available to replenish the starved beaches. The issue was intensified by the looming 2010 World Cup and prompted the city engineers to initiate a beach nourishment project where offshore sediment would be dredged and pumped ashore.
A 900 mm diameter pipe was laid 1.4 km from the north breakwater of the harbour to Addington beach (Figure 3). An offshore borrow site that had previously been used to reclaim Berths D to G within the harbour was used. The site was surveyed and sediments sampled to ensure that the grading was suitable. Sediment grading is important, as fines produce plumes and increase the sediment's erosion susceptibility. At the same time the sediment cannot be too coarse as traversing the beach can become an uncomfortable barefoot experience. A good way of determining a suitable grading is to compare the grading of a popular and stable recreation beach with that of the borrow site. It was found that the borrow site was slightly coarser (a mean of 304 urn) than the destinations, Vetch's and Addington Beach (Figure 1). The project was undertaken in two phases, the first in 2009 and the second in 2010, each phase contributing approximately 250 000 m3 of sediment to the beaches.
A project of such a nature is technically trivial, but management intensive. The dredger is chartered on an hourly rate, so the more sand that is pumped the smaller the cubic metre cost. At the time the dredger's standby rate was R36 000 an hour, necessitating that no delays were incurred at the discharge pipe. The success of the project was largely indicative of good project management.
The project was successful as it introduced new high-quality course sediment (about 500 000 m3) into the system, aiding a correction in the sediment budget. The project was unfortunately not a complete success. The importance of creating a suitable beach profile was neglected in the first phase of pumping, largely due to time constraints. The resulting profile was quickly corrected to an equilibrium profile which produced unexpected earthworks costs to counteract the 3 m scarp that had formed. The borrow site was originally surveyed with a single scan sonar, as a higher-resolution multi-beam was considered an unnecessary expense since the site had been dredged extensively in the past. The initial dredging phase was without incident, except dredging of small ammunitions. The second dredging phase saw the dredging of steel elements (Figure 4) resulting in the cracking of the dredger impeller.
The cracking of the impeller was a major setback in the project and resulted in a large insurance claim. In hindsight an expensive multi-beam survey may have been more economical should the insurance not have covered the delays.
Retaining walls in the coastal context are different from seawalls. In Durban a large number of dry-stacking, interlocking retaining walls have been used inappropriately or have developed into an inappropriate situation as a result of chronic erosion. Although there are various types of dry-stacking interlocking walls, Durban's coastal retention structures are loffelstein walls. Water-loffel is a variation of loffelstein, having interlocking wings. They are commonly used for hydraulic applications and had been extensively used as seawalls at Brighton Beach, Umhlanga and Umdloti. Seawalls are the most common form of coastal defence and the physical barrier between the land and sea is often considered most desirable by residents (French 2001). Unfortunately they can create a static coast and are one of the least environmentally acceptable solutions. Loffelstein walls are essentially coastal retention structures that are constructed at the backshore and are not intended to withstand direct wave action. Unfortunately, due to chronic erosion, the walls at Umhlanga and Umdloti are exposed to wave attack fairly regularly. Although in these situations a more substantial defence, such as the fibre-glass sheet piles at Ansteys Beach, is preferable, the loffelstein walls have performed relatively well.
A large portion of these walls failed during the 2007 event. The failures were a result of water down-rush, and overtopping washing sediment out from behind the walls. This combination of sediment loss caused the walls to collapse (Figure 5). This failure mechanism highlights the need to have substantial drainage and filtration behind the walls. A geotextile filter layer ensures that water can drain from behind the wall while the filter retains the sediment. Some of the walls that had a geotextile filter parallel to the wall still failed, while none of the walls that had a filter parallel and perpendicular to the wall failed. It is felt that these perpendicular geotextile tiebacks (Figure 6) limit the likelihood of sediment escaping through gaps in the parallel filter. This was the only failure mechanism experienced during the event, as none of the walls were undermined. This was a consequence of the walls being either founded on rock or on a bed of gabion mattresses below the lowest scour profile.
Although loffelstein walls are not a favourable solution, the majority of the loffels that failed during the event were reinstated. Only certain sections of the walls had failed and it was more economical to retain a continuous loffel wall. Where walls were severely damaged they were replaced with geotextile sand bags.
The use of GSCs was initiated in the USA, the Netherlands and in Germany more than 50 years ago (Saathoff et al 2007). GSCs have become increasingly popular because of their multitude of applications, as well as their environmental benefits. GSCs are often spoken of as a soft engineering solution. This is not entirely correct because a soft solution is one that does not impede the natural morphology of the coast. The GSCs prevent erosion, so can develop a static shoreline. They are considered a soft solution because, if an unforeseen environmental impact ensues, they can easily be sliced open and removed, spilling sand back onto the beach.
Allan & Komar (2002) observed the effectiveness of an artificial dune for shore protection by surveying a dune constructed with sand-filled geotextile bags covered by loose sand and dune vegetation from 1999 to 2002.
They reported that the dune survived fairly extreme conditions, which included overtopping, but noted that it was still to be seen if it would cope with the more severe storms.
Heerten et al (2008) did extensive research into the effectiveness of GSCs to mitigate coastal erosion. They described the successful use of GSCs on the island Sylt in Germany where geotextile cushions were covered with sand and sand trap fences. The geotextile was exposed after the second largest storm surge, yet it had prevented a 2.5 m above normal water level and waves exceeding 5 m from eroding the dune.
Recio & Oumeraci (2008) also did extensive research on geotextile bags. Through rigorous model testing they were able to consider all the forces acting on the containers, as well as the effects of container deformation. The impact of wave action and submergence causes sand to be moved inside the bag from the back to the exposed face. This movement has two negative effects. It decreases the contact area between bags, thus reducing the friction forces, and it increases the surface area in the front of the bag, making it more susceptible to drag forces.
GSCs are a relatively new technology and have only recently found application in South Africa. Their advantages include being cost effective and easily transported, which make them ideal for emergency work. The geotextile can be easily cut and removed if required, but at the same time permanent containers are susceptible to vandalism. This issue has been combatted by a composite vandal-deterrent geotextile which traps 3 kg of sand per square metre within the geotextile. Although this significantly increases the resilience and durability of the container (Saathoff et al 2007) it has little effect on the penetration of a knife. GSCs used to protect dunes should always be covered with sand and vegetated to protect them from vandals and to restore a natural appearance to the coastline. Vegetation has the advantage of mitigating blown sediment and stabilising backshore morphology (Udo et al 2002).
Based on the documented success of GSCs in Australia (Restall et al 2002; Saathoff et al 2007), the municipality decided to pursue their installation as an emergency and permanent measure. The use of GSCs or geotextile sand bags became the eThekwini Municipality's favoured form of sea defence after the 2007 event. Their extensive use and associated experience warrant an extended section dedicated to their application.
Kaytech Engineered Fabrics was approached to manufacture and supply the GSCs. The bag dimensions were initially 2 x 2.5 x 0.5 m which resulted in a fill-weight of approximately 4 tons. These dimensions were based on a geotextile container of 2.6 x 1.9 x 0.58 m used in Australia (Hornsey et al 2011). After the emergency production of bags had subsided Kaytech refined their manufacture and optimised the bag size to 2.1 x 1.8 x 0.55 m. The bags consist of a double layer, an inner geotextile and an outer UV-stabilised staple filament polypropylene. The two fabrics are bonded together and stitched into a bag. The bag contains two chutes that can be extended from the bag creating a conduit to convey sand into the bag. Since the pioneering of the first bags numerous manufacturers have entered the market.
The filling of the bags required a steel frame (Figure 7). The manufacture of this frame should be governed by the geometry and layout of the bag. This proved to be an issue, as new bag manufacturers entered the market and the manufacture of the bag evolved. When the bag's chute diameter varied the frame's funnel diameter remained constant, and this necessitated the removal of some stitching to allow installation of the bag into the frame. This is problematic as the stitching has a tendency to run, potentially causing the bag to pull open.
The stitching of the bags is done in the factory by sewing machines and the seam forms 80% of the bag material strength. The chutes, however, have to be sealed on site and this is done by hand-stitching with nylon string. This stitch is therefore the weakest part of the bag and has been mitigated by placing the bags with the hand-stitched portion facing landwards. Supervision and quality control of the hand-stitching is essential, as labour has a tendency to fluctuate quality, which may lead to the leaking of sand. A manufacturing technique which has proved to successfully increase quality is the prepunching of holes. This means the spacing of hand-stitches is pre-defined and so ensures more consistency with regard to the quality of stitching. All that still has to be ensured then is that the nylon is knotted correctly. A handheld sewing machine was initially used to stitch the bags, but was abandoned during the emergency work following associated installation delays. The reintroduction of the sewing machine has not been supported, due to cost implications, as well as there being no present evidence of the adverse effects of hand-stitching.
The bags were originally filled to 80% of their capacity (based on the German construction technique (Oumeraci et al 2003)), ensuring that the sand is sufficiently compacted by flooding with water. If the bags are filled any more it becomes difficult to stitch them closed, jeopardising the quality of the stitch. Overfilling the bags also causes rounding. Since some of the bag's stability is determined by its mass and friction, it was hypothesised that the more rounded it is the less contact each bag would have with the surrounding bags, lowering the stability. Not filling the bags to capacity allows them to be levelled for the next bag layer, as well as providing a large contact area. It must be noted that the findings of Hornsey et al (2011) contradict this theory, showing that the Australian practice of filling bags to capacity is more stable.
In certain circumstances there may be uncertainty as to where the lowest scour level is or additional confidence is required in minimising the undermining risk. This was accommodated by providing a Dutch toe (self-healing toe). A Dutch toe is a row of bags in front of the wall's toe and tied back into the bottom bags. The theory is that, as the beach profile approaches the founding level of the bag wall, the Dutch toe will settle giving the structure an additional 2 m (length of one bag) scour resistance.
The slope of the bag-protected dune is still debated, with engineers designing slopes from 30° to 45°. The stability of the bag wall is dependent on the friction forces that develop between the bags, which is a function of their roughness, the net normal force (weight above the contact area) and the contact area. Recio & Oumeraci (2008) identified, from flume tests, that the friction between containers affects the hydraulic stability much more than assumed in past and present literature. In order for the bags to be stable this frictional force must be equal to or greater than the active soil force behind the bags (Figure 8). Therefore, although the friction increases as the bag wall approaches the vertical, so does the active soil pressure. A balance of these two forces was used to calculate an optimum bag slope. Figure 9 shows the number of stable bags through a range of slopes. The calculation includes a safety factor used on the soil properties. For comparativeness, results shown ignore cohesion, place the water table below the bag wall, and use a constant soil weight of 18 kN/m3 and a friction angle of 30°. Active pressures were calculated using Coulomb's active earth pressure coefficient. The bag dimensions and weight are as previously stated.
Figure 9 illustrates that the angle range of 18° - 26° can retain the most soil - the flatter the slope of the wall, the less the wave loading, but the greater the wave run-up. This simple calculation does not consider the hydraulic stability of the bags, and because the sand is displaced to the bags' front face by the lifting and dropping of the exposed portion, it is thought that the less bag length that can be lifted the more stable the bags would be. It is felt that the increased restriction of this movement is what makes the bags more stable at steeper slopes (Hornsey et al 2011) and not the increased friction.
The bags are prone to vandalism and degradation by ultraviolet radiation. They also look untidy once people have traversed them and they have been subject to wave action. The bags should therefore be covered with sand and vegetated. Since beach sand generally cannot maintain a slope greater than 30° it also dictates that the bags should follow a similar slope. The ground conditions, space restrictions and retained height all influence the bag wall slope, and therefore a standard orientation cannot be specified. Each situation should be considered independently.
Geotextile sand bag performance
The bags endured their first substantial test on 26 July 2011 from a significant wave height of 5 m, and all the issues identified in the literature were realised. Vandalised bags leaked sand and created weak spots in the walls. The lower layers of bags shifted forward making the lower wall face steeper. This appears to be the combination of three factors: the bags not being filled sufficiently, the bags leaking sand and the bags' geotextile elongation. All these factors enable the sand to move to the bag's exposed face, lowering the friction forces and increasing the drag forces. In an extreme case a bag was completely removed from the lower portion of a wall (Figure 10). We propose that our local bags need some refinement in terms of elongation and that stringent quality controls are required during installation. The significance of bag deformation is perhaps more evidence that the Australian method of filling the bags to capacity and using a 45° slope is more appropriate.
Geotextile tubes have been used all over the world and have been particularly successful in the construction of artificial reefs. The geotextile tube was experimented with, as it was potentially faster, cheaper and more structurally sound than using geotextile sand bags. The theory was that the 1.4 m diameter by 25 m tube could be laid in position and then pumped full of sand (Figure 11). This, however, was not as simple in practice.
Pumping slurry into the tube caused air to be trapped in the tube which had limited venting points. The slurry was also pumped at a ratio of about 30% sand to 70% water. The geotextile drained slowly, causing the tube to fill with water and air faster than it could expel them, resulting in the slurry discharge pipe being forced out the tube inlet. This issue was overcome by having scuba divers inside the tube directing the pump discharge. The tube also had to be braced every 5 m.
The tube was successfully installed and has been in place for almost four years without any issues. Structurally the tube is more stable than individual bags, as it is continuous, weighs more and only has one piece of hand stitching. The tube has the added advantage of being able to be placed and filled in the water. With all the complications associated with the tube it ended up costing twice as much as installing the geotextile sand bags. Although it was discontinued due to its difficult installation and associated costs, its use has been successful in other applications (Cantre 2002; Shin & Oh 2007; Alvarez et al 2007). We propose that similar success is possible if more appropriate equipment is used.
The geotextile wrap was used as an alternative to the geotextile sand bags where access was limited, and has proved to be a reliable alternative (Yasuhara & Recio-Molina 2007). A 5.3 m by 25 m geotextile fabric was used to create an in-situ sand bag or tube. The geotextile is laid flat, half is topped with sand and the other half is then folded over and stitched on the landward side. This method allows all the work to be done by hand. If the wrap will not be exposed (always to be covered by sand or by geotextile bags) bidim may be used. If the bidim will be exposed to sunlight and wave action it should be replaced with 1200 g/m2 ultraviolet-treated (UV) geocontainer fabric, as the bidim is not UV-protected and pulls apart under wave attack. The long continuous hand-stitching is the main weakness of the wraps, but also makes the installation cost effective and has become increasingly popular amongst private homeowners along the KwaZulu-Natal coast.
Durban has had a long history of beach protection and some of its recent experiences have been shared in this review. From these experiences it is recommended that soft solutions, primarily as a combination of coastal setback lines, beach nourishment and GSCs be prioritised. Admittedly soft solutions are not always practical or appropriate.
Durban's groyne field has been a valuable investment aiding in successfully stabilising the central beaches since their construction.
Experience has shown that concrete cover should be seriously considered as corrosion mitigation, even when providing galvanised reinforcing. It is recommended that all structures, including seawalls and GSCs, be founded on rock or at a depth that ensures structural stability when the lowest historical scour level is exceeded.
Beach nourishment and geotextile sand bag seawalls are the eThekwini Municipality's preferred soft protection to be implemented in conjunction with coastal setback lines. A successful beach nourishment project can be executed by substantial preliminary research of the borrow site, as well as good project management. For a geotextile sand bag defence it is recommended that the bags are filled to capacity and installed at a slope of 45°, covered in sand, and vegetated. Although geo-textile wraps have proven their reliability as coastal protection (Yasuhara & Recio-Molina 2007) the municipality's experiences have only found them to be an appropriate substitute for the bags in severely restricted areas. In areas of high vulnerability it is recommended that a bidim wrap be installed and draped with bidim prior to overlaying it with one or two layers of geotextile sand bags. The bidim wrap acts as a second defence against extreme events, as well as a substantial filter layer, which has proved to be significant. A Dutch toe should also be installed as additional risk mitigation of undermining. The bags' elongation at breaking point still needs to be refined and parity has to be achieved on the filling percentage of the bags' capacity.
Many situations require more robust solutions than geotextile sand bags or beach nourishment. Such situations need to be individually accessed, but rock revetments and sheet-piled seawalls have been successfully installed in Durban.
A good monitoring system is essential for successful coastal management. The beach profiles recorded in Durban since 1973 have been instrumental in the design of all its coastal defences from seawalls to beach nourishment. To the authors' best knowledge the record is the most extensive in South Africa and is the core of the eThekwini Municipality's coastal management and defences.
The March 2007 event gave the eThekwini Municipality the opportunity to be innovative. It is hoped that other organisations will be able to convert the failures into successes and use the success stories to improve the sustainability of defending our coast.
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Breetze, T, Parak, O, Celliers, L, Mather, A & Colenbrander, D R (Eds) 2008. Living with coastal erosion in KwaZulu-Natal: a short-term, best practice guide. KwaZulu-Natal Department of Agriculture and Environmental Affairs, Cedara, Pietermaritzburg. [ Links ]
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Cantre, S 2002. Geotextile tubes - analytical design aspects. Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 20: 305-319. [ Links ]
CSIR 1976. Status quo of the Durban Beach protection investigation. Report No. C/SEA 7607, CSIR: Stellenbosch. [ Links ]
Dette, H H & Raudkivi, A J 2002. Beach and storm- tide protection on the coast of the Baltic Sea. Proceedings, 28th International Coastal Engineering Conference, Vol 3, Cardiff, pp 3298-3307. [ Links ]
Durgappa, R 2008. Coastal protection works. Proceedings, 7th International Conference on Coastal and Port Engineering in Developing Countries, COPEDEC VII, Dubai, Paper No 97. [ Links ]
French, P W 2001. Coastal Defences: processes, problems and solutions. New York: Routledge. [ Links ]
Gilbert, J & Vellinga, P 1990. Strategies for adaption to sea level rise. Report of the Coastal Zone Management Subgroup, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. World Meteorological Organization and U.N. Environmental Programme: the Netherlands. [ Links ]
Hamm, L, Capobianco, M, Dette, H H, Lechuga, A, Spanhoff, R & Stive, M J F 2002. A summary of European experience with shore nourishment. Coastal Engineering, 47: 237-264. [ Links ]
Hanson, H, Brampton, A, Capobianco, M, Dette, H H, Hamm, L, Laustrup, C, Lechuga, A & Spanhoff, R 2002.Beach nourishment projects, practices, and objectives - a European overview. Coastal Engineering, 47: 81-111. [ Links ]
Heerten, G, Klompmaker, J & Partridge, A 2008. Design and construction of waterfront structures with special designed non-woven geotextiles. Proceedings, 7th International Conference on Coastal and Port Engineering in Developing Countries, COPEDEC VII, Paper No 93, Dubai. [ Links ]
Hornsey, W P, Carley, J T, Coghlan, I R & Cox, R J 2011. Geotextile sand container shoreline protection systems: design and application. Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 29(4): 425-439. [ Links ]
Kinmont, A 1954. Beach erosion and protection. Proceedings, The Institute of Municipal Engineers, 33rd Annual Conference, Durban. [ Links ]
Mather, A A, Kasserchun, R & Wenlock, H 2003. City of Durban Sand Bypass Scheme: 20-year performance evaluation. Proceedings, 6th International Conference on Coastal and Port Engineering in Developing Countries, COPEDEC VI, Colombo, Sri Lanka. [ Links ]
Moschella , P S, Abbiati, M, Àberg, P, Airoldi, L, Anderson, J M, Bacchiocchi, F, Bulleri, F, Dinesen, G E, Frost, M, Garcia, E, Granhag, L, Jonsson, P R, Satta, M P, Sundelof, A, Thompson, R C & Hawkins, S J 2005. Low-crested coastal defence structures as artificial habitats for marine life: using ecological criteria in design. Coastal Engineering, 52: 1053-1071. [ Links ]
Oumeraci, H, Hinze, M, Bleck, M & Kortenhaus, A 2003. Sand-filled geotextile containers for shore protection. Proceedings, COPEDEC VI, Colombo, Sri Lanka. [ Links ]
Phelps, D, Rossouw, M, Mather, A A, & Vella, G F 2009. Storm damage and rehabilitation of coastal structures on the east coast of South Africa. Proceedings, Institute of Civil Engineers Conference, Edinburgh, Scotland. [ Links ]
Recio, J & Oumeraci, H 2008. Hydraulic stability of geotextile sand containers for coastal structures: process-oriented studies towards new stability formulae. Proceedings, 7th International Conference on Coastal and Port Engineering in Developing Countries, COPEDEC VII, Dubai, Paper No 110. [ Links ]
Restall, S J, Jackson, L A, Heerten, G & Hornsey W P 2002. Case studies showing the growth and development of geotextile sand containers: an Australian perspective. Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 20(5): 321-342. [ Links ]
Saathoff, F, Oumeraci, H & Restall, S 2007. Australian and German experiences on the use of geotextile containers. Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 25(4-5): 251-263. [ Links ]
SANS 10100-2:1992. Code of practice for the structural use of concrete. Part 2: Materials and execution of work. Pretoria: South African Bureau of Standards. [ Links ]
Shin, E C & Oh, Y I 2007.Coastal erosion prevention by geotextile tube technology. Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 25: 264-277. [ Links ]
Udo, K, Takewaka, S & Nishimura, H 2002. Long- term morphological change of backshore dunes. Proceedings, 28th International Coastal Engineering Conference, Cardiff, Vol 3, pp 3786-3798. [ Links ]
Yasuhara, K & Recio-Molina, J 2007.Geosynthetic wraparound revetments for shore protection. Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 25: 221-232. [ Links ]
Yeomans, S R 2004.Galvanized steel reinforcement in concrete. Oxford: Elsevier. [ Links ] Zanuttigh, B, Martinelli, L, Lamberti, A, Moschella, P, Hawkins, S, Marzetti, S & Ceccherelli V U 2005. Environmental design of coastal defence in Lido di Dante, Italy. Coastal Engineering, 52: 1089-1125. [ Links ]
Contact details:
166 KE Masinga Road
South Africa
E: firstname.lastname@example.com
Contact details:
School of Engineering
University of KwaZulu-Natal
South Africa
E: email@example.com
STEFANO CORBELLA (Member SAICE) received his BSc degree in civil engineering cum laude from the University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. He completed the requirements for an MSc in coastal engineering summa cum laude and is currently upgrading the MSc to a PhD. He s a practicing coastal engineer at the eThekwin Municipality's Coastal Stormwater anc Catchment Management Department.
PR0F DEREK STRETCH Is Professor of Hydraulics and Environmental Fluid Mechanics at the University of KwaZulu-Natal. He currently occupies the eThekwini-sponsored Chair in Civil Engineering and is Director of the Centre for Research in Environmental, Coastal & Hydrologica Engineering. His research group focuses on the bio-hydrodynamics of estuarine systems, coastal and shoreline processes, and understanding turbulence and mixing in environmental flows.


text:
Friends of Desert Bookshelf - Featured Title
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by Garrard Hayes
|A Crime Fiction Novel (Bill Conlin Thriller Book 1)
In the tradition of action-packed noir thrillers, comes a crime fiction story about an otherwise good guy "bent" bad when he's pulled into the underbelly of the New York City crime scene.
Drugs, sex trafficking and murder... Former soldier and decorated war hero Bill Conlin finds himself immersed in it all when he can't find "respectable" work after his tour in Afghanistan. When his cousin, Jimmy, first tries to talk him into joining Irish mafia boss Frank Sullivan's gang, Bill brushes him off.
All Bill really wants is a normal life with a nice girl, and he's pretty sure the waitress he just met, Dana, is the one. But with his savings running low, and desperate to get out of his Hell's Kitchen near-tenement apartment building, Bill, against his better judgment, agrees to a meeting with Mr. Sullivan--and immediately hits the point of no return... Now with a brand new Lincoln and fancy new uptown digs (complete with a live-in girl whose only purpose is to serve him, and a wardrobe packed with weapons), Bill's tasked to take down a Harlem-based Mexican prostitution ring.
One thing leads to another, however, and the deeper he gets, the more he learns, and the more tangled up he becomes in a lifestyle he never wanted. But how long until he takes matters into his own hands... And what will the ultimate cost be...
Mystery & suspense lurk around every corner in this action & adventure novel based in New York City.
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subset: commoncrawl


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3079 is a futuristic, open-world action first-person role playing game. You arrive on a planet experiencing constant war. It is your duty to find out why the warring factions cannot find peace on their own & hopefully restore it yourself. All areas, buildings, items, quests and characters are randomly generated. You will find unique lands & challenges. I hope you enjoy it! "Just want to say again that this is a great game! For those of you who feel like its a minecraft copy just beacuse of the cube textures used you really need to rethink what a game is about! The game play of 3079 is nothing like minecraft it is pretty unique as well as how the weapons all have diffrent stats and colors kind of reminds me of Borderlands. However it is still an original idea for a game and i still play it from time to time. You should at least try the demo and if you like it please buy it and support fruit! :D Still give it a 9/10 ! Best Regards, Adam" -- SeaNanners Sequel @ 3089game.wordpress.com
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Health advisories for contact with marine water at Neskowin Beach in Tillamook County and Nelscott Beach in Lincoln County were lifted today by the Oregon Department of Human Services (DHS), in conjunction with the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) and Oregon Parks and Recreation Department.
The advisories were issued June 3 after water samples at Neskowin beach and Nelscott beach showed higher-than-normal levels of enterococcus, a type of fecal bacteria, in the marine water. Subsequent testing showed the contamination had subsided and the waters did not pose a higher-than- normal risk associated with water-contact activities.
State officials encourage recreational activities at all Oregon beaches, suggesting only that water contact be avoided when advisories are in effect.
Water quality is monitored at selected beaches along Oregon's coast by the Oregon Beach Monitoring Program. The program is funded by a grant from the federal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Oregon state agencies participating in this program are the Oregon Department of Human Services, Oregon Parks and Recreation Department, and the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality. More detailed test results are available at (www.healthoregon.org/beach)


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Hepco & Becker Centre & Side Stands
Are you interested in Hepco & Becker Centre & Side Stands? Then look no further than Louis.
Discover the Hepco & Becker Centre & Side Stands range now, and take advantage of our low prices and top service.
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Pallet forks are for moving palletized loads on construction sites, handling bagged fertilizer and seed at landscaping and nursery sites.
|Carriage Height
|36.8 in 934.0 mm
|More Less
|Carriage Width
|45.8 in 1164.0 mm
|More Less
|Carriage Weight
|211.6 lb 96.0 kg
|More Less
|Fork Tine Length
|48.0 in 1220.0 mm
|More Less
|Fork Tine Width
|3.9 in 100.0 mm
|More Less
|Fork Tine Height
|21.3 in 541.0 mm
|More Less
|Fork Tine Thickness
|1.6 in 40.0 mm
|More Less
|Fork Tine Weight
|105.8 lb 48.0 kg
|More Less
|Fork Group Weight
|430.0 lb 195.0 kg
|More Less
|Operating Weight
|429.9 lb 195.0 kg
|More Less
|Overall Length
|58.3 in 1481.9 mm
|More Less
|Interface Type
|Skid Steer Coupler Skid Steer Coupler
|More Less
Used for a variety of material handling needs, such as moving bulky or palletized materials on construction and industrial sites, handling bagged fertilizer and seed at landscaping and nursery sites, and similar jobs.
Heavy-duty load backrest structure is functional, durable and easy to see through. It provides operator protection from shifting loads, while maintaining excellent visibility to the fork tips.
Notched rail-type carriage design allows fork tines to be easily re-spaced or changed and locked into place.
The fork carriage is designed to meet the load carrying capacity of the largest machine enabling one size to fit all models.


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Committed to Service, Committed to You...
Since 1974!
Regal has based themselves on customer satisfaction since 1974 and continue to work hard to keep the reputation that we have earned. As the York and Hanover Areas continue to expand, so many individuals have lost site of the integrity it takes to maintain a reputable company. Regal, Inc. offers our clients what so many others have forgotten about when chasing "the bottom line". Just as our slogan says, Committed to Service, Committed to you. That's what we're all about; Providing the highest level of service to meet our customer's needs and expectations!
|Heating & Cooling
|Indoor Air Quality
|Water Conditioning
|24/7 Emergency Service


text:
Members of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) looking to assist with national energy-code deployment and compliance can apply for a new ASHRAE-sponsored fellowship.
ASHRAE is seeking members to apply for a fellowship with the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). The selected person would be placed in the DOE's Office of Building Technologies, Building Energy Codes Program. The fellowship would last from 12 to 18 months, depending on the office's needs and the applicant's qualifications.
"This fellowship will give an engineer or scientist with a unique opportunity to participate directly in the policy-implementation process, all while providing a valuable public service," Doug Read, ASHRAE's program director of government affairs, said. "This enriching experience will enable the Fellow to bring back to their employers an insider's perspective on government decision-making that can contribute significantly to the mission and vision of the organization."
The placed individual will work in one of the following areas:
• Code compliance, working to establish three compatible template processes and procedures for state evaluation of state code compliance.
• Residential-duct-test training, including preparing training materials for the new duct-testing requirements in the 2009 International Energy Conservation Code, including strategic options for practical code enforcement and compliance.
• Assessment of the impact of updating state energy codes, including preparing reports of the impact of updating state building energy codes to meet Standard 90.1-2010, Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings, based on EnergyPlus analysis of benchmark buildings and cost databases.
• Advanced energy-code training, including prepare training materials for six areas of advanced commercial-building energy-code training to assist designers and code officials.
The successful applicant will be expected to participate in Building Technologies Program staff meetings, Building Energy Codes monthly deployment meetings, Energy Codes National Workshops, and the Building Energy Codes Program review.
A minimum stipend of $50,000 per year will be provided. ASHRAE members interested in the position can contact Doug Read at (202) 833-1830 or [email protected] Applications are being accepted and will be reviewed on a rolling basis.


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Looking for design inspiration? Browse our curated collections!
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You'll never run out of power again! If the battery on your smartphone or tablet is running low... no problem. Just plug your device into the USB port on the top of this portable battery charger, and then continue to use your device while it gets recharged.
With a recharge capacity of 5200 mAh, this charger will give you 1.5 full recharges of your smartphone or recharge your tablet to 50% capacity.
When the battery charger runs out of power, just plug it into the wall using the supplied cable (included), and it will recharge itself for your next use.
1.80" W x 3.875" H x 0.90" D
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September 6th, 2017
Worst experience ever. Ordered on 16/08/2017 and estimated ship date was 21/08/2017, it's 06/09/2017 now and there is still no info when item will be shipped. Tried to contact pixels.com twice via contact form, no answer. Charger supposed to be gift for my father's birthday on 09/09/2017 but you managed to ruin it. Since I tried to contact You via contact form, and got no result. I hope that you'll read this comment and return me my money, since you failed to deliver product which is now useless to me because you weren't able to provide any info for couple of weeks
Elizabeth Layman
May 2nd, 2017
I bought this for my sister who is graduating soon. She spends a lot of time on her cell phone, and I thought this would be a personal and usefu giftl. The image is a bit dark but over all nice quality. The charger came with some charge (blue light came on). It looks easy to use, and I'm eager to see how my sister likes it!
Old Montreal is a trip back in time where the streets are narrow and cobbled.
CAROLE SPANDAU is a CANADIAN FINE ARTIST,specializing in MONTREAL STREET SCENE PAINTINGS, QUEBEC LANDSCAPES, URBAN CITY SCENES, HOCKEY ART, AND CONTEMPORARY PORTRAITS. GRADUATE of ECOLE DES BEAUX ARTS BACHELOR OF FINE ARTS DEGREE; MCGILL UNIVERSITY BACHELOR OF ART EDUCATION; CONCORDIA GRADUATE STUDIES ART HISTORY. Represented in Montreal by GALERIE ATELIER TOILE ETOILE, contact G.Venditti Artist rep at 514-486-0731 Carole Spandau was recently honored by CTV NEWS NET featuring her delightful paintings of Montreal street scenes. The interview aired repeatedly, coast to coast across Canada, resulting in a flood of new-client requests for her beautiful paintings of Montreal's magnificent winding staircases, nostalgic scenes of...
Our return policy is very simple:
If you're not happy with a purchase that you made on Pixels.com, for any reason, you can return it to us within 30 days of the order date. As soon as it arrives, we'll issue a full refund for the entire purchase price. Please note - Pixels does not reimburse the outgoing or return shipping charges unless the return is due to a defect in quality.
Pixels sells thousands of pieces of artwork each month - all with a 100% money-back guarantee. We take great pride in the fact that hundreds of thousands of artists have chosen Pixels to fulfill their orders, and we look forward to helping you select your next piece!
All portable batteries chargers ship from our production facility within 1 - 2 business days of your order.


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Contact us 24/7: +1 877 678 9627
Matthew Williamson
Embellished silk-chiffon gown
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Matthew Williamson
Embellished silk-chiffon gown
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Need a second opinion or sizing advice? Ask your Personal Shopper:
Need a second opinion or sizing advice? Ask your Personal Shopper:
GET EXPERT ADVICE Need a second opinion or sizing advice? Ask your Personal Shopper:
- - Fits true to size, take your normal size
- - Fitted at the bust, loose in the body
- - Lightweight, non-stretchy fabric
- - Model is 177cm/ 5'10" and is wearing a UK size 8
Featuring the designer's iconic peacock motif and hand-finished with shimmering metallic thread, beads and sequins, Matthew Williamson's silk-chiffon gown is an exquisite example of the label's signature glamour. Accentuate the intricate embellishment with silver accessories and crystal-sprayed jewelry for a beautiful bridal look.
Shown here with: Diane Kordas necklace, Jennifer Meyer rings, Jimmy Choo shoes, Marchesa clutch.
- - Hand-finished
- - Off-white silk-chiffon
- - Spaghetti straps, silver and pearl-tone beading, pearl-tone sequins, silver and pale-gold embroidery, satin ties at empire bust line, scalloped edge, boned internal corset, fully lined
- - Concealed zip fastening along back
- - 100% silk
- - Spot clean
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Talk:Censored Fellowship of Friends cult letter from former legal council David Springfield, 2009
From WikiLeaks
The letter in question is spectacularly poorly written, given that an attorney is ostensibly its author. Beyond simply being slovenly written in a general sense, even as an informal communique, which it is not, let alone as a formal letter, it's also technically vague to the extent of reading like a lay generalization of law. Assuming legitimate origin as claimed, and associatively valid credentials of author, the letter serves, beyond its scope of intent, as a truly dismal reflection upon the state of lower echelon 'academia.' I am not an attorney, but I am sufficiently familiar with law in abstract and, I like to believe, sufficiently well disposed linguistically, as to claim reasonable authority on the matter as discussed; certainly as pertaining to language usage, if not as pertaining to jurisprudence.


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Fitzpatrick Performance Horses
At Fitzpatrick Performance Horses, we pride ourselves on the 5 star program we operate.
FPH is a first class, full service facility offering Training, Lessons, Showing, and Sales. Trainer and owner, Bridget Fitzpatrick specializes in all ages and levels of horse and rider. Bridget has produced numerous National Championship titles for Arabian and Half Arabian horses, as well as National winning amateur and youth riders. Whether Western, Hunter, English, or Specialty divisions, we do it all and we do it well!
Fitzpatrick Performance Horses is located in beautiful Carson Valley, Nevada just 15 minutes below the breathtaking views of South Lake Tahoe and 45 minutes south of the Reno/Tahoe International airport. We are based out of Cutter Ridge Ranch LLC. The farm, which covers 100+ acres of lush pasture, features a 50 stall capacity heated barn, all stalls with heated automatic waterers, 3 grooming bays with hot water wash racks. An indoor and outdoor arena with viewing areas, a roundpen, hotwalker, heated drying room, special customer tack room for customer storage, blanket storage room, day pasture turnouts, dry pasture , large grass pastures, (all have heated waterers).
Owner: Bridget Fitzpatrick
Trainer: Bridget Fitzpatrick


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Short Seller's Bet Sends Olam Shares Plunging
Investors lost confidence in commodities trader Olam International after the founder of short seller Muddy Waters said he is betting against the company. The WSJ's Jake Lee discusses concerns about the company.
This transcript has been automatically generated and may not be 100% accurate.
I ... the the ... shares of the ... lodges commodities traders on ... edge found a love interest in Asian trade following comments made by the founder and research firm ... Muddy Waters that he's betting against the company ... I'm Deborah con you watching Asia Today joining me now is Asia Markets Editor Jake Lee ok Jake ... story that everyone's talking about right now what exactly ending Carson Block what exactly did he say about a lot save money voted to back its famous show Senate that has this of the capacity to Sanchez lowering down with images to show common ... this is we did just yesterday and an of conference he said this new tenants and actually Singapore and what he's paid at ... the site to something he just didn't like about the company ... he said is heavily infected and was the question to accounting to him at valuations and that ... I think are sick money was to stop and that's it just hit the sell button ... on the data loss courses late that ... we've been trying to figure out what's going on State Bank in a statement saying it backs up that way saying ... that women we've just seen trading resumed even still very nervous and stock still and now I should point out that this report haven't even come out these are based on comments he made on the sidelines as some conference that he was attending in London ... on what is the company saying about all that well cause that defending and and again very strongly that saying that he did everything from Masafumi with statements ... that saying no this is true ... and they can defend it ... the thing is ... this ... is a small is a very complete it money was isn't as if he's shipping often very complicated business structures ... and it's hard to see that the applicant to refit that would feature to ... save ... the company to keep defending and we haven't seen the report ... to some rumors saying it could be up sometime state but we just don't know ... of but haven't been out to get ahold of what it was just to find out more information to British Airways on tenterhooks ... and of course when Borders has a very mixed record sometimes unit he said ... look what a ... unit of the money on ahead ... the semi has become these into bankruptcy other times comes to bounce back saying Vestas reach our estimate ... another is to try again today ... this is of course the company that kind of ... blew the whistle on Sunday and accounting practices within Chinese companies listing in the US and ... giving him a lot of notoriety in the market for for those out reports ... but what's the history of the law many names in agribusiness company that really started in Africa and giddiness rhinestones in Nigeria eminence is a really colorful come ... up with that that ... of an Ashes revenue means is ... that last Wednesday's trade as an app to take on the read the CBO's new ball ... and we'll all ... this is a company that trades Union haven't had coffee should Don Knotts ... at most recently allegations in the uniformity waters even get down to ... the weight booking these these one-time gains I'd say it's a course of the automotive who she is ... a mischief but this time I think but on the board should continue straight yet so Draco for a company with this in a very interesting history ... and people now just try to correct what has happened here with the camping how does that much help with the US ... then as it did cross that that the continent as USA today from Africa to Indiana listing in thing well is dead believe in two thousand and five two thousand and five writes ... but even before this report is how bad it down sums of twelve percent ... she will or the other of its CompX isn't done padding its here ... I'm just looking Will masa Benson least thirty six percent ... stake in a row for a rough time some these are called to a trader's ... I now have seen ... some questions about the people before as well CLSA backing every ... day he she can report that unique resting some some them that this can be as Easy began the company to spend the day ... but in an hour she money was decisions read them they call national service to the wall ... behind ... that from them for awhile ...


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This was a Carlos Tevez story written for the sport pages rather than news as he followed Thursday's arrest with a hat-trick and the creation of Manchester City's two other strikes to lead them to a second FA Cup semi-final in three seasons. That game will be played at Wembley, where they could meet Manchester United if their rivals beat Chelsea on Sunday afternoon.
The draw follows and, who knows, if Sir Alex Ferguson's men prevail and they are kept apart from the champions, there could yet be an inaugural City-United final, a prospect to light up this football-mad town.
Before any of that, though, City can reflect on a job well done. And hope Chelsea can turn over United to knock them out of a second competition in a week and create a wobble that might affect their league form.
This tie threatened to be over as early as the 11th minute. That was when Tevez gave City the lead to capitalise on his side's opening domination and thoughts turned to whether it would become a Blue deluge from the 2011 Cup winners.
Yaya Touré turned a foot into a niblick which dinked the ball up and into David Silva's path. The Spaniard's stabbed finish was pushed on to the right post by the Barnsley goalkeeper, Luke Steele, and when the ball rebounded to Tevez he placed it into the empty net.
A man who signalled a goalscoring return following last season's absence due to his dispute with Roberto Mancini with a golf swing action (to satirise how he had spent a three-month sojourn in Argentina) decided against any kind of silly celebration this time. Instead, he offered a palms-down gesture as if to suggest everyone should keep calm.
This was all due to his arrest for allegedly driving while disqualified near Macclesfield, for which he may face a prison sentence.
If this caused the club embarrassment, Mancini had no doubt Tevez should be chosen in an XI that showed six changes from the side that won at Aston Villa on Monday, with Samir Nasri's name the headline inclusion for the first time since the 3-1 defeat at Southampton a month ago.
Tevez's opener did, indeed, signal that this would be a long evening for Barnsley and the teams walked off at the break with City 3-0 ahead and coasting. Their superior technical ability allowed them to knife through the visitors at will and this was allied with a determination to close down in midfield to win the ball.
Aleksandar Kolarov's strike derived initially from David Perkins turning into traffic and having possession taken from him by Edin Dzeko, whose right-foot pass allowed the excellent Tevez to race into space along the right.
With a look up he spied the gallop of Kolarov to the far post and with a precisely delivered ball found the left-back, who drove home emphatically.
Tevez's second and his side's third will have disappointed David Flitcroft, the Barnsley manager. Lax defending meant Kolarov was allowed to find Silva and he, too, easily passed the ball to the forward, who made no mistake.
Tevez began like a train this season and he is now ending it the same. His hat-trick finish came under five minutes into the second half. Nasri meandered down the left towards Steele's goal and passed into Tevez's left boot and this completed business.
It was a sixth strike in the last four games for the Argentinian, whose first four matches of the campaign yielded the same number of goals, with his total now 15 in 35 appearances, close to the one-in-two ratio that marks out the very best finishers.
Dzeko, who has 13 in 35 City appearances, should have added another as the hour mark neared. Yaya Touré's pass from inside his half was brought down cutely by the Bosnian but his lob over Steele came out undercooked.
Ryan Tunnicliffe now had Barnsley's best chance and a personal opportunity for the on-loan Manchester United midfielder to score at the home of the enemy. The 20-year-old's surge from near the centre circle impressed, as did the attempted shot on the run but Costel Pantilimon stuck out a leg and Tunnicliffe was left holding his head in despair.
Tevez, inevitably by now, created City's fifth: his run down the right was followed by a cross that Silva turned home.
Earlier in the day, results elsewhere sent Barnsley to the bottom of the Championship before the teams started. This result hardly lift their mood. Flitcroft said: "I've got a dressing room of players who are all in agreement we've come up against world stars."


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The (really) do-nothing Congress
Sen. Tom Carper had been wavering over the "nuclear option" for days — until one of his colleagues issued a blunt judgment of Congress.
"My colleague said, 'It's hard to imagine it getting much worse because we're not getting anything done,'" the veteran Delaware Democrat said. "If there was an a-ha moment, that was probably it."
Story Continued Below
Indeed, the 113th Congress is on track to go down as the least productive in history — a legacy that may be cemented after Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid gutted the filibuster on presidential nominees by deploying the "nuclear option." Republicans say the unprecedented move will make them even less likely to cooperate with Democrats — not that there's much collaboration to begin with.
( Also on POLITICO: In post-nuclear landscape, uncharted terrain)
So far, this Congress has only enacted 49 laws, the fewest since at least 1947, when the Congressional Record began tallying legislative activity on a yearly basis. In fact, the 80th Congress — famously dubbed the "do nothing" Congress by President Harry Truman — enacted 388 public laws by July 1947.
In the last 66 years, there are just four occasions in which fewer than 100 laws were enacted by a similar point in the legislative calendar. And two of those instances were in the last two Congresses, with the previous Congress making just 62 laws through November 2011.
The dysfunction is partially the result of the toxic relationship between President Barack Obama and congressional Republicans, which helped trigger the first government shutdown in 17 years last month and a series of flirtations with a historic debt default.
( POLITICO's Turn the Table: Senate catching up with times on 'nuclear option')
The slow pace of legislating comes despite huge problems facing Washington: A $17 trillion debt, the prospects of a second government shutdown in mid-January, the bumpy rollout of the health care law and overseas threats from places like Iran. Meanwhile, congressional inaction on a new farm bill is poised to upend rural America and send milk prices soaring. Even legislation that would seem to appeal to some in both parties — like an immigration overhaul — is stuck.
Both sides are embarrassed by their performance, even if they are quick to assign blame to the other.
"If I look at the last 12 weeks, we can count on one hand what we've achieved," said Senate Majority Whip Dick Durbin (D-Ill.). "We put the government back in business thank goodness, but beyond that the strategic helium reserve bill is really the centerpiece of what we've done."
( Also on POLITICO: Obstructionism vs. Obamacare)
There is still a glimmer of hope to get some major bills through, including the long-overdue overhaul of farm policies, the annual defense policy bill, the comprehensive immigration bill, a budget deal and an omnibus spending package. And some bills have made it to the president's desk, including a reauthorization of the Violence Against Women Act and a measure addressing student loan rates.
But the farm bill's chances for passage this year took a big hit this week, the emotional politics of an immigration overhaul may kill it next year and any budget deal is expected to be limited in scope.
Sen. John McCain (R-Ariz.) warned that the defense bill could join the long list of proposals that fail in the 113th Congress — even though an annual Pentagon authorization measure has passed Congress every year for the last 51 years.
( Also on POLITICO: Harry Reid's gambit)
"I do not know if it will be done," McCain said. "I know [the nuclear option] puts a chill on the entire United States Senate."
Sen. Lindsey Graham (R-S.C.), McCain's closest friend in the Senate, added Thursday: "I just think after today, legislating's going to be pretty tough."
Not that it wasn't already.
Part of the problem is structural. The schedules of the GOP-controlled House and Democratic-led Senate aren't well coordinated, which can make efforts at bicameral meetings and consensus-building sessions more difficult. On Friday, the Senate began a two-week recess, while the House is expected to be out for just one week before adjourning for the year on Dec. 13. The Senate barely works on Fridays. In 2013, the Senate has been in session for legislative business on just seven Fridays.


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Bed & Breakfast en Zahara de la Sierra
Unfortunately we do not have any recommendations for Bed & Breakfast in Zahara de la Sierra. You can use our search engine to find other suggestions nearby or return to main page of this town to find other activities or companies
We'd love to receive your suggestions or recommendations by email.
In the meantime you can see this lovely photograph of Cadiz:


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Find organised bonfire and firework events in your area by using the map below:
Greater Manchester Fire and Rescue Service have been notified of the above bonfire events taking place in our area.
It is the responsibility of the event organisers to ensure the health and safety of people attending the event.
Greater Manchester Fire and Rescue Service are not required to inspect these events and do not accept any responsibility for them.


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By BEN BOMBERGER
FRIES — A North Carolina man spending the weekend in Grayson County was found dead late Saturday after apparently drowning in the New River.
Elwood O. Montgomery, 63, of Mount Airy, N.C. was camping with his wife at Camp Dickenson near Fries.
According to Grayson County Sheriff Richard Vaughan, Elwood and his wife had just finished kayaking on the New River when his wife decided to head back to the campground to begin preparing dinner.
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Our customers sometimes ask us about medical conditions and air travel. American appreciates its customers' interest in health topics and encourages passengers to consult with their doctors prior to travel.
American recognizes that some passengers are allergic to peanuts and other tree nuts. Although we do not serve peanuts, we do serve other nut products (such as warmed nuts) and there may be trace elements of unspecified nut ingredients,including peanut oils, in meals and snacks. We do not have in place procedures that allow our flight crews not to serve these foods upon request of a customer. We do not provide nut "buffer zones". Our planes are cleaned regularly, but these cleanings are not designed to ensure the removal of nut allergens, nor are our air filtration systems designed to remove nut allergens. Additionally, other customers may bring peanuts or other tree nuts on board. Therefore, we cannot guarantee customers will not be exposed to peanuts or other tree nuts during flight, and we strongly encourage customers to take all necessary medical precautions to prepare for the possibility of exposure.
In order to protect public health, agriculture and the environment from disease, the World Health Organization (WHO) requires aircraft to be sprayed with insecticide (disinsection) for some countries. Although the WHO concluded that disinsection should not present a health risk, some customers may experience some discomfort. For more information, visit the Department of Transportation website.
What is DVT
A deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a blood clot that develops in a deep vein, usually in a leg. This is a serious condition. Sometimes these clots can break away and travel through the bloodstream to vital organs of the body and can cause severe injury or death.
Possible Risk Factors of DVT
Prolonged physical immobility, such as sitting for an extended period, is considered in the medical community to be a risk factor associated with DVT. People with certain medical conditions or who are taking some medications may also be at higher risk of developing a DVT, including conditions or medications that affect blood flow, alter normal blood-clotting mechanisms, or cause blood-vessel damage. Some of these are:
Possible Symptoms of DVT
Many DVTs do not produce any symptoms. If symptoms occur, they may include pain, swelling, or redness in the affected area. Severe chest pain or problems breathing may indicate that a clot has traveled to the lungs. Any concern should be evaluated by a physician immediately.
Possible Ways to Reduce the Risk of DVT
American encourages all passengers to consult with their doctors about DVT and other personal health issues before flying. Because the cause of a DVT is often not known, the best methods of preventing DVTs are still uncertain. To try to reduce the risk of DVT, many passengers may be advised by their doctors to take the following measures in flight:
It is possible that no measure intended to prevent DVT will be effective. It is also possible that some of the measures listed above may not be recommended for some passengers, depending on their health situations as assessed by their doctors.
There are many sources of general information about air travel and health, including Internet sites like the Aerospace Medical Association, at www.asma.org*, the World Health Organization, at www.who.int*, and the Society for Vascular Surgery, at http://www.vascularweb.org, which provide information for passengers and their doctors. (Views expressed or implied by such sources, are not necessarily shared by American Airlines, Inc. or any of its affiliates).
|Possible In-Flight Exercises
|Ankle circles: Lift your foot off the floor and draw a circle in the air with your toes pointed. Continue for 30 seconds. Repeat with your other foot.
|Foot pumps: While keeping your heels on the floor, point your feet up as high as possible toward your head. Put both feet back flat on the floor. While keeping the balls of your feet on the floor, lift both heels high. Continue for 30 seconds.
Knee Lifts: While seated, march slowly in place by contracting each thigh muscle. Continue for 30 seconds.
Knee to Chest: Hold your left knee and pull up toward your chest. Hold for 10 to 15 seconds. Slowly return to floor. Alternate legs 10 times.
These exercises should not be performed if they cause pain or discomfort, or if they are not recommended by your doctor.


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Alf System are specialists in laboratory furniture consultancy designing and we fully understand the needs of laboratories following a decade of experience in the field.
We believe that the laboratory personnel are its most important resource and discuss every aspect of the project with them.
We have experienced teams that will work with you throughout the project till its.
We are committed to provide full satisfaction in all successful completion.
Our installation is flexible enough to accommodate any future changes.
Alf System Modular laboratory furniture combines high quality full customer satisfaction in every project we undertake complete flexibility and cost effectiveness.
The system includes free standing and cantilever support metalwork with integral storage and services delivery.
Fume containment, extraction and air handling are offered as part of a multidisciplined contract services.
ALF System has an extensive experience in all aspects of laboratory engineering including main/principal contractor. Initial layouts through to "as-built" drawings with 3D-views can be produced on the latest CAD packages. We offer a customer focused professional and tailored service with safety and spaces planning as integral features.
All laboratory disciplines including biotecnology, industrial, pharmaceutical, research, food, healthcare and higher education.
Last Updated on Friday, 04 March 2011 00:20 |
Project Title :
Equipment :


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The Best Return For Your Money
Spacing: The FINAL frontier.
Plus the ones who like to center-justify their text so each line only has four letters each, because, yeah, THAT makes sense.
(Great. Now I really want there to be a band named the Cong Rats.)
I know how those long words can sneak up on you, bakers, but the important thing is to make sure everything is legible and spelled correctly:
Oooh, so close.
Less close.
You're kidding, right?
And, uh, this person:
Oooh, if only there'd been more space for the baker to work with!
And finally, there are the bakers who are just batpoop insane:
Forget the writing - I want to know what that drippy brown spot is.
Or...do I?
Thanks to Krissy K.,
Christine D.,
Justine J.,
Chris & Jessica,
Deborah B., Carl J., Marina C., Angela W., Bronwyn G., & Angie W. for really exploring the
bakery space.


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"Because a moment captured is priceless"
Engagements Part One
DJ and Sakiye
Nick and Brittany Engaged
Chris and Amanda Engaged
Val and Avagail Engaged
Couples-Robert and Katy
Couples Josh and Danielle
Jose and Luisa Engaged
A Couple in Ybor City
Lici and Ronald engaged
Weddings Part One
DJ and Sakiye
A Thai Wedding
Sarasota Wedding Pt 1
Sarasota Wedding Pt 2
Mason-Webb Wedding
Wedding of Val and Avagail
Wedding at Sunken Gardens
Wedding at Florida Aquarium
Families Part One
50th Wedding Anniversary
Sisters and a Brother
Four Generations
Family time at the Beach
Family at Winthrop
Family in Ybor City
Family in Ybor City
Family at Ybor
Maddie and her Mom
Family at Winthrop
Family in Ybor
Stephanie and Angelina
Asab Family in Ybor
Maternity - Newborns
Justin and Angela
A Newborn Baby Girl
Maternity at Sunken Gardens
Baby Karla is coming
Baby Karla
Baby Scarlet is coming soon!
O and Crissy expecting!
Louanna and Jarod
Baby Hannah
Baby Jai, Leyah and Jae
Baby Ivan
Pro Rep Company
Bobby Friss Band
Trendy Styles by Tiff
Serotonic at Ybor
LK Events Specialist
Dream in Vintage Workshop
ProRep In-Sight Seminar
Faces By Tiffany Marie
Seniors/Proms Part One
Megan Senior Prom
Senior Prom
Senior Shoot with Awni
Olivia Senior Shoot
Kyla Senior
Nicks Senior Shoot
Kaylin, Our Senior!
Kaylins Senior Prom
Robert, USF Graduate
TCFH Horse Show
PCHA Horse Show
Our Fur Babies
Tampa Classic Horse Show
Barn Dogs
Julia Models
Tom a boy and his toys
Lindsey in May
Carly at Winthrop
Bridgette and Monty
Victoria turns 13
Children Part One
Julianna's Christening
Maddies Birthday Party
Gavin and Olivia
Little Ashlynne
Mya turns 10
Aubrey Turns One!
Hannah Turns One!
Addison finds Unicorn
Two sisters and a Unicorn
Laila and the unicorn
Events and Parties
McKenzie's Baby Shower
Event Details
Edgewater Staff Party 2016
Edgewater Staff Party 2017
Weddings Part Two
Wedding at Punta Gorda
Greg and Hannah A Wedding
Stephan and Savannah
Jason and Gretchen
Dowell-Cole Wedding
Odaris and Diana
The Beaudin Affair
Families Part Two
Richie, Chloe and Anthony
The Till Family in Ybor
The Donavans
The Gosse Family
The Pittman Family
Val and Avagail Anniversay
The Hill Family
Engagements Part Two
Andre and Dorsity
Jason and Gretchen
Glenn and Michele
Doug and Claudia Engaged
Joshua and Jhazmine!
Hailey and Drayden
Weddings Part Three
Glenn and Michelle Part one
Batman and His Batgirl!
Claudia and Doug
Michael and Karen
A Unicorn wedding
Families Part Three
The Flores Family at U of T
The Nees Family
The Volkert Family
The Reed Family
Family Part 4
A family & Unicorn
The Taylor Family
Christina & family
The Howard Family
Ritchie, Chloe, and Anthony
Tamara and her family
Seniors Proms Part Two
Danielle is a senior
Ashley has graduated
Jaykwaun Graduates
Carty USF Graduate
Julio graduates
Seniors and a Unicorn
A Beauty Queen in the making


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Politicos Giving 2012 Commencement Speeches
(WASHINGTON) -- It's getting close to that time of year again, when students all around the country will turn in their bookbags for briefcases as they leave college behind and enter the working world. Some lucky schools around the country will welcome major politicos to campus (or, in New York University's case, Yankee Stadium) for their graduation ceremonies. In the spirit of commencement season, ABC News has compiled some of the biggest names in politics slated to deliver commencement addresses this year.
- President Obama will be speaking at Barnard College in New York City on May 14. He will also speak at Joplin High School in Joplin, Mo., on May 21 and at the Air Force Academy in Colorado Springs, Colo., on May 23.
- First Lady Michelle Obama will speak at Virginia Tech in Blacksburg, Va., on May 11 and at North Carolina A&T University in Greensboro, N.C., on May 12. She will also be speaking at Oregon State University in Corvallis, Ore., on June 17, where her brother, Craig Robinson, coaches basketball.
- Vice President Joe Biden delivers the commencement address at the U.S. Military Academy in West Point, N.Y., on May 26. He will speak at Cypress Bay High School in Weston, Fla., on June 4 and Tallwood High School in Virginia Beach, Va., on June 14.
- Former Gov. Mitt Romney will speak at Liberty University in Lynchburg, Va., on May 12.
- Former Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice will speak at Southern Methodist University in Dallas on May 12, where the George W. Bush library is being built.
- Former British Prime Minister Tony Blair delivers the commencement remarks at Colby College in Waterville, Maine, on May 20.
- Former first lady Laura Bush will be speaking at Highpoint University at High Point, N.C., on May 5.
- New York Mayor Michael Bloomberg will speak at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill on May 13.
- Former Secretary of State Colin Powell will speak at Northeastern University's commencement in Boston on May 4.
- Virginia Governor Bob McDonnell will speak at the University of Richmond in Richmond, Va., on May 6 and at Christopher Newport University in Newport News, Va., on May 12.
- U.S. Sen. Mark Warner, D-Va., will join Michelle Obama at Virginia Tech on May 11, who will also deliver a commencement address to the university's graduates.
- U.S. Sen. Richard Blumenthal, D-Conn., will deliver the commencement address at the University of Hartford in West Hartford, Conn. on May 20.
- EPA administrator Lisa Jackson will speak at Tulane University in New Orleans on May 19 and the University of Washington in Tacoma on June 9.
- Newark Mayor Cory Booker will give commencement addresses at Hampton University in Hampton, Va., on May 13 and Stanford University, his alma mater, in Palo Alto, Calif. on June 16-17.
- Justice of the Supreme Court Sonia Sotomayor will be speaking at New York University's commencement in New York City on May 16.
Copyright 2012 ABC News Radio