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Original 35 Pcs Leather Craft Tools Kit Hand Sewing Stitching Punch Carving Work Groover
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Aluminum foil is a staple in most kitchens for cooking and storing food, but did you know this recyclable material can be used for other surprising household tasks as well?
1. Get Rid of Rust
Nothing ruins the shiny appeal of chrome like rust spots. You could have the rust professionally removed, but that is expensive. Instead, try using a sheet of aluminum foil lubricated with a bit of water to buff out minor rust stains on everything from kitchen appliances to motorcycles. Aluminum foil can also be used to clean cast iron pans without running the risk of them rusting.
2. Sharpen Dull Scissors
After years of cutting paper, fabric, hair, or food, scissors can become dull. That not only leaves you with less-than-perfect cuts, but can also cause injuries due to the extra strength you need to use with dull blades. Instead of buying a whole new pair of scissors, line up five to ten layers of aluminum foil and cut through with your dull scissors. Your blades will be sharper and safer instantly.
3. Keep Cats Off Counters
Cats are amusing and adorable, but that doesn't mean you want their paws all over your countertops. Tape a four-inch wide piece of aluminum foil along the edge of your counters and the next time your cat jumps up there, the noise and texture of the foil will scare them from ever going on the counters again.
This solution can also be used on tables, desks, dressers, or anywhere else you want to be off-limits from your feline friends.
4. Use as Insulation
If your plants aren't getting enough light in your windowsill, try making a three-sided aluminum box around the plant to reflect more sunlight. Aluminum foil can also be used to keep the sun out and rooms cool. By creating a foil barrier on windows that receive too much sunlight, heat and light will be reflected away from your home and help keep your rooms cooler.
5. Eliminate Dryer Static
Dryer sheets can leave chemical residue on your laundry and reduce the absorbency of things like towels. To avoid having your laundry end up in static mess, form aluminum foil into a ball, toss into the dryer, and dry your clothes as you normally would. The aluminum foil acts like a buffer to prevent fabrics from rubbing together and creating static electricity. Clothes will come out static and chemical-free. This blogger put it to the test, and it really works.
Imagine all of the products you would need to purchase to do what just a roll of Aluminum Foil could do.

subset: commoncrawl


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Forms Jobs
Posted: Friday, May 23, 2014Department: City Manager
$506.9 Million Budget Proposed for 2014-2015
City services would remain at the same level and the city property-tax rate would increase one cent to make up for a loss in the tax base resulting from a new state law under the $506.9 million budget that City Manager Lee Garrity has recommended to Mayor Allen Joines and the City Council.
The proposed budget allocates $305.1 million for operations, $35.5 million for debt service and $166.4 million for capital improvements. The property tax rate would be 54 cents for every $100 of value.
The City Council's Finance Committee will begin reviewing the budget next week. The council is scheduled to hold a public hearing and vote on the budget on June 16. By state law, the council must adopt a budget for 2014-2015 by June 30. The budget would take effect July 1.
In his budget message, Garrity noted that a new law passed last summer by the General Assembly excludes custom software, such as that used at data centers, from taxation. As a result, the city tax base will lose an estimated $300 million to $400 million in value. "In terms of property tax revenue, this exclusion will cost city government between $1.6 million to $2.1 million," Garrity said.
To make up for this loss, Garrity recommends raising the tax rate by a penny, which would bring in $1.9 million. "Based on the current tax rates of the other large cities in North Carolina, Winston-Salem's rate would remain in the middle of the group," Garrity said.
The operations budget includes provisions to slightly adjust the pay of city employees who are making less than the average pay for similar jobs with other city governments and businesses in the area.
A "market pay" study over the past year found that overall, city salaries are 89 percent of the average for like jobs and that 80 percent of city employees are paid less than the average in the market, some by more than 30 percent.
To make a dent in this pay gap, Garrity is recommending a 1.5 percent raise for employees who are paid less than the average for their position and raising the city's minimum wage to $10.10 an hour. This would increase overall city pay to about 91 percent of the market, Garrity said. All city employees would also be eligible for a merit-pay increase of 1.5 to 3 percent based on their performance.
In keeping with the recommendations of the Citizens' Budget Advisory Council, operating hours for CityLink, the city's citizen service call center, would be adjusted to 7 a.m. to 7 p.m. Monday through Friday and 9 a.m. to 5:30 p.m. on weekends and some holidays. The change would allow for increased staffing during peak hours, resulting in less wait time and improved accuracy. An answering service would monitor the CityLink line after hours and forward emergency calls to the appropriate department.
Overall, the city payroll would be reduced by five positions. Sanitation would eliminate eight vacant positions and one vacant parking attendant position would be cut. However, the Police Department would hire two more fingerprint examiners and an information systems analyst to support the Fire Department. The Fairgrounds would add a senior crew coordinator.
There are no new fees in the proposed budget. User fees would remain the same except for a 4.5 percent increase in water rates, a 6.7 percent increase in sewer rates and a $1.24 increase in monthly water and sewer base charges, as approved earlier this month by the Utility Commission.
With the 2014-15 budget, the 9-cent levy recommended by the Downtown Winston-Salem Business Improvement District Advisory Committee will take effect. The levy will raise $608,000. The committee has recommended a work plan for the money that focuses on improving cleanliness, increasing safety, improving marketing, accelerating development and enhancing downtown appearance.
The proposed budget for capital improvements includes $117.4 million for water, sewer and stormwater projects, $17.5 million to modernize and expand the Benton Convention Center, and $18.3 million to address building structural problems at Union Station and convert it into a transportation center.
How to participate in the budget process


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Restring and care of strings
Being able to restring your guitar properly is of great importance; if a guitar is not strung properly the following problems may occur:
There are many types of machine heads on the market that require different approaches to restringing. Some general tips to make the process much easier are;
There are two ways of attaching the string, standard and with a knot locking string to post. The standard method is used by many manufacturers. It is easy to remove strings as well as install them, it is easier for the strings to slip out of tune on guitars with tremolos. Locking a string to the post requires an accurate technique which secures the string. This method is used by major manufacturers like Maton, Martin, and Gibson.
Care of strings
String to fret contact over time causes strings to wear therefore affecting the strings performance. The method I recommend for cleaning strings is to wipe down the strings after use with a lint free cloth, which can be purchased from a supermarket.
From the time you restring your guitar you will notice the following; the strings will be stretching out of tune and the tone of the strings will be very bright. However, as the strings settle the tone will even out and the tuning will stabilize. When excessive dents are left from fretting the strings you will notice the tone is mellower and in some cases excessive string wear will affect the intonation and tuning. This could be an indication to change strings.


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"I did not know if I would be fit again," he revealed. "I was close to getting back surgery. If you have any back problems let me know because I know all the back doctors!
"My main goal was to get fit and see if I was able to play again. After that my main worry was being able to play how I used to, but the first couple of months were tough.
"I could see how my game was improving and last month was amazing - sixth in Madrid, second in Castellon, 12th in Valderrama and winning here.
"It's down to my family and friends and my wife. In the six months I am sure I was a bit of a pain. For her it was hard, not being on the golf course and complaining for sixth months, so all credit goes to her.
"One person I want to thank is my caddie. He has been amazing and stuck with me. He was calling me on a weekly basis during my injury and he said not to worry and he would be there waiting for me. The job he did yesterday supporting me was amazing."
After three days affected by storm delays, Fernandez-Castaño and Pagunsan of the Philippines returned to Sentosa Golf Club to complete extra holes – both men finishing 14 under par after 54 holes.
And despite seeing a four shot lead evaporate over the back nine in regulation play, it was Fernandez-Castaño who kept his nerve to birdie the 18th at the second time of asking and land a fifth European Tour title.
Not only have injuries disrupted the likeable Spaniard's game in recent years – he has had six runner-up finishes since his last win at the 2008 British Masters and undergone several changes to try and cure some serious woes with the putter.
A claw grip seems to be paying dividends, helping him finish sixth, second and 12th in Spain last month, and his progress was highlighted by the 20 foot curler he holed on the final green in regulation to force the play-off.
And with his success over the Serapong layout, Fernandez-Castaño is now up to 58th in the Official World Golf Ranking, having been 188th three months ago
"It has been a great relief, especially the way I played yesterday - having a four shot lead and spoiling it all," he said. "It has been a tough year and I got a monkey off my back. It has been three years without a victory and it means a lot to me.
"Putting is probably my Achilles tendon but I think it has improved a lot. But in the heat of the battle, it's a different story."
Fernandez-Castaño's display also takes him second in the European Ryder Cup points table, but the former Sir Henry Cotton Rookie of the Year insists there is a long way to go to secure a place on the plane to Chicago next year.
"It was never in my mind about The Ryder Cup points," he added. "I just wanted to come back from my injury and play well again. What I did until this week was pretty amazing and winning the title is unbelievable."
Pagunsan's best chance came when he pitched to eight feet at the first play-off hole, but although that missed birdie putt ultimately proved costly, he can console himself with the fact he now leads the Asian Tour Order of Merit.
"It was very close - I thought I was going to make my first putt [on the first play-off hole]," he said.
"I had big confidence I was going to win. Unfortunately I missed the first putt - I thought to myself 'this is my big chance to win', but I missed it. But I am still a big winner in myself."
|Player name
|FDEZ-CASTAÑO, Gonzalo
|PAGUNSAN, Juvic
|KIM, Anthony
|OOSTHUIZEN, Louis
|LUITEN, Joost
|LEE, Danny


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so i recently got an iphone and with it instagram--here are some of the pictures i've taken! i'd love to follow you guys, if you have instagram let me know your username in the comments and i'll follow you.
i've been pretty busy lately, i'm starting my last (hopefully, if i don't fuck anything up) year of college and i've been making more things. i'm trying to revitalize my etsy once again but there don't really seem to be enough hours in the day.
i hope you guys are doing well! every so often i get the urge to make a reappearance here. i'd love to blog as regularly as i used to but i just don't seem to have the time!


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The Commerce Department's Minority Business Development Agency and U.S. Census Bureau today announced that the number of Hispanic-owned firms increased by nearly 44 percent between 2002 and 2007 from 1.6 million businesses to 2.3 million, according to new data released today from the U.S. Census Bureau's 2007 Survey of Business Owners. Employment at Hispanic-owned firms also grew by 26 percent from 1.5 million to 1.9 million workers, a growth rate significantly higher than that of non-minority-owned firms.
"It is encouraging that the Hispanic business community is growing, but we need to create the right conditions for Hispanic-owned businesses to grow more quickly," MBDA's National Director David A. Hinson said. "We encourage Hispanic-owned businesses to explore new markets and take advantage of their existing cultural, family or business ties in foreign countries to export as a means to grow and compete in today's global economy."
Hispanic-owned businesses generated $345.2 billion in sales in 2007, up 55.5 percent compared with 2002. And of all Hispanic-owned firms with employees, approximately 44,000 have revenues of more than $1 million, representing an increase of more than 51 percent over 2002.
While these are welcome improvements for Hispanic-owned businesses and the minority business community, there is still significant room for growth. Learn how the Minority Business Development Agency can help you grow your minority business.
Today's newly-released data from the U.S. Census Bureau is available by geographic area, industry and size of business. | Full release | Noticias en español
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MassachusettsState Treasurer Steven Grossman has been busy getting the state's finances in order—his own, however, are another matter.
Grossman may owe more than $500,000 in back taxes after an error related to the consolidation of life insurance policies, the Springfield Republican reported.
Grossman disclosed the potential dispute with his insurance brokers in a letter to the state's ethics commission earlier this year.
The treasurer's spokesman declined further comment to the paper.
Grossman, a former chairman of the Democratic National Committee, has declared his intent to run for governor of Massachusetts in next year's election.
For more on this story, click here.


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Kitchen / September 8, 2019 / Masselin Roth
Plan an efficient design. With any kitchen, careful planning is important, but it's even more so when space is limited, as it is in this layout. Typically (but not always), a single-wall kitchen includes a fridge on the far end of the kitchen run. This would have the sink next to it, with counter space on either side, and your dishwasher and storage beneath. The oven and cooktop are usually located on the far side of this. Again, there should be counter space on either side of the range to allow you to safely place food after cooking. More storage space would be provided beneath.
While countertops, flooring and cabinets are generally places to keep it simple, the backsplash is a good place to inject some personal style, whether that's with a mosaic feature or a bold color. And since that wall literally connects the countertops with the cabinets it's also a place to tie everything together.
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When the god Aion created the world of Atreia, he created the draken—powerful dragon-like beasts tasked with safeguarding the humans; performing Aion's will on the planet; and protecting the Tower of Eternity, Aion's physical presence on Atreia. For a time, the draken obeyed Aion; but over time, they began to enjoy their power, ignoring their duties and abusing the humans. Aion took notice, creating the twelve Empyrean Lords in response. Angelic in appearance, the Empyrean Lords were demigods who walked amongst humans, and used a force called "Aether" to create a powerful barrier around the Tower of Eternity, protecting all of those within. While the outside world continued to be ravaged by the draken, who had become the more ferocious Balaur; the humans within the barrier managed to tap into the Aether, gaining their own powers. In time, they would become known as the Daeva.
Only registered members can share their thoughts. So come on! Join the community today (totally free - or sign in with your social account on the right) and join in the conversation.


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Supplying XML Code Comments
Code comments refer to comments placed in source code files that are available to users of the integrated development environment (IDE) via the IntelliSense feature.
[Visual Basic]
XML code comments are available in Visual Basic through the ''' (three single quotation marks) delimiter. For more information, see How to: Create XML Documentation in Visual Basic.
You can use the XML Documentation feature to comment code. When you annotate types and members that are defined in the source files of your solutions with XML Documentation comments, those comments will be displayed through IntelliSense features, such as:
When commenting partial methods, only comments placed in the implementation, not definition, appear in IntelliSense features.
For more information, see XML Documentation Comments (C# Programming Guide).
By default, any comments in the source code that use the // or /* delimiters are displayed next to their associated member in the Members list. For more information, see C++ Comments and XML Documentation (Visual C++).
As you scroll through the list, IntelliSense displays up to 12 lines of the comment in a pop-up window next to the highlighted member. When more than one comment exists for a function, IntelliSense determines which comment to display in the Members list by where it appears in the code:
IntelliSense first displays end-of-line comments in the declaration. For example:
void MyFunction(); //EOL declaration comments
If IntelliSense does not find the previous type of comment, it displays comments that appear directly above the declaration with no blank lines in between. For example:
//Before declaration comments void MyFunction();
If the previous two types of comments are not found in the code, IntelliSense displays end-of-line comments in the definition. For example:
int CMyAppDoc::MyVariable=2; // EOL definition comments
Finally, if none of the previous types of comments appear in the code, IntelliSense displays comments that appear directly above the definition with no blank lines in between. For example:
//Before definition comments CMyAppDoc::MyFunction() { return; }


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Story highlights
- Drugs suppress a gene that regulates how much cholesterol liver filters out
- Studies show people with low levels of PCSK9 have low levels of LDL cholesterol
- Pharmaceutical companies are working to get these drugs approved by the FDA
A new class of cholesterol-fighting drugs could be coming to patients in the not-so-distant future, and experts say they could be a real game-changer in Americans' battle to lower artery-clogging LDL, or "bad," cholesterol.
The drugs, known as PCSK9 inhibitors, work to suppress a particular gene that regulates how much cholesterol the liver can filter out of the body. In early phase 3 trials, the inhibitors have shown to be safe and to work in reducing LDL cholesterol levels to previously unknown lows.
As interesting as the drugs themselves is the process by which they were discovered.
Ten years ago, researchers found a family in Paris with a long history of extremely high levels of LDL, incidents of cardiovascular disease and early deaths, says Dr. Jay Edelberg, global head of PCSK9 development for Sanofi, a pharmaceutical company working on a PCSK9 inhibitor in partnership with Regeneron. Tests revealed that the family had a rare mutation on the gene called PCSK9.
Additional studies showed that individuals with underactive PCSK9 genes had low levels of LDL and, much more important, low levels of cardiovascular disease.
"That became the most exciting potential target in cardiovascular medicine," Edelberg said.
It's this discovery that has Sanofi and two other major drug companies, Amgen and Pfizer, racing to develop a drug that mimics the gene's effects.
The best approach, experts say, will be through monoclonal antibodies: antibodies that are created in a lab and help your immune system fight a disease or, in this case, fight cholesterol.
"PCSK9 inhibitors could offer an important treatment option for patients, particularly for those who are in need of greater LDL-C reductions beyond what the current standards of care can offer," said MacKay Jimeson, a spokesman for Pfizer, one of the companies working on this new type of drug.
"This is not to replace statin therapy," said Joe Miletich, senior vice president of research and development at Amgen. "This is actually to get patients to (their) goal who can't get there."
Normal LDL levels hover somewhere in the 100 to 130 mg/dL range, according to the American Heart Association. Anything above that, your doctor starts to get concerned.
"With a statin medication, you can often get somebody's cholesterol between 70 and 100 mg/dL," said Dr. Elliott Antman, president-elect of the American Heart Association and a dean at Harvard Medical School. "If you use these monoclonal antibodies, you could see a number way less than 50."
This excites doctors like Antman, who is not connected to the research but often sees patients with cholesterol numbers in the hundreds.
"I would say this is a game changer."
But is there such a thing as cholesterol levels being too low? We don't really know, Antman says, but he believes the lower, the better.
"Infants, when they're less than a year old, have smooth arteries, and their LDL is 40 or less," he said.
The initial research into the PCSK9 gene also found people with virtually no PCSK9 activity who lived their entire lives with extremely low cholesterol. Researchers observed no ill effects in those patients.
The safety data from the clinical trials are good, and experts say these drugs could help patients who can't tolerate or do not respond to traditional cholesterol-lowering drugs.
"Monoclonals were generally well-tolerated," Antman said. "Although the studies weren't comprised of millions of patients and duration of follow-up wasn't as long as we'd like, the signals we're seeing are all very positive."
As excited as the pharmaceutical giants are about this new discovery, this isn't ready for prime time. For one thing, the drugs are not approved by the FDA, although Antman said it probably won't be long.
"These drugs are of such great interest that there will likely be an aggressive approach to conducting large-scale trials for FDA approval and perhaps expedited review," he said. "It's hard to know exactly when these drugs will be available, but I'm guessing it'll be less than two years."
Another issue with the drugs is that they can't be taken orally.
"You can't swallow this, because the digestive enzymes in your stomach would break up the protein," Antman said. "It's given by subcutaneous injections (into a lower level of skin), but this can be done with very small needles."
Researchers say patients would need to give themselves injections only every two to four weeks, which, depending on how often they're taking pills to lower cholesterol, may be a less cumbersome option.
Finally, these types of medications are very expensive to make and difficult to store and require a much more extensive manufacturing process than a pill.
"They are heat-sensitive and open to risk of microbial contamination, so issues of shelf life and handling are always front and center," Antman said. "This means they're probably going to be more expensive than pills."
But Antman believes, as the saying goes, an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.
"How much is it worth to use a more expensive treatment up front to avoid downstream events that are more expensive?" he asked. "If you think prevention is expensive, try treating disease."


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© 1998-2019, Palestinian Media Watch, All Rights Reserved.
Reproduction permitted, with the following attribution:
© Palestinian Media Watch – www.palwatch.org
Violence and terror
From music to murder
"Death to Israel" - song on Hamas TV
This video was originally broadcast on Nov. 12, 2018 and rebroadcast on March 25, 2019 and on May 4, 2019.
Visuals: Footage of terror attacks against Israelis
Song lyrics: "Expel the thieving occupier from the enraged land of Jerusalem,
Rid your house of that one, that Zionist in his humiliation,
Write 'death, death, death to Israel ' with flowing blood,
And with the bleeding body cause death, death, death to Israel."
Text onscreen in Hebrew: "Death to Israel"
Hamas leader Nizar Rayan: "Khaibar, Khaibar, O Jews
The soldiers of Muhammad have started to return."
Visuals: Funeral of Israeli terror victims
Song lyrics: "Be red death. Have no mercy on the army of aggression that wears the clothes of the soldier and the settler."
Khaibar is the name of the last Jewish village defeated by Muhammad's army in 628. Many Jews were murdered in the battle, which marked the end of Jewish presence in Arabia. There are Muslims who see this event as a precursor to future wars against Jews. At extremist gatherings and rallies, this slogan is often chanted as a threat to Jews implying that they should expect to be defeated and murdered again by Muslims.
Al-Aqsa TV (Hamas)
May 4, 2019
(1 min)
View chronologically
Netanyahu is the "Darkness" sending his "messengers" Trump and Kushner - in PA TV song
June 27, 2019 (1min)
Fatah and PLO summer camp teaches children to honor arch-terrorists who murdered hundreds
July 4, 2019 (1min)
Palestinian stabs Jew in Hamas music video
May 15, 2019 (1min)
Hamas TV song during rockets against Israel: "You will be crushed... Here we have men who passionately love Martyrdom-death"
May 4, 2019 (1min)
Hamas TV song: "We'll fight with the rifle, the Molotov [cocktail]… O Martyrdom-seeker, tighten your [suicide] belt"
May 4, 2019 (1min)
Fatah song: Blow up [like] a volcano
Jan. 27, 2019 (1min)
Hamas: "Scatter the enemies' body parts, make the skulls fly in the sky"
Mar. 25, 2019 (1min)
"We will die and Palestine will live… we welcome death" – song on official PA radio
Jan. 25, 2019 (1min)
"We have given them a taste of grief – a bone in the throat of the Zionists" "Palestinians" are from Gaza, West Bank, Jaffa, Haifa, Lod, Ramle, Acre – song on official PA TV
Feb. 9, 2019 (1min)
Islam has guaranteed Paradise for us as Martyrs - song on PA radio
Dec. 19, 2018 (1min)
Hamas song: We kidnap soldiers and kill Jews
Nov. 13, 2018 (1min)
Song on official PA radio congratulates mothers on Martyrdom-death of their sons
Sept. 15, 2018 (1min)
"Death to Israel" - song on Hamas TV
May 4, 2019
Song on PA TV to Britain: "We will erase the memory of the Balfour Declaration;" "We are rooted in this land from the days of the Canaanites"
Nov. 1, 2018 (1min)
Boy sings on PA TV: "Jihad is necessary… Draw your sword from its sheath, and let it not return"
May 26, 2017 (1min)
Palestinian teen who called for suicide bombings likened to female terrorist murderers in PA TV music video
July 21, 2018 (1min)
Song on PA TV encourages Palestinians to die as "Martyrs" for Bedouin village: "Every day a Martyr is born, We will die and redeem Khan Al-Ahmar, In spite of you, O snake"
July 9, 2018 (1min)
"Palestine is etched on the heart of the fetus, a proud Martyr in his mother's womb" - song on PA TV
June 26, 2018 (1min)
"Palestine is etched on the heart of the fetus, a proud Martyr in his mother's womb" - song on Fatah-run TV
May 15, 2018 (1min)
"Palestine is etched on the heart of the fetus, a proud Martyr in his mother's womb" - song on official PA radio
Feb. 3, 2018 (1min)
"Our souls are the sacrifice for Jerusalem… we will defend you… we are not afraid of death" - song on official PA radio encourages Martyrdom
Feb. 21, 2018 (1min)
Israel will come to an end – "the grave has been dug for the occupation" – song on official PA radio
Mar. 20, 2018 (1min)
"We are coming, Jerusalem, the time of death has arrived" - song on official PA radio encourages death for "Palestine"
Mar. 19, 2018 (1min)
"We decorated [the land] with Martyrs, souls, and blood" – song on official PA radio lauds death for "Palestine"
Mar. 20, 2018 (1min)
"With an axe, a knife, a gun, and a rifle I'll kill you… I'll cleanse my country of every Jew" - Song in Hebrew by unknown artist threatens Israelis
Sept. 1, 2017 (1min)
Song on official PA radio encourages Martyrdom: "Jerusalem… redeem it with your life and blood"
Jan. 1, 2018 (1min)
PA TV reuses song from 2000 calling for terror: "Draw your sword... let it not return"
Sept. 18, 2018 (1min)
"I'm coming towards you, my enemy, from every house… with my weapon and my faith," video posted by Fatah and senior officials Al-Aloul and Muhaisen
Dec. 18, 2017 (1min)
PA TV promotes songs calling for violence against Israel: "No force… can remove the weapon from my hand" "I'm coming towards you, my enemy"
Dec. 15, 2017 (1min)
PA TV music video promotes death as a Martyr for Al-Aqsa, encourages suicide bombings: "God, grant us Martyrdom… A million grooms and brides… have written the marriage contract in blood"
Nov. 2, 2018 (1min)
Song on PA TV promises to attack Jews: "We will come at you from the sea… Our hearts are for [Fatah], and we are soldiers, until we break the Jews"
Nov. 10, 2017 (1min)
Song celebrating murder of 3 Israelis performed at Palestinian wedding
Aug. 22, 2017 (1min)
Fatah TV music video with footage of stabbing attack encourages Martyrdom for Al-Aqsa: "O our Martyr, we must follow in your footsteps"
Jan. 9, 2017 (1min)
Fatah TV music video promotes death as a Martyr for Al-Aqsa, encourages suicide bombings: "God, grant us Martyrdom… A million grooms and brides… have written the marriage contract in blood"
July 22, 2017 (1min)
Fatah rally honors murderers, plays violence promoting songs
Jan. 8, 2017 (1min)
Song promotes killing of Jews, denies Jewish ties to land: "You left your country and came to die in my land here… I'm coming at you with a machine gun, axe, or with a knife"
Nov. 27, 2016 (1min)
Fatah TV broadcasts terror song 72 times in one month: "No force in the world can remove the weapon from my hand"
Nov. 30, 2016 (1min)
Fatah song: "Slice open the enemy's chest… I have no love other than the love of the rifle"
Jan. 15, 2017 (1min)
Fatah youth movement song: "Hold your weapon and load it… Pour the fire of rage on the enemy... Hand me the weapon... Our enemy will pay with his blood"
Jan. 21, 2016 (1min)
Hamas animation encourages stabbings, shootings, and ramming attacks, shows daggers, butcher's knives, and guns, honors 3 murderers who killed 6
Feb. 14, 2016 (1min)
Music video celebrates suicide bombings and Hamas bomb maker Ayyash: "Strap on an explosive belt... O Martyrdom seeker, respond to Al-Aqsa's call... send them to Hell... Let fire burn them, turn them into body parts, roast them"
Feb. 6, 2016 (1min)
Performance of songs promoting violence on PA TV: "Where is the Arab rage?" "I'm coming towards you, my enemy, from every house, neighborhood and street… Our war is a war of the streets"
Dec. 15, 2015 (1min)
Music video on Fatah-run TV: "Drown them in a sea of blood, Kill them as you wish "
Jan. 4, 2016 (1min)
PA TV music video on Fatah's anniversary: "No force... can remove the weapon from my hand"
Aug. 22, 2017 (1min)
Palestinian video on Facebook promotes stabbing of Jews: "Cut, tear apart… Resist"
Nov. 4, 2015 (1min)
Palestinian video on Facebook promotes stabbing of Jews: Israelis are "doomed to death" "I stab a Zionist… I take revenge because I am a Palestinian Muslim"
Oct. 22, 2015 (1min)
Child soldier encourages violence against Israel in Fatah Facebook music video
Apr. 25, 2015 (1min)
Fatah song: "Smash the fortress of the hopeless"
June 16, 2014 (2min)
Song demanding violence and Jihad on Palestinian TV cultural show
Nov. 23, 2010 (2min)
PA Min of Culture attends PLO cultural festival promoting violence and death
Oct. 22, 2013 (1min)
"We treat the rifle as a brother" states PA TV video
Dec. 30, 2014 (1min)
Hamas TV song "The End of Hatikva" anticipates Jews' expulsion from Israel
May 5, 2014 (2min)
EU-funded PA TV program: "With the rifle we will impose our new life"
Jan. 19, 2014 (1min)
PA TV music video: "Today I will die, today I will fight"
July 22, 2003 (1min)
PA TV music video glorifies armed violence against Israel: "The revolution calls to its men"
Apr. 27, 2012 (1min)
"My hand is on the rifle, machine gun in my hand" - song at ceremony at Al-Quds University broadcast on PA TV
June 14, 2011 (1min)
PA TV music video for kids promotes rock throwing and glorifies Martyrdom death
June 13, 2006 (1min)
Mother to son: Don't be sad at my death
May 14, 2008 (1min)
PA TV broadcast of song: "Bracelets replaced with weapons, pull the trigger"
Sept. 12, 2010 (1min)
Hamas TV music video: Daughter of suicide terrorist promises to follow in mother's footsteps
May 22, 2009 (2min)
Kids' music video: Fight Jews for mother's honor
Jan. 1, 2009 (1min)
Kids' music video: Fight and "don't be afraid"
Jan. 1, 2003 (1min)
Hamas indoctrination of kids: Bombs more precious than children
Jan. 8, 2009 (7min)
Fatah TV video clip: The Jews are evil
Feb. 1, 2007 (1min)
Dagger being thrust in the Star of David
Jan. 1, 2008 (1min)
A present from Daddy: Machine gun and rifle
Feb. 26, 2006 (1min)
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Coal Rush
Coal Rush!
With carbon caps on the horizon, U.S. utilities are racing to build dozens of antiquated coal-fired power plants.
For all the talk about renewable energy, the extraction industry is alive and well in the United States. In Texas, utility company TXU Energy has proposed building 11 new coal-fired power plants. American Electric Power, of Columbus, Ohio, is also seeking approval for several new coal plants. In the interior West, Minnesota-based Xcel Energy is building one of the nation's largest coal plants in Pueblo, Colorado, while planning for others in the next few years.
These are but a sampling of the 150-plus new coal-fired plants being proposed throughout the United States, according to the Department of Energy's National Technology Laboratory. The vast majority of them will use conventional coal burning technology. (Elsewhere in the world, hundreds of new coal-fired plants are planned or under construction, some 550 of them in China alone. See "China and Her Coal," p. 14.) Of the 2004 U.S. total emissions of 5.9 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide (CO2), electric power generation contributed 2.3 billion metric tons, or 39 percent, and coal-fired plants accounted for 82 percent of that. Because CO2 is the dominant human-caused greenhouse gas, that unheralded feat makes power plants among the biggest culprits behind climate change. And while power plant emissions of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulates have dipped since the early 1990s, thanks to federal legislation, CO2 emissions continue unabated. In fact, coal is making a comeback.
For nearly three decades no new U.S. coal plants came on line. But suddenly that's changed. "No question about it, this is a coal rush," says Robert McIlvaine, a coal industry consultant in Northfield, Illinois. "This is on par with the biggest expansion coal has ever seen, assuming all the ones proposed are actually built," adds Travis Madsen, a policy analyst with U.S. Public Interest Research Group (PIRG).
Nationwide support for coal dates back several decades. Between 1950 and 1997 the coal industry received more than US$70 billion in federal subsidies, or nearly $1.5 billion a year, according to a 2006 report from PIRG. In the Energy Policy Act of 2005, Congress approved an additional $7.8 billion for coal, including several billion for a "clean coal" research and development program.
But what accounts for the current feverish pace? Utilities point to all of us, our insatiable appetite for the must-have gadgets of the modern world, such as laptops and iPods, as well as plasma televisions, refrigerators, and other household appliances. And as the population grows, that demand-absent any serious drive for higher efficiency-will only head upward. "In the last decade our customer base has gone up 20 percent, and the amount of electricity per household is up 10 percent," says Mark Stutz, a spokesman for Xcel, which generates 66 percent of its kilowatthours of electricity from coal. "That's a lot of demand."
Coal is especially attractive now because its prices are low and stable relative to those of natural gas, which fluctuate unpredictably. But some critics of coal suspect that the current rush has more to do with fear and greed. With the specter of climate change looming ever larger in the public consciousness, utilities are anticipating that the time will soon come when legislators will slap a limit on carbon emissions from electric power generators and perhaps other industrial sources, and that the more coal-fired capacity the producers build before that day of reckoning, the higher their share of the total cap will be.
Of course, utilities have choices. Some climate change is inevitable, and it will get worse before it gets better. But utilities can still do plenty to stabilize and even reverse the course of climate change by dramatically cutting back on carbon emissions and by advancing solar, wind, and other renewable energy sources. "We're at a really interesting fork in the road," says Jim White, a paleoclimatologist at the University of Colorado in Boulder. "Do we recognize that continuing to burn these fuels will cause a lot more problems than they solve, and therefore do we promote alternative energy supplies? Or are we going to go down the road of coal?"
Many utilities are hedging their bets by investing to some degree in renewables and even nuclear power, and a few have even asked the federal government for uniform, nationwide carbon restrictions now. But the industry in general is choosing the coal road for the time being. Charlotte, North Carolina-based Duke Energy, which generates 54 percent of its electricity from coal and 46 percent from nuclear power, in September appealed to state utility regulators to construct two coal-fired plants totaling 1,600 megawatts of generation capacity. "Abandoning coal and moving to another source, such as natural gas, is not a viable economic option for our company or its customers," James Rogers, Duke Energy's chief executive officer, wrote in an article published in July for the American Air & Waste Management Association. He said the company's views on climate change "reflect the need to ensure a future role for coal in our nation's electricity generation portfolio."
Ohio-based American Electric Power is about as coal dependent as they come; its coal-fired plants account for 73 percent of its capacity. The company plans to build several new coal plants, including some with cleaner-burning coal (called integrated gasification combined cycle, or IGCC) technology that can be equipped to capture and sequester carbon. "Coal is a domestic source and there's a vast amount of it now," says Melissa Henry, a spokeswoman for American Electric, which owns units in coal-rich West Virginia, as well as in Tennessee, Indiana, Kentucky, and other states. She said the company's reliance on coal will likely continue at the same level in the future, but that investments in IGCC and other "clean" coal technologies will help mitigate the company's carbon footprint. "The reality is that we will have to continue to use coal to generate electricity to meet demand in the U.S.," she says.
Perhaps the most brazen example of the current rush to coal is TXU Energy, which boasts it is planning "a Texas-sized $10 billion investment" in 11 conventional coal-fired power plants across Texas. Collectively, they would emit 78 million metric tons of CO2 per year, doubling the utility's emissions. Those 78 million tons are more than the total 2001 emissions of 21 different U.S. states or many countries, including Sweden, Denmark, and Portugal. While several utilities are introducing cleaner, advanced technologies, TXU's proposed power plants are to be pulverized coal-fired generators-old technology that is difficult and expensive to retrofit later to capture carbon.
(In late summer, the company hit a speed bump, however, when judges in Texas ruled that the proposed pollution controls of one of TXU's proposed plants-a 1,720-megawatt generator-weren't proven and that the plant's emissions could harm downwind cities. That ruling was heralded by environmentalists as it suggests that utilities may be under increasing scrutiny in their push to build more coal plants nationwide.)
TXU and other companies generally point to steep natural gas prices and customers' rabid demand for more electricity as the incentives for their coal plant buildup. But some analysts question whether this strategy even makes sense economically, much less politically and morally. "A lot of utilities are ignoring the whole issue. They're pretending there's not going to be a climate policy," says Bruce Biewald, president of Synapse Energy Economics, a research and policy organization in Cambridge, Massachusetts. "We're saying, 'get your heads out of the sand.' Your particular decision, say, to build out fossil-fuel plants in Texas while pretending there'll be no costs to carbon emissions is simply imprudent."
While there is no mandated nationwide emission limit for carbon dioxide, thanks largely to the fact that the Bush administration wouldn't ratify the Kyoto Protocol, several bills being mulled in Washington call for a cap and various forms of carbon trading programs to help reward cleaner emitters and punish the dirtier ones. In Europe such a market, called the European Trading System, already exists, and California and other individual states, as well as a group of northeastern states, are already setting themselves up for a cap-and-trade system. In essence, such a system could allocate to utilities and other emitters allowances based on their emissions levels, or the caps could be auctioned, as many economists prefer.
Synapse estimates that if U.S.
companies had to comply now with the Kyoto Protocol the cost of emitting carbon
would be $20 to $50 a ton of carbon dioxide. (TXU's proposed new coal plants'
emissions, therefore, might cost the utility up to $3.9 billion every year if
it had to pay outright for them.) Biewald says companies that try to
"grandfather" in new coal plants so they can get free allowances are banking on
a "highly risky strategy." The key precedent in the United States that Biewald
and others point to is the successful sulfur dioxide cap-and-trade program
spurred by the 1990 Clean Air Act. It allocated allowances to polluters based
on their emissions levels from several years prior to the ruling. Another model
is the California Climate Registry, which allows utilities and other companies
to claim credit for acting early. The message is, do good now and you'll be
rewarded once a cap-and-trade system is in place. And one more risk factor to add
to the mix: U.S. electric power companies (and automakers, for that matter),
have not been forced to put a price on carbon emissions in part because CO2
is not legally defined as a pollutant. That may change if the U.S. Supreme
Court rules, in a case now before it,
that the Environmental Protection Agency must classify CO2 as a criteria pollutant.
Energy Costs
Whatever kind of emissions mandates the courts or politicians may impose, many utilities (backed by Department of Energy incentives and research projects) are developing "cleaner" coal burning technologies. The most conservative form applies to conventional pulverized-coal plants-making them burn more efficiently and creating higher steam temperatures and water pressures, for instance. These are called "supercritical" and "ultra-supercritical" steam boiler technologies. At best, such plants, intended to operate for at least 50 years, would make coal combustion at least 46 percent efficient, compared with an average 30 percent efficiency rate of conventional pulverized plants. But critics view these plants as a mere band-aid approach to carbon emission reduction and, more important, a diversion from investing in much cleaner coal technology and renewable energy sources. These plants would also require as much water for cooling as conventional generators.
IGCC, mentioned above, is the least polluting coal burning technology being developed today (see "Portraits in Carbon, p.18). The advantages of IGCC over pulverized coal technology are that it is more efficient (using less coal to produce each kilowatthour of electricity), uses much less water, and emits much less SO2, particulates, and mercury. Most important, carbon capture can be integrated into an IGCC plant much more easily and cheaply than into a pulverized coal plant. Jana Milford, a senior scientist with the U.S. NGO Environmental Defense, says that IGCC combined with sequestration can cut CO2 emissions by 90 percent compared with conventional plants.
Sequestration will not be cheap, however. In fact, Environmental Defense, along with Western Resource Advocates (WRA), another environmental research and policy organization, took the unusual step last summer of publicly praising Xcel Energy for proposing the nation's first IGCC plant designed from the beginning to capture and sequester carbon. That is critical, because without capturing and sequestering carbon, IGCC plants do little to reduce carbon emissions beyond their higher efficiency (i.e., slightly lower kilograms of CO2 per kilowatthour produced). (Xcel isn't off the hook, however. Some environmentalists continue opposing the company's ongoing construction of a 750 megawatt supercritical pulverized coal plant in Pueblo, Colorado, next to two existing facilities it operates there.) Currently two other commercial-scale IGCC plants are operating in the United States, one in Indiana and one in Florida, but neither entails capture and sequestration. Several other companies, including Duke Energy, American Electric Power, and TXU, have proposed IGCC plants, but they won't necessarily incorporate capture and sequestration of carbon emissions either.
Utilities often cite the high capital costs of IGCC plants. According to WRA, however, electricity produced with current IGCC technology is estimated to be only 5 to 10 percent more costly than that from a new pulverized coal plant if no carbon capture is included. If carbon capture is considered across all plant types, electricity generated with IGCC will cost 18-32 percent less than pulverized coal technologies, WRA asserts. Retrofitting old-technology power plants to capture carbon is extremely difficult because the entire flue-gas stream must be processed to remove the CO2. With IGCC, the carbon removal occurs early in the generation cycle and involves processing much lower gas volumes.
Many environmentalists are skeptical of IGCC and all other "clean" coal technologies. Perhaps the most vocal and influential of them is former U.S. vice president Al Gore. "It is time to recognize that the phrase 'clean coal technology' is devoid of meaning unless it means 'zero carbon emissions' technology," he said in an address to students at New York University in September. Others, like WRA energy project director John Nielsen, argue that cleaner coal technologies will help some but are not enough by themselves. "We're looking at emissions trajectories over time still going up. They need to go down," says Nielsen. "But eventually we'll need some federal limits on overall CO2 emissions to bring them down."
True Prices
Whether they dig in their heels or willingly leap forward, utilities will probably face some kind of carbon constraints in the future. The sooner they clean up their act, the lower their future costs will likely be. For many, even politicians, the question is not should we put a price on carbon, but what kind of price, and who pays.
In September the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) published a report on the role of CO2 pricing. The report notes that human activities are increasing the concentrations of CO2 and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and acknowledges that energy markets fail to capture the "external effects" of emissions from fossil fuel combustion, that is, the costs that are imposed on society by the use of fossil fuels but are not reflected in the prices paid for them. Setting a price (i.e., tax) on carbon emissions would help change industry and consumer behavior, the report says, suggesting that carbon emissions could be assigned prices by taxing fossil fuels in proportion to their carbon content or by establishing a cap-and-trade program. Under such a program, policymakers would set an overall cap on emissions but leave it to carbon emitters to trade rights (called allowances) to those capped emissions.
So far the carbon taxing approach has gained little traction among politicians. Some call it political suicide to even mention the word "tax." But cap-and-trade bills proposed by various politicians are gaining momentum. The one that has enjoyed the most bipartisan support in the U.S. Senate was introduced in mid-2005 by Jeff Bingaman, a Democrat from New Mexico and a member of the Energy and Natural Resources Committee. Bingaman's proposal called for a cap-and-trade system that would require emitters to gradually stop the growth of their emissions by 2020 but not actually reduce emissions from today's levels. Further, the legislation would place an upper limit for pollution credits of $7 per metric ton of emissions-a modest ceiling aimed at keeping polluters' costs relatively low and predictable. By contrast, carbon credits in the European market, called the European Trading System, have to date traded at substantially higher prices. Some environmentalists have called Bingaman's proposal too soft on businesses.
Although utility executives have been reluctant to publicly endorse any one piece of legislation, as noted above some are increasingly showing support for some form of federally mandated cap on carbon emissions. Executives from Exelon Corporation of Chicago, American Electric Power, Duke Energy, General Electric, and PNM Resources all testified last spring before the Energy and Natural Resources Committee that indeed they want and are ready for carbon regulations. More recently, Xcel Energy chief Richard Kelly voiced his desire for mandatory limits on carbon emissions.
Most utilities that do support federal mandates want any caps to apply to all sectors across the economy rather than just their own, and they prefer waiting for nationwide limits rather than supporting or joining a patchwork of state or regional initiatives. "We believe the science of climate change is real, and we recognize that our industry, the electric sector, contributes roughly one-third of CO2 emissions in the U.S.," says Helen Howes, vice president of environmental health and safety at Exelon. "But the transportation sector also is a big producer."
As the power companies wait for federal legislation (which few expect to pass before the 2008 elections), they are keeping a close watch on the various state and regional carbon-trading initiatives as well as the privately run and voluntary Chicago Climate Exchange, which now has more than 100 members spanning many industries. Although members' commitments to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions are not enforced, members and industry analysts say the exchange will likely be a model for any federal legislation. The biggest and most-watched regional carbon trading system yet to be crafted is the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative. It began in 2005 when seven northeastern states reached an agreement to cap carbon dioxide emissions from their power plants at current levels and to cut those emissions by 10 percent by 2019. The system is slated to go into effect in 2009. (Maryland has since joined the group as well.)
Meanwhile, California has taken the lead among individual states on the climate change front. The state's Democrat-controlled legislature and the Republican governor, Arnold Schwarzenegger, agreed last August on sweeping legislation aimed at reducing CO2 emissions by 25 percent by 2020. Although this pledge doesn't meet the Kyoto Protocol's mandate to cut carbon emissions to 7 percent below 1990 levels, it is the strongest pledge yet by any state. Further, California has ruled that its electricity distributors will not purchase power unless it meets the lowest possible greenhouse gas emission standards. That ruling will force producers outside the state to accommodate, or lose a huge chunk of their revenues. Pacific Gas and Electric, one of California's regulated electric utilities, already has phased out much of its fossil fuel sources. Forty-six percent of the electricity it delivers to customers comes from fossil fuels, primarily natural gas. Only 1 percent comes from coal, according to utility spokeswoman Darlene Chiu.
Clearly, state and region-wide efforts to cut carbon emissions are grabbing the attention of utilities and the public alike. "What this means is that states are not willing to wait for the Bush administration to catch on," says Dale Bryk, an attorney with the Natural Resources Defense Council, which helped design the northeastern states' program.
Ultimately, many scientists, economists, environmentalists, legislators, and a growing number of utility executives agree that a multi-pronged approach-technology, carbon markets, and public policy-will be necessary to attack global warming. "A responsible approach to solutions would avoid the mistake of trying to find a single magic 'silver bullet'," Gore said in his NYU speech in September. The answer, he added, quoting environmental writer Bill McKibben, lies in a "silver buckshot" approach-an effective blend of several solutions.
Susan Moran is a freelance journalist based in Boulder, Colorado.


text:
Your Common Sense Can Fail You.../
A common impediment to learning is our seemingly innate tendency to overemphasize the usefulness of common sense. Although it may be quite useful with the mundane decisions of daily life, more complicated issues often contradict what seems intuitively likely. Thus, an important critical thinking exercise is convincing students that common sense can fail you.
In my experience, the three most instructive themes in this regard are: 1. Demonstrating the difference between correlation and causation; 2. Emphasizing the difference in value between anecdotal evidence and. replicated, peer-reviewed research; and 3. The importance of control groups and placebos.
Correlation versus Causation
Some of the most glaring examples of the fallibility of common sense lies in the seductive nature of correlations. In many cases, it seems obvious that a phenomenon is being caused by the factor that occurs with it most frequently. In other words, if A and B always (or quite frequently) occur together, then one must be causing the other. Although a lot depends on the variables involved (e.g., none of my students believes that a rooster's crow makes the sun come up), this error can be close to irresistible. But simply stating that correlation and causation are not always related is not enough for most people to grasp our meaning. Instead, three avenues of reasoning must be fleshed out, and relatable examples should be used.
Correlation Does Not imply Causation: Arguably one of the most widely cited examples of the "correlation means causation" error is the erroneous belief that vaccinations cause autism. The history and dangerous results of this belief (begun by medical fraud, and popularized by numerous celebrities) have been covered ad nauseam on various blogs and publications, but a frequent argument used by its proponents is that rates of autism have steadily increased with the introduction of (and increase in) childhood vaccinations. At least part of this correlation is quite real, but it certainly does not support the claim of a causal link between autism and vaccines. Instead, some childhood vaccinations are simply timed around the point in a child's life when she or he is likely to begin showing signs of autism. Therefore, many parents of children with autism find the claim of a causal link quite compelling, since the timing of both vaccines and autistic behaviors and diagnosis in their children seem suspiciously close.
A more humorous example of this error can be found on the web site of the Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster, in the form of an open letter to the Kansas School Board. In it, the writer satirically expresses a shared concern over students being exposed to only one theory (i.e., evolutionary theory), and offers her/his own competing theory to explain the phenomenon of Global Warming. The fact that this theory happens to be derived from a correlation with pirates makes it a ridiculous, yet poignant, example of the classic correlation/causation error.
Direction of Causality Problem (reverse causation): Unfortunately, many texts and web sites offer only ridiculous examples of the Direction of Causality Problem (e.g., more firefighters are called upon to fight larger fires, therefore, people could assume that firefighters' association with large fires means that firefighters cause fires), also known as reverse causation. However, many real-world examples exist in the research that can be used to instruct students. A 1997 study in the International Journal of Epidemiology investigating the correlation between breastfeeding and growth stunting in infants provides such a case. At the time of the study, a debate was growing in the nutritional sciences about the benefits of breastfeeding. A number of correlational studies had reported that toddlers breastfed beyond 12 months were significantly underweight and smaller than their age-matched counterparts who were not. In a study of 134 toddlers in Peru, Marquis, Habicht, Lanata, Black, and Rasmussen (1997) collected data not only on their feeding habits, but also on factors related to overall health and thriving. Their conclusion was that children with more health issues, and whose development was poor, were being breastfed more and for longer periods of their lives than those who were generally healthy and growing well. Therefore, earlier studies showing a negative relationship between breastfeeding and growth had reported the causal factor as an effect, and the effect as the causal factor; reverse causation.
The Third Variable Problem: A good example of the importance of understanding this phenomenon began when numerous epidemiological studies reported that women receiving hormone replacement therapy (HRT) experienced a significantly lower incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD). This correlation was found in all but a few studies after the initial report, resulting in an increase in "preventive" HRT being prescribed for post-menopausal women. Re-analysis of the data from these studies, this time controlled for socio-economic status, showed that women in higher socio-economic groups were more likely to be taking HRT; these women also had better diets and were more likely to exercise regularly, resulting in the decrease in CHD incidence. Later, in fact, scientists conducting randomized controlled studies demonstrated that HRT caused a small but statistically significant increase in risk of CHD (Lawlor, Davey Smith, & Ebrahim, 2004).
Anecdotal Evidence vs. Replicated, Peer-Reviewed Research
How often have we read statements such as, "Suzie J. from Richmond, VA used our product for just six months and reported a 50 lb. weight loss!", or "How well does our reading program work? Just ask Timmy G. of Bakersfield, CA! His grades went from C's to A's and B's in less than one year!" Such anecdotal evidence is used primarily to sell products and services to a public too busy or distracted to seek out scientific evidence of their value. Given the ubiquitous nature of these claims, they're a great way to teach students to think critically with examples they can relate to.
For example, nearly all of my students are familiar with the phrase, "Hooked-on-Phonics worked for me!" Anyone alive in the 1980s or 1990s was inundated by television and radio commercials in which cute little kids sang the praises of the reading program inspired by a father who wanted to help his struggling child improve his reading skills. Their subsequent marketing of a product that seemed to make up for years of incompetence in the public schools resulted in millions of dollars in sales, and a stern backlash by those in the educational community (and later the Federal Trade Commission) who demanded evidence of its effectiveness.
One of my favorite exercises for my students is to ask them to consider the effectiveness of such anecdotes and testimonials, and how they differ from peer-reviewed research. To emphasize this point, I ask them to consider how they might carry out a study in which they tested the effectiveness of a program like Hooked-on-Phonics, and require them to devise an experiment from start to finish, considering possible correlates (e.g., parental involvement) that might affect the outcome of studies that did not include randomized trials. After they complete this activity, my students often begin asking their own questions. Two of the most frequent are: 1.) "Why isn't there a law requiring businesses to prove the effectiveness of their products before being allowed to make claims and sell them?" and, 2.) "Why doesn't the general public demand that manufacturers show proof that their products work before they buy them?"
The Importance of Control Groups and Placebos
Aside from the possibility of dishonesty, one of the reasons that anecdotes and testimonials are of little scientific value is that there is no basis for comparison of the person reporting success to the general public. In other words, if exposure to a variable is associated with a change in another variable, how do we know that the change wasn't the result of chance? Would the change have occurred anyway, without exposure to the other variable? To answer these questions, we must consider the importance of control groups.
Particularly important in the social sciences, control groups allow researchers to eliminate and/or isolate specific variables in their studies. They allow researchers access to the behavior and/or condition of a group of people who are left in their "natural state," never exposed to the causal agent or condition. In many experiments, a host of possible causes for phenomena must be narrowed down to one probable cause, which isn't easy when you consider that many variables can be affected by such things as the testing environment, researcher bias, and even biological differences between subjects.
Although those of us who work in the sciences take for granted the importance of control groups, a surprising percentage of my students must be reminded to demand them when evaluating claims. For many, controls seem counter-intuitive. "If something works, it just works," they seem to argue. But critical-thinking requires us to redefine "works," and to more closely evaluate claims of effectiveness in terms of comparing treated to non-treated individuals.
A highly effective tool when using control groups is the placebo. From the Latin, "I please," a placebo is a fake form of the suspected causal agent or condition. In medicine, the classic placebo is an inert substance in the form of a pill. In psychology, the placebo condition might be a fake form of therapy. In any case, its use reflects the knowledge that expectation on the part of the subjects can change their behaviors in ways that mask the effect of the suspected cause. Subjects told that they might be receiving medication, but also that they might instead receive a placebo, are not likely to be so affected, and any change can then be attributed to the medicine.
The effect of the placebo has also opened up inquiry into the fascinating world of the Placebo Effect -- which Dr. Harriet Hall suggests we begin referring to as the Placebo Phenomenon, reflecting its non-effect, and psychological roots. A recent series of articles in Psychology Today devoted to examining the science behind placebos address a number of findings, including some of the exaggerated claims of their effectiveness, as well as the controversial issue of doctors prescribing placebos to patients with real (albeit psychologically induced) complaints.
In closing, I would like to emphasize to anyone (professional or non-professional) attempting to warn people against the over-use of common sense to keep in mind that scientific thinking is often quite unnatural and counter-intuitive. Therefore a good measure of patience and repetition is usually required before people become comfortable giving up their use of instinct, hunches, and personal experience in favor of the more artificial practice of critical thinking.
- Lawlor, D. A., Davey Smith, G., & Ebrahim, S. (2004). "Commentary: The hormone replacement-coronary heart disease conundrum: Is this the death of observational epidemiology?" International Journal of Epidemiology, 33(3), 464–467.
- Marquis, G. S., Habicht, J. P., Lanata, C. F., Black, R. E., & Rasmussen, K. M. (1997). Association of breastfeeding and stunting in Peruvian toddlers: an example of reverse causality. International Journal of Epidemiology, 26(2), 349-356.
- Nathans, A. (1994, December 15). Hooked on Phonics settles with FTS on advertising claims. The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved from http://articles.latimes.com/1994-12-15/news/mn-9369_1_hooked-on-phonics-program.
- Novella, S. (2007, November/December). The Anti-Vaccination Movement. Skeptical Inquirer, Volume 31.6. Retrieved from http://www.csicop.org/si/show/anti-vaccination_movement/.
- The Placebo Effect. (2012, January). Psychology Today. Retrieved from http://www.psychologytoday.com/collections/201201/the-placebo-effect.


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sock(redirected from sock it to (someone))
Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Encyclopedia.
white mark on the feet. In horses this means from the coronet to halfway up the cannon. In dogs and cats, it is white from the paws up to the carpus or hock.
Patient discussion about sock
Q. What's the thing with having diabetes and flights? I heard that I might have problems with my feet and I should buy special socks.
A. As above stated, diabetics are at increased risk for forming clots b/c of the damage to the blood vessel walls due to high glucose. This can cause narrowing in the arteries (vessels bringing blood to tissues) as well as increase your chance of a DVT. With regards to the socks, my guess is that you're talking about pressure socks which are common for people with varicose veins and venous insufficiency where blood doesn't return from the leg well. This stasis (non movement) of the blood makes it more likely for you to form a clot. The pressure stockings in turn prevent veins from dilating and allow more blood to return from the legs, keeping the blood moving and decreasing your chance for a clot. These stockings and raising your legs periodically are some of the best activities to decrease any pain from varicose veins or swelling in your legs from vessel problems. As you're sitting still in a flight, the lack of movement means there's less blood leaving your legs (as most blood inMore discussions about sock


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Islet Isolation Core
The main objective of the Islet Isolation Core is to provide Islets of Langerhans to investigators in the Boston area and beyond. By receiving islets from the Core one is assured of consistent high quality and purity of islets for experiments. The Core can isolate rodent islets as well as porcine and non-human primate islets. This leaves the investigator to concentrate on experiments rather than the complexity of islet isolation.
The Core can buy the animals or the investigator can provide their own, such as special transgenic mice. Over the last five years the Core has isolated more than 10 million islets. We also provide training and advice. The Core can provide training not only for the isolation procedure but islet viability, islet size measurement, GSIS (Glucose Stimulated Insulin Secretion), STZ-induced diabetes, transplantation under the kidney capsule, and islet graft retrieval.
For more information about scheduling and costs, please contact:
Jennifer Lock (firstname.lastname@example.com)
Joslin Diabetes Center
One Joslin Place
Boston Ma 02215
Tel 617 732 2580
Page last updated: September 19, 2019


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Yay people!!!!! I'm moving in less than a month!!! :D After a fairly short yet frantic search I stumbled across the most lovely apartment in an amazing neighborhood in Amersfoort: green, calm, and yet a 10 minute bike ride from the city centre. It was absolutely perfect so I closed the deal as quickly as I could :)
I didn't really know the rest of Amersfoort very well, so me and a friend did some exploring the other day. The city centre is amazing, with lovely shops, restaurants and pretty canals. I especially loved all the old houses, with their beautiful roofs and quirky details :) Then after a nice steaming bowl of 'snert' we walked to my new home, and suddenly we felt we were walking through a forest (which we kind of were ;)
I've always loved cities where I can go from busy to green in under 15 minutes, so I think me and my new hometown will get along great :) Amersfoort, here I come!!


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Independence Police Department
223 N. Memorial Drive
Independence, MO 64050-3013
Public Information Office
Officer Tom Gentry
(816) 325-7258
News Release
For immediate release: October 30, 2013
Shooting Victim Has Died
The shooting victim who was found lying in the street in the 400 block of N. Grand on October 30, 2013, has died. The case is now classified as a homicide. The victim was pronounced dead at a local hospital this morning. His name is Erik S. Schwartz, 33 yrs old, from Raytown, MO.
A reward of up to $1,000 is being offered through the TIPS Hotline to anyone with information leading to and an arrest of a suspect in this crime. The number is 816-474-8477.
Erik S. Schwartz
If anyone has any information regarding the above listed crime, you may also call the Independence Police Department at: 816-325-7852 or the Investigations Unit at 816-325-7330.


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IUCN and Nokia have signed a project partnership agreement which aims to identify opportunities to address climate change and natural resource loss in the Balkila Watershed of Uttarakhand State, India.
"Nokia has a history in supporting projects in partnership with expert organisations to put into action our commitment to addressing the needs of communities we serve, as part of our work in social responsibility as a leading global brand", said Outi Mikkonen, Director NGO partnerships, Nokia Corporate Relations and Responsibility. "Support for this project is part of our overall frame agreement with IUCN and part of Nokia's water support programme in general".
The funding will be used by IUCN to establish watershed restoration and livelihood improvements, in particular through improving community resilience in the Indian Himalayas.
The project site, the Balkila watershed, lies in the hills below the towering peaks of the Himalayas, source of the Ganges river. The watershed descends from 4000mts and is home to small farming communities whose way of life is rapidly changing. The economic engine of the north Indian plains is pulling people to the large cities, just as the effects of decades of natural resource overuse are becoming apparent. Added to this is the unfolding impact of climate change.
Mark Smith, IUCN Water Programme Director outlined the expected results from the project which "will include the rehabilitation of springs, that are vital to community life in the watershed, as part of community-based restoration of the watershed. For example, nurseries will propagate indigenous plant species of economic value for reforestation. Overall the project will aim to improve livelihoods through better water management practices, with a particular focus on accessibility of water supplies for women and girls."
Ganesh Pangare, in charge of the IUCN Asia Water and Wetlands Programme, will coordinate the overall management of the Balkila project. He will lead the implementation of integrated solutions for meeting local energy, food and water needs in the region. Roundtables will be organised on water and resilience in the Indian Himalayas, in order to establish a dialogue with outputs used to influence planning and action on development and climate change adaptation.
"Across the Himalayan region in India, people are noticing drying springs. For hillside communities, this is a silent catastrophe. Where will people find the water they need? Women and girls end up walking long distances to fetch water, up and down steep slopes, with heavy loads, taking hours out of every day," explained Pangare.
Just why the springs are drying up is not a simple matter. Changes in precipitation patterns may be one factor, but locals also point a finger at the decline of the watershed's forests. The Forest Department of the Uttarakhand State has responded by promoting soil and water conservation with local farmers, and communities have organized to replant local broad-leaved species, like the deodar (cedar) and oak lost in decades past.
All this is happening while communities are facing social and economic change too. "Coping with change will mean that communities in the Balkila, as in all high mountain regions around the world, will have to ensure they organize themselves to adapt," said Mark Smith. "New kinds of cooperation are needed, to manage watersheds and solve local water problems, but also to make sure people have livelihoods that are resilient, and can cope with new social, economic and environmental realities."
To find out what it will take, IUCN and Nokia are partnering in the Balkila project with the aim of helping communities in the region learn how water management can be used to build climate resilience, and to then use these lessons to help other mountain regions cope and adapt.
Nokia and IUCN are also partnering on the Save our Species (SOS) Project. More information on SOS can be found here.
Please contact [email protected] for any further details.


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It's a boy for actress Jordana Brewster and her husband, producer Andrew Form!
"Jordana Brewster and her husband Andrew Form are excited to announce the birth of their son, Julian Brewster-Form," a rep for the couple confirmed. "They welcomed their son via surrogate. The parents are overjoyed."
Brewster, 33, and Form met on the set of "The Texas Chainsaw Massacre: The Beginning" and were married in 2007. They also have two Labradors, Henry and Ella, and hope someday to give Julian a little brother or sister.
"I definitely want to have kids. I want two," the "Dallas" star said in January. "I grew up with a sister, but I know Andrew would love boys, but I'll take what I can get."
"We're thinking about having kids but I don't know when it'll happen," she said. "I feel very ready now."
Congratulations to the new family!


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Martinez home run lifts Tigers past Dodgers
LOS ANGELES (AP) — Victor Martinez helped the Detroit Tigers overcome the struggles of Joe Nathan.
The Detroit Tigers' closer blew a three-run lead in the ninth inning Wednesday night against the Dodgers.
But Martinez picked him up in a big way with a leadoff home run in the 10th against Los Angeles closer Kenley Jansen, and Detroit pulled out a 7-6 victory in which both pitching staffs made a combined 382 pitches during the 4 hour, 16-minute marathon.
"Kenley Jansen is filthy, but Victor Martinez is a professional hitter," Tigers outfielder Torii Hunter said. "He's at the plate, just trying to figure you out, and I think he figured out how Jansen's ball moves.
"He was able to get inside of it and hit it out of the ballpark and come up with another clutch hit. That's what this team is capable of doing. We have some veteran guys who have good at-bats and can get the job done."
Kenley Jansen is filthy, but Victor Martinez is a professional hitter.
Torri Hunter
Martinez drove a 2-2 pitch deep into the pavilion seats in right-center to make a winner of Nathan (2-0).
One night earlier, Martinez tied the score with a two-out single in the ninth against Jansen before the Dodgers pulled out a 3-2 victory in 10.
"Vic takes hitting very seriously, and I think his main focus is to just try to get the barrel of the bat to the ball," manager Brad Ausmus said. "If you watch him on a regular basis, he's fighting to do that. And if a pitcher is trying to get him out, Victor is going to make it very difficult for him — especially with men on base."
Joba Chamberlain gave up a single to Hanley Ramirez to open the 10th. But left-hander Ian Krol struck out Adrian Gonzalez and Andre Ethier, and Al Albuquerque retired Matt Kemp on a grounder to get his first major league save.
Nathan, who said during a radio interview earlier in the day that he was experiencing a "dead arm" — and reiterated those thoughts in the clubhouse before batting practice, was trying to protect a 6-3 lead for Anabel Sanchez.
Nate Robertson attempting comeback in Toledo
But Gonzalez led off with a home run to center field, and the Dodgers loaded the bases with walks to Ethier and Kemp and a single by Juan Uribe.
Yasiel Puig, who wasn't in the starting lineup for the third straight game because of a strained ligament in his left thumb, batted for Tim Federowicz and struck out. Pinch-hitter Scott Van Slyke got a run home with a fielder's choice grounder before Dee Gordon singled to right field, delivering Kemp with the tying run.
"Joe's stuff looked as crisp as we've see it, and he said he felt like that was the best stuff he's had, in terms of the break on his slider and the way the fastball came out of his hand," Ausmus said. "So maybe once he got out there, his arm played a little better than he mentioned earlier."
Detroit's Nick Castellanos helped spoil Josh Beckett's long-awaited return with a three-run homer, his first in the big leagues.
Sanchez allowed three runs — one earned — and six hits over five innings and struck out six.
Beckett threw 85 pitches through four innings, giving up five runs — four earned — and five hits while striking out five. The three-time All-Star, who joined the Dodgers in a nine-player megadeal with Boston in August 2012, made only 15 starts with them prior to this one because of injuries that had sidelined him since his previous outing on May 13 of last season.
Beckett gave the Dodgers a 3-2 lead in the second, laying down a suicide-squeeze bunt in front of the plate with Uribe charging down the line. It was Beckett's first RBI since June 14, 2009, when he homered against J.A. Happ in an interleague game at Philadelphia.
But the Tigers pulled ahead 5-3 in the third when Castellanos drove a pitch to center field, and the ball skimmed off the top of the eight-foot fence before landing on the other side.
"It was just rust," Beckett said. "After the first inning it was just a baseball game. I felt good in that fourth inning."
Hunter did not play because of a bruised left knee, which occurred Tuesday when he tried to make a sliding catch of a foul ball by Federowicz near the short padded wall in front of the grandstand.
"I came here early today, trying to get it loosened up, and it's still swollen," Hunter said. "I can't really do too much about it. But it's only been a little over 24 hours, so what we're going to do is just take it one day at a time. My plan is to come back Friday, but if it's still a little sore, we want to get rid of it early in the season so I'll be able to perform for my ballclub."
NOTES: One of A.J. Ellis' biggest regrets about going on the disabled list Tuesday was missing this series against the Tigers and Ausmus, his teammate during Ausmus' final two major league seasons (2009-10). "I was fortunate to catch in the major leagues before I met Brad, but I wasn't a major league catcher until after I met Brad," Ellis said a day after undergoing arthroscopic knee surgery. "The two-year mentorship he gave me was what turned me into the catcher I am today. He taught me how to prepare a game plan, how to take care of my body in between starts, how to be a better teammate, and how my focus should be on my pitching staff only."


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Conimicut Lighthouse
The full moon rising behind Conimicut Point Lighthouse.
Slater Mill Sunset
Late spring is a nice time to visit here. There is water flowing, flowers still in bloom and plenty of green.
Chase Farm(Color)
Cloudy spring afternoon at Chase Farm in Lincoln, RI.
Chase Farm
Moffett Mill
Springtime at the historic Moffett Mill in Lincoln, RI.
Winter Sunset
Amazing sunset as a snowstorm moved out. Turner Reservoir, Seekonk.
Winter Glow
The sun sets over the Turner Reservoir.
Snowy Sunset
Fresh snow and the setting sun over the Turner Reservoir.
Turner Sunrise
I have the day off today, so of course I forgot to turn my alarm clock off. When I looked outside and saw a bit of color starting in the sky, I quickly got dressed and headed out. Ended up down the road at the Turner Reservoir for a bit of color over the frozen water.
Sakonnet Sunset
I digitally developed this one with a bit more saturation than the rest of the series.
Albion Bridge
Albion Dam
Hunts Mill Falls
Sunset over Providence, from Bold Point.
Summer sunrise over the Turner Reservoir
Summer Sunrise
Summer sunrise over the Turner Reservoir.
Seekonk River Bridge
Route 95 passes over this gorgeous new bridge in Pawtucket.
Twilight Moon
Almost full moon hanging in the blue hour sky.
Slater Mill Sunrise
Lightning over the Turner Reservoir.
Pawtucket Falls
Slater Mill Evening
Watch Hill Lighthouse
Full moon rising over Watch Hill Lighthouse.
Central Sunset
Blue Power
India Point Sunset
Hunts Mill
Hunts Mill falls on the Ten Mile River during a spring snow storm.
Narragansett Sunrise


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Inquire Here
We have thousands of contractors available for you that are experts.
Since this domain is part of our network, we are inviting you to be our First mover in our CTB token sale this coming August 30, 2018. First movers will have stakeholdership on Contrib and any future brands we will launch. Learn more here or signup for updates.
Get Started
No, thanks I am not interested to be part owner.


text:
Pony Rider
Wallbanner - Boat Life
Boat life is one for keeping things simple. Hand sewn with applique finishes on cotton canvas.
- Cotton Canvas
- 70cm x 50cm
- Black applique on natural canvas
- Made in India, machine washable
- Item usually ships within 24 hours
- Items ships with tracking & requires signature unless instructed otherwise
- Returns accepted within 21 days of receipt for exchange, credit or refund
- Returns only accepted on unused items, in new condition with original packaging and tags
- Credits and refunds do not include shipping costs
- Please contact Kido Store on 1300 115 436 or firstname.lastname@example.com to arrange returns


text: The Advantages of Different Types of Mortgage Lenders Posted on September 18, 2019 - 09:31 AM by Zeke Riddle What kind of lender is best? If you ask a loan officer, "What kind of lender is best?" the answer will be whatever kind of company he works for and he will give you a list of reasons why. If you meet the same loan officer years later, and he ... Read more


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Join one of our 150+ affiliated clubs and societies - covering everything from anime to zoology!
Get independent advice on academic, financial and welfare matters.
Find current and back issues of Pelican, Lighthouse, Postscript and Damsel magazines.
Find hundreds of opportunities across a variety of areas and have fun while doing good.
Need directions? Got questions? Contact us for answers!
Whether you need a hairdresser, printing, travel agent, dentist, bank or pharmacy, you'll find it here!
Whether you're on campus early or staying late, there's an array of food and drink options!
With 500+ events on and off campus each year, there's always something on!


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TNT's Men of A Certain Age
Sunday, December 6, 2009
I was sent a preview of Men of A Certain Age, starring Ray Romano (Everybody Loves Raymond), Scott Bakula (Quantum Leap, Star Trek: Enterprise), and Andre Braugher (Homicide: Life on the Street).
I have seen the previews for this show, and I thought it would be a good show to check out. I've always liked Ray Romano and I remember watching Quantum Leap when I was a kid and I thought Scott Bakula was HOT! I never did get into Homicide though...
YouCast sent me a preview of this new show on a cool little tape that was actually a USB device. Simple and easy, I was able to watch this video right on my PC without streaming it online, which would have probably given me troubles.
Men of a Certain Age follows three longtime friends as they navigate the changes and challenges of parenting, relationships and careers in mid-life.
I really enjoyed this preview, and will be tuning in tomorrow night (12/7) at 10/9c. I got a few laughs from it and I'm looking forward to more of what the show will touch on!
Get to know the guys in this video.
Disclaimer: I was sent a preview of the show named above to review. The opinions expressed above are solely my own and yours may differ. Receiving a product will NEVER influence what I write in any review.


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The Good: Easy to get the ball airborne, and the club is strong. You can really send one into orbit if you get a hold of it with this club.
The Bad: Tough to tee off with, tough to align, and misses can be really bad.
Overall: Although it's lasting power has proven itself as more than a fad, I think that the shallow faced clubs are starting to fade in popularity. When swinging well, this club is a great fairway wood, but I've since decided that the trade off for it (and not having a 3 wood to tee off with) isn't quite worth it. If you use fairway woods consistently to reach par 4s, maybe this club is for you. If you just want one to reach par 5s, there are better woods out there for you.


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Bringing independent films to audiences worldwide.
In May 2013, veteran sales agent Nicolas Eschbach and producer Eric Neve launched INDIE SALES an independent, international sales and co-production company based in Paris. Their complementary professional backgrounds bring a solid, unique structure to the international film distribution business.
INDIE SALES acquires around 12 films per year, from all nationalities and genres, with a strong commercial and artistic potential. Animation has an important position in ourline-up. In 2015, INDIE SALES won the prestigious Best European Distributor of the Year award at Cartoon Movie in Lyon.
Films in our line up have been selected in Cannes, Berlinale, TIFF, San Sebastian, Venice, Locarno, Sundance, winning prestigious awards such as the Silver Shell for Best Director and New Director award in San Sebastian (The White Knights by Joachim Lafosse & The New Kid by Rudi Rosenberg) or the Cristal and Audience awards in Annecy (Oscar and Golden Globes nominee My Life as a Courgette). Our first coproduction, Suburra by Stefano Sollima has been sold in more than 50 territories.
Our catalogue consists of 35 films from the widest range possible with established directors such as Jean Pierre Améris, Amos Gitaï or Frédéric Schoendorffer as well as talented newcomers (Clément Cogitore, Louis Garrel, Daouda Coulibaly) and female directors (Alice Winocour, Justine Triet, Chloé Robichaud, Lola Doillon). We have a special focus for high profileanimation titles (Another Day of Life, My Life as a Courgette, Moomins on the Riviera).
INDIE SALES can get involved in any stage in a film's lifespan offering tailor-made strategies to finance and launch films in a market which is growing increasingly complex. We are actively seeking co-production opportunities.COMPANY FLYER


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Captchas are a terrible user experience.
They put the onus of spam protection on the visitor filling out the form and, personally, show me how lazy you are as a site administrator. There are a hundred different ways you can protect your site from spam on the server side – why would you forego these options and force your visitors to jump through additional hoops?
Furthermore, captchas can negatively impact the overall user experience on your site for some. They can actually hurt your conversion rate for others.
Instead of using a captcha, let's look at two passive things you can add to a form to reduce spam. [Read more…]


text:
Journal Menu► ▼ Journal Menu
Journal Browser► ▼ Journal Browser
Highly Accessed Articles
Latest Books
Special Issue "Algal Toxins"
A special issue of Marine Drugs (ISSN 1660-3397).
Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2011).
Special Issue Editor
Guest Editor
Prof. Dr. John P. Berry Website E-Mail
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University (FIU), 354/332 Marine Science, Biscayne Bay Campus, 3000 NE 151st St., North Miami, FL 33181, USA
Phone: 3059194569
Fax: +1 305 919 4030
Interests: cyanobacteria; toxins; bioactive compounds; zebrafish embryo model; natural products
Special Issue Information
Dear Colleagues,
Marine and freshwater algae are recognized to produce a diverse array of toxic or otherwise bioactive metabolites. These toxic metabolites are globally widespread, and humans and other animals can be exposed to them through both direct routes, including contamination of drinking water and recreational exposure, and indirect routes, including accumulation of these toxins by (and consequent contamination of) various species of fish, shellfish and other animals used as food. Exposure to these toxins has been linked to both acute health effects, including numerous cases of severe illness and mortality, as well as possible long-term health effects, ranging from higher incidence of certain cancers and neurodegenerative disease to prenatal developmental dysfunction. As such algal toxins are emerging as a potentially important human and environmental health concern. Accordingly, a growing number of studies have likewise emerged to address this issue. Areas of investigation particularly include (1) identification and characterization of new toxins; (2) genes and pathways for biosynthesis; (3) bioaccumulation in aquatic food-webs; (4) environmental and ecological factors that contribute to toxin production; (5) methods and technologies for effective detection and monitoring of toxins; (6) epidemiological studies to evaluate the human health impacts of toxins; and (7) strategies and technologies for mitigation of these threats to human health. In addition to their roles as toxins, a number of these bioactive metabolites have also been investigated with respect to possible development as drugs, or otherwise biomedically useful agents, addressing a range of pharmacological targets, as well as other applications with potential commercial importance, including herbicides and pesticides. This special issue will present a relevant sample of current studies investigating these various aspects of algal toxins.
Prof. Dr. John P. Berry
Guest Editor
- cyanobacteria
- dinoflagellates
- diatoms
- harmful algal blooms
- polyketides
- non-ribsomal peptides
- chemical ecology
- ecotoxicology
Related Special Issue
- Algal Toxins in Toxins (2 articles)


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Cramming May Be Damning for Your Grades
(LOS ANGELES) -- High school students who choose to sacrifice their sleep to get extra studying time in may fare worse academically the next day compared with their well-rested peers, new research suggests.
In a study released Tuesday in the journal Child Development, UCLA researchers studied 535 students as they progressed through ninth, 10th and 12th grade to see how lack of sleep affected their academic performance. Using a diary that they kept for 14 days straight, the students answered the following questions:
- Did you do homework or study today while not in school? If yes, for how long?
- How many hours and minutes did you sleep last night?
- Did you have problems understanding something taught in class today or do poorly on a test, quiz, or homework?
What researchers found was that as the students advanced through high school, the downsides of sacrificing sleep time for study time became more apparent. Ninth grade students who spent extra time studying on a particular night did not have worse academic performance the next day. By 12th grade, however, students who made the same tradeoff reported deficits the next day in understanding class material or on test performance.
In practical terms, this study argues that studying at the expense of sleep may not be a wise decision.
"Although studying is essential, sleep is important for learning," says Dr. Phyllis C. Zee, professor of neurology and director of the Sleep Disorders Center at Northwestern University. "Even one night of sleep loss can negatively affect performance."
"This should make not only high school students but also college students and even professionals rethink the common practice of 'cramming' for exams, work projects, et cetera, at the expense of sleep loss," Zee continued.
Dr. Andrew Fuligni, professor of psychiatry at UCLA and senior author on the study, emphasizes that it is not problematic to spend more time studying overall -- as long as it is not at the expense of sleep. Previous studies have confirmed that the same amount of study time spread evenly over several days leads to better academic performance than trying to study all at once.
Copyright 2012 ABC News Radio