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Henry VIII, King of England
Henry VIII, King of England Copied here verbatim, under the GFDL license Section 2 without requiring specific attribution from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- Reign 21 April 1509 – 28 January 1547
- Coronation 24 June 1509
- Predecessor Henry VII
- Successor Edward VI
- Consorts (his sex wives)
- Catherine of Aragon m. 1509, ann. 1533
- Anne Boleyn m. 1533, ann. 1536
- Jane Seymour m. 1536, died 1537
- Anne of Cleves m. 1540, ann. 1540
- Catherine Howard m. 1540, died 1542
- Catherine Parr m. 1543, widowed 1547
Issue :
- Mary I
- Henry FitzRoy
- Elizabeth I
- Edward VI
Father Henry VII
Mother Elizabeth of York
Born 28 June 1491(1491-06-28) Greenwich Palace, Greenwich
Died 28 January 1547 (aged 55) Palace of Whitehall, London
Burial St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle
Henry VIII (28 June 1491 – 28 January 1547) was King of England and Lord of Ireland, later King of Ireland and claimant to the Kingdom of France, from 21 April 1509 until his death. Henry was the second monarch of the House of Tudor, succeeding his father, Henry VII.
Henry VIII was a significant figure in the history of the English monarchy. Although in the first parts of his reign he energetically suppressed the Reformation of the Anglican Church, which had been building steam since John Wycliffe of the fourteenth century, he is more often known for his ecclesiastical struggles with Rome. These struggles ultimately led to him separating the Anglican Church from Roman authority, the Dissolution of the Monasteries, and establishing the English monarch as the Supreme Head of the Church of England. Although some claim he became a Protestant on his death-bed, he advocated Catholic ceremony and doctrine throughout his life; royal backing of the English Reformation was left to his heirs, Edward VI and Elizabeth I. Henry also oversaw the legal union of England and Wales (see Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542). He is noted in popular culture for being married six times.
Early years (1491-1509)
Born in Greenwich Palace, Henry VIII was the third child of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York.[1] Of the young Henry's six siblings, only three — Arthur (the Prince of Wales), Margaret, and Mary — survived infancy. In 1493, Henry was appointed Constable of Dover Castle and Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports. In 1494, he was created Duke of York. He was subsequently appointed Earl Marshal of England and Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. Henry was given a first-rate education from leading tutors, becoming fluent in Latin, French, and Spanish.[2] As it was expected that the throne would pass to Prince Arthur, Henry's older brother, Henry was prepared for a career in the Church.[3]
Death of Arthur
In 1502, Arthur died suddenly of an unknown disease which may have been tuberculosis. Arthur's death thrust all his duties upon his brother Henry, who then became Prince of Wales. Henry VII renewed his efforts to seal a marital alliance between England and Spain, by offering Henry, Prince of Wales, in marriage to Prince Arthur's widow, Catherine of Aragon, the youngest surviving child of King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile.[4]
Katherine as a young widow, by Henry VII's court painter, Michael Sittow, c.1502In order for the new Prince of Wales to marry his brother's widow, a dispensation from the Pope was normally required to overrule the impediment of affinity. Catherine swore that her marriage to Prince Arthur had been unconsummated. Still, both the English and Spanish parties agreed that an additional papal dispensation of affinity would be prudent to remove all doubt regarding the legitimacy of the marriage.
The impatience of Catherine's mother, Queen Isabella, induced Pope Julius II to grant dispensation in the form of a Papal bull, and fourteen months after her young husband's death, Catherine found herself betrothed to his even younger brother, Henry, the new Prince of Wales. Yet by 1505, King Henry VII lost interest in a Spanish alliance, and the younger Henry declared that his betrothal had been arranged without his consent.
Continued diplomatic maneuvering over the fate of the proposed marriage lingered until the death of Henry VII in 1509. Only 17 years old, Henry married his brother's widow, Catherine, on 11 June 1509, and on 24 June 1509, the two were crowned at Westminster Abbey. Two days later, he arrested his father's two most unpopular ministers, Sir Richard Empson and Edmund Dudley. They were groundlessly charged with high treason and in 1510, the king had them executed. This was to become Henry's primary tactic for dealing with those who stood in his way.[1]
France and the Habsburgs (1509-1525)
Eighteen year-old Henry VIII after his coronation in 1509.Henry was a Renaissance Man and his court was a centre of scholarly and artistic innovation and glamourous excess, epitomised by The Field of the Cloth of Gold. He was an accomplished musician, author, and poet. His best known musical composition is Pastime with Good Company or The Kynges Ballade. He was also known to have been an avid gambler and dice player. He excelled at sports, especially jousting, hunting, and tennis. The king was also known for his strong dedication to the Christian faith.[2]
In 1511, Pope Julius II proclaimed a Holy League against France. This new alliance rapidly grew to include not only Spain and the Holy Roman Empire, but also England. Henry decided to use the occasion as an excuse to expand his holdings in northern France. He concluded the Treaty of Westminster, a pledge of mutual aid against the French with Spain, in November 1511 and prepared for involvement in the War of the League of Cambrai. In 1513, Henry invaded France and his troops defeated a French army at the Battle of the Spurs. James IV of Scotland invaded England at the behest of Louis,[5] but he failed to draw Henry's attention from France. The Scots' disastrous defeat at the Battle of Flodden Field took place on 9 September 1513. Among the dead were the Scottish King and the battle ended Scotland's brief involvement in the war.
On 18 February 1516, Queen Catherine bore Henry one of his four children to reach adulthood, Princess Mary, who later reigned as Mary I.
Historians are sure of the names of only two of Henry's mistresses: Elizabeth Blount (usually referred to as Bessie) and Mary Boleyn (Anne's sister). Elizabeth Blount gave birth to Henry's illegitimate son, Henry FitzRoy. The young boy was made Duke of Richmond in June 1525 in what some thought was one step on the path to legitimatizing him. In 1533, he married Mary Howard, Anne Boleyn's first cousin, but died only three years later without any successors. At the time of FitzRoy's death, the king was trying to get a law passed that would allow his otherwise illegitimate son to become king.
Mary Boleyn was the sister of Anne Boleyn. She is thought to have been his mistress at some point between 1519 and 1526. Historians have speculated that Mary Boleyn's two children, Catherine and Henry were fathered by Henry, but this has never been proven and the King never acknowledged them as he did Henry Fitzroy.
The king also had a brief, six-month affair with Mary Shelton sometime in 1535. Mary has also been confused with her sister, Margaret. However, it has been confirmed that it was in fact Mary and not Margaret Shelton with whom Henry had the affair.[citation needed]
Henry's "great matter" (1525-1533)
In 1525, Henry's impatience with what he perceived to be Catherine's inability to produce the desired heir increased when he became attracted to a charismatic young woman in the Queen's entourage, Anne Boleyn. Henry became enamoured with her and began his pursuit.[6] Boleyn resisted his attempts to seduce her and she refused to become his mistress, as her sister Mary Boleyn had. Henry was all the more attracted to her because of this refusal and he pursued her relentlessly. Boleyn continued to reject the King's initial advances by saying, "I beseech your highness most earnestly to desist, and to this my answer in good part. I would rather lose my life than my honesty."[7]
It is possible that the idea of annulment had suggested itself to the King much earlier than this, and it is highly probable that it was motivated by his desire for a male heir. Before Henry's father Henry VII ascended the throne, England had been beset by civil warfare over rival claims to the English crown and Henry wanted to avoid a similar uncertainty over the succession. The King had no sons due to the death in infancy of all Catherine of Aragon's children except his daughter Mary.[8] Anne saw her opportunity in Henry's infatuation and determined that she would only yield as his acknowledged queen.[9]
Catherine of Aragon, first wife of Henry VIII.It soon became the one absorbing object of the King's desires to secure an annulment from Catherine.[10] Henry set his hopes upon a direct appeal to the Holy See, acting in this independently of Thomas Cardinal Wolsey, to whom he at first communicated nothing of his plans so far as they related to Anne. William Knight, the king's secretary, was sent to Pope Clement VII to sue for the annulment of his marriage with Catherine. The grounds were that the dispensing bull of Pope Julius II was obtained by false pretenses, because Catherine's brief marriage to the sickly Arthur had in fact been consummated. Henry also petitioned, in the event of his becoming free, a dispensation to contract a new marriage with any woman even in the first degree of affinity, whether the affinity was contracted by lawful or unlawful connection. This clearly had reference to Anne.[9]
As the pope was at that time the prisoner of Emperor Charles V, Knight had some difficulty in obtaining access to him. In the end the king's envoy had to return without accomplishing much, though the conditional dispensation for a new marriage was granted. Henry had now no choice but to put his great matter into the hands of Thomas Wolsey, and Wolsey did all he could to secure a decision in the King's favour.[9] How far the pope was influenced by Charles V in his resistance is difficult to say, but it is clear Henry saw that the Pope was unlikely to give him an annulment from the Emperor's aunt.[11] The pope forbade Henry to proceed to a new marriage before a decision was given in Rome. Convinced that he was treacherous, Anne Boleyn maintained pressure until Wolsey was dismissed from public office in 1529. After being dismissed, the cardinal begged her to help him return to power, but she refused. He then began a secret plot to have Anne forced into exile and began communication with Queen Catherine and the Pope to that end. When this was discovered, Henry ordered Wolsey's arrest and had it not been for his death from a terminal illness in 1530, he might have been executed for treason.[12] His replacement, Sir Thomas More, initially cooperated with the king's new policy, denouncing Wolsey in Parliament and proclaiming the opinion of the theologians at Oxford and Cambridge that the marriage of Henry to Catherine had been unlawful. As Henry began to deny the authority of the Pope, More's qualms grew.
A year later, Queen Catherine was banished from court and her old rooms were given to Anne. With Wolsey gone, Anne now had considerable power over government appointments and political matters. When Archbishop of Canterbury William Warham died, Anne had the Boleyn family's chaplain, Thomas Cranmer, appointed to the vacant position. Through the intervention of the King of France, this was conceded by Rome, the pallium being granted to him by Clement.[13]
The breaking of the power of Rome in England proceeded little by little. In 1532, a lawyer who was a supporter of Anne, Thomas Cromwell, brought before Parliament a number of acts including the Supplication against the Ordinaries and the Submission of the Clergy, which recognised Royal Supremacy over the church. Following these acts, Thomas More resigned as Chancellor, leaving Cromwell as Henry's chief minister.[14]
Second marriage
Henry attended a meeting with the French king at Calais in the winter of 1532, in which he hoped he could enlist the support of Francis I of France for his new marriage. The conference at Calais was a political triumph, since the French government gave its support for Henry's re-marriage.[15] Immediately upon returning to Dover in England, Henry and Anne went through a secret wedding service.[16] She soon became pregnant and, as was the custom with royalty, there was a second wedding service, which took place in London on 25 January 1533. Events now began to move at a quick pace. On 23 May 1533, Cranmer, sitting in judgment at a special court convened at Dunstable Priory to rule on the validity of the king's marriage to Catherine of Aragon, declared the marriage of Henry and Catherine null and void. Five days later, on 28 May 1533, Cranmer declared the marriage of Henry and Anne to be good and valid.[17]
Catherine was formally stripped of her title as queen and Anne was consequently crowned queen consort on 1 June 1533. The queen gave birth slightly prematurely on 7 September 1533. Anne had given birth to a girl who was christened Elizabeth, in honour of Henry's mother, Elizabeth of York.[18] Rejecting the decisions of the Pope, Parliament validated the marriage between Henry and Anne with the Act of Succession 1533. Catherine's daughter, the Lady Mary, was declared illegitimate, and Anne's issue were declared next in the line of succession. Included in this declaration was, most notably, a clause repudiating "any foreign authority, prince or potentate". All adults in the Kingdom were required to acknowledge the Act's provisions by oath and those who refused to do so were subject to imprisonment for life. The publisher or printer of any literature alleging that Henry's marriage to Anne was invalid was automatically guilty of high treason and could be punished by death.
English Reformation (1533-1540)
Anne Boleyn, Henry's second queen, painted after her death.Meanwhile, the House of Commons had forbidden all appeals to Rome and exacted the penalties of præmunire against all who introduced papal bulls into England. The Commons also prevented the Church from making any regulations without the King's consent. It was only then that Pope Clement at last took the step of launching sentences of excommunication against the King and Cranmer,[19] declaring at the same time the archbishop's decree of annulment to be invalid and the marriage with Anne null and void. The papal nuncio was withdrawn from England and diplomatic relations with Rome were broken off.[13] Several more laws were passed in England. The Ecclesiastical Appointments Act 1534 required the clergy to elect bishops nominated by the Sovereign. The Act of Supremacy 1534 declared that the King was "the only Supreme Head in Earth of the Church of England" and the Treasons Act 1534 made it high treason, punishable by death, to refuse to acknowledge the King as such. In response to the excommunications, the Peter's Pence Act was passed in and it reiterated that England had "no superior under God, but only your Grace" and that Henry's "imperial crown" had been diminished by "the unreasonable and uncharitable usurpations and exactions" of the Pope.[20] In defiance of the Pope, the Church of England was now under Henry's control, not Rome's.
Personal troubles
The king and queen were not pleased with married life. The royal couple enjoyed periods of calm and affection, but Henry's frequent infidelities greatly upset his new wife, who reacted with tears and rage to each new mistress. For his part, Henry disliked Anne's constant irritability and violent temper. After a false pregnancy or miscarriage in 1534, he saw her failure to give him a son as a betrayal. As early as Christmas 1534, Henry was discussing with Cranmer and Cromwell the chances of leaving Anne without having to return to Catherine.[21]
Thomas Cromwell arranged the plot that brought down Boleyn.Opposition to Henry's religious policies was quickly suppressed in England. A number of dissenting monks were tortured and executed. The most prominent resisters included John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, and Sir Thomas More, Henry's former Lord Chancellor, both of whom refused to take the oath to the King and were subsequently convicted of high treason and beheaded at Tower Hill, just outside the Tower of London, while the usual punishment for such traitors would have been to be hanged, drawn, and quartered. These suppressions in turn contributed to further resistance among the English people, most notably in the Pilgrimage of Grace, a large uprising in northern England in October of the same year. Henry VIII promised the rebels he would pardon them and thanked them for raising the issues to his attention, then invited the rebel leader, Robert Aske to a royal banquet. At the banquet, Henry asked Aske to write down what had happened so he could have a better idea of the problems he would 'change'. Aske did what the King asked, although what he had written would later be used against him as a confession. The King's word could not be questioned (as he was held as God's chosen, and second only to God himself) so Aske told the rebels they had been successful and they could disperse and go home. However, because Henry saw the rebels as traitors, he did not feel obliged to keep his promises. The rebels realised that the King was not keeping his promises and rebelled again later that year, but their strength was less in the second attempt and the King ordered the rebellion crushed. The leaders, including Aske, were arrested and executed for treason. Dissolution of the remaining, larger monasteries followed a subsequent authorising act by Parliament in May 1539.
Execution of Anne Boleyn
On 8 January 1536 news reached the king and the queen that Catherine of Aragon had died. Upon hearing the news of her death, Henry and Anne reportedly decked themselves in bright yellow clothing. Henry called for public displays of joy regarding Catherine's death. The queen was pregnant again, and she was aware of the consequences if she failed to give birth to a son. Her life could be in danger, as with both wives dead, Henry would be free to remarry and no one could claim that the union was illegal. Later that month, the King was unhorsed in a tournament and was badly injured. It seemed for a time that the King's life was in danger. When news of this accident reached the queen she was sent into shock and miscarried a male child that was about 15 weeks old. This happened on the very day of Catherine's funeral, 29 January 1536. For most observers, this personal loss was the beginning of the end of the royal marriage.[22]
Given the King's desperate desire for a son, the sequence of Anne's pregnancies has attracted much interest. Author Mike Ashley speculated that Anne had two stillborn children after Elizabeth's birth and before the birth of the male child she miscarried in 1536.[23] Most sources attest only to the birth of Elizabeth in September 1533, a possible miscarriage in the summer of 1534, and the miscarriage of a male child, of almost four months gestation, in January 1536.[24] As Anne recovered from what would be her final miscarriage, Henry declared that his marriage had been the product of witchcraft. The King's new mistress, Jane Seymour, was quickly moved into new quarters. This was followed by Anne's brother being refused a prestigious court honour, the Order of the Garter, which was instead given to Jane Seymour's brother.[25]
Five men, including Anne's own brother, were arrested on charges of incest and treason, accused of having sexual relationships with the queen.[26] On 2 May 1536 Anne was arrested and taken to the Tower of London. She was accused of adultery, incest and high treason.[27] Although the evidence against them was unconvincing, the accused were found guilty and condemned to death by the peers. George Boleyn and the other accused men were executed on 17 May 1536. On the morning of May 19 1536 at 8 o'clock, the queen was executed before the public. This was the first public execution of an English queen.[28] She knelt upright, in the French style of executions. The execution was swift and consisted of a single stroke.[29]
Birth of a prince
Jane Seymour would become Henry's third wife.One day after Anne's execution in 1536 Henry became engaged to Jane Seymour, one of the Queen's ladies-in-waiting to whom the king had been showing favour for some time. They were married 10 days later. At about the same time as this, his third marriage, Henry granted his assent to the Laws in Wales Act 1535, which legally annexed Wales, uniting England and Wales into one unified nation. This was followed by the Act of Succession 1536, which declared Henry's children by Queen Jane to be next in the line of succession and declared both the Lady Mary and the Lady Elizabeth illegitimate, thus excluding them from the throne. The king was granted the power to further determine the line of succession in his will. Jane gave birth to a son, Prince Edward the future Edward VI, in 1537. The birth was difficult and the queen died at Greenwich Palace on 24 October 1537 from an infection. After Jane's death, the entire court mourned with Henry for an extended period. Henry considered Jane to be his "true" wife, being the only one who had given him the male heir he so desperately sought. He was buried next to her at his death.
Final years (1540-1547)
In 1540, Henry sanctioned the destruction of shrines to saints. At this time, Henry desired to marry once again to ensure the succession. Thomas Cromwell, promoted to 1st Earl of Essex, suggested Anne, the sister of the Protestant Duke of Cleves, who was seen as an important ally in case of a Roman Catholic attack on England. Hans Holbein the Younger was dispatched to Cleves to paint a portrait of Anne for the king. Although it has been said that he painted her in a more flattering light, it is unlikely that the portrait was highly inaccurate, since Holbein remained in favour at court. After regarding Holbein's portrayal, and urged by the complimentary description of Anne given by his courtiers, Henry agreed to wed Anne. On Anne's arrival in England, Henry is said to have found her utterly unattractive, privately calling her a "Flanders Mare."
Henry was shown the above picture of Anne of ClevesHenry wished to annul the marriage in order to marry another. The Duke of Cleves had become engaged in a dispute with the Holy Roman Emperor, with whom Henry had no desire to quarrel. Queen Anne was intelligent enough not to impede Henry's quest for an annulment. Upon the question of marital sex, she testified that her marriage had never been consummated. Henry was said to have come into the room each night and merely kissed his new bride on the forehead before retiring. All impediments to an annulment were thus removed.
The marriage was subsequently dissolved and Anne received the title of "The King's Sister," and was granted Hever Castle, the former residence of the Boleyn family. Cromwell, meanwhile, fell out of favour for his role in arranging the marriage and was subsequently attainted and beheaded. The office of Viceregent in Spirituals, which had been specifically created for him, was not filled.
A picture of Catherine Howard, Henry's fifth wife.On 28 July 1540, (the same day Cromwell was executed) Henry married the young Catherine Howard (also found as Katherine), Anne Boleyn's first cousin. He was absolutely delighted with his new queen. Soon after her marriage, however, Queen Catherine had an affair with the courtier, Thomas Culpeper. She also employed Francis Dereham, who was previously informally engaged to her and had an affair with her prior to her marriage, as her secretary. Thomas Cranmer, who was opposed to the powerful Roman Catholic Howard family, brought evidence of Queen Catherine's activities to the king's notice. Though Henry originally refused to believe the allegations, he allowed Cranmer to conduct an investigation, which resulted in Queen Catherine's implication. When questioned, the queen could have admitted a prior contract to marry Dereham, which would have made her subsequent marriage to Henry invalid, but she instead claimed that Dereham had forced her to enter into an adulterous relationship. Dereham, meanwhile, exposed Queen Catherine's relationship with Thomas Culpeper. As was the case with Anne Boleyn, Catherine Howard could not technically have been guilty of adultery, as the marriage was officially null and void from the beginning. Again, this point was ignored, and Catherine was executed on 13 February 1542. She was only about eighteen years old at the time. That same year, England's remaining monasteries were all dissolved, and their property transferred to the Crown. Abbots and priors lost their seats in the House of Lords; only archbishops and bishops came to comprise the ecclesiastical element of the body. The Lords Spiritual, as members of the clergy with seats in the House of Lords were known, were for the first time outnumbered by the Lords Temporal.
Catherine Parr, Henry's sixth and final wife.Henry married his last wife, the wealthy widow Catherine Parr, in 1543. She argued with Henry over religion; she was a reformer, but Henry remained a conservative. This behaviour nearly proved her undoing, but she saved herself by a show of submissiveness. She helped reconcile Henry with his first two daughters, the Princess Mary and the Lady Elizabeth. In 1544, an Act of Parliament put the daughters back in the line of succession after Edward, Prince of Wales, though they were still deemed illegitimate. The same act allowed Henry to determine further succession to the throne in his will.
A mnemonic for the fates of Henry's wives is "divorced, beheaded, died, divorced, beheaded, survived". An alternative version is "King Henry the Eighth, to six wives he was wedded: One died, one survived, two divorced, two beheaded". (Or, more succinctly, "Two beheaded, one died, two divorced, one survived.") The phrase may be misleading. Firstly, Henry was never divorced from any of his wives; rather, his marriages to them were annulled. Secondly, four marriages—not two—ended in annulments. The marriages to Anne Boleyn and Catherine Howard were annulled shortly before their executions and, although her marriage to Henry was annulled, Anne of Cleves survived him, as did Catherine Parr.
The cruelty and tyrannical egoism of Henry became more apparent as he advanced in years and his health began to fail. A wave of political executions, which had commenced with that of Edmund de la Pole, Duke of Suffolk in 1513, ended with Henry Earl of Surrey, in January, 1547, underlined it. According to Holinshed, the number of executions in this reign amounted to 72,000—higher figures are given by some authorities.
Death and succession
King Henry VIII died in the Palace of Whitehall in 1547Late in life, Henry became grossly overweight (with a waist measurement of 54 inches/137 cm), and had to be moved about with the help of mechanical inventions. He was covered with suppurating boils and possibly suffered from gout. His obesity dates from a jousting accident in 1536 in which he suffered a leg wound. This prevented him from exercising and gradually became ulcerated. It undoubtedly hastened his death at the age of 55, which occurred on 28 January 1547 in the Palace of Whitehall, on what would have been his father's 90th birthday. He expired soon after uttering these last words: "Monks! Monks! Monks!"[30]
The well known theory that Henry suffered from syphilis was first promoted approximately 100 years after his death[citation needed]. A more recent theory suggests that Henry's medical symptoms, and those of his older sister Margaret Tudor, are also characteristic of untreated Type II diabetes. Henry VIII was buried in St George's Chapel in Windsor Castle, next to his wife Jane Seymour. Almost a hundred years later Charles I was buried in his grave. Within a little more than a decade after his death, all three of his royal heirs sat on the English throne, and all three left no descendants.
Under the Act of Succession 1543, Henry's only surviving legitimate son, Edward, inherited the Crown, becoming Edward VI. Since Edward was only nine years old at the time, he could not exercise actual power. Henry's will designated 16 executors to serve on a council of regency until Edward reached the age of 18. The executors chose Edward Seymour, 1st Earl of Hertford, Jane Seymour's elder brother, to be Lord Protector of the Realm. In default of heirs to Edward, the throne was to pass to Henry VIII's daughter by Catherine of Aragon, the Princess Mary and her heirs. If Mary's issue also failed, the crown was to go to Henry's daughter by Anne Boleyn, Princess Elizabeth, and her heirs. Finally, if Elizabeth's line also became extinct, the crown was to be inherited by the descendants of Henry VIII's deceased younger sister, Mary Tudor, Duchess of Suffolk. The descendants of Henry's sister Margaret Tudor - the royal family of Scotland - were therefore excluded from succession according to this act.
The children of Henry VIII
- Mary I, daughter of Catherine of Aragon.
- Henry Fitzroy, son of Henry's mistress, Elizabeth Blount.
- Elizabeth I, daughter of Anne Boleyn.
- Edward VI, son of Jane Seymour.
Henry is known to have been an avid gambler and dice player. In his youth, he excelled at sports, especially jousting, hunting, and real tennis. He was also an accomplished musician, author, and poet; his best known piece of music is Pastime with Good Company ("The Kynges Ballade"). The King was also involved in the original construction and improvement of several significant buildings, including Nonsuch Palace, King's College Chapel, Cambridge and Westminster Abbey in London. Many of the existing buildings Henry improved were properties confiscated from Wolsey, such as Christ Church, Oxford, Hampton Court Palace, the Palace of Whitehall, and Trinity College, Cambridge. He founded Christ Church Cathedral School, Oxford in 1546. The only surviving piece of clothing worn by Henry VIII is a cap of maintenance awarded to the Mayor of Waterford, along with a bearing sword, in 1536. It currently resides in the Waterford Museum of Treasures. In the centuries since his death, Henry has inspired or been mentioned in numerous artistic and cultural works.
Church of England
Though mainly motivated by dynastic and personal concerns, and despite never really abandoning the fundamentals of the Roman Catholic Church, Henry ensured that the greatest act of his reign would be one of the most radical and decisive of any English monarch. His break with Rome in 1533-34 was an act with enormous consequences for the subsequent course of English history beyond the Tudor dynasty. Not only in making possible the transformation of England into a powerful (albeit very distinctive) nation; but also in the seizing of economic and political power from the Church by the aristocracy, chiefly through the acquisition of monastic lands and assets -- a short-term strategy with long-term social consequences. Henry's decision to entrust the regency of his son Edward's minor years to a decidedly reform-oriented regency council, dominated by Edward Seymour, was most likely for the simple tactical reason that Seymour seemed likely to provide the strongest leadership for the kingdom ensured that the English Reformation would be consolidated and even furthered during his son's reign. Such ironies marked other aspects of his legacy.
He fostered humanist learning and yet was responsible for the deaths of several outstanding English humanists. Obsessed with securing the succession to the throne, he left no legitimate heirs but a young son (who died before his sixteenth birthday) and two daughters adhering to adversarial religions. The power of the state was magnified, yet so too (at least after Henry's death) were demands for increased political participation by the middle class. Henry worked with some success to once again make England a major player on the European scene but depleted his treasury in the course of doing so, a legacy that has remained an issue for English monarchs ever since.
Together with Alfred the Great and Charles II, Henry is traditionally called one of the founders of the Royal Navy. His reign featured some naval warfare and, more significantly, large royal investment in shipbuilding (including a few spectacular great ships such as Mary Rose), dockyards (such as HMNB Portsmouth) and naval innovations (such as the use of cannon on-board ship - although archers were still deployed on medieval-style forecastles and bowcastles as the ship's primary armament on large ships, or co-armament where cannon were used). However, in some ways this is a misconception since Henry did not bequeath to his immediate successors a navy in the sense of a formalised organisation with structures, ranks, formalised munitioning structures but only in the sense of a set of ships. Elizabeth I still had to cobble together a set of privately owned ships to fight off the Spanish Armada (which consisted of about 130 warships and converted merchant ships) and in the former, formal sense the modern British navy, the Royal Navy, is largely a product of the Anglo-Dutch naval rivalry of the seventeenth century. Still, Henry's reign marked the birth of English naval power and was a key factor in England's later victory over the Spanish Armada.
Henry's break with Rome incurred the threat of a large-scale French or Spanish invasion. To guard against this he strengthened existing coastal defence fortresses (such as Dover Castle and, also at Dover, Moat Bulwark and Archcliffe Fort he personally visited for a few months to supervise, as is commemorated in the modern exhibition in Dover Castle's keep there). He also built a chain of new 'castles' (in fact, large bastioned and garrisoned gun batteries) along Britain's southern coast from East Anglia to Cornwall, largely built of material gained from the demolition of monasteries. These were also known as Henry VIII's Device Forts.
Style and arms
Henry VIII was the first English monarch to regularly use the style "Majesty", though the alternatives "Highness" and "Grace" were also used.
Several changes were made to the royal style during his reign. Henry originally used the style "Henry the Eighth, by the Grace of God, King of England, France and Lord of Ireland". In 1521, pursuant to a grant from Pope Leo X rewarding a book by Henry attacking Martin Luther, the royal style became "Henry the Eighth, by the Grace of God, King of England and France, Defender of the Faith and Lord of Ireland". Following Henry's excommunication, Pope Paul III rescinded the grant of the title "Defender of the Faith", but an Act of Parliament declared that it remained valid; and it continues in royal usage to the present day.
In 1535, Henry added the "supremacy phrase" to the royal style, which became "Henry the Eighth, by the Grace of God, King of England and France, Defender of the Faith, Lord of Ireland and of the Church of England in Earth Supreme Head". In 1536, the phrase "of the Church of England" changed to "of the Church of England and also of Ireland".
In 1541, Henry had the Irish Parliament change the title "Lord of Ireland" to "King of Ireland" with the Crown of Ireland Act 1542, after being advised that many Irish people regarded the Pope as the true head of their country, with the Lord acting as a mere representative. The reason the Irish regarded the Pope as their overlord was because Ireland had originally been given to the English King Henry II by Pope Adrian IV in the twelfth century as a feudal territory under papal overlordship. The meeting of Irish Parliament that proclaimed Henry VIII King of Ireland was the first meeting attended by the Gaelic Irish chieftains as well as the Anglo-Irish aristocrats. The style "Henry the Eighth, by the Grace of God, King of England, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith and of the Church of England and also of Ireland in Earth Supreme Head" remained in use until the end of Henry's reign.
Henry's motto was Coeur Loyal (true heart) and he had this embroidered on his clothes in the form of a heart symbol and with the word "loyal". His emblem was the Tudor rose and the Beaufort portcullis.
As Duke of York, Henry used the arms of his father (i.e. those of the kingdom), differenced by a label of three points ermine. As king, Henry VIII's arms were the same as those used by his predecessors since Henry IV: Quarterly, Azure three fleurs-de-lys Or (for France) and Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or (for England).
16. Maredudd ap Tudur 8. Owen Tudor 17. Margaret ferch Dafydd 4. Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond 18. Charles VI of France 9. Catherine of Valois 19. Isabeau of Bavaria 2. Henry VII of England 20. John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset 10. John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset 21. Margaret Holland 5. Lady Margaret Beaufort 22. John de Beauchamp, 3rd Baron Beauchamp 11. Margaret Beauchamp of Bletso 23. Edith Stourton 1. Henry VIII of England 24. Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridge 12. Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York 25. Anne de Mortimer 6. Edward IV of England 26. Ralph de Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland 13. Cecily Neville 27. Joan Beaufort, Countess of Westmorland 3. Elizabeth of York 28. Sir Richard Wydevill 14. Richard Woodville, 1st Earl Rivers 29. Elizabeth Bodulgate 7. Elizabeth Woodville 30. Peter I, Comte de Saint-Pol 15. Jacquetta of Luxembourg 31. Margaret de Baux
Marriage and issue
Queen Catherine of Aragon (married 11 June 1509 annulled 23 May 1533)
- Miscarried daughter 31 January 1510
- Henry, Duke of Cornwall 1 January 1511 22 February 1511
- Unnamed son November 1513
- Henry, Duke of Cornwall December 1514 died within one month of birth
- Queen Mary I 18 February 1516 17 November 1558 married 1554, Philip II of Spain; no issue
- miscarried 1517
- Unnamed daughter 10 November 1518
Queen Anne Boleyn (married 25 January 1533 annulled 1536) beheaded
- Queen Elizabeth I 7 September 1533 24 March 1603 never married, no issue
- "Henry Tudor" 1534 Historians are uncertain if the child was born and died shortly after birth, or if it had been a miscarriage. The affair was hushed up and we cannot even be certain of the child's sex.
miscarried 1535
- "Edward Tudor" 29 January 1536
Queen Jane Seymour (married 30 May 1536; died 25 October 1537)
- King Edward VI 12 October 1537 6 July 1553
Queen Anne of Cleves (married 6 January 1540 annulled 1540)
- no issue
Queen Catherine Howard (married 28 July 1540 annulled 1541[citation needed]) beheaded
- no issue
Queen Catherine Parr (married 12 July 1543; died 5 September 1548)
- no issue
Elizabeth Blount (mistress)
- Henry Fitzroy, Duke of Richmond and Somerset 15 June 1519 18 June 1536 illegitimate; married 1533, the Lady Mary Howard; no issue
Mary Boleyn (mistress) (Some writers, such as Alison Weir, now question whether Henry Carey was fathered by Henry VIII. [31])
- Catherine Carey, Lady Knollys c. 1524 15 January 1568 married Sir Francis Knollys; had issue
- Henry Carey, Baron Hunsdon 4 March 1526 23 July 1596 married 1545, Ann Morgan; had issue
Mary Berkeley (mistress) (There is no evidence to prove he was Henry's son except through eye witness accounts, who claimed a resemblance to the King.)
- John Perrott c. 1527 3 November 1592 married 1. Anne Cheney; 2. Jane Pruet, both of whom produced issue. He also had issue with his mistress Sybil Jones.
In 2007 Eric Bana potrayed Henry VIII in the dramatic movie The Other Boleyn Girl alongside with Natalie Portman as the rebellious mistress of Henry VIII, Anne Boleyn, and Scarlett Johansson as the other mistress of Henry VIII and softspoken sister of Anne Boleyn, Mary Boleyn.
- ^ Crofton, p.128.
- ^ Crofton, p.129
- ^ Churchill, p.29
- ^ Crofton, p.126
- ^ Guicciardini, History of Italy, 280.
- ^ Scarisbrick, p. 154.
- ^ Weir, p. 160.
- ^ Lacey, p.70.
- ^ "Henry VIII" in the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia.
- ^ Brigden, p.114.
- ^ Morris, p.166.
- ^ Haigh p.92f
- ^ "Clement VII" in the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia.
- ^ Williams p. 136.
- ^ Williams, p.123.
- ^ Starkey, pp. 462–464.
- ^ Williams, p.124.
- ^ Williams, pp.128-131.
- ^ Historians disagree on the exact date of the excommunication; according to Winston Churchill's History of the English Speaking Peoples, the bull of 1533 was a draft with penalties left blank and was not made official until 1535. Others say Henry was not officially excommunicated until 1538, by Pope Paul III, brother of Cardinal Franklin de la Thomas.
- ^ Lehmberg.
- ^ Williams, p.138.
- ^ Williams, p.141.
- ^ Ashley, p.240.
- ^ Williams, chapter 4.
- ^ Williams, p.142.
- ^ Williams, pp.143-144.
- ^ Hibbert, pp.54-55.
- ^ Tudor chronicler Edward Hall
- ^ Hibbert, p.60.
- ^ Davies, p. 687.
- ^ Weir, p.216.
The New World by Winston Churchill (1966). The Reformation Parliament, 1529-1536 by Stanford E. Lehmberg (1970). Henry VIII and his Court by Neville Williams (1971). The Life and Times of Henry VIII by Robert Lacey (1972). The Six Wives of Henry VIII by Alison Weir (1991) ISBN 0802136834. English Reformations by Christopher Haigh (1993). Europe: A history by Norman Davies (1998) ISBN 978-0060974688. Europe and England in the Sixteenth Century by T. A. Morris (1998). New Worlds, Lost Worlds by Susan Brigden (2000). Henry VIII: The King and His Court by Alison Weir (2001). British Kings & Queens by Mike Ashley (2002) ISBN 0-7867-1104-3. Henry VIII: The King and His Court by Alison Weir (2002) ISBN 034543708X. Six Wives: The Queens of Henry VIII by David Starkey (2003) ISBN 0060005505. The Kings and Queens of England by Ian Crofton (2006).
Further reading
J S Brewer; Robert Henry Brodie; James Gairdner. Letters and papers, foreign and domestic, of the reign of Henry VIII, preserved in the Public Record Office, the British Museum, and elsewhere. 1965 2d ed. (TannerRitchie Publishing) Childs, Jessie. Henry VIII's Last Victim: The Life and Times of Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey. London: Jonathan Cape, 2006 (hardback, ISBN 0-224-06325-1). Reviewed by C.J. Sansom in The Guardian, 21 October 2006. Luther, Martin. Luther's Correspondence and Other Contemporary Letters, 2 vols., tr. and ed. by Preserved Smith, Charles Michael Jacobs, The Lutheran Publication Society, Philadelphia, Pa. 1913, 1918. vol. 1 (1507–1521) and vol. 2 (1521–1530) from Google Books. Reprint of Vol.1, Wipf & Stock Publishers (March 2006). ISBN 1-59752-601-0 Wagner, John A. "Bosworth Field to Bloody Mary: An Encyclopedia of the Early Tudors." Greenwood, 2003. Bowle, John. Henry VIII: A Study of Power in Action Little, Brown, 1964. John Lloyd and John Mitchinson "The Book of General Ignorance". faber and faber,2006 Bryant, M. Private Lives. Cassell, 2001. Farrow, John V. The Story of Thomas More. Collins, 1956. "Henry VIII". (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed. London: Cambridge University Press. Kranes, Marsha et al. Know It All. New York: Tess Press, 1998. Moorhouse, Geoffrey. Great Harry's Navy: How Henry VIII Gave England Seapower Wagner, John A. (2003). "Bosworth Field to Bloody Mary: An Encyclopedia of the Early Tudors." (Greenwood). ISBN 1-57356-540-7. Henry VIII, "Assertio septem sacramentorum aduersus Martin. Luther" (1521)Treasure 9 National Library of Vatican City displayed via The European Library
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" Categories: English monarchs | House of Tudor | Military leaders of the Italian Wars | Pretenders to the throne of the kingdom of France (Plantagenet) | Dukes of Cornwall | Dukes of York | Dukes in the Peerage of England | Earls Marshal | Founders of English schools and colleges | Knights of the Garter | Knights of the Golden Fleece | Lords Warden of the Cinque Ports | Shakespearean characters | People from Greenwich | People excommunicated by the Roman Catholic Church | 1491 births | 1547 deaths


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Hattip to Ed Morrissey at Hot Air. I have been waiting for this movie for over a year and now it is finally being released on June 1, 2012. For Greater Glory (formerly entitled Cristiada). The must see movie for 2012 for me, and perhaps all Americans who cherish religious freedom. At a time when the Obama administration is engaging in actions in regard to the HHS contraceptivee mandate that many Americans view as an infringement on religious liberty, a film is being released this election year detailing the struggle of Mexican Catholics in the last century against a bitterly anti-Catholic regime. Most of the time in life coincidences are merely coincidences, but sometimes I suspect they are sent by God for His purposes. In any case it appears to be a worthy movie to retell the heroic story of Mexican Catholics and their fight for the Church and freedom.
The story of the Cristeros is the tale of the attempt by the Mexican government to crush the Catholic Church. Mexico had a long history of anti-clerical political movements prior to the revolution of 1910. However, the Mexican Revolution brought to the fore radical elements that pushed through the Constitution of 1917 with its anti-clerical articles 3, 5, 27 and 130. In his encyclical Iniquis Afflictisque, the first of three encyclicals he wrote condemning the persecution of the Church in Mexico, Pius XI described the war against the Church waged by the Mexican government: (more…)

subset: commoncrawl


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Australian pentathlete clear to compete at Beijing
BEIJING (AP) Australian pentathlete Angie Darby is on her way to Beijing after the Court of Arbitration for Sport threw out an appeal that questioned her Olympic eligibility.
Greece's pentathlon federation had challenged Darby's qualification and wanted her replaced by Greek competitor Donna Vakalis.
The Greek federation claimed Darby was not eligible because she failed to meet the full requirements of the five-event discipline when she qualified for Beijing by winning the Oceania championship in Tokyo last year. The fourth of the five disciplines - equestrian show jumping - wasn't contested because of an outbreak of equine influenza.
The same argument was successfully used in July by the British federation to have Australia's Alex Parygin, the 1996 Olympic champion, replaced by Briton Nick Woodbridge. The British lawyer who won that case represented the Greek federation.
Vakalis originally appealed to the pentathlon's world governing body, which allowed the Oceania contest to go ahead. It ruled the Greek athlete's claim was made too late, and Vakalis appealed that decision to CAS.
The women's modern pentathlon is scheduled for Aug. 22 at the Olympic Sports Center stadium in Beijing. The one-day event sees athletes accumulate points in pistol shooting, fencing, swimming, show jumping and a final 3,000-meter run.
The Australian Olympic Committee said Thursday that Darby will join the rest of the Australian team in the Olympic village and march in Friday's opening ceremonies.
Fiona de Jong, the Australian Olympic Committee's director of sport had launched a personal crusade to keep Darby on the team, at one point telling British lawyers who instigated the challenge they "had picked a fight with the wrong chick."
"I am so pleased for Angie," De Jong said in a statement Thursday. "It is a feeling of relief and joy that the saga is finally over and Angie can get on and compete."
AOC president John Coates also was pleased with the result.
"Every athlete and federation has the right to appeal the selection process and I am glad that it has been resolved," Coates said. "I'm advised that her training has been excellent throughout the latter stages of this process so hopefully her preparation has not been adversely affected."


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This firm was established in 1909 by Samuel Duncan Black and Alonzo Galloway Decker of Baltimore, MD. They were early innovators in handheld power tools, but that is outside the scope of this web site. Over the years, they made various products that are eligible for this site, including radial arm saws, bench and pedestal grinders, drill presses, tablesaws, and fractional horsepower electric motors.
On January 28, 1985, The Black & Decker Manufacturing Co. formally changed its name to The Black & Decker Corp.
Handheld power tools are outside the scope of this web site. Please do not upload pictures of handhelds!


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ACE - Automated Cells & Equipment, Inc.
- NY, United States Show Phone Numbers
- Tel: (607) 936-1341
- Fax: (607) 936-1531
Click Here to Contact
- Member Since 1997
- Robotic Integrator
ACE - Automated Cells & Equipment, Inc. is a FANUC Certified Servicing Integrator providing cost-effective, innovative manufacturing solutions. Our systems perform machine tending, dispensing, press tending, palletizing, robotic spray coating, material removal, and general material handling for multiple shops in North America and Europe. ACE has been especially successful in building relationships within the powder metal and machine tool industry. We have teamed up with industry leading companies to provide gauging, part weighing, and conveying capability with our robot systems. We also offer regularly scheduled training courses in FANUC robot operations and programming.


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"The word 'gaga' is a great word. It has a similar sensibility to 'queer.' It's being a little bit off, a little bit crazy. And I felt it was time for feminism to go a bit gaga," says Jack Halberstam the author of Gaga Feminism: Sex, Gender and the End of Normal and Director of The Center for Feminist Research at University of Southern California.
In a sweeping conversation with Thaddeus Russell, author of A Renegade History of the United States, Halberstam discusses sexual and gender identity, whether the traditional family structure has outlived its usefulness, and what Ariel Castro, Anthony Weiner and the infamous photos from Abu Grahib say about normativity in American culture.


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"Like most sisters dancing with big brother," LIFE magazine observed of this pair, "Missy (above, left) looks polite but bored." Her brother, meanwhile, "assumes the haughty air of a Chihuahua who has just deflated that old dog libel about learning new tricks." The dogs, LIFE reported, liked to perform for their owner, Mrs. R. C. Dabney of Valdosta, Ga., and both embodied the appearance standards set forth for the Chihuahua by the American Kennel Club: "Graceful, alert, with saucy expression."
Beyond that, there's little left to say about this eye-popping picture. As captured by photographer Robert C. Winter III, Missy and Sambo (sorry, that was the brother pup's name) filled the last page of the Feb. 2, 1962, issue of LIFE with a sort of unbearable canine cuteness. Cha-cha-cha!
[Jimmy, the Roller-Skating Horse]
[A Squirrel's Guide to Fashion]
[The Duck's Alive. The Dog's Embarrassed. The Photo's a Classic]


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You could practically spend your entire Massachusetts vacation outdoors. In the spring, fishing, camping, hiking, biking, and cheering on the Red Sox at historic Fenway Park. In the summer, soaking up the sun on gorgeous beaches, white water rafting, whale watching, putt sinking, ice cream eating, and still cheering on the Sox. In the fall, leaf peeping at the brilliant foliage; losing your voice at a Patriots game at Gillette Stadium; petting goats, picking apples and sipping cider at any number of picture perfect small farms; and yep, still cheering on the Sox. Think there are no outdoor activities in the winter? Think again. There's skiing, riding and tubing at one of 12 fantastic ski areas; dog sledding; and ice fishing; all while heatedly discussing the spring prospects for the Sox, of course.
Sign up to receive emails about outdoor activities.
Watch a video on outdoor adventures in Massachusetts.
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Outdoor Adventure: It's all here
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Get some outdoor adventure ideas
Coonamessett Farm
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We are a local farm offering a pick-your-own family experience and animals to visit. Seasonal family memberships or day passes... more+ 1 saves
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Looking for fun things to do and see in Massachusetts?


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kiwi needed a new other design and created a contest on 99designs.
A winner was selected from 1 designs submitted by 1 freelance designers.
Design 3 Baby/Child 'Hip Hop' characters similar to http://kids.babyjamz.com/#home for a childrens product. This is a chance to showcase your illustration skills. Great for your portfolio.
Use http://kids.babyjamz.com/#home for inspiration to design three Hip Hop/Rap characters for a childrens product.
Also ideas here:
Ages should be between 2-8 years old
- Three Characters - 2 male and 1 female
- Different ethnicities - Black, White and Asian
- Must be friendly, funky little cool dudes!
- Themes - hip hop, rnb, urban, music,
- Bright colours
- Amateur illustrations, must be professional and slick
- Must be positive ie no rude gestures or negative looks, postures


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Rock n Roll Saturday Night - October 12, 2019
5:00 PM to 8:00 PM from Weirs Beach
Main Deck Entertainment
Annie & the Orphans
Flagship Lounge Entertainment
Jim Hollis
- All cruises are rain or shine.
- All passengers must be 21 years of age unless accompanied by a parent, spouse, or legal guardian.
- Cruise tickets are non-refundable, but may be enchanged for an alternate cruise date with 24 hour advance notice.
- Unused tickets on the evening of a cruise may be used for any daytime scenic cruise.
- Entertainment and menus are subject to change without notice.
- Plan to arrive at the port 20-30 minutes prior to departure to find parking, secure your tickets and and walk to the dock.
- Metered parking and paid parking lots are available at Weirs Beach. At all other ports, street parking or paid lots are available.
- The dress code for dinner cruises is "smart casual" – please no cut-offs, sleeveless t-shirts, or swimwear. It can get cool on the lake later in the evening, so we encourage all passengers to consult a weather forecast and bring a light jacket or sweater where appropriate.


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Tara Lachapelle and Brooke Sutherland
Tuesday, 04 February 2014 01:37 PM
Jettisoning units such as Xbox video-game consoles and the Bing search engine may be the change Microsoft needs to rejuvenate growth as Satya Nadella takes over as chief executive officer, said Schwartz Investment Counsel Inc., which owns Microsoft shares. The world's biggest software maker should go further by also splitting off Windows and smartphones to focus on providing services to business customers, said Stifel Financial Corp.
"They need to decide whether it still makes sense to have those assets," said Todd Lowenstein, a Los Angeles-based fund manager at HighMark Capital Management Inc., which oversees about $17 billion including Microsoft shares. "Eighty percent of the value of Microsoft is on the enterprise side and it's not being valued that way today. The consumer side of the business gets a disproportionate amount of attention."
Nadella, named CEO by Microsoft's board, would inherit a company whose inroads in providing cloud-based enterprise software and services have been overshadowed by disappointments in tablets, smartphones and its search engine. Microsoft's price-earnings ratio is about half the median for software makers, according to data compiled by Bloomberg, implying that the company's valuation could almost double if it focused just on software and services.
Tapping Nadella
Microsoft, which had a market value of $303 billion Monday, has touted the benefits of having Bing as an ingredient in products like Windows and Xbox. In his final shareholder meeting in November, Steve Ballmer, the outgoing CEO, cited the new Xbox One as representing the vision the company has for a unified set of products and mentioned Bing as well.
Peter Wootton, a spokesman for Redmond, Washington-based Microsoft, declined to comment on whether the company would be open to a split.
Microsoft rose 2.7 percent on Jan. 31 — the day after Bloomberg News reported Nadella would be promoted to CEO — for the biggest increase in the Dow Jones Industrial Average, which fell 0.9 percent.
Investors are wagering that Nadella, a 22-year Microsoft veteran, will help concentrate the company more on the faster growing enterprise and cloud businesses that he currently runs, according to Donald Selkin, who helps manage about $3 billion including Microsoft shares as chief market strategist at National Securities Corp. in New York.
'Best Chance'
"This is the direction that investors think would be their best chance of getting their earnings back up and increasing their revenue," Selkin said in a phone interview. Stocks of cloud-based software and services companies "have really exploded over the last year or so."
Monday, Microsoft shares fell 3.6 percent to $36.48, erasing last week's gain, as the S&P 500 slumped the most since June.
Shareholders may find an insider advocate in Mason Morfit, the president of activist investing firm ValueAct Holdings LP. Morfit, who's set to join Microsoft's board in March, wants the company to reduce its focus on Windows and accelerate efforts to unchain products and services from the operating system, according to people familiar with the matter who asked not to be identified because the information is private.
Xbox One
Morfit also wants to emphasize enterprise and cloud businesses and push Microsoft to look at splitting off or scaling back hardware and consumer products such as Xbox, the people said.
Xbox, which started selling the new Xbox One console in November, may be worth about $23 billion on its own, based on Nintendo Co.'s price-sales ratio, according to data compiled by Bloomberg.
Spinning off the more consumer-focused businesses together — including Windows, phones, Xbox and the Bing Internet search service — would boost investor returns and help focus the company on software and services for business customers, said Brad Reback, an Atlanta-based analyst at Stifel. Such a move would also keep Bing tied to many of the consumer products into which it's integrated.
"I remain very skeptical around the device side of the business and their ability to make money and really add value to shareholders over time," he said in a phone interview.
Depressed Valuation
Reback's suggestion would involve splitting off pieces of Microsoft that accounted for about 40 percent of the company's $78 billion of revenue in fiscal 2013, which ended in June, data compiled by Bloomberg show.
Focusing on software and services would transform Microsoft into a company that more closely resembles its industry peers, which fetch a valuation that's almost double Microsoft's.
Microsoft's price-earnings ratio Monday of 12.8 is the second-lowest among software providers with market values exceeding $5 billion, data compiled by Bloomberg show. The group's median is about 25.5, the data show.
Its enterprise value is also relatively low versus earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization. At 7.5 times, it trails the median of about 14.3 for software peers, the data show.
"The stock is incredibly cheap," Tim Schwartz, a fund manager at Bloomfield Hills, Michigan-based Schwartz Investment, said in a phone interview. "We're looking for the new CEO to break from the past and take Microsoft in a new direction. We're hopeful that the enterprise part of Microsoft becomes more of a focus."
Microsoft Targets
After a split, Microsoft may seek to buy software-as-a-service companies, such as Ultimate Software Group Inc. or Concur Technologies Inc., to bolster its enterprise applications business, said Reback of Stifel.
"At some point, I think you need to be fully in or out of that business," known as Microsoft Dynamics, Reback said. "If they were to spin out the device business and head down a pure enterprise path, I think they would double down on that Dynamics business and look to augment what they have with acquisitions."
Representatives for Ultimate Software, which has a market value of $4.4 billion, and $6.5 billion Concur Technologies didn't immediately respond to requests for comment.
Even with Morfit joining the board, it may be tough to persuade Microsoft's directors that it's time for a breakup, Reback said. The board signed off on the purchase of Nokia Oyj's handset business in September after Ballmer reorganized the company to accelerate development of hardware and services and announced his plans to retire as CEO.
Wishful Thinking
A breakup may be wishful thinking because Nadella is being promoted from within Microsoft and because the Nokia deal showed a commitment to consumer businesses, said Schwartz, whose firm oversees $1.5 billion and owns Microsoft shares.
"I don't think that's going to happen," he said. "But we'd certainly be in favor of it if it did."
Others are concerned that Microsoft is losing corporate business as it cedes its grip on consumers, with workers bringing personal devices from Apple Inc. and Google Inc. into the office. Abandoning the market could make it worse, according to Brent Thill, an analyst at UBS AG.
"Consumer needs to be worked out," Thill said. "The commercial business is their fastball and we don't want them to defocus, but there is a consumerization of" information technology.
Gates' Role
Former CEO and co-founder Bill Gates is stepping down as chairman and taking on the role of technology adviser, while remaining on the board. John Thompson, the board member who led the CEO search, becomes chairman.
Removing Gates as chairman would signal that Nadella will be free to make the changes he deems necessary, Mark Luschini, chief investment strategist at Janney Montgomery Scott LLC, said before the announcement. His firm oversees $63 billion including Microsoft shares.
"The code behind that change is to say that the new person — in this case, if it's Nadella — is going to be unencumbered by the influence of a founder and ex-CEO to do what he determines is the best thing to do for Microsoft shareholders, not Microsoft, the legacy," Luschini said in a phone interview.
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Friday, June 12, 2009
Circus & craving a good book.
25 comments:
- Melanie said...
Have you finished all the Twilight books? (I still haven't!!)
- June 12, 2009 at 1:13 PM
- twin2trip said...
Mel, I read the first one then started the second one to see what everyone was talking about and then I was done. I know I think I may be the only one who wasn't a crazy Twilight girl.
- June 12, 2009 at 1:30 PM
- Carol said...
The Guernsey Literary and Potato Peel Pie Society. It is a wonderful book. I'll even loan it to you!
- June 12, 2009 at 1:38 PM
- Jami said...
I just finished a wonderful book called "A Thousand Splendid Suns". AMAZING! Seriously, I am still thinking about it.
I have TONS of book that I could recommend!
- June 12, 2009 at 2:00 PM
- Jessica said...
I would love to recommend about twenty but I will limit myself to one. One of my favorites is These Is My Words by Nancy Turner. Happy reading!
- June 12, 2009 at 3:21 PM
- Rebecca Frame said...
the cutest photo for fathers day ever...love that!
- June 12, 2009 at 11:23 PM
- Mike and Debbie said...
Sounds like you have some good friends that can recommend some good reads. I'm right there with you on wanting to escape into a good story. Books are so much better than movies or tv. Let me know what you find and how you liked it.
- June 13, 2009 at 7:04 AM
- Whitney said...
I think the circus would be AMAZING!!! What a fun idea. Books? Im reading another baby wise book... its pretty good. ha!
- June 13, 2009 at 8:55 AM
- Courtney Vance said...
I love the pictures of the babes. Such a good idea. I love the circus idea in the bedroom. The pictures you have are just too cute.
- June 13, 2009 at 8:56 AM
- Niki {A*Lovely*Lifestyle} said...
i don't have any great recommendations but i sure do love that picture of your kids! adorable!
- June 13, 2009 at 9:16 AM
- Mindy said...
A good book club blog is, http://zqueenbees.blogspot.com/. I belong and love all the books.
I too love you picture. I just bought my husband a tent, nothing creative.
- June 13, 2009 at 1:17 PM
- twin2trip said...
hey thanks everybody for the suggestions so far!
- June 13, 2009 at 1:28 PM
- icandy... said...
Beautiful blog! I just love anything "circus"! :) And, my daughter will recommend the Twilight series to one and all!
- June 13, 2009 at 7:55 PM
- Cheryl said...
Cute picture of the kiddies with their daddy's shoes on. I love it! You are so creative! The last book that I read and liked was The Secret Life of Bees. Usually I'm just reading books about reading research. I'm the reading coach who doesn't have or take the time to read except when I'm on a plane! It sounds like you have tons of recommendations! I'm glad you find the time to read. You are amazing!!
- June 14, 2009 at 6:16 AM
- Laura Smith said...
i'm a friend of lisa harris and happened upon your blog~ now i'm addicted! you have great style and love your design insight. i love to read...here are a few good ones if you like novels...the time travlers wife (they are now making a movie out of it staring rachel mcadams) and the story of edgar sawtelle.
- June 14, 2009 at 9:09 AM
- Aislinn said...
I'm not crazy about twilight either.
A Thousand Splendid Suns really is a great book (as mentioned).
I also just read a good book called "Snow Flower and the Secret Fan." by Lisa See.
And one of my all time favorites is "Three Weeks with my Brother" by Nicholas Sparks. It is not a novel like most of his books, but a memoir.
Hope you enjoy!
- June 14, 2009 at 1:47 PM
- Hayley said...
I read a lot...but I'm not sure of your taste? I too liked A Thousand Splendid Suns (and the author's other book The Kite Runner) quite a bit. I didn't like the second Twilight book as much, but I did plow through and finish them all. I just read My Sister's Keeper and it only took me a few days because I just couldn't put it down. Another interesting book is Middlesex by Jeffery Eugenides--you may think I'm weird for suggesting that one after you read it. For an easy read, I just finished Love the One You're With but Emily Giffin. Or I would always recommend my two favorite classics of all time: The Color Purple and Gone With the Wind.
- June 14, 2009 at 3:54 PM
- Marketing Unscrambled, learn to earn 14 said...
Never read Twilight, so can not recommend it. Nothing to recommend, but you have had quite a few to choose from. Love all the photos that you had in the blog this time. Very nice. Enjoy your reading time.
Dan and Deanna "Marketing Unscramlbed"
- June 14, 2009 at 4:52 PM
- angela hardison said...
I'm sort of obsessed with the circus right now. I just made some circus-inspired tshirts for our upcoming family reunion!
Ditto to those that suggested A Thousand Splendid Suns, These is my Words. I also recently read The Book Thief and loved it. I've got a huge list of books to read...
- June 14, 2009 at 11:40 PM
- paula said...
I just love the circus theme and that photo is adorable.
- June 15, 2009 at 6:41 AM
- heidandmatt said...
As long as you are on the circus theme....pick up "Water for Elephants." A good read!! (As is "The Kite Runner" & A Thousand Splendid Suns") Water for Elephants is lighter than the other two, but a great story!!
- June 15, 2009 at 6:30 PM
- Christen said...
Water for Elephants is a real page turner! If you want something girly, I'd recommend anything by Emily Giffin, but especially Love the One you're with. She writes clever, fun chick lit.
- June 16, 2009 at 7:58 AM
That picture IS perfect though! I love it!
- June 16, 2009 at 10:47 PM
- twin2trip said...
again thank you so much for all of the suggestions. I will be all booked up reading all of the new reads.
- June 16, 2009 at 11:42 PM
- Raskills said...
This is such a darling idea! If it's ok, I'm going to copy you! I was trying to figure out what to do for Father's Day (I'm also putting together a little video w/ an interview of my 3 yr old twins saying why they love their Dad) and this is a winner. :) Thanks for sharing your creativity.
- June 17, 2009 at 11:42 PM


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Turkish Velvet Brocade Detail Fine Art Collotype Card or Framed Miniature
Turkish Velvet Brocade Detail Fine Art Collotype Card or Framed Miniature
Turkish XVI Century Velvet Brocade Detail Fine Art Notecard or Framed Miniature Print Unique old print printed 50-100 years ago in the collotype printing process (see below) by Arthur Jaffe New York for Metropolitan Museum. Available as a postcard or as a notecard with image hand matted and mounted onto heavy fine card stock with matching envelope or as a framed miniature print in gold leaf wood frame, Made in USA. Collectable, limited quantities
Style M97
Postcard 3 1/2 x 5
Notecard 5 x 7
Framed 6 x 8
Collotype Fine Art Prints . . . unique, old, limited and collectable
Collotype printing is a 19th century printing process that is considered the finest technique for the reproduction of fine art. Great color saturation is a striking feature of collotypes; however, because of the relatively long time it takes to produce a collotype print and the expense of the process, the craft has slipped into obscurity.
These fine art collotype cards were produced many years ago by either Max Jaffe in Vienna or Arthur Jaffe in New York and are limited.


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Checking It Out: Does music interfere with studying?
Have you ever seen your children studying with iPod earplugs in their ears and wondered how they stay focused?
Experts say that they don't, at least not as well as they would if the music weren't on--unless, that is, the music is solely instrumental.
There have been countless research studies over decades about the effect of music on the brain. Some are contradictory; for example, there is the body of thought that listening to Mozart does, if only briefly, increase I.Q. vs. the belief that it has no effect at all.
But the research on music--and now, multitasking-- while studying is becoming clear, experts say.
So what happens when your child studies for a science test with Jay-Z pouring from an iPod?
According to Stanford University Professor Clifford Nass, the human brain listens to song lyrics with the same part that does word processing, which is the same part that supposedly is being employed for studying, he said.
Something has to give, and it is the ability your child has to do the work he or she is supposed to be doing.
Instrumental music is another story. For the most part, it is processed on the other side of the brain from the part that is processing language.
"So if you are reading and listening to instrumental music you get virtually no interference," Nass said. "The music would not, in fact affect you, unless you are thinking deeply about the music, like, 'I wonder why Chopin chose the F sharp.'"
Nass is a communications professor who also has appointments in the departments of computer science; education; science, technology and society; cognitive science and sociology. The focus of his research is on the social-psychological aspects of human interaction with media.
He and some Stanford colleagues recently added to the body of research that proves your kids are also wrong when they say that they can study while they listen to music, text their friends and do all manner of other things.
They conducted a series of experiments with two different groups of people--heavy media multitaskers and light media multitaskers.
The results: Those doing more tasks at once performed more poorly on a test of task-switching ability. The researchers said this likely is due to a reduced ability to stop focusing on one task as they moved to another one.
Even though American society is filled with multitaskers who think they are accomplishing more than ever, researchers say they aren't doing as much, or as well, as they think.
Do you work while listening to music, and do you think it affects how well you are able to stay focused? Are you a multitasker and do you think it affects the quality of your work?
What about your kids?
Valerie Strauss
October 20, 2009; 6:30 AM ET
Categories: Checking It Out , Learning | Tags: Music While Studying Share This: E-Mail | Technorati | Del.icio.us | Digg | Stumble Previous: Obama and sensible school lunch schedules
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For us, no music, no nothing, not now. This is the girl who broke down last week with "Mommy, how do you expect me to get my work done with that clock ticking so loudly?" The last thing she needs is more distractions.
On the flip side, if we find something down the road that helps instead of hurts, then sure -- like, I don't know, those relaxation tapes or something. But for now, we just make the homework environment as calm and peaceful as possible.
Posted by: laura33 | October 20, 2009 9:36 AM | Report abuse
Let me get this straight--kids can't study with a radio playing lyrics (and, presumably, speech), but bank tellers and other clerks can do their work perfectly with a radio in the background and grocery shoppers can make sense out of food labels with the p.a. system paging employees and urging them to buy things. (Never mind the effect of the noise on the hearing-impaired; many times my hearing-impaired parents had to leave a store without something they wanted because they couldn't hear the clerk's directions over the background noise.)
I myself like our classical radio station just because there is a minimum of chatter, but if that isn't an option, why can't we have some peace and quiet?
Posted by: opinionatedreader | October 20, 2009 10:21 AM | Report abuse
Researchers would say that anybody who is multitasking is affected in some way. Of course, the extent of the effect would relate to the task a person is trying to do. I would argue that reading a food label in the grocery store does not take the same amount of brain power as studying for a Geometry or AP History test.
The Answer Sheet
Posted by: straussv | October 20, 2009 11:28 AM | Report abuse
As a high school computer science teacher I am constantly faced with the questions of "forbidden" iPods. Listening to music may divert a learner's attention more than they admit but the question has to be as opposed to what? Are they better off studying in a silent atmosphere? Perhaps, but how often is that achieved? Music may be drowning out other distractions that are worse for learning.
Posted by: sopranovcm | October 20, 2009 11:41 AM | Report abuse
Another factor could be motivation. . . a student's efficiency per minute may be lower with their favorite music playing, but arguably they might stick with the task longer. . .
Posted by: DanielTWillingham | October 20, 2009 12:27 PM | Report abuse
As a high school computer science teacher I am constantly faced with the questions of "forbidden" iPods. Listening to music may divert a learner's attention more than they admit but the question has to be as opposed to what? Are they better off studying in a silent atmosphere? Perhaps, but how often is that achieved? Music may be drowning out other distractions that are worse for learning.
Posted by: sopranovcm | October 20, 2009 11:41 AM | Report abuse
sopranovcm, you make some good points. Even at work, I like to have some music on because it helps me block out other distractions, particularly when I need to focus intensely on something.
But I also found that complete silence wasn't good for me. All through college and grad school, I found that I was more likely to remain focused on the task at hand if the radio was on, or the TV set to a baseball game (it doesn't work for other sports, strangely enough). If it was silent, I was far more likely to "wander" and click open the internet.
Posted by: RedBirdie | October 20, 2009 1:31 PM | Report abuse
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Disney Jr. Celebrates Black History Month with WE ARE DOC MCSTUFFINS
In celebration of Black History Month, Disney Junior will debut WE ARE DOC MCSTUFFINS interstitials featuring Doc McStuffins, a young African-American girl who aspires to be a doctor like her mom, alongside three real life female African-American physicians sharing what their jobs entail, and saluting their heroes. The interstitials will begin airing on Disney Channel and Disney Junior TODAY, FEBRUARY 1 (10:25 a.m. ET/PT and 4:25 p.m. ET/PT, respectively) following a new "Doc McStuffins" Valentine's Day themed episode. Additional interstitials featuring the three doctors will begin rolling out in the spring and will air regularly on both platforms.Since its March 2012 premiere, "Doc McStuffins" has garnered worldwide attention for its portrayal of a young girl who runs a clinic for her stuffed animals and toys out of her backyard playhouse. Additionally, the series inspired a group of female African-American physicians to begin a "movement" they coined, "We Are Doc McStuffins." Seeing a reflection of themselves in the Doc character and the opportunity to inspire young girls, the group grew to form the Artemis Medical Society, an organization of over 2500 female African-American physicians and medical students from around the world. The interstitials feature three of the founding members of the "We Are Doc McStuffins" movement - Dr. Myiesha Taylor, an emergency doctor based in Dallas; Dr. Aletha Maybank, a pediatrician in New York City; and Dr. Naeemah Ghafur, a family doctor in Los Angeles who provides specialized care for the underserved, including the elderly and patients with high-risk illnesses. Dr. Taylor said, "Doc McStuffins is a wonderful inspiration and we're pleased to be part of extending Disney Channel's role model message so Girls and most especially African-American Girls can be inspired to pursue a career in medicine." Nancy Kanter, senior vice president, original programming and general manager, Disney Junior Worldwide, said, "We are tremendously proud of 'Doc McStuffins' and its impact not only with our core audience of kids and parents, but within the medical Community as well, and we're pleased to highlight some of those accomplished women physicians." "Doc McStuffins" ranked as 2012's #1 cable TV series in Kids 2-5 and the #1 preschool cable TV series in Total Viewers and Women 18-49. The series stars the voices of Kiara Muhammad as Doc; LorEtta Devine as Hallie; Lara Jill Miller as Lambie; Robbie Rist as Stuffy; Jess Harnell as Chilly; Jaden Betts as Donny McStuffins; Kim Brooks as Mom McStuffins; and Gary Anthony Williams as Dad McStuffins. The series' theme song is performed by the star of Disney Channel's hit series "A.N.T. Farm" and Hollywood Records recording artist, China Anne McClain. Created and executive-produced by Humanitas Prize and Emmy Award-winning Chris Nee (writer on "Little Bill" and producer of "Deadliest Catch: Crab Fishing in Alaska") and directed by Emmy-winning Norton Virgien ("Rugrats"), "Doc McStuffins" is a production of Dublin, Ireland's Brown Bag Films in association with Disney Channel. The Hollywood Health & Society division of the USC Annenberg Norman Lear Center serves as its health and medical consultants, advising on basic health issues that are relevant to young kids and families. Disney Junior reflects the emotional connection generations of consumers have to Disney storytelling and Disney characters, both classic and contemporary. It invites mom and dad to join their child in the Disney experience of magical, musical and heartfelt stories and characters, while incorporating specific learning and development themes designed for kids age 2-7. Disney Junior's series blend Disney's unparalleled storytelling and characters kids love deeply with learning, including early math, language skills, healthy eating and lifestyles, and social skills. Disney Junior launched in February 2011 with a daily programming block on Disney Channel. In its first year, Disney Junior posted the network's biggest yearly audience in the daypart in Total Viewers, Kids 2-5, Boys 2-5 and Women 18-49, increasing by double-digit margins among preschooler demographics over year-ago levels. On March 23, 2012 Disney Junior added a cable and satellite channel in the U.S. Disney Junior channels in Japan, India and Disney Junior Portugal launched in fall 2012, bringing the total number of channels to 33 worldwide.


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Installing Builder
Step 1: Install Builder Theme Core
- Download the latest Builder zip file (Builder) after logging in to the iThemes Member Panel.
- Log in to the WordPress admin area of your site. From there, go to Appearance > Themes. Click Install Themes, then Upload. Select the Builder.zip and click Install Now. Note: there is no need to activate Builder Core.
Step 2: Install Your Builder Child Theme
We highly recommended using a Builder child theme as the active theme and not Builder Core. This protects theme customizations from being erased during Builder version updates.
- Download a child theme of your choice like Builder Child Theme - Default from the iThemes Member Panel. In the steps below, "Builder Child Theme - Default" is merely used as an example. You are free to use any child theme (that appears in the Member Panel) of your choice.
- Go to Appearance > Themes'. Click on Install Themes, then Upload. Browse to the folder where you have downloaded BuilderChild-Default.zip (or whichever child theme you have chosen), select it and click Install Now.
- Activate your child theme.
Step 3: Check Available and Current Theme Configuration
Once you've installed Builder Theme - Core and your child theme, make sure the child theme is the Current theme and Builder Theme - Core is listed as an Available theme.
Advanced Installation Notes
- Ensure that there are no spaces in the name of your child theme's directory. For example, BuilderChild-Default is fine, but not Builder Child - Default
- Contents of the theme must be directly inside the theme's directory and not nested i.e., inside another directory. This applies both to Builder and Builder's child theme.
Downloading iThemes Builder
Installing iThemes Builder
Installing iThemes Builder Child Themes
See also
- Introduction
- Features
- Installation
- Updating Builder
- Release Notes
- Plugins that Conflict with Builder
- Support Forum


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Columbus, GEORGIA
Find More information about Columbus, GEORGIA at wikipedia
All Related CommentsAll related comments for properties in Columbus, GEORGIA
Trying to see if house hauntedSee this property: 6301 PARKER DR., COLUMBUS, GA
Lashanda Thomas Thu Mar 15, 18 21:05:03
The landlord of this property is a slum lord who will not give back your rent deposit, he is a lier and ol me money from a court case that I Won.The house he is trying to rent now has a wall of Black mole he covered up in the back room.he is not a business person.See this property: 4111 NORWOOD DR, COLUMBUS, GA
Xavier Lewis Mon Jun 08, 15 23:27:38
me and my lady came by to look at your property, we love it and would love to get in touch with the owner. contact number is 762-436-6367See this property: 4799 GARDINER DR, COLUMBUS, GA
willie taylor Wed Oct 22, 14 12:53:52
checking to see who own this property.See this property: 3462 MATILDA LANE, COLUMBUS, GA
cheryl williams Fri Oct 10, 14 10:24:21
i want to know if this house is for rent or for saleSee this property: 3947 MACON ROAD, COLUMBUS, GA
laquasha wilson Sat Oct 26, 13 23:16:41
The family living at 3914 biltmore drive in columbus ga are drug dealers! Lots of traffic all hours of the night. They are the ASHMORE`S they r the worst neighbors we have ever had! Just trashy! They start fights with the neighbors then when they get bored doing that they fight with each other screaming at all. Hours of the night! But worst of all the daughter. Holly ASHMORE runs around the street in her panties (she's a good 300lbs) in front of not just the neighbors but her dad and her brother!!! We need to get the trash out of her and get this neighborhood back!!!See this property: BILTMORE DRIVE, COLUMBUS, GA
lovethyneighbor Tue Jul 16, 13 22:51:48
would like to know if this property is for rent mother owns home about 4 doors down and noticed that the family there was moving didn't get the chance to speak to them and there hasn't been a for rent sighn in the yard really would like to know more about this property would love to be close to mother.See this property: 2516 LACEY OAK CT., COLUMBUS, GA
shaketha Fri Mar 01, 13 23:04:11
Who is the landlord/owner of 4313 Ansley Ave property. Please provide contact information for this address.See this property: 4313 ANSLEY AVE, COLUMBUS, GA
Don Sun Oct 21, 12 21:09:56
What's going on with thisSee this property: 1701 12TH STREET COLUMBUS GEORGIA, COLUMBUS, GA
Dee Jones Tue Oct 09, 12 13:15:59
Looking to C who owns porperty,searching for family still in Columbus,GA.See this property: 2968 RAMSEY ROAD, COLUMBUS, GA
Dallas Mon Sep 17, 12 13:37:57
is this property for rentSee this property: 4104 CANADY ST, COLUMBUS, GA
michelle green Fri Aug 31, 12 10:29:00
trying to find owner of the propertySee this property: 2726 KING ST, COLUMBUS, GA
barbara clark Mon Jul 02, 12 12:34:24


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No mainstream party can wash its hands of flag dispute
Over the summer the UK government, in the shape of the former Northern Ireland Secretary Owen Paterson, was accused by unionists of acting like Pontius Pilate, washing his hands of decisions on parades.
Now, as the winter bites, those same unionists are themselves facing charges of trying to "wipe their hands of any involvement".
This time the accusers are the beleaguered Alliance party, whose offices and councillors have come under attack over their decision to vote in favour of flying a Union flag on designated days only over Belfast City Hall.
The two main unionist parties have condemned the carnage in Carrickfergus and the attack on the family home of two Alliance councillors in North Down as "legally and morally wrong".
But Alliance politicians continue to question these statements, pointing to the decision by both DUP and UUP councillors to distribute 40,000 Alliance-style yellow leaflets as a blatant attempt to ramp up tensions over the Union flag issue.
The unionists respond by arguing that Alliance and the two main nationalist parties are themselves to blame. The unionists argue that the flag has flown for decades above Belfast City Hall and the other parties should have left it alone.
According to the East Antrim DUP MP Sammy Wilson, Alliance was dangerously naïve in not realising that its vote would "open a Pandora's box".
Both Alliance and Sinn Fein claimed the flag dispute was stoked up as part of a campaign to oust the Alliance MP Naomi Long from her East Belfast seat.
Unionists denied this, insisting their defence of the Union flag was a matter of principle.
Whatever the truth, there's no doubt that with the involvement of loyalist elements, and others using social media, the protests have taken on a life of their own, spreading well beyond central Belfast.
Now unionists at Stormont are calling for the Union flag to be flown 365 days a year over Parliament Buildings - a proposal that seems destined to divide the cross-party commission that manages the Assembly building.
The image of an MLA's constituency offices and politicians' homes coming under attack would be shocking at any time.
It's even more embarrassing on the eve of a visit by the outgoing US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton.
Like her husband Bill, Mrs Clinton has frequently pointed to Northern Ireland as an example to other trouble spots around the world, evidence there can be a peaceful negotiated way forward.
But the violence this week shows how easy it is to stoke latent tensions, and this time the Stormont politicians can't entirely blame a small unrepresentative minority.
In contrast to the activities of dissident republicans, this is a dispute in which, one way or another, the main Stormont parties are deeply embroiled.


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What we have here is a really interesting New York Times story about a significant development among liberal mainline Protestants in Belgium that could end up spreading to other parts of Europe. It seems that, in response to the hellish clergy-abuse scandals in the Catholic church in their land, small circles of Catholics have decided to leave the church and start their own independent Protestant congregations that offer an interesting blend of free-church, egalitarian church government and their own versions of catholic, small "c," liturgies.
The end result sounds like a blend of the United Church of Christ and a liberal Lutheran body, such as the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. It's kind of hard to tell, however, if this new Belgium church has any kind of hierarchy at all. It sounds like a network of free churches.
So what's the problem? Well, you can see the train go off the rails in the opening paragraphs:
BUIZINGEN, Belgium -- Willy Delsaert is a retired railroad employee with dyslexia who practiced intensively before facing the suburban Don Bosco Catholic parish to perform the Sunday Mass rituals he grew up with.
"Who takes this bread and eats," he murmured, cracking a communion wafer with his wife at his side, "declares a desire for a new world."
With those words, Mr. Delsaert, 60, and his fellow parishioners are discreetly pioneering a grass-roots movement that defies centuries of Roman Catholic Church doctrine by worshiping and sharing communion without a priest. Don Bosco is one of about a dozen alternative Catholic churches that have sprouted and grown in the last two years in Dutch-speaking regions of Belgium and the Netherlands. They are an uneasy reaction to a combination of forces: a shortage of priests, the closing of churches, dissatisfaction with Vatican appointments of conservative bishops and, most recently, dismay over cover-ups of sexual abuse by priests.
OK, for starters, I doubt that Delsaert grew up hearing a Mass that included this sentence: "Who takes this bread and eats, declares a desire for a new world." The other problem, of course, is that he is not an ordained Catholic priest and the rite at which he is assisting is not a Catholic Mass. Thus, he may be leading a flock in a Belgium Catholic Church, a new independent body, but it is not part of the Roman Catholic Church.
These believers have every right to form their own congregations and to do whatever they want to do -- as independents (in other words, as Protestants). The Times has every right to report about their activities. Like I said, this is a fascinating, timely and, in a way, truly tragic story. The scandal in Belgium is what it is. I used the word "hellish" for a reason.
The problem, once again, is that the Times is not interested in the actual facts of the story, in terms of doctrine and church history.
The train officially crashes with the following passage.
In the view of Rome, only ordained priests can celebrate Mass or preside over most sacraments like baptisms and marriage. "If there are persons or groups that do not observe these norms, the competent bishops -- who know what really happens -- have to see how to intervene and explain what is in order and out of order if someone belongs to the Catholic Church," the Rev. Federico Lombardi, director of the Vatican press office, said. ...
"Something is beginning to crack," said the Rev. Gabriel Ringlet, a priest and former vice rector at the Catholic University of Louvain, which is considering dropping the "Catholic" from its name. "I think the Belgian Catholic Church is starting to feel something exceptional for the first time in 40 years. A lot of Catholics are waking up and speaking out."
The key is this phrase -- "In the view of Rome."
You see, the Times has decided that the views expressed by the Vatican and by Pope Benedict XVI are simply one viewpoint in the wider Catholic world. Doctrines that have been in place for 1,000 or 2,000 years are merely optional. Thus saith the Times.
Sorry, but to be a Catholic priest in the ancient Catholic church requires being in Communion with the pope of Rome. That is not a controversial statement. It's a fact of history.
Journalists should cover disputes about the actions of Rome and the debates that result. Journalists should accurately report the views of those who dissent from Rome and, yes, accurately report their claims -- the Womenpriests come to mind -- that they are still Catholics.
However, it's totally bizarre to say that "in the view of Rome" these independent believers are not Catholic priests who are leading Catholic rites.
Why? The Vatican is the institution that ordains and retains Catholic priests, through its bishops around the world who are in a state of Communion with the pope of Rome. Love it or leave it.
This is not breaking news, folks. This is like saying that you can have an Eastern Orthodox priest who was not ordained by a bishop who is part of a canonical Eastern Orthodox church, serving under an Eastern Orthodox bishop. This is like saying that a Messianic Christian who calls himself a rabbi is an Orthodox Jewish rabbi simply because he says that he is an Orthodox Jewish rabbi. Would editors at the Times do that?
This is like saying that someone can play for the New York Yankees without the legal permission of the New York Yankees. Or try this: Start your OWN gender-neutral New York Yankees squad and try to show up and play the canonical Red Sox team. Let's see how the Times handles that one.
It's like saying that you can play in the New York Philharmonic without being hired by the hierarchy of that great organization. It's like saying you are an editorial writer at the New York Times without the blessings of the bishops of the Times and getting on their payroll.
"In the view of the Electoral College of the United States of America," radio talk superstar Glen Beck is not the president of the United States. That's true, of course, but what's the point of saying that? Beck is not the president of the United States. That's a fact.
The authority of the Electoral College is not in doubt, in terms of the basic facts of journalism. Ditto for the publisher of the New York Times or the owner of the New York Yankees.
Neither is the ecclesiastical authority of the Vatican, in terms of the basic facts of journalism.
It's great to cover this kind of controversy. It's great to accurately quote both sides. But there is no need for the leadership of the Times to go post-factual on us and drift off into the postmodern mists of journalistic heresy.
PHOTO: St. Rombouts Cathedral, seat of the Catholic hierarchy in Belgium. The headquarters of The New York Times.


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Meursault vineyard close to the city of Beaune in Burgundy. The photo was tanken in autumn at the top of the hill by Stéphane Waldmann. The vineyard is filled with beatifull colors and its a really nice season to discover Burgundy and wine.
France is affectionately referred to as "the Hexagon" for its overall shape.French history goes back to the Gauls, a Celtic tribe which inhabited the area circa 300BC until being conquered by Julius Caesar.The Franks were the first tribe to adopt Catholic Christianity after the Roman Empire collapsed. France became an independent location in the Treaty of Verdun in (843 AD), which divided up Charlemagne's Carolingian Empire into several portions.The French monarchy reached its zenith during the reign of Louis XIV, the Sun King, who stood for seventy-two years as the Monarch of all Monarchs. His palace of Versailles and its Hall of Mirrors are a splendid treasure-trove of Baroque art.The French Revolution ended the rule of the monarchy with the motto "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity!" On July 14th, 1789 angry mobs stormed La Bastille prison and began the Revolution in which Louis XVI, his wife Marie-Antoinette and thousands of others met the guillotine.One decade after the revolution, Napolean Bonaparte seized control of the Republic and named himself Emperor. His armies conquered most of Europe and his Napoleonic Code became a lasting legal foundation for concepts of personal status and property.During the period of colonization France controlled the largest empire in the world, second only to Britain.France is one of the founding members of the European Union and the United Nations, as well as one of the nuclear armed nations of the world.Text by Steve Smith.


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Please keep in mind the dates for the 25th annual Race Cars on Display at the Woodland Mall in Bowling Green Ohio, They are March 14-16,2014. We would like to make this on the biggest one in recent history. We would like to have a good turn out of vintage cars so if anyone knows of one please have them contact one of us. More information will follow. Any questions feel free to contact anyone of us at the numbers below.
Car Show
Started by superdave1960, Nov 25 2013 02:51 PM
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Posted 25 November 2013 - 02:51 PM
29th Annual Race Cars on Display
Woodland Mall
Bowling Green Ohio
March ?, 2018
For more information contact:
Scott Bowen (419) 601-2206
Dave Kemmer (419) 346-4246
Deb Rowe (419) 382-0452
Danielle Schlenk (567) 202-7794
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Amy & Sheldon in "The Raiders Minimization" Episode 4 of Season 7
Sheldon (Jim Parsons, right) seeks revenge after Amy (Mayim Bialik, left) ruins one of his favorite movies, on THE BIG BANG THEORY, Thursday, Oct. 10 (8:00 – 8:31 PM, ET/PT) on the CBS Television Network. Photo: Michael Yarish /Warner Bros. ©2013 Warner Bros. Television. All Rights Reserved.