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The people who stand ready to trade their lives for ours are part of a tradition that goes back 400 years
November/December 2005Volume56Issue6
In the days immediately following the terrorist attack on the World Trade Center, a 77-year-old man from Teaneck, New Jersey, tried repeatedly to cross the George Washington Bridge. He was turned away. But he tried again, and again, until finally police and military personnel waved him through, and soon enough, he was among those thousands who were putting their lives at risk in what proved to be a vain attempt to find and rescue survivors in the smoldering ruins of the Twin Towers.
The man from Teaneck knew something about rescues, about building collapses, and about fires. Reginald Julius had joined the Fire Department of New York in 1949 after giving up a job as a letter carrier for the Post Office. His motivation was simple: The Post Office job paid $2,400 a year; the Fire Department paid $3,000. "No decision necessary," he would say many years later. Julius went on to serve in the FDNY until the late 1980s, when he retired as chief of the Twelfth Battalion, which covers parts of northern Manhattan. As with so many other firefighters around the country—from the largest paid department to the smallest volunteer organization—Reginald Julius's "retirement" from the fire service simply meant an end to collecting full-time pay. Although he moved to suburban New Jersey, he stayed in touch with colleagues (like his brother, Vincent Julius, a retired FDNY captain), regularly visited firehouses, and kept up with the latest developments in fire science.
So when 343 members of the department he loved were killed on a single, awful day, Reginald Julius grabbed the rubber boots, turnout coat, and white chief's helmet that he had never put into storage, and he went where he was needed. When he finally got into Manhattan, he drove to his old firehouse in Harlem, boarded a commandeered city bus, and made the journey to hell. As he reported for duty at Ground Zero, a much younger firefighter took one look at him and said, "Well, I guess they're calling in all the old buffaloes." Retired Chief Reginald Julius smiled at the semi-affectionate nickname for firefighters of a certain age. "Let me do my work," he replied. He pulled four consecutive 12-hour tours, picking through the horrible wreckage and sickening carnage. He found bodies and pieces of bodies, but never did he find the two people he was looking for, the chiefs who had succeeded him at the Twelfth Battalion. They were among the 343.
Reginald Julius was hardly the only retired firefighter at Ground Zero in the dangerous days just after the attack. There were dozens there, some of them searching for the sons who had followed them into the fire service. Firefighters from around the country flew in to assist the FDNY, and they worked Ground Zero for weeks, long after hopes for rescue had given way to the bleak ritual of recovery. Still others boarded airplanes or trains, put on their white gloves and dress uniforms, and traveled to New York to offer a final salute to their fallen colleagues during the funerals and memorial services that followed September 11. In their stories, rituals, and sense of fraternity, they represented traditions linking the firefighters of Ground Zero to American firefighters of past centuries.
September 11 was unprecedented, but a 1740s fireman would have recognized the selflessness shown that day. Firefighting in America, one of the nation's most colorful, storied, and dangerous jobs, is a 400-year-old tale told in three volumes. During most of the seventeenth century, as European settlements grew, firefighting was a civic obligation for all able-bodied males; in the eighteenth century America's fledgling cities formed volunteer fire departments; and a century later the volunteer departments began to give way in the cities to paid, professional ones. While the popular image of today's American firefighter is of a highly trained urban professional, more than 70 percent of the country's more than one million fire-fighters are throwbacks to another era; they are volunteers, many of them working in rural and exurban departments. Most cities are protected by a combination of paid and volunteer companies. Even in New York, home of the world's most famous professional fire department, 10 volunteer fire companies still operate.
Whether professional or volunteer, American firefighters share a sense of common history and sacrifice. The tragedy of September 11 was unprecedented, but a firefighter from Los Angeles in 1940, Chicago in 1840, or Boston in 1740 would have recognized the selflessness and devotion shown on that day. September 11, 2001, was the worst day in the history of the fire service in America. And during that terrible day, and in the days that followed, centuries of tradition and years of transition commanded the public's attention as never before. Tradition? Firefighters in America have been putting their lives at risk since the seventeenth century. Transition? As the number of serious fires have declined in recent years, America's firefighters quietly have taken on new responsibilities as first responders to all kinds of emergencies, from bomb threats to heart attacks, and many firefighters are now trained in CPR and other first-aid techniques. In fact, of those 343 heroic FDNY members who died at the World Trade Center, two were not firefighters but emergency medical technicians. They are included in the FDNY's total because New York's fire department, like many across the country, has been merged with the city's emergency medical services.
While Americans have long admired their firefighters, not until September 11 did many of us fully appreciate the job's heroism and dangers. Popular culture and the media have made many of us experts in police work (or so we think). Firefighters, however, were nearly invisible in paperback novels, films, and primetime television. Then, suddenly, they became international symbols of sacrifice, courage, and dedication to duty. They achieved a status seldom granted to mere mortals: They have become models for action figures, available in toy departments and stores near you.
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Less celebrated are controversies that also have their roots in the history and traditions of the fire service. The American firehouse has been an outpost of masculinity like few others in contemporary life. Long after women police officers, soldiers, and sportswriters have become commonplace, women firefighters remain a rarity. New York offers the most explicit example, with no more than 30 women among its more than 11,000 firefighters. It is no coincidence that one of the many books celebrating firefighters after September 11 used the word Brotherhood in the title. Similarly, fire departments remain overwhelmingly white even in cities that are majority-minority, or close to it. The Fire Department of New York is 90 percent white; the departments of Boston, Philadelphia, and Chicago between 70 and 75 percent white. Those statistics obviously indicate that fire departments have been slow to accept African-Americans, Latinos, and Asians. They also are reminders of the American fire service's guildlike traditions, which may be out of favor in the twenty-first century but nevertheless offer the service a cohesion and sense of family crucial in times of peril and tragedy. Firefighters often have a combat soldier's view of the larger world (and of their superiors). They trust each other, and only each other. And they take dim view of those they consider outsiders.
The public, however, seems willing to grant the fire service a pass on its struggles with workplace diversity. And while the outpouring of affection for the nation's fire departments after September 11 may have marked a change in cultural priorities—suddenly the fame and achievements of athletes and movie stars seemed shallow and trivial—it was not the first time America so publicly embraced its firefighters. More than a century and a half ago a fictional volunteer firefighter from New York named Old Mose took the nation's stages by storm. He was the central character in a play called
A Glance at New York , and both the character and the play were so popular around the country that a series of sequels—called, inevitably, Mosaics —followed. Old Mose was a giant who drank beer from 50-gallon kegs that dangled from his belt, and whose personal consumption of oysters and beef was so prodigious that the rest of New York had to do without when he was on a binge. Historians have described Old Mose, a superhero who rescued women and children from burning buildings, as urban America's answer to Paul Bunyan. He was a Bowery b'hoy, a brawling character born of the new America taking shape in the nation's cities. The b'hoys had a "rolling gait" and "surly manner," wrote one historian, adding that they usually wore a "shiny stovepipe hat tipped over the forehead, soap-locks plastered flat … against the temple." And, like many of America's volunteer firefighters—including an ambitious young man in New York named Bill Tweed—Old Mose wore a bright red shirt and loud suspenders. The character of Old Mose was based on the exploits of a real-life New York firefighter, an Irish-American printer named Moses Humphreys, who was famous not only for his bravery but for the quick work his fists made of competing fire companies.
By the time Old Mose became a pop culture icon in 1848, America's volunteer firefighters had established themselves as local heroes, capturing the public's imagination with their brawny masculinity and larger-than-life escapades. Prints and illustrations from the middle of the nineteenth century depict them as dashing, gallant, and kindly urban knights who were both courageous and chivalrous, who asked for and received no pay for their services to the community. They also were the bane of many a politician and law-enforcement officer, for they took pride in their skepticism and sometimes outright defiance of civilian authority, and they seemed to enjoy fighting one another in streets as much as they did fighting fires.
The raucous firefighters portrayed in the Martin Scorsese film
Gangs of New York were very much a part of the Jacksonian tradition, a time when, as one of Andrew Jackson's critics sniffed, it seemed as if anybody could become President. Or a fire chief, for that matter. Firefighting had been a gentleman's vocation in the early years of the Republic, and volunteer fire companies in cities like Philadelphia actually functioned like private clubs. By the 1840s, however, urban companies were drawing from skilled craftsmen and laborers who insisted on electing their own officers, including, in some cities, the fire chief and fire commissioners. These rough-and-tumble volunteers horrified the gentry, sometimes with good reason. While the volunteers were brave, they were also undisciplined and often seemed more interested in exacting revenge on a rival company than in actually putting out fires.
Still, when disaster struck, the firefighters of the 1840s showed they had at least one thing in common with the more genteel volunteers of the past. The organizer of Philadelphia's first volunteer fire company, Benjamin Franklin, observed that his colleagues in the firehouse "have a Reward in themselves, and they love one another."
As America learned on September 11, 2001, that hasn't changed. The fire service in early colonial America was a form of mandatory community service. When fire broke out, adult males roused themselves from bed or left their work to man bucket brigades, taking their place on one of two lines. One line passed buckets filled with water from a well or reservoir to the fire; the other line passed the empty buckets back to the water source. It was tedious work and not intended to save the burning building so much as it was a defense against a larger conflagration. Unfortunately, the citizen firefighters of seventeenth-century America had plenty of opportunity to learn their vocation. Capt. John Smith said of Jamestown that he would consider himself safer in "wild Indian country" than within the settlement because of the tendency of "fools" to "burn down their homes at night." Ben Franklin said his colleagues in the firehouse "have a reward in themselves, and they love one another."
Decades later, authorities in Boston and New Amsterdam shared Smith's frustration. The frequency of fires and the dangers to the community at large inspired colonial officials to initiate a struggle that continues to this day: imposition of a rudimentary fire code, which placed the interests of the public in general and firefighters in particular against the rights of property owners and developers. Boston authorities and the famous Dutch reformer in New Amsterdam Peter Stuyvesant outlawed roofs made of grass and thatch, and they also banned the use of wooden chimneys—yes, wooden chimneys.
Fire was something of an obsession with Stuyvesant (that and the tendency of New Amsterdam's settlers to drink heavily and behave badly; modern mayors of New York no doubt will sympathize). He raised a property tax in order to buy 150 new leather fire buckets. And he purged New Amsterdam of its curious wooden chimneys and thatched roofs. Few government officials respected the rights and privileges of property more than Peter Stuyvesant, for he was, after all, an agent of Holland's business interests. Still, he recognized in the 1650s that public safety and fire prevention required at least limited government control over private property. And so was born the centuries-old debate between firefighters and real estate developers over just how much regulation in the name of safety is enough. More than 300 years later, in the late 1990s, some of New York's firefighters battled developers over legislation that would have required all residential buildings to be retrofitted with sprinklers. It was a bitter battle, one the firefighters lost. The city council decided the measure would be too expensive.
Stuyvesant also took a tentative step toward a paid fire department in New Amsterdam, hiring four fire wardens, supplying them with buckets and hooks and ladders, and sending them out on patrol at night. They were empowered to examine private homes to make sure that chimneys were properly swept. Later citizens of the colony established a "rattle watch," in which a captain and eight men were given rattles to sound an alarm when they spotted a fire (or a crime in progress). The patrols were so successful that Stuyvesant soon had a complement of 50 fire wardens. While they were not paid firefighters per se, these men certainly were the ancestors of today's FDNY.
Firefighting as a profession began in Boston in 1678, about a quarter-century after the city had ordered its first, primitive fire engine from an ironmaker named Joseph Jynks. The city hired a professional fire company of a dozen men and an officer to operate another engine the city had recently purchased from London. No other cities immediately followed Boston's lead in hiring and training a corps of professional firefighters. In fact, New York waited until 1865 before establishing a paid fire service. But as fire equipment became more sophisticated, colonial officials realized that they could no longer depend simply on the civic spirit of brave but untrained civilians. In 1731 New Yorkers assembled near City Hall to witness the arrival of the very latest in firefighting technology, two pumpers that could throw water on a fire through a primitive nozzle. The engines had been developed in the shop of a savvy English inventor named Richard Newsham, who had the foresight to publicize his machines in broadsides published in the New World. The advertisements noted that Newsham's fire engines had so dazzled the Old World that no less a figure than King George II had ordered one to protect his palace. Thus was born, long before Madison Avenue was so much as a cow path, the celebrity endorsement.
The arrival of these sophisticated engines and the growth of settlements along the New World's Eastern Seaboard soon required a trained corps of firefighters. Volunteer fire departments were organized in New York, Philadelphia, Boston (to complement the paid fire company there), and other towns. To encourage recruitment, city officials offered volunteer firefighters an exemption from jury service—a tactic that might be employed to good use today—and from militia duty.
Of course, not just any citizen was welcome. From its very beginnings, fire service was considered man's work, and in most cities, Charleston, South Carolina, being one exception, white man's work at that. What's more, those white men were expected to be, in the words of a law that created New York's volunteer fire department, "sober" and "discreet."
There certainly was enough work, and enough danger, to keep the volunteers on the straight and narrow. Even as America's emerging cities added to their fire codes by regulating building materials and restricting the storage of explosive material, fire was a constant worry. "By one thoughtless act," wrote a Philadelphia citizen, "a whole neighbourhood, town or city, may be shortly reduced to ashes, great numbers of lives lost, and numbers ruined … in the dreadful conflagration."
From the beginning, fire service was considered man's work, and, in most cities, white man's work at that. In the decades leading to the Revolution and for a time afterward, America's volunteer fire companies included people of the caliber of Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, Samuel Adams, and George Washington. Franklin, who surely was not the most objective source on the subject, described volunteer firefighters as "brave Men, Men of Spirit and Humanity, good Citizens, or Neighbours, capable and worthy of civil Society and the Enjoyment of a happy Government." They certainly were worthy of admiration, for they were expected to respond instantly to an alarm, and more often than not, that meant leaving their homes at night, when more fires occur, and returning hours later—wet, cold, and exhausted, with no reward other than the admiration of fellow citizens and the camaraderie of their fellow firefighters.
One of firefighting's hardiest traditions, the firefighting family, can be traced to the early volunteer days. The Stoutenburghs of New York served on the Common Council, won appointment to early patronage jobs like oversight of the city's night patrol, and were prominent members of the city's volunteer fire companies. One of them, Jacobus Stoutenburgh, was given the title of "chief engineer" of New York's volunteer fire department in 1760. He was among America's first fire chiefs.
He also was part of another fire department tradition—the convergence of firefighting and military service. Firefighters to this day tend to be veterans in numbers disproportionate to the general population (Chief Reginald Julius, for example, served in the Navy in World War II), and during the Civil War, firefighters formed their own regiments in the Union Army. Stoutenburgh was a patriot, and when George Washington evacuated New York in the fall of 1776, leaving the city to the British, he and many other volunteers under his command joined the American army. Legend has it that Stoutenburgh formed a battalion of firefighters and was commissioned an officer, and Stoutenburgh's name does appear on muster rolls from the war.
The volunteer fire departments and fire clubs of the 1760s and 1770s played an active role in patriot agitation, as Benjamin L. Carp noted in an October 2001 article in The William and Mary Quarterly . Carp found that of the 36 men who turned out at the inaugural meeting of the Albany Sons of Liberty in 1776, 20 were volunteer firefighters or firemasters, who inspected buildings for fire hazards. "These social bonds," Carp wrote, "… provided the structure for the formation of organized resistance to the Stamp Act." At least seven fire companies in Philadelphia, Carp noted, instituted their own nonimportation agreements during patriotic boycotts of British goods in the 1760s and 1770s. (Among other measures, the firefighters swore off all but domestic beer.)
To be given the nozzle for the first time is to know that you've arrived as a young firefighter.
The end of the Revolution brought a reorganization of the young Republic's volunteer fire departments. The model created under British rule remained largely intact, but over the first five decades of American independence, the profile of the volunteer firefighter changed. Businessmen and other civic leaders gave way to blacksmiths and cobblers and other skilled laborers in the 1830s. Soon the indefatigable diarist George Templeton Strong was complaining that "a large part of the firemen do nothing but bustle around in their caps, swear at everybody and try to look tremendous." Strong found that every aspect of firefighting in the post-Jacksonian age was "as badly conducted as possible." He did not mention, however, that he chose not to follow the fine example of his aristocratic uncle Benjamin Strong, a financier who had served as a volunteer years before.
For better and worse, this was the golden age of urban America's volunteer fire departments, roughly from 1835 to the Civil War. In their less savory moments, these firemen would look not unlike today's English soccer hooligan. Every company wanted the honor of what they called "manning the pipe"—in modern terms, working the nozzle. Racing to a fire only to be relegated to a supporting role, like relaying water to the main pumper, was nothing short of humiliating. (That point of pride remains intact. The nozzleman remains the envy of every self-respecting engine company, and to be given the nozzle for the first time is to know you've arrived as a young firefighter.) Brawls occasionally decided which company would work the pipes and which would provide unglamorous support.
Political clubhouses and gangs looked to firehouses as fertile recruiting ground in the 1840s for any number of reasons, not the least of them being that the neighborhood firehouse served as a social center. Not only the volunteers congregated there. So did young boys and teenagers who looked up to the firefighters as neighborhood celebrities. One New Yorker came to personify the intersection of politics, gangs, and firefighting: Bill Tweed, the onetime leader of the Cherry Street gang, the foreman of Engine Company 6 in downtown New York, and the boss of Tammany Hall. For Tweed, one job led naturally to the next.
Firefighters around the country have taken on new responsibilities—and, with them, new dangers. Clubhouse and gang loyalties gave an added ferocity to rivalries between companies. A nineteenth-century history of New York's volunteers is filled with admiring references to manly displays of fisticuffs between companies before, during, and after conflagrations. Philadelphia's firefighters in the 1840s and early 1850s were notorious for settling their intramural disputes with, in the words of a contemporary observer, "pistols, knives, iron spanners and slung shot, whenever they met, whether at fires or in the streets." A civic committee charged in 1853 that there was "scarcely a single case of riot brought before the court that has not its origin in the fire departments… ."
Even where riots were uncommon, disorderly behavior was not. In Nashville, authorities in the 1850s cracked down on firefighters who thought that battling a blaze required the assistance of liquids stronger than mere water. In Pittsburgh in 1842 firefighters took it upon themselves to identify and then protect thoroughly houses that served as brothels. A Pittsburgh firefighter, William G. Johnston, wrote that "a rowdy element managed to get a foothold" in the fire department, and those rowdies believed that "fighting was no small part of the duties of a fireman."
So was electioneering. Volunteer firefighters became a potent political force in New York, Baltimore, St. Louis, and other cities, to the dismay of reformers and, increasingly, the emerging nativist movement, which noted that the volunteer firefighters were becoming Irish and Catholic through the 1850s. As the historian Amy Greenberg noted in her study of nineteenth-century volunteer fire departments,
Cause for Alarm , the first elected mayors of Baltimore and St. Louis were firefighters; so were several antebellum mayors of New York. In fact, when the New York Common Council fired a popular and decidedly independent fire chief, James Gulick, in the aftermath of the aptly named Great Fire of 1835—it burned 52 acres in the financial district and destroyed 700 businesses—the firefighters countered by nominating and then electing Gulick to the minor post of city register.
Firefighters were a natural voting bloc in the 1840s for the very reasons that firefighting remains one of the nation's last guilds. Despite the violence between companies in the 1840s, firefighters were and still are intensely loyal to one another. They share dangers that no outsider can know. They were and still are quick to perceive disrespect or claim a collective grievance. Volunteer firefighters walked off away from their vocation in New York in 1836 and twice in Memphis, in 1858 and 1860, when they felt insufficiently appreciated. And, as firefighters proved in Baltimore, St. Louis, New York City, and elsewhere in the early days of the urban machine, they were happy to vote together when they felt slighted or their interests were at stake. The implications of this chip-on-the-shoulder insularity are being played out in firehouses throughout the country today, as women and minorities try to get a foothold in many professional departments.
Today's firehouse culture, where firefighters literally live together and form bonds far stronger than in most civilian professions, has its roots in the intensely masculine, parochial, and raucous world of the Jacksonian volunteers. When cities began disbanding their volunteer departments before the Civil War and replacing them with professionals, the days of riot and rowdy behavior were over, but the culture was passed on—generally for the better, sometimes for the worse.
Professional firefighting in the cities of the late nineteenth century was something like indentured servitude. Firefighters were on duty all the time. They lived in their assigned firehouse 24 hours a day, save for three meal breaks, when they were allowed to return home for an hour or so. In some cities, chief officers lived with their families in their assigned firehouse. Days off were rare, perhaps one or two a month.
Still, the job was coveted, in part because professional firefighting retained the glamour and prestige it had when the work was performed by volunteers, in part because firefighting became, albeit slowly, a gateway job into the middle class. It was dangerous work, but with the coming of civil service reform in the 1880s, it also was secure work. Firefighters didn't lose their jobs in hard times. City hall never went out of business.
Understandably, then, immigrants and the children of immigrants in the roiling cities of late nineteenth-century America coveted firefighting jobs. While immigrants from Germany, Poland, Italy, and Scandinavia show up on the rosters of fire departments in the 1880s and 1890s, no group became more identified with fire service than the Irish. Like many other immigrants, the Irish craved economic security, having fled that most insecure of worlds—tenant farming—in the old country. By the time cities across the country began forming professional departments, the Irish already were a powerful voting bloc. They were more than happy to work for city hall, and often their friends in city hall were more than happy to accommodate them.
Inquiries into the distinct, insular, cohesive phenomenon known as firehouse culture have launched a thousand dissertations, examining American firefighters from the perspectives of gender, class, and ethnicity. Few, if any, have pointed out that at least in large cities like Boston, Chicago, New York, Baltimore, Philadelphia, and San Francisco, firefighting in the late nineteenth century not only was masculine, working class, and Irish, it was Catholic too. In the firehouse, Catholic immigrants and their children found a society and culture they recognized. Firefighters even in the volunteer days came to regard themselves as a community unto themselves, a separate society self-segregated from politicians, civilians, and all other outsiders. Catholic immigrants, particularly those from Ireland, had set up their own institutions to separate themselves from Protestant nativists in the 1840s and 1850s. The fire departments of many large cities became almost an extension of the Catholic parish, school system, and social services networks.
Firefighting was transformed into fire science in the late nineteenth century with the introduction of training academies, civil service exams, and tough physical standards for candidates. But not all firefighting was done in tenement houses and factories, of course, and not all firefighters were from the streets of urban America. On October 8, 1871, the very day that the nineteenth century's most famous fire broke out in Chicago, the Wisconsin lumber town of Peshtigo went up in flames. By the time it was put out, the fire had killed at least 1,200 people and destroyed more than a million acres of forest and rural settlements. Forest fires were common in Wisconsin, as they continue to be in the West, but the Peshtigo fire was unlike any other wildfire before or, in terms of lost lives, since. The Chicago fire, which killed at least 300 people, remains better known, but the Peshtigo fire was by far the greater catastrophe. And it continues to speak to another, less celebrated tradition of American firefighting, the professionals and volunteers who battle fires in rural and wild America. In
Ghosts of the Fireground , a memoir of fighting recent wildfires in the West, Peter M. Leschak noted that the largest group of wildland firefighters are, in essence, freelancers who work sporadically for low wages and few, if any, benefits. Still, when fires break out, they put their lives on the line as surely as any professional firefighter in any American city or suburb.
Several twentieth-century fires stand out as tragic milestones: the blaze aboard the excursion boat General Slocum, which burned in New York's East River in 1904, killing more than 1,200; the fires set off after the 1906 earthquake in San Francisco; the Cocoanut Grove nightclub fire in Boston in 1942, which killed nearly 500; the Hartford circus fire in 1944, which claimed 163 lives, many of them children; and the Happy Land social club fire in the Bronx in 1990, which killed 87. The worst fires often led to changes in firefighting tactics or building codes. After the blaze in Our Lady of the Angels school in Chicago in 1958, which killed 92 children and teachers, the city demanded that all schools have automated sprinklers, among other safety measures, and as was and is so common after such tragedies, observers wondered why such an elementary step had not been in place before the fire.
But no fire in American history had the impact of the Triangle Shirtwaist fire in New York in 1911. The deaths of 146 garment workers, most of them young women, led to the passage of an array of laws regulating workplace safety and helped launch the careers of Alfred E. Smith, Robert F. Wagner, and Frances Perkins. It's hard to imagine the New Deal without considering the outrage and reforms inspired by the Triangle Shirtwaist fire.
That blaze, which burned the eighth, ninth, and tenth floors of a building that still stands near Washington Square Park, also inspired the fire service in New York and around the country to press for stronger fire codes, mandatory fire drills, and more extensive use of technology like sprinklers. Even as the Triangle blaze was roaring, Edward Croker, one of the great fire chiefs in New York and American history, was denouncing the employers, like the owners of the Triangle Shirtwaist Company, who refused to conduct fire drills. Croker, the nephew of the notorious Tammany boss Richard Croker, soon retired from the FDNY to become a full-time advocate for fire prevention.
Just a few years after the Triangle blaze, America's professional fire departments began to evolve into the highly trained corps of emergency workers we know today. Those in New York and Boston organized their first rescue units, a foreshadowing of the role firefighters were to play on September 11, 2001—that of first responder to an emergency. Rescue companies were to become the elite units of the professional departments throughout the country. Armed with special tools and training, they were prepared for just about any emergency, even those unrelated to fire. Nearly a century later, firefighters around the country—professional and volunteer alike—have taken on new responsibilities and, with them, new dangers in a world where fire and murder can be exported from caves in Third World countries. To cite just one small example, during a panel discussion among fire chiefs in suburban New Jersey not long ago, firefighters told of the hazmat training they now receive as a matter of course after September 11. None of these departments had more than 100 members, which indicates just how widespread special training has become. In a sense, all firefighters belong to rescue companies now, although, given that firefighters have never lost the competitiveness that is the flip side to their intense solidarity, no rescue company member would ever concede such a premise.
Still, all firefighters know that if terrorists strike their city, or if some other catastrophe threatens lives and property, they will be on the front lines, risking their lives, as their predecessors did decades and even centuries ago. Volunteer or professional, urban or rural, whether battling blazes in apartment buildings or national parks, our firefighters share more than history and tradition and a sense of duty. They also share our admiration. With good reason.


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Seriously – anybody who's serious about making some real money on the trading market needs to get their hands on the Forex Profit Caster.
>>Click Here To Get The Latest On Forex Profit Caster<<<
Greg and Bill Poulos: Con Artists or Experts Worth Listening to?
If you're already part of the Forex world, then you will probably already know the names Bill and Greg Poulos – after all, they have countless years of experience under their belt.
But if you're new, then here's a bit of information.
By learning lessons the hard way, Bill Poulos has racked up some real valuable knowledge regarding what works and what doesn't on the trading market. He is an expert in the field – as can be seen by his successful and profitable track record – and has developed some truly inspiring strategies to approaching trades which, once set in motion, support themselves.
How can a trader get that good?
Like I mentioned before, Bill learned lessons the hard way – that means he made mistakes, like any trader would during his or her trading career. But by combining his experience on the trading floor with the knowledge he has gleaned during his time as an Investment Educator (and a very good one, too), he has really made his way to the top.
Bill and Greg Poulos: Definitely a pair of people who you can trust for reliable, working knowledge of the Forex market. (Want some proof? Just read about one of their previous pieces of software they developed – the Forex Profit Multiplier. A winner in every sense of the word)
The Pros
As with all of my Forex trading system reviews, I am going to remain impartial – that means I want to clearly highlight the best pros about the Forex Profit Caster, as well as the cons(after all, it's a review – not a sales pitch).
So, to begin, here are the pros I liked the very best about the Forex Profit Caster:
- Completely Online Optional: Since purchasing the software, I've used it to secure some real profits… from as far away as AUD/USD, to as close as my back yard in USD/CAD. All I need is my smartphone, laptop, or tablet. It's PC or Mac compatible!
- Two Time Frames: That means you get both an hourly timeframe and a daily timeframe. Of course, you can upgrade to more specific time frames… but for me, the two provided are more than good enough! (bonus added… 4 hour time frame)
- Educational: Even as an experienced trader, I found that this program taught me loads I didn't know, giving me more profit potential.
- Alerts: I used to kick myself every time I missed a fortune-bursting trade… now I get alerted by text message or email, and I love it.
- Risk Control: I guess the reason the Forex Profit Caster reduces risk so well is because unlike many pretenders on the trading system market, this one was actually developed by real professionals who know exactly how to play the game. That means less risk… and more profit.
The Cons
So, although I had to pick my brain a little to find many bad points about the Forex Profit Caster, I did manage to put together a few things that make this review a little more balanced. Here they are:
- You Need to Learn the System: This applies more to brand new traders, and applies to any trading system out there… you need to put in a little bit of time before you get the hang of what you're doing. Having said that, Bill and Greg Poulos have made it really easy to learn the ropes… and I couldn't think of any better traders to learn them from
- Minimal Risk: Despite the alert software meaning you can minimise risk by only focusing on trades that have a higher potential of profitability, there is still risk involved. However… if you want to try and make a success without this software, I can assure you that the risk will most likely become an awful lot higher
In Conclusion
My conclusion regarding the Forex Profit Caster Review can be summed up in two points:
- If you want to make some real money and increase your chances of success? Buy it.
- If you want to carry the way you are? Don't.
It really does boil down to those two points.
It's perfect for any trader new or old, and because you can use the software anywhere in the world, time is no longer an issue – you can trade when you want, how often you want, and in effect, you can make as much money as you want.
(And anyway – if you try it and don't like it, there's a 100% money back guarantee… so you've got nothing to lose)
>>>Click Here To Get The Latest On Forex Profit Caster<<<


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They may be used on all materials from aluminium to the hardest steel without clogging.
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Decision : 32 COM 8B.73
Revision of Statements of Signifiance and Statements Outstanding Universal Value - Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras (PHILIPPINES)
The World Heritage Committee,
1. Having examined Documents WHC-08/32.COM/8B.Add and WHC-08/32.COM/INF.8B1.Add,
2. Adopts the following Statement of Significance for the Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras, Philippines:
The Ifugao Rice Terraces epitomize the absolute blending of the physical, socio-cultural, economic, religious, and political environment. Indeed, it is a living cultural landscape of unparalleled beauty.
The Ifugao Rice Terraces are the priceless contribution of Philippine ancestors to humanity. Built 2000 years ago and passed on from generation to generation, the Ifugao Rice Terraces represent an enduring illustration of an ancient civilization that surpassed various challenges and setbacks posed by modernization.
Reaching a higher altitude and being built on steeper slopes than many other terraces, the Ifugao complex of stone or mud walls and the careful carving of the natural contours of hills and mountains to make terraced pond fields, coupled with the development of intricate irrigation systems, harvesting water from the forests of the mountain tops, and an elaborate farming system, reflect a mastery of engineering that is appreciated to the present.
The terraces illustrate a persistence of cultural traditions and remarkable continuity and endurance, since archaeological evidence reveals that this technique has been in use in the region for 2000 years virtually unchanged. They offer many lessons for application in similar environments elsewhere.
Maintenance of the living rice terraces reflects a primarily cooperative approach of the whole community which is based on detailed knowledge of the rich diversity of biological resources existing in the Ifugao agro-ecosystem, a finely tuned annual system respecting lunar cycles, zoning and planning, extensive soil conservation, mastery of a most complex pest control regime based on the processing of a variety of herbs, accompanied by religious rituals.
Criterion (iii): The rice terraces are a dramatic testimony to a community's sustainable and primarily communal system of rice production, based on harvesting water from the forest clad mountain tops and creating stone terraces and ponds, a system that has survived for two millennia.
Criterion (iv): The rice terraces are a memorial to the history and labour of more than a thousand generations of small-scale farmers who, working together as a community, have created a landscape based on a delicate and sustainable use of natural resources.
Criterion (v): The rice terraces are an outstanding example of land-use resulting from a harmonious interaction between people and their environment which has produced a steep terraced landscape of great aesthetic beauty, now vulnerable to social and economic changes.
3. Recommends that assessment for statements of authenticity and integrity / statements of protection and management should be postponed to the 33rd session of the World Heritage Committee (2009) awaiting the adoption of a methodology and an agreed format for Statements of Outstanding Universal Value for inscribed properties.
DocumentsDecisions Report
Context of DecisionWHC-08/32.COM/8B.Add
2008 Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras


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Find us on:
The mission of the NIEHS is to reduce the burden of human illness and disability by understanding how the environment influences the development and progression of human disease. To have the greatestimpact on preventing disease and improving human health, the NIEHS focuses on basic science, disease-oriented research, global environmental health, and multidisciplinary training for researchers. The NIEHS achieves its mission through: Extramural research and training, funded by grants and contracts, to scientists, environmental health professionals, and other groups worldwide, Intramural research conducted by scientists at the NIEHS facility and in partnership with scientists at universities and hospitals, Toxicological testing and test validation by the National Toxicology Program, and Outreach and communications programs that provide reliable health information to the
public and scientific resources to researchers.
Review Date: Tuesday, July 12, 2011
List reviewed web resources
The Office on Women's Health (OWH), part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), works to improve the health and sense of well-being of all U.S. women and girls. OWH serves as the focal point for women's health activities within HHS offices and agencies. OWH leads programs to improve women's health and collaborates across HHS and with other partners on women's health activities. OWH has a national office in Washington, DC. Ten Regional Women's Health Coordinators are located throughout the country to serve women and girls through local public health initiatives.
The Office on Women's Health's (OWH) mission is to provide leadership to promote health equity for women and girls through sex/gender-specific approaches. OWH achieves its mission and vision by developing innovative programs, educating health professionals, and motivating behavior change in consumers through the dissemination of health information.
Review Date: Thursday, August 25, 2011
The American Dental Association (ADA), through its Catalog Sales Department, develops and distributes educational materials on dental health. Other services include workshops and seminars and sponsorship of National Children's Dental Health Month.
Review Date: Wednesday, October 14, 2015
The National Safe Boating Council, Inc. (NSBC) was organized in September 1958 under the name National Safe Boating Committee. The NSBC presently has a membership of over 330 U.S. and Canadian organizations, all with an interest in boating safety and education. The NSBC membership is diverse, with approximately 65% of the membership being nonprofit organizations and 35% being for-profit organizations.
The NSBC is the foremost coalition for the advancement and promotion of
safer boating through education. The National Safe Boating Council
accomplishes this mission by conducting a series of on-going National Campaigns to promote
safe boating, providing opportunities to work directly with national and international leaders in boating education, improving the professional development of boating safety
educators, distributing safe boating information, developing and recognizing outstanding boating safety programs, and supporting research initiatives that strengthen boating education and safety awareness.
Review Date: Thursday, December 16, 2010
PACER Center is a parent training and information center for families of children and youth with all disabilities from birth through 21 years old. Located in Minneapolis, it serves families across the nation, as well as those in Minnesota. Parents can find publications, workshops, and other resources to help make decisions about education, vocational training, employment, and other services for their children with disabilities. PACER Center is a 501(C)(3) nonprofit organization.
Review Date: Tuesday, October 26, 2010
Since 1940, the Foundation has operated non-profit health care institutions. It provides health care services to the children of Delaware, Florida and the surrounding states; and selected health services for the elderly of Delaware, regardless of their financial means. Operationally, The Nemours Foundation is a not-for-profit knowledge corporation, which conducts nonprofit programs and excels in the provision of health, education and research services. Nemours provides health education through KidsHealth, a Web site dedicated to the health of children, research and professional education, prevention through Nemours Health and Prevention Services, and adjunct programs dealing with detection and intervention such as Nemours BrightStart! Dyslexia Initiative.
Review Date: Tuesday, June 12, 2012
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Disney Driven Week In Review 4-3-16
Maria H. (ndm#130) 0 Comments 20000, 2017, 20k, 3D, 70s, a beautiful planet, a113, activewear, Aladdin, always moving mommy, Andrew Stanton, announcements, apparel, April, april 1st, april fools, ariel's grotto, asgard, ashley eckstein, attraction, Avengers, baby names, backstage, bag, Bagheera, balck belt, baloo, Baseball, batteries, be a hero, becoming, becoming cc sabathia, best friends whenever, bill murray, blab, black widow, brandon severs, broadway, bryce gheisar, bunga, bunk'd, cable, California, camera, camera accessories, camouflage, Captain America, cardholders, case, cc sabathia, charming day off, chase, Christopher Walken, clips, clothing, clutch, cody veith, collection, colorful, comedy, comic, conference, costs, couture, D23, dates, daylight, designer, Digital Cameras, Discount, Disney, Disney channel, Disney Junior, disney on braodway, Disney Photography, disney rewards, Disney Store, Disney XD, disneykids, display, doc mcstuffins, doc mcstuffins baby, earth, easter egg, ed o'neill, educational, elite force, ellen degeneres, EPCOT, ESPN, experience earth, expo, external drive, extinct, family, fan event, fashion, featurette, festival, Finding Dory, flea, Florida, flower, francis, fun, garden, Giancarlo Esposito, goldie & bear, good night lala, gotg, guardians of the galaxy, Health, Healthy, heidi moneymaker, her universe, her universe channel, hibernation, hidden, hidden camera, highlights, History, hobby, hubble, ideas, Idris Elba, imax, in the face of danger, Instagram, iphone, Iron Man, jasmine guy, jc penneys, jennifer lawrence, jillian shea spaeder, joke, joni the pony, jungle book, k.c. undercover, Kaa, karate, kate spade, Kennedy Space Center, Kids, kion, kohl's, Lab Rats, lagoon, lala, laptop, largest, law of the jungle, leagues under the sea, legends, lifestyle, lion guard, Lion King, liv and maddie, live, live action, location, macy's, Marvel, mbali fields, members, memories, memory cards, merchandise, milk bandit, Minnie Mouse, Moms, Monorail, Movie, Mowgli, mowgli leaves the pack, nasa, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, nautilus, new, New Fantasyland, new name for mcstuffins baby, new series, New York, night time, ny yankees, outdoor, palm trees, panels, park open, parks, peanut, perks, Photography, Photos, pickle, Pixar, planet, plans, playdate, Pooh's Playful Spot, pranks, preschool, prices, purse, red hot chili peppers, Resorts, rick fox, safety, Scarlett Johansson, Schedule, science, scrapiest dragon, secret, series, Seven Dwarfs Mine Train, Shere Khan, sheriff callie, shopping, shows, siemens, sleeve, sneak preview, social media, sofia, space, Spaceship Earth, spider-man, spy, stuck in the middle, stuffy, stunt double, styled by marvel, submarine, sun, sunflowers, sunny side up club, sunshine, Target, tbt, technology, teens, Television, the legacy, throwback thursday, thunderbolts, tickets, tips, tobie windham, toddlers, toni meyers, topiary, tote, travel, trip planning, tripod, tumblr, TV, Tweens, ultron, unforgettable, Vacation, vintage, vip lounge, visa, voyage, walk the prank, walmart, walt disney archives, Walt Disney Studios, Walt Disney World, Walt Disney World Photography, wander over yonder, Water, WDW, weekly chat, what to bring, what's on, women, Wordless Wednesday, words to live by, Workout, workout video, yankees, young children, YouTube
It's the Disney Driven Week In Review! We understand that life keeps you busy, so here is a listRead more


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Wireless electronic products continue to shrink in size, requiring ever-smaller antennas. To fill this need, the authors developed a three-stack wideband patch antenna on aluminum-oxide ceramic substrate material. The high relative dielectric constant of the substrate made it possible to reduce the dimensions of the antenna without compromising the performance of the component. The antenna was designed with the aid of commercial electromagnetic (EM) simulation software—namely, the High-Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) from Ansoft (www.ansys.com). This design targeted an operating frequency range of 16.20 to 19.31 GHz, achieving peak gain of 8.531 dBi with radiation efficiency of 84 to 89% and return loss of better than 10 dB across the operating bandwidth. The antenna was designed for Ku/K-band applications.
As wireless products are designed with increased functionality, antennas must provide broadband performance, but in smaller sizes. A great deal has been written about the use of high-dielectric-constant circuit materials to shrink high-frequency circuit dimensions.1 In addition, antenna designers have developed a variety of novel structures in attempts to achieve miniaturization. Patch antennas have long been used for many forms of communications and radar systems, as well as for GPS location systems.2
Patch antennas offer attractive performance for a wide range of wireless applications, but must be designed for small geometries to meet the demands of modern electronic devices. Numerous researchers have turned to high-dielectric-constant substrate materials to help miniaturize their antenna designs, as well as designs based on reactive impedance substrates, dielectric resonators, and magneto-dielectric substrates.3 Substrates based on dielectric ceramic materials are promising candidates for antenna miniaturization because of their high permittivity, low loss, light weight, low cost, and market availability.4
Attempts to miniaturize antennas have employed many different techniques, including the use of low-temperature co-fired-ceramic (LTCC) substrates,5 planar monopole ring antenna designs using FR-4 substrate,6 the use of ceramic material for a proximity-coupled feeding structure,7 EM bandgap-based planar ceramic antennas,8 and even substrates based on artificial magnetic materials and fractal Hilbert curves to increase the effective permeability.9 However, most of the antennas produced by these techniques are relatively large in size, with low gain, low efficiency, and/or narrow bandwidths. There is still much room to explore the possibilities of using specific material substrates to aid antenna miniaturization.
The current work involves the design and fabrication of a three-stack patch antenna with coaxial probe feed, designed on Al2O3 ceramic material substrate. The antenna was analyzed using commercial EM software based on finite-element-method (FEM) analysis, the popular HFSS three-dimensional (3D) simulation software. The proposed patch antenna has a bandwidth of 3.11 GHz with 7.5-dBi gain at the resonant frequency of 17.20 GHz. The use of the Al2O3 ceramic material substrate and its high dielectric constant made it possible to shrink the dimensions of the patch antenna. The antenna was fabricated on 1-mm-thick Al2O3 ceramic material with relative dielectric constant of 9.8, relative permeability of 1, and ideal loss tangent of 0 when modeled without any conducting ground plane. The antenna can be designed on any nonconducting plane.
1. This diagram shows the basic geometry of the patch antenna on ceramic substrate, with the dimensions for a Ku/K-band design listed in Table 1.
The design of the antenna starts with its radiating patch. The base wall of the patch was designed with 0.5-mm-thick copper in a stack of three sides lying along the Y-axis with a 0.5-mm gap between each stack. The geometry and design of the antenna are shown in Fig. 1, with the dimensions listed in Table 1. The dimensions were determined by mathematical model and customized according to Eqs. 1 and 210:
w = the width of the radiating patch;
l = the length of the radiating patch;
f0 = the target center frequency of the patch; and
c = the speed of light in a vacuum.
By applying Eq. 3, the effective dielectric constant, εe, can be found10:
h = the thickness of the substrate and
εr = the relative dielectric constant of the substrate.
Due to the fringing field around the periphery of the patch, the antenna electrically appears larger than its physical dimensions. The antenna was designed to operate from 16.20 to 19.31 GHz and optimized with HFSS for best performance across that bandwidth.
Figure 2 shows the return loss of the ceramic-based patch antenna, which is better than 10 dB in the desired frequency range. By changing the feed position 3 mm closer to the base wall, the lower resonance of the patch shifted from 17.2 GHz to 16.9 GHz. The antenna provides 1.8-GHz bandwidth at Ku-band frequencies and 1.31-GHz bandwidth for K-band applications.
2. The return loss of the patch antenna is plotted here as a function of frequency.
Figure 3 shows antenna gain as a function of frequency. The peak gain of 8.531 dBi occurs at 16.3 GHz where the radiation is more directional; the gain is 7.05 dBi at the resonant frequency of 17.20 GHz. Above 18.5 GHz, the gain declines sharply, with average gain of 3.5 dBi at those higher frequencies. The overall gain of the patch antenna can be increased by increasing the substrate thickness, but this will also impact the size of the antenna.
3. The patch antenna's gain is shown here as a function of frequency.
Figure 4 shows the overall radiation efficiency of the patch antenna, which ranges from 84% to 89% across the operating bandwidth. Figure 5 shows copolarization and cross-polarization radiation patterns in the electric (E) and magnetic (H) planes of the antenna at its resonant frequency of 17.20 GHz. The copolarization pattern is symmetric and more stable. The antenna provides stable, directional radiation patterns across its operating bandwidth.
4. The radiation efficiency of the ceramic-based patch antenna is plotted as a
function of frequency.
5. These plots show the radiation pattern of the patch antenna's (a) E-plane response and (b) H-plane co-cross polarization response.
Figure 6 shows the current distribution of the antenna's E-H field responses all along the radiating patch. From Fig. 6(a), it can be seen that the E-field current is stronger along the front side of the feed probe, as well as along the left, right, and back sides of the patch near the boundary line. The E-field current reaches its lowest point at the front side near the boundary line. The H-field current distribution in Fig. 6(a)is strong around the feed probe; it is weaker near the boundary line, as well as the left and right back corner sides. The current distribution can be improved by using other feeding techniques and positions. And finally, Table 2provides a comparison of this patch antenna with other efforts at miniaturizing high-frequency antennas.11-13 As it shows, the proposed antenna design is much smaller and exceeds the performance of the other antennas in the comparison.
6. These plots show the current distribution of the (a) E-field and (b) H-field patterns along the radiating patch.
M. HABIB ULLAH, Engineering Student, Institute of Space Science (ANGKASA), Universiti Kebangsaan Bangi Selangor, Malaysia 43600; e-mail: [email protected], e-mail: [email protected] Department of Electrical, Electronic, and System Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan, Malaysia
M.T. ISLAM, Researcher, Institute of Space Science (ANGKASA), Universiti Kebangsaan Bangi Selangor, Malaysia 43600
J.S. MANDEEP, Researcher, Institute of Space Science (ANGKASA), Universiti Kebangsaan Bangi Selangor, Malaysia 43600; Department of Electrical, Electronic, and System Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan, Malaysia
1. M. Habib Ullah and M.T. Islam, "Design Of A Modified W-Shaped Patch Antenna On Al2O3 Ceramic Material Substrate For Ku-Band," Chalcogenide Letters, Vol. 9, No. 2, 2012, pp. 61-66.
2. Y.P. Zhang, C.W.Y. Ang, C.S.C. Lee, and M.A. Do, "Bandwidth Enhancement of A Patch Antenna of Very High Permittivity Materials," Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, Vol. 28, No. 2, 2001, pp. 98-99.
3. D.H. Schaubert, D.M. Pozar, and A. Adrian, "Effect of microstrip antenna substrate thickness and permittivity: comparison of theories with experiment," IEEE Transactions on Antennas & Propagation, Vol. 37, No. 6, 1989, pp. 677-682.
4. J.-C. Iriarte, I. Ederra, and R. Gonzalo, "Design and characterisation of a high efficiency ceramic ebg patch antenna," IET Microwave Antennas Propagation, Vol. 4, No. 8, 2010, pp. 1056-1062.
5. J.S. Kula, D. Psychoudakis, W.-J. Liao, C.-C. Chen, J.L. Volakis, and J.W. Halloran, "Patch-antenna miniaturization using recently available ceramic substrates," IEEE Antennas & Propagation M, Vol. 48, No. 6, 2006, pp. 13-20, 2006.
6. Rezaul Azim, Mohammad Tariqul Islam, and Norbahiah Misran, "Printed Planar Antenna for Wideband Applications," Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves, Vol. 31, No. 8, 2010, pp. 969-978.
7. J.-S. Kim, W.-K. Choi, and G.-Y. Choi, "Small proximity coupled ceramic patch antenna for UHF RFID tag mountable on metallic objects," Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 4, 2008, pp. 129-138.
8. L. Yousefi and O.M. Ramahi, "Miniaturized antennas using artificial magnetic materials with fractal Hilbert inclusions," Electronics Letters, Vol. 46, 2010, pp. 816-817.
9. R. Azim, M.T. Islam, and N. Misran, "Compact Tapered Shape Slot Antenna for UWB Applications," IEEE Antennas & Wireless Propagation, Vol. 10, 2011, pp. 1190-1193.
10. R. Azim, M.T. Islam, and N. Misran, "Dual Polarized Microstrip Patch Antenna for Ku-Band Application," Inform MIDEM, Vol. 41, 2011, pp. 114-117.
11. R. Azim, M.T. Islam and N. Misran, "A Planar Monopole Antenna for UWB Applications," International Review of Electronic Engineering, Vol. 5, No. 4, 2010, pp. 1848-1852.
12. A.R. El-Damak, H. Ghali, and H.F. Ragaie, "Wideband modified Sierpinski slot antenna," IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Vol. 2B, 2005, pp. 548-551.
13. A.U. Bhobe, C.L. Holloway, M.Piket-May, and R. Hall, "Coplanar waveguide fed wideband slot antenna," Electronics Letters, Vol. 36, No. 16, 2000, pp.1340-1342.


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The mission of the El Paso Hispanic Chamber of Commerce is to be the pre-eminent resource for business and the leading advocate in supporting the growth of the El Paso Border Metroplex.
Your El Paso Hispanic Chamber of Commerce has remained an effective organization for 26 years because of its efforts to serve the ever-evolving small, minority and women owned business community, in the Border Area. Your Hispanic Chamber believes we each have a fundamental, moral obligation to help each other, and while some of us may rise faster than others, our ultimate goal is that we will rise together, while maintaining our individuality.


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I have a PowerMate USB controller from Griffin: it works, but using my normal user account I can't control the light settings. With a fresh new account, everything works as expected. How can I find what cause the trouble?
I can interact with it, turn it, press it, and it reacts as expected.
But I can't control the light settings: the light is always on, even if I set it to pulsing mode. It doesn't blink when it should.
Each time I do an action that should change the light state (assigning the Default Set to the PowerMate unit, or changing the default light state in the settings), I get this error in the console:
19/03/11 17:39:42 PowerMate[441] PowerMate Device location: 26410000 service: 0000b69b USBDeviceOpen failed: e00002c5
Sometimes, I get multiple entries of the same error (up to 14 times). Except for this error and the following error at launch of the app, there is nothing helpful.
Path (null) given to -[NSWorkspace iconForFile:] is not a full path.
I'm running Lion 10.7.1 (problem was similar on Snow Leopard).
Here is what I have done so far to troubleshoot:
Make sure the application PowerMate.app is not running
Un-plug the USB PowerMate device and every other USB devices (except for my keyboard)
Remove everything created by the application PowerMate.app with:
rm ~/Library/Preferences/com.griffintechnology.PowerMate.plist;
rm -rf ~/Library/Caches/com.griffintechnology.PowerMate;
rm -rf ~/Library/Application\ Support/PowerMate;
Repair the authorization with Disk Utility.app
Apply the latest combo update (MacOSXUpdCombo10.6.6.dmg)
Launch the latest version of the PowerMate.app application (version 3.0 - 3012).
Then plug-in the USB PowerMate device.
Anything else you suggest to find the difference between my account and a new one?
Known Differences That Matter between the accounts:
Similarities between the accounts:
Both accounts are admin of the machine.
They are members of the same group.
Output of the id command:
my normal account (the one with the issue):
uid=501(mylogin) gid=20(staff) groups=20(staff),401(com.apple.access_screensharing),102(com.apple.access_ssh),204(_developer),100(_lpoperator),98(_lpadmin),81(_appserveradm),80(admin),79(_appserverusr),61(localaccounts),12(everyone),402(com.apple.sharepoint.group.1)
the fresh new test account (the one where it works):
uid=502(test2) gid=20(staff) groups=20(staff),401(com.apple.access_screensharing),204(_developer),100(_lpoperator),98(_lpadmin),81(_appserveradm),80(admin),79(_appserverusr),61(localaccounts),12(everyone),402(com.apple.sharepoint.group.1)
I am in contact with Griffin support. They are very nice, but so far we haven't been able to find the reason of the issue.
Update: Apparently, the error code
e00002c5 means "exclusive access and device already open".
Any idea how to figure what process has access to a USB Device?


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Project: P 0044(149)40, PCN 6925, Pennington County
Location: S.D. Highway 44 (Jackson Boulevard) from Chapel Lane Road to Rapid Creek in Rapid City
Improvement Type: Grading, Storm Sewer, Curb & Gutter, Lighting, Signals & PCC Paving
Public Meetings
The South Dakota Department of Transportation (SDDOT) has a long history of public involvement in the development of transportation plans and projects. The 2005 passage of the Safe, Accountable, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU) requires a public involvement process. Public meetings for the project scope and/or design will occasionally be scheduled to collect public input, provide information and answer questions.
Public Information Meeting - July 24, 2012
Jackson Boulevard/Park Drive Intersection Options
For more information or comments please contact the SDDOT Road Design Engineer Michael Jacobson, who can be reached by email at firstname.lastname@example.com or by phone at (605) 773-8163.


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Our Publications
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Minotti by Ha Modern's Showroom Opening
THE PARTY Design mavens sipped and celebrated in style at the Minotti by HA Modern's showroom opening at ADAC.
THE SCENE The spectacular event, which took place in the brand's new showroom, was complete with florals and catering by Keith Robinson of Gloriosa. The spread included tuna tartare, smoke salmon canapes, mini grilled raclette cheese and more.
THE PERKS Not only did guests have the chance to attend one of ADAC's stunning events, but they also got to peruse the showroom's beautiful pieces just in time for spring redecorating. –Jessica Cherner
Photos by Matt Simmonds


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Caboolture Family History Research Group Inc. (CFHRG Inc.)
- Caboolture Historical Village, Beerburrum Rd, Caboolture, QLD 4510
- 07 5428 2018
- Caboolture Family History Research Group
Open Hours
- 9:30 - 3:00 Monday, Wednesday, Friday, Saturday. Monthly meeting: 2nd Saturday of the month, 1pm. Guest speaker, information day or workshop: 4th Saturday of the month.
Membership Cost
- Single $53; Family (dual from same household) $50; Junior $15; Joining Fee $10.
- "Hindsight", published quarterly
CFHRG was formed 30 years ago and we still have members number 1 and 2. Guidance and help are always on hand from our fantastic volunteers
In late 2010 we moved to the Caboolture Historical Village where we are interacting with the school and coach tours that visit by supplying help, displays and Family History starter packs made up especially for children.
CFHRG or "The Club" has lots of Local, Australian and International Resources in its Library of over 3000 books. 800 + Cemetery records; Shipping; BMD's; Obits; Local Newspapers: Magazines = other clubs and commercial; A large micro-fiche collection; micro-films and CD's. The Library continues to grow with our commitment to assisting you in your research.
Publications for sale include various cemetery and newspaper cd's, books and charts. See our website for details.
- Location:


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LOWELL, Mass. -- The very white wedding is still a go.
Kathryn Jussaume, 30, of Lowell, and Jason Destroismaison, 32, of Tyngsboro, have been planning their wedding for seven months now. They picked a heck of date.
The-still-bubbling bride said she woke up Saturday morning and couldn't see her mailbox. Snow was drifted so high it looked like there was an extra car in her driveway, but there wasn't.
'I started to get a little bit nervous,' Jussaume said Saturday afternoon. 'But Jason was cool as a cucumber.'
By 1:30 p.m., the couple had checked with all their vendors and the wedding is still a go, but not without a few hitches.
The bride said her snowblower broke Saturday morning, so she started to shovel on her wedding day.
She said she waved down a passing plow and told the driver it was wedding day.
'He said, 'It's your wedding day? Move over,'' Jussaume said. 'It was so nice. He plowed us out.'
The wedding was set fpr Merrimack College in North Andover at 3 p.m.
'Jason, my husband-to-be, said as long as you're there, I'm there, and if the priest is there we'll be just fine,' Jussaume said. 'We've had so many people who were so wonderful today.'
It should be quite a memorable ceremony as long as the bride is visible in a white dress on such a white day.


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Amber Rudd Campaigns for Hastings Rail Link
Published on by Jacob Kensley (author)
A high-speed rail link to London is still a possibility for Hastings after a discussion led by the Hastings' MP.
Hastings Week Finale Fires Up Residents
Published on by Liam Forkes (author), Liam Forkes (photographer)
Hastings hosted its annual bonfire and fireworks night last night as a week-long celebration of the town reached its climax.
Published on by Admin Admin (writer)
Top line
Re-light the fire: Hastings bonfire night heats up the firework season in Sussex
Published on by Tiffany Plummer (author), Sophie Middleton (author)
Hurricane Ophelia
Published on by Admin Admin (author)
Fresh warnings as Hurricane Ophelia heads to UK


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When the General Assembly passed the Maryland Dream Act, lawmakers intended to allow certain students who are undocumented immigrants to pay in-state tuition rates at the state's colleges and universities. It was a recognition that these young people represented an asset to the state to be cultivated, not a threat. But the law contained an unintended consequence no one seems to have noticed at the time, and the result has been that rather than lowering college tuition costs for these young people, some of them are now paying more for their educations.
The law, which survived a referendum in November, set out a number of conditions that children who were brought into the country illegally by their parents had to satisfy before they could qualify for the tuition break. Among other things, they had to have graduated from a Maryland high school, and they or their parents must have filed Maryland tax returns since they were in high school. The law also requires them to enroll in a community college for two years before they can transfer to one of the state's four-year colleges or universities. Among such laws nationwide, those are considered to be some of the strictest standards.
Though the debate was heated both in the legislature and on the campaign trail during the run-up to the November referendum, the aim of the law was always clear: to allow young people who had lived in this country and grown up here a chance to fulfill their potential by furthering their education so that they might become productive members of society.
But now it appears that task has been made harder for a small group of students by an inadvertent consequence of the law's wording. Some academically talented undocumented immigrants, just like their legal resident peers, enroll in supplemental courses at local community colleges, where they can earn college credits while still in high school. That's where the loophole comes in.
Because Maryland's law requires such students to graduate from high school before becoming eligible for in-state tuition rates, young people who want to enrich their studies by taking a community college course in, say, math or science during their senior year in high school can't do so unless they can afford the out-of-state tuition rate. That's a particular injustice at Montgomery County's two-year Montgomery College, which allowed undocumented immigrants to pay the in-state rate even in advance of the state law. According to The Washington Post, which reported Tuesday on an effort to close this loophole, students who want to get a head start on their college careers have to pay roughly triple the $400-a-course tuition paid by their peers.
We'll hazard that no one in the legislature quite anticipated this situation when the law was passed. It's a typical Catch-22 dilemma: If you're a high school student with the ability and desire to get a head start on college, you can't afford to do so — because you're still in high school.
Admittedly, we're not talking about a large number of students. When the Dream Act was passed, officials estimated it would directly benefit only a few hundred young people a year. The loophole in the law affects even fewer than that — perhaps 80 students. Still, the operative principle ought to be to make the law work for as many young people as possible, especially those who are in a position to take more demanding courses in the STEM disciplines of science, technology, engineering and math.
This should be relatively easy to fix, though no doubt any effort to close the statutory loophole will spark opposition from the same people who opposed the original law. In light of the strong support the measure enjoyed in both the General Assembly and among the public in the referendum that followed, lawmakers should not hesitate to correct this problem. Maryland needs to harness the talents and skills of its most ambitious young people in order to compete successfully in the global marketplace, and fixing the Dream Act so that more of them have chance at higher education can only benefit the state and its people.


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Ralph Bass
An eye for talent and an ear for hits.
The list of people Ralph Bass worked with is a roster of R&B greats: Etta James, Sam Cooke, James Brown and on and on. He changed popular music forever and for the better.
During a lengthy career as a producer and talent scout for the influential independent record labels Savoy, King/Federal, Chess and Black & White, Ralph Bass played a major role in bringing black music into the American mainstream.
He recorded some of the greatest figures in black music, including Etta James, Sam Cooke, James Brown, Hank Ballard and the Midnighters, the Dominoes and T-Bone Walker.
Ralph Bass was born on May 1, 1911 in Bronx, New York. He had an Italian-American-Catholic father and a German-American-Jewish mother. He began studying violin as a young child and played his first concert when he was six. Then, one night at an uptown club changed him. "Chick Webb was playing," Bass said. "I said to my friends, 'Listen to that music! Look at those dancers!'"
A few years later, he moved to the West Coast, where he worked at a Los Angeles manufacturing plant. He became the deejay at company picnics and began to think he could make better records than the ones he was playing. Soon, he was hired by Black & White Records and began cutting records by Lena Horne, Ivie Anderson, Slim Gaillard and T-Bone Walker, including the latter's landmark "Call It Stormy Monday." In late 1947 Bass and jump-jazzman Jack McVea cut eight sides in three hours at L.A.'s Radio Recorders. "With one more to go and only a few minutes left, the guys ran down a comedy routine called 'Open the Door, Richard!'," Bass recalled. "Next thing I knew, I was sitting on a national phenomenon." "Open the Door, Richard!"—an off-color comedy routine based on an old vaudeville skit—became a major hit and went to Number Three on the pop chart.
Bass then launched his own label, Bop Records, where he recorded a two-part sax battle between Dexter Gordon and Wardell Gray titled "The Chase" and "The Hunt." He then founded Portrait Records, where he recorded Errol Garner. In 1948 he began working at Savoy Records, where he recorded such artists as Brownie McGee, Big Jay McNeely, Little Esther Phillips and Johnny Otis.
In 1951 he moved to Federal Records, a subsidiary of King Records. There he turned out one big R&B hit after another, including such ribald classics as the Dominoes' "Sixty Minute Man" and Hank Ballard and the Midnighters' "Work with Me, Annie." Despite its being banned, the latter sold more than a million copies. Bass stayed at King/Federal for seven years. He signed James Brown, and he produced the original version of the R&B standard "Kansas City," then titled "K.C. Lovin" and recorded by Little Willie Littlefield for the label.
In 1958 Bass moved on to Chess Records, the Chicago-based label where he stayed for eighteen years. At Chess, Bass worked with an extraordinary roster of blues, gospel, R&B and rock and roll artists. He produced the likes of Clara Ward, the Soul Stirrers, Etta James, Howlin' Wolf, Muddy Waters and Sonny Boy Williamson. Later, at MCA Records, Bass produced John Lee Hooker.
"All I ever wanted was the musicians' respect," Bass said. "And to tell you the truth, I didn't give a damn if whites ever bought my records!" Ralph Bass died on March 5, 1997.
Inductee: Ralph Bass (record executive and producer; born May 1, 1911, died March 5, 1997)


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Sandy Ressler is worried. So much so that he felt compelled to headline his recent blog post on govloop.com this way: "I work for the government and I am NOT the enemy."
As a 25-year veteran of the federal bureaucracy – he's a program manager at the National Institute of Standards and Technology – he's concerned that the country "is becoming more and more polarized."
Mr. Ressler sees the recent suicide pilot who crashed his airplane into an IRS office building in Texas and the shooting attack on security officers at the Pentagon as "canary in the coal mine type of behavior." Along with many other government employees, he worries that anti-government rhetoric – fueled by the red-hot debate over healthcare reform, the virulent attacks on Barack Obama's personal character and legitimacy as president, and the more violent fringe of the "tea party" movement – puts government workers in the crosshairs.
Statistics back him up.
The threats are increasing
"Weapons violations on federal properties increased by 10 percent over the last year; threats against IRS facilities are up by 11 percent," reports Gregg Carlstrom in the Federal Times. "And while threats are up, the level of protection at federal buildings is down. The Federal Protective Service has shrunk by 15 percent over the last seven years; hundreds of IRS buildings have no security at all."
As it is with members of Congress, the individual tends to be viewed more favorably than the institution. A Gallup Poll last year showed that while only 20 percent of those polled had a positive impression of the federal government, 60 percent said their personal contact with a federal employee had been positive.
But at a time when bipartisanship seems to have died in Washington (along with much of the cordiality that once marked legislative debate), that is small comfort for many federal employees.
"The public sees 'government' as Capitol Hill, the presidency and elected officials," Hannah Bowers, an analyst at the Veterans Affairs Department, told the Federal Times. "[And] the only time government workers are mentioned in the media is when one of us is caught for some sort of unethical behavior."
The recent attacks on federal offices and employees have gotten the attention of Congress.
"There are over 2 million members of the civil service, and every one of them is entitled to a reasonable degree of personal safety and respect," says Rep. Jim Moran (D) of Virginia, whose district just across the Potomac River from Washington is home to many federal employees.
Last week, Moran introduced a resolution "affirming the right of federal employees to have a reasonable degree of security on the job."
A recent congressional hearing pointed up some of the ongoing problems.
"Several federal courthouses have no security presence after hours, on weekends and holidays," said Jon Adler, president of the Federal Law Enforcement Officers Association. "Employees' only protection is their access card and PIN – it's a total joke. The bottom line is without a security presence, the offices and their employees are vulnerable to attack."
IRS employees feel most vulnerable
Not surprisingly, employees of the IRS – the federal tax collection agency – feel most vulnerable, particularly at this time of year.
According to the Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration, more than 1,200 threat and assault cases were investigated between 2001 and 2008, resulting in more than 167 indictments and at least 195 convictions.
"In addition, in recent years, several high profile cases in which disgruntled taxpayers have threatened to kill IRS employees or blow up IRS offices, further underscore the real and constant danger that IRS employees must face every day as they carry out their duties," Colleen Kelley, president of the National Treasury Employees Union, told the congressional oversight hearing on federal workplace safety.
After the airplane attack in Austin, Texas, security was beefed up at IRS offices around the country.
"This area remains a top concern for the IRS, and we will be taking a hard look at what we can do in both the short- and long-term to ensure the safety of our employees," Steven Miller, deputy commissioner for services and enforcement told the congressional hearing.
Valuing civil servants
In its interviews with dozens of government employees, the Federal Times found many who say "they would appreciate stronger condemnations of anti-government actions and rhetoric – and a stronger defense of their value to the country."
"Officials from the White House on down need to step up and make public rebuttal statements," said Philip Hoffman, a program coordinator at the National Marine Fisheries Service. "It does no good to have a goal of having a world-class workforce if you aren't going to defend them. And it's not hard."
Until then, said Kenneth Goldman, a manager at the Naval Surface Warfare Center, "Fed-bashing may be the only true bipartisan issue."


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Model X orders
Model X orders
I'm planning on reserving (assuming it's $5,000 and fully refundable like the Model S) as soon as I can. I'm in the same boat in that my wife would be the primary driver. She really likes her current vehicle but I have a suspicion that she's going to really like the convenience of never needing to go to the gas station once the Model S gets here. Basically I'm afraid that I'll have to fight her for the S; if I have the X already on order I can get away with it.
If we decide not to get one we'll just pull our reservation.
We are anxiously awaiting the reveal to get a good look at the X. My wife is sold on me purchasing a Model S. She joked that she'd love to get an EV SUV. Depending on cost it'll definitely be on our radar. If nothing else I'll probably reserve one and see how things go with the vehicle.
BTW, there is now a new forum section dedicated specifically to the Model X:
Dang you guys aren't helping my cause, ording an S and an X, lol. I hope there's a lot of people who switch from an S to an X!
We'll see how my wife reacts to the reveal. I'm not sure we can swing both the S and X, but I'm getting an S for sure.
The reveal was video only, no voice or text. But definitely fore-and-aft motors. Could be a blast to drive!
I watched part of the reveal and I don't think I'll be ordering an X. Although I like the gull wings on the MB and Delorean, the falcon wings just don't look right in this application. I also don't need 4wd but need the extra range.
I would love to have 4WD or FWD on the S. I'm still worried about ice and snow.
Anyways I'm curious to see what the general reaction to the X is. While I don't think it's ugly or anything, I don't really like it. It just looks like a fat Model S. The rear doors are cool. You what kind of reinforced my unease with the design? There's this quote from the CNET article.
"Tesla Chief Designer Franz von Holzhausen says he tried to design the car to not look too masculine or too feminine."
So what, you made it look androgynous instead? I dunno, I definitely can see how people will think it's stylish, it has some nice details, but I also think it looks mind of odd. Then again, I don't think most SUVs look very good anyway.
Is "gay" the word you were looking for? Very non-PC of you! ;)
@Teoatawki: I heard Elon mention like the S, there will be signature and production X models people can reserve.
So far, the X page shows performance options, basically "hotter" dual motors. Pricing is stated to be similar to similarly equipped S models. Since there's a single-motor RWD X version, don't know how that figures in.
I don't need an SUV so I'll stick with my S. I am wondering if the X is really going to take off. Most of the SUV drivers I know are people who shuttle their kids around all weekend to far off places for activities. Range anxiety is going to be an even bigger hurdle for the X than it is for the S.
It looks like they're sticking with the S battery pack; no increase in battery technology.
Doesn't look like Tesla is averse to having a lack of console under the dash; this probably goes for the finished S as well.
I wonder how the falcon door does with a 30 mph crosswind.
And I wonder what it's going to be like trying to get kids into the rear of the car while there's wind and precipitation.
No specs yet on how wide and how big the rear would be if all the seats were folded down.
I'd still like an S with that all wheel drive taken out of the X.
The only interesting things with the Model X is the use of two motors, and the use of cameras instead of side view mirrors. When can we expect to see the same equipment in Model S? Please - let it happen very soon!
By use of two motors I am sure that even the Roadster would struggle to keep up with the "Model S Twin Performance" from 0 to 60 mph!
And by use of cameras I am quite sure that the driving distance could be more than 300 miles.
perbakken, he mentioned that for reasons of safety that they may have to abandon the use of camera's for the side mirrors even if it does make the car more aerodynamic.
With the falcon doors fully open, what is the speed before we become airborn, and how will that compare to the Signature X?
Is anybody else old enough to remember the flying nun? Don't the doors look like Sally Fields hat when they're open?
Would you believe that show ran three seasons for a total of 83 episodes?!!! As an 8 year old, I enjoyed it. :-o
I do remember that from my childhood as well. Strange concept for a show really.
I also remember the flying nun.
btw, this thread should really close out to shift the discussion to the Model X forums.
airborne at 170 mph; but there's severe loss of traction. Special wheel flanges and dual motors spinning flat out are necessary to sustain flight for more than 2 minutes.
Sally Fields


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Play Ball!
Colonial Games and America's National Pastime
Divested of their hats and coats, players hit the field.
Cash Arehart sprints to safety.
Bowler Peter Stinley sets the ball on its path.
Cricket's wickets are a simple symbol of the famed game.
Bill Rose, Cash Arehart, Frank Megargee, and Rick Gilliland pass an afternoon in sport.
Batsman Frank Megargee scores a run.
Relaxing at camp, Dale Smoot and Justin Chapman prepare to play.
Ron Carnegie plans his pitch.
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation © 2007


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Art on the Edge of Law
Mar 22, 2012
- Who gets to break the law, and why? An exploration through art.
We're the People: Close-Ups from Zuccotti Park
by Joseph O. HolmesFeb 15, 2012
- Portraits of a nascent society.
After the Quake: Haiti's Slow Road to Healing
by Rachel HarmonJan 13, 2012
- Photo Essay: Two years later, poverty, corruption, and health crises persist. But so does hope.
Words That Inspire: We are the 1%
by Jing FongNov 23, 2011
- Some members of the 1% have shared messages of solidarity with the 99%. What goes into a sign that makes a lasting impression? Explore an activity to help your students understand—and create their own—powerful signs.
Creativity Blossoms in the Great Migration
by Lily YehNov 18, 2011
- On the industrial outskirts of Beijing, the transient children of the world's largest migration taught artist Lily Yeh about finding healing and rootedness in creative power.
Farming With the Wild
by Dan ImhoffNov 05, 2011
- Photo Essay: How agriculture and wildlands can both flourish—together.
Occupy Oakland, in Pictures
Nov 04, 2011
- From rebuilding after a police raid to closing down the nation's fifth largest port, things have been busy at Occupy Oakland.
Posters to Occupy Everywhere
Nov 03, 2011
- Graphic designers put their stamp on the messages of the 99%.
It's Our Wall Street: Inside an American Occupation
Sep 23, 2011
- Photo essay: Inspired by the public protests of Egypt, Tunisia, and Spain, American demonstrators are nearly a week into their "occupation" of Wall Street.
Words That Inspire: Martin Luther King, Jr.
by Jing FongSep 22, 2011
- What is fair to one person may not be fair to another. How can students become aware of injustice—at school, in your community, and in this world— and dig deeper to discover how they can transform injustice to justice?
Fibershed Moments
by Rebecca BurgessAug 19, 2011
- We often think about local food—but what about local fabric? Photos from one woman's quest to know her "fibershed."
Hands Across the Sand
Jul 15, 2011
- Photo essay: Scenes from a massive protest to protect beaches from Big Oil.
Photo Essay: Crude Reflections from the Amazon
by Lou DematteisMay 04, 2011
- After enduring years of toxic dumping and rising cancer rates, indigenous Ecuadorians took oil giant Chevron to court to fight for the life of the rainforest—and its people.
US Uncut: Standing Up to Corporate Tax Dodgers
Mar 03, 2011
- Photo essay: "Austerity for us, prosperity for them"—and more signs from US Uncut's 50-city protests of corporate tax avoidance.
Signs of the Times: The Best Protest Signs in Madison
Feb 18, 2011
- In Madison, Wisconsin, a workers' uprising is resulting in some clever slogans.
Photo Essays
New visions of the world we thought we knew.